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7282662781942851493	Muhammad's first revelation	Muhammad 's first revelation - wikipedia Muhammad 's first revelation Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Muhammad Life ( show ) Life in Mecca Migration to Medina Life in Medina Farewell Pilgrimage Milestones and records Career ( show ) First revelation Military career Diplomatic career Conquest of Mecca Hadith Miracles ( show ) Quran Isra and Mi'raj Splitting of the moon Miracles of Muhammad Views ( show ) Jews Christians Succession ( show ) Farewell Sermon Hadith ( Pen and Paper ) Saqifah Ahl al - Bayt Sahaba History Praise ( show ) Durood Naat Mawlid Perspectives ( show ) Islamic Muhammad in the Bible Jewish Medieval Christian Historicity Criticism Related ( show ) Mosque of the prophet Possessions Relics Muhammad portal Islam portal Muhammad 's first revelation was an event described in Islam as taking place in 610 AD , during which the Islamic prophet , Muhammad was visited by the archangel Gabriel , who revealed to him the beginnings of what would later become the Quran . The event took place in a cave called Hira , located on the mountain Jabal an - Nour , near Mecca . According to biographies of Muhammad , while on retreat in a mountain cave near Mecca ( the cave of Hira ) , Gabriel appears before him and commands him to recite the first lines of chapter 96 of the Quran . Muhammad 's experience is mentioned in Surah 53 : 4 -- 9 : `` It is no less than inspiration sent down to him : He was taught by one Mighty in Power , Endued with Wisdom : for he appeared ( in stately form ) ; While he was in the highest part of the horizon : Then he approached and came closer , And was at a distance of but two bow - lengths or ( even ) nearer ; '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Before the revelation 2 The first revelation 3 After the revelation 4 First wahy in Sunnah 5 References Before the revelation ( edit ) Main article : Muhammad Muhammad was born and raised in Mecca . When he was nearly 40 , he used to spend many hours alone in prayer and speculating over the aspects of creation . He was concerned with the `` ignorance of divine guidance '' ( Jahiliyyah ) , social unrest , injustice , widespread discrimination ( particularly against women ) , fighting among tribes and abuse of tribal authorities prevalent in pre-Islamic Arabia . The moral degeneration of his fellow people , and his own quest for a true religion further lent fuel to this , with the result that he now began to withdraw periodically to a cave named Mount Hira , three miles north of Mecca , for contemplation and reflection . Islamic tradition holds that Muhammad during this period began to have dreams replete with spiritual significance which were fulfilled according to their true import ; and this was the commencement of his divine revelation . This created inclination in him to engage himself in solitary worshipping . The first revelation ( edit ) The entrance to the Hira cave . According to mainstream Islamic tradition , during one such occasion while he was in contemplation , the archangel Gabriel appeared before him in the year 600 AD and said , `` Read '' , upon which he replied , `` I am unable to read '' . Thereupon the angel caught hold of him and embraced him heavily . This happened two more times after which the angel commanded Muhammad to recite the following verses : `` Proclaim ! ( or read ! ) in the name of thy Lord and Cherisher , Who Created man , out of a clot of congealed blood : Proclaim ! And the Lord is Most Bountiful , -- Who taught by the pen -- Taught man that which he knew not . '' After the revelation ( edit ) Perplexed by this new experience , Muhammad made his way to home where he was consoled by his wife Khadijah , who also took him to her Ebionite cousin Waraqah ibn Nawfal . Waraqah was familiar with Jewish and Christian scriptures . Islamic tradition holds that Waraqah , upon hearing the description , testified to Muhammad 's prophethood , and convinced Muhammad that the revelation was from God . Waraqah said : `` O my nephew ! What did you see ? '' When Muhammad told him what had happened to him , Waraqah replied : `` This is Namus ( meaning Gabriel ) that Allah sent to Moses . I wish I were younger . I wish I could live up to the time when your people would turn you out . '' Muhammad asked : `` Will they drive me out ? '' Waraqah answered in the affirmative and said : `` Anyone who came with something similar to what you have brought was treated with hostility ; and if I should be alive until that day , then I would support you strongly . '' A few days later Waraqah died . The initial revelation was followed by a pause and a second encounter with Gabriel when Muhammad heard a voice from the sky and saw the same angel `` sitting between the sky and the earth '' and the revelations resumed with the first verses of chapter 74 . At - Tabari and Ibn Hisham reported that Muhammad left the cave of Hira after being surprised by the revelation , but later on , returned to the cave and continued his solitude , though subsequently he returned to Mecca . Tabari and Ibn Ishaq write that Muhammad told Zubayr : `` when I was midway on the mountain , I heard a voice from heaven saying `` O Muhammad ! you are the apostle of Allah and I am Gabriel . '' I raised my head towards heaven to see who was speaking , and Gabriel in the form of a man with feet astride the horizon , saying , `` O Muhammad ! you are the apostle of Allah and I am Gabriel . '' I stood gazing at him moving neither forward nor backward , then I began to turn my face away from him , but towards whatever region of the sky I looked , I saw him as before . '' There is doubt about the period of time between Muhammad 's first and second experiences of revelation . Ibn Ishaq writes that three years elapsed from the time that Muhammad received the first revelation until he started to preach publicly . Bukhari takes chapter 74 as the second revelation however chapter 68 has strong claims to be the second revelation . First wahy in sunnah ( edit ) Ḥadīth ( حديث ) is literally `` speech '' ; recorded saying or tradition of Muhammad validated by isnad ; with Sirah Rasul Allah these comprise the sunnah and reveal shariah . According to Aishah , the life of Muhammad was practical implementation of Qur'an . The first and foremost exegesis / tafsir of the Qur'an is found in hadith of Muhammad . Therefore , study of hadith elaborates the importance and context of pertinent event . The event of first revelation of Mohammed is recorded in hadith via his wife Aisha The commencement of the Divine Inspiration to Allah 's Messenger ( pbuh ) was in the form of good dreams which came true like bright daylight , and then the love of seclusion was bestowed upon him . He used to go in seclusion in the cave of Hira where he used to worship ( Allah alone ) continuously for many days before his desire to see his family . He used to take with him the journey food for the stay and then come back to ( his wife ) Khadija to take his food likewise again till suddenly the Truth descended upon him while he was in the cave of Hira . The angel came to him and asked him to read . The Prophet ( pbuh ) replied , `` I do not know how to read . '' The Prophet ( pbuh ) added , `` The angel caught me ( forcefully ) and pressed me so hard that I could not bear it any more . He then released me and again asked me to read and I replied , ' I do not know how to read . ' Thereupon he caught me again and pressed me a second time till I could not bear it any more . He then released me and again asked me to read but again I replied , ' I do not know how to read ( or what shall I read ) ? ' Thereupon he caught me for the third time and pressed me , and then released me and said , ' Read in the name of your Lord , who has created ( all that exists ) , created man from a clot . Read ! And your Lord is the Most Generous . '' ( 96.1 , 96.2 , 96.3 ) Then Allah 's Messenger ( pbuh ) returned with the Inspiration and with his heart beating severely . Then he went to Khadija bint Khuwailid and said , `` Cover me ! Cover me ! '' They covered him till his fear was over and after that he told her everything that had happened and said , `` I fear that something may happen to me . '' Khadija replied , `` Never ! By Allah , Allah will never disgrace you . You keep good relations with your kith and kin , help the poor and the destitute , serve your guests generously and assist the deserving calamity - afflicted ones . '' Khadija then accompanied him to her cousin Waraqa ibn Naufal bin Asad bin ' Abdul ' Uzza , who , during the pre-Islamic Period became a Christian and used to write the writing with Hebrew letters . He would write from the Gospel in Hebrew as much as Allah wished him to write . He was an old man and had lost his eyesight . Khadija said to Waraqa , `` Listen to the story of your nephew , O my cousin ! '' Waraqa asked , `` O my nephew ! What have you seen ? '' Allah 's Messenger ( pbuh ) described whatever he had seen . Waraqa said , `` This is the same one who keeps the secrets ( angel Gabriel ) whom Allah had sent to Moses . I wish I were young and could live up to the time when your people would turn you out . '' Allah 's Messenger ( pbuh ) asked , `` Will they drive me out ? '' Waraqa replied in the affirmative and said , `` Anyone ( man ) who came with something similar to what you have brought was treated with hostility ; and if I should remain alive till the day when you will be turned out then I would support you strongly . '' But after a few days Waraqa died and the Divine Inspiration was also , paused for a while . Here is the quotation from Ibn Ishaq on Muhammad 's first meeting with Gabriel : When it was the night on which God honored him with his mission and showed mercy on His servants thereby , Gabriel brought him the command of God . `` He came to me , '' said the apostle of God , `` while I was asleep , with a coverlet of brocade whereon was some writing , and said , ' Read ! ' I said , ' What shall I read ? ' He pressed me with it so tightly that I thought it was death ; then he let me go and said , ' Read ! ' I said , ' What shall I read ? ' He pressed me with it again so that I thought it was death ; then he let me go and said ' Read ! ' I said , ' What shall I read ? ' He pressed me with it the third time so that I thought it was death and said ' Read ! ' I said , ' What then shall I read ? ' -- and this I said only to deliver myself from him , lest he should do the same to me again . He said : ' Read in the name of thy Lord who created , Who created man of blood coagulated . Read ! Thy Lord is the most beneficent , Who taught by the pen , Taught that which they knew not unto men . ' So I read it , and he departed from me . And I awoke from my sleep , and it was as though these words were written on my heart . Now none of God 's creatures was more hateful to me than an ( ecstatic ) poet or a man possessed : I could not even look at them . I thought , Woe is me poet or possessed -- Never shall Quraysh say this of me ! I will go to the top of the mountain and throw myself down that I may kill myself and gain rest . So I went forth to do so and then when I was midway on the mountain , I heard a voice from heaven saying , `` O Muhammad ! thou art the apostle of God and I am Gabriel . '' `` ( Ibn Ishaq , Sirat Rasul Allah , p. 106 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Shibli Nomani . Sirat - un-Nabi . Vol 1 Lahore Jump up ^ Husayn Haykal , Muhammad ( 2008 ) . The Life of Muhammad . Selangor : Islamic Book Trust . pp. 79 -- 80 . ISBN 978 - 983 - 9154 - 17 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bogle , Emory C. ( 1998 ) . Islam : Origin and Belief . Texas University Press . p. 6 . ISBN 0 - 292 - 70862 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` vol 1 '' ( PDF ) . Maariful Quran . Jump up ^ Muhammad Mustafa Al - A'zami ( 2003 ) , The History of The Qur'anic Text : From Revelation to Compilation : A Comparative Study with the Old and New Testaments , pp. 25 , 47 -- 8 . UK Islamic Academy . ISBN 978 - 1872531656 . Jump up ^ Brown ( 2003 ) , pp. 72 -- 3 Jump up ^ Sell ( 1913 ) , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Bukhari volume1 , book 1 , number 3 Jump up ^ Sell ( 1913 ) , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Juan E. Campo , ed. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Islam . Facts On File . p. 492 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 5454 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Translated by Alfred Guillaume ( 1967 ) . The life of Muhammad ( sira of ibn ishaq ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0196360331 . At - Tabari 2 / 207 The Sealed Nectar Jump up ^ Bennett , Clinton ( 1998 ) . In search of Muhammad . Cassell . p. 41 . ISBN 0826435769 . Jump up ^ Grade : Sahih ( Al - Albani ) صحيح ( الألباني ) حكم : Reference : Sunan Abi Dawud 1342 In - book reference : Book 5 , Hadith 93 English translation : Book 5 , Hadith 1337 Jump up ^ Al - Adab Al - Mufrad '' Dealings with people and good character - كتاب English reference : Book 14 , Hadith 308 Arabic reference : Book 1 , Hadith 308 Jump up ^ Sahih Al - Jami ' AI - Saghir , No. 4811 Jump up ^ Sunan Ibn Majah 2333 In - book reference : Book 13 , Hadith 26 English translation : Vol. 3 , Book 13 , Hadith 2333 Jump up ^ Grade : Sahih ( Darussalam ) Reference : Sunan an - Nasa'i 1601 In - book reference : Book 20 , Hadith 4 English translation : Vol. 2 , Book 20 , Hadith 1602 Jump up ^ Şatibi , El - muvafakat Jump up ^ http://al-quran.info/#96:3 Jump up ^ Sahih al - Bukhari 3 In - book reference : Book 1 , Hadith 3 USC - MSA web ( English ) reference : Vol. 1 , Book 1 , Hadith 3 ( deprecated numbering scheme ) Jump up ^ Sahih al - Bukhari 3392 In - book reference : Book 60 , Hadith 66 USC - MSA web ( English ) reference : Vol. 4 , Book 55 , Hadith 605 ( deprecated numbering scheme ) Jump up ^ Sahih Muslim 160 a In - book reference : Book 1 , Hadith 310 USC - MSA web ( English ) reference : Book 1 , Hadith 301 ( deprecated numbering scheme ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammad%27s_first_revelation&oldid=825762941 '' Categories : Life of Muhammad Gabriel Angelic apparitions Revelation Hidden categories : All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2016 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2016 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2015 Talk Views Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Español فارسی Bahasa Indonesia لۊری شومالی Bahasa Melayu Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 07 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the prophet who received the revelation of the qur'an was	[ "Muhammad's first revelation was an event described in Islam as taking place in 610 AD, during which the Islamic prophet, Muhammad was visited by the archangel Gabriel, who revealed to him the beginnings of what would later become the Quran. The event took place in a cave called Hira, located on the mountain Jabal an-Nour, near Mecca." ]	[ "Muhammad" ]
1736313722212318189	List of NCAA Division I men's basketball champions	List of NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Champions - wikipedia List of NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Champions Jump to : navigation , search The University of California , Los Angeles ( trophy room pictured ) has won the Men 's Division I Basketball Championship a record 11 times . The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Men 's Division I Basketball Championship , or NCAA Tournament , is a single - elimination tournament for men 's college basketball teams in the United States . It determines the champion of Division I , the top level of play in the NCAA , and the media often describes the winner as the national champion of college basketball . The NCAA Tournament has been held annually since 1939 , and its field grew from eight teams in the beginning to sixty - five teams by 2001 ; as of 2011 , sixty - eight teams take part in the tournament . Teams can gain invitations by winning a conference championship or receiving an at - large bid from a 10 - person committee . The semifinals of the tournament are known as the Final Four and are held in a different city each year , along with the championship game ; Indianapolis , the city where the NCAA is based , will host the Final Four every five years until 2040 . Each winning university receives a rectangular , gold - plated trophy made of wood . The first NCAA Tournament was organized by the National Association of Basketball Coaches . Oregon won the inaugural tournament , defeating Ohio State 46 -- 33 in the first championship game . Before the 1941 tournament , control of the event was given to the NCAA . In the early years of the tournament , it was considered less important than the National Invitation Tournament ( NIT ) , a New York City - based event . Teams were able to compete in both events in the same year , and three of those that did so -- Utah in 1944 , Kentucky in 1949 , and City College of New York ( CCNY ) in 1950 -- won the NCAA Tournament . The 1949 -- 50 CCNY team won both tournaments ( defeating Bradley in both finals ) , and is the only college basketball team to accomplish this feat . By the mid-1950s , the NCAA Tournament became the more prestigious of the two events , and in 1971 the NCAA barred universities from playing in other tournaments , such as the NIT , if they were invited to the NCAA Tournament . The University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) has been the most successful college in the NCAA Tournament , winning 11 national titles . Ten of those championships came during a 12 - year stretch from 1964 to 1975 . UCLA also holds the record for the most consecutive championships , winning seven in a row from 1967 to 1973 . Kentucky has the second-most titles , with eight . North Carolina is third with six championships , while Duke and Indiana follow with five each . North Carolina is the most recent champion , having defeated Gonzaga in the final of the 2017 tournament . Among head coaches , John Wooden is the all - time leader with 10 championships ; he coached UCLA during their period of success in the 1960s and 1970s . Duke 's Mike Krzyzewski is second all - time with five titles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Championship games 2 Multiple champions 3 Champions by conference status 3.1 Champions by conference at the time of tournaments 3.2 Championships by current conference membership 4 Championships by state 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Championship games ( edit ) Legend for `` Championship games '' table below Indicator Meaning * Game was decided in an overtime period Game was decided in a third overtime period Score Each score is linked to an article about that particular championship game , when available Year Each year is linked to an article about that particular NCAA Tournament Championship games , by year , showing winners and losers , final scores and venues Year Winning team Winning head coach Score Losing team Losing head coach Venue City Ref . 1939 Oregon Hobson , Howard Howard Hobson 046.3 ! 46 -- 33 Ohio State Olsen , Harold Harold Olsen Patten Gymnasium Evanston , Illinois 1940 Indiana McCracken , Branch Branch McCracken 060.3 ! 60 -- 42 Kansas Allen , Phog Phog Allen Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1941 Wisconsin Foster , Bud Bud Foster 039 ! 39 -- 34 Washington State Friel , Jack Jack Friel Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1942 Stanford Dean , Everett Everett Dean 053.2 ! 53 -- 38 Dartmouth Cowles , O.B. O.B. Cowles Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1943 Wyoming Shelton , Everett Everett Shelton 046.2 ! 46 -- 34 Georgetown Ripley , Elmer Elmer Ripley Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 1944 Utah Peterson , Vadal Vadal Peterson 042 ! 42 -- 40 * Dartmouth Brown , Earl Earl Brown Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 1945 Oklahoma A&M Iba , Henry Henry Iba 049 ! 49 -- 45 NYU Cann , Howard Howard Cann Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 1946 Oklahoma A&M Iba , Henry Henry Iba 043 ! 43 -- 40 North Carolina Carnevale , Ben Ben Carnevale Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 1947 Holy Cross Julian , Doggie Doggie Julian 058.1 ! 58 -- 47 Oklahoma Drake , Bruce Bruce Drake Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 1948 Kentucky Rupp , Adolph Adolph Rupp 058.2 ! 58 -- 42 Baylor Henderson , Bill Bill Henderson Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 1949 Kentucky Rupp , Adolph Adolph Rupp 046.1 ! 46 -- 36 Oklahoma A&M Iba , Henry Henry Iba Hec Edmundson Pavilion Seattle , Washington 1950 CCNY Holman , Nat Nat Holman 071.2 ! 71 -- 68 Bradley Anderson , Forddy Forddy Anderson Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 1951 Kentucky Rupp , Adolph Adolph Rupp 068.3 ! 68 -- 58 Kansas State Gardner , Jack Jack Gardner Williams Arena Minneapolis , Minnesota 1952 Kansas Allen , Phog Phog Allen 080.3 ! 80 -- 63 St. John 's McGuire , Frank Frank McGuire Hec Edmundson Pavilion Seattle , Washington 1953 Indiana McCracken , Branch Branch McCracken 069 ! 69 -- 68 Kansas Allen , Phog Phog Allen Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1954 La Salle Loeffler , Ken Ken Loeffler 092.2 ! 92 -- 76 Bradley Anderson , Forddy Forddy Anderson Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1955 San Francisco Woolpert , Phil Phil Woolpert 077.3 ! 77 -- 63 La Salle Loeffler , Ken Ken Loeffler Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1956 San Francisco Woolpert , Phil Phil Woolpert 083.2 ! 83 -- 71 Iowa O'Connor , Bucky Bucky O'Connor McGaw Hall Evanston , Illinois 1957 North Carolina McGuire , Frank Frank McGuire 054.1 ! 54 -- 53 Kansas Harp , Dick Dick Harp Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1958 Kentucky Rupp , Adolph Adolph Rupp 084.3 ! 84 -- 72 Seattle Castellani , John John Castellani Freedom Hall Louisville , Kentucky 1959 California Newell , Pete Pete Newell 071.1 ! 71 -- 70 West Virginia Schaus , Fred Fred Schaus Freedom Hall Louisville , Kentucky 1960 Ohio State Taylor , Fred Fred Taylor 075.4 ! 75 -- 55 California Newell , Pete Pete Newell Cow Palace Daly City , California 1961 Cincinnati Jucker , Ed Ed Jucker 070 ! 70 -- 65 * Ohio State Taylor , Fred Fred Taylor Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1962 Cincinnati Jucker , Ed Ed Jucker 071.4 ! 71 -- 59 Ohio State Taylor , Fred Fred Taylor Freedom Hall Louisville , Kentucky 1963 Loyola Chicago Ireland , George George Ireland 060.1 ! 60 -- 58 * Cincinnati Jucker , Ed Ed Jucker Freedom Hall Louisville , Kentucky 1964 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 098 ! 98 -- 83 Duke Bubas , Vic Vic Bubas Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1965 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 091 ! 91 -- 80 Michigan Strack , Dave Dave Strack Memorial Coliseum Portland , Oregon 1966 Texas Western Haskins , Don Don Haskins 072.2 ! 72 -- 65 Kentucky Rupp , Adolph Adolph Rupp Cole Field House College Park , Maryland 1967 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 079 ! 79 -- 64 Dayton Donoher , Don Don Donoher Freedom Hall Louisville , Kentucky 1968 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 078.2 ! 78 -- 55 North Carolina Smith , Dean Dean Smith Sports Arena Los Angeles , California 1969 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 092.3 ! 92 -- 72 Purdue King , George George King Freedom Hall Louisville , Kentucky 1970 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 080.2 ! 80 -- 69 Jacksonville Williams , Joe Joe Williams Cole Field House College Park , Maryland 1971 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 068.2 ! 68 -- 62 Villanova Kraft , Jack Jack Kraft Astrodome Houston , Texas 1972 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 081.2 ! 81 -- 76 Florida State Durham , Hugh Hugh Durham Memorial Sports Arena Los Angeles , California 1973 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 087 ! 87 -- 66 Memphis State Bartow , Gene Gene Bartow St. Louis Arena St. Louis , Missouri North Carolina State Sloan , Norm Norm Sloan 076.3 ! 76 -- 64 Marquette McGuire , Al Al McGuire Greensboro Coliseum Greensboro , North Carolina UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 092.1 ! 92 -- 85 Kentucky Hall , Joe B. Joe B. Hall San Diego Sports Arena San Diego , California 1976 Indiana Knight , Bob Bob Knight 086 ! 86 -- 68 Michigan Orr , Johnny Johnny Orr Spectrum Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 1977 Marquette McGuire , Al Al McGuire 067 ! 67 -- 59 North Carolina Smith , Dean Dean Smith Omni Coliseum Atlanta , Georgia 1978 Kentucky Hall , Joe B. Joe B. Hall 094 ! 94 -- 88 Duke Foster , Bill Bill Foster The Checkerdome St. Louis , Missouri 1979 Michigan State Heathcote , Jud Jud Heathcote 075.3 ! 75 -- 64 Indiana State Hodges , Bill Bill Hodges Special Events Center Salt Lake City , Utah 1980 Louisville Crum , Denny Denny Crum 059 ! 59 -- 54 UCLA Brown , Larry Larry Brown Market Square Arena Indianapolis , Indiana 1981 Indiana Knight , Bob Bob Knight 063.2 ! 63 -- 50 North Carolina Smith , Dean Dean Smith Spectrum Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 1982 North Carolina Smith , Dean Dean Smith 063.1 ! 63 -- 62 Georgetown Thompson , John John Thompson Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana North Carolina State Valvano , Jim Jim Valvano 054.2 ! 54 -- 52 Houston Lewis , Guy Guy Lewis University Arena Albuquerque , New Mexico 1984 Georgetown Thompson , John John Thompson 084.2 ! 84 -- 75 Houston Lewis , Guy Guy Lewis Kingdome Seattle , Washington 1985 Villanova Massimino , Rollie Rollie Massimino 066 ! 66 -- 64 Georgetown Thompson , John John Thompson Rupp Arena Lexington , Kentucky 1986 Louisville Crum , Denny Denny Crum 072.1 ! 72 -- 69 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski Reunion Arena Dallas , Texas Indiana Knight , Bob Bob Knight 074 ! 74 -- 73 Syracuse Boeheim , Jim Jim Boeheim Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 1988 Kansas Brown , Larry Larry Brown 083.1 ! 83 -- 79 Oklahoma Tubbs , Billy Billy Tubbs Kemper Arena Kansas City , Missouri 1989 Michigan Fisher , Steve Steve Fisher 080.1 ! 80 -- 79 * Seton Hall Carlesimo , P.J. P.J. Carlesimo Kingdome Seattle , Washington 1990 UNLV Tarkanian , Jerry Jerry Tarkanian 103 ! 103 -- 73 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski McNichols Sports Arena Denver , Colorado 1991 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski 072.2 ! 72 -- 65 Kansas Williams , Roy Roy Williams Hoosier Dome Indianapolis , Indiana 1992 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski 071.5 ! 71 -- 51 Michigan Fisher , Steve Steve Fisher Metrodome Minneapolis , Minnesota 1993 North Carolina Smith , Dean Dean Smith 077.2 ! 77 -- 71 Michigan Fisher , Steve Steve Fisher Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 1994 Arkansas Richardson , Nolan Nolan Richardson 076.1 ! 76 -- 72 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski Charlotte Coliseum Charlotte , North Carolina 1995 UCLA Harrick , Jim Jim Harrick 089.1 ! 89 -- 78 Arkansas Richardson , Nolan Nolan Richardson Kingdome Seattle , Washington Kentucky Pitino , Rick Rick Pitino 076.2 ! 76 -- 67 Syracuse Boeheim , Jim Jim Boeheim Continental Airlines Arena East Rutherford , New Jersey 1997 Arizona Olson , Lute Lute Olson 084.1 ! 84 -- 79 * Kentucky Pitino , Rick Rick Pitino RCA Dome Indianapolis , Indiana 1998 Kentucky Smith , Tubby Tubby Smith 078.1 ! 78 -- 69 Utah Majerus , Rick Rick Majerus Alamodome San Antonio , Texas 1999 Connecticut Calhoun , Jim Jim Calhoun 077.1 ! 77 -- 74 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski Tropicana Field St. Petersburg , Florida 2000 Michigan State Izzo , Tom Tom Izzo 089.2 ! 89 -- 76 Florida Donovan , Billy Billy Donovan RCA Dome Indianapolis , Indiana 2001 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski 082.3 ! 82 -- 72 Arizona Olson , Lute Lute Olson Metrodome Minneapolis , Minnesota 2002 Maryland Williams , Gary Gary Williams 064 ! 64 -- 52 Indiana Davis , Mike Mike Davis Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 2003 Syracuse Boeheim , Jim Jim Boeheim 081.1 ! 81 -- 78 Kansas Williams , Roy Roy Williams Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana Connecticut Calhoun , Jim Jim Calhoun 082.2 ! 82 -- 73 Georgia Tech Hewitt , Paul Paul Hewitt Alamodome San Antonio , Texas 2005 North Carolina Williams , Roy Roy Williams 075.1 ! 75 -- 70 Illinois Weber , Bruce Bruce Weber Edward Jones Dome St. Louis , Missouri 2006 Florida Donovan , Billy Billy Donovan 073 ! 73 -- 57 UCLA Howland , Ben Ben Howland RCA Dome Indianapolis , Indiana 2007 Florida Donovan , Billy Billy Donovan 084.2 ! 84 -- 75 Ohio State Matta , Thad Thad Matta Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 2008 Kansas Self , Bill Bill Self 075.2 ! 75 -- 68 * Memphis Calipari , John John Calipari Alamodome San Antonio , Texas 2009 North Carolina Williams , Roy Roy Williams 089.3 ! 89 -- 72 Michigan State Izzo , Tom Tom Izzo Ford Field Detroit , Michigan Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski 061 ! 61 -- 59 Butler Stevens , Brad Brad Stevens Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , Indiana 2011 Connecticut Calhoun , Jim Jim Calhoun 053.1 ! 53 -- 41 Butler Stevens , Brad Brad Stevens Reliant Stadium Houston , Texas 2012 Kentucky Calipari , John John Calipari 067.1 ! 67 -- 59 Kansas Self , Bill Bill Self Mercedes - Benz Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 2013 Louisville Pitino , Rick Rick Pitino 082.1 ! 82 -- 76 Michigan Beilein , John John Beilein Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 2014 Connecticut Ollie , Kevin Kevin Ollie 060.2 ! 60 -- 54 Kentucky Calipari , John John Calipari AT&T Stadium Arlington , Texas 2015 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski 068.1 ! 68 -- 63 Wisconsin Ryan , Bo Bo Ryan Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , Indiana 2016 Villanova Jay Wright 077.1 ! 77 -- 74 North Carolina Williams , Roy Roy Williams NRG Stadium Houston , Texas 2017 North Carolina Roy Williams 071.3 ! 71 -- 65 Gonzaga Mark Few University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale , Arizona Multiple champions ( edit ) UCLA Kentucky North Carolina Duke Indiana Connecticut Kansas Louisville San Francisco Villanova Florida NC State Oklahoma State Cincinnati Michigan State Arkansas Holy Cross La Salle Loyola Marquette UTEP Arizona UNLV Stanford California Georgetown Maryland Ohio State Utah CCNY Wyoming Michigan Syracuse Wisconsin Oregon Schools that have won the NCAA championship -- 11 championships , -- 8 championships , -- 6 championships , -- 5 championships -- 4 championships , -- 3 championships , -- 2 championships , -- 1 championship Teams that have won the championship more than once Team Wins Years won UCLA 11 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1995 Kentucky 8 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 , 1978 , 1996 , 1998 , 2012 North Carolina 6 1957 , 1982 , 1993 , 2005 , 2009 , 2017 Duke 5 1991 , 1992 , 2001 , 2010 , 2015 Indiana 5 1940 , 1953 , 1976 , 1981 , 1987 Connecticut 1999 , 2004 , 2011 , 2014 Louisville 1980 , 1986 , 2013 Kansas 1952 , 1988 , 2008 Cincinnati 1961 , 1962 Florida 2006 , 2007 Michigan State 1979 , 2000 North Carolina State 1974 , 1983 Oklahoma State 1945 , 1946 San Francisco 1955 , 1956 Villanova 1985 , 2016 Coaches that have won the championship more than once Team Wins Years won Wooden , John John Wooden 10 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski 5 1991 , 1992 , 2001 , 2010 , 2015 Rupp , Adolph Adolph Rupp 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 Calhoun , Jim Jim Calhoun 1999 , 2004 , 2011 Knight , Bob Bob Knight 1976 , 1981 , 1987 Williams , Roy Roy Williams 2005 , 2009 , 2017 Crum , Denny Denny Crum 1980 , 1986 Donovan , Billy Billy Donovan 2006 , 2007 Iba , Henry Henry Iba 1945 , 1946 Jucker , Ed Ed Jucker 1961 , 1962 McCracken , Branch Branch McCracken 1940 , 1953 Pitino , Rick Rick Pitino 1996 , 2013 Smith , Dean Dean Smith 1982 , 1993 Woolpert , Phil Phil Woolpert 1955 , 1956 Champions by conference status ( edit ) Champions by conference at the time of tournaments ( edit ) Championships by conference membership at the time of tournaments Conference Wins Years won Ref ( s ) Pac - 12 Conference ! Pac - 12 Conference ( 1915 -- current ) 15 1939 , 1942 , 1959 , 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1995 , 1997 Atlantic Coast Conference ! Atlantic Coast Conference ( 1953 -- current ) 14 1957 , 1974 , 1982 , 1983 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005 , 2009 , 2010 , 2015 , 2017 Southeastern Conference ! Southeastern Conference ( 1932 -- current ) 11 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 , 1978 , 1994 , 1996 , 1998 , 2006 , 2007 , 2012 Big Ten Conference ! Big Ten Conference ( 1896 -- current ) 10 1940 , 1941 , 1953 , 1960 , 1976 , 1979 , 1981 , 1987 , 1989 , 2000 Big East Conference ! Big East Conference ( 1979 -- current ) 8 1984 , 1985 , 1999 , 2003 , 2004 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 Independents 6 1944 , 1947 , 1954 , 1963 , 1966 , 1977 Missouri Valley Conference ! Missouri Valley Conference ( 1907 -- current ) 1945 , 1946 , 1961 , 1962 Big Eight Conference ! Big 8 Conference ( 1907 -- 1996 ) 1952 , 1988 Metro Conference ! Metro Conference ( 1975 -- 1995 ) 1980 , 1986 West Coast Conference ! West Coast Conference ( 1952 -- current ) 1955 , 1956 American Athletic Conference ! American Athletic Conference ( 2014 -- current ) 2014 Big Twelve Conference ! Big 12 Conference ( 1994 -- current ) 2008 Big West Conference ! Big West Conference ( 1969 -- current ) 1990 Metropolitan New York Conference ! Metropolitan New York Conference ( 1933 -- 1963 ) 1950 Mountain States Conference ! Mountain States Conference ( 1938 -- 1962 ) 1943 Championships by current conference membership ( edit ) Championships by current conference membership Conference Wins Years won Ref ( s ) Atlantic Coast Conference ! Atlantic Coast Conference 17 1957 , 1974 , 1980 , 1982 , 1983 , 1986 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 2001 , 2003 , 2005 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 , 2015 , 2017 Pac - 12 Conference ! Pac - 12 Conference 16 1939 , 1942 , 1944 , 1959 , 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1995 , 1997 Southeastern Conference ! Southeastern Conference 11 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 , 1978 , 1994 , 1996 , 1998 , 2006 , 2007 , 2012 Big Ten Conference ! Big Ten Conference 11 1940 , 1941 , 1953 , 1960 , 1976 , 1979 , 1981 , 1987 , 1989 , 2000 , 2002 American Athletic Conference 6 1961 , 1962 , 1999 , 2004 , 2011 , 2014 Big Twelve Conference ! Big 12 Conference 5 1945 , 1946 , 1952 , 1988 , 2008 Big East Conference 1977 , 1984 , 1985 , 2016 Mountain West Conference ! Mountain West Conference 1943 , 1990 West Coast Conference ! West Coast Conference 1955 , 1956 Atlantic 10 Conference ! Atlantic 10 Conference 1954 City University of New York Athletic Conference ! City University of New York Athletic Conference 1950 Conference USA ! Conference USA 1966 Missouri Valley Conference ! Missouri Valley Conference 1963 Patriot League ! Patriot League 1947 Championships by state ( edit ) Championships by state State Wins Years won California 15 1942 , 1955 , 1956 , 1959 , 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1995 North Carolina 13 1957 , 1974 , 1982 , 1983 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 2001 , 2005 , 2009 , 2010 , 2015 , 2017 Kentucky 11 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 , 1978 , 1980 , 1986 , 1996 , 1998 , 2012 , 2013 Indiana 5 1940 , 1953 , 1976 , 1981 , 1987 Connecticut 1999 , 2004 , 2011 , 2014 Ohio 1960 , 1961 , 1962 Kansas 1952 , 1988 , 2008 Michigan 1979 , 1989 , 2000 Pennsylvania 1954 , 1985 , 2016 Oklahoma 1945 , 1946 Wisconsin 1941 , 1977 New York 1950 , 2003 Florida 2006 , 2007 Oregon 1939 Wyoming 1943 Utah 1944 Massachusetts 1947 Illinois 1963 Texas 1966 Washington , D.C. 1984 Nevada 1990 Arkansas 1994 Arizona 1997 Maryland 2002 See also ( edit ) NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship records Helms Athletic Foundation national champions List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball conference tournament champions Notes ( edit ) The result was later stricken from the NCAA record books after it was discovered that the team had committed a rules violation . Oklahoma A&M changed its name to Oklahoma State in 1957 . References ( edit ) General `` Division I Championship '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . 2008 . pp. 235 -- 236 , 241 -- 253 . Retrieved July 22 , 2010 . Specific Jump up ^ Owings , Jeffrey ; Burton , Bob ( December 1996 ) . `` Who Reports Participation in Varsity Intercollegiate Sports at 4 - Year Colleges ? '' ( PDF ) . National Center for Education Statistics . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National champion Duke leads CBE Classic field '' . ESPN . Associated Press . July 8 , 2010 . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McPeak , Don ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Connecticut women and men make basketball history ( again ) '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Official 2009 NCAA Men 's Final Four Records Book ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . 2009 . p. 69 . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . 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Oklahoma State University -- Stillwater . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . NCAA Division I men 's basketball champions 1939 Oregon 1940 Indiana 1941 Wisconsin 1942 Stanford 1943 Wyoming 1944 Utah 1945 Oklahoma A&M 1946 Oklahoma A&M 1947 Holy Cross 1948 Kentucky 1949 Kentucky 1950 CCNY 1951 Kentucky 1952 Kansas 1953 Indiana 1954 La Salle 1955 San Francisco 1956 San Francisco 1957 North Carolina 1958 Kentucky 1959 California 1960 Ohio State 1961 Cincinnati 1962 Cincinnati 1963 Loyola ( IL ) 1964 UCLA 1965 UCLA 1966 Texas Western 1967 UCLA 1968 UCLA 1969 UCLA 1970 UCLA 1971 UCLA 1972 UCLA 1973 UCLA NC State UCLA 1976 Indiana 1977 Marquette 1978 Kentucky 1979 Michigan State 1980 Louisville 1981 Indiana 1982 North Carolina NC State 1984 Georgetown 1985 Villanova 1986 Louisville Indiana 1988 Kansas 1989 Michigan 1990 UNLV 1991 Duke 1992 Duke 1993 North Carolina 1994 Arkansas 1995 UCLA Kentucky 1997 Arizona 1998 Kentucky 1999 Connecticut 2000 Michigan State 2001 Duke 2002 Maryland 2003 Syracuse Connecticut 2005 North Carolina 2006 Florida 2007 Florida 2008 Kansas 2009 North Carolina Duke 2011 Connecticut 2012 Kentucky 2013 Louisville 2014 Connecticut 2015 Duke 2016 Villanova 2017 North Carolina NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Tournaments 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Structure Selection process Opening Round Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Game Venues Venues Champions & awards Champions Most Outstanding Player Media & culture Bracketology Broadcasting Tournament Final Four March Madness pools `` One Shining Moment '' Records & statistics All - time team records Bids by school Bids by school and conference Consecutive appearances Final Four appearances by school Final Four participants Final Four appearances by coach Upsets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_champions&oldid=806262898 '' Categories : NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship Lists of sports championships Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Español Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 20 : 36 . 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About Wikipedia	who won the men's ncaa basketball tournament	[ "\nChampionship games, by year, showing winners and losers, final scores and venues\n\nYear\nWinning team\nWinning head coach\nScore\nLosing team\nLosing head coach\nVenue\nCity\nRef.\n\n\n1939\nOregon\nHobson, HowardHoward Hobson\n046.3 !46–33\nOhio State\nOlsen, HaroldHarold Olsen\nPatten Gymnasium\nEvanston, Illinois\n[17]\n\n\n1940\nIndiana\nMcCracken, BranchBranch McCracken\n060.3 !60–42\nKansas\nAllen, PhogPhog Allen\nMunicipal Auditorium\nKansas City, Missouri\n[18]\n\n\n1941\nWisconsin\nFoster, BudBud Foster\n039 !39–34\nWashington State\nFriel, JackJack Friel\nMunicipal Auditorium\nKansas City, Missouri\n[19]\n\n\n1942\nStanford\nDean, EverettEverett Dean\n053.2 !53–38\nDartmouth\nCowles, O. B.O. B. Cowles\nMunicipal Auditorium\nKansas City, Missouri\n[20]\n\n\n1943\nWyoming\nShelton, EverettEverett Shelton\n046.2 !46–34\nGeorgetown\nRipley, ElmerElmer Ripley\nMadison Square Garden\nNew York City, New York\n[21]\n\n\n1944\nUtah\nPeterson, VadalVadal Peterson\n042 !42–40\nDartmouth\nBrown, EarlEarl Brown\nMadison Square Garden\nNew York City, New York\n[22][23]\n\n\n1945\nOklahoma A&M\nIba, HenryHenry Iba\n049 !49–45\nNYU\nCann, HowardHoward Cann\nMadison Square Garden\nNew York City, New York\n[24]\n\n\n1946\nOklahoma A&M\nIba, HenryHenry Iba\n043 !43–40\nNorth Carolina\nCarnevale, BenBen Carnevale\nMadison Square Garden\nNew York City, New York\n[25]\n\n\n1947\nHoly Cross\nJulian, DoggieDoggie Julian\n058.1 !58–47\nOklahoma\nDrake, BruceBruce Drake\nMadison Square Garden\nNew York City, New York\n[26]\n\n\n1948\nKentucky\nRupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp\n058.2 !58–42\nBaylor\nHenderson, BillBill Henderson\nMadison Square Garden\nNew York City, New York\n[27]\n\n\n1949\nKentucky\nRupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp\n046.1 !46–36\nOklahoma A&M\nIba, HenryHenry Iba\nHec Edmundson Pavilion\nSeattle, Washington\n[28]\n\n\n1950\nCCNY\nHolman, NatNat Holman\n071.2 !71–68\nBradley\nAnderson, ForddyForddy Anderson\nMadison Square Garden\nNew York City, New York\n[29]\n\n\n1951\nKentucky\nRupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp\n068.3 !68–58\nKansas State\nGardner, JackJack Gardner\nWilliams Arena\nMinneapolis, Minnesota\n[30]\n\n\n1952\nKansas\nAllen, PhogPhog Allen\n080.3 !80–63\nSt. John's\nMcGuire, FrankFrank McGuire\nHec Edmundson Pavilion\nSeattle, Washington\n[31]\n\n\n1953\nIndiana\nMcCracken, BranchBranch McCracken\n069 !69–68\nKansas\nAllen, PhogPhog Allen\nMunicipal Auditorium\nKansas City, Missouri\n[32]\n\n\n1954\nLa Salle\nLoeffler, KenKen Loeffler\n092.2 !92–76\nBradley\nAnderson, ForddyForddy Anderson\nMunicipal Auditorium\nKansas City, Missouri\n[33]\n\n\n1955\nSan Francisco\nWoolpert, PhilPhil Woolpert\n077.3 !77–63\nLa Salle\nLoeffler, KenKen Loeffler\nMunicipal Auditorium\nKansas City, Missouri\n[34]\n\n\n1956\nSan Francisco\nWoolpert, PhilPhil Woolpert\n083.2 !83–71\nIowa\nO'Connor, BuckyBucky O'Connor\nMcGaw Hall\nEvanston, Illinois\n[35]\n\n\n1957\nNorth Carolina\nMcGuire, FrankFrank McGuire\n054.1 !54–53\nKansas\nHarp, DickDick Harp\nMunicipal Auditorium\nKansas City, Missouri\n[36]\n\n\n1958\nKentucky\nRupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp\n084.3 !84–72\nSeattle\nCastellani, JohnJohn Castellani\nFreedom Hall\nLouisville, Kentucky\n[37]\n\n\n1959\nCalifornia\nNewell, PetePete Newell\n071.1 !71–70\nWest Virginia\nSchaus, FredFred Schaus\nFreedom Hall\nLouisville, Kentucky\n[38]\n\n\n1960\nOhio State\nTaylor, FredFred Taylor\n075.4 !75–55\nCalifornia\nNewell, PetePete Newell\nCow Palace\nDaly City, California\n[39][40]\n\n\n1961\nCincinnati\nJucker, EdEd Jucker\n070 !70–65\nOhio State\nTaylor, FredFred Taylor\nMunicipal Auditorium\nKansas City, Missouri\n[41]\n\n\n1962\nCincinnati\nJucker, EdEd Jucker\n071.4 !71–59\nOhio State\nTaylor, FredFred Taylor\nFreedom Hall\nLouisville, Kentucky\n[42]\n\n\n1963\nLoyola Chicago\nIreland, GeorgeGeorge Ireland\n060.1 !60–58\nCincinnati\nJucker, EdEd Jucker\nFreedom Hall\nLouisville, Kentucky\n[43]\n\n\n1964\nUCLA\nWooden, JohnJohn Wooden\n098 !98–83\nDuke\nBubas, VicVic Bubas\nMunicipal Auditorium\nKansas City, Missouri\n[44]\n\n\n1965\nUCLA\nWooden, JohnJohn Wooden\n091 !91–80\nMichigan\nStrack, DaveDave Strack\nMemorial Coliseum\nPortland, Oregon\n[45]\n\n\n1966\nTexas Western\nHaskins, DonDon Haskins\n072.2 !72–65\nKentucky\nRupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp\nCole Field House\nCollege Park, Maryland\n[46]\n\n\n1967\nUCLA\nWooden, JohnJohn Wooden\n079 !79–64\nDayton\nDonoher, DonDon Donoher\nFreedom Hall\nLouisville, Kentucky\n[47]\n\n\n1968\nUCLA\nWooden, JohnJohn Wooden\n078.2 !78–55\nNorth Carolina\nSmith, DeanDean Smith\nSports Arena\nLos Angeles, California\n[48]\n\n\n1969\nUCLA\nWooden, JohnJohn Wooden\n092.3 !92–72\nPurdue\nKing, GeorgeGeorge King\nFreedom Hall\nLouisville, Kentucky\n[49]\n\n\n1970\nUCLA\nWooden, JohnJohn Wooden\n080.2 !80–69\nJacksonville\nWilliams, JoeJoe Williams\nCole Field House\nCollege Park, Maryland\n[50]\n\n\n1971\nUCLA\nWooden, JohnJohn Wooden\n068.2 !68–62\nVillanova[a]\nKraft, JackJack Kraft\nAstrodome\nHouston, Texas\n[51]\n\n\n1972\nUCLA\nWooden, JohnJohn Wooden\n081.2 !81–76\nFlorida State\nDurham, HughHugh Durham\nMemorial Sports Arena\nLos Angeles, California\n[52]\n\n\n1973\nUCLA\nWooden, JohnJohn Wooden\n087 !87–66\nMemphis State\nBartow, GeneGene Bartow\nSt. Louis Arena\nSt. Louis, Missouri\n[53]\n\n\n1974\nNorth Carolina State\nSloan, NormNorm Sloan\n076.3 !76–64\nMarquette\nMcGuire, AlAl McGuire\nGreensboro Coliseum\nGreensboro, North Carolina\n[54]\n\n\n1975\nUCLA\nWooden, JohnJohn Wooden\n092.1 !92–85\nKentucky\nHall, Joe B.Joe B. Hall\nSan Diego Sports Arena\nSan Diego, California\n[55]\n\n\n1976\nIndiana\nKnight, BobBob Knight\n086 !86–68\nMichigan\nOrr, JohnnyJohnny Orr\nSpectrum\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania\n[56]\n\n\n1977\nMarquette\nMcGuire, AlAl McGuire\n067 !67–59\nNorth Carolina\nSmith, DeanDean Smith\nOmni Coliseum\nAtlanta, Georgia\n[57]\n\n\n1978\nKentucky\nHall, Joe B.Joe B. Hall\n094 !94–88\nDuke\nFoster, BillBill Foster\nThe Checkerdome\nSt. Louis, Missouri\n[58]\n\n\n1979\nMichigan State\nHeathcote, JudJud Heathcote\n075.3 !75–64\nIndiana State\nHodges, BillBill Hodges\nSpecial Events Center\nSalt Lake City, Utah\n[59]\n\n\n1980\nLouisville\nCrum, DennyDenny Crum\n059 !59–54\nUCLA[a]\nBrown, LarryLarry Brown\nMarket Square Arena\nIndianapolis, Indiana\n[60]\n\n\n1981\nIndiana\nKnight, BobBob Knight\n063.2 !63–50\nNorth Carolina\nSmith, DeanDean Smith\nSpectrum\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania\n[61]\n\n\n1982\nNorth Carolina\nSmith, DeanDean Smith\n063.1 !63–62\nGeorgetown\nThompson, JohnJohn Thompson\nLouisiana Superdome\nNew Orleans, Louisiana\n[62]\n\n\n1983\nNorth Carolina State\nValvano, JimJim Valvano\n054.2 !54–52\nHouston\nLewis, GuyGuy Lewis\nUniversity Arena\nAlbuquerque, New Mexico\n[63]\n\n\n1984\nGeorgetown\nThompson, JohnJohn Thompson\n084.2 !84–75\nHouston\nLewis, GuyGuy Lewis\nKingdome\nSeattle, Washington\n[64]\n\n\n1985\nVillanova\nMassimino, RollieRollie Massimino\n066 !66–64\nGeorgetown\nThompson, JohnJohn Thompson\nRupp Arena\nLexington, Kentucky\n[65]\n\n\n1986\nLouisville\nCrum, DennyDenny Crum\n072.1 !72–69\nDuke\nKrzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski\nReunion Arena\nDallas, Texas\n[66]\n\n\n1987\nIndiana\nKnight, BobBob Knight\n074 !74–73\nSyracuse\nBoeheim, JimJim Boeheim\nLouisiana Superdome\nNew Orleans, Louisiana\n[67]\n\n\n1988\nKansas\nBrown, LarryLarry Brown\n083.1 !83–79\nOklahoma\nTubbs, BillyBilly Tubbs\nKemper Arena\nKansas City, Missouri\n[68]\n\n\n1989\nMichigan\nFisher, SteveSteve Fisher\n080.1 !80–79\nSeton Hall\nCarlesimo, P. J.P. J. Carlesimo\nKingdome\nSeattle, Washington\n[69]\n\n\n1990\nUNLV\nTarkanian, JerryJerry Tarkanian\n103 !103–73\nDuke\nKrzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski\nMcNichols Sports Arena\nDenver, Colorado\n[70]\n\n\n1991\nDuke\nKrzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski\n072.2 !72–65\nKansas\nWilliams, RoyRoy Williams\nHoosier Dome\nIndianapolis, Indiana\n[71]\n\n\n1992\nDuke\nKrzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski\n071.5 !71–51\nMichigan[a]\nFisher, SteveSteve Fisher\nMetrodome\nMinneapolis, Minnesota\n[72]\n\n\n1993\nNorth Carolina\nSmith, DeanDean Smith\n077.2 !77–71\nMichigan[a]\nFisher, SteveSteve Fisher\nLouisiana Superdome\nNew Orleans, Louisiana\n[73]\n\n\n1994\nArkansas\nRichardson, NolanNolan Richardson\n076.1 !76–72\nDuke\nKrzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski\nCharlotte Coliseum\nCharlotte, North Carolina\n[74]\n\n\n1995\nUCLA\nHarrick, JimJim Harrick\n089.1 !89–78\nArkansas\nRichardson, NolanNolan Richardson\nKingdome\nSeattle, Washington\n[75]\n\n\n1996\nKentucky\nPitino, RickRick Pitino\n076.2 !76–67\nSyracuse\nBoeheim, JimJim Boeheim\nContinental Airlines Arena\nEast Rutherford, New Jersey\n[76]\n\n\n1997\nArizona\nOlson, LuteLute Olson\n084.1 !84–79\nKentucky\nPitino, RickRick Pitino\nRCA Dome\nIndianapolis, Indiana\n[77]\n\n\n1998\nKentucky\nSmith, TubbyTubby Smith\n078.1 !78–69\nUtah\nMajerus, RickRick Majerus\nAlamodome\nSan Antonio, Texas\n[78]\n\n\n1999\nConnecticut\nCalhoun, JimJim Calhoun\n077.1 !77–74\nDuke\nKrzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski\nTropicana Field\nSt. Petersburg, Florida\n[79]\n\n\n2000\nMichigan State\nIzzo, TomTom Izzo\n089.2 !89–76\nFlorida\nDonovan, BillyBilly Donovan\nRCA Dome\nIndianapolis, Indiana\n[80]\n\n\n2001\nDuke\nKrzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski\n082.3 !82–72\nArizona\nOlson, LuteLute Olson\nMetrodome\nMinneapolis, Minnesota\n[81]\n\n\n2002\nMaryland\nWilliams, GaryGary Williams\n064 !64–52\nIndiana\nDavis, MikeMike Davis\nGeorgia Dome\nAtlanta, Georgia\n[82]\n\n\n2003\nSyracuse\nBoeheim, JimJim Boeheim\n081.1 !81–78\nKansas\nWilliams, RoyRoy Williams\nLouisiana Superdome\nNew Orleans, Louisiana\n[83]\n\n\n2004\nConnecticut\nCalhoun, JimJim Calhoun\n082.2 !82–73\nGeorgia Tech\nHewitt, PaulPaul Hewitt\nAlamodome\nSan Antonio, Texas\n[84]\n\n\n2005\nNorth Carolina\nWilliams, RoyRoy Williams\n075.1 !75–70\nIllinois\nWeber, BruceBruce Weber\nEdward Jones Dome\nSt. Louis, Missouri\n[85]\n\n\n2006\nFlorida\nDonovan, BillyBilly Donovan\n073 !73–57\nUCLA\nHowland, BenBen Howland\nRCA Dome\nIndianapolis, Indiana\n[86]\n\n\n2007\nFlorida\nDonovan, BillyBilly Donovan\n084.2 !84–75\nOhio State\nMatta, ThadThad Matta\nGeorgia Dome\nAtlanta, Georgia\n[87]\n\n\n2008\nKansas\nSelf, BillBill Self\n075.2 !75–68\nMemphis[a]\nCalipari, JohnJohn Calipari\nAlamodome\nSan Antonio, Texas\n[88]\n\n\n2009\nNorth Carolina\nWilliams, RoyRoy Williams\n089.3 !89–72\nMichigan State\nIzzo, TomTom Izzo\nFord Field\nDetroit, Michigan\n[89]\n\n\n2010\nDuke\nKrzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski\n061 !61–59\nButler\nStevens, BradBrad Stevens\nLucas Oil Stadium\nIndianapolis, Indiana\n[90]\n\n\n2011\nConnecticut\nCalhoun, JimJim Calhoun\n053.1 !53–41\nButler\nStevens, BradBrad Stevens\nReliant Stadium\nHouston, Texas\n[91]\n\n\n2012\nKentucky\nCalipari, JohnJohn Calipari\n067.1 !67–59\nKansas\nSelf, BillBill Self\nMercedes-Benz Superdome\nNew Orleans, Louisiana\n[92]\n\n\n2013\nLouisville\nPitino, RickRick Pitino\n082.1 !82–76\nMichigan\nBeilein, JohnJohn Beilein\nGeorgia Dome\nAtlanta, Georgia\n[93]\n\n\n2014\nConnecticut\nOllie, KevinKevin Ollie\n060.2 !60–54\nKentucky\nCalipari, JohnJohn Calipari\nAT&T Stadium\nArlington, Texas\n[94]\n\n\n2015\nDuke\nKrzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski\n068.1 !68–63\nWisconsin\nRyan, BoBo Ryan\nLucas Oil Stadium\nIndianapolis, Indiana\n[95]\n\n\n2016\nVillanova\nJay Wright\n077.1 !77–74\nNorth Carolina\nWilliams, RoyRoy Williams\nNRG Stadium\nHouston, Texas\n[96]\n\n\n2017\nNorth Carolina\nRoy Williams\n071.3 !71–65\nGonzaga\nMark Few\nUniversity of Phoenix Stadium\nGlendale, Arizona\n[97]\n\n" ]	[ "North Carolina" ]
-5721727601032137719	The Walking Dead (season 1)	The Walking Dead ( season 1 ) - Wikipedia The Walking Dead ( season 1 ) This article is about the first season of the television series . For the first season of The Walking Dead video game series , see The Walking Dead ( video game ) . The Walking Dead ( season 1 ) Promotional poster and home media cover art Starring Andrew Lincoln Jon Bernthal Sarah Wayne Callies Laurie Holden Jeffrey DeMunn Steven Yeun Chandler Riggs Country of origin United States No. of episodes 6 Release Original network AMC Original release October 31 ( 2010 - 10 - 31 ) -- December 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 05 ) Season chronology Next → Season 2 List of The Walking Dead episodes The first season of The Walking Dead , an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC , premiered on October 31 , 2010 , and concluded on December 5 , 2010 , consisting of 6 episodes . Developed for television by Frank Darabont , who wrote or co-wrote four of the season 's six episodes and directed the pilot episode , `` Days Gone Bye '' , the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman , Tony Moore , and Charlie Adlard . It was executive produced by Darabont , Kirkman , David Alpert , Charles H. Eglee , and Gale Anne Hurd , with Darabont assuming the role of showrunner . The season received very positive reviews by critics . It was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama at the 68th Golden Globe Awards and received nominations for the 63rd Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards in several categories , winning Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Miniseries , Movie , or Special . The pilot episode received 5.35 million viewers , and the finale garnered six million viewers , including four million viewers among adults ages 18 -- 49 , making it the most viewed basic cable drama series at that time . Based on its reception , AMC renewed the series for a second season consisting of 13 episodes , which premiered on October 16 , 2011 . This season adapts material from issues # 1 -- 6 of the comic book series and introduces notable comic character Rick Grimes ( Andrew Lincoln ) , who awakens from his coma in a post-apocalyptic world filled with flesh - eating zombies , dubbed `` walkers '' . After befriending Morgan Jones ( Lennie James ) , Rick sets out , to find his family and discover the origins of the walker virus . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Supporting cast 1.3 Guest cast 2 Production 2.1 Conception 2.2 Writing 2.3 Filming 3 Promotion 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 5.3 Ratings 6 Home media releases 7 References 8 External links Cast Main article : List of The Walking Dead ( TV series ) characters The primary characters of the first season include ( from left to right ) : Amy , Shane , Glenn , Carl , Lori , Rick , Dale , and Andrea Main cast The first season features seven actors receiving opening credits billing : Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes , the series ' protagonist and former sheriff 's deputy from King County , Georgia , who awakens from a coma into the apocalypse . After becoming aware of the apocalypse , Rick sets out to find his wife , Lori , and son , Carl . Jon Bernthal as Shane Walsh , Rick 's best friend since high school and former colleague , who helped Rick 's family escape the apocalypse and is the leader of the Atlanta camp . Believing Rick to be dead , he also started a relationship with Lori , leading to complications when Rick unexpectedly returns alive and well . Sarah Wayne Callies as Lori Grimes , Rick 's wife and mother of Carl . Lori is an emotionally fragile yet independent woman , who started a relationship with Shane out of her grief for losing Rick , leaving her off - guard and very conflicted when Rick returns . Laurie Holden as Andrea , a former successful civil rights attorney and sister of Amy . Andrea has a slight temper , but has a compassionate side and is very protective of her sister ; both of them share a close bond with Dale . Jeffrey DeMunn as Dale Horvath , an elderly survivor , who owns the RV around which the survivors have formed a camp . Dale is a wise man of morals , who is n't afraid to voice his opinion and is very protective of everyone 's well - being , physically and emotionally . He serves as an adviser to Shane , then to Rick . Dale also has a close bond with Andrea and Amy . Steven Yeun as Glenn Rhee , a former pizza delivery boy , who knows his way around Atlanta and often embarks on dangerous supply runs for the group . Glenn is a highly intelligent and resourceful , though slightly cocky yet hopeful individual , who cares for everyone yet he is easily taken advantage of by the other group members ; Rick trusts him on supply runs . Chandler Riggs as Carl Grimes , Rick and Lori 's son . He and his mother are taken to Atlanta by Shane after the initial outbreak . Supporting cast Emma Bell as Amy , Andrea 's younger , childish and innocent sister ; both have a close bond with Dale . Amy is shown to generally care for the children in the camp . Norman Reedus as Daryl Dixon , Merle 's equally aggressive and volatile younger brother and hunter . Unlike Merle , however , Daryl is far more reasonable and willing to follow the group 's lead . IronE Singleton as Theodore `` T - Dog '' Douglas , a fellow survivor in the Atlanta group . T - Dog is a man of honor and duty , who always tries to do what 's right by people even if they do n't deserve it or he does n't like it , and is heavily burdened when he makes mistakes and always tries to make it right . Melissa McBride as Carol Peletier , Lori 's best friend since the outbreak occurred and the mother of Sophia and the friendly yet soft - spoken wife of Ed . Michael Rooker as Merle Dixon , former military and drug dealer and Daryl 's racist , volatile and unreasonable older brother , who is also a hunter . His volatile tendencies often put him at odds with the group . Jeryl Prescott Sales as Jacqui , a member of the group , who is the only survivor of her family and a former zoning office worker . Andrew Rothenberg as Jim , a mechanic and a quiet yet tortured member of the group , who saw his wife and children killed and eaten by walkers . Juan Pareja as Morales , another member of the group , who knows the city 's infrastructure and puts his family first , and is also a fairly optimistic person . Madison Lintz as Sophia Peletier , Carol and Ed 's quiet daughter , and Carl 's best friend . Adam Minarovich as Ed Peletier , Carol 's abusive husband and Sophia 's father . He frequently has issues with Shane and is implicated to have also abused other women at the camp . Maddie Lomax as Eliza Morales , daughter of the aforementioned Morales and Miranda . She is the older sister of Louis . Viviana Chavez - Vega as Miranda Morales , wife of the aforementioned Morales and mother to Eliza and Louis . Noah Lomax as Louis Morales , son of the aforementioned Morales and Miranda . He is the younger brother of Eliza . Noah Emmerich as Dr. Edwin Jenner , a pathologist in the Atlanta CDC looking for any kind of cure . Guest cast Lennie James as Morgan Jones , Duane 's father , Jenny 's husband and the first survivor that Rick encounters . Jim R. Coleman as Lambert Kendal , a police officer , who works with both Rick and Shane . Linds Edwards as Leon Basset , a somewhat inexperienced police officer , who works with both Rick and Shane . Keisha Tillis as Jenny Jones , Morgan 's wife and Duane 's mother . Adrian Kali Turner as Duane Jones , Morgan and Jenny 's son . Noel G. as Felipe , a member of Guillermo 's gang , the cousin of Miguel and the grandson of `` Abuela '' . Neil Brown Jr. as Guillermo , the leader of a Vatos group in Atlanta taking care of a hospital . Anthony Guajardo as Miguel , a teenage member of Guillermo 's gang , Felipe 's cousin and `` Abuela 's '' grandson . Gina Morelli as `` Abuela '' , Felipe and Miguel 's grandmother . James Gonzaba as Jorge , a member of Guillermo 's gang . The series features several actors Walking Dead developer Frank Darabont has worked with previously , including Laurie Holden , Jeffrey DeMunn , Melissa McBride and Juan Pareja . All four appeared in his 2007 film The Mist , along Samuel Witwer , who appeared as a dying soldier , and with Thomas Jane , who originally was set to star in the series when it was pitched to HBO . It was wanted to be Rick Grimes . He is also in talks with Darabont to possibly guest star on the series . Laurie Holden also appeared in the 2001 film The Majestic ( she played Adele Stanton , Jim Carrey 's love interest ) , which Darabont directed . DeMunn has additionally appeared in several of Darabont 's films , in addition to The Mist and The Majestic : The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) and The Green Mile ( 1999 ) . Production Conception A set - up of The Walking Dead at the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con International in San Diego , California . Robert Kirkman , who created the comic book series in 2003 , says he had considered the idea of a Walking Dead television series , but never actively pursued it . `` I certainly wanted it to happen , just because I knew it would be good for the book ... I 'm certainly not against adaptations , like some creators . '' When Frank Darabont became interested in adapting the comic books for television , Kirkman said it was `` extremely flattering '' and went on to say that , `` He definitely cares about the original source material , and you can tell that in the way he 's adapting it . It 's an extreme validation of the work ... Never in a million years could I have thought that if Walking Dead were to ever be adapted that everything would be going this well . I think that that 's all because of Frank . '' Darabont himself had been a fan of the zombie genre since seeing George A. Romero 's 1968 film Night of the Living Dead when he was fourteen years old . `` '' Night of the Living Dead '' had this weird vibe that was almost - it was like pornography ... It had this marvelously attractive , disreputable draw ... I loved it immediately . '' Darabont recalls walking into a comic book store in Burbank , California and seeing The Walking Dead on the shelf in 2005 . `` Being that I 've always had `` the love of zombies genre , '' I of course grabbed it , took it home and read it , and immediately started pursuing the rights to it . I thought it would make a great TV show ... I loved the idea of an extended , ongoing , serialized dramatic presentation set in the zombie apocalypse . '' He described the process of developing the series and getting it set up at a network as `` four years of frustration , '' and credits executive producer Gale Anne Hurd with finally getting the series on AMC . `` I ca n't remember what the hell prompted her to read it ( the script ) , but she said , `` Wow , I really love this pilot you wrote . What are you doing with it ? '' I said I 'd been trying to set it up forever ... She said `` I think AMC might be the place to take this . '' She did , and then bam ! They were immediately interested . I had to credit Gale , her insight into marrying the material and the buyer . '' Writing Darabont 's original pilot script was split in half and embellished , making the first two episodes instead of one , `` ... just to slow the narrative down and dig into the characters more deeply , so it 's not just plot - driven , event - driven stuff . You really want to drag these characters into the equation . '' To write the remaining episodes of the season , Darabont recruited Charles H. Eglee , Adam Fierro and Glen Mazzara , all of whom he had worked with while directing an episode of The Shield . Jack LoGiudice also joined the writing team , along with Robert Kirkman , also an executive producer . `` I have the best of both worlds , '' says Kirkman . `` It was a lot of fun writing Episode 104 , and I 'm hoping if it continues into Season 2 , I 'll be able to write more episodes . '' Filming Principal photography for the pilot episode , `` Days Gone Bye '' , began on May 15 , 2010 with the subsequent five episodes beginning filming a few weeks later on June 2 . The first season was filmed in and around Atlanta , Georgia where the episodes were primarily set . Promotion The show 's official website released a motion comic based on the first issue of the original comic and voiced by Phil LaMarr . The site also posted a making - of documentary primarily about the first episode , as well as a number of other behind - the - scenes videos and interviews . In the documentary , comic series creator and show executive producer Robert Kirkman as well as artist Charlie Adlard expressed that they were pleased with how faithful the show is to the comic and remark on the similarities between the actors and the comic 's original character drawings . Several scenes from `` Days Gone Bye '' were screened July 23 , 2010 as part of the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con International . Hurd asserted that `` ( they ) really are doing six one - hour movie '' , and Darabont insisted that the series would closely reflect the development in the comics . `` The path is a very strong template . But we 're going to take every interesting detour we feel like taking . As long as were staying on the path of what Robert has done , I do n't see any reason not to . If they have patience we 'll eventually catch up to what Robert is doing . '' The Walking Dead debuted during the same week in 120 countries . `` Days Gone Bye '' premiered in Hong Kong on TVB Pearl on August 30 , 2011 , while it expanded in international markets during the first week of November . Two weeks prior to its official premiere in the United States , the contents of the episode leaked online . As part of an expansive campaign to advertise and heighten anticipation for the premiere , international broadcasting affiliates of AMC and Fox coordinated a worldwide zombie invasion event proceeding days prior to premiere of the episode in the United States . The event occurred in twenty six cities worldwide , and were hosted in select locations including the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City , Lincoln Memorial in Washington , D.C. , Palace of Westminster in London , Bosphorus Bridge in Istanbul , Acropolis of Athens in Athens , and the Museo del Prado in Madrid . The campaign events commenced in Hong Kong and Taipei , and culminated in Los Angeles . The Walking Dead was included on the cover of the December 2010 edition of Entertainment Weekly , which featured Rick Grimes pointing a gun at a horde of walkers . According to the journalist of the magazine , it `` examines the past , present , and future '' of the television franchise ; `` from the comic book 's humble beginnings , to unlikely path to the small screen , to even more unlikely path as a bona fide hit . '' Kirkman was ecstatic upon hearing of the news . `` I 've got to say -- not to kiss your magazine 's a -- or anything -- but when they called me and said Frank ( Darabont ) wanted to do the show , I was like , ' Yeah , I 'll believe it when I see it . ' And then when AMC was like , ' We 're picking up the show , ' I was like , ' Yeah , alright , whatever . ' When they actually started shooting the pilot I was like , ' Well , this is kind of real , this is neat . ' But when they called me and said , ' Your show 's on the cover of Entertainment Weekly , ' I think that was the first time I was like , ' Oh my god , I ca n't believe this is happening to me ! ' '' Episodes See also : List of The Walking Dead episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Days Gone Bye '' Frank Darabont Teleplay by : Frank Darabont October 31 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 31 ) 5.35 Sheriff 's deputy Rick Grimes wakes from a gunshot - inflicted coma to discover the world overrun with walkers . He goes back to his house to find his wife and son but meets survivor Morgan Jones and his son Duane - Rick decides to head to Atlanta to find his wife Lori and son Carl , unaware they are safe with other survivors led by his former partner Shane . He encounters hordes of walkers and becomes trapped inside a tank . `` Guts '' Michelle MacLaren Frank Darabont November 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 07 ) 4.71 Rick is ambushed by a walker horde but is rescued by scavenger survivor Glenn when he becomes trapped inside a tank . They meet up with the rest of the survivors where they have to leave Merle handcuffed to the roof to stop him attracting walkers . They are forced to leave Rick 's gun bag behind as well as abandon the unhinged Merle as walkers surround them , but manage to escape the city . `` Tell It to the Frogs '' Gwyneth Horder - Payton Story by : Charles H. Eglee & Jack LoGiudice Teleplay by : Charles H. Eglee & Jack LoGiudice and Frank Darabont November 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 14 ) 5.07 Glenn takes Rick to the survivors ' camp , where he finds Lori , Carl , and Shane . Rick leads a group , including Glenn , T - Dog , and Merle 's younger brother , Daryl back to Atlanta to recover his weapons , finding that Merle managed to free himself by sawing off his hand . `` Vatos '' Johan Renck Robert Kirkman November 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 21 ) 4.75 Rick 's group briefly scuffles with a group of Latino survivors protecting the residents of a nursing home in Atlanta , who want Rick 's weapons , but Rick is able to defuse the situation peacefully . They return to camp too late to stop a walker horde from attacking , killing Andrea 's sister Amy , and Carol 's husband Ed . 5 5 `` Wildfire '' Ernest Dickerson Glen Mazzara November 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 28 ) 5.56 As the survivors bury their dead , some split off on their own . Rick , against Shane 's judgement , leads the rest to the CDC facility in Atlanta , which initially appears abandoned and locked - down , but Rick spots signs of life and demands entry . 6 6 `` TS - 19 '' Guy Ferland Adam Fierro and Frank Darabont December 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 05 ) 5.97 Dr. Jenner of the CDC welcomes the survivors , allowing them to enjoy the amenities of the powered building while explaining what he knows about walkers . When the survivors discover that the building will self - detonate once it runs out of backup power , Dr. Jenner initially prevents them from leaving . Rick convinces Jenner to let them go , and Jenner whispers something to Rick . They escape just before the building explodes , and the group departs the city . Reception Critical response The first season of The Walking Dead received mostly positive reviews from critics . On Metacritic , the season holds a score of 82 out of 100 , indicating `` universal acclaim '' , based on 25 critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season holds an 89 % with an average rating of 7.49 out of 10 , based on 24 reviews , and an average episode score of 87 % . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Blood - spattered , emotionally resonant , and white - knuckle intense , The Walking Dead puts an intelligent spin on the overcrowded zombie subgenre . '' Following the pilot episode 's debut , TV Guide 's Matt Roush called the show `` a stark and harrowing survival parable ... visually stunning ... and daring in its artful use of silence . '' Following the second episode , Simon Abrams from Slant Magazine awarded the show three and a half stars out of a possible four ; `` To say that Darabont has kicked his series off with a bang would be a serious understatement ... ( he ) has fashioned a fully realized alternate reality and it 's a thrilling thing to experience . '' In response to the season finale , James Poniewozik of TIME magazine gave the first season of The Walking Dead a glowing review stating , `` the show has an urgency and bravery that make it something special '' . Josh Jackson of Paste magazine also praised the season by writing , `` the characters are worth caring about '' despite `` occasional stilted monologues , quick tempers and unfortunate stereotypes '' . Some reviews were mixed , including one from Kofi Outlaw of Screen Rant who concluded , `` The Walking Dead still has n't really defined itself as anything more than a vague survival story about the human condition '' but added , `` you can be sure I 'm one of those Dead - heads already chomping at the bit for season 2 '' . Sean McKenna of TV Fanatic also offered mixed criticism saying the first season `` had its ups and downs '' noting that the second season should focus on `` a more specific story arc and strengthening of the character development '' . Logan Hill of New York magazine was more critical , claiming the episodes contained `` atrocious dialogue '' and `` a lot of plot machinery that has been contrived to create action suspense but ... has n't really moved the story itself anywhere in particular '' , though he admits the fifth episode showed `` flashes of promise '' . The Walking Dead ( season 1 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 1 ( 2010 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Accolades See also : List of awards and nominations received by The Walking Dead The first season of The Walking Dead was named one of the Top 10 Television Programs in 2010 by the American Film Institute . The season was also nominated for Outstanding New Program at the 27th TCA Awards and Best New Series at the 63rd Writers Guild of America Awards . It was also nominated for Best Television Series -- Drama at the 68th Golden Globe Awards and Best Drama Series at the 1st Critics ' Choice Television Awards . For the 37th Saturn Awards , the season received six nominations , winning Best Television Presentation . The nominations were for Best Actor on Television ( Andrew Lincoln ) , Best Actress on Television ( Sarah Wayne Callies ) , Best Supporting Actor on Television ( Steven Yeun ) , Best Supporting Actress on Television ( Laurie Holden ) , and Best Guest Starring Role on Television ( Noah Emmerich ) . The pilot episode , `` Days Gone Bye '' , received three Primetime Emmy Award nominations for the 63rd Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , winning Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Miniseries , Movie , or Special , and received nominations for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series and Outstanding Special Visual Effects . Frank Darabont was nominated for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Dramatic Series for his work on `` Days Gone Bye '' . Ratings The pilot received 5.3 million viewers , making it the most - watched series premiere episode of any AMC television series . The first - season finale received 6 million viewers , a season high ; with 4 million viewers in the 18 - 49 demographic , making it the most watched basic cable series for the demographic . The first season had an average of 5.24 million viewers and a rating of 2.7 in the 18 - 49 demographic . In the United Kingdom , it premiered one week after it did in the United States , on November 5 , 2010 on digital channel , FX . The premiere had 579,000 viewers , almost double for any other show on FX that week . The viewership dipped during the season then rose to 522,000 viewers for the final episode . The terrestrial premiere on Channel 5 on April 10 , 2011 , averaged 1.46 million viewers . Based on its ratings , the series was renewed for a second season on November 8 , 2010 . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` Days Gone Bye '' October 31 , 2010 2.7 / 7 5.35 `` Guts '' November 7 , 2010 2.5 / 7 4.71 `` Tell It to the Frogs '' November 14 , 2010 2.5 / 7 5.07 `` Vatos '' November 21 , 2010 2.4 / 6 4.75 5 `` Wildfire '' November 28 , 2010 2.8 / 7 5.56 6 `` TS - 19 '' December 5 , 2010 3.0 / 8 5.97 Home Media releases The first season was released on DVD and Blu - ray in region 1 on March 8 , 2011 and in region 2 on May 16 , 2011 . Special features on the sets include six featurettes -- `` The Making of The Walking Dead '' , `` Inside The Walking Dead : Episode 1 -- 6 '' , `` A Sneak Peek with Robert Kirkman '' , `` Behind the Scenes Zombie Make - Up Tips '' , `` Convention Panel with Producers '' and `` The Walking Dead Trailer '' . Also included are other behind the scenes featurettes -- `` Zombie School '' , `` Bicycle Girl '' , `` On Set with Robert Kirkman '' , `` Hanging with Steven Yeun '' , `` Inside Dale 's RV '' and `` On Set with Andrew Lincoln '' . A three - disc special edition of the first season was released on DVD and Blu - ray on October 4 , 2011 . The sets include all the previous special features , plus brand new extras . The new extras include audio commentary on all six episodes , the black and white version of the pilot , and six new featurettes -- `` We Are The Walking Dead '' , `` Bring Out the Dead : KNB and the Art of Making Zombies '' , `` Digital Decay : The VFX of The Walking Dead '' , `` No More Room in Hell : The Walking Dead Phenomenon '' , `` Adapting the Dead '' and `` Killer Conversations : Frank Darabont & Greg Nicotero '' . In addition to the DVD and Blu - ray release , a limited edition Blu - ray collector 's tin contains an exclusive wearable zombie mask from the National Entertainment Collectibles Association designed by the series own make - up artist , Greg Nicotero . References Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead - AMC Series '' . AMC . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of Golden Globe Nominees and Winners '' . The New York Times . December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emmy Winners and Nominees 2011 : Complete List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` '' The Walking Dead '' Finale Draws Series High 6 Million Viewers , 3.0 Adults 18 - 49 Rating `` . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMC Resurrects `` The Walking Dead '' for a Second Season '' ( Press release ) . AMC . November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . 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Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead Just Welcomed Back a Surprising Face We Have n't Seen Since Season 1 '' . E ! News . NBCUniversal . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Manuel , Julia ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' season 8 episode 2 : Rick comes face to face with Morales '' . Christian Today . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Noah Lomax Interview '' . Naluda Magazine . September 22 , 2015 . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scheg , Abigail G. ; Girardi , Tamara ( October 13 , 2017 ) . Hero or Villain ? : Essays on Dark Protagonists of Television . McFarland Publishing . p. 126 . ISBN 9781476630526 . Jump up ^ Keetley , Dawn ( February 10 , 2014 ) . `` We 're All Infected '' : Essays on AMC 's The Walking Dead and the Fate of the Human . McFarland Publishing . p. 61 . ISBN 9781476614526 . Jump up ^ Yuen , Wayne ( 2012 ) . The Walking Dead and Philosophy : Zombie Apocalypse Now . Open Court Publishing . p. 34 . ISBN 9780812697674 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Martenzie ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` All 27 black characters who have ever appeared on ' The Walking Dead ' - Ranked '' . The Undefeated . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Remling , Amanda ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Character Deaths : What Are The Actors Doing Now ? '' . IB Times . Newsweek Media Group . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Merritt , Jason ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` Premiere Of AMC 's `` The Walking Dead '' - Arrivals `` . Zimbio . Livingly Media , Inc . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lebowitz , Stephen ( February 12 , 2012 ) . `` The Walking Dead returns tonight ! Keisha Tillis video interview '' . Axs.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Guerrero , Tony ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` Interview : Adrian Kali Turner , Duane from Walking Dead '' . Comic Vine . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lebowitz , Stephen ( February 12 , 2012 ) . `` The Walking Dead returns tonight ! Adrian Kali Turner video interview '' . Axs.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Martenzie ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` All 27 black characters who have ever appeared on ' The Walking Dead ' '' . The Undefeated . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( January 28 , 2011 ) . `` Brown Jr. ' could return to Walking Dead ' '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Napier , Jim ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Interview : Actor Anthony Guajardo , Miguel On THE WALKING DEAD '' . Geek Tyrant . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lucciardi , Antoine ( March 1 , 2017 ) . The Walking Dead décrypté : Les secrets de la saga . City Edition . p. 244 . ISBN 9782824645230 . Jump up ^ Ortega , Oralia ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` El Paso Comic Con Convention Expected To Draw Thousands To Convention Center '' . KTSM.com . ComCorp of El Paso Inc . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2012 . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 4 , 2010 ) . `` AMC adds actor , producer to ' Walking Dead ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vespe , Eric ( January 7 , 2012 ) . `` What Could Have Been : Frank Darabont Speaks About His Original Walking Dead Season 2 Opener ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marnell , Blair ( January 5 , 2012 ) . `` ' Being Human ' Star Slams AMC Over Aborted ' Walking Dead ' Web Series '' . Crave Online . Evolve Media , LLC . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sagers , Aaron ( January 2012 ) . `` Sam Witwer on ' Being Human , ' a vampire - and ' Walking Dead ' zombie ? '' . Paranormal Pop Culture . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vieira , Anthony ( December 26 , 2015 ) . `` The Walking Dead : Frank Darabont Originally Wanted Thomas Jane to Star '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( December 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Showrunner Originally Wanted Thomas Janes as Rick '' . Screen Crush . Townsquare Media , Inc . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` Thomas Jane Yearns To Be One of `` The Walking Dead '' `` . NBC Washington . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Michael Patrick ( May 19 , 2008 ) . WEEK OF THE DEAD I : Robert Kirkman . CBR.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Bill ( July 21 , 2010 ) . `` Robert Kirkman ( The Walking Dead ) ( Interview ) '' . Pads & Panels . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Robert Kirkman Writes Tribute To ' Walking Dead ' Inspiration George Romero '' . Comic Book . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sepinwall , Alan ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` Comic - Con interview : Frank Darabont on AMC 's ' The Walking Dead ' '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` TV : ' The Walking Dead ' Pilot to Begin Lensing in May '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chan , Jon ( June 2 , 2010 ) . `` Walking Dead TV Series Starts Filming ! '' . Secondary Fire . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2010 . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Christine ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` AMC 's ' Walking Dead ' first filming locations revealed , zombies wanted '' . On Location Vacations . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Neuman , Clayton ( July 20 , 2010 ) . `` The Walking Dead Motion Comic Arrives Online '' . AMC . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Neuman , Clayton ( October 11 , 2010 ) . `` The Making of The Walking Dead Documentary '' . AMC . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( July 13 , 2010 ) . `` SD Comic - Con 2010 : The Walking Dead Promotional One - Sheet '' . Dread Central . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( November 30 , 2010 ) . `` AMC 's ' Walking Dead ' panel : ' This is big ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 1 - Days Gone By '' . Television Broadcasts Limited . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AMC Signs Unprecedented Deal with FOX International Channels for All International Rights to Original Series `` The Walking Dead '' `` . The Futon Critic . June 8 , 2010 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ernesto ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` The Walking Dead TV - Series Premieres On BitTorrent '' . TorrentFreak . Retrieved October 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Neuman , Clayton ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` Photos From The Walking Dead 's Worldwide Zombie Invasion '' . AMC . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' plans global zombie invasion stunt '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' The Walking Dead ' : This week 's EW cover story goes behind the scenes on TV 's best new show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . November 24 , 2010 . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( November 29 , 2010 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' writer Robert Kirkman talks about last night 's episode and teases next week 's season finale '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( November 2 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : The Walking Dead Kills ; Boardwalk Empire Steady ; + Swamp People , Dexter , Ghost Hunters Live & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : The Walking Dead Lives ! ; Boardwalk Empire Up ; + Real Housewives , Hannah Montana , Kendra & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : The Walking Dead , Sarah Palin ( again , still ) ; Boardwalk Empire Drops ; Real Housewives , Sonny With a Chance , Kendra & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( November 23 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Sarah Palin 's Alaska Falls ; The Walking Dead ( again , still ) ; Boardwalk Empire Drops ; Real Housewives , Sonny With a Chance , Kendra & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( November 30 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Boardwalk Empire Dips ; Soul Train Awards , Real Housewives , Dexter , Top Gear & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( December 7 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead , ' ' Boardwalk Empire ' Finales Rise ; ' Sarah Palin 's Alaska , ' ' Dexter , ' ' The Hasslehoffs ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` Roush Review : Zombie Terror Alert ! '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Simon ( October 26 , 2010 ) . `` The Walking Dead : Season One '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` Walking Dead Watch : The Big Decision '' . TIME . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Josh ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` The Walking Dead Review ( Episode 1.6 `` TS - 19 '' ) `` . Paste . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Outlaw , Kofi ( December 5 , 2010 ) . `` The Walking Dead Season Finale Review & Discussion '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McKenna , Sean ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` The Walking Dead Season Finale Review : `` TS - 19 '' `` . TV Fanatic . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hill , Logan ( December 5 , 2010 ) . `` The Walking Dead Recap : A Bang That 's a Whimper '' . New York . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards '' . AFI.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 13 , 2011 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' The Killing , ' ' Walking Dead ' nominated for TCA Awards '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AMC Garners Six WGA Award Nominations for Acclaimed Original Dramas `` Mad Men , '' `` Breaking Bad '' and `` The Walking Dead '' '' ( Press release ) . AMC . December 8 , 2010 . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 6 , 2011 ) . `` Mad Men , Fringe , Good Wife , Modern Family , Community , Justified Lead Critics Choice Kudos '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead and Frank Darabont Win Saturn Awards '' . AMC . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( February 24 , 2011 ) . `` ' Inception , ' ' Walking Dead ' Top Saturn Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DGA Awards Nominees for TV and Commercials '' . AMC . January 11 , 2011 . Retrieved January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AMC Original Series `` The Walking Dead '' Garners Highest 18 - 49 Delivery for Any Cable Series Premiere for 2010 '' ( Press release ) . AMC . November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Walking Dead '' Finale Draws 6 Million Viewers , 3.0 Adults 18 - 49 Rating '' ( Press release ) . AMC . December 6 , 2010 . Retrieved December 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Year in Review / 2011 Year in Preview : AMC '' . The Futon Critic . January 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes '' ( Press release ) . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Laughlin , Andrew ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' scares up 1.5 m on C5 '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead - AMC / Anchor Bay 's Press Release for ' The Complete 1st Season ' on DVD and Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . January 6 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2011 . Retrieved July 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead - Season 1 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lacy , Gord ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` The Walking Dead - Press Release for Season 1 Special Edition '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved July 21 , 2011 . External links Horror fiction portal Television portal Official website List of The Walking Dead episodes on IMDb List of The Walking Dead season 1 episodes at TV.com The Walking Dead Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 Accolades Soundtrack Vol. 1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Miscellaneous Video games Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Overkill Rides The Walking Dead : The Ride Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Return to Woodbury Characters Lists Comic book series Television series Aaron Alden Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Axel Tara Chambler Clementine Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Dwight Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett King Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Jadis Morgan Jones Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Spencer Monroe Morales Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Siddiq Simon Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams Category The Walking Dead episodes Season 1 `` Days Gone Bye '' `` Guts '' `` Tell It to the Frogs '' `` Vatos '' `` Wildfire '' `` TS - 19 '' Season 2 `` What Lies Ahead '' `` Bloodletting '' `` Save the Last One '' `` Cherokee Rose '' `` Chupacabra '' `` Secrets '' `` Pretty Much Dead Already '' `` Nebraska '' `` Triggerfinger '' `` 18 Miles Out '' `` Judge , Jury , Executioner '' `` Better Angels '' `` Beside the Dying Fire '' Season 3 `` Seed '' `` Sick '' `` Walk with Me '' `` Killer Within '' `` Say the Word '' `` Hounded '' `` When the Dead Come Knocking '' `` Made to Suffer '' `` The Suicide King '' `` Home '' `` I Ai n't a Judas '' `` Clear '' `` Arrow on the Doorpost '' `` Prey '' `` This Sorrowful Life '' `` Welcome to the Tombs '' Season 4 `` 30 Days Without an Accident '' `` Infected '' `` Isolation '' `` Indifference '' `` Internment '' `` Live Bait '' `` Dead Weight '' `` Too Far Gone '' `` After '' `` Inmates '' `` Claimed '' `` Still '' `` Alone '' `` The Grove '' `` Us '' `` A '' Season 5 `` No Sanctuary '' `` Strangers '' `` Four Walls and a Roof '' `` Slabtown '' `` Self Help '' `` Consumed '' `` Crossed '' `` Coda '' `` What Happened and What 's Going On '' `` Them '' `` The Distance '' `` Remember '' `` Forget '' `` Spend '' `` Try '' `` Conquer '' Season 6 `` First Time Again '' `` JSS '' `` Thank You '' `` Here 's Not Here '' `` Now '' `` Always Accountable '' `` Heads Up '' `` Start to Finish '' `` No Way Out '' `` The Next World '' `` Knots Untie '' `` Not Tomorrow Yet '' `` The Same Boat '' `` Twice as Far '' `` East '' `` Last Day on Earth '' Season 7 `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' `` The Well '' `` The Cell '' `` Service '' `` Go Getters '' `` Swear '' `` Sing Me a Song '' `` Hearts Still Beating '' `` Rock in the Road '' `` New Best Friends '' `` Hostiles and Calamities '' `` Say Yes '' `` Bury Me Here '' `` The Other Side '' `` Something They Need '' `` The First Day of the Rest of Your Life '' Season 8 `` Mercy '' `` The Damned '' `` Monsters '' `` Some Guy '' `` The Big Scary U '' `` The King , the Widow , and Rick '' `` Time for After '' `` How It 's Gotta Be '' `` Honor '' `` The Lost and the Plunderers '' `` Dead or Alive Or '' `` The Key '' `` Do Not Send Us Astray '' `` Still Gotta Mean Something '' `` Worth '' `` Wrath '' Webisodes Torn Apart Cold Storage Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Walking_Dead_(season_1)&oldid=849739259 '' Categories : 2010 American television seasons The Walking Dead ( TV series ) episodes Television shows set in Atlanta Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users Use mdy dates from June 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 01 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many episodes in season 1 of the walking dead	[ "The first season of The Walking Dead, an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 31, 2010, and concluded on December 5, 2010, consisting of 6 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, who wrote or co-wrote four of the season's six episodes and directed the pilot episode, \"Days Gone Bye\", the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard.[1] It was executive produced by Darabont, Kirkman, David Alpert, Charles H. Eglee, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Darabont assuming the role of showrunner.\n" ]	[ "6" ]
5526548500028810203	Arsenal F.C. in European football	Arsenal FC in European Football - wikipedia Arsenal FC in European Football Jump to : navigation , search Arsenal F.C. in European football Arsenal won the Cup Winners ' Cup in 1994 Club Arsenal First entry 1963 -- 64 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Latest entry 2016 -- 17 UEFA Champions League Titles Cup Winners ' Cup 1994 Arsenal Football Club is an English professional football club based in Holloway , North London . The club 's first European football match was played against Copenhagen XI on 25 September 1963 , and it has since participated in European club competitions on several occasions , most of which organised by the Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . Arsenal has won two European honours : the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1970 and the Cup Winners ' Cup in 1994 -- the latter title recognised by the European confederation . The club played the 1994 European Super Cup and repeated its presence in the following year 's Cup Winners ' Cup final . Arsenal also reached the final of the UEFA Cup in 2000 , and became the first London team to appear in a UEFA Champions League final , in 2006 . Qualification for European club competitions is determined by a team 's position in its domestic league , as well as how successfully a team fares in domestic cup competitions in the previous season . Following the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985 , UEFA placed an indefinite ban on all English teams from competing in Europe ; the ban was lifted in the 1990 - 91 season and Arsenal entered in 1991 -- 92 season , giving Arsenal the opportunity to play in the European Cup . Between 1998 -- 99 and 2016 -- 17 , Arsenal qualified in nineteen successive UEFA Champions League seasons , an English football record , and is only surpassed in Europe by Real Madrid . French striker Thierry Henry holds the club record for most appearances with 89 , and is the club 's record goalscorer in European competitions with 42 goals . Arsenal 's biggest winning margin in Europe is a 7 -- 0 scoreline , a feat achieved twice : firstly away at Standard Liège , during their successful Cup Winners ' Cup campaign , and secondly at home against Slavia Prague , for the 2007 -- 08 UEFA Champions League . Arsenal hold the European club competition record for the most consecutive clean sheets with ten , set between September 2005 and May 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 History 2.1 Early years : 1963 -- 1978 2.2 Cup Winners ' Cup finalists , winners : 1978 -- 1995 2.3 Arrival of Wenger : 1996 -- 2005 2.4 Regular qualification : 2005 to present 3 Records 3.1 By season 3.2 By competition 3.3 By country 4 Honours 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) For more details on the origins of European football , see European Cup and UEFA Champions League history . Club competitions between teams from different European countries can trace their origins as far back as 1897 , when the Challenge Cup was created for clubs in the Austro - Hungarian Empire , who did not meet under normal circumstances . The Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy , named after entrepreneur and sportsman Thomas Lipton , was established in 1909 and was contested between clubs from Italy , Great Britain , Germany and Switzerland ; the competition lasted for two years . The earliest attempt to create a cup for national champion clubs of Europe was made by Swiss club FC Servette . Founded in 1930 , the Coupe des Nations featured clubs of ten major European football leagues and was deemed a success . Due to financial reasons , the competition was abandoned . `` The UEFA Cup is a consolation prize and the Cup Winners ' Cup has been destroyed . Who plays in that now ? Nobody . The fact is , the Champions ' League is all - important . It is turning into a European League and over the next three or four years I think that will become more and more clear . '' Arsène Wenger on the climate of European football , October 1997 In December 1954 , French sports magazine L'Equipe published an article by journalist and former professional footballer Gabriel Hanot , who proposed the introduction of a European club competition . He initially suggested that each country should nominate a club to play in a mid-week European league ; many clubs favoured a cup competition , which required less matches to play . A year later , L'Equipe sent out invitations to 18 clubs , selected by Hanot , Jacques Ferran and Jacques Goddet , with UEFA agreeing to administrate the competition named as the European Champion Clubs ' Cup . The European Cup Winners ' Cup , later retitled the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , was founded in 1960 and involved the winning clubs of national cup competitions in Europe . Arsenal , in the First Division at the time , were ineligible for both competitions , given that the club did not win a league championship or domestic cup for almost two decades . They however were invited to participate in the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup , an annual European club competition which was set up to promote international trade fairs ; where a club finished in their domestic league had no relevance to qualification as teams were selected from cities holding trade fairs . The Inter-Cities Fairs Cup was regarded as the predecessor to the UEFA Cup , rebranded as the UEFA Europa League in 2008 . Each competition round was staged over a two - legged tie , with the winner determined by the aggregate score . The away goals rule is activated if the aggregate score is equal . To reinvigorate the European Champion Clubs ' Cup , the competition was expanded and rebranded as the UEFA Champions League in 1992 . From the 1997 -- 98 season , it was further expanded to include eight domestic league runners - up selected by a UEFA coefficient and preliminary spots the following season were awarded to the third placed team ; in some leagues fourth from 2002 -- 03 . The expansion and constant growth of the competition led to the decline of the Cup Winners ' Cup , abolished in 1999 and by which point instigated proposals for a European Super League . Arsène Wenger has , on numerous occasions predicted the latter , arguing the pressure of television companies will force it to happen : `` It 's all about money . More games equal more money through TV revenue and I think the next few years will see not just two , but three or four teams from the top countries competing against each other . It 's what television wants -- big teams in big matches . That is why the Champions ' League was introduced . '' Although Arsenal qualified for a fifteenth successive season of Champions League football in May 2012 , this coincided with the club not winning a domestic honour since 2005 , which led to open criticism over the competition 's present format . Wenger however has gone on to defend the club policy , stating a trophy for Arsenal is winning the Premier League or the Champions League ; `` Would you like to finish tenth in the league but win the League Cup and say you have won a trophy ? Certainly not . '' History ( edit ) Early years : 1963 -- 1978 ( edit ) Arsenal first participated in European football during the 1963 -- 64 season , via the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup . The competition was set up to promote international trade fairs in European cities , featuring clubs from cities playing in matches that hosted trade fairs . As London 's representative , Arsenal was paired with Copenhagen team Copenhagen XI in the first round , played over two matches . The first match ended in a 7 -- 1 victory for Arsenal , with Geoff Strong and Joe Baker both scoring hat - tricks . Copenhagen XI won the second match 3 -- 2 , but lost 9 -- 4 on aggregate . Arsenal faced Royal Football Club de Liège in the second round ; the Belgian club won 4 -- 2 on aggregate to progress into the quarter - finals . In the 1969 -- 70 season , Arsenal again participated in the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup , after a six - year absence . Having beaten Glentoran of Northern Ireland , Portugal 's Sporting Lisbon and Rouen of France , Arsenal played Romanian club Dinamo Bacău in the quarter - finals . A 1 -- 9 victory on aggregate saw the club progress into the last four , where they faced Ajax of Amsterdam . The pairing of both clubs pleased Arsenal manager Bertie Mee , who wanted to play Ajax in the semi-finals to set up a possibility of meeting Internazionale in the final . At Highbury in the first leg , Arsenal won 3 -- 0 and restricted Ajax to a 1 -- 0 win at the Olympisch Stadion to reach the final of the Fairs Cup . It was the fourth successive year the final featured an English club and the first for a London club . Arsenal played Belgian opposition Anderlecht in the 1970 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Final , played in the space of a week . Anderlecht won the first leg 3 -- 1 , with Arsenal midfielder Ray Kennedy scoring a crucial away goal , seven minutes from the final whistle . An early goal scored by Eddie Kelly helped Arsenal to what earlier looked to be an improbable victory ; John Radford and Jon Sammels overturned Anderlecht 's advantage to win 3 -- 0 on the night and 4 -- 3 on aggregate . The result ended Arsenal 's 17 - year wait for a trophy and ensured the club became the third successive English club to win the honour . Arsenal entered the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup the following season as holders of the competition , but did not progress further than the semi-finals , losing on away goals to 1 . FC Köln of Germany . The club did however win the league championship for the first time in 18 years , ensuring qualification for the European Champions Clubs ' Cup in the 1971 -- 72 season . Arsenal reached the quarter - finals , where the team lost to holders Ajax , who went on to retain the trophy . Arsenal finished second in the 1972 -- 73 Football League but did not play in the UEFA Cup 1973 -- 74 , because the Football League continued to apply the one - team - per - city rule from the old Fairs Cup , and Tottenham Hotspur qualified as League cup winners . In subsequent seasons , the departure of Mee and lack of domestic honours meant that the club did not contest in European football . Cup Winners ' Cup finalists , Winners : 1978 -- 1995 ( edit ) Mee was succeeded by Terry Neill in July 1976 . Arsenal returned to European club football in the 1978 -- 79 season , having finished fifth in the previous league campaign . The club contested in the UEFA Cup for the first time and won their opening leg 3 -- 0 against 1 . FC Lokomotive Leipzig ; a commanding performance away from home in the second leg allowed Arsenal to win 1 -- 4 at the Bruno - Plache - Stadion and 7 -- 1 on aggregate . Arsenal progressed past the third round , winning on aggregate against Hajduk Split but were eliminated by Red Star Belgrade in the third round after striker Dušan Savić scored an away goal , two minutes from the end of the match . As winners of the 1979 FA Cup Final , Arsenal entered the European Cup Winners ' Cup in the 1979 -- 80 season . The club defeated Fenerbahçe , 1 . FC Magdeburg and IFK Göteborg , before facing Juventus in the semi-finals . After conceding an early penalty scored by Antonio Cabrini , Arsenal defender David O'Leary was injured and substituted in the 20th minute , when Juventus striker Roberto Bettega tackled him . Marco Tardelli was later sent off for a foul on Liam Brady and in the 85th minute , Arsenal managed to score an equaliser through a mix - up between Frank Stapleton and Bettega ; the Italian put the ball into his goal net . Neill in his post-match comments expressed his anger over Bettega 's tackle after the game : `` I was shocked by a most vicious foul . I was shocked because I have always had the greatest admiration for him . '' A headed goal by substitute Paul Vaessen two minutes from the end , in the second leg was enough to take Arsenal into the 1980 European Cup Winners ' Cup Final , where they faced Valencia in Brussels . A goalless draw after normal and extra time meant the final was to be decided on a penalty shootout , with Valencia winning 5 -- 4 . Arsenal competed in the UEFA Cup in the 1981 -- 82 and 1982 -- 83 seasons and departed in the first and second round to FC Winterslag and Spartak Moscow respectively . The Heysel Stadium disaster of May 1985 , during the 1985 European Cup Final between Liverpool and Juventus resulted in UEFA , and later FIFA , imposing a ' worldwide ' ban on English teams from participating in European club competitions , initially for an indefinite period . Under George Graham , Arsenal returned to the European Cup in the 1991 -- 92 season , having won the league championship a season earlier . They went out in the second round to Portuguese team Benfica in November 1991 . The ban arising from the Heysel disaster had prevented Arsenal from competing in the European Cup when they won the league title two years previously , as well as preventing them from competing in the UEFA Cup on two occasions . In the 1993 -- 94 season , Arsenal contested in the European Cup Winners ' Cup , having won the 1993 FA Cup Final . The club beat Odense BK and Standard Liège to reach the quarter - finals , with the latter described as a `` breathtaking performance '' by Graham , after winning 7 -- 0 at the Stade Maurice Dufrasne . Arsenal defeated Torino of Italy and French representative Paris Saint - Germain to reach the 1994 European Cup Winners ' Cup Final alongside Parma , staged at Copenhagen . Without top goalscorer Ian Wright and markers John Jensen and Martin Keown , Arsenal went into the final as outsiders . Although Parma began the match the strongest of both teams , Arsenal opened the scoring through a well taken volley by striker Alan Smith . Defending in numbers , the team held on to record an improbable victory and win the club 's second European trophy , after a 24 - year wait . After the match Graham praised his team 's performance and defended his pragmatic approach ; `` Sometimes we could go forward a little bit more and entertain a bit more , but we play to our strengths , like we did in this match . There 's nothing wrong with having a very , very good defence , believe me . We 've proved it , and it 's a big plus . '' As holders of the competition , Arsenal was admitted into the Cup Winners ' Cup for the 1994 -- 95 season . They moreover contested in the 1994 European Super Cup , losing to Milan 2 -- 0 on aggregate . In February 1995 , Graham was sacked by Arsenal after it emerged he accepted an illegal £ 425,000 payment from Norwegian agent Rune Hauge for two of his clients : Jensen and Pål Lydersen . He was replaced by caretaker manager Stewart Houston ( Bruce Rioch in the close season ) , who managed to take Arsenal into the 1995 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup Final after beating Sampdoria on penalties in the semi-finals . They however , did not retain the trophy after Real Zaragoza midfielder Nayim scored an extra-time goal , lobbing Arsenal goalkeeper David Seaman . Arrival of Wenger : 1996 -- 2005 ( edit ) In August 1996 , Rioch was dismissed by Arsenal . He was replaced by Arsène Wenger , who became the club 's first manager born outside the British Isles . Wenger had creditable experience in UEFA club competitions ; at Monaco he reached the final of the Cup Winners ' Cup in 1992 , losing 2 -- 0 to Werder Bremen and took the club into the semi-finals of the European Cup in 1993 -- 94 . Wenger wanted Arsenal to become one of the biggest clubs in Europe , emphasising on buying talent from all over the world and patience shown by the club 's board and supporters . His first involvement in a European match for Arsenal was against Borussia Mönchengladbach on 26 September 1996 in the UEFA Cup ; Arsenal lost 6 -- 4 on aggregate . Having watched the game from the stands in the first half , he assumed control in the second , suggesting the formation should accommodate four defenders instead of five . Arsenal finished third in the 1996 -- 97 league season , missing out on qualification for the UEFA Champions League by goal difference . They , however qualified for the UEFA Cup first round , but lost to PAOK Salonika of Greece over two legs in September 1997 . Arsenal completed the double in the 1997 -- 98 season , and winning the league ensured the club participated in the Champions League for the first time since its rebranding in 1992 . To benefit from increased revenue and higher attendances , Arsenal was granted permission from the Football Association and UEFA to host their home Champions League matches at Wembley Stadium . The club faced French champions Lens , Ukraine 's Dynamo Kiev and Panathinaikos of Greece in the group stages of the competition . Although they began the campaign in good stead , with two draws and a win , Arsenal lost 3 -- 1 to Dynamo Kiev and at home to Lens -- watched by a record crowd of 73,707 , meaning the club could not reach higher than third place , failing to make the quarter - finals . Arsenal ended the 1998 -- 99 league season as runners - up , qualifying for the group stages of the Champions League for the second successive year . Again , Arsenal finished in third spot in their group , this time behind Barcelona and Fiorentina . The team , however advanced into the UEFA Cup third round and Arsenal chose to revert to playing their home matches at Highbury , on the advice of the players . Arsenal beat Nantes and Deportivo de La Coruña over two legs and defeated Werder Bremen in the quarter - final ; midfielder Ray Parlour scored a hat - trick in the second leg . In the semi-final against Lens , Arsenal secured a 3 -- 1 aggregate win to face Turkish opposition Galatasaray in the final , who beat Leeds United . At Copenhagen , the venue for the 2000 UEFA Cup Final , both Arsenal and Galatasaray played out to a goalless draw in normal and in extra time . Arsenal lost 4 -- 1 in a penalty shootout , with striker Davor Šuker and midfielder Patrick Vieira hitting the post and underside of the crossbar respectively . Wenger reflected on the defeat by saying , `` We did not play well in the first half , but we were much better afterwards . It is very disappointing . '' The final was overshadowed by events at the city centre , where Arsenal supporter Paul Dineen was stabbed in the back . Referred to as the `` Battle of Copenhagen '' , the incident escalated into a riot between English and Turkish fans , forcing the Danish police to use tear gas in order to restore calm . A sign outside Highbury , displaying the upcoming Arsenal -- Internazionale match in September 2003 . Arsenal qualified for the group stages of the Champions League in the 2000 -- 01 season , having ended the previous league season in second . The club won their first three matches in Group B , against Sparta Prague , Shakhtar Donetsk and Lazio . A draw away to Lazio at the Stadio Olimpico ensured qualification into the second group stage , where they were partnered with Bayern Munich , Lyon and Spartak Moscow . In spite of defender Sylvinho scoring an early goal in their opening game against Spartak Moscow , Arsenal plummeted to a 4 -- 1 defeat , leaving Wenger to assess that `` as a team , we did n't look as solid as we are used to . '' Wins at Lyon and at home to Spartak Moscow helped Arsenal to qualify for the quarter - finals as the French club failed to capitalise on Arsenal 's defeat at Bayern Munich . They faced Spanish club Valencia , winning 2 -- 1 at Highbury but the team were beaten 1 -- 0 at the Estadio Mestalla , knocked - out on aggregate . In the 2001 -- 02 season , Arsenal played in the Champions League . The club qualified for the second group stage on goal difference but did not reach the quarter - finals , losing their final two matches against Deportivo La Coruña and Juventus . Having won the domestic league for the first time in four years , Wenger revealed the club 's and his own intent to win the Champions League , telling French newspaper L'Equipe `` I ca n't imagine finishing my life without winning the European Cup '' . Arsenal began the following season impressively , winning 0 -- 4 at PSV Eindhoven . The match set a new club record , as midfielder Gilberto Silva scored the fastest goal , in 20.07 seconds . Although Arsenal lost their last two matches against Borussia Dortmund and Auxerre , coinciding with a blip in form domestically , they qualified for the second group stage for the third consecutive season . Striker Thierry Henry scored his first hat - trick in Europe for Arsenal against Roma on 27 November 2002 with the player stating ; `` It 's wonderful to score a hat - trick but it 's even more important that I did so in a game we 've won . '' Arsenal failed to replicate their form at Roma , drawing their next four matches and losing to Valencia in the final match to finish third in their group and thus , out of the competition . Arsenal entered the Champions League group stage in the 2003 -- 04 season and faced Dynamo Kiev , Internazionale and Lokomotiv Moscow . Without a win in their first three matches , Arsenal faced an early exit from the competition but managed a victory against Dynamo Kiev , after defender Ashley Cole scored via a header . At the San Siro , Arsenal beat Internazionale 1 -- 5 , in a performance described as `` one of the greatest results in ( the club 's ) history '' . A win in their final group game against Lokomotiv Moscow was enough for Arsenal to top their group and play an unseeded team in the last 16 . Arsenal eliminated Celta Vigo and faced fellow English club Chelsea at the quarter - final stage . Going into the first leg , Arsenal were favourites , having played their London rivals three times during the course the season , winning each occasion . Former Dutch international Johan Cruyff backed Arsenal to win the competition , saying `` If Arsenal win it playing football the way only they know how then Europe would be proud to have such champions '' . In spite of Robert Pirès scoring a vital away goal at Stamford Bridge , Chelsea beat Arsenal 1 -- 2 at Highbury to progress into the semi-finals . A year later , Arsenal exited the Champions League after losing 2 -- 3 to Bayern Munich on aggregate , in the last 16 stage . Regular qualification : 2005 to present ( edit ) Arsenal qualified for the group stages of the Champions League in the 2005 -- 06 season , finishing first in a group containing Ajax , Sparta Prague and Thun . The club faced Real Madrid in the last 16 ; a solo goal by Henry at the Estadio Santiago Bernabéu in the first leg inflicted the home team 's first defeat in 18 Champions League matches . Arsenal produced a disciplined display at home a fortnight after to reach the quarter - finals and become the sole English representative left in the competition . At home to Juventus , Arsenal won 2 -- 0 , and a goalless draw at the Stadio delle Alpi meant the club progressed into the semi-finals against Villarreal . In the club 's final European match at Higbhury , Kolo Touré scored a first - half winner to give Arsenal a 1 -- 0 win . A late penalty save by goalkeeper Jens Lehmann in the second leg sent Arsenal into the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final , staged at the Stade de France , Paris . The result , another goalless draw , was Arsenal 's tenth clean sheet in a row -- a new competition record . Defender Sol Campbell , returning from injury praised the team performance in his post-match interview : `` It 's brilliant for us . It 's also great for the manager Arsène Wenger to get to the final in France -- I 'm sure he will get a great reception . '' The Arsenal pennant used in the quarter - final , second leg against Liverpool in April 2008 . In the final against Barcelona , Lehmann was sent off in 18th minute for a professional foul on striker Samuel Eto'o . Wenger reacted by substituting Robert Pirès for goalkeeper Manuel Almunia , thus altering the formation . In spite of the disadvantage , Arsenal took the lead in the 37th minute , after Henry 's free kick was headed in by Campbell . Henry missed a chance in the second half to give Arsenal a two - nil lead before Eto'o equalised with 14 minutes left . Substitute Henrik Larsson set up Juliano Belletti to score the winner for Barcelona . Wenger criticised referee Terje Hauge for sending off Lehmann , a view shared by club captain Henry and FIFA president Sepp Blatter . As Arsenal finished fourth in the league , in the following season the club needed to play a third qualifying round , against Dinamo Zagreb in order to participate in the Champions League group stages . The team won 1 -- 5 on aggregate , including a 3 -- 0 victory in the first European match at the Emirates Stadium . Arsenal was eliminated in the Round of 16 stage , losing on the away goal ruling to PSV Eindhoven . In the 2007 -- 08 season , Arsenal equalled their biggest home win in European football , scoring seven against Slavia Prague . The club beat holders Milan in the subsequent round , earning critical acclaim for their style of football , not least from Marcello Lippi : `` It would be good for football if Arsenal could win . They play on the ground , they manoeuvre the ball , very , very well . It 's very fast and very technical . '' At the quarter - final stage , Liverpool defeated Arsenal 5 -- 3 on aggregate to set up a semi-final tie against Chelsea . Arsenal progressed past the group stages of the 2008 -- 09 Champions League season and beat Roma and Villarreal to face Manchester United in the semi-finals . A 1 -- 0 defeat at Old Trafford meant Arsenal needed to win by two clear goals to progress , but goals from Park Ji - sung and Cristiano Ronaldo in the first eleven minutes ended the club 's chances of reaching the 2009 UEFA Champions League Final . Wenger in his post-match press conference described the match as `` the most disappointing night of my career '' , adding `` I felt the fans were really up for a big night and to disappoint people who stand behind the team so much hurts . '' Arsenal lost to holders Barcelona 5 -- 3 on aggregate in the quarter - finals the following season , and in spite of beating the Spanish club 2 -- 1 at the Emirates Stadium in 2010 -- 11 , Arsenal again were eliminated , this time at the Round of 16 . Arsenal exited at the same stage of the competition for the second consecutive season , against Milan . Having lost the away leg 4 -- 0 , the team gave a valiant performance in the second leg at home , winning 3 -- 0 on the night , but unable to find the final goal that would have taken the game to extra time . In the 2012 -- 13 season , Arsenal fell at the last 16 stage for the third time in three years , losing 3 -- 1 to Bayern Munich at home , but managing to win 2 -- 0 in the return leg , meaning they went out on the away goals rule . They were once again eliminated by Bayern Munich in the 2013 -- 14 season after losing 2 -- 0 at home , and drawing 1 -- 1 away at Munich . They were eliminated by Monaco in Round of 16 in the 2014 -- 15 season on away goals , and by Barcelona 5 -- 1 on aggregate in 2015 -- 16 . Arsenal exited at the last 16 for the seventh consecutive time to Bayern Munich , losing 10 -- 2 on aggregate . Records ( edit ) Main article : List of Arsenal F.C. records and statistics Arsenal was the first British side to defeat Real Madrid and Juventus away from home . The club was also the first to win against both Milanese teams : Internazionale and Milan at the San Siro . Goalkeeper Jens Lehmann kept ten consecutive clean sheets in the run - in to the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final ; the defence went 995 minutes until conceding a goal . Against Hamburg in the UEFA Champions League group stage on 13 September 2006 , Arsenal became the first team in the competition 's history to field a first eleven of different nationalities . Most appearances in European competition : Thierry Henry , 78 Most goals in European competition : Thierry Henry , 41 First European match : Copenhagen XI 1 -- 7 Arsenal , Inter-Cities Fairs Cup , first round , 25 September 1963 First goal scored in Europe : Johnny MacLeod , against Copenhagen XI Biggest win : Standard Liège 0 -- 7 Arsenal , in the Cup Winners Cup , 2 November 1993 Arsenal 7 -- 0 Slavia Prague , in the UEFA Champions League , 23 October 2007 Biggest defeat : FC Bayern Munich 5 -- 1 Arsenal , in the UEFA Champions League , 4 November 2015 , 15 February 2017 , 8 March 2017 Highest European home attendance : 73,707 , against Lens in the UEFA Champions League By season ( edit ) Information correct as of 2 November 2017 . Key Pld = Played W = Games won D = Games drawn L = Games lost F = Goals for A = Goals against Grp = Group stage GS2 = Second group stage R1 = First round R2 = Second round R3 = Third round R4 = Fourth round R16 = Round of 16 QF = Quarter - final SF = Semi-final Key to colours and symbols : W Winners RU Runners - up Arsenal F.C. record in European football by season Season Competition Pld GF GA GD Round 1963 -- 64 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 11 8 + 3 R3 1969 -- 70 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 12 7 23 6 + 17 1970 -- 71 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 8 12 5 + 7 R5 ! QF 1971 -- 72 European Cup 6 0 13 + 9 R5 ! QF 1978 -- 79 UEFA Cup 6 10 5 + 5 R3 1979 -- 80 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 9 5 0 13 5 + 8 RU 1981 -- 82 UEFA Cup 0 5 + 3 R2 1982 -- 83 UEFA Cup 0 0 8 − 4 R1 1991 -- 92 European Cup 8 6 + 2 R2 1993 -- 94 European Cup Winners ' Cup 9 6 0 17 + 14 1994 European Super Cup 0 0 − 2 RU 1994 -- 95 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 9 5 18 12 + 6 RU 1996 -- 97 UEFA Cup 0 0 − 2 R1 1997 -- 98 UEFA Cup 0 − 1 R1 1998 -- 99 UEFA Champions League 6 8 8 0 Grp 1999 -- 2000 UEFA Champions League 6 9 9 0 Grp 1999 -- 2000 UEFA Cup 9 6 21 9 + 12 RU 2000 -- 01 UEFA Champions League 14 7 19 18 + 1 R5 ! QF 2001 -- 02 UEFA Champions League 12 5 6 17 17 0 R4 ! GS2 2002 -- 03 UEFA Champions League 12 5 15 9 + 6 R4 ! GS2 2003 -- 04 UEFA Champions League 10 5 16 11 + 5 R5 ! QF 2004 -- 05 UEFA Champions League 8 13 9 + 4 R4 ! R16 2005 -- 06 UEFA Champions League 13 8 15 + 11 RU 2006 -- 07 UEFA Champions League 10 5 13 6 + 7 R4 ! R16 2007 -- 08 UEFA Champions League 12 7 24 9 + 15 R5 ! QF 2008 -- 09 UEFA Champions League 14 7 23 11 + 12 R6 ! SF 2009 -- 10 UEFA Champions League 12 7 26 14 + 12 R5 ! QF 2010 -- 11 UEFA Champions League 8 5 0 21 11 + 10 R4 ! R16 2011 -- 12 UEFA Champions League 10 6 13 11 + 2 R4 ! R16 2012 -- 13 UEFA Champions League 8 13 11 + 2 R4 ! R16 2013 -- 14 UEFA Champions League 10 6 14 7 + 7 R4 ! R16 2014 -- 15 UEFA Champions League 10 6 19 11 + 8 R4 ! R16 2015 -- 16 UEFA Champions League 8 0 5 13 15 + 2 R4 ! R16 2016 -- 17 UEFA Champions League 8 20 16 + 4 R16 2017 -- 18 UEFA Europa League 0 8 + 5 Grp H By competition ( edit ) Information correct as of 19 October 2017 . Competition Pld GF GA GD Win % Champions League / European Cup 7002199000000000000 ♠ 199 7002101000000000000 ♠ 101 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 7002328000000000000 ♠ 328 7002205000000000000 ♠ 205 + 123 07001507500000000000 ♠ 50.75 Cup Winners ' Cup / European Cup Winners ' Cup 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 + 28 07001555600000000000 ♠ 55.56 Europa League / UEFA Cup / Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7001990000000000000 ♠ 99 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 + 45 07001519200000000000 ♠ 51.92 Super Cup / European Super Cup 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 − 2 00 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.00 Total 7002280000000000000 ♠ 280 7002143000000000000 ♠ 143 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 7001740000000000000 ♠ 74 7002475000000000000 ♠ 475 7002281000000000000 ♠ 281 + 194 07001510700000000000 ♠ 51.07 By country ( edit ) Information correct as of 19 October 2017 . Arsenal F.C. record in European football by country Country Pld GF GA GD Win % Austria 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 + 5 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Belarus 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 + 2 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Belgium 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 + 17 07001571400000000000 ♠ 57.14 Croatia 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 + 6 07001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 Cyprus 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 5 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Czech Republic 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 + 20 07001875000000000000 ♠ 87.50 Denmark 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 + 7 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 England 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 − 6 00 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.00 France 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 + 15 07001583300000000000 ♠ 58.33 Germany 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 + 3 07001454500000000000 ♠ 45.45 Greece 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 + 8 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Italy 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 + 13 07001484800000099999 ♠ 48.48 Netherlands 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 + 14 07001388900000000000 ♠ 38.89 Northern Ireland 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 2 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Norway 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 + 10 07001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 Portugal 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 + 13 07001416700000000000 ♠ 41.67 Romania 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 12 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Russia 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 − 1 07001333300000000000 ♠ 33.33 Scotland 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 4 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Serbia 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 + 5 07001666700000000000 ♠ 66.67 Spain 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 − 4 07001322590000000000 ♠ 32.26 Sweden 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 + 7 07001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 Switzerland 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 9 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Turkey 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 + 17 07001636400000000000 ♠ 63.64 Ukraine 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 + 0 07001400000000000000 ♠ 40.00 Honours ( edit ) European honours of Arsenal F.C. Honour No . Years Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 1970 European Cup Winners ' Cup 1994 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The table excludes former nations such as the German Democratic Republic and Soviet Union . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wearmouth , Rachel ( 1 September 2008 ) . `` BBC films story of World Cup winners '' . The Northern Echo . Darlington . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Nemzeti Sport , 9 July 1930 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Wenger sees Europe league in four years '' . The Guardian . London . 21 October 1997 . p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : King , Anthony ( 2003 ) . The European Ritual : Football in the New Europe . London . p. 37 . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 3652 - 6 . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ King , Anthony ( 2003 ) . The European Ritual : Football in the New Europe . London . p. 38 . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 3652 - 6 . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Club History '' . Arsenal.com . Arsenal Football Club . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New format provides fresh impetus '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 6 June 2011 . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League '' ( PDF ) . Union of European Football Associations. 27 -- 28 March 2012 . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . If the two teams involved in a tie score the same number of goals over the two legs , the team which scores more away goals qualifies for the next stage . Jump up ^ Palmer , Martin ( 17 February 2008 ) . `` Wenger : European super league will happen '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Hytner , David ( 17 August 2009 ) . `` European super league will be here in 10 years , says Arsène Wenger '' . guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer -- Wenger predicts even bigger Champions ' League '' . Hürriyet Daily News . Istanbul. 22 October 1997 . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ James , David ( 8 April 2012 ) . `` The chase for the Champions League dollars is breeding mediocrity '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Amy ( 15 August 2010 ) . `` It 's time for Arsenal to win trophies again , admits Arsène Wenger '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sport in brief '' . The Guardian . London . 27 June 1963 . p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Armadale winger hit Arsenal 's first goal in Europe '' . The Scotsman . Edinburgh. 28 April 2009 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Barham , Albert ( 18 December 1963 ) . `` Liege keep Arsenal on the run '' . The Guardian . London . p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Barham , Albert ( 20 March 1970 ) . `` Arsenal to meet Ajax '' . The Guardian . London . p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Lacey , David ( 20 March 1970 ) . `` Arsenal play it cool in defence '' . The Guardian . London . p. 23 . Jump up ^ Barham , Albert ( 23 April 1970 ) . `` Kennedy gives Arsenal hope '' . The Guardian . London . p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` Famous comeback clinches Fairs Cup '' . Arsenal.com . Arsenal Football Club . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Barham , Albert ( 29 April 1970 ) . `` Triumph for Arsenal '' . The Guardian . London . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Samuel , John ( 24 March 1971 ) . `` Arsenal miss way in Cologne '' . The Guardian . London . p. 23 . Jump up ^ Barham , Albert ( 4 May 1971 ) . `` Arsenal finish in champion style '' . The Guardian . London . p. 19 . Jump up ^ Barham , Albert ( 23 March 1972 ) . `` Arsenal well beaten '' . The Guardian . London . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Fox , Norman ( 2 June 1973 ) . `` Three up and down for top two divisions '' . The Times . Issue 58798 , p. 23 , col . A . Jump up ^ Yallop , Richard ( 28 September 1978 ) . `` Stapleton goal show '' . The Guardian . London . p. 22 . Jump up ^ Yallop , Richard ( 7 December 1978 ) . `` Ten men go down at the very end '' . The Guardian . London . p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : Armstrong , Robert ( 10 April 1980 ) . `` Arsenal 's late counter-punch '' . The Guardian . London . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Robert ( 24 April 1980 ) . `` Italian 's vanquished by sub Vaessen '' . The Guardian . London . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Robert ( 15 May 1980 ) . `` Arsenal pay the penalty '' . The Guardian . London . p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal humiliated in Europe on this day , 3rd November 1981 '' . Jump up ^ Guest , Iain ; Lacey , David ; Naughtie , James ( 7 June 1985 ) . `` Worldwide ban for clubs '' . The Guardian . London . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Lacey , David ( 7 May 1991 ) . `` Highbury celebrates with a hat - trick '' . The Guardian . London . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Lacey , David ( 7 November 1991 ) . `` Benfica out of Gunners ' range '' . The Guardian . London . p. 18 . Jump up ^ Lacey , David ( 4 November 1993 ) . `` Arsenal record raises English standard '' . The Guardian . London . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Lacey , David ( 4 May 1994 ) . `` Weakened Arsenal use counter culture '' . The Guardian . London . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Lacey , David ( 5 May 1994 ) . `` Arsenal confound the Euro skeptics '' . The Guardian . London . p. 22 . Jump up ^ Lacey , David ( 6 May 1994 ) . `` Graham proud of his very English coup '' . The Guardian . London . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` School claims disputed '' . The Guardian . London . 6 February 1995 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Lacey , David ; Thomas , Russell ( 24 February 1995 ) . `` £ 425,000 bung paid to Graham '' . The Guardian . London . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Lacey , David ( 21 April 1995 ) . `` Seaman has the final word '' . The Guardian . London . p. 22 . Jump up ^ Lacey , David ( 11 May 1995 ) . `` Arsenal fall to Nayim mortar '' . The Guardian . London . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Ventris , Gwen ( 2004 ) . Successful Change Management : The Fifty Key Facts ( 1st ed . ) . New York City . p. 31 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 7205 - 2 . Retrieved 25 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Whyte , Derrick ( 26 September 1996 ) . `` Arsenal 's dreams are ended by Juskowiak '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Nigel ( 26 September 1996 ) . `` To Hell and Beck '' . Daily Mirror . London . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Shaw , Phil ( 12 May 1997 ) . `` Football : Three Gunner salute for Baseball Ground '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Rowbottom , Mike ( 1 October 1997 ) . `` Greeks ' late goal sends Arsenal tumbling out '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Lacey , David ( 4 May 1998 ) . `` Gunners rest their case for the defence '' . The Guardian . London . p . A3 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal get Wembley go - ahead '' . BBC News . BBC . 24 July 1998 . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United drawn against Euro giants '' . BBC News . BBC . 29 August 1998 . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Thorpe , Martin ( 25 November 1998 ) . `` Arsenal crash out of Europe '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal win but finish second '' . BBC News . BBC . 16 May 1999 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gunners crash out of Europe '' . BBC News . BBC . 27 October 1999 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Melling , Joe ( 24 October 1999 ) . `` Wenger backing his old guard '' . The Mail on Sunday . London . Retrieved 22 May 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` UEFA Europa League 1999 / 00 -- History -- Arsenal '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal left to fly Euro flag '' . BBC News . BBC . 20 April 2000 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dillon , John ( 18 May 2000 ) . `` Football : Not Again ; First Nayim , now it 's Popescu . Arsenal 's Euro dream is wrecked by the curse of Spurs Arsenal 0 Galatasaray 0 UEFA Cup final : Arsenal lose 4 -- 1 on penalties '' . Daily Mirror . London . Retrieved 22 May 2012 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : `` Teargas fired on fighting fans '' . BBC News . BBC . 17 May 2000 . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Paul ( 19 May 2000 ) . `` Free to riot at Euro 2000 : The Battle of Copenhagen ; Anger as Danes send 19 English hooligans home without charge '' . Daily Mirror . London . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Ridley , Ian ( 7 May 2000 ) . `` Henry 's champion '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Lacey , David ( 28 September 2000 ) . `` Lazio cop a lacing from Ljungberg '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds face daunting European test '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 10 November 2000 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Brodkin , Joe ( 23 November 2000 ) . `` Arsenal freeze after sizzling start '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal scrape through '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 14 March 2001 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia oust Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 17 April 2001 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 's Euro dream ends '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 20 March 2002 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Stammers , Steve ( 13 May 2002 ) . `` Wenger 's French option '' . Evening Standard . London . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Brodkin , Joe ( 26 September 2002 ) . `` Quick Silva starts Arsenal goal rush '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Roach , Stuart ( 26 September 2002 ) . `` Arsenal 's quick Silva '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Brodkin , Joe ( 13 November 2002 ) . `` Gunners happy to draw a blank '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Lipton , Martin ( 28 November 2002 ) . `` Football : Emperor of Rome ; Roma 1 Arsenal 3 : Henry rocks Italians with historic treble '' . Daily Mirror . London . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 20 March 2003 ) . `` Arsenal crash out of Europe '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 6 November 2003 ) . `` Cole keeps Arsenal alight '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 25 May 2012 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 26 November 2003 ) . `` Arsenal rise from the ashes '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` English clubs to meet '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 12 March 2004 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cryuff backing for Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 16 March 2004 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 7 April 2004 ) . `` Bridge 's late decider leaves Arsenal dreams in shreds '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 1 -- 0 Bayern Munich '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 9 March 2005 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Scott , Matt ( 22 February 2006 ) . `` Henry storms Real citadel to reignite Gunners '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 9 March 2006 ) . `` Proud Arsenal carry the flag for England '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 6 April 2006 ) . `` Arsenal hold nerve as Nedved sees red '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 20 April 2006 ) . `` Arsenal bring Highbury curtain down in style '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 26 April 2006 ) . `` Lehmann the hero as Arsenal triumph '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 26 April 2006 ) . `` Lehmann a saviour from the spot as Arsenal pack their bags for Paris '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wenger hails penalty hero Lehmann '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 25 April 2006 . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barcelona 2 -- 1 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 17 May 2006 . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Referee regrets Lehmann red card '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 18 May 2006 . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dinamo Zagreb 0 -- 3 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 8 August 2006 . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 8 March 2007 ) . `` Wretched Arsenal stare at a bleak future '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Cheese , Caroline ( 23 October 2007 ) . `` Arsenal 7 -- 0 Slavia Prague '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Moore , Glenn ; Harris , Nick ( 14 March 2008 ) . `` Arsenal the purists ' pick for Europe win , says Lippi '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , Andrew ( 8 April 2008 ) . `` Liverpool 4 -- 2 Arsenal ( agg 5 -- 3 ) '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Dawkes , Phil ( 15 April 2009 ) . `` Arsenal 3 -- 0 Villarreal ( agg 4 -- 1 ) '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 5 May 2009 ) . `` Arsenal 1 -- 3 Man Utd ( agg 1 -- 4 ) '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wenger rueful after ' worst night ' '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 5 May 2009 . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Roach , Stuart ( 6 April 2010 ) . `` Barcelona 4 -- 1 Arsenal ( agg 6 -- 3 ) '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Sanghera , Mandeep ( 8 March 2011 ) . `` Barcelona 4 -- 1 Arsenal ( agg 6 -- 3 ) '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Bevan , Chris ( 6 March 2012 ) . `` Barcelona 4 -- 1 Arsenal ( agg 6 -- 3 ) '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Arsenal 1 - 3 Bayern Munich http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/21449469 Jump up ^ Bayern Munich 0 - 2 Arsenal https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/bayern-munich-0-arsenal-2-match-report-arsenal-save-reputation-yet-leave-it-late-to-find-some-belief-in-the-champions-league-8533485.html Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 0 Bayern Munich 2 : match report '' . Jump up ^ `` Bayern Munich 1 Arsenal 1 ; agg 3 - 1 : match report '' . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 1 - 3 Monaco '' . Jump up ^ `` Monaco 0 - 2 Arsenal ( agg 3 - 3 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 0 - 2 Barcelona '' . Jump up ^ `` Champions League : Barcelona 3 - 1 Arsenal ( agg 5 - 1 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Bayern Munich 5 - 1 Arsenal '' . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 1 - 5 Bayern Munich '' . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 16 February 2012 ) . `` Seedorf looking to turn Champions League tables '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 / 06 : Ronaldinho delivers for Barça '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 17 May 2006 . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Questions & Answers '' . Arsenal.com . Arsenal Football Club . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Appearances / Attendances '' . Arsenal.com . Arsenal Football Club . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Goalscoring Records '' . Arsenal.com . Arsenal Football Club . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Firsts '' . Arsenal.com . Arsenal Football Club . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=2013/clubs/club=52280/history/index.html Jump up ^ `` Record Scorelines '' . Arsenal.com . Arsenal Football Club . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Dawkes , Phil ( 5 November 2015 ) . `` FC Bayern Munich 5 -- 1 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 2011 / 12 -- History -- Arsenal '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal Head - To - Head '' . Statto Organisation . Archived from the original on 23 May 2012 . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . External links ( edit ) Arsenal profile at the Union of European Football Associations Arsenal Football Club Players Managers Seasons Records & statistics Supporters Ownership Current season History 1886 to 1966 1966 to present Europe Home stadium Manor Ground ( 1888 -- 1890 & 1893 -- 1913 ) Invicta Ground ( 1890 -- 93 ) Highbury ( 1913 -- 2006 ) Emirates Stadium ( 2006 -- present ) Training ground UCL Ground London Colney Players 100 + appearances 25 -- 99 appearances 1 -- 24 appearances Other teams Reserves Arsenal Academy Arsenal Women Rivalries League record by opponent North London derby Chelsea rivalry Manchester United rivalry Media Arsenal TV The Arsenal Stadium Mystery The Gooner Fever Pitch Related articles Arsenal Supporters ' Trust The Invincibles Tuesday Club Affiliated academies Barnet F.C. Colorado Rapids Hoang Anh Gia Lai Richmond Strikers Wadi Degla Sporting Club Book : Arsenal F.C. Category : Arsenal F.C. Portal : Association football Arsenal task force Commons : Arsenal F.C. English football clubs in international competitions Arsenal Aston Villa Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Burnley Chelsea Coventry City Crystal Palace Derby County Everton Fulham Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Leicester City Liverpool London XI Manchester City Manchester United Middlesbrough Millwall Newcastle United Norwich City Nottingham Forest Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Sheffield Wednesday Southampton Stoke City Sunderland Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Wigan Athletic Wolverhampton Wanderers English clubs in the European Cup and UEFA Champions League Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arsenal_F.C._in_European_football&oldid=808594719 '' Categories : English football clubs in European football Arsenal F.C. Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Good articles Use dmy dates from January 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Polski Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 21 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did arsenal last won uefa champions league	[ "\nArsenal F.C. record in European football by season[116]\n\nSeason\nCompetition\nPld\nW\nD\nL\nGF\nGA\nGD\nRound\n\n\n1963–64\nInter-Cities Fairs Cup\n4\n1\n1\n2\n11\n8\n+3\nR3\n\n\n1969–70\nInter-Cities Fairs Cup\n12\n7\n2\n3\n23\n6\n+17\nW\n\n\n1970–71\nInter-Cities Fairs Cup\n8\n4\n2\n2\n12\n5\n+7\nR5 !QF\n\n\n1971–72\nEuropean Cup\n6\n4\n0\n2\n13\n4\n+9\nR5 !QF\n\n\n1978–79\nUEFA Cup\n6\n3\n1\n2\n10\n5\n+5\nR3\n\n\n1979–80\nUEFA Cup Winners' Cup\n9\n4\n5\n0\n13\n5\n+8\nRU\n\n\n1981–82\nUEFA Cup\n4\n3\n0\n1\n5\n2\n+3\nR2\n\n\n1982–83\nUEFA Cup\n2\n0\n0\n2\n4\n8\n−4\nR1\n\n\n1991–92\nEuropean Cup\n4\n1\n1\n2\n8\n6\n+2\nR2\n\n\n1993–94\nEuropean Cup Winners' Cup\n9\n6\n3\n0\n17\n3\n+14\nW\n\n\n1994\nEuropean Super Cup\n2\n0\n1\n1\n0\n2\n−2\nRU\n\n\n1994–95\nUEFA Cup Winners' Cup\n9\n5\n2\n2\n18\n12\n+6\nRU\n\n\n1996–97\nUEFA Cup\n2\n0\n0\n2\n2\n4\n−2\nR1\n\n\n1997–98\nUEFA Cup\n2\n0\n1\n1\n1\n2\n−1\nR1\n\n\n1998–99\nUEFA Champions League\n6\n2\n2\n2\n8\n8\n0\nGrp\n\n\n1999–2000\nUEFA Champions League\n6\n2\n2\n2\n9\n9\n0\nGrp\n\n\n1999–2000\nUEFA Cup\n9\n6\n2\n1\n21\n9\n+12\nRU\n\n\n2000–01\nUEFA Champions League\n14\n7\n3\n4\n19\n18\n+1\nR5 !QF\n\n\n2001–02\nUEFA Champions League\n12\n5\n1\n6\n17\n17\n0\nR4 !GS2\n\n\n2002–03\nUEFA Champions League\n12\n4\n5\n3\n15\n9\n+6\nR4 !GS2\n\n\n2003–04\nUEFA Champions League\n10\n5\n2\n3\n16\n11\n+5\nR5 !QF\n\n\n2004–05\nUEFA Champions League\n8\n3\n4\n1\n13\n9\n+4\nR4 !R16\n\n\n2005–06\nUEFA Champions League\n13\n8\n4\n1\n15\n4\n+11\nRU\n\n\n2006–07\nUEFA Champions League\n10\n5\n3\n2\n13\n6\n+7\nR4 !R16\n\n\n2007–08\nUEFA Champions League\n12\n7\n3\n2\n24\n9\n+15\nR5 !QF\n\n\n2008–09\nUEFA Champions League\n14\n7\n3\n4\n23\n11\n+12\nR6 !SF\n\n\n2009–10\nUEFA Champions League\n12\n7\n2\n3\n26\n14\n+12\nR5 !QF\n\n\n2010–11\nUEFA Champions League\n8\n5\n0\n3\n21\n11\n+10\nR4 !R16\n\n\n2011–12\nUEFA Champions League\n10\n6\n2\n2\n13\n11\n+2\nR4 !R16\n\n\n2012–13\nUEFA Champions League\n8\n4\n1\n3\n13\n11\n+2\nR4 !R16\n\n\n2013–14\nUEFA Champions League\n10\n6\n1\n3\n14\n7\n+7\nR4 !R16\n\n\n2014–15\nUEFA Champions League\n10\n6\n2\n2\n19\n11\n+8\nR4 !R16\n\n\n2015–16\nUEFA Champions League\n8\n3\n0\n5\n13\n15\n+2\nR4 !R16\n\n\n2016–17\nUEFA Champions League\n8\n4\n2\n2\n20\n16\n+4\nR16\n\n\n2017–18\nUEFA Europa League\n4\n3\n1\n0\n8\n3\n+5\nGrp H\n\n" ]	[ "1993–94" ]
-4836555900066796213	VALS	VALS - wikipedia VALS Jump to : navigation , search This article needs attention from an expert in Psychology . Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article . WikiProject Psychology may be able to help recruit an expert . ( October 2008 ) VALS ( `` Values and Lifestyles '' ) is a proprietary research methodology used for psychographic market segmentation . Market segmentation is designed to guide companies in tailoring their products and services in order to appeal to the people most likely to purchase them . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and description 2 VALS2 3 Criticisms 4 VALS Framework and Segment 4.1 Use of the VALS Framework 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History and description ( edit ) VALS was developed in 1978 by social scientist and consumer futurist Arnold Mitchell and his colleagues at SRI International . It was immediately embraced by advertising agencies and is currently offered as a product of SRI 's consulting services division . VALS draws heavily on the work of Harvard sociologist David Riesman and psychologist Abraham Maslow . Mitchell used statistics to identify attitudinal and demographic questions that helped categorize adult American consumers into one of nine lifestyle types : survivors ( 4 % ) , sustainers ( 7 % ) , belongers ( 35 % ) , emulators ( 9 % ) , achievers ( 22 % ) , I - am - me ( 5 % ) , experiential ( 7 % ) , societally conscious ( 9 % ) , and integrated ( 2 % ) . The questions were weighted using data developed from a sample of 1,635 Americans and their significant others , who responded to an SRI International survey in 1980 . The main dimensions of the VALS framework are resources ( the vertical dimension ) and primary motivation ( the horizontal dimension ) . The vertical dimension segments people based on the degree to which they are innovative and have resources such as income , education , self - confidence , intelligence , leadership skills , and energy . The horizontal dimension represents primary motivations and includes three distinct types : Consumers driven by knowledge and principles are motivated primarily by ideals . These consumers include groups called Thinkers and Believers . Consumers driven by demonstrating success to their peers are motivated primarily by achievement . These consumers include groups referred to as Achievers and Strivers . Consumers driven by a desire for social or physical activity , variety , and risk taking are motivated primarily by self - expression . These consumers include the groups known as Experiencers and Makers . At the top of the rectangle are the Innovators , who have such high resources that they could have any of the three primary motivations . At the bottom of the rectangle are the Survivors , who live complacently and within their means without a strong primary motivation of the types listed above . The VALS Framework gives more details about each of the groups . VALS2 ( edit ) Researchers faced some problems with the VALS method , and in response , SRI developed the VALS2 programme in 1978 ; additionally , SRI significantly revised it in 1989 . VALS2 places less emphasis on activities and interests and more on a psychological base to tap relatively enduring attitudes and values . The VALS2 program has two dimensions . The first dimension , Self - orientation , determines the type of goals and behaviours that individuals will pursue , and refers to patterns of attitudes and activities which help individuals reinforce , sustain , or modify their social self - image . This is a fundamental human need . The second dimension , Resources , reflects the ability of individuals to pursue their dominant self - orientation and includes full - range of physical , psychological , demographic , and material means such as self - confidence , interpersonal skills , inventiveness , intelligence , eagerness to buy , money , position , education , etc . According to VALS 2 , a consumer purchases certain products and services because the individual is a specific type of person . The purchase is believed to reflect a consumer 's lifestyle , which is a function of self -- orientation and resources . In 1991 , the name VALS2 was switched back to VALS , because of brand equity . Criticisms ( edit ) Psychographic segmentation has been criticized by well - known public opinion analyst and social scientist Daniel Yankelovich , who says psychographics are `` very weak '' at predicting people 's purchases , making it a `` very poor '' tool for corporate decision - makers . The VALS Framework has also been criticized as too culturally specific for international use . VALS framework and segment ( edit ) The following types correspond to VALS segments of US adults based on two concepts for understanding consumers : primary motivation and resources . Innovators . These consumers are on the leading edge of change , have the highest incomes , and such high self - esteem and abundant resources that they can indulge in any or all self - orientations . They are located above the rectangle . Image is important to them as an expression of taste , independence , and character . Their consumer choices are directed toward the `` finer things in life . '' Thinkers . These consumers are the high - resource group of those who are motivated by ideals . They are mature , responsible , well - educated professionals . Their leisure activities center on their homes , but they are well informed about what goes on in the world and are open to new ideas and social change . They have high incomes but are practical consumers and rational decision makers . Believers . These consumers are the low - resource group of those who are motivated by ideals . They are conservative and predictable consumers who favor local products and established brands . Their lives are centered on family , community , and the nation . They have modest incomes . Achievers . These consumers are the high - resource group of those who are motivated by achievement . They are successful work - oriented people who get their satisfaction from their jobs and families . They are politically conservative and respect authority and the status quo . They favor established products and services that show off their success to their peers . Strivers . These consumers are the low - resource group of those who are motivated by achievements . They have values very similar to achievers but have fewer economic , social , and psychological resources . Style is extremely important to them as they strive to emulate people they admire . Experiencers . These consumers are the high - resource group of those who are motivated by self - expression . They are the youngest of all the segments , with a median age of 25 . They have a lot of energy , which they pour into physical exercise and social activities . They are avid consumers , spending heavily on clothing , fast - foods , music , and other youthful favorites , with particular emphasis on new products and services . Makers . These consumers are the low - resource group of those who are motivated by self - expression . They are practical people who value self - sufficiency . They are focused on the familiar - family , work , and physical recreation - and have little interest in the broader world . As consumers , they appreciate practical and functional products . Survivors . These consumers have the lowest incomes . They have too few resources to be included in any consumer self - orientation and are thus located below the rectangle . They are the oldest of all the segments , with a median age of 61 . Within their limited means , they tend to be brand - loyal consumers . Use of the VALS framework ( edit ) There is little to no evidence of the use of this framework on a wide basis by any other industry other than the ad industry as indicated by SRI on what little it shares on its website ( go to the SRI website for more info ) . See also ( edit ) Advertising Data mining Demographics Fear , uncertainty , and doubt Marketing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Vals Definition by SRI '' . ^ Jump up to : Yankelovich , Daniel ; David Meer ( February 6 , 2006 ) . `` Rediscovering Market Segmentation '' ( PDF ) . Harvard Business Review : 1 -- 11 . Retrieved 7 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Beatty , Sharon E. ; Pamela M. Homer ; Lynn R. Kahle ( 1988 ) . `` Problems With Vals in International Marketing Research : an Example From an Application of the Empirical Mirror Technique '' . Advances in Consumer Research . 15 : 375 -- 380 . Retrieved 7 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` VALS TM Survey Help '' . Jump up ^ `` US Framework and VALS TM Types '' . Further reading ( edit ) Hanson , Ralph E. ( 2011 ) . Mass Communication : Living in a Media World . Lawson , Rob Lawson & Todd , Sarah ( 2002 ) . `` Consumer Lifestyles : A Social Stratification Perspective '' . Marketing Theory . 2 . p. 295 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Olson , Peter ( 2005 ) . Consumer Behavior and Marketing Strategy . External links ( edit ) Strategic Business Insights Official website ( was formerly SRI Consulting Business Intelligence ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VALS&oldid=822900265 '' Categories : Market research Market segmentation Psychometrics Social research Hidden categories : Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter Articles needing expert attention from October 2008 All articles needing expert attention Psychology articles needing expert attention CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български فارسی Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 29 January 2018 , at 03 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the vals model classifies adults into __ groups based on sri consulting group survey	[ "Mitchell used statistics to identify attitudinal and demographic questions that helped categorize adult American consumers into one of nine lifestyle types: survivors (4%), sustainers (7%), belongers (35%), emulators (9%), achievers (22%), I-am-me (5%), experiential (7%), societally conscious (9%), and integrated (2%). The questions were weighted using data developed from a sample of 1,635 Americans and their significant others, who responded to an SRI International survey in 1980.[3]" ]	[ "nine" ]
5604872044275676162	Shay Mitchell	Shay Mitchell - wikipedia Shay Mitchell This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 2 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Shay Mitchell Mitchell at the 38th People 's Choice Awards in January 2012 Shannon Ashley Mitchell ( 1987 - 04 - 10 ) April 10 , 1987 ( age 30 ) Mississauga , Ontario , Canada Occupation Actress , model , entrepreneur , author Years active 2007 -- present Height 5 ft 7 in Website Official website Shannon Ashley `` Shay '' Mitchell ( born April 10 , 1987 ) is a Canadian actress , model , entrepreneur and author . She is best known for her role as Emily Fields in the Freeform series Pretty Little Liars . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Acting and modeling 2.2 Other works 3 Charity and activism 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Music videos 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Mitchell was born in Mississauga , Ontario , the daughter of Precious Garcia and Mark Mitchell . Her parents work in finance . Her father is of Scottish and Irish descent and her mother , a Filipina , is from the province of Pampanga , and left the Philippines at age 19 . She has one younger brother . She is a first cousin - once - removed of Lea Salonga , singer and Tony Award - winning theater actress well known for originating the lead role of Kim in the musical Miss Saigon . Even as a young child , Mitchell was interested in performing arts , declaring to her parents that she would pursue such a career . Mitchell began dance lessons at the age of five , and she and several of her classmates toured the city to compete with a variety of other dance schools . At the age of 10 , Mitchell 's family moved to West Vancouver , British Columbia . Within a year of their arrival , an international modeling agency held an open casting call for teen and pre-teen girls who were vying for representation . Mitchell was one of the girls selected . She attended Rockridge Secondary School and then later transferred to West Vancouver Secondary School where she graduated . She got the nickname Shay because she 's a big fan of Jennifer Lopez aka J. Lo , so her friends called her `` Shay Lo '' . Career ( edit ) At the 2011 MuchMusic Video Awards Acting and modeling ( edit ) By her late teens , Mitchell had successfully modeled for a variety of companies in cities as varied as Bangkok , Hong Kong and Barcelona , but she later returned to Toronto to study acting . After signing with her first theatrical agency Mitchell appeared in the Canadian teen drama series Degrassi : The Next Generation and booked several national commercials . Mitchell guest starred in the Global series Rookie Blue and appeared in the music video for `` Hold My Hand '' by Jamaican rapper Sean Paul . In 2010 , Mitchell appeared in a four - episode arc on the Disney XD series Aaron Stone as cheerleader Irina Webber . In December 2009 , Mitchell was cast in the ABC Family ( now Freeform ) planned adaptation of the book series Pretty Little Liars . Initially , Mitchell auditioned for the role of Spencer Hastings . In January 2010 , the series was picked up by ABC Family . The series centers on four friends up against an anonymous foe who threatens to reveal all their secrets whilst unraveling the mystery of the murder of their best friend . Mitchell portrays the role of Emily Fields , the `` jock girl '' of the group . The program gained quick popularity despite mixed critical reviews . The show ran for seven seasons and the series finale aired June 27 , 2017 . In January 2011 , Mitchell signed a contract with Procter & Gamble to be the spokesperson for the Pantene Nature Fusion shampoo line . Subsequent endorsements include American Eagle , Nike and Biore . Other works ( edit ) Mitchell co-authored the young adult novel Bliss with Michaela Blaney ( 2015 ) . She also hosts her own YouTube lifestyle channel . In 2017 Mitchell started a production company Amore & Vita Inc. with manager David Dean Portelli and has already signed a contract with Warner Bros. Television Group . Charity and activism ( edit ) Mitchell supported Somaly Mam Foundation , a non-profit organization that fought sex trafficking until it ended operations in 2014 . She has also worked with The Trevor Project alongside the Pretty Little Liars cast and the NOH8 Campaign . She works with the WE Charity , which helps communities develop educational resources , and she partnered with Represent Clothing to promote tees where half the proceeds went to GLAAD Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Verona Model Short film 2012 Just Yell Fire : Campus Life Herself Short documentary 2014 Immediately Afterlife Marissa Short film 2016 Dreamland Nicole 2016 Mother 's Day Tina 2017 Cadaver Megan Reed In post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2009 Degrassi : The Next Generation Model Episode : `` Up Where We Belong '' 2010 -- 2017 Pretty Little Liars Emily Fields Main role , 160 episodes Aaron Stone Irina Webber Recurring role ; 4 episodes Rookie Blue Cute Girl Episode : `` Mercury Retrograde '' 2012 Punk 'd Herself Episode : `` Heather Morris '' 2012 Glee Girl in Yellow Jacket Episode : `` Britney 2.0 '' 2015 Project Runway Herself ( guest judge ) Episode : `` Fashion Week : Who 's In and Who 's Out '' 2016 Live ! With Kelly and Michael Herself ( guest co-hostess ) Episode : `` Guest Co-Hostess Shay Mitchell / Donnie Wahlberg / Tim Daly '' 2017 Shay Mitchell : Chapters Herself Fullscreen Original Series 2018 You Peach Salinger Main role Music videos ( edit ) Year Artist Role Title 2009 Sean Paul Love Interest `` Hold My Hand '' 2016 Nick Jonas Love Interest `` Under You '' 2017 Logan Paul featuring Why Do n't We Girl `` Help Me Help You '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Work Result 2011 Young Hollywood Awards Cast to Watch ( shared with Troian Bellisario , Lucy Hale and Ashley Benson ) Pretty Little Liars Won 2011 Youth Rock Award Rockin ' TV Actresss Nominated 2014 Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Star -- Female Nominated 2015 MTV Fandom Awards Ship Of The Year ( shared with Sasha Pieterse ) Nominated 2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress : Drama Nominated 2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Star -- Female Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Actress Nominated 2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress : Drama Nominated 2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Ship ( shared with Sasha Pieterse ) Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : https://youtube.com/watch?v=GCIRrCeeqEY Jump up ^ http://celebrityinside.com/body-measurements/actress/shay-mitchell-bra-size-height-weight-age-shoe-stats/ Jump up ^ Benson , Ashley ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` Happy birthday to my gum drop @ shaymitch '' . Twitter . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Shay ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` I mean is anyone really shocked at this pretty little cake ? ! This day feels surreal for many reasons but the fact that I 'm doing press for my first movie , `` Mother 's Day '' , on my 29th birthday feels just right ... lets do this ! ! ! `` . Instagram . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Kathryn ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` ELLE Canada interview : Shay Mitchell '' . ELLE Canada . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tomada , Nathalie ( January 7 , 2013 ) . `` The Filipino in Shay Mitchell '' . The Philippine Star . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tibajia , Chonx ( March 13 , 2013 ) . `` Pretty Shay Mitchell is no little liar '' . The Philippine Star . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Heather ( July 26 , 2010 ) . `` An interview with Shay Mitchell '' . AfterEllen . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . http://www.afterellen.com/people/77237-an-interview-with-shay-mitchell Jump up ^ `` Shay Mitchell '' . shaymitchell.org . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2015 . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shay Mitchell Bio '' . kidzworld . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Emily Fields played by Shay Mitchell '' . abcfamily.go.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable : Justified Finale & Law & Order : CI Flat , Plus Deadliest Catch , The Hills , WWE NXT '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . June 9 , 2010 . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( January 6 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' star Shay Mitchell is Pantene 's new spokesperson '' . zap2it.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Reilly , Phoebe . `` # LifeGoals Pretty Little Liar 's Shay Mitchell talks about her exciting next steps '' . Self Magazine ( November 2016 ) . Conde Nast . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://variety.com/2017/tv/news/pretty-little-liars-shay-mitchell-overall-deal-1202527265/ Jump up ^ Hudson , Kathryn . `` ELLE Canada interview : Shay Mitchell '' . Elle Canada . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Geoffrey ( March 1 , 2012 ) . `` Interview : Shay Mitchell of ' Pretty Little Liars ' '' . Out . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ashley Benson wins 2011 Youth Rock Award For Best Actress '' Announced `` . Youth Rock Awards . December 8 , 2011 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards : Fan Favorites in Movies , Music & TV - PeoplesChoice.com '' . www.peopleschoice.com . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . External links ( edit ) Biography portal Books portal Business and economics portal Fashion portal Film portal Music portal Television portal ( hide ) Find more aboutShay Mitchellat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Data from Wikidata Official website Shay Mitchell on IMDb VIAF : 300847106 LCCN : no2013061472 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shay_Mitchell&oldid=803433726 '' Categories : 21st - century Canadian actresses 1987 births Actresses from Ontario Canadian expatriate actresses in the United States Canadian female models Canadian film actresses Canadian people of Filipino descent Canadian people of Irish descent Canadian people of Scottish descent Canadian television actresses Living people People from Mississauga Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use mdy dates from March 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2017 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Ripoarisch Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 14 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how old is emily from pretty little liars in real life	[ "\n\nShay Mitchell\n\n\n\nMitchell at the 38th People's Choice Awards in January 2012\n\n\n\nBorn\nShannon Ashley Mitchell[1]\n(1987-04-10) April 10, 1987 (age 30)\nMississauga, Ontario, Canada\n\n\nOccupation\nActress, model, entrepreneur, author\n\n\nYears active\n2007–present\n\n\nHeight\n5 ft 7 in[2][better source needed]\n\n\nWebsite\nOfficial website\n\n" ]	[ "30" ]
915028515168109447	Privilège du blanc	Privilege du blanc - wikipedia Privilege du blanc Jump to : navigation , search This article is about sartorial protocol for royal persons within the Vatican . For the sociological concept , see White privilege . Queen Elena of Italy and Crown Princess Marie - José wearing white garments in the presence of Pope Pius XII at the Quirinal Palace on 27 December 1939 . Le privilège du blanc ( Italian : Il privilegio del bianco ) is a French term meaning `` the privilege of the white '' used for a Catholic custom whereby certain designated women are permitted to wear a white dress and veil during audiences with the Pope . This is an exception to the tradition of women wearing black on such occasions . Those who have been permitted to wear white include the Queens of Belgium , Italy and Spain , the Grand Duchess of Luxembourg , the Princess of Monaco , and the princesses of the House of Savoy . The Prefecture of the Pontifical Household sometimes issues instructions in advance when the privilege may be used , such as during papal audiences , papal coronations , significant liturgical events or inaugural masses of the Pope within the Vatican . A reigning Catholic queen or princess retains this privilege at the discretion of the Pope , by remaining a Catholic in good public standing , through marriage to another Catholic monarch , or simply by grant of the Pope at his dispensation . Catholic royalty may freely choose whether to exercise the privilege depending on the importance of occasion ; if they do n't , this is termed as `` declining the privilege '' , and the fact of choosing to wear black garments at certain points of Papal audiences does not negate her privilege to be dressed in white . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 List of eligibility 3 In recent years 4 List of occasions used 5 References 6 Notes 7 External links History ( edit ) Princess Grace did not have the privilege , and so she is dressed in black for this audience with the pope . Later her successor Charlene received the privilege from Pope Benedict XVI . The Princess Charlene of Monaco meeting Pope Francis on an official state visit at the Vatican . In the Roman Catholic tradition , black garments signify both virtues of piety and humility . Protocol for papal audiences formerly required that women wear a long black dress with a high collar and long sleeves , and a black mantilla . Certain Catholic queens and princesses have traditionally been exempted from wearing black . The privilege is not used by the wives of all Catholic monarchs or by the wives of non-Catholic monarchs . Even though they are Catholics , it is not accorded to the Queen of Lesotho or the Princess of Liechtenstein . The privilege is also not accorded to Queen Máxima of the Netherlands , who is the Catholic wife of the Protestant King Willem - Alexander . List of eligibility ( edit ) The following living royal ladies are currently eligible for the privilege : Kingdom Duchy Principality Royal personage granted for On the occasion of : HM Queen Sofía of Spain Accession of husband to the Spanish throne in 1975 HM Queen Paola of the Belgians Accession of husband to the Belgian throne in 1993 HRH The Grand Duchess of Luxembourg Accession of husband to the Luxembourgish throne in 2000 HSH The Princess of Monaco Dispensation from Pope Benedict XVI to the House of Grimaldi in 2013 HM The Queen of the Belgians Accession of husband to the Belgian throne in 2013 HM The Queen of Spain Accession of husband to the Spanish throne in 2014 HRH The Princess of Naples Dispensation from Pope Pius XI to the House of Savoy in 1929 In recent years ( edit ) Marina , Princess of Naples , wife of the Head of the House of Savoy , Vittorio Emanuele , Prince of Naples , used the privilege on 18 May 2003 during a Mass marking the birth anniversary of Pope John Paul II . For the first time in Monégasque history on 12 January 2013 , Charlene , Princess of Monaco , used the privilege in an audience with Pope Benedict XVI . The Holy See Press Office later issued a press release stating that `` in accordance with prescribed ceremonial of the Vatican for Catholic Sovereigns , the Princess ( of Monaco ) was allowed to dress in white . '' Charlene used the privilege again on 18 January 2016 when visiting Pope Francis as part of an official state visit to the Vatican with her husband , Albert II , Prince of Monaco . Cherie Blair ( wife of former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Tony Blair ) was criticised for wearing white garments when visiting Pope Benedict XVI on 28 April 2006 . Blair was speaking at a Vatican conference on children and youth . Pope Benedict , hearing she was at the Vatican , requested she meet with him , only giving her a few minutes ' notice and forcing her to rush in her day clothes to accommodate the Pope 's request . List of occasions used ( edit ) The privilège du blanc is not used for every meeting with the Pope , but most often only reserved for the most important occasions at the Vatican and remains at the discretion to follow by the royal person , sometimes through invitation by the Prefect of Pontifical Household . The privilege , however is retained at the dispensation of the Pope . Among the occasions when the privilège du blanc has been used are the following : Date of visit Queen / Princess Supreme Pontiff Occasion 2016 September 4 Queen Sofía of Spain Francis Canonization of Saint Teresa of Calcutta 2016 March 21 Grand Duchess Maria Teresa of Luxembourg Francis Private audience 2016 January 18 Princess Charlene of Monaco Francis State visit to the Vatican 2015 March 9 Queen Mathilde of Belgium Francis Private audience 2014 June 30 Queen Letizia of Spain Francis State visit to the Vatican 2014 April 27 Queen Sofía of Spain Queen Paola of Belgium Grand Duchess Maria Teresa of Luxembourg Francis Canonization of Pope John XXIII and Pope John Paul II 2013 March 19 Queen Paola of Belgium Grand Duchess Maria Teresa of Luxembourg Francis Inaugural mass of Pope Francis 2013 January 12 Princess Charlene of Monaco Benedict XVI Private audience 2011 May 1 Grand Duchess Maria Teresa of Luxembourg Queen Paola of Belgium Benedict XVI Beatification of Pope John Paul II 2009 October 10 Queen Paola of Belgium Benedict XVI Private audience 2006 May 8 Grand Duchess Maria Teresa of Luxembourg Benedict XVI Private audience 2005 April 24 Queen Sofía of Spain Grand Duchess Maria Teresa of Luxembourg Benedict XVI Inaugural mass of Pope Benedict XVI 2004 October 3 Queen Fabiola of Belgium John Paul II Beatification of Charles I of Austria 2003 May 18 Princess of Naples , Marina of Savoy John Paul II Birthday of Pope John Paul II 2003 March 23 Grand Duchess Maria Teresa of Luxembourg Princess Alexandra of Luxembourg John Paul II Private audience 1998 May 15 Queen Paola of Belgium John Paul II Private audience 1981 April 30 Queen Sofía of Spain John Paul II Private audience 1978 October 22 Grand Duchess Josephine Charlotte of Luxembourg Queen Sofía of Spain John Paul II Inaugural mass of Pope John Paul II 1978 September 3 Queen Fabiola of Belgium Queen Sofía of Spain Grand Duchess Josephine Charlotte of Luxembourg John Paul I Inaugural mass of Pope John Paul I 1977 February 10 Queen Sofía of Spain Paul VI Private audience 1965 May 6 Grand Duchess Josephine Charlotte of Luxembourg Paul VI Private audience 1961 June 9 Queen Fabiola of Belgium John XXIII Private audience 1939 December 28 Queen Elena of Italy Princess Marie José of Piedmont Pius XII Papal visit to the Quirinal Palace 1939 January 23 Princess Maria of Savoy Pius XI Private audience after wedding 1930 January 8 Princess Marie José of Piedmont Pius XI Private audience after wedding 1929 December 28 Princess Maria Adelaide of Savoy Pius XI Private audience 1929 December 7 Princess Giovanna of Savoy Princess Maria of Savoy Pius XI Private audience 1929 December 5 Queen Elena of Italy Princess Helene , Duchess of Aosta Queen of Belgium , Elizabeth of Bavaria Princess Maria Cristina of Bourbon - Two Sicilies Pius XI Private audience after signing of the Lateran Treaty 1923 November 19 Queen Victoria Eugenia of Spain Pius XI Private audience References ( edit ) Jump up ^ James - Charles Noonan , Jr. , The Church Visible : The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church ( New York : Viking , 1996 ) , 411 . Jump up ^ George Seldes , The Vatican : Yesterday , Today , Tomorrow ( New York : Harper & Brothers , 1934 ) , 125 . Jump up ^ Fabio Cassani Pironti , Ordini in ordine : manuale d'uso decorazioni per il corpo diplomatico accreditato presso la Santa Sede , il Sovrano militare Ordine di Malta ed i rispettivi dignitari ( Roma : Laurus Robuffo , 2004 ) , 42 and 87 . Jump up ^ Queen Maxima of Netherlands before the Most Supreme Pontiff Francis -- https://incaelo.files.wordpress.com/2016/04/3825095939.jpg?w=964 ^ Jump up to : `` Marina in San Pietro con tailleur bianco '' , Corriere della Sera ( 19 maggio 2003 ) . Jump up ^ `` His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI Holds an Audience with TSHs Prince Albert II and Princess Charlene of Monaco . ( VIDEO ) '' . The Royal Correspondent . Jump up ^ `` White outfit , wrong occasion , Cherie '' . Telegraph Online . Jump up ^ Association , Press ( 28 April 2006 ) . `` Cherie Blair gets surprise audience with Pope '' . Retrieved 1 October 2016 -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Pope Francis Receives Queen Sofía of Spain '' Jump up ^ `` Pope Francis receives Grand Duke and Duchess of Luxembourg '' . news.va . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Photographic image . Getty Images . Jump up ^ Photographic image . Getty Images . Jump up ^ Photographic image . Getty Images . Jump up ^ Photographic image . Getty Images . Jump up ^ Photographic image . Getty Images . ^ Jump up to : Mantilla With Me . `` Catholic Mantilla - Will You Mantilla With Me ? : Politicos and Popes : Mantilla Action in the Vatican '' . mantillawithme.blogspot.ca . ^ Jump up to : Princeps Fidelissimus . `` Noble y Real '' . nobleyreal.blogspot.ca . Jump up ^ Photonews . `` Pope Jean - Paul II and queen Fabiola of Belgium '' . Getty Images . Jump up ^ `` The Glittering Casa Savoia '' . Jump up ^ Photographic image . Getty Images . Jump up ^ Sydney Luxarazzi . `` Luxarazzi : Luxarazzi 101 : The Grand Ducal Family at the Vatican '' . lux-arazzi.blogspot.ca . Jump up ^ `` Catholic Northwest Progress May 14 , 1965 Page 1 '' . stparchive.com . Jump up ^ `` Privilege for Fabiola '' , New York Times ( June 10 , 1961 ) , 10 . Jump up ^ Photo with Pope John XIII Jump up ^ `` Speeches 1939 - PIUS XII '' . vatican.va . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italian Princes See Pope : Duke and Duchess of Genoa Among Seven of House of Savoy Present '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . 1929 - 12 - 29 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . OCLC 1645522 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 08 . Pope Pius received additional Princes of the ruling House of Savoy in audience today . They included the Duke and Duchess of Genoa , the Prince of Udine , the Duke of Pistoia , the Duke of Bergamo , Princess Maria Adelaide and the Duke of Ancona . Jump up ^ `` Prince and Sisters Pay Visit to Pope '' , New York Times ( December 8 , 1929 ) , 5 . Jump up ^ British Pathe 1929 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RDZuqIC7gs4 Jump up ^ `` Italy 's Sovereigns Make First Visit to Pope '' , New York Times ( December 6 , 1929 ) , 1 . Jump up ^ `` Alfonso Received in Papal Splendor '' , New York Times ( November 20 , 1923 ) , 7 . Jump up ^ `` DINASTÍAS - Los Foros de la Realeza Ver Tema - LOS PRIMOS HERMANOS DEL REY '' . forogratis.es . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Charlene of Monaco did not obtain the privilege in 2011 upon her marriage to a Catholic monarch , rather was gifted for her upcoming birthday by Pope Benedict XVI on 2013 for the matrimonial commitment of raising their children in the Roman Catholic faith . External links ( edit ) Media related to Privilège du blanc at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Privilège_du_blanc&oldid = 826069881 '' Categories : Holy See Roman Catholic religious clothing Roman Catholic monarchs Hidden categories : Articles containing Italian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 00 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is allowed to wear white when visiting the pope	[ "A reigning Catholic queen or princess retains this privilege at the discretion of the Pope, by remaining a Catholic in good public standing, through marriage to another Catholic monarch, or simply by grant of the Pope at his dispensation.[citation needed] Catholic royalty may freely choose whether to exercise the privilege depending on the importance of occasion; if they don't, this is termed as \"declining the privilege\"[citation needed], and the fact of choosing to wear black garments at certain points of Papal audiences does not negate her privilege to be dressed in white." ]	[ "A reigning Catholic queen or princess" ]
8969786332933050711	Sleeping with Sirens	Sleeping With Sirens - wikipedia Sleeping With Sirens Jump to : navigation , search Sleeping with Sirens Sleeping with Sirens performing at the SM City North EDSA Skydome in the Philippines Background information Origin Orlando , Florida , U.S. Genres Post-hardcore pop rock metalcore alternative rock Years active 2009 -- present Labels Rise Epitaph Warner Bros . Associated acts Underminded Pierce the Veil For All We Know Broadway We Are Defiance Conditions Palisades Website sleepingwithsirens.net Members Kellin Quinn Justin Hills Gabe Barham Jack Fowler Nick Martin Past members Brandon McMaster Brian Calzini Paul Russell Alex Kaladjian Dave Aguliar Nick Trombino Jesse Lawson Sleeping with Sirens is an American rock band from Orlando , Florida currently residing in Grand Rapids , Michigan . The band was formed in 2009 by members of For All We Know and Paddock Park . The group is currently signed to Warner Bros. Records and have released four full - length albums and an acoustic EP . They rose to fame by their song `` If I 'm James Dean , You 're Audrey Hepburn '' which is the lead single from their debut album With Ears to See and Eyes to Hear which released in 2010 . The group 's third album Feel debuted at No. 3 on the US Billboard 200 , and a fourth album entitled Madness was released on March 17 , 2015 through Epitaph Records and spawned the single `` Kick Me '' . Their fifth studio album , Gossip , was released on September 22 , 2017 on Warner Bros. Records . The group is known primarily for the versatility of vocalist Kellin Quinn 's leggero tenor vocal range , along with the heavy sound used on their early work and the pop influences they used later into their career . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Formation and With Ears to See and Eyes to Hear ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 1.2 Let 's Cheers to This and If You Were a Movie , This Would Be Your Soundtrack ( 2011 -- 2012 ) 1.3 Feel and Departure of Jesse Lawson ( 2013 -- 2014 ) 1.4 Madness and Gossip ( 2014 -- present ) 2 Musical style 3 Band members 3.1 Timeline 4 Discography 4.1 List of guest appearances 5 Videography 6 References History Formation and With Ears to See and Eyes to Hear ( 2009 -- 2010 ) The band 's first album , With Ears to See and Eyes to Hear , was released on March 23 , 2010 . Debuted at number 7 on Billboard 's Top Heatseekers chart , and at number 36 on Top Independent Albums . The album spawned three singles . One of those singles , `` If I 'm James Dean , You 're Audrey Hepburn '' earned the band much recognition . Let 's Cheers to This and If You Were a Movie , This would be Your Soundtrack ( 2011 -- 2012 ) On April 7 , 2011 , the band released `` Do It Now Remember It Later '' , the first single off of the band 's new album . Later in the month on April 28 , the next single `` Fire '' was released . The band 's second album Let 's Cheers to This was released on May 10 , 2011 . On June 26 , 2012 the band released its first Acoustic EP , If You Were a Movie , This Would Be Your Soundtrack On October 21 , 2012 , Sleeping With Sirens released a new single called `` Dead Walker Texas Ranger '' as a Halloween special . Feel and departure of Jesse Lawson ( 2013 -- 2014 ) In January 2013 , the band entered the studio to record its follow up to Let 's Cheers to This with an estimated release date of mid-2013 . On April 23 , 2013 , the band released a new single called `` Low '' and revealed the new album 's title as Feel and release date as June 4 , 2013 . In support of the new album , the band will be playing Kia main stage at the Vans Warped Tour 2013 . On May 21 , the band released the second single from Feel , `` Alone '' Featuring Machine Gun Kelly . On August 4 , the band announced that it would be headlining a tour titled the Feel This Tour in support of the album Feel . Memphis May Fire , Breathe Carolina , Issues , and Our Last Night will be supporting the tour on selected dates . On October 16 , 2013 , guitarist Jesse Lawson announced his departure from the band , citing his desire to spend more time with his family and start a new musical venture . After Lawson 's amicable departure the band tapped Nick Martin ( formerly of D.R.U.G.S. and Underminded ) to fill in on guitar on the band 's upcoming UK / EU Feel tour . Madness and Gossip ( 2014 -- present ) Main article : Madness ( Sleeping with Sirens album ) On July 6 , 2014 the band released pictures of the band members in the studio recording new music with John Feldmann . On July 21 , 2014 the band announced that it would be headlining a world tour alongside Pierce the Veil , with supporting acts Beartooth and This Wild Life . On August 8 , 2014 the band members announced that the band had parted ways with Rise Records and working on as an independent band . However , on November 10 , 2014 it was announced on Alternative Press that the band signed to Epitaph Records and released a new single called `` Kick Me '' . The band followed the release of `` Kick Me '' , with its single `` We Like It Loud '' , on New Year 's Day . It was available for free download for twenty four hours through the band 's website The band 's next album , Gossip was released on September 22 , 2017 . Musical style The band 's music has been described as post-hardcore , pop rock , alternative rock and metalcore . Band members Current members Kellin Quinn -- lead vocals , keyboards ( 2009 -- present ) Gabe Barham -- drums , percussion ( 2009 -- present ) Justin Hills -- bass guitar , backing vocals ( 2009 -- present ) Jack Fowler -- lead guitar , programming ( 2010 -- present ) Nick Martin -- rhythm guitar , vocals ( 2013 -- present ) Touring members Alex Howard - backing vocals , rhythm guitar , keyboards ( 2014 -- present ) Former members Brian Calzini -- lead vocals ( 2009 ) Dave Aguliar -- rhythm guitar , backing vocals ( 2009 ) Paul Russell -- bass guitar ( 2009 ) Alex Kaladjian -- drums , percussion ( 2009 ) Brandon McMasters -- lead guitar , backing vocals ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Nick Trombino -- rhythm guitar , backing vocals ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Jesse Lawson -- rhythm guitar , vocals ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Timeline Discography Studio albums Year Album Label Chart peaks Sales US 200 US Indie US Hard Rock US Heat AUS UK With Ears to See and Eyes to Hear Rise -- 36 -- 7 -- -- 2011 Let 's Cheers to This 78 13 5 -- -- -- 2013 Feel -- 14 36 US : 180,000 2015 Madness Epitaph 13 -- -- -- 13 26 2017 Gossip Warner Bros . 38 -- -- -- 64 -- `` -- '' denotes a release that did not chart . Singles Year Title Album `` You Kill Me ( In a Good Way ) '' With Ears to See and Eyes to Hear `` If I 'm James Dean , You 're Audrey Hepburn '' `` With Ears to See , and Eyes to Hear '' 2011 `` Do It Now Remember It Later '' Let 's Cheers to This `` Fire '' `` If You Ca n't Hang '' `` A Trophy Father 's Trophy Son '' 2012 `` Stomach Tied In Knots '' If You Were a Movie , This Would Be Your Soundtrack `` Roger Rabbit '' `` Do n't You Ever Forget About Me '' `` Dead Walker Texas Ranger '' Non-album single 2013 `` Low '' Feel `` Alone '' ( featuring MGK ) `` Congratulations '' ( featuring Matty Mullins ) 2014 `` Kick Me '' Madness 2015 `` We Like It Loud '' `` Go Go Go '' `` The Strays '' `` Better Off Dead '' 2017 `` Legends '' Gossip EPs If You Were a Movie , This Would Be Your Soundtrack ( Rise , 2012 ) ( No. 17 Billboard 200 ) Live albums Live and Unplugged ( Epitaph , 2016 ) Box sets The Rise Years ( 2016 ) Demos Demo ( self - released , 2009 ) Compilations Punk Goes Pop 4 with `` Fuck You '' ( Cee Lo Green cover ) Warped Tour 2012 `` Tally It Up , Settle the Score '' Warped Tour 2013 `` Do It Now , Remember It Later '' List of guest appearances Kellin Quinn ( 2010 ) -- `` The Amazing Atom '' ( At the Skylines ) Kellin Quinn and Jesse Lawson ( 2010 ) -- `` There 's a Situation @ the Shore '' ( Lakeland ) Kellin Quinn ( 2010 ) -- `` In the Face of Death '' ( The Last Word ) Kellin Quinn ( 2011 ) -- `` Airplanes Pt. 2 '' ( We Are Defiance feat . Tom Denney formerly of A Day to Remember ) Kellin Quinn ( 2011 ) -- `` The Dying Hymn '' ( The Color Morale , as composer ) Kellin Quinn ( 2011 ) -- `` Bring On the Empty Horses '' ( Call Us Forgotten ) Kellin Quinn ( 2011 ) -- `` Once Upon a Time In Mexico '' ( Demo Version ) ( Cascades ) Kellin Quinn ( 2012 ) -- `` WeFightFail '' ( Aerolyn ) Kellin Quinn ( 2012 ) -- `` Miles Away '' ( Memphis May Fire ) Kellin Quinn ( 2012 ) -- `` Closer to Becoming a Killer '' ( She Ca n't Breathe ) Kellin Quinn ( 2012 ) -- `` King for a Day '' ( Pierce the Veil ) Kellin Quinn ( 2012 ) -- `` The Surface Beneath '' ( Avera ) Kellin Quinn ( 2012 ) -- `` Building Coral Castle '' ( The Words We Use ) Kellin Quinn ( 2012 ) -- `` Miles Away ( acoustic ) '' ( Memphis May Fire ) Kellin Quinn ( 2013 ) -- `` Swing Life Away '' ( Machine Gun Kelly ) Kellin Quinn and Jesse Lawson ( 2013 ) -- `` Swing Life Away ( acoustic ) '' ( Machine Gun Kelly ) Kellin Quinn ( 2015 ) -- `` Paper Planes '' ( One Ok Rock ) Kellin Quinn ( 2015 ) - `` The Chase '' Too Close To Touch Kellin Quinn ( 2015 ) -- `` Into The Rest '' ( Avion Roe ) Kellin Quinn ( 2016 ) - `` Keep Swingin ' ( Good Charlotte ) Videography Year Title Director ( s ) 2009 `` If I 'm James Dean , You 're Audrey Hepburn '' Caleb Mallery `` With Ears to See and Eyes to Hear '' Sam Link 2011 `` If You Ca n't Hang '' Thunder Down Country 2012 `` Do It Now Remember It Later '' Izzy Campos `` Roger Rabbit '' Drew Russ 2013 `` Alone ( feat . MGK ) '' Sitcom Soldiers `` Congratulations ( feat . Matty Mullins ) '' Drew Russ 2014 `` Kick Me '' Sitcom Soldiers 2015 `` Go Go Go '' Sean Garcia `` The Strays '' Sitcom Soldiers `` Better Off Dead '' Sitcom Soldiers 2016 `` Gold '' References ^ Jump up to : `` Sleeping With Sirens release new song , `` Kick Me '' `` . Alternative Press . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` With Ears to See , and Eyes to Hear - Sleeping With Sirens - Billboard.com '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ DiVincenzo , Alex ( 7 April 2011 ) . `` New Sleeping With Sirens Song '' . AbsolutePunk . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alter The Press ! : Sleeping With Sirens Reveal New Halloween Single `` Dead Walker Texas Ranger '' Artwork `` . Alterthepress.com . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Ableson , Jon ( 2009 - 08 - 20 ) . `` Sleeping With Sirens To Record New Album In January '' . Alter The Press ! . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Kellinquinn : The world is n't ready for this '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Sleeping WIth Sirens ( 22 April 2013 ) . `` Sleeping With Sirens New Single ' Low ' '' . Sleeping With Sirens . ( Rise Records ) . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sleeping With Sirens announce `` The Feel This Tour '' with Memphis May Fire , Issues , more - Alternative Press `` . Alternative Press . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Kraus , Brian ( 16 October 2013 ) . `` Sleeping With Sirens part ways with guitarist Jesse Lawson '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sleeping With Sirens Tap Nick Martin ( D.R.U.G.S. , ... -- PropertyOfZack '' . Propertyofzack.com . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sleeping With Sirens Continue With Nick Martin As ... -- PropertyOfZack '' . Propertyofzack.com . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sleeping With Sirens Recording With John Feldmann '' . Propertyofzack.com . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pierce the Veil + Sleeping With Sirens Set for U.S. Tour '' . Loudwire . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Things You Can Expect From Sleeping With Sirens ' Fourth Album '' . Rock Sound Magazine . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.altpress.com/news/entry/sleeping_with_sirens_stream_new_song_we_like_it_loud Jump up ^ https://www.rocksound.tv/news/read/sleeping-with-sirens-have-announced-a-new-album-released-a-new-song Jump up ^ http://www.altpress.com/news/entry/sleeping_with_sirens_new_song_legends_new_album_gossip ^ Jump up to : `` Sleeping with Sirens Feel '' . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeff Niesel ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Post-Hardcore Band Sleeping with Sirens Opts for a More Mature Sound '' . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maria Sherman ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` The New Class Of Post-hardcore : 11 Bands You Need To Know '' . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Claire Stern ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` Sleeping with Sirens Is Bringing Emo - Punk Back with Their New Album '' . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sleeping with Sirens Bio '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Sleeping with Sirens Madness '' . musicfeeds . Jump up ^ Ableson , Jon ( April 3 , 2015 ) . `` The 10 Best Sleeping With Sirens Songs '' . altpress . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sleeping With Sirens Q&A : ' Madness , ' Romantic Comedies & Re-Creatong ' American Pie ' '' . fuse.tv . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/artist/279579/sleeping-with-sirens/chart Jump up ^ Peaks in Australia : All except noted : `` australian-charts.com - Discography Sleeping With Sirens '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Gossip : `` ARIA Chart Watch # 440 '' . auspOp . September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UK Charts '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://riserecords.merchnow.com/products/220737/the-rise-years-metallic-silver-with-black-starburst-vinyl-4xlp Jump up ^ `` My Devil in Your Eyes - The Color Morale - Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - Morals - EP by The Words We Use '' . Itunes.apple.com. 2012 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 26 . ( hide ) Sleeping with Sirens Kellin Quinn Justin Hills Jack Fowler Gabe Barham Nick Martin Brandon McMaster Nick Trombino Brian Calzini Dave Aguliar Paul Russell Alex Kaladjian Jesse Lawson Studio albums With Ears to See and Eyes to Hear Let 's Cheers to This Feel Madness Gossip Live albums Live and Unplugged Extended plays If You Were a Movie , This Would Be Your Soundtrack Singles `` You Kill Me in a Good Way '' `` If I 'm James Dean , Then You 're Audrey Hepburn '' `` With Ears to See and Eyes to Hear '' `` Do It Now , Remember It Later '' `` Fire '' `` If You Ca n't Hang '' `` A Trophy Father 's Trophy Son '' `` Stomach Tied In Knots '' `` Do n't You Ever Forget About Me '' `` Roger Rabbit '' `` Dead Walker Texas Ranger '' `` Low '' `` Alone '' `` Kick Me '' `` Go Go Go '' `` Fly '' `` The Strays '' MusicBrainz : 3267d5a3 - c72c - 4c3b - bafe - ec8a569c0b74 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sleeping_with_Sirens&oldid=806319182 '' Categories : American post-hardcore musical groups American metalcore musical groups American alternative rock groups American pop rock music groups Alternative rock groups from Florida Musical groups established in 2009 Rise Records artists Musical groups from Orlando , Florida 2009 establishments in Florida Musical groups from Michigan Musical groups from Grand Rapids , Michigan Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 05 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the lead singer in sleeping with sirens	[ "Sleeping with Sirens is an American rock band from Orlando, Florida currently residing in Grand Rapids, Michigan. The band was formed in 2009 by members of For All We Know and Paddock Park. The group is currently signed to Warner Bros. Records and have released four full-length albums and an acoustic EP. They rose to fame by their song \"If I'm James Dean, You're Audrey Hepburn\" which is the lead single from their debut album With Ears to See and Eyes to Hear which released in 2010. The group's third album Feel debuted at No. 3 on the US Billboard 200, and a fourth album entitled Madness was released on March 17, 2015 through Epitaph Records and spawned the single \"Kick Me\". Their fifth studio album, Gossip, was released on September 22, 2017 on Warner Bros. Records. The group is known primarily for the versatility of vocalist Kellin Quinn's leggero tenor vocal range, along with the heavy sound used on their early work and the pop influences they used later into their career." ]	[ "Kellin Quinn" ]
4074219156208588769	Little House on the Prairie (TV series)	Little House on the Prairie ( TV series ) - wikipedia Little House on the Prairie ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Little House on the Prairie Also known as Little House : A New Beginning Genre Western Drama Based on Little House on the Prairie by Laura Ingalls Wilder Developed by Blanche Hanalis Directed by William F. Claxton Maury Dexter Victor French Michael Landon Leo Penn Starring Michael Landon Melissa Gilbert Karen Grassle Melissa Sue Anderson Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush Matthew Laborteaux Richard Bull Katherine MacGregor Alison Arngrim Jonathan Gilbert Kevin Hagen Dabbs Greer Victor French Merlin Olsen Kyle Richards Dean Butler Linwood Boomer Shannen Doherty Theme music composer David Rose Composer ( s ) David Rose Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 204 ( + 4 specials ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Landon Ed Friendly Producer ( s ) John Hawkins William F. Claxton Running time 48 - 49 minutes Production company ( s ) Ed Friendly Productions NBC Distributor Worldvision Enterprises CBS Television Distribution ( USA ) NBCUniversal International Television Distribution ( non-USA and Cozi airings ) MGM Television ( international ) 2004 - Present Release Original network NBC Picture format NTSC Audio format Monaural Original release September 11 , 1974 ( 1974 - 09 - 11 ) -- March 21 , 1983 ( 1983 - 03 - 21 ) Chronology Preceded by Little House on the Prairie ( film ) Followed by Little House on the Prairie : A Look Back to Yesterday Related shows Father Murphy Little House on the Prairie ( known as Little House : A New Beginning in its final season ) is an American western drama television series , starring Michael Landon , Melissa Gilbert , and Karen Grassle , about a family living on a farm in Walnut Grove , Minnesota , in the 1870s and 1880s . The show is an adaptation of Laura Ingalls Wilder 's best - selling series of Little House books . Television producer and NBC executive Ed Friendly became aware of the story in the early 1970s . He asked Michael Landon to direct the pilot movie . Landon agreed on the condition that he could also play Charles Ingalls . The regular series was preceded by the two - hour pilot movie , which first aired on March 30 , 1974 . The series premiered on the NBC network on September 11 , 1974 , and last aired on May 10 , 1982 . During the 1982 -- 83 television season , with the departure of Landon and Grassle , the series was broadcast with the new title Little House : A New Beginning . In 1997 , TV Guide ranked the two - part episode `` I 'll Be Waving As You Drive Away '' at 97 on its 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time list . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Notable guest stars 3 Production notes 4 Themes 5 Spin - offs and sequels 5.1 Little House : A New Beginning 5.2 Movie specials 6 Broadcast history 7 Reception 7.1 Nielsen ratings 7.2 Accolades 7.3 Popularity in Spain 8 Other media 8.1 Syndication 8.2 DVD , Blu - ray and Digital Copy releases 8.3 List of releases 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) Main article : List of Little House on the Prairie episodes Based on the autobiographical `` Little House '' stories , episodes of Little House on the Prairie usually concern members of the Ingalls family , who live on a small farm near the village of Walnut Grove , Minnesota . Many episodes concern the maturation of the family 's second daughter , Laura . However , episodes also focus on other family and community members , providing a depiction of life in a small agrarian community in late nineteenth - century America . The show 's central characters are Charles Ingalls ( farmer and mill worker ) , his wife Caroline , and their four daughters , Mary , Laura , Carrie , and Grace , though the family expands with the addition of adopted son Albert in season five and adopted siblings Cassandra and James at the end of season seven . Other essential characters include the Oleson family : Nels , proprietor of the town 's general store , Oleson 's Mercantile ; his malicious , gossiping wife , Harriet , who runs the Mercantile with him ; and their two children , Nellie and Willie , and later , their adopted daughter , Nancy ; Isaiah Edwards , Grace Snider Edwards and their three adopted children ; the Garvey family , Jonathan , Alice , and Andy ; Rev. Robert Alden ; Lars Hanson , the town 's founder and proprietor of the town 's mill ; and Dr. Hiram Baker , the town 's physician . Teacher - turned - lawyer Adam Kendall is introduced at the end of season four and later weds Mary Ingalls , and Almanzo Wilder is introduced in season six and later weds Laura Ingalls . Cast and characters ( edit ) Melissa Gilbert as Laura Ingalls , 1975 Main article : List of Little House on the Prairie characters Melissa Gilbert has the most appearances of the series , a total of 190 of the 204 episodes . Michael Landon appeared in all but four episodes of seasons one through eight , but departed from being a regular part of the cast when the show was retooled as Little House : A New Beginning ( season nine ) . Main cast ( edit ) Michael Landon as Charles Ingalls Karen Grassle as Caroline Quiner Ingalls ( seasons 1 -- 8 ) Melissa Gilbert as Laura Ingalls Wilder Melissa Sue Anderson as Mary Ingalls Kendall ( seasons 1 -- 7 ) Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush as Carrie Ingalls ( seasons 1 -- 8 ) Matthew Laborteaux as Albert ( Quinn ) Ingalls ( seasons 5 -- 9 ) Richard Bull as Nels Oleson Katherine MacGregor as Harriet Oleson Alison Arngrim as Nellie Oleson Dalton ( seasons 1 - 7 , 9 ) Jonathan Gilbert as Willie Oleson Victor French as Isaiah Edwards ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 6 , 8 -- 9 ) Bonnie Bartlett as Grace Snider Edwards ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 6 ) Kevin Hagen as Dr. Hiram Baker Dabbs Greer as Rev. Robert Alden Charlotte Stewart as Eva Beadle Simms ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Karl Swenson as Lars Hanson ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Radames Pera as John ( Sanderson , Jr . ) Edwards ( seasons 2 & 3 ) Brian Part as Carl ( Sanderson ) Edwards ( seasons 2 & 3 ) Kyle Richards as Alicia ( Sanderson ) Edwards ( seasons 2 -- 3 , 6 , 8 ) Merlin Olsen as Jonathan Garvey ( seasons 4 -- 7 ) Hersha Parady as Alice Garvey ( seasons 4 -- 6 ) Patrick Laborteaux as Andrew `` Andy '' Garvey ( seasons 4 -- 7 ) Linwood Boomer as Adam Kendall ( seasons 4 -- 8 ) Ketty Lester as Hester - Sue Terhune ( seasons 5 -- 9 ) Wendi and Brenda Turnbaugh as Grace Ingalls ( seasons 5 -- 8 ) Dean Butler as Almanzo Wilder ( seasons 6 -- 9 ) Lucy Lee Flippin as Eliza Jane Wilder ( seasons 6 -- 8 ) Allison Balson as Nancy Oleson ( seasons 8 & 9 ) Jason Bateman as James ( Cooper ) Ingalls ( seasons 7 & 8 ) Missy Francis as Cassandra ( Cooper ) Ingalls ( seasons 7 & 8 ) Shannen Doherty as Jenny Wilder ( season 9 ) Notable guest Stars ( edit ) Many actors , who were either well - known or went on to become famous , guest - starred on the show . Willie Aames ( episode 3.15 ) Anne Archer ( episode 1.17 ) Hermione Baddeley ( 3 episodes ) Jonathan Banks ( episode 6.16 ) Billy Barty ( 2 episodes ) Peter Billingsley ( episode 8.12 ) Dirk Blocker ( episode 1.9 ) Ray Bolger ( 2 episodes , S5 ) Ernest Borgnine ( episode 1.13 / 14 ) Christopher Bowman ( episodes 5.9 , 5.18 ) Todd Bridges ( episode 3.18 ) Red Buttons ( episode 1.19 ) Johnny Cash & June Carter Cash ( episode 3.1 ) Charles Cioffi ( episode 5.22 ) Michael Conrad ( episode 4.8 ) James Cromwell ( episode 7.1 ) David Faustino ( episode 7.5 ) Gil Gerard ( episode 4.4 ) Louis Gossett , Jr. ( episode 2.18 ) Jerry Hardin ( episode 5.23 ) Melora Hardin ( episodes 8.1 / 2 , Look Back to Yesterday ) Mariette Hartley ( episode 2.19 ) John Hillerman ( episode 5.8 ) Rance Howard ( episode 3.13 ) Ernie Hudson ( episode 8.8 ) Rick Hurst ( episode 1.3 ) John Ireland ( episode 3.4 ) Burl Ives ( episode 3.10 ) Ford Rainey ( episodes 2.2 , 4.21 ) Richard Jaeckel ( episodes 2.18 , 7.17 / 18 ) Jack Kruschen ( episode 8.6 ) Katy Kurtzman ( episodes 3.19 , 4.16 ) Charles Lane ( episode 9.3 ) Sheila Larken ( episode 9.13 ) Robert Loggia ( episode 9.4 ) Mike Lookinland ( episode 4.4 ) Chuck McCann ( episode 1.11 ) Vera Miles ( episode 9.19 ) Richard Mulligan ( episode 2.21 ) Patricia Neal ( episode 2.7 ) James Olson ( episode 6.10 ) Sean Penn ( uncredited student extra ) Eddie Quillan ( 7 episodes ) Anne Ramsey ( episode 5.1 ) Nick Ramus ( episode 4.13 ) Kim Richards ( episode 1.7 ) James B. Sikking ( episode 3.17 ) Queenie Smith ( 5 episodes ) Madeleine Stowe ( episode 7.6 ) Robert Torti ( episode 8.6 ) Mitch Vogel ( episode 1.23 ) M. Emmet Walsh ( episode 8.8 ) Collin Wilcox ( episode 4.7 ) Harris Yulin ( episode 1.20 ) and three of Landon 's children : Michael Landon , Jr. ( episode 3.20 ) Leslie Landon ( 4 guest episodes ) Shawna Landon ( Little House Years / episode 9.15 ; both uncredited ) Production notes ( edit ) Of the 204 episodes , Michael Landon directed the largest number at 87 ; producer William F. Claxton handled the majority of the remaining shows at 68 , while co-star Victor French helmed 18 . Maury Dexter ( who was often an assistant director ) and Leo Penn directed the remaining episodes at 21 and 3 episodes respectively . Interior shots were filmed at Paramount studios in Los Angeles , while exteriors were largely filmed at the nearby Big Sky Ranch in Simi Valley , where the town of Walnut Grove had been constructed . Many other filming locations were also used during the course of the series including Old Tucson Studios and various locations in Sonora , California . Many of the exterior shots of Walnut Grove and the other Minnesota towns shown in the series have noticeable mountain terrain in the background of the scenes . In actuality the southern Minnesota landscape , where the show is supposed to take place , there are no tall mountains . The series theme song was titled The Little House and was written and conducted by David Rose . The ending theme music , also written by Rose , originally appeared as a piece of incidental music in a later - season episode of Michael Landon 's previous long - running series , Bonanza . Themes ( edit ) Little House explored many different themes including frequently portrayed ones of adoption , alcoholism , faith , poverty , blindness , and prejudice of all types including racism . Some plots also include subjects such as drug addiction ( i.e. morphine ) , leukemia , child abuse , and even rape . Although predominantly a drama , the program has many lighthearted and comedic moments as well . Some of the episodes written by Michael Landon were recycled storylines from ones that he had written for Bonanza . Season two 's `` A Matter of Faith '' was based on the Bonanza episode `` A Matter of Circumstance '' ; season five 's `` Someone Please Love Me '' was based on the Bonanza episode `` A Dream To Dream '' ; season seven 's `` The Silent Cry '' was based on the Bonanza episode `` The Sound of Sadness '' ; season eight 's `` He Was Only Twelve '' was based on the Bonanza episode `` He Was Only Seven '' ; and season nine 's `` Little Lou '' was based on the Bonanza episode `` It 's A Small World '' . Spin - offs and sequels ( edit ) Little House : a new Beginning ( edit ) When Michael Landon decided to leave the show ( though he stayed on as executive producer and occasional writer and director ) , season nine was renamed , the focus was put on the characters of Laura and Almanzo , and more characters were added to the cast . A new family , the Carters ( Stan Ivar as John , Pamela Roylance as Sarah , Lindsay Kennedy as older son Jeb , and David Friedman as younger son Jason ) , move into the Ingalls house . Meanwhile , Almanzo and Laura take in their niece , Jenny Wilder , when Almanzo 's brother dies and raise her alongside their daughter , Rose . The Wilders appear prominently in some episodes , while in others they appear only in early scenes used to introduce the story or its characters . The explanation given for the original characters ' absence was that they moved to Burr Oak , Iowa , to pursue a promising life . The show lost viewers , and this version of the series was canceled after one season . However , the show lived on for another 1.5 years in movie format . Movie specials ( edit ) Three made - for - television post-series movies followed during the 1983 - 84 television season : Little House on the Prairie : A Look Back to Yesterday ( 1983 ) , Little House : The Last Farewell ( 1984 ) , and Little House : Bless All the Dear Children ( 1984 ) . In The Last Farewell , it is 1901 and Charles and Caroline decide to visit Walnut Grove . They learn that a railroad tycoon actually holds the deed to the township , and he wants to take it over for his own financial gain . Despite their best efforts , the townspeople are unable to drive the businessman away . At a town meeting , John Carter offers a supply of explosives that he has . Each man takes turn blowing up his own building . When asked why the set was blown up , the show 's producer , Kent McCray , said that when the series started , he made an agreement with the property owners that at the end of the series he would put the acreage back to its original state . When the production crew were estimating the cost of dismantling all the buildings , Michael Landon thought for a while and said , `` What if we blow up the town ? That would get the buildings all in pieces and you can bring in your equipment to pick up the debris and cart it away . '' He then said that he would write it where they blow up all the buildings , except for the little house and the church . Both McCray and Landon wept as the town blew up . Bless All the Dear Children was filmed prior to The Last Farewell , but ended up being the last of the three movies to air . Given its Christmas - related content , NBC opted to air it during the following Christmas season . Two other Little House movies were made in conjunction with the Landon series : the 1974 pilot for the program and The Little House Years ( 1979 ) , a Thanksgiving special / clip show that aired in the middle of season six . Broadcast history ( edit ) For the first two seasons , the show was aired on Wednesday nights at 8pm ET / 7pm CT , to moderate ratings . In 1976 , the series became a Monday night staple on NBC ; after the move , it remained in the top 30 for the rest of its run . Reception ( edit ) Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 1974 -- 75 ) : # 13 Season 2 ( 1975 -- 76 ) : Not in top 30 Season 3 ( 1976 -- 77 ) : # 15 Season 4 ( 1977 -- 78 ) : # 7 Season 5 ( 1978 -- 79 ) : # 14 Season 6 ( 1979 -- 80 ) : # 16 Season 7 ( 1980 -- 81 ) : # 10 Season 8 ( 1981 -- 82 ) : # 24 ( Tied with : The Facts of Life ) Season 9 ( 1982 -- 83 ) : # 28 Accolades ( edit ) 1976 : TP de Oro , Spain , Mejor Actriz Extranjera ( Best Foreign Actress ) , Karen Grassle 1976 : TP de Oro , Spain , Mejor Serie Extranjera ( Best Foreign Series ) 1978 : Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography in Entertainment Programming for a Series , Ted Voigtlander , episode `` The Fighter '' 1979 : Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for a Series , Ted Voigtlander , episode `` The Craftsman '' 1979 : Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series , David Rose , episode `` The Craftsman '' 1980 : TP de Oro , Spain , Mejor Actriz Extranjera ( Best Foreign Actress ) , Melissa Sue Anderson 1981 : Western Writers of America Spur Award for Best TV Script , Michael Landon , episode `` May We Make Them Proud '' 1982 : Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Music Composition for a Series ( Dramatic Underscore ) , David Rose , episode `` He Was Only Twelve '' ( Part 2 ) 1983 : Young Artist Award for Best Young Actress in a Drama Series , Melissa Gilbert 1984 : Young Artist Award for Best Young Actress in a Drama Series , Melissa Gilbert Popularity in Spain ( edit ) In the late 1970s and early 1980s , La Casa de la Pradera ( Little House on the Prairie ) was one of Spanish Television 's most popular series . In 1976 Karen Grassle ( Caroline Quiner Ingalls ) won Spanish television 's prestigious TP de Oro award for best foreign actress , and the series itself won for best foreign series ; Melissa Sue Anderson ( Mary Ingalls ) won the TP de Oro in 1980 thanks in part to the enhanced profile she received as a result of her visit to Spain and her appearance on Spanish Television 's 625 Lineas program in early 1979 . The continued popularity of the show led to the appearance of Katherine MacGregor ( Harriet Oleson ) on 625 Lineas and Ding Dong in 1980 . Other media ( edit ) Syndication ( edit ) The show remains popular in syndicated reruns and has been on the air in the U.S. continuously since its original run . In addition to airing on local stations , it has been airing multiple times each day on INSP and Hallmark Channel . In the past , it has aired on TV Land and TBS . As of September 19 , 2016 , the show is currently airing on COZI TV four times daily , with the exception of Seasons eight and nine . In the U.S. , television syndication rights are currently owned by CBS Television Distribution . Originally , NBC licensed these rights to Worldvision Enterprises , since networks could not own syndication arms at the time . As a result of corporate changes , Paramount Domestic Television and CBS Paramount Domestic Television would inherit the rights via Spelling Entertainment , finally passing to CTD in 2007 . In Canada , reruns of the series began airing weeknights on CTS , a Christian - based network , as of September 1 , 2008 . Because of its historical context and its connection to the book series , it is deemed acceptable for use by the FCC to meet federal E / I programming guidelines . The show is typically stripped ( run five days a week ) in syndication , which is enough to completely cover a TV station 's E / I requirements and more . NBC owns ancillary rights and thus is the worldwide licensor for DVD rights as well . Sister company NBC Universal International Television distributes the series internationally . DVD , Blu - ray and Digital Copy releases ( edit ) The entire series has been released on standard - definition DVD , high - definition Blu - ray , and on both standard and high - definition Digital Copy . In addition , some individual episodes have been released on DVD and VHS . Starting with Season 7 , the Blu - ray 's are only available exclusively through Amazon.com . There are multiple DVD sets which are noticeably different from one another . The original DVD sets sold in the U.S. and Canada were released under license from NBCUniversal by Imavision Distribution , a company based in Quebec . A majority of the episodes in the original North American DVD versions had scenes cut from the episodes -- these were derived from the syndicated television versions by Worldvision Enterprises , the series ' former distributor . Other episodes were time - compressed and are NTSC - converted video prints from UK PAL masters , while others were derived from 16MM syndication prints , also from Worldvision . Only a handful of episodes in the original sets were in their original uncut versions . The episodes in these original sets are also known to have relatively poor video quality , such as tracking lines , as well as audio problems , though the quality issues are not as pronounced in the first few seasons as they are in the later seasons . The first three seasons of the old sets notably are also missing closed - captioning . These original North American DVD sets included interviews with former cast members Alison Arngrim , Dabbs Greer and Dean Butler . For the original movies & complete series sets , Imavision provided numerous additional special features including additional interviews with many of the cast members such as Melissa Gilbert and Melissa Sue Anderson and specials highlighting Michael Landon , the casting of the show , and more . Imavision also released a French - language version of the series . Both versions are in NTSC color and coded for all regions . Later copies of these original sets were distributed by Lionsgate Home Entertainment following their acquisition of Imavision , but these should not be confused with the Lionsgate re-releases described below . The DVD sets sold in the United Kingdom were released by Universal Playback ( a Universal Studios Home Entertainment label ) ; this version is in PAL color and coded for region 2 . Unlike the original North American DVD sets , the UK version contains mostly uncut episodes . In 2014 , Lionsgate Home Entertainment began re-releasing the series in North America on DVD , and also for the first time , in high definition on Blu - ray , as well as Digital Copy through providers such as Vudu and Amazon Video . These new releases , which are stated to come direct from the original broadcast masters , contain mostly uncut episodes and are remastered to have superior picture and sound . The Blu - rays , with their high bitrate , high definition 1080p picture ( as opposed to standard definition picture on the DVDs ) currently provide the best viewing experience of the show that is commercially available . The first six seasons on Blu - ray notably also contain lossless audio as opposed to the compressed audio on the DVDs . Starting with Season 7 , Lionsgate chose to only release the remaining Blu - ray 's exclusively through Amazon.com . In the process , they made several other changes to the Blu - ray 's including compressing the audio ( though with a relatively high bitrate ) , simplifying the on - screen disc menus , and eliminating the slipcovers and included Digital Copy codes that had been present for the previous seasons . The newer Lionsgate remastered sets all contain English , French , and Spanish audio as well as English subtitles . They do not include the special features present on the earlier non-remastered releases , but rather seasons 1 through 6 each contain a roughly 15 minute segment of a special called `` The Little House Phenomenon '' . Season 1 also contains the original Pilot movie . Season 7 contains no special features . Seasons 8 & 9 contain the three post-series movie specials as extras , with `` Look Back to Yesterday '' and `` The Last Farewell '' appearing on Season 8 , and `` Bless All The Dear Children '' appearing on Season 9 . Some fans of the show have been perplexed as to why Lionsgate did this , both because all of the movies take place after the Season 9 timeline , and also because they included `` The Last Farewell '' on Season 8 when that is considered by fans to be the end to the show given its significant and memorable ending . Lionsgate 's decision as to which movies to include on which season appears to have been based on broadcast order rather than production order , since `` Bless All The Dear Children '' was the last episode broadcast even though `` The Last Farewell '' was the last one produced . None of the available releases of the series contain `` Little House Years '' , which was a three - hour Thanksgiving special aired during Season 6 that largely consisted of flashback clips . While the re-releases are substantially better than what was previously available , there are a handful of episodes that still were released in edited form or contain other problems . The most significant of these , affecting all formats of the remastered releases , include over 3 minutes missing from the Season 7 episode , `` Divorce , Walnut Grove Style , '' almost 4 minutes missing from Season 9 's `` Home Again , '' and extremely low volume of the townspeoples ' singing on the English audio of the last scene of the final movie , `` The Last Farewell . '' List of releases ( edit ) Name No. of episodes Originally aired DVD release dates Remastered DVD & Blu - ray release date Digital Copy release date Region 1 Region 2 Region 1 Region 1 Season 1 24 1974 -- 1975 July 8 , 2003 July 25 , 2005 March 25 , 2014 March 25 , 2014 Season 2 22 1975 -- 1976 July 8 , 2003 March 27 , 2006 May 6 , 2014 May 6 , 2014 Season 3 22 1976 -- 1977 November 4 , 2003 March 10 , 2008 September 9 , 2014 September 9 , 2014 Season 4 22 1977 -- 1978 February 17 , 2004 May 26 , 2008 January 20 , 2015 September 9 , 2014 Season 5 24 1978 -- 1979 June 29 , 2004 August 4 , 2008 April 14 , 2015 September 9 , 2014 Season 6 24 1979 -- 1980 October 26 , 2004 May 3 , 2010 July 14 , 2015 September 9 , 2014 Season 7 22 1980 -- 1981 February 15 , 2005 July 17 , 2010 October 6 , 2015 ( DVD ) December 22 , 2015 ( Blu - ray ) September 9 , 2014 Season 8 22 1981 -- 1982 June 14 , 2005 March 20 , 2011 January 19 , 2016 ( DVD ) March 22 , 2016 ( Blu - ray ) September 9 , 2014 Season 9 22 1982 -- 1983 November 1 , 2005 January 20 , 2012 April 19 , 2016 September 9 , 2014 3 - Movie Box Set 3 movies 1983 -- 1984 November 28 , 2006 None ( but is in Complete set ) September 13 , 2016 ( DVD only ) September 13 , 2016 The Complete Television Series 204 1974 -- 1984 November 11 , 2008 October 7 , 2015 ( Dutch import ) October 6 , 2015 ( DVD only ) September 9 , 2014 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Special Collectors ' Issue : 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . TV Guide ( June 28 -- July 4 ) . 1997 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Little House on the Prairie Season 8 Episode 8 Chicago '' . TV.com . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Farewell Summary '' . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Parker , Lennon . `` The REAL story of the destruction of Walnut Grove '' . Prairie Fans . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Melissa ( 2009 ) . Prairie Tale : A Memoir ( pp. 141 - 142 ) . Simon Spotlight Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings - 1974 '' . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings - 1975 '' . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings - 1977 '' . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings - 1978 '' . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings - 1979 '' . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings - 1980 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Ted Voigtlander , 75 ; Won Emmys for ' Little House ' Cinematography '' . Los Angeles Times . December 11 , 1988 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shows Archive - INSP TV - Family - Friendly Entertainment - TV Shows and Movies '' . www.insp.com . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel Removes Happy Days for Dramas ; Sitcom Stars on Talk Shows ( Week of April 29 , 2013 ) - SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . sitcomsonline.com . Jump up ^ `` Blu-ray.com forum - Little House on the Prairie : Seasons 1 - 10 '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Little House on the Prairie ( TV series ) . Television in the United States portal 1970s portal 1980s portal Little House on the Prairie on IMDb Little House : Look Back to Yesterday on IMDb Little House : The Last Farewell on IMDb Little House : Bless All the Dear Children on IMDb The Illustrated Little House on the Prairie Episode Guide Little House on the Prairie Official Website ( hide ) Laura Ingalls Wilder Little House on the Prairie Books Little House in the Big Woods ( 1932 ) Farmer Boy ( 1933 ) Little House on the Prairie ( 1935 ) On the Banks of Plum Creek ( 1937 ) By the Shores of Silver Lake ( 1939 ) The Long Winter ( 1940 ) Little Town on the Prairie ( 1941 ) These Happy Golden Years ( 1943 ) On the Way Home ( 1962 , posthumous ) The First Four Years ( 1971 ) West from Home ( 1974 ) Old Town in the Green Groves ( 2002 ) A Little House Traveler ( 2006 ) Characters Mr. Edwards Nellie Oleson Robert Alden The Wilder Family Other Live - action TV series pilot episodes Animated TV series TV films TV miniseries Musical Little House Wayside Locations Winoka Family Charles Ingalls Caroline Ingalls Mary Ingalls Carrie Ingalls Grace Ingalls Almanzo Wilder Rose Wilder Lane Other Young Pioneers novel pilot miniseries Christmas special Free Land Highway Medal William Anderson BNF : cb13506393j ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_House_on_the_Prairie_(TV_series)&oldid=808260450 '' Categories : 1974 American television series debuts 1983 American television series endings 1970s American television series 1980s American television series American drama television series English - language television programs NBC network shows Little House on the Prairie ( TV series ) Period television series Period family drama television series Television programs based on American novels Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by Universal Television Television shows set in Minnesota Western ( genre ) television series Television series set in the 1870s Television series set in the 1880s Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles needing additional references from February 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 20 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many seasons of little house on the prairie were there	[ "\n\nLittle House on the Prairie\n\n\n\n\n\nAlso known as\nLittle House: A New Beginning\n\n\nGenre\nWestern\nDrama\n\n\nBased on\nLittle House on the Prairie by Laura Ingalls Wilder\n\n\nDeveloped by\nBlanche Hanalis\n\n\nDirected by\n\n\n\nWilliam F. Claxton\nMaury Dexter\nVictor French\nMichael Landon\nLeo Penn\n\n\n\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nMichael Landon\nMelissa Gilbert\nKaren Grassle\nMelissa Sue Anderson\nLindsay and Sidney Greenbush\nMatthew Laborteaux\nRichard Bull\nKatherine MacGregor\nAlison Arngrim\nJonathan Gilbert\nKevin Hagen\nDabbs Greer\nVictor French\nMerlin Olsen\nKyle Richards\nDean Butler\nLinwood Boomer\nShannen Doherty\n\n\n\n\n\nTheme music composer\nDavid Rose\n\n\nComposer(s)\nDavid Rose\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nEnglish\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n9\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n204 (+ 4 specials) (list of episodes)\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nMichael Landon\nEd Friendly\n\n\nProducer(s)\nJohn Hawkins\nWilliam F. Claxton\n\n\nRunning time\n48-49 minutes\n\n\nProduction company(s)\nEd Friendly Productions\nNBC\n\n\nDistributor\n\nWorldvision Enterprises\nCBS Television Distribution (USA)\nNBCUniversal International Television Distribution (non-USA and Cozi airings)\nMGM Television (international) 2004-Present\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nNBC\n\n\nPicture format\nNTSC\n\n\nAudio format\nMonaural\n\n\nOriginal release\nSeptember 11, 1974 (1974-09-11) – March 21, 1983 (1983-03-21)\n\n\nChronology\n\n\nPreceded by\nLittle House on the Prairie (film)\n\n\nFollowed by\nLittle House on the Prairie: A Look Back to Yesterday\n\n\nRelated shows\nFather Murphy\n\n" ]	[ "9" ]
5365914662184324770	Superior vena cava	Superior vena cava - wikipedia Superior vena cava Jump to : navigation , search Superior vena cava Veins Details Precursor common cardinal veins Source brachiocephalic vein , azygos vein Identifiers Latin vena cava superior , vena maxima MeSH D014683 TA A12. 3.03. 001 FMA 4720 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The superior vena cava ( SVC ) is the superior of the two venae cavae , the great venous trunks that return deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation to the right atrium of the heart . It is a large - diameter ( 24 mm ) , yet short , vein that receives venous return from the upper half of the body , above the diaphragm . ( Venous return from the lower half , below the diaphragm , flows through the inferior vena cava . ) The SVC is located in the anterior right superior mediastinum . It is the typical site of central venous access ( CVA ) via a central venous catheter or a peripherally inserted central catheter . Mentions of `` the cava '' without further specification usually refer to the SVC . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure and Course of superior vena cava 2 Clinical significance 3 Additional images 4 See also 5 References Structure and course of superior vena cava ( edit ) It is formed by the left and right brachiocephalic veins ( also referred to as the innominate veins ) , which also receive blood from the upper limbs , eyes and neck , behind the lower border of the first right costal cartilage . It passes vertically downwards behind first intercostal space and receives azygos vein just before it pierces the fibrous pericardium opposite right second costal cartilage and its lower part is intrapericardial . And then , it ends in the upper and posterior part of the sinus venarum of the right atrium , at the upper right front portion of the heart . It is also known as the cranial vena cava in other animals . No valve divides the superior vena cava from the right atrium . As a result , the ( right ) atrial and ( right ) ventricular contractions are conducted up into the internal jugular vein and , through the sternocleidomastoid muscle , can be seen as the jugular venous pressure . Clinical significance ( edit ) Superior vena cava obstruction refers to a partial or complete obstruction of the superior vena cava , typically in the context of cancer such as a cancer of the lung , metastatic cancer , or lymphoma . Obstruction can lead to enlarged veins in the head and neck , and may also cause breathlessness , cough , chest pain , and difficulty swallowing . Pemberton 's sign may be positive . Tumours causing obstruction may be treated with chemotherapy and / or radiotherapy to reduce their effects , and corticosteroids may also be given . In tricuspid valve regurgitation , these pulsations are very strong . Additional images ( edit ) Diagram showing completion of development of the parietal veins . Front view of heart and lungs . Heart seen from above . Superior vena cava Transverse section of thorax , showing relations of pulmonary artery . The arch of the aorta and its branches . The brachiocephalic veins , superior vena cava , inferior vena cava , azygos vein , and their tributaries . See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Persistent left superior vena cava Superior vena cava syndrome Inferior vena cava References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=463077437&linkID=32255&cook=no Jump up ^ Britton , the editors Nicki R. Colledge , Brian R. Walker , Stuart H. Ralston ; illustrated by Robert ( 2010 ) . Davidson 's principles and practice of medicine ( 21st ed . ) . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . p. 268 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3085 - 7 . ( hide ) Veins of the thorax and vertebral column Thorax Heart Coronary sinus Great cardiac ( Left marginal ) Posterior of the left ventricle Oblique of the left atrium ( Ligament of the left vena cava ) Middle cardiac Small cardiac vein Anterior cardiac ( Right marginal ) Smallest cardiac veins Right atrial veins Right ventricular veins Lungs Pulmonary veins superior vena cava Brachiocephalic internal thoracic anterior intercostal superior epigastric left superior intercostal supreme vertebral subclavian axillary : lateral thoracic thoracoepigastric dorsal scapular external jugular pericardiacophrenic internal jugular Azygos right superior intercostal bronchial intercostal / posterior intercostal 5 - 11 accessory hemiazygos / hemiazygos superior phrenic Vertebral column vertebral venous plexuses external internal spinal posterior anterior basivertebral intervertebral Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superior_vena_cava&oldid=825336823 '' Categories : Veins of the torso Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 20 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the blood entering the superior vena cava come from	[ "The superior vena cava (SVC) is the superior of the two venae cavae, the great venous trunks that return deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation to the right atrium of the heart. It is a large-diameter (24 mm), yet short, vein that receives venous return from the upper half of the body, above the diaphragm. (Venous return from the lower half, below the diaphragm, flows through the inferior vena cava.) The SVC is located in the anterior right superior mediastinum.[1] It is the typical site of central venous access (CVA) via a central venous catheter or a peripherally inserted central catheter. Mentions of \"the cava\" without further specification usually refer to the SVC." ]	[ "the upper half of the body, above the diaphragm" ]
3019838194695117144	General Sherman (tree)	General Sherman ( tree ) - wikipedia General Sherman ( tree ) A view of the General Sherman , the largest single stem tree in the world Looking upward from the base of the General Sherman located in California 's Sequoia National Park A child standing under the tree . The General Sherman in Winter . General Sherman is a giant sequoia ( Sequoiadendron giganteum ) tree located in the Giant Forest of Sequoia National Park in Tulare County , in the U.S. state of California . By volume , it is the largest known living single - stem tree on Earth . While the General Sherman is the largest currently living tree , it is not the largest historically - recorded tree . The Crannell Creek Giant , a coast redwood ( Sequoia sempervirens ) near Trinidad , California , is estimated to have been 15 to 25 % larger than the General Sherman tree by volume . That tree was cut down in the mid-1940s . Another larger coast redwood , near 90,000 cubic feet , the Lindsey Creek tree , was reported in a 1905 Humboldt Times Standard article . Contents 1 History 2 Dimensions 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) The General Sherman was named after the American Civil War general William Tecumseh Sherman , in 1879 by naturalist James Wolverton , who had served as a lieutenant in the 9th Indiana Cavalry under Sherman . In 1931 , following comparisons with the nearby General Grant tree , General Sherman was identified as the largest tree in the world . One result of this process was that wood volume became widely accepted as the standard for establishing and comparing the size of different trees . In January 2006 the largest branch on the tree ( seen most commonly , in older photos , as an `` L '' or golf - club shape , protruding from about a quarter of the way down the trunk ) broke off . There were no witnesses to the incident , and the branch -- larger than most tree trunks ; diameter over 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) and length over 30 m ( 98 ft ) -- smashed part of the perimeter fence and cratered the pavement of the surrounding walkway . The breakage is not believed to be indicative of any abnormalities in the tree 's health , and may even be a natural defense mechanism against adverse weather conditions . Dimensions ( edit ) While it is the largest tree known , the General Sherman Tree is neither the tallest known living tree on Earth ( that distinction belongs to the Hyperion tree , a Coast redwood ) , nor is it the widest ( both the largest cypress and largest baobab have a greater diameter ) , nor is it the oldest known living tree on Earth ( that distinction belongs to a Great Basin bristlecone pine ) . With a height of 83.8 meters ( 275 ft ) , a diameter of 7.7 m ( 25 ft ) , an estimated bole volume of 1,487 m ( 52,513 cu ft ) , and an estimated age of 2,300 -- 2,700 years , it is nevertheless among the tallest , widest , and longest - lived of all trees on the planet . Height above base 274.9 ft 83.8 m Circumference at ground 102.6 ft 31.3 m Maximum diameter at base 36.5 ft 11.1 m Diameter 4.50 ft ( 1.37 m ) above height point on ground 25.1 ft 7.7 m Girth Diameter 60 ft ( 18 m ) above base 17.5 ft 5.3 m Diameter 180 ft ( 55 m ) above base 14.0 ft 4.3 m Diameter of largest branch 6.8 ft 2.1 m Height of first large branch above the base 130.0 ft 39.6 m Average crown spread 106.5 ft 32.5 m Estimated bole volume 52,508 cu ft 1,487 m Estimated mass ( wet ) ( 1938 ) 2,105 short tons 1,910 t Estimated bole mass ( 1938 ) 2,472,000 lb 1,121 t See also ( edit ) List of largest giant sequoias List of superlative trees List of trees List of oldest trees National Register of Big Trees References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The General Sherman Tree '' . Sequoia National Park . U.S. National Park Service . 1997 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Vaden , Mario D. `` Crannell Creek Giant '' . Jump up ^ Landmark Trees . `` Crannell Creek Giant '' . Jump up ^ Van Pelt , Robert . `` The Trees '' . Forest Giants . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Tweed , William ( 2006 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Sequoias designed to last a couple of thousand years '' . Visalia Times Delta . Jump up ^ Earle , CJ ( 2011 ) . `` Sequoia sempervirens '' . The Gymnosperm Database . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Earle , CJ ( 2011 ) . `` Pinus longaeva '' . The Gymnosperm Database . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Stephenson , N.L. ( January 2002 ) . `` Estimated Ages of Some Large Giant Sequoias : General Sherman Keeps Getting Younger '' . Nature Notes . Yosemite Association . 2 . Jump up ^ Martin , Glen ( 2006 - 09 - 07 ) . `` World 's tallest trees '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved January 2009 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ Records , Guinness World ( 2007 - 08 - 07 ) . Guinness World Record 2008 , World 's Tallest Tree . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904994 - 19 - 0 . Retrieved January 2009 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Flint , Wendell D. ( 1987 ) . To Find the Biggest Tree . Sequoia National History Association . p. 94 . ^ Jump up to : Fry , Walter ; White , John Roberts ( 1942 ) . Big Trees . Palo Alto , California : Stanford University Press . `` General Sherman Tree '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to General Sherman Tree . `` What is the largest tree in the world ? '' Video of a park ranger at Sequoia National Park explaining details about the General Sherman Tree Norton , Marc . `` The Karl Marx Tree : How Southern Pacific Railroad killed a socialist colony in the name of creating Yosemite National Park , '' Red Hills , August 27 , 2014 . Coordinates : 36 ° 34 ′ 54 '' N 118 ° 45 ′ 05.5 '' W / 36.58167 ° N 118.751528 ° W / 36.58167 ; - 118.751528 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Sherman_(tree)&oldid=855086698 '' Categories : Individual giant sequoia trees Individual trees in California Sequoia National Park Natural history of Tulare County , California Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 پنجابی Polski Português Ripoarisch Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska తెలుగు اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2018 , at 21 : 05 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	sequoia national park biggest tree in the world	[ "General Sherman is a giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) tree located in the Giant Forest of Sequoia National Park in Tulare County, in the U.S. state of California. By volume, it is the largest known living single-stem tree on Earth.[1]\n" ]	[ "General Sherman" ]
-8450448406126745213	Honey, I Blew Up the Kid	Honey , I Blew up the Kid - wikipedia Honey , I Blew up the Kid Jump to : navigation , search Honey , I Blew Up the Kid Theatrical release poster Directed by Randal Kleiser Produced by Dawn Steel Edward S. Feldman Screenplay by Garry Goodrow Thom Eberhardt Peter Elbling Story by Garry Goodrow Based on Characters by : Stuart Gordon Brian Yuzna Ed Naha Starring Rick Moranis Marcia Strassman Lloyd Bridges Robert Oliveri John Shea Music by Bruce Broughton Cinematography John Hora Edited by Harry Hitner Production company Walt Disney Pictures Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date July 17 , 1992 ( 1992 - 07 - 17 ) Running time 89 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $40 million Box office $76 million Honey , I Blew Up the Kid is a 1992 American comedy science fiction film and the sequel to the 1989 film Honey , I Shrunk the Kids . Directed by Randal Kleiser and released by Walt Disney Pictures , the film stars Rick Moranis , Marcia Strassman , Robert Oliveri and Amy O'Neill , who reprise their roles as Wayne , Diane , Nick , and Amy Szalinski respectively , as well as newcomer Keri Russell as Mandy Park , Nick 's love interest and babysitter of Adam , the Szalinskis ' new two - year - old son , whose accidental exposure to Wayne 's new industrial - sized growth machine causes him to gradually grow to enormous size . Made only three years after Honey , I Shrunk the Kids , this film is set five years after the events depicted in the previous film . It was filmed in 1991 . The antagonist to the Szalinskis is Dr. Charles Hendrickson ( John Shea ) , who wants the giant Adam stopped at all costs and would like to take over Wayne 's invention that is now owned by the major corporation they work for , which is in turn owned by the kind Clifford Sterling ( Lloyd Bridges ) . This film would be followed by one last sequel in 1997 , this time a direct - to - video film , Honey , We Shrunk Ourselves . A TV show would also follow the film in 1997 , called Honey , I Shrunk the Kids . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Direction 3.3 Lawsuit before release 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical 5 Soundtrack 5.1 1992 Track listing 5.2 2017 Track listing 6 Home media 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Five years after inventor Wayne Szalinski accidentally shrunk his and his neighbors ' children , his family have moved to Nevada , and welcomed a new son , mischievous two - ish - year old Adam . Wayne 's wife Diane leaves on a Friday with their daughter Amy for college , leaving Wayne to look after Adam and their teenage son Nick , who struggles with puberty . He develops a crush on Mandy Park , who Wayne later arranges to babysit Adam . One Saturday , Wayne takes his sons to Sterling Labs , where he has constructed a device which could make objects grow . He tests it out on Adam 's toy Big Bunny . However , when Wayne and Nick 's backs are turned , Adam retrieves his toy and is zapped by the machine , which appears to short circuit and not enlarge the targeted object . Back home , Adam and Big Bunny are exposed to electrical waves from the microwave oven and grow in size , now seven feet tall . Wayne and Nick try to take Adam back to the lab to reverse the process , but are caught by Wayne 's superior Doctor Charles Hendrickson , who dislikes Wayne , later discovering his folly . Diane returns home and discovers the truth . Wayne and Diane drive to a warehouse and retrieve Wayne 's shrink ray to turn Adam back to normal . When Mandy arrives to babysit Adam , Nick calms her down when she sees the gigantic toddler . Adam is exposed to a television 's electrical waves and grows to fourteen feet , before escaping through a wall . Nick and Mandy search for him , but they and Adam are taken into custody , Adam placed into a truck . Wayne and Diane return home , finding the smug Hendrickson waiting for them . He has summoned Clifford Sterling , the company chairman , with the plan to fire Wayne and experiment on Adam . Sterling arrives , praising Wayne when he admits his mistake and agrees to help Adam , firing the rude Hendrickson as well . Adam grows even larger , escaping confinement , and heads for Las Vegas , pursued by his family and the authorities . Adam mistakes Nick and Mandy for toys and puts them in his overalls pocket . Hendrickson gets permission to board a military helicopter and tranquilize Adam . Wayne needs Adam to stand still for twelve seconds so he can be shrunk . At first , he tries using Big Bunny to pacify Adam but it backfires when Wayne suggests his son takes a nap ( which he hates ) . After wandering through Las Vegas , Adam saves the escaped Nick and Mandy in a sports car from falling off the Kicking Lady of Glitter Gulch ( Fremont Street ) and puts the car inside his pocket again , before pursuing an ice cream truck driven by Marshall Brooks to distract him away from the city . However , he continues to grow even larger and heads towards the Hard Rock Café , where he plays the lit up guitar . Hendrickson arrives in the helicopter shooting tranquilizer cartridges at Adam , hitting the guitar instead and causing him to drop the guitar , crying from electric shock . Diane convinces Wayne to enlarge her so she can hug Adam , preventing Hendrickson from harming her son and getting Adam to stand still for the needed time period for the shrinking ray to work . Wayne then fires the shrink ray , returning Adam and Diane to normal size . Hendrickson arrives , attempting to justify his actions , but Diane punches him in the face . In the closing scene , Nick and Mandy are revealed to have been shrunk inside the car from inside Adam 's pocket to the size of insects , only to be quickly found by Wayne . The only problem left is to shrink gigantic Big Bunny to normal size . Cast ( edit ) Rick Moranis as Wayne Szalinski , a wacky inventor . Marcia Strassman as Diane Szalinski , Wayne 's wife . Amy O'Neill as Amy Szalinski , Wayne and Diane 's eldest daughter . Robert Oliveri as Nick Szalinski , Wayne and Diane 's teenage son . Daniel & Joshua Shalikar as Adam Szalinski , Wayne and Diane 's two - year - old son . John Shea as Dr. Charles Hendrickson , Wayne 's insolent boss . Lloyd Bridges as Clifford Sterling , the president of Sterling Labs . Keri Russell as Mandy Park , Adam 's babysitter . Ron Canada as Marshall Brooks Gregory Sierra as Terence Wheeler Michael Milhoan as Captain Ed Myerson Leslie Neale as Constance Winters Julia Sweeney as a Nosy neighbor Linda Carlson as another Nosy neighbor Production ( edit ) The film was not originally written as a sequel to Honey , I Shrunk the Kids . Originally titled Big Baby , it was about a toddler who grew to giant size by a freak accident involving a growth ray and eventually terrorized Las Vegas in a non-violent , yet Godzillaesque way . Disney saw the possibilities of making this into a sequel to Honey and rewrote the script . Whereas most of the characters from Big Baby were rewritten as characters from Honey , I Shrunk the Kids , there was no character in the original that `` Amy Szalinski '' could replace , so she is seen going away to college in the beginning of the film . Casting ( edit ) Rick Moranis returns from the original film to portray `` wacky '' inventor Wayne Szalinski . Also returning is his wife , Diane , who is portrayed by Marcia Strassman . Amy O'Neill and Robert Oliveri return to portray the Szalinski children , Amy and Nick . Nick has matured in his personality and interests since the last film . He is still considered `` nerdy '' , but has taken more interest in girls and guitars . Casting director Renee Rousselot searched over 1,000 small children for someone to portray Adam , the newest addition to the Szalinski clan . She searched for mostly three - to four - year - old boys because a younger child was thought to be problematic . She came across twins Daniel and Joshua Shalikar , from New Jersey and immediately cast them in December 1990 . One twin would act in the morning , while the other was eating lunch or taking a nap . Baby consultant Elaine Hall Katz and director Randal Kleiser would plan the twins ' scenes a week in advance . Tom Smith reported that , `` On his own , Dan was almost too adventuresome to repeat one move , and Josh seemed very cautious . Put them together and they could do anything . '' However , the film did have difficulties in working with such small children , and one crew member later remarked it was `` like playing hopscotch on hot coals '' . At the time , the Shalikar twins were scheduled to appear in two more Honey films . They did appear once , but were recast in Honey , We Shrunk Ourselves . In the film , Nick has a crush on a girl named Mandy Park , played by Keri Russell in her first feature film . John Shea portrays Dr. Charles Hendrickson , who is scheming to get Wayne 's control of the project , while Lloyd Bridges portrays Clifford Sterling , the owner of Sterling Labs . Fred Rogers and Richard Simmons are also seen in videos in TV scenes in the film . Direction ( edit ) Randal Kleiser , of Grease and White Fang fame , was chosen to direct this film , replacing Joe Johnston . Kleiser would return to film with the cast in the 3D show , Honey , I Shrunk the Audience , which was at several Disney parks until 2010 . Like its predecessor , and Grease , Honey , I Blew Up the Kid had animated opening credits . Production began on June 17 , 1991 . Filming took place in Simi Valley , California for the parts involving the Szalinskis ' house . Also used extensively was well known places in Las Vegas such as the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino , the Mirage Hotel , and Fremont Street . The water park where Nick worked and where Mandy is first introduced is Wet ' n Wild in Las Vegas . It closed in 2004 , twelve years after the film . Special effects were used heavily throughout the film , but some were not . When Adam knocks down his bedroom 's door , production designer Leslie Dilley created a set with miniature furniture about four feet away from the camera , while the adult actors would be about fifteen feet away . Kleiser recalled , `` Danny was generally better at improvising and fresh reactions . Josh was better at following directions , so we would alternate . '' Lawsuit before release ( edit ) Disney would later find itself the subject of a lawsuit as a result of the film . The suit was filed in 1991 by Mark Goodson Productions director Paul Alter , who claimed to have come up with the idea of an oversized toddler after babysitting his granddaughter and watching her topple over building blocks . He wrote a screenplay titled `` Now , That 's a Baby ! '' , which had not been made into a film but had received some sort of treatment beforehand . Alter claimed there were several similarities between the movie and his script , which consisted of the baby daughter of two scientists falling victim to a genetic experiment gone wrong instead of an enlarging ray . The case went to trial in 1993 , with the jury finding in Alter 's favor . Disney was forced to pay $300,000 in damages . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film opened on July 17 , 1992 to 2,492 theatres , almost twice as many as the first film . It was No. 1 on opening weekend with $11,083,318 , and grossed $58,662,452 in the U.S. Critical ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2015 ) The film has received generally mixed reviews . It has a `` rotten '' rating of 41 % at Rotten Tomatoes . Desson Thompson and Hal Hinson , both writers from the Washington Post , agreed that the film was `` a one - joke film '' . Roger Ebert , from the Chicago Sun - Times , said that Adam `` did n't participate in the real world but simply toddled around '' . Soundtrack ( edit ) Honey , I Blew Up the Kid Soundtrack album by Bruce Broughton Released 1992 , 2017 ( expansion ) Genre Soundtrack Length 39 : 57 ( original ) 69 : 34 ( expansion ) Label Intrada Records Producer Bruce Broughton Intrada Records released the record in 1992 , in time for the film 's release . The score was composed and conducted by Bruce Broughton , who would return to provide the score for Honey , I Shrunk the Audience . `` Stayin Alive '' by the Bee Gees appears in the film . So does `` Loco - Motion '' by Carole King , Gerry Goffin , and `` Ours If We Want It '' written by Tom Snow and Mark Mueller . The soundtrack album consists of just the score . In 2017 the label released an expanded edition included Broughton 's score for Off His Rockers , the animated short that preceded the film in cinemas . 1992 Track listing ( edit ) `` Main Title '' -- 3 : 03 `` To the Lab '' -- 1 : 53 `` Adam Gets Zapped '' -- 0 : 35 `` Putting on Weight ? '' -- 1 : 19 `` Macrowaved '' -- 3 : 15 `` How 'd She Take It ? '' -- 3 : 11 `` Sneaking Out '' -- 1 : 12 `` Do n't Touch That Switch ! '' -- 0 : 26 `` The Bunny Trick '' -- 2 : 41 `` Get Big Bunny '' -- 4 : 11 `` Clear the Streets ! '' -- 3 : 00 `` Car Flight '' -- 4 : 38 `` Ice Cream ! '' -- 3 : 47 `` Look at That Mother ! '' -- 2 : 26 `` That 's All , Folks ! '' -- 4 : 20 2017 Track listing ( edit ) Off His Rockers : Music From The Cartoon Short ( 4 : 27 ) Main Title ( 3 : 10 ) Meet The Szalinskis ( 1 : 04 ) Just Like Your Dad ( 1 : 36 ) To The Lab ( 1 : 58 ) Us Guys ( 1 : 02 ) Back To The Lab ( 1 : 14 ) Adam Gets Zapped ( 0 : 35 ) Putting On Weight ? ( 1 : 24 ) Macrowaved ( 3 : 20 ) Hi Guys , I 'm Home ( 0 : 57 ) How 'd She Take It ? ( 3 : 17 ) The Playpen ( 1 : 10 ) Sneaking Out ( 1 : 17 ) The Warehouse ( 2 : 07 ) Do n't Touch That Switch ! ( 0 : 26 ) He 's Out And He 's Bigger ( 0 : 34 ) The Bunny Trick ( 2 : 55 ) Truck Ride ( 0 : 35 ) Hendrickson Gets Sacked ( 0 : 46 ) Get Big Bunny ( 4 : 18 ) No Naaap ( 1 : 47 ) Clear The Streets ! ( 3 : 01 ) Car Flight ( 4 : 43 ) Ice Cream ! ( 3 : 53 ) Look At That Mother ! ( 2 : 30 ) Diane Decks Hendrickson ( 0 : 51 ) End Credits -- That 's All , Folks ! ( 4 : 25 ) Mandy ? ( 0 : 38 ) How Was Your Flight ? ( 0 : 14 ) Starting To Get Big ( 0 : 17 ) Wayne Gets Fired ( 0 : 22 ) It 's Not A Morphis ( 0 : 09 ) The Crate ( 0 : 15 ) He 's Headed For Vegas ( 0 : 10 ) Adam Catches The Car ( 0 : 20 ) Ca n't We Go Faster ? ( 0 : 20 ) Adam Cries ( 0 : 15 ) Mandy 's Room ( Rock Source # 2 ) ( 1 : 36 ) T.V. Commercial Source ( 0 : 17 ) End Credits -- That 's All , Folks ! ( Alternate ) ( 4 : 44 ) Home media ( edit ) Honey , I Blew Up the Kid was first released on VHS and Laserdisc on January 6 , 1993 . The film was released on a bare - bones DVD in 2002 . While the VHS release contained no bonus material besides a music video , the laserdisc release contains the 1992 animated short film , Off His Rockers directed by Barry Cook , which accompanied the theatrical release . To date , Off His Rockers has only appeared on the laserdisc release of this film , making its availability rare , although the short can be viewed on YouTube . The film was released on VHS in 1997 , alongside its predecessor to coincide with the release of the third film in the series , Honey , We Shrunk Ourselves . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Steve Daley ( August 7 , 1992 ) . `` Honey , the Kids Coulda Blown the Movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Levitan , Corey ( 2009 - 11 - 08 ) . `` Las Vegas is Cinema City '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Steve Daley ( May 22 , 1992 ) . `` Blowing Up Baby '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Disney , the Mouse Betrayed '' by Peter and Rochelle Schweitzer Jump up ^ Welkos , Robert W. ( 1993 - 11 - 13 ) . `` Jury Tells Disney to Pay $300,000 in ' Honey ' Case : Movies : A game show producer who claimed his treatment was used as the basis for ' Honey , I Blew Up the Kid ' wins suit . Disney says the film was a sequel to ' Honey , I Shrunk the Kids . ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Honey , I Blew Up the Kid '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Honey , I Blew Up the Kid Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Ebert 's Report on ' Honey , I Blew Up the Kid ' '' . Chicago Sun - Times . 2000 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Official website Honey , I Blew Up the Kid on IMDb Honey , I Blew Up the Kid at the TCM Movie Database Honey , I Blew Up the Kid at AllMovie Honey , I Blew Up the Kid at Rotten Tomatoes Honey , I Shrunk the Kids Films Honey , I Shrunk the Kids Honey , I Blew Up the Kid Honey , We Shrunk Ourselves Television Honey , I Shrunk the Kids : The TV Show ( episodes ) Attractions Honey , I Shrunk the Audience ! Honey , I Shrunk the Kids : Movie Set Adventure Journey into Imagination with Figment Films directed by Randal Kleiser Peege ( 1973 ) Dawn : Portrait of a Teenage Runaway ( 1976 ) The Boy in the Plastic Bubble ( 1976 ) The Gathering ( 1977 ) Grease ( 1978 ) The Blue Lagoon ( 1980 ) Summer Lovers ( 1982 ) Grandview , U.S.A. ( 1984 ) Flight of the Navigator ( 1986 ) Big Top Pee - wee ( 1988 ) Getting It Right ( 1989 ) White Fang ( 1991 ) Honey , I Blew Up the Kid ( 1992 ) It 's My Party ( 1996 ) Shadow of Doubt ( 1998 ) Love Wrecked ( 2005 ) Red Riding Hood ( 2006 ) Film portal 1990s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honey,_I_Blew_Up_the_Kid&oldid=819926624 '' Categories : 1992 films English - language films 1990s adventure films 1990s comedy science fiction films 1990s sequel films American films American children 's comedy films American comedy science fiction films American sequel films Films directed by Randal Kleiser Films set in 1992 Films set in Nevada Films with live action and animation Honey , I Shrunk the Kids ( franchise ) Size change in fiction Walt Disney Pictures films Fictional portrayals of the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department Films scored by Bruce Broughton Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from April 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español Français Galego Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 12 January 2018 , at 02 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the baby in honey i blew up the baby	[ "Casting director Renee Rousselot searched over 1,000 small children for someone to portray Adam, the newest addition to the Szalinski clan. She searched for mostly three- to four-year-old boys because a younger child was thought to be problematic. She came across twins Daniel and Joshua Shalikar, from New Jersey and immediately cast them in December 1990. One twin would act in the morning, while the other was eating lunch or taking a nap. Baby consultant Elaine Hall Katz and director Randal Kleiser would plan the twins' scenes a week in advance. Tom Smith reported that, \"On his own, Dan was almost too adventuresome to repeat one move, and Josh seemed very cautious. Put them together and they could do anything.\" However, the film did have difficulties in working with such small children, and one crew member later remarked it was \"like playing hopscotch on hot coals\".[1] At the time, the Shalikar twins were scheduled to appear in two more Honey films. They did appear once, but were recast in Honey, We Shrunk Ourselves." ]	[ "Daniel and Joshua Shalikar" ]
6819508952154147387	Nehru Trophy Boat Race	Nehru trophy boat race - wikipedia Nehru trophy boat race Jump to : navigation , search നെഹ്റു ട്രോഫി വള്ളം കളി Nehru Trophy Boat Race First boat race 1952 Annual event since 1954 Current champion Gabriel Chundan Course Punnamada Lake , Alappuzha Kerala Course length 1.4 km ( 0.9 miles ) Trophy Nehru Trophy The Nehru Trophy Boat Race is a popular Vallam Kali held in the Punnamada Lake near Alappuzha , Kerala , India . Vallam Kali or Vallamkali literally means boat play / game , but can be translated to boat race in English . The most popular event of the race is the competition of Chundan Vallams ( snake boats ) . Hence the race is also known as Snake Boat Race in English . Other categories of boats which participate in various events of the race are Churulan Vallam , Iruttukuthy Vallam , Odi Vallam , Veppu Vallam ( Vaipu Vallam ) , Vadakkanody Vallam and Kochu Vallam . The Nehru Trophy Valam kali is conducted on the second Saturday of August every year and is a famous tourist attraction Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Course 3 Competitors 4 Media coverage 5 Winners 6 Other renowned boat races in Kerala 7 External links 8 References Etymology ( edit ) People watching Nehru Trophy Boat Race , 2013 Jawaharlal Nehru , the first prime minister of Independent India visited Kerala in 1952 . He was given a roaring reception by the people of Alleppey , escorted by the huge snake - boats . Having gone through the tremendous excitement of sailing in a snake - boat Jawaharlal Nehru donated a rolling trophy to be awarded to the winner of the race . The trophy is a replica of a snake - boat in silver , placed on wooden abacus on which the following words are inscribed . To the winner of the boat - race which is a unique feature of community life in Travancore - Cochin . It was on 1 July 1969 that the trophy was renamed as Nehru Trophy . It was decided in the NTBR meeting held on that day . Course ( edit ) The course is 1.4 km ( 0.9 Miles ) in Punnamada Lake . The 100 -- 120 feet long canoes made of a wood locally called `` Aanjili thadi '' carrying 90 - 110 rowers which moves like a snake through the channels ( hence the name ) , is an eye catching sight for any tourist . The Chundan Vallam also has the record as `` the biggest water vessel used for sports purpose '' . Competitors ( edit ) Karichal , Kallooparamban , champakulam , Nadubhagom , Paayipaadu , Kaavalam , Alapaatu , Aanari , Cheruthana , Aayaparambu , karuvatta puthen chunden , karuvatta sree vinayakan , St. George , Jawahar Thaayankari , Vallamkulangara , Valiya Divanji , Sri. Ganesh , Paarthasarathy , Ambedkar , Mutteal Kainakary , Ellikkulam , Vadakkeaattupuram and Deva 's Chundan are the name of popular snake boats who participate in the Chundan Vallam category . The snake boat which holds the record for winning the most number of trophies is th Karichal Chundan ( 15 times ) . KARICHAL CHUNDAN holds the record for being the fastest chundan in the race during 2016 where it had a Heats time of 4m : 15s . UBC KAINAKARY holds the record for being the club which has won the trophy the most number of times ( 12 times , including two hat tricks ) . Media coverage ( edit ) The event is being televised live every year by Doordarshan . In 2016 the event was shown in High Definition Channel , ' Doordarshan HD ' for the first time . All stations of All India Radio broadcasts the live commentary of the event every year . Winners ( edit ) Boat Races of Kerala ( Punnamada ) A tourist capturing the race moments . Nehru Trophy Boat Race 2013 Boat races of Kerala Nehru Trophy Boat Race Waiting to start Punnamada Boat Race The current hatrick title for continuously winning three times in a row is held by Kumarakom Town Boat Club under the leadership of Raju Vadakkathu Kumarakom Kottayam . Year Club Winners 1952 Nadubhagam Boat club natubhagam chundan 1954 Kavalam team Kavalam Chundan 1955 Nedumudi NSS Karayogam Paarthasarathi Chundan 1956 Kavalam team Kavaalam chundan 1957 Ponga Boat club Neoplian Chundan 1958 Ponga Boat club Kavalam Boat Club Neoplian Chundan Kavalam Chundan 1959 Ponga Boat club Neoplian Chundan 1960 Kavalam boat club Kavalam Chundan 1961 Ponga Boat club Neoplian Chundan 1962 Kavalam boat club Kavaalam chundan 1963 U.B.C Kainakary Kainakary chundan 1964 U.B.C Kainakary St. George Chundan 1965 U.B.C Kainakary Parthasarathi Chundan 1966 Pulinkunnu boat club Pulinkunnu chundan 1967 Pulinkunnu boat club Pulinkunnu chundan 1968 U.B.C Kainakary Parthasarathi Chundan 1969 Pulinkunnu boat club Pulinkunnu chundan 1970 U.B.C Kainakary Kallooparamban chundan 1971 Kumarakam boat club Champakulam boat club Kallooparamban chundan Pulinkunnu chundan 1972 Kumarakam boat club Kallooparamban chundan 1973 Kumarakam boat club Kallooparamban Chundan Friends boat club Karichal Chundan Friends boat club Karichal Chundan 1976 UBC Kainakary Karichal Chundan 1977 Thayankari boat club Jawahar chundan 1978 Thaynkari boat club jawahar thayankari 1979 UBC Kainakary Aayaparambu Valiya Diwanji 1980 Pullingati boat club Karichal chundan 1981 No Winners . 1982 Kumarakam boat club Karichal chundan Kumarakam boat club Karichal chundan 1984 Kumarakam boat club Karichal chundan 1985 Friends boat club jawahar thayankari 1986 Village boat club , Kainakary Karichal chundan Village boat club , Kainakary Karichal chundan Pallathurathi boat club Vellamkulangara Chundan UBC Kainakary champakulam chundan UBC Kainakary champakulam chundan 1991 UBC Kainakary champakulam chundan Sreelakshmana boat club Kallupramban chundan UBC Kainakary Kallupramban chundan Jet Airways champakulam chundan 1995 Alappuzha boat club champakulam chundan Alappuzha boat club champakulam chundan Navajeevan club Alappat Chundan 1998 Pallathuruthi boat club champakulam chundan 1999 Kumarakam town boat club Alappat Chundan 2000 Alappuzha boat club Karichal chundan Friends boat club Karichal chundan 2002 Kumarakam boat club Vellamkulangara chundan 2003 Navajeevan boat club Karichal chundan Kumarakam Town boat club Cheruthana chundan 2005 Kumarakam Town boat club Payippad chundan 2006 Kumarakam Town Boat Club Payippad chundan , 2007 Kumarakam Town Boat Club Payippad chundan 2008 Kollam Jesus Boat Club Karichal chundan 2009 Kollam Jesus Boat Club Champakulam chundan Kumarakam Town Boat Club Jawahar Thayankari 2011 Winners not decided 2012 Freedom Boat Club , Kainakary Sri Ganesh 2013 Harippadu Star Boat Club Sri Ganesh 2014 United Boat Club Kainakary Chambakulam chundan 2015 Kumarakam Vembanad Boat Club Jawahar Thayankari 2016 Kumarakam Vembanad Boat Club Karichal Chundan 2017 Thuruthippuram Boat Club Gabriel Chundan Other renowned boat races in Kerala ( edit ) President 's Trophy Boat Race Kumarakom Boat Race Triprayar Boat Race Kandassankadavu Boat Race Kottayam Thazathagady Boat Race Kumarakom Kavanattilnkara Boat Race Kallada Boat Race Indira Gandhi Boat Race Champakulam Moolam Boat Race Aranmula Uthrattadi Vallamkali Payippad Jalotsavam Karuvatta Jalotsavam Thuruthippuram Boat Race Mahakavi Kumaranasan Memorial Jalotsavam Neerettupuram Boat Race Mannar Mahatma boat race External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nehru Trophy Boat Race . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chundan Vallam . Official Nehru Trophy Boat Race Website www.snakeboatrace.com Nehru Trophy Boat Race Video 60th Nehru Trophy Boat Race Website 61st Nehru Trophy Boat Race Website 64th Nehru Trophy Boat Race Website 65th ( 2017 ) Nehru Trophy Boat Race date References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Race Course , Mass Drill , Boat Clubs and Winners Jump up ^ Nehru Trophy Winners Jump up ^ Nehru Trophy Winners Jump up ^ http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200908081932.htm Hydrography of Kerala Rivers Achankovil Ambankadavu Ayalurpuzha Bharathappuzha Chalakudy Chalippuzha Chaliyar Cherukunnapuzha Cherupuzha Cheruthoni Chulliyar Edamalayar Gayathripuzha Iruvanjippuzha Ithikkara Kabini Kadalundi Kallada Kallayi Kalpathipuzha Kanjirappuzha Kannadipuzha Karamana Karimpuzha ( Malappuram ) Karimpuzha River ( Palakkad ) Korapuzha Korayar Kottappuzha Kunthipuzha Kurumali Kuthirappuzha Madatharuvi Mahé Malampuzha Mangalam Manimala Maruthappuzha Meenachil Meenkarappuzha Mullayar Muthirapuzha Muvattupuzha Neerppuzha Neyyar 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Wildlife Sanctuary Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary Kurinjimala Sanctuary Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Pathiramanal Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary Peechi - Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary Periyar Tiger Reserve Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary Thattekad Bird Sanctuary Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary Zoos Crocodile Rehabilitation and Research Centre Parassinikkadavu Snake Park Thiruvananthapuram Zoo Thrissur Zoo Thrissur Zoological Park Wildlife Conversation & Research Centre Templates Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nehru_Trophy_Boat_Race&oldid=796748635 '' Categories : Boat races in Kerala Monuments and memorials to Jawaharlal Nehru Festivals in Alappuzha district 1952 establishments in India Recurring events established in 1954 Hidden categories : Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia മലയാളം தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2017 , at 20 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the nehru boat race held in india	[ "The Nehru Trophy Boat Race is a popular Vallam Kali held in the Punnamada Lake near Alappuzha, Kerala, India. Vallam Kali or Vallamkali literally means boat play/game, but can be translated to boat race in English. The most popular event of the race is the competition of Chundan Vallams (snake boats). Hence the race is also known as Snake Boat Race in English. Other categories of boats which participate in various events of the race are Churulan Vallam, Iruttukuthy Vallam, Odi Vallam, Veppu Vallam (Vaipu Vallam), Vadakkanody Vallam and Kochu Vallam." ]	[ "in the Punnamada Lake near Alappuzha, Kerala, India" ]
-8618903389915380312	100 metres hurdles	100 metres hurdles - Wikipedia 100 metres hurdles Jump to : navigation , search Athletics 100 metres hurdles A 100 m hurdles race at Atlanta 1996 . Women 's records World Kendra Harrison 12.20 ( 2016 ) Olympic Sally Pearson 12.35 ( 2012 ) Play media Athletics Women 's 100m hurdles Final - 27th Summer Universiade 2013 - Kazan ( RUS ) The 100 metres hurdles , or 100 - meter hurdles , is a track and field event run mainly by women ( the male counterpart is the 110 metres hurdles ) . For the race , ten hurdles of a height of 83.8 centimetres ( 33.0 in ) are placed along a straight course of 100 metres ( 109.36 yd ) . The first hurdle is placed after a run - up of 13 metres from the starting line . The next 9 hurdles are set at a distance of 8.5 metres from each other , and the home stretch from the last hurdle to the finish line is 10.5 metres long . The hurdles are set up so that they will fall over if bumped into by the runner , but weighted so this is disadvantageous . Fallen hurdles do not count against runners provided that they do not run into them on purpose . Like the 100 metres sprint , the 100 m hurdles begins with athletes in starting blocks . The fastest 100 m hurdlers run the distance in a time of around 12.5 seconds . The world record set by Kendra Harrison stands at 12.20 seconds . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Masters athletics 3 Milestones 4 Top 25 athletes 4.1 Notes 4.2 Assisted marks 5 Most successful athletes 6 Olympic medalists 7 World Championships medalists 8 Season 's bests 9 See also 10 External links 11 Notes et references History ( edit ) Cornelia Oschkenat ( nearest camera ) , Heike Theele and Kerstin Knabe ( 1986 ) The Olympic Games had included the 80 m hurdles in the program from 1932 to 1968 . Starting with the 1972 Summer Olympics the women 's race was lengthened to 100 m hurdles . The hurdles sprint race has been run by women since the beginning of women 's athletics , just after the end of World War I . The distances and hurdle heights varied widely in the beginning . While the men had zeroed in on the 110 m hurdles , the International Women 's Sport Federation had registered records for eight different disciplines by 1926 ( 60 yards / 75 cm height , 60 yards / 61 cm , 65 yards / 75 cm , 83 yards / 75 cm , 100 yards / 75 cm , 100 yards / 61 cm , 120 yards / 75 cm , 110 metres / 75 cm ) . At the first Women 's World Games in 1922 a 100 m hurdles race was run . From 1926 until 1968 on only the 80 m distance was run . For the 80 m race women had to clear eight hurdles placed at a distance of 8 metres from each other and a height of 76.2 cm . Just like with the men 's races , until 1935 no more than three hurdles could be knocked over ( or the runner was disqualified ) and records were only officially registered if the runner had cleared all her hurdles clean . In 1935 , this rule was abandoned , and L - shaped hurdles were introduced that fell over forward easily and greatly reduced the risk of injury to the runner . Hurdles are weighted , so when properly set for the height ( for women , closer to the fulcrum of the `` L '' ) , they serve as a consistent disadvantage to making contact with the barrier . Comparison of 80 m and 100 m hurdles Distance Number of hurdles Height Distance made up of Runup Intervals Home stretch 80 m 8 76.2 cm 12 m 8.0 m 12.0 m 100 m 10 83.8 cm 13 m 8.5 m 10.5 m The 80 m hurdles was on the list of women 's sports demanded by the International Women 's Sport Federation for the Olympic Summer Games in 1928 , but was n't included as an Olympic discipline until 1932 . Starting with 1949 , the 80 m hurdles was one of the disciplines included in the women 's pentathlon . During the 1960s , some experimental races were run over a distance of 100 metres using hurdles with a height of 76.2 cm . During the 1968 Summer Olympics , a decision was made to introduce the 100 m hurdles using hurdles with a height of 84 cm . The first international event in the 100 m hurdles occurred at the European Athletics Championships , which were won by Karin Balzer , GDR . The modern 100 m race has an extra 2 hurdles compared to the 80 m race , which are higher and spaced slightly further apart . The home stretch is shorter by 1.5 m . Masters athletics ( edit ) A version of the 100 metres hurdles is also used for 50 - to 59 - year - old men in Masters athletics . They run the same spacing as women , which coordinates with existing markings on most tracks , but run over 36 - inch ( 0.915 m ) hurdles . In the 60 - 69 age range , the spacings are changed . Women over age 40 and men over age 70 run 80 metre versions with different heights and spacings . Milestones ( edit ) 100 m hurdles : First official time registered with hurdles of reduced height ( 76.2 cm ) : Pamela Kilborn , AUS , November 26 , 1961 First official time with hurdles of standard height ( 83.8 cm ) : 15.1 seconds , Connie Pettersson , USA , May 28 , 1966 First official world record : 13.3 seconds , Karin Balzer , GDR , June 20 , 1969 First runner under 13 seconds : 12.9 seconds , Karin Balzer , GDR , September 5 , 1969 First runner under 12.5 seconds : 12.3 seconds , Annelie Ehrhardt GDR , July 20 , 1973 ( last hand timed world record ; electronically timed at 12.68 seconds ) 12.48 seconds , Grażyna Rabsztyn , POL , June 10 , 1978 First runner under 12.3 seconds : 12.29 seconds , Yordanka Donkova BUL , August 17 , 1986 First country to win gold , silver , and bronze in the women 's 100 m hurdles in one Olympics : America ( Brianna Rollins , Nia Ali and Kristi Castlin ) , 2016 ; this was also the first time American women achieved such a sweep in any Olympic event Top 25 athletes ( edit ) Correct as of July 2017 . Rank Time Wind ( m / s ) Athlete Country Date Venue Ref 12.20 + 0.3 Kendra Harrison United States 22 July 2016 London 12.21 + 0.7 Yordanka Donkova Bulgaria 20 August 1988 Stara Zagora 12.25 + 1.4 Ginka Zagorcheva Bulgaria 8 August 1987 Drama 12.26 + 1.7 Ludmila Narozhilenko Russia 6 June 1992 Seville 12.26 + 1.2 Brianna Rollins United States 22 June 2013 Des Moines 6 12.28 + 1.1 Sally Pearson Australia 3 September 2011 Daegu 7 12.33 -- 0.3 Gail Devers United States 23 July 2000 Sacramento 8 12.34 + 1.9 Sharika Nelvis United States 26 June 2015 Eugene 9 12.35 + 0.9 Jasmin Stowers United States 15 May 2015 Doha 10 12.36 + 1.9 Grażyna Rabsztyn Poland 13 June 1980 Warsaw 11 12.37 + 1.5 Joanna Hayes United States 24 August 2004 Athens 12.37 - 0.2 Dawn Harper United States 7 August 2012 London 13 12.39 + 1.5 Vera Komisova Soviet Union 5 August 1980 Rome 12.39 + 1.8 Nataliya Grygoryeva Soviet Union 11 July 1991 Kiev 15 12.42 + 1.8 Bettine Jahn East Germany 8 June 1983 Berlin 12.42 + 2.0 Anjanette Kirkland United States 11 August 2001 Edmonton 17 12.43 - 0.9 Lucyna Kalek Poland 19 August 1984 Hannover 12.43 - 0.3 Michelle Perry United States 26 June 2005 Carson 12.43 + 0.6 11 July 2006 Lausanne 12.43 + 0.2 Lolo Jones United States 18 August 2008 Beijing 12.43 + 1.2 Queen Harrison United States 22 June 2013 Des Moines 21 12.44 - 0.5 Gloria Siebert East Germany 4 September 1987 Rome 12.44 - 0.8 Olga Shishigina Kazakhstan 27 June 1995 Lucerne 12.44 + 0.4 Glory Alozie Nigeria 8 August 1998 Monaco 12.44 0.0 28 August 1998 Brussels 12.44 + 0.7 28 August 1999 Seville 12.44 + 0.6 Damu Cherry United States 7 July 2006 Lausanne 25 12.45 + 1.3 Cornelia Oschkenat East Germany 11 June 1987 Neubrandenburg 12.45 + 1.4 Brigitte Foster - Hylton Jamaica 24 May 2003 Eugene 12.45 + 1.5 Olena Krasovska Ukraine 24 August 2004 Athens 12.45 + 1.4 Virginia Crawford United States 2 June 2007 New York City Notes ( edit ) Below is a list of all other legal times inside 12.39 : Yordanka Donkova also ran 12.24 ( 1988 ) , 12.26 ( 1986 ) , 12.27 ( 1988 ) , 12.29 ( 1986 ) , 12.33 ( 1987 ) . Kendra Harrison also ran 12.24 ( 2016 ) , 12.28 ( 2017 ) . Ludmila Narozhilenko also ran 12.28 ( 1991 ) , 12.28 ( 1992 ) , 12.32 ( 1992 ) . Ginka Zagorcheva also ran 12.34 ( 1987 ) . Brianna Rollins also ran 12.34 ( 2016 ) . Assisted marks ( edit ) Any performance with a following wind of more than 2.0 metres per second does not count for record purposes . Below is a list of all wind - assisted times equal or superior to 12.37 . Cornelia Oschkenat ( GDR ) ran 12.28 sec ( + 2.7 ) in Berlin , August 25 , 1987 . Yordanka Donkova ( BUL ) ran 12.29 sec ( + 3.5 ) in Lausanne , June 24 , 1988 . Gail Devers ( USA ) ran 12.29 sec ( + 2.7 ) in Eugene , May 26 , 2002 . Lolo Jones ( USA ) ran 12.29 sec ( + 3.8 ) in Eugene , July 6 , 2008 . Brianna Rollins ran 12.30 ( + 2.8 ) on June 22 , and 12.33 ( + 2.3 ) on June 21 , in Des Moines in 2013 . Bettine Jahn ( GDR ) ran 12.35 sec ( + 2.4 ) in Helsinki ( World Championship final ) , August 13 , 1983 Kellie Wells ( USA ) ran 12.35 sec ( + 3.7 ) in Gainseville , April 16 , 2011 . Legal best is 12.48 sec in London Olympic final , August 7 , 2012 . Dawn Harper ( USA ) ran 12.36 sec ( + 2.2 ) in Eugene , Oregon , June 28 , 2009 . Gloria Siebert ( GDR ) ran 12.37 sec ( + 2.7 ) in Berlin , August 25 , 1987 . Danielle Carruthers ( USA ) ran 12.37 sec ( + 3.4 ) in Eugene , Oregon , June 26 , 2011 . Legal best 12.47 sec in 2011 . Most successful athletes ( edit ) Shirley Strickland ( AUS ) : two Olympic victories , 1952 and 1956 in the 80 m hurdles . Ludmila Narozhilenko - Engquist ( URS ) later ( SWE ) : Olympic victory , 1996 , two World Championship victories , 1991 and 1997 . Gail Devers ( USA ) : three World Championships , 1993 , 1995 , 1999 , as well as runner - up at the 1991 and 2001 World Championships . Sally Pearson ( AUS ) : Olympic victory in 2012 , as well as runner - up in 2008 . World Championship victories in 2011 and 2017 , as well as runner - up in 2013 . Brianna Rollins ( USA ) : Olympic victory in 2016 , World Championships 2013 . Olympic medalists ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1972 Munich details Annelie Ehrhardt ( GDR ) Valeria Bufanu ( ROU ) Karin Balzer ( GDR ) 1976 Montreal details Johanna Schaller - Klier ( GDR ) Tatyana Anisimova ( URS ) Natalya Lebedeva ( URS ) 1980 Moscow details Vera Komisova ( URS ) Johanna Schaller - Klier ( GDR ) Lucyna Langer ( POL ) 1984 Los Angeles details Benita Fitzgerald ( USA ) Shirley Strong ( GBR ) Michèle Chardonnet ( FRA ) Kim Turner ( USA ) 1988 Seoul details Yordanka Donkova ( BUL ) Gloria Siebert ( GDR ) Claudia Zackiewicz ( FRG ) 1992 Barcelona details Voula Patoulidou ( GRE ) LaVonna Martin ( USA ) Yordanka Donkova ( BUL ) 1996 Atlanta details Ludmila Engquist ( SWE ) Brigita Bukovec ( SLO ) Patricia Girard ( FRA ) 2000 Sydney details Olga Shishigina ( KAZ ) Glory Alozie ( NGR ) Melissa Morrison ( USA ) 2004 Athens details Joanna Hayes ( USA ) Olena Krasovska ( UKR ) Melissa Morrison ( USA ) 2008 Beijing details Dawn Harper ( USA ) Sally McLellan ( AUS ) Priscilla Lopes - Schliep ( CAN ) 2012 London details Sally Pearson ( AUS ) Dawn Harper ( USA ) Kellie Wells ( USA ) 2016 Rio de Janeiro details Brianna Rollins ( USA ) Nia Ali ( USA ) Kristi Castlin ( USA ) Gold : Usain Bolt Silver : Tyson Gay Bronze : Christian Coleman World Championships medalists ( edit ) Championships Gold Silver Bronze 1983 Helsinki details Bettine Jahn ( GDR ) Kerstin Knabe ( GDR ) Ginka Zagorcheva ( BUL ) 1987 Rome details Ginka Zagorcheva ( BUL ) Gloria Uibel ( GDR ) Cornelia Oschkenat ( GDR ) 1991 Tokyo details Ludmila Narozhilenko ( URS ) Gail Devers ( USA ) Nataliya Grygoryeva ( URS ) 1993 Stuttgart details Gail Devers ( USA ) Marina Azyabina ( RUS ) Lynda Tolbert - Goode ( USA ) 1995 Gothenburg details Gail Devers ( USA ) Olga Shishigina ( KAZ ) Yuliya Graudyn ( RUS ) 1997 Athens details Ludmila Engquist ( SWE ) Svetla Dimitrova ( BUL ) Michelle Freeman ( JAM ) 1999 Seville details Gail Devers ( USA ) Glory Alozie ( NGR ) Ludmila Engquist ( SWE ) 2001 Edmonton details Anjanette Kirkland ( USA ) Gail Devers ( USA ) Olga Shishigina ( KAZ ) 2003 Saint - Denis details Perdita Felicien ( CAN ) Brigitte Foster - Hylton ( JAM ) Miesha McKelvy ( USA ) 2005 Helsinki details Michelle Perry ( USA ) Delloreen Ennis - London ( JAM ) Brigitte Foster - Hylton ( JAM ) 2007 Osaka details Michelle Perry ( USA ) Perdita Felicien ( CAN ) Delloreen Ennis - London ( JAM ) 2009 Berlin details Brigitte Foster - Hylton ( JAM ) Priscilla Lopes - Schliep ( CAN ) Delloreen Ennis - London ( JAM ) 2011 Daegu details Sally Pearson ( AUS ) Danielle Carruthers ( USA ) Dawn Harper ( USA ) 2013 Moscow details Brianna Rollins ( USA ) Sally Pearson ( AUS ) Tiffany Porter ( GBR ) 2015 Beijing details Danielle Williams ( JAM ) Cindy Roleder ( GER ) Alina Talay ( BLR ) 2017 London details Sally Pearson ( AUS ) Dawn Harper - Nelson ( USA ) Pamela Dutkiewicz ( GER ) Season 's bests ( edit ) Year Time Athlete Place 1970 12.93 Chi Cheng ( ROC ) Munich 1971 12.60 Karin Balzer ( GDR ) East Berlin 1972 12.59 Anneliese Ehrhardt ( GDR ) Munich 1973 12.68 Anneliese Ehrhardt ( GDR ) Dresden 12.66 Anneliese Ehrhardt ( GDR ) Rome 12.91 Bożena Świerczyńska ( POL ) Zielona Góra 1976 12.69 Grazyna Rabsztyn ( POL ) Bydgoszcz 1977 12.87 Lyubov Kononova ( URS ) Düsseldorf 1978 12.48 Grazyna Rabsztyn ( POL ) Fürth 1979 12.48 Grazyna Rabsztyn ( POL ) Warsaw 1980 12.36 Grazyna Rabsztyn ( POL ) Warsaw 1981 12.68 Tatyana Anisimova ( URS ) Tbilisi 1982 12.44 Yordanka Donkova ( BUL ) Sofia 12.42 Bettine Jahn ( GDR ) Berlin 1984 12.43 Lucyna Kalek ( POL ) Hannover 1985 12.42 Ginka Zagorcheva ( BUL ) Sofia 1986 12.26 Yordanka Donkova ( BUL ) Ljubljana 12.25 Ginka Zagorcheva ( BUL ) Dráma 12.21 Yordanka Donkova ( BUL ) Stara Zagora 12.60 Cornelia Oschkenat ( GDR ) Barcelona 12.53 Nataliya Grygoryeva ( URS ) Kiev 1991 12.28 Ludmila Narozhilenko ( URS ) Kiev 12.26 Ludmila Narozhilenko ( RUS ) Seville 12.46 Gail Devers ( USA ) Stuttgart 12.53 Tatyana Reshetnikova ( RUS ) Svetla Dimitrova ( BUL ) Linz Stara Zagora 1995 12.44 Olga Shishigina ( KAZ ) Lucerne 12.47 Ludmila Engquist ( SWE ) Atlanta 12.50 Ludmila Engquist ( SWE ) Athens 1998 12.44 Glory Alozie ( NGR ) Monaco 1999 12.37 Gail Devers ( USA ) Seville 2000 12.33 Gail Devers ( USA ) Sacramento 12.42 Anjanette Kirkland ( USA ) Edmonton 2002 12.40 Gail Devers ( USA ) Lausanne 2003 12.45 Brigitte Foster - Hylton ( JAM ) Gail Devers ( USA ) Eugene Monaco 12.37 Joanna Hayes ( USA ) Athens 2005 12.43 Michelle Perry ( USA ) Carson 2006 12.43 Michelle Perry ( USA ) Lausanne 2007 12.44 Michelle Perry ( USA ) Rome 2008 12.43 Lolo Jones ( USA ) Beijing 2009 12.46 Brigitte Foster - Hylton ( JAM ) Zürich 12.52 Priscilla Lopes - Schliep ( CAN ) London 2011 12.28 Sally Pearson ( AUS ) Daegu 2012 12.35 Sally Pearson ( AUS ) London 2013 12.26 Brianna Rollins ( USA ) Des Moines 2014 12.44 Dawn Harper - Nelson ( USA ) Paris 2015 12.34 Sharika Nelvis ( USA ) Eugene 2016 12.20 Kendra Harrison ( USA ) London 2017 12.28 Kendra Harrison ( USA ) Székesfehérvár See also ( edit ) Women 's 100 metres hurdles world record progression External links ( edit ) IAAF list of 100 - metres - hurdles records in XML Notes et references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hurdles 101 '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Rio Olympics 2016 : US women sweep medals in 100m hurdles - BBC News '' . Bbc.com. 2016 . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All - time women 's best 100m hurdles '' . alltime-athletics.com. 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 9 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 100m Hurdles Results '' ( PDF ) . sportresult.com. 22 July 2016 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 July 2016 . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kirby Lee ( 23 June 2013 ) . `` National records for Rollins , Carter and Bingson at US Championships '' . IAAF . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Metres Hurdles Results '' ( PDF ) . IAAF. 3 September 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 February 2012 . Retrieved 3 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 100m Hurdles Heat 3 Results '' . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 100m Hurdles Results '' . IAAF. 15 May 2015 . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Much of the content of this article comes from the equivalent German - language Wikipedia article ( retrieved February 13 , 2006 ) . All - Time List Year Lists ( hide ) Athletics events Track and field Road running Racewalking Racerunning Cross country running Multi-day race Ultramarathon Wheelchair racing Backward running Track Sprints 50 m 55 m 60 m 100 y 100 m 150 m 200 m ( straight ) 300 m 400 m Hurdles 50 m 55 m 60 m 80 m 100 m 110 m 200 m ( low ) 300 m 400 m Middle - distance 500 m 600 m 800 m 1000 m 1500 m One mile 2000 m 2000 m steeplechase 3000 m 3000 m steeplechase Two miles Long - distance 5000 m 10,000 m One hour run Relays 4 × 100 m 4 × 200 m 4 × 400 m 4 × 800 m 4 × 1500 m Distance medley relay Sprint medley relay Swedish relay Walking Mile 3000 m 5000 m 10,000 m 20,000 m Field Throws Discus Hammer Javelin Shot put Weight throw Softball throw Jumps High jump ( standing ) Long jump ( standing ) Triple jump ( standing ) Pole vault Combined Decathlon Heptathlon Athletics pentathlon Women 's pentathlon Throws pentathlon Road Running 5 km 10 km 15 km 10 mi 20 km Half marathon 25 km 30 km Marathon Ekiden Ultramarathon Walking 10 km 20 km 50 km 50 mi 100 km Current Olympic events shown in italics Athletics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=100_metres_hurdles&oldid=836989601 '' Categories : Events in athletics ( track and field ) Women 's athletics Hurdling Summer Olympic disciplines in athletics Hidden categories : Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Latviešu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 01 : 56 . 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About Wikipedia	who holds the national record in 100m hurdles in women's athletics	[ "\n\nRank\nTime\nWind (m/s)\nAthlete\nCountry\nDate\nVenue\nRef\n\n\n1\n12.20\n+0.3\nKendra Harrison\n United States\n22 July 2016\nLondon\n[5]\n\n\n2\n12.21\n+0.7\nYordanka Donkova\n Bulgaria\n20 August 1988\nStara Zagora\n\n\n\n3\n12.25\n+1.4\nGinka Zagorcheva\n Bulgaria\n8 August 1987\nDrama\n\n\n\n4\n12.26\n+1.7\nLudmila Narozhilenko\n Russia\n6 June 1992\nSeville\n\n\n\n12.26\n+1.2\nBrianna Rollins\n United States\n22 June 2013\nDes Moines\n[6]\n\n\n6\n12.28\n+1.1\nSally Pearson\n Australia\n3 September 2011\nDaegu\n[7]\n\n\n7\n12.33\n–0.3\nGail Devers\n United States\n23 July 2000\nSacramento\n\n\n\n8\n12.34\n+1.9\nSharika Nelvis\n United States\n26 June 2015\nEugene\n[8]\n\n\n9\n12.35\n+0.9\nJasmin Stowers\n United States\n15 May 2015\nDoha\n[9]\n\n\n10\n12.36\n+1.9\nGrażyna Rabsztyn\n Poland\n13 June 1980\nWarsaw\n\n\n\n11\n12.37\n+1.5\nJoanna Hayes\n United States\n24 August 2004\nAthens\n\n\n\n12.37\n-0.2\nDawn Harper\n United States\n7 August 2012\nLondon\n\n\n\n13\n12.39\n+1.5\nVera Komisova\n Soviet Union\n5 August 1980\nRome\n\n\n\n12.39\n+1.8\nNataliya Grygoryeva\n Soviet Union\n11 July 1991\nKiev\n\n\n\n15\n12.42\n+1.8\nBettine Jahn\n East Germany\n8 June 1983\nBerlin\n\n\n\n12.42\n+2.0\nAnjanette Kirkland\n United States\n11 August 2001\nEdmonton\n\n\n\n17\n12.43\n-0.9\nLucyna Kalek\n Poland\n19 August 1984\nHannover\n\n\n\n12.43\n-0.3\nMichelle Perry\n United States\n26 June 2005\nCarson\n\n\n\n12.43\n+0.6\n11 July 2006\nLausanne\n\n\n\n12.43\n+0.2\nLolo Jones\n United States\n18 August 2008\nBeijing\n\n\n\n12.43\n+1.2\nQueen Harrison\n United States\n22 June 2013\nDes Moines\n[6]\n\n\n21\n12.44\n-0.5\nGloria Siebert\n East Germany\n4 September 1987\nRome\n\n\n\n12.44\n-0.8\nOlga Shishigina\n Kazakhstan\n27 June 1995\nLucerne\n\n\n\n12.44\n+0.4\nGlory Alozie\n Nigeria\n8 August 1998\nMonaco\n\n\n\n12.44\n0.0\n28 August 1998\nBrussels\n\n\n\n12.44\n+0.7\n28 August 1999\nSeville\n\n\n\n12.44\n+0.6\nDamu Cherry\n United States\n7 July 2006\nLausanne\n\n\n\n25\n12.45\n+1.3\nCornelia Oschkenat\n East Germany\n11 June 1987\nNeubrandenburg\n\n\n\n12.45\n+1.4\nBrigitte Foster-Hylton\n Jamaica\n24 May 2003\nEugene\n\n\n\n12.45\n+1.5\nOlena Krasovska\n Ukraine\n24 August 2004\nAthens\n\n\n\n12.45\n+1.4\nVirginia Crawford\n United States\n2 June 2007\nNew York City\n\n\n" ]	[ "Kendra Harrison" ]
9074938067913727892	God Friended Me	God Friended Me - wikipedia God Friended Me God Friended Me Genre Comedy - drama Created by Steven Lilien Bryan Wynbrandt Starring Brandon Micheal Hall Violett Beane Suraj Sharma Javicia Leslie Joe Morton Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 5 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Steven Lilien Bryan Wynbrandt Marcos Siega Greg Berlanti Sarah Schechter Running time 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Berlanti Productions I Have an Idea ! Entertainment CBS Television Studios Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network CBS Original release September 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 30 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website God Friended Me is an American comedy - drama series . It was ordered to series on May 11 , 2018 , and stars Brandon Micheal Hall , Violett Beane , Javicia Leslie , Suraj Sharma , and Joe Morton . The series premiered on September 30 , 2018 , on CBS . On October 19 , 2018 , it was announced that the series had received a full season order from CBS . Contents 1 Plot 2 Use of Facebook 3 Cast 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) God Friended Me is described as a humorous , uplifting series that explores questions of faith , existence and science . It centers on Miles ( Hall ) , an atheist whose life is turned upside down when he is friended by God on Facebook . Unwittingly , he becomes an agent of change in the lives and destinies of others around him . Cara ( Violett Beane ) is a leading writer at an online magazine . Under pressure for her next big story , her life takes an interesting turn when she meets Miles -- thanks to God 's friend suggestion . Use of Facebook ( edit ) God Friended Me uses Facebook frequently as a narrative device . The `` Friended '' in the title God Friended Me refers to the act of friending someone on social media , granting that person special privileges ( on the service in question ) with respect to oneself . On Facebook , for example , one 's friends have the privilege of viewing and posting to one 's timeline . In God Friended Me , this allows for God to contact Miles . While the majority of Facebook 's revenue is advertisement - derived , show creator Steven Lilien says that their conversations with Facebook have been limited to discussing `` how much we can portray it '' . According to executive producer Bryan Wynbrandt , the `` God '' of the show will be active on Facebook outside the show , with liking pages and changing their profile picture given as examples of their possible online activities . Cast ( edit ) Brandon Micheal Hall as Miles Finer Violett Beane as Cara Bloom Javicia Leslie as Ali Finer Suraj Sharma as Rakesh Sehgal Joe Morton as Rev. Arthur Finer Kyle Harris as Eli James Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Marcos Siega Steven Lilien & Bryan Wynbrandt September 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 30 ) T33. 01002 10.14 Miles Finer is the son of a preacher , but now runs a podcast wherein he supports atheism . He receives a Facebook friend request from `` God '' , which he thinks is a hoax . Curious , he follows up on God 's first suggested friend and unwittingly saves a man 's life . He meets his second suggested friend , Cara , and discovers the two have more in common than either one knew . `` The Good Samaritan '' Marcos Siega Steven Lilien & Bryan Wynbrandt October 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 07 ) T40. 10102 8.37 As Miles prepares for his first national podcast about atheism , he gets another friend request from God that leads him to help a single mother connect with her autistic son . Cara gets closer to her estranged mother , while Ali convinces her father to support Miles and congratulate him on his podcast 's success . Miles disagrees with his new producer , who wants a one - sided presentation about atheism . Miles instead wants his show to be more of an open conversation . Meanwhile , Rakesh is disappointed to see his new love interest on a date with another guy . `` Heavenly Taco Truck '' Kenneth Fink Robert Hull October 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 14 ) T40. 10103 7.90 `` Error Code 1.61 '' Marcos Siega Allison Moore October 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 21 ) T40. 10104 8.86 5 `` Unfriended '' Erin Feeley Safia M. Dirie October 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 28 ) T40. 10105 6.94 6 `` A House Divided '' Louis Milito Teleplay by : Steven Lilien & Bryan Wynbrandt Story by : Robert Hill November 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 04 ) TBA TBD 7 `` The Prodigal Son '' Marcos Siega Carmen Pilar Golden November 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 11 ) TBA TBD 8 `` Matthew 621 '' Holly Dale Jessica Granger November 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 18 ) TBA TBD Jump up ^ The pilot received an early digital release on August 31 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the series has an approval rating of 60 % based on 25 reviews , with an average rating of 6.38 out of 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A sincere and thoughtful handling of spiritual themes helps God Friended Me overcome -- and even benefit from -- its earnest approach to a potentially off - putting premise . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 57 out of 100 based on 14 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' September 30 , 2018 1.3 / 5 10.14 N / A 2.01 N / A 12.15 `` The Good Samaritan '' October 7 , 2018 0.9 / 4 8.37 N / A 1.91 N / A 10.29 `` Heavenly Taco Truck '' October 14 , 2018 1.0 / 5 7.90 0.4 2.11 1.4 10.01 `` Error Code 1.61 '' October 21 , 2018 1.2 / 5 8.86 N / A 1.95 N / A 10.82 5 `` Unfriended '' October 28 , 2018 0.7 / 3 6.94 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Magnum P.I. ' , ' God Friended Me ' & ' The Red Line ' Dramas Get CBS Series Orders '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` CBS Fall Premiere Dates : Big Bang , Magnum P.I. , Murphy Brown and More '' . TV Line . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 19 , 2018 ) . `` God Friended Me , Neighborhood , Magnum Snag Full - Season Orders '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' God Friended Me ' : Violett Beane to Star in CBS Comedic Drama Pilot About Faith '' . February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Palfrey & Gasser 2010 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Drucker , Gumpert & Cohen 2010 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Jolie O'Dell 203 ( January 17 , 2011 ) . `` Facebook 's Ad Revenue Hit $1.86 B for 2010 '' . Mashable.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Womack , Brian ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` Facebook Revenue Will Reach $4.27 Billion , EMarketer Says '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lisa de Moraes ( August 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' God Friended Me ' Is No ' Highway to Heaven ' EPs Insist '' . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tim Surette ( August 5 , 2018 ) . `` God Friended Me Wo n't Just Be About One God '' . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Desk , BWW News . `` Kyle Harris Joins New CBS Pilot GOD FRIENDED ME '' . Retrieved 22 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` God Friended Me - Listings '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Special Preview of `` God Friended Me '' to Be Available on Multiple Digital Platforms Beginning Friday , August 31 `` . The Futon Critic . August 30 , 2018 . Retrieved September 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Sunday Night Football ' adjusts up , ' The Simpsons , ' ' Bob 's Burgers , ' and more adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers ' and ' Sunday Night Football ' adjust up , ' Family Guy ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' DWTS : Juniors ' and ' Family Guy ' adjust up , ' Alec Baldwin Show ' and ' God Friended Me ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Simpsons ' and ' Bob 's Burgers ' adjust up , ' Madam Secretary ' and ' Alec Baldwin Show ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 30 , 2018 ) . `` World Series , ' Sunday Night Football , ' and ' Shark Tank ' adjust up , ' The OT ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # GFM106 ) `` A House Divided '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # GFM107 ) `` The Prodigal Son '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' Matthew 621 `` '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` God Friended Me : Season 1 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` God Friended Me Season 1 : ( 2018 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( October 10 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Manifest ' is Most - Watched NBC Drama Series Premiere in 19 Years '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved October 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( October 16 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : Long - running Stalwarts ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Modern Family ' Lead All Network Comedies in Adults 18 - 49 Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( October 23 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Ratings for Week of Oct. 8 : ' Manifest ' Doubles In Week 3 '' . Variety . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( October 30 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' The Rookie ' Debut on ABC Ranks in Top Ten for Raw Viewer Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved October 30 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website God Friended Me on IMDb CBS programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) The Amazing Race ( since 2001 ) The Big Bang Theory ( since 2007 ) Big Brother ( since 2000 ) Blue Bloods ( since 2010 ) Bull ( since 2016 ) Celebrity Big Brother ( since 2018 ) Celebrity Undercover Boss ( since 2018 ) Criminal Minds ( since 2005 ) Elementary ( since 2012 ) FBI ( since 2018 ) God Friended Me ( since 2018 ) Happy Together ( since 2018 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( since 2010 ) Instinct ( since 2018 ) Life in Pieces ( since 2015 ) MacGyver ( since 2016 ) Madam Secretary ( since 2014 ) Magnum P.I. 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Television Television shows set in New York City Works about Facebook Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 20 : 10 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who are the cast of god friended me	[ "Brandon Micheal Hall[1] as Miles Finer\nViolett Beane[1] as Cara Bloom\nJavicia Leslie[1] as Ali Finer\nSuraj Sharma[1] as Rakesh Sehgal\nJoe Morton[1] as \tRev. Arthur Finer\nKyle Harris[11] as Eli James", "Brandon Micheal Hall[1] as Miles Finer\nViolett Beane[1] as Cara Bloom\nJavicia Leslie[1] as Ali Finer\nSuraj Sharma[1] as Rakesh Sehgal\nJoe Morton[1] as \tRev. Arthur Finer\nKyle Harris[11] as Eli James", "Brandon Micheal Hall[1] as Miles Finer\nViolett Beane[1] as Cara Bloom\nJavicia Leslie[1] as Ali Finer\nSuraj Sharma[1] as Rakesh Sehgal\nJoe Morton[1] as \tRev. Arthur Finer\nKyle Harris[11] as Eli James", "Brandon Micheal Hall[1] as Miles Finer\nViolett Beane[1] as Cara Bloom\nJavicia Leslie[1] as Ali Finer\nSuraj Sharma[1] as Rakesh Sehgal\nJoe Morton[1] as \tRev. Arthur Finer\nKyle Harris[11] as Eli James", "Brandon Micheal Hall[1] as Miles Finer\nViolett Beane[1] as Cara Bloom\nJavicia Leslie[1] as Ali Finer\nSuraj Sharma[1] as Rakesh Sehgal\nJoe Morton[1] as \tRev. Arthur Finer\nKyle Harris[11] as Eli James", "Brandon Micheal Hall[1] as Miles Finer\nViolett Beane[1] as Cara Bloom\nJavicia Leslie[1] as Ali Finer\nSuraj Sharma[1] as Rakesh Sehgal\nJoe Morton[1] as \tRev. Arthur Finer\nKyle Harris[11] as Eli James" ]	[ "Brandon Micheal Hall", "Violett Beane", "Javicia Leslie", "Suraj Sharma", "Joe Morton", "Kyle Harris" ]
1722969740323200006	The Home Depot	The Home Depot - wikipedia The Home Depot The Home Depot Inc . The Home Depot corporate headquarters outside Atlanta . Type Public Traded as NYSE : HD DJIA Component S&P 100 Component S&P 500 Component Industry Retailing Founded 1978 ; 40 years ago ( 1978 ) Marietta , Georgia , U.S. Founders Bernard Marcus Arthur Blank Ron Brill Pat Farrah Kenneth Langone Headquarters Atlanta Store Support Center , Cobb County , Georgia , U.S. Number of locations 2,274 ( February 2016 ) Areas served United States Canada Mexico Puerto Rico Key people Craig Menear ( Chairman & CEO ) Products Home appliances , tools , hardware , builders hardware , lumber , building materials , paint , plumbing , flooring , garden supplies & plants Revenue US $ 100.9 billion ( 2017 ) Operating income US $14.68 billion ( 2017 ) Net income US $8.630 billion ( 2017 ) Total assets US $44.52 billion ( 2017 ) Total equity US $1.454 billion ( 2017 ) Number of employees 400,000 ( 2017 ) Subsidiaries Interline Brands Website homedepot.com The Home Depot Inc. or Home Depot is an American home improvement supplies retailing company that sells tools , construction products , and services . The company is headquartered at the Atlanta Store Support Center in unincorporated Cobb County , Georgia ( with an Atlanta mailing address ) . It operates many big - box format stores across the United States ( including all 50 states , the District of Columbia , Puerto Rico , the Virgin Islands , and Guam ) , all 10 provinces of Canada , and the country of Mexico . The MRO company Interline Brands is also owned by The Home Depot with 70 distribution centers across the United States . The Home Depot is the largest home improvement retailer in the United States , ahead of rival Lowe 's . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1978 -- 1999 1.2 2000 -- 2007 1.3 2007 -- present 2 Mascot 3 Operation 3.1 Marketing 3.2 US Stores division 3.3 Distribution centers 3.4 Interline Brands 3.5 Online 3.6 Exclusive brands 3.7 Fuel centers 4 Corporate affairs 4.1 Board of directors 4.2 Philanthropy 4.3 Environmental record 5 Major sponsorships 5.1 Television 5.2 Sports 5.3 Politics 6 Outside the US 6.1 Canada 6.2 Mexico 6.3 China 6.4 United Kingdom 6.5 South America 7 Controversy 7.1 Whistleblower case 7.2 Patent law controversy 7.3 Tilt - up construction design of stores 7.4 Home Depot payment system breach 7.5 EEOC disability discrimination suit 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) 1978 -- 1999 ( edit ) One of the first The Home Depot stores in the Atlanta area in 1979 . The Home Depot was co-founded by Bernard Marcus , Arthur Blank , Ron Brill , and Pat Farrah in 1978 . The Home Depot 's proposition was to build home - improvement superstores , larger than any of their competitors ' facilities . Investment banker Ken Langone helped Marcus and Blank to secure the necessary capital . `` Bernie and I founded The Home Depot with a special vision -- to create a company that would keep alive the values that were important to us . Values like respect among all people , excellent customer service and giving back to communities and society '' -- Arthur Blank The Home Depot Atlanta Store Support Center Atlanta 2018 In 1979 , the first two stores , built in spaces leased from J.C. Penney that were originally Treasure Island `` hypermarket '' ( discount department and grocery ) stores , opened in metro Atlanta ( in Doraville and on Memorial Drive in Decatur , both near I - 285 ) on June 21 . On September 22 , 1981 The Home Depot went public on the NASDAQ and raised $4.093 million . The Home Depot joined the New York Stock Exchange on April 19 , 1984 . The Home Depot began to branch out of Georgia to Florida in 1981 with stores opening in Hollywood and Ft . Lauderdale . By 1984 The Home Depot was operating 19 stores with sales of over $256 million . To enter the Dallas market The Home Depot acquired Bowater Home Center from Bowater Inc. on October 31 , 1984 for $40 million . The increased expansion of The Home Depot in the mid-1980s created financial difficulties with earnings falling at 42 % and debt rising to $200 million . The financial difficulties of The Home Depot also caused the stock price to fall . To curb The Home Depot difficulties it opened only 10 stores in 1986 with a stock offering 2.99 million shares at $17 per share that helped The Home Depot to restructure its debts . The Home Depot store in Markham , Ontario , Canada . In 1989 The Home Depot became the largest home improvement store in the United States surpassing Lowe 's . In the 1990s The Home Depot searched for ways to redefine its marketplace . An installation program for quality home improvement items such as windows or carpets was launched in 1991 called the EXPO with success . A 480 - page book Home Improvement 1 - 2 - 3 was published in 1995 . The Canadian hardware chain Aikenhead 's Hardware was acquired by The Home Depot in 1994 for $150 million with a 75 % share . All of the Aikenhead 's Hardware stores were later converted to The Home Depot stores . By 1995 , sales reached $10 billion while operating 350 stores . Former General Electric executive Robert Nardelli became CEO and President of The Home Depot in 2000 . 2000 -- 2007 ( edit ) San Diego maintenance and repair supplies company Maintenance Warehouse was purchased by The Home Depot in 1997 for $245 million . Maintenance Warehouse was purchased because it was a leading direct - mail marketer of maintenance , repair and operations supplies that can reach customers out of reach by The Home Depot . Atlanta - based company Apex Supply was acquired by The Home Depot in 1999 . Apex Supply is a wholesale distributor of plumbing , HVAC , industrial pipe and fittings . Apex Supply and Maintenance Warehouse were rebranded in 2004 as The Home Depot Supply . In 2004 , Home Depot employees at a suburban Detroit store in Harper Woods , Michigan , rejected a bid to be represented by a labor union , voting 115 to 42 against joining the United Food and Commercial Workers . If the union had won , the Michigan store would have been the first Home Depot to have union representation . Your Other Warehouse , a large plumbing distributor with a focus on special order fulfillment , was acquired by The Home Depot in 2001 . Your Other Warehouse also supplied two divisions of The Home Depot and the EXPO Design Centers . The EXPO Design Center division was reorganized in 2001 with three divisions based in the Northeast at South Plainfield , New Jersey , the West at Orange , California , and the Southeast at Atlanta , Georgia . The Home Depot entered the Mexican market in 2002 with the acquisition of the home improvement chain Del Norte . In addition , The Home Depot had begun construction of stores in Mexicali and Tijuana . In the same year the Home Depot Landscape Supply was launched to integrate professional landscapers and upscale plants into a plant nursery retail chain . Home Depot Landscape Supply lasted only five years with only a few stores each in metro Atlanta and Dallas / Fort Worth . The Home Depot decided to close all Home Depot Landscape Supply stores in late 2007 . In September 2005 , Home Depot Direct launched its online home - furnishings store , 10 Crescent Lane , shortly followed by the launch of Paces Trading Company , its online lighting store . In mid 2006 , the Home Depot acquired Home Decorators Collection , which was placed as an additional brand under its Home Depot Direct division . In 2006 , the Home Depot acquired Hughes Supply the largest home retailer in the United States for $3.2 billion . Hughes Supply was integrated into The Home Depot Supply to better serve business - to - business customers . The Home Depot Supply rebranded under the new name HD Supply in January 2007 . Five months later The Home Depot sold HD Supply to a consortium of three private equity firms , The Carlyle Group , Bain Capital and Clayton , Dubilier and Rice ( with each agreeing to buy a one - third stake in the division ) . 2007 -- present ( edit ) On January 2 , 2007 , the Home Depot and Robert Nardelli mutually agreed on Nardelli 's resignation as CEO after a six - year tenure . Nardelli resigned amid complaints over his heavy - handed management and whether his pay package of $123.7 million ( excluding stock option grants ) over the previous five years was excessive , considering the stock 's poor performance versus its competitor Lowe 's . His severance package of $210 million was criticized because when the stock went down , his pay went up . Center aisle of a Home Depot store in 2014 . His successor , Frank Blake , previously served as the company 's vice chairman of the board and executive vice president . Blake agreed to a much more conservative compensation package than Nardelli , that is very heavily dependent upon the success of the company . Although a longtime deputy to Nardelli at GE and Home Depot , Blake was said to lack Nardelli 's hard edge and instead preferred to make decisions by consensus . Indeed , Blake repudiated many of his predecessor 's strategies , and it has been reported that the two men have not spoken since Nardelli departed Home Depot . In 2008 and 2009 , with the downturn in the housing market , The Home Depot announced the layoff of several thousand associates , as well as the closing of 54 stores nationwide , including the entire EXPO Design Center chain . Associates at EXPO were allowed to re-apply for Home Depot jobs after the layoffs , and did not lose any tenure if hired back . In the year of February 2009 , sales totaled $71.288 billion , more than $20 billion down from the peak of two years earlier due to the sale of HD Supply and falling revenue at the retained business . In 2012 , they proceeded to close the big - box style stores that they had in China , however smaller stores that specialized in custom products and focused on more intimate interactions between customers and associates remain open there . In 2013 , The Home Depot established two large distribution centers in Atlanta and Los Angeles . Interline Brands headquarters in Jacksonville , Florida . In August 2014 , it was announced that Frank Blake would step down as CEO and would be replaced by 57 - year - old Craig Menear . The change occurred on November 1 , 2014 . Blake would continue with the company as chairman . Menear joined The Home Depot in 1997 , and served in various management and vice-presidential positions , until 2003 , including merchandising vice president of hardware , merchandising vice president of the Southwest Division , and divisional merchandise manager of the Southwest Division . He subsequently served as senior vice president of merchandising from August 2003 to April 2007 . He then served as an executive vice president of merchandising from April 2007 to February 2014 . Until becoming CEO , Menear served as president of U.S. Retail from February 2014 to November 1 , 2014 . The company had a data breach in September 2014 . One major reason for the data breach was the practice of entering credit card numbers directly into computers at the service - desk and pro-desk , and in specialty departments including flooring , kitchen cabinets , appliances , and millwork , rather than using POS credit card terminals directly . The practice was stopped , and Home Depot offered a year of free credit monitoring through AllClearID for any customers who requested it . There were also reports of credit card numbers being stolen when used to make purchases on Homedepot.com . On July 22 , 2015 , Home Depot acquired Interline Brands from P2 Capital Partners , Goldman Sachs ' private equity arm , and the management of Interline Brands for $1.6 billion . Interline Brands became fully integrated with The Home Depot in August 2016 with the Interline Brands website merging with The Home Depot website . The subsidiaries of Interline Brands are now companies of The Home Depot . Mascot ( edit ) The Home Depot 's mascot has been Homer D. Poe since 1981 , when it was first used in advertising . Gwyn Raker , the illustrator says , `` I designed him to be a funny guy next door who was n't intimidating . '' The Homer Fund , a for - associate charity , is named after the mascot , who since its creation , has been a part of Home Depot culture ever since . This includes signage , advertising , awards and even a life - size costume for stores to rent out . Homer has a wife , named Daisy . Operation ( edit ) Map of Home Depot stores in the contiguous United States and Southern Canada , as of August 2011 . Home Depot stores average 105,000 ft ( 9,755 m ) in size and are organized warehouse - style , stocking a large range of supplies . Home Depot 's two largest stores are located in Vauxhall , New Jersey , which encompasses 217,000 ft of space , and in Anaheim Hills , California where it encompasses 204,000 ft . The company color is a bright orange ( PMS 165 , CMYK 60M100Y , HEX FF6600 ) , on signs , equipment and employee aprons . It was announced in August 2014 that Craig Menear will take over for Frank Blake as CEO while Blake will remain the chairman of the board . Marketing ( edit ) The slogan `` More saving . More doing . '' was introduced by The Home Depot in the March 18 , 2009 circular , replacing `` You can do it . We can help . '' which had been used since 2003 . Other slogans used in the past 25 years include `` The Home Depot , Low prices are just the beginning '' in the early 1990s and `` When you 're at the Home Depot , You 'll feel right at home '' in the late 1990s and `` The Home Depot : First In Home Improvement ! '' from 1999 to 2003 . U.S. stores division ( edit ) Long - time employee Marc Powers became the head of Home Depot 's US stores division in 2014 . He took the place of Marvin Ellison , who left to become the chief executive of J.C. Penney . In January , 2016 Home Depot announced the departure of Powers as division head , to be replaced by another veteran employee , Ann - Marie Campbell , one of Powers ' deputies . The change in leadership is effective as of February 1 , 2016 . Ms. Campbell has been employed by Home Depot for over 30 years , beginning as a cashier in a branch in South Florida . Her most recent role was as president of Home Depot 's Southern division . Distribution centers ( edit ) The Home Depot distribution center in Lake Park , Georgia . The Home Depot has over 90 distribution centers throughout the United States to serve over 2,000 The Home Depot stores . Interline Brands ( edit ) Interline Brands distribution center in Jacksonville , Florida . SupplyWorks delivery truck . Interline Brands has over 90 distribution centers throughout the United States , Canada and Puerto Rico that serves customer needs for MRO supplies . The brands of Interline Brands includes : Wilmar Industries ( MRO ) Barnett ( MRO , contractor supplies ) SupplyWorks ( janitorial , packaging , MRO ) US Lock ( keys , security devices ) Hardware Express ( hardware supplies ) Maintenance USA ( MRO ) Leran Gas Products ( propane accessories ) Online ( edit ) The domain homedepot.com attracted at least 120 million visitors annually by 2008 according to a Compete.com survey . In the US HomeDepot.com has 5 Call centers located in Kennesaw , GA ; Atlanta , GA ; Marietta , GA ; Ogden , Utah and Tempe , AZ . Home Depot online offers in - store pickup and online returns . The website is inaccessible through servers outside of the countries the brand is serving . Exclusive Brands ( edit ) Thomasville Carpentry cabinets at The Home Depot . The Home Depot exclusively carries several major brands , including : Chem - Dry ( carpet cleaning , upholstery cleaning , tile and grout services ) Behr paints Homelite ( outdoor and power tools ) Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia ( outdoor furniture , indoor organization ) Ryobi and Ridgid ( power tools ) American Woodmark cabinetry Thomasville Furniture Industries cabinetry Additionally , the retailer has its own house brands : Husky ( tools ) Workforce ( tools , shelving , storage cabinets , extension cords , worklights , tarps , paintbrushes ) HDX Glacier Bay ( kitchen sinks , faucets , etc . ) Commercial Electric Home Decorators Collection Fuel centers ( edit ) In 2006 , the Home Depot started testing fuel centers at some of its stores . The first such `` Home Depot Fuel '' convenience store ( C - Store ) was located in Brentwood , Tennessee followed a month later by a center about 20 miles ( 32 km ) away in Hermitage , both suburbs of Nashville . Four additional prototype stores were built within the year at Acworth , Georgia ; Smyrna , Tennessee ; Greensboro , Georgia ; and then Winchester , Tennessee in that order . The centers were expected to earn $5 -- $7 million per year , though the actual number was reported to be much higher . The fuel centers sell beer , hot food , and snacks along with providing diesel fuel and gas at a separate island . This allows contractors with large trucks to be able to fill their vehicles . The fuel centers offer car washes , which are large enough to accommodate full - size pickup trucks and other large commercial vehicles . Corporate affairs ( edit ) Board of directors ( edit ) Current members of the board of directors of the Home Depot are : F. Duane Ackerman , David H. Batchelder , Frank Blake , Ari Bousbib , Gregory D. Brenneman , Albert P. Carey , Armando Codina , Bonnie G. Hill , and Karen Katen . The Home Depot 's board consists of 9 members , with 8 of them being independent directors . Philanthropy ( edit ) The Home Depot Foundation is the philanthropic arm of the company created in 2002 . It has contributed over $200 million in time , labor , money , and supplies to a number of causes , including Habitat for Humanity , California - based City of Hope National Medical Center , and playground construction organization KaBOOM ! Home Depot supports the U.S. Military community with a 10 % military discount . The Home Depot has partnered with the Georgia Emergency Management Agency 's Ready Georgia campaign , leading both supplies and facility use to this statewide effort to increase emergency preparedness among Georgia 's children . The company also provided ready kits and other prizes for an art and essay contest for Georgia elementary school students . In 2005 , The Home Depot was among 53 entities that contributed the maximum of $250,000 to the second inauguration of President George W. Bush . In March 2018 , the company donated $50 million to train 20,000 people as construction workers over the next decade . The Home Builders Institute will use the money to train veterans and U.S. Army soldiers , high school students and disadvantage youth . The financial support from Home Depot was to help address the needs of the shortage of construction workers . Environmental record ( edit ) The Home Depot has stated on their website that they have a commitment `` we continue to lead by example , demonstrating to the world that sustainability business practices are not only possible , they are good for business '' . The Home Depot introduced a label on nearly 3,000 products in 2007 . The label promotes energy conservation , sustainable forestry and clean water . Home Depot executives said that as the world 's - largest buyer of construction material , their company had the power to persuade thousands of suppliers , homebuilders and consumers to follow its lead on environment sustainability . `` Who in the world has a chance to have a bigger impact on this sector than Home Depot ? '' asked Ron Jarvis , vice president for environmental innovation at Home Depot . This program is following The Home Depot 's promise in the late 1990s to eliminate the number of sales of lumber from endangered forests in countries including Chile and Indonesia . Home Depot has since worked with environmental groups to create a variety of green programs . For example , Home Depot planted thousands of trees at its headquarters in Atlanta to offset carbon emissions . In 2007 , The Home Depot Foundation ( the company 's charitable foundation ) committed to investing $100 million over the next decade to build over 100,000 green affordable homes and plant 3,000,000 trees . Additionally , The Home Depot promotes compact fluorescent light bulbs in its stores . As part of this effort , the company created the largest recycling program in the United States for the bulbs . In March 2013 , Home Depot locations in Canada stopped accepting compact fluorescent light bulbs for recycling . Major sponsorships ( edit ) The Home Depot car driven by Tony Stewart in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series in 2008 Television ( edit ) In 2002 , The Home Depot joined PBS as a sponsor of This Old House and Ask This Old House . In 2003 , The Home Depot became a sponsor for Trading Spaces . Sports ( edit ) Company co-founder Arthur Blank also purchased the Atlanta Falcons franchise of the National Football League in February 2002 , although The Home Depot made no association with the team until April 2017 , when The Home Depot acquired the naming rights to a 13 - acre park to be built adjacent to the Falcons ' new stadium , Mercedes - Benz Stadium . The Home Depot Backyard is set to be built on the site formerly occupied by the Georgia Dome . From 2003 - 2013 the StubHub Center was known as The Home Depot Center . Since 1991 , the company has become a large supporter of athletics , sponsoring the United States and Canadian Olympic teams , and launching a program which offered employment to athletes that accommodates their training and competition schedules . The Home Depot ceased to be a sponsor of the Canadian Olympic Team in 2005 and ended a sponsorship program for the United States Olympic team in 2009 . The Home Depot has been a major sponsor for Joe Gibbs Racing in NASCAR since 1999 . Their arrival into the series coincided with Tony Stewart leaving the Indy Racing League to join what is now the Sprint Cup Series . Stewart drove The Home Depot - sponsored # 20 car for Joe Gibbs Racing until 2008 , winning 2 of his 3 series championships in the car , and was succeeded by Joey Logano , who took the car to victory lane twice . After Matt Kenseth joined the team , The Home Depot 's status as the # 20 's primary sponsor was taken over by Dollar General , but the company still served as its most frequent secondary sponsor through its Husky Tools division . On June 23 , 2014 , the company announced it would end its NASCAR sponsorship after 2014 . ESPN College GameDay has been sponsored by The Home Depot since 2007 . The Home Depot was the title sponsor of The Home Depot Center in Carson , California , home to both the Los Angeles Galaxy and Chivas USA of Major League Soccer , and Los Angeles Riptide ( Major League Lacrosse ) , and many past major sporting events . The venue is now called StubHub Center . In 2006 , The Home Depot partnered with Duke University 's Edmund T. Pratt Jr . School of Engineering to create `` The Home Depot Smart Home '' . The smart home is a live - in laboratory for ten upper - class engineering students that allows them to immerse themselves in the work . The goal of the project is to help provide innovative solutions for the home in areas such as security and home monitoring , communications , energy efficiency , entertainment , environment and health . In January 2007 , The Home Depot became the official home improvement sponsor of ESPN 's College Gameday . Politics ( edit ) Seventy - three percent of The Home Depot 's campaign contributions went to Republican candidates in the 2005 -- 2006 US elections . `` Home Depot 's PAC gives money based on a candidate 's voting record , committee assignment and leadership position , '' said company spokesman Jerry Shields . The CEO in this period was Bob Nardelli , a friend of U.S. President George W. Bush . Nardelli hosted a garden reception / fundraiser for Bush at his Atlanta home on May 20 , 2004 . Outside the U.S. ( edit ) The Home Depot in Waterloo , Ontario provides horse and buggy parking for customers from the nearby Mennonite community Canada ( edit ) Home Depot Canada is the Canadian unit of the Home Depot and one of Canada 's top home improvement retailers . The Canadian operation consists of 182 stores and employs over 28,000 people in Canada . Home Depot Canada has stores in all ten Canadian provinces and serves territorial Nunavut , Northwest Territories , and Yukon through electronic means ( Online Sales ) . The Canadian head office is located in Toronto . The Canadian unit was created with the purchase of Aikenhead 's Hardware . Home Depot management has an ambitious plan to overtake its biggest competitor , RONA , which has about four times as many stores . However , some of RONA 's stores are smaller than the typical Home Depot store . In terms of big box stores , the Home Depot has more stores than RONA ( not including other Rona banners such as Réno Dépôt or Cashway ) . As of 2007 , RONA pulled ahead of The Home Depot in total retail sales , due to aggressive consolidation efforts by RONA , combined with the loss of The Home Depot 's industrial supply division , HD Supply , in July 2007 . The Home Depot now faces competition from Lowe 's as they have moved into the Canadian market effective the end of 2007 ; Lowe 's now has 35 outlets in Canada . In Quebec , where it has 22 stores , The Home Depot is branded simply `` Home Depot '' ( using English words but without the definite article `` the '' ) . Mexico ( edit ) The Home Depot store in Mexico City , Mexico . The Home Depot operates 106 stores in Mexico and has become one of the largest retailers in Mexico since it entered the market in 2001 . The Home Depot increased its presence in Mexico in 2004 , with the acquisition of Home Mart , the second largest Mexican home improvement retailer . The Home Depot Mexico employs more than 11,000 associates throughout the country and has an annual growth rate of 10 percent . China ( edit ) In December 2006 , the Home Depot announced its acquisition of the Chinese home improvement retailer The Home Way . The acquisition gave the Home Depot an immediate presence in China , with 12 stores in six cities . In April , 2011 , Home Depot shut its last Beijing store , the fifth Home Depot to close in China in the previous two years . In September 2012 , The Home Depot announced it was closing all big box stores in China . The Home Depot retained two specialty stores in China , a Home Decorators Collection Store and a paint and flooring store . As of September 16 , 2012 , all seven of the box stores in China had been shut down . The Home Depot has no immediate plans to further expand its specialty stores in China . The company is taking a `` wait - and - see '' attitude towards the Chinese market , but does not want to completely pull out because re-entry into the market would be very costly . The Home Depot 's lack of success in China has been attributed to the disconnect between The Home Depot 's do - it - yourself ethos and Chinese culture . In 2012 , the Home Depot conceded that it misread the country 's appetite for do - it - yourself products . As a spokeswoman for the company said in an interview with the Wall Street Journal , `` The market trend says this is more of a do - it - for - me culture '' . Culturally , manual labor is seen as an activity for lower - class citizens , and some have speculated that The Home Depot could have capitalized on this by offering a do - it - for - me model to Chinese consumers . Chinese consumers prefer to see a finished product , such as a renovated room , rather than light bulbs and lumber . The same issue does not exist outside of China , especially in Canada , where Chinese Home Depot advertisements and store signage can be found in areas with large Chinese demographics . United Kingdom ( edit ) There were reports that the Home Depot was interested in acquiring B&Q , the largest DIY retailer in the United Kingdom , Ireland and China . Speculation of a takeover began in 1999 when the retailer Asda was purchased by Walmart . The Home Depot would have to acquire Kingfisher plc , B&Q 's parent company , to acquire B&Q . Kingfisher consists of several European DIY chains ; however , the Home Depot was only interested in B&Q operations and says that it would dispose of the Castorama chain which operates in France , Italy , Poland and Russia . Talks ending in 2005 did not result in any takeover deal . South America ( edit ) In 1997 , Home Depot entered the Chilean and Argentine markets . While the venture was viewed with great optimism by founders Bernard Marcus and Arthur Blank , it eventually proved unprofitable . In October 2001 , Chilean partners Falabella bought out Home Depot 's share of the five Chilean Home Center stores and rebranded them Home Store . In 2003 , after merging with Sodimac , all stores adopted that brand . The company has since expanded across Latin America very profitably and successfully . It 's currently the N ° 1 Home Improvement company in South America . In 2002 , Argentina 's Home Depots were bought out by Chilean company Cencosud and rebranded Easy stores , a company that has also expanded across South America . It 's currently the N ° 2 Home Improvement company in South America . South America The Home Depot stores recently then you can have an opportunity to participate in Home Depot Customer Satisfaction Sweepstakes. 55 This is only for Home Depot 's Customer to join The home depot wants to know what their customers are what thinking experience. home depot Controversy ( edit ) Whistleblower case ( edit ) The Home Depot was embroiled in whistleblower litigation brought under the Sarbanes - Oxley Act ( SOX ) law . In July 2005 , former employee Michael Davis , represented by attorney Mark D. Schwartz filed a whistleblower lawsuit against the Home Depot , alleging that his discharge was in retaliation for refusing to make unwarranted backcharges against vendors . Davis alleges that the Home Depot forced its employees to meet a set quota of backcharges to cover damaged or defective merchandise , forcing employees to make chargebacks to vendors for merchandise that was undamaged and not defective . The Home Depot alleges that it fired Davis for repeatedly failing to show up for work . The trial initially was concluded in June 2006 , but in April 2007 , U.S. Department of Labor Judge Pamela Lakes Wood ordered the case reopened after the Home Depot 's law firm Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld revealed that the retail giant 's in - house counsel had told them that two Home Depot employees who testified at the trial had lied . Akin Gump sent Wood a letter on September 29 , 2006 , in which the law firm requested that the testimony be stricken . In response to Akin Gump 's revelation , Davis ' attorney Mark D. Schwartz asked for the case to be reopened to permit further questioning of the witnesses . On April 6 , 2007 , Wood ordered the case to be reopened . Schwartz was quoted by the New York Post as saying , `` I have reason to believe these witnesses were intimidated into giving false testimony . '' The Home Depot called Schwartz 's allegations `` meritless '' . Home Depot has settled the dispute in a stipulation of settlement dated March 28 , 2008 . In the settlement , Home Depot changed some of its corporate governance provisions . Home Depot also agreed to pay the plaintiff 's counsel $6 million in cash and $8.5 million in common stock . Patent law controversy ( edit ) Powell v. Home Depot USA , Inc. ( 2008cv61862 ) ( 2011 ) was a decision by the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida concerning patent infringement on a `` safe hands '' device that Michael Powell , an independent contractor for Home Depot , created in response to injuries to the hands of associates using in - store radial arm saws . The District court jury returned a verdict in favor of Powell . In 2011 , Home Depot appealed against the decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit , challenging the district court 's denial of its renewed motion for judgment as a matter of law on the issues of infringement , willfulness , and damages . They also challenged the district court 's claim construction , inequitable conduct , and attorney fees determinations . The appellate court found no inequitable conduct and insufficiently egregious misconduct on the part of Powell 's attorney . Tilt - up construction Design of stores ( edit ) In the wake of the 2011 Joplin tornado in which the walls of a Home Depot collapsed after being hit by an EF5 tornado , The Kansas City Star , citing engineers , criticized Home Depot 's practice of using tilt - up construction in hundreds of its big - box stores ( other nearby big - box stores in Joplin , including a Walmart and Academy Sports , which had concrete block construction , lost their roofs but the walls remained intact ) . In tilt - up construction the concrete is poured onsite , lifted into place , and then attached to the roof . The engineers told the Star that the practice , while normally safe and efficient , is dangerous in major storms because once the roof is lifted ( as happened in Joplin ) the walls collapse in a domino effect . Seven people were killed in the front of the store when the 100,000 - pound walls collapsed on them , while 28 people in the back of the store survived when those walls collapsed outward . Only two of the slab walls in the Home Depot survived . In contrast , 3 people died in the Walmart but 200 survived . Engineers noted that when concrete block construction fails , structural elements break in pieces and usually not in huge slabs . Home Depot said it fundamentally disagreed with the engineers quoted by the Star and said it would use tilt - up construction when it rebuilds the Joplin store . Home Depot payment system breach ( edit ) See also : List of data breaches in the United States Home Depot Self - checkout system On September 2 , 2014 , security news reporter Brian Krebs reported that he was seeing evidence of credit card numbers linked to Home Depot purchases being sold online , which he concluded to suggest that The Home Depot 's payment systems were breached by hackers . On September 8 , 2014 , Home Depot confirmed that their payment systems were compromised . According to their press release , this breach affected any customers who made purchases at any Home Depot store from April 2014 to September 2014 . Home Depot offered their affected customers free one - year credit monitoring service from AllClear ID . Also in their press release , they made sure to emphasize that there was no evidence to suggest that online customers were affected by the breach . On September 18 , 2014 , Home Depot released a statement saying that the hackers obtained a total of 56 million credit card numbers as a result of the breach . Since the breach , Home Depot has rolled out new encryption technology for their cash registers and self - checkout systems to protect customers . A class action lawsuit was filed against the company . In March 2016 Home Depot agreed to pay at least $19.5 million to compensate the more than 50 million consumers affected . The settlement terms included a $13 million fund to reimburse shoppers and a $6.5 million fund for cardholder identity protection services . EEOC disability discrimination Suit ( edit ) In September 2012 , Home Depot agreed to pay $100,000 and furnish other relief to settle a disability discrimination lawsuit filed by the U.S Equal Employment Opportunity Commission , for the alleged failure to provide a reasonable accommodation for a cashier with cancer at its Towson , Maryland , store and then for purportedly firing her because of her condition . See also ( edit ) Lowe 's , another American home improvement and construction product services , which competes with The Home Depot in the United States , Canada and Mexico . Home improvement References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Home Depot , Inc . - News Release '' . ^ Jump up to : ( XBRL ) . Home Depot . March 1 , 2018 http://ir.homedepot.com/~/media/Files/H/HomeDepot-IR/reports-and-presentations/quarterly-earnings/q4-2017-press-release.pdf . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ ( PDF ) . Home Depot . Mar 1 , 2018 http://ir.homedepot.com/~/media/Files/H/HomeDepot-IR/reports-and-presentations/quarterly-earnings/q4-2017-press-release.pdf . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Home Depot Completes Acquisition of Interline Brands , Inc '' . PR Newswire . August 24 , 2015 . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vinings CDP , Georgia '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2011 . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausick , Paul ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Why Home Depot Dominates the Home Improvement Market '' . 247 Wall Street . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home Depot Corporate website : Our History '' . Home Depot Corporate website : Our History . Retrieved June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Roush , Chris . Inside Home Depot . McGraw Hill . Jump up ^ `` Home Depot History '' . ext.homedepot.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Investor FAQ '' . The Home Depot , Inc . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Home Depot '' . New York Times . October 31 , 1984 . Jump up ^ `` The Home Depot , Inc . - Company Profile , Information , Business Description , History , Background Information on The Home Depot , Inc '' . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Strom , Stephanie ( February 9 , 1994 ) . `` COMPANY NEWS ; Home Depot Buys Chain In Canada '' . New York Times . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home Depot Names GE 's Nardelli As New CEO in a Surprise Move '' . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ News , Bloomberg ( 1997 ) . `` HOME DEPOT TO PAY $245.4 MILLION FOR DIRECT MARKETER '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Home Depot Plans To Buy Maintenance Warehouse '' . New York Times . January 17 , 1997 . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home Depot Tightens Focus on Commercial Customers '' . Plumbing & Mechanical . Plumbing & Mechanical. 1997 . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home Depot to acquire Apex Supply Co '' . Atlanta Business Chronicle . December 13 , 1999 . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Name For Apex Supply Co . And Maintenance Warehouse '' . Supply House Times . March 1 , 2004 . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home Depot Workers Reject Bid to Unionize '' . Floordaily.net . Jump up ^ `` Home Depot to acquire Your `` other '' Warehouse `` . Atlanta Business Chronicle . October 3 , 2001 . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home Depot To Redesign EXPO Division '' . VMSD . September 11 , 2000 . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home Depot acquires Del Norte '' . Atlanta Business Chronicle . March 21 , 2002 . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home Depot Landscape Supply Blooms in Atlanta '' . PR Newswire . August 1 , 2002 . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home Depot Closing Landscape Supply Stores '' . Chain Store Age . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Funk , Dale ( January 1 , 2006 ) . `` Home Depot to buy Hughes Supply for about $3.2 billion '' . Electrical Wholesaling . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Home Depot Completes Acquisition of Hughes Supply '' . Contracting Business . April 1 , 2006 . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wholesale Division of Home Depot Branded Under Name of HD Supply '' . Achrnews . January 29 , 2007 . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Alden , William ( April 12 , 2013 ) . `` HD Supply , Backed by Carlyle and Bain , Files for I.P.O. '' DealBook . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Nardelli Resigns as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of The Home Depot and Is Succeeded by Frank Blake '' . News Releases . The Home Depot . January 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Home Depot 's Surprising Choice for CEO '' . BusinessWeek . January 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gogoi , Pallavi ( January 4 , 2007 ) . `` Home Depot 's Surprising Choice for CEO '' . BusinessWeek . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Meg Marco ( 2009 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Bid Adieu To Home Depot 's Expo Stores -- Consumerist '' . Consumerist.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jopson , Barney ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` Home Depot shuts big box stores in China '' . Financial Times . Jump up ^ Bhasin , Kim ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` Home Depot Gives Up And Closes The Last Of Its Big Box Stores In China '' . Business Insider . Jump up ^ `` Home Depot to build two distribution centers to expand online fulfillment network '' . DC Velocity . March 22 , 2013 . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Profile Craig A. Menear '' . Bloomberg Business . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Connecticut , Illinois , California lead probe into Home Depot data breach '' . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bray , Chad ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` Home Depot to Buy Interline Brands for $1.6 Billion in Cash '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Interline , Home Depot are becoming ' one ' '' . Jacksonville Business Journal . July 18 , 2016 . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Homer : The Home Depot 's Much - Loved DIY Mascot '' . The Home Depot. 2015 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Home Depot opens its first Superstore in the West '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sharf , Samantha . `` Home Depot Announces New CEO , Frank Blake To Stay On As Chairman '' . Forbes . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Home Depot Gets a Slogan Makeover '' . www.corporate-eye.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Home Depot Slogan Pro Tool Reviews '' . Pro Tool Reviews . 2009 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Ziobro , Paul ( 19 January 2016 ) . `` Home Depot Replaces Head of U.S. Stores Business '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Operations '' . The Home Depot . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home Depot to acquire Interline Brands '' . Industrial Supply . July 22 , 2015 . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` homedepot.com UVs for March 2012 '' . Compete . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` We shopped at Home Depot and Lowe 's to see which store was better -- and the winner was clear for one key reason '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Home Depot Opens First Home Depot Fuel Location in Georgia '' . PR Newswire . September 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Board of Directors '' . Corporate Governance . The Home Depot . May 21 , 2008 . Retrieved June 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bailey , M. `` Business & Industry : The Home Depot '' . Georgia College and State University . Jump up ^ `` The Home Depot Partners with GEMA 's Ready Georgia to Teach Thousands of Kids about Emergency Preparedness '' . The Fayette Front Page . August 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Congratulations to Our ' Get Ready Georgia ' Art and Essay Contest Winners ! , Ready Georgia access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Drinkard , Jim ( January 17 , 2005 ) . `` Donors Get Good Seats , Great Access This Week '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff ( January 16 , 2005 ) . `` Financing the Inauguration '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff ( January 14 , 2005 ) . `` Some Question Inaugural 's Multi-Million Price Tag '' . Associated Press ( via USA Today ) . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Home Depot to donate $50 M to train construction workers , address severe shortage '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Home Depot takes a shot at tackling the construction labor shortage '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Is Home Depot giving up on `` Going Green '' Strategies ? `` . TreeHugger . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Barbaro , Michael ( April 17 , 2007 ) . `` Home Depot to Display an Environmental Label '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Home Depot adopts new wood purchasing policy '' . Planet ARK . January 6 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Rosenbloom , Stephanie ( June 24 , 2008 ) . `` Home Depot Offers Recycling for Compact Fluorescent Bulbs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Home Depot quietly ends light - bulb - recycling program '' . Cbc.ca . Jump up ^ Stafford , Leon ( 21 April 2017 ) . `` Georgia Dome site to become park after demolition '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home Depot ends Olympics sponsorship program '' . Reuters. 2009 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ Pennell , Jay ( June 23 , 2014 ) . `` Report : Home Depot ending NASCAR sponsorship after 2014 '' . Foxsports.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Duke Announces Construction of ' The Home Depot Smart Home ' '' . Duke University . October 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Home Depot Becomes an Official NFL Sponsor '' . The Home Depot . January 9 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Republican Candidates Increase Share of Business PAC Donations '' . Bloomberg . August 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Weber , Harry R. ( January 3 , 2007 ) . `` Nardelli resigns abruptly as CEO of Home Depot , leaves with $210 M '' . AP.com . Jump up ^ Harris , Paul ( May 23 , 2004 ) . `` Bush 's Super Fundraisers Join the Queue for Favours '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Acerca de '' ( in Spanish ) . The Home Depot . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Home Depot -- Home '' . Corporate.homedepot.com . June 22 , 1979 . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Home Depot acquires The Home Way '' . Prnewswire.com . December 13 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Burkitt , Laurie ( 14 September 2012 ) . `` Home Depot Learns Chinese Prefer ' Do - It - for - Me ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff ( September 16 , 2012 ) . `` Home Depot closes China stores , denies ' moving out ' '' . China Times . Retrieved January 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tulshyan , Ruchika . `` Home Depot 's failure in China : Ignoring women '' . Atlanta Business Chronicle . Atlanta Business Chronicle . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bid Talk Lifts Kingfisher Shares '' . BBC News . January 5 , 2004 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Teena Lyons ( May 8 , 2005 ) . `` US giant targets B&Q DIY chain '' . This is Money . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Published on Monday May 9 , 2005 01 : 29 ( May 9 , 2005 ) . `` The Scotsman '' . The Scotsman . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kingfisher profit down 33 % as B&Q unit takes a hammering '' . Abcmoney.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Bernie ; Blank , Arthur ; Andelman , Bob ( 1999 ) . Built from Scratch . New York : Random House . pp. 300 -- 302 . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 3058 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kapner , Suzanne ( April 12 , 2007 ) . `` Home Depot Case Revived '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Home Depot Settlement '' . U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission . March 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael S. Powell . `` United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit '' ( PDF ) . Patent4Life . Jump up ^ `` Powell v. Home Depot -- False Petition Not `` Egregious Misconduct '' `` . The National Law Review . Schwegman , Lundberg & Woessner , P.A. November 16 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Post-Therasense : Inequitable Conduct Really Is a Higher Standard '' . McDermott Will & Emery. 2011 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ McGraw , Mike ( June 25 , 2011 ) . `` Experts Challenge Home Depot Building Design , Codes After Joplin Tornado '' . The Kansas City Star . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Banks : Credit Card Breach at Home Depot '' . Krebs on Security . September 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Home Depot settles consumer lawsuit over big 2014 data breach '' . Reuters . March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Complaint , U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Home Depot USA Inc . '' ( PDF ) . PacerMonitor . PacerMonitor . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Home Depot to Pay $100,000 to Settle EEOC Disability Discrimination Suit '' . The National Law Review . U.S Equal Employment Opportunity Commission . 2012 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Home Depot . Home Depot , Inc . ( Corporate website ) Home Depot USA ( English website ) Home Depot Canada ( English and French website ) Home Depot USA ( Spanish website ) Home Depot Mexico ( Spanish ) Business data for The Home Depot : Google Finance Yahoo ! Finance Reuters SEC filings hide The Home Depot Corporate Directors : Greg Brenneman Richard H. Brown John Clendenin Claudio González Milledge Hart Bonnie Hill Laban Jackson Lawrence R. Johnston Ken Langone Tom Ridge Components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average 3M American Express Apple Boeing Caterpillar Chevron Cisco Systems Coca - Cola Disney DowDuPont ExxonMobil Goldman Sachs The Home Depot Intel IBM Johnson & Johnson JPMorgan Chase McDonald 's Merck & Co . 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Smith & Co . Stewart Spiers Utica Tools Bonney Forge Herbrand Vlchek House brands Ace Hardware Ace Tools AutoZone Duralast Blain 's Farm and Fleet Duracraft Canadian Tire Mastercraft The Home Depot Husky Lee Valley Veritas Lowe 's Kobalt Menards Masterforce Montgomery Ward PowrKraft Sears Craftsman Atlanta companies Aaron 's , Inc . AGCO ( Duluth ) American Megatrends ( Gwinnett County ) Arby 's ( Sandy Springs ) AT&T Mobility Atlanta Bread Company ( Smyrna ) Atlanta Gas Light BellSouth Chick - fil - A ( College Park ) Church 's Chicken ( Sandy Springs ) Coca - Cola Cox Enterprises Delta Air Lines EarthLink Equifax ExpressJet ( College Park ) Georgia Natural Gas Georgia - Pacific Georgia Power Holiday Inn Holiday Inn Express The Home Depot ( Cobb County ) Hooters Intercontinental Exchange Krystal Kool Smiles ( Marietta ) Merial ( Duluth ) NCR Corporation ( Gwinnett County ) Popeyes ( Sandy Springs ) RaceTrac Rheem Scientific Atlanta ( Lawrenceville ) Simmons Bedding Company Southern Company SunTrust Banks Turner Broadcasting System United Parcel Service ( Sandy Springs ) Waffle House ( Gwinnett County ) The Weather Channel ( Cobb County ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Home_Depot&oldid=849576326 '' Categories : The Home Depot 1978 establishments in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Companies based in Cobb County , Georgia Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange Companies in the Dow Jones Industrial Average Hardware stores of Canada Home improvement retailers of the United States Hardware stores of the United States Industrial supply companies Retail companies established in 1978 Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from June 2012 Articles with attributed pull quotes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 July 2018 , at 23 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many home depot stores are in mexico	[ "The Home Depot operates 106 stores in Mexico[74] and has become one of the largest retailers in Mexico since it entered the market in 2001. The Home Depot increased its presence in Mexico in 2004, with the acquisition of Home Mart, the second largest Mexican home improvement retailer.\n" ]	[ "106" ]
6727002997974079497	People (magazine)	People ( magazine ) - wikipedia People ( magazine ) Jump to : navigation , search For the Spanish - language version , see People en Español . For the Australian magazine , see People ( Australian magazine ) . People The November 28 , 2016 , edition of People . Editor Jess Cagle Categories Celebrity , human interest , news Total circulation ( 2013 ) 3,527,541 First issue March 4 , 1974 ; 43 years ago ( 1974 - 03 - 04 ) Company Time Inc . Country United States Language English Website www.people.com ISSN 0093 - 7673 People is an American weekly magazine of celebrity and human - interest stories , published by Time Inc . With a readership of 46.6 million adults , People has the largest audience of any American magazine . People had $997 million in advertising revenue in 2011 , the highest advertising revenue of any American magazine . In 2006 , it had a circulation of 3.75 million and revenue expected to top $1.5 billion . It was named `` Magazine of the Year '' by Advertising Age in October 2005 , for excellence in editorial , circulation and advertising . People ranked # 6 on Advertising Age 's annual `` A-list '' and # 3 on Adweek 's `` Brand Blazers '' list in October 2006 . The magazine runs a roughly 50 / 50 mix of celebrity and human - interest articles . People 's editors claim to refrain from printing pure celebrity gossip , enough to lead celebrity publicists to propose exclusives to the magazine , and evidence of what one staffer calls a `` publicist - friendly strategy '' . People 's website , People.com , focuses on celebrity news and human interest stories . In February 2015 , the website broke a new record : 72 million unique visitors . People is perhaps best known for its yearly special issues naming the `` World 's Most Beautiful , '' `` Best & Worst Dressed '' and `` Sexiest Man Alive '' . The magazine 's headquarters are in New York and it maintains editorial bureaus in Los Angeles and in London . For economic reasons it closed bureaus in Austin , Miami , and Chicago in 2006 . In December 2016 , LaTavia Roberson engaged in a feud with People after alleging they misquoted and misrepresented her interview online . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Teen People 1.2 Competition for celebrity photos 1.3 Sexiest Man Alive 1.4 Sexiest Woman Alive 1.5 Most Intriguing People of the Year 1.6 100 Most Beautiful People 1.6. 1 Number Ones of Most Beautiful People 2 Notes 3 External links History ( edit ) The concept for People has been attributed to Andrew Heiskell , Time Inc. 's chief executive officer at the time and the former publisher of the weekly Life magazine . The founding managing editor of People was Richard B. ( Dick ) Stolley , a former assistant managing editor at Life and the journalist who acquired the Zapruder tapes of the John F. Kennedy assassination for Time Inc. in 1963 . People 's first publisher was Richard J. ( Dick ) Durrell , another Time Inc. veteran . Stolley characterized the magazine as `` getting back to the people who are causing the news and who are caught up in it , or deserve to be in it . Our focus is on people , not issues . '' Stolley 's almost religious determination to keep the magazine people - focused contributed significantly to its rapid early success . It is said that although Time Inc. pumped an estimated $40 million into the venture , the magazine only broke even 18 months after its debut in March 1974 . Initially , the magazine was sold primarily on newsstands and in supermarkets . To get the magazine out each week , founding staff members regularly slept on the floor of their offices two or three nights each week and severely limited all non-essential outside engagements . The premier edition for the week ending March 4 , 1974 featured actress Mia Farrow , then starring in the film The Great Gatsby , on the cover . That issue also featured stories on Gloria Vanderbilt , Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and the wives of U.S. Vietnam veterans who were Missing In Action . The magazine was , apart from its cover , printed in black - and - white . The initial cover price was 35 cents ( equivalent to $1.70 in 2016 ) . The core of the small founding editorial team included other editors , writers , photographers and photo editors from Life magazine , which had ceased publication just 13 months earlier . This group included managing editor Stolley , senior editors Hal Wingo ( father of ESPN anchor Trey Wingo ) , Sam Angeloff ( the founding managing editor of Us magazine ) and Robert Emmett Ginna ( later a producer of films ) ; writers James Watters ( a theater reviewer ) and Ronald B. Scott ( later a biographer of Presidential candidate Mitt Romney ) ; former Time senior editor Richard Burgheim ( later the founder of Time 's ill - fated cable television magazine View ) ; Chief of Photography , a Life photographer , John Loengard , to be succeeded by John Dominus , a noteworthy Life staff photographer ; and design artist Bernard Waber , author and illustrator of the Lyle The Crocodile book series for children . Many of the noteworthy Life photographers contributed to the magazine as well , including legends Alfred Eisenstaedt and Gjon Mili and rising stars Co Rentmeester , David Burnett and Bill Eppridge . Other members of the first editorial staff included editors and writers : Ross Drake , Ralph Novak , Bina Bernard , James Jerome , Sally Moore , Mary Vespa , Lee Wohlfert , Joy Wansley , Curt Davis , Clare Crawford - Mason , and Jed Horne , later an editor of The Times - Picayune in New Orleans . In 1996 , Time Inc. launched a Spanish - language magazine entitled People en Español . The company has said that the new publication emerged after a 1995 issue of the original magazine was distributed with two distinct covers , one featuring the murdered Tejano singer Selena and the other featuring the hit television series Friends ; the Selena cover sold out while the other did not . Although the original idea was that Spanish - language translations of articles from the English magazine would comprise half the content , People en Español over time came to have entirely original content . In 2002 , People introduced People Stylewatch , a title focusing on celebrity style , fashion , and beauty -- a newsstand extension of its Stylewatch column . Due to its success , the frequency of People Stylewatch was increased to 10 times per year in 2007 . In Australia , the localized version of People is titled Who because of a pre-existing lad 's mag published under the title People . The international edition of People has been published in Greece since 2010 . On July 26 , 2013 , Outlook Group announced that it was closing down the Indian edition of People , which began publication in 2008 . Teen People ( edit ) Teen People Teen People cover , April 2006 Managing Editor Niraj Biswal Barbara O'Dair Categories Celebrity Frequency Monthly First issue February 1998 Final issue September 2006 Company Time Inc . ( Time Warner ) Country United States Language English ISSN 1096 - 2832 In 1998 , the magazine introduced a version targeted at teens , called Teen People . However , on July 27 , 2006 the company announced that it would shut down publication of Teen People immediately . The last issue to be released was scheduled for September 2006 . In exchange subscribers to this magazine received Entertainment Weekly for the rest of their subscriptions . There were numerous reasons cited for the publication shutdown , including a downfall in ad pages , competition from both other teen - oriented magazines and the internet , along with a decrease in circulation numbers . Teenpeople.com was merged into People.com in April 2007 . People.com will `` carry teen - focused stories that are branded as TeenPeople.com '' , Mark Golin , the editor of People.com explained , and on the decision to merge the brands he said , `` We 've got traffic on TeenPeople , People is a larger site , why not combine and have the teen traffic going to one place ? '' Competition for celebrity photos ( edit ) In a July 2006 Variety article , Janice Min , Us Weekly editor - in - chief , blamed People for the increase in cost to publishers of celebrity photos : They are among the largest spenders of celebrity photos in the industry ... One of the first things they ever did , that led to the jacking up of photo prices , was to pay $75,000 to buy pictures of Jennifer Lopez reading Us magazine , so Us Weekly could n't buy them . That was the watershed moment that kicked off high photo prices in my mind . I had never seen anything like it . But they saw a competitor come along , and responded . It was a business move , and probably a smart one . People reportedly paid $4.1 million for photos of newborn Shiloh Nouvel Jolie - Pitt , the child of Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt . The photos set a single - day traffic record for their website , attracting 26.5 million page views . Sexiest Man Alive ( edit ) The annual feature the `` Sexiest Man Alive '' is billed as a benchmark of male attractiveness and typically includes only famous people and celebrities . It is determined using a procedure similar to the procedure used for Time 's Person of the Year . The origin of the title was a discussion on a planned story on Mel Gibson . Someone exclaimed , `` Oh my God , he is the sexiest man alive ! '' And someone else said , `` You should use that as a cover line . '' For the first decade or so , the feature appeared at uneven intervals . Originally awarded in the wintertime , it shifted around the calendar , resulting in gaps as short as seven months and as long as a year and a half ( with no selection at all during 1994 , however 21 years later People selected Keanu Reeves to fill the 1994 gap , the runners up for that year includes Hugh Grant and Jim Carrey ) . Since 1997 , the dates have settled between mid-November and early December . Dates of magazine issues , winners , ages of winners at the time of selection , and pertinent comments are listed below . As of 2016 , John F. Kennedy , Jr. and Patrick Swayze are the only winners to have died since winning . Kennedy , Adam Levine and David Beckham are the only non-actors to have won the award . Year Choice Age 000000001985 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 1985 Mel Gibson 29 000000001986 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1986 Mark Harmon 34 000000001987 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 1987 Harry Hamlin 35 000000001988 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 , 1988 John F. Kennedy , Jr . 27 000000001989 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1989 Sean Connery 59 000000001990 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 1990 Tom Cruise 28 000000001991 - 07 - 22 - 0000 July 22 , 1991 Patrick Swayze 38 000000001992 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 1992 Nick Nolte 51 000000001993 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 1993 Richard Gere ( 1 ) and Cindy Crawford 44 1994 ( awarded in 2015 ) Keanu Reeves 30 ( at the time ) 000000001995 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1995 Brad Pitt ( 1 ) 31 000000001996 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 , 1996 Denzel Washington 41 000000001997 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 1997 George Clooney ( 1 ) 36 000000001998 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 1998 Harrison Ford 56 000000001999 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1999 Richard Gere ( 2 ) 50 000000002000 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2000 Brad Pitt ( 2 ) 36 000000002001 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 2001 Pierce Brosnan 48 000000002002 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 2002 Ben Affleck 30 000000002003 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2003 Johnny Depp ( 1 ) 40 000000002004 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2004 Jude Law 31 000000002005 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 2005 Matthew McConaughey 36 000000002006 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27 , 2006 George Clooney ( 2 ) 45 000000002007 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 2007 Matt Damon 37 000000002008 - 11 - 25 - 0000 November 25 , 2008 Hugh Jackman 40 000000002009 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2009 Johnny Depp ( 2 ) 46 000000002010 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2010 Ryan Reynolds 34 000000002011 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2011 Bradley Cooper 36 000000002012 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2012 Channing Tatum 32 000000002013 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 2013 Adam Levine 34 000000002014 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 2014 Chris Hemsworth 31 000000002015 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2015 David Beckham 40 000000002016 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2016 Dwayne Johnson 44 Sexiest Woman Alive ( edit ) See also : Sexiest Woman Alive ( Esquire magazine ) In December 2014 , People selected its first Sexiest Woman Alive . Year Choice Age 000000002014 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 2014 Kate Upton 22 Most Intriguing People of the year ( edit ) At the end of each year People magazine famously selects 25 news - making individuals or couples who have received a lot of media attention over the past 12 months and showcases them in a special year - end issue , the ' 25 Most Intriguing People of the Year ' . This series of full - page features and half - page featurettes includes world leaders and political activists , famous actors and entertainers , elite athletes , prominent business people , accomplished scientists and occasionally members of the public whose stories have made an unusual impact in news or tabloid media . For example , the news - makers People named as the `` Most Intriguing People of 2010 '' were : Sandra Bullock President Barack Obama and Michelle Obama Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie Michael Douglas Elizabeth Smart Prince William and Catherine Middleton Elin Nordegren Natalie Portman Nicki Minaj Sarah Palin LeBron James Bret Michaels Julian Assange The Chilean Miners Ricky Martin Kim Kardashian Mark Zuckerberg Heidi Montag Jake Gyllenhaal and Taylor Swift Ryan Reynolds Will Smith 's kids ( Jaden and Willow ) Christina Aguilera Ali Fedotowsky and Roberto Martinez James Franco Conan O'Brien 100 Most Beautiful People ( edit ) People 's 100 Most Beautiful People is an annual list of 100 people judged to be the most beautiful individuals in the world . Until 2006 , it was the 50 Most Beautiful People . In 1990 , Michelle Pfeiffer appeared on the cover of People 's first `` 50 Most Beautiful People In The World '' issue . She again was on the cover of the annual issue in 1999 . Julia Roberts holds the record for most times named , with five . Number Ones of Most Beautiful People ( edit ) Year Name Age 000000001990 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1990 Michelle Pfeiffer ( 1 ) 32 000000001991 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 1991 Julia Roberts ( 1 ) 23 000000001992 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 1992 Jodie Foster 29 000000001993 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 1993 Cindy Crawford 27 000000001994 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 1994 Meg Ryan 32 000000001995 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 1995 Courteney Cox 30 000000001996 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 1996 Mel Gibson 40 000000001997 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1997 Tom Cruise 34 000000001998 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1998 Leonardo DiCaprio 23 000000001999 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 1999 Michelle Pfeiffer ( 2 ) 41 000000002000 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 2000 Julia Roberts ( 2 ) 32 000000002001 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 2001 Catherine Zeta - Jones 31 000000002002 - 05 - 13 - 0000 May 13 , 2002 Nicole Kidman 34 000000002003 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 2003 Halle Berry 36 000000002004 - 05 - 30 - 0000 May 30 , 2004 Jennifer Aniston ( 1 ) 35 000000002005 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 2005 Julia Roberts ( 3 ) 37 000000002006 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2006 Angelina Jolie 30 000000002007 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2007 Drew Barrymore 32 000000002008 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2008 Kate Hudson 29 000000002009 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 2009 Christina Applegate 37 000000002010 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 2010 Julia Roberts ( 4 ) 42 000000002011 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 2011 Jennifer Lopez 41 000000002012 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2012 Beyoncé Knowles 30 000000002013 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2013 Gwyneth Paltrow 40 000000002014 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2014 Lupita Nyong'o 31 000000002015 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 2015 Sandra Bullock 50 000000002016 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2016 Jennifer Aniston ( 2 ) 47 000000002017 - 04 - 19 - 0000 April 19 , 2017 Julia Roberts ( 5 ) 49 Notes ( edit ) ^ a : The ratio , according to Variety , is 53 % to 47 % . Jump up ^ Pompeo , Joe ( January 10 , 2014 ) . `` Time Inc. shake - up '' . Capital New York . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Consumer Magazines '' . Alliance for Audited Media . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnston - Greene , Chandra ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` AARP Shows Largest Growth in Readership '' . Folio Magazine . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Flamm , Matthew ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` Magazines eke out gains in 2011 '' . Crain 's New York Business . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : People who need people , a July 2006 article from Variety magazine . ^ Jump up to : Martha Nelson Named Editor , The People Group , a January 2006 Time Warner press release . Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. ( February 19 , 2007 ) . `` Old Media Partying With Oscar Online '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Media Industry News letter , March 2006 Jump up ^ http://people.com/music/latavia-roberson-miscarriage-memoir-i-am-latavia-cover/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Former Destiny 's Child Member LaTavia Roberson Has a Bone to Pick With People Magazine '' . BET.com . Jump up ^ `` Ousted Destiny 's Child Member LaTavia Roberson Is Pretty Pissed About An Interview She Gave '' . Oxygen. 29 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Press : People 's Premiere '' . Time . March 14 , 1974 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Magazine '' . Cosmopolitan. 188 : 206 . 1980 . Jump up ^ `` Grad Named Head of People en Español '' . Tufts University . February 29 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Outlook to close down international titles - People , Geo and Marie Claire '' . Best Media Info . July 26 , 2013 . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nikhil Pahwa ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` On The State Of The Magazine Industry In India ; Outlook Shuts Three Magazines '' . MediaNama . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tweens , Teens , and Magazines '' ( PDF ) . Kaiser Family Foundation . January 2013 . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teen People magazine closes , but website will still continue '' . The New York Times . July 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Medialifemagazine.com ' ' . '' . Medialifemagazine.com . July 26 , 2006 . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TeenPeople.com to Merge Into People.com '' . Mediaweek. April 11 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Argetsinger , Amy ; Roberts , Roxanne ( November 19 , 2007 ) . `` Matt Damon ? ? ! ! ! We Demand to Differ ! '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` All the Sexiest Man Alive Covers : 1986 '' . People . November 3 , 2009 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ In 1993 , People named Gere and Crawford the `` Sexiest Couple Alive '' instead of naming a sexiest man . `` Sexiest Men Alive : A Hardy Breed with Perennial Appeal , Our Anointed Hunks Look as Good Today as Yesterday '' . People . November 17 , 1997 . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` An Annotated Deep Dive into the Majesty of Matthew McConaughey 's 2005 Sexiest Man Alive Interview '' . people.com . People Magazine . 2005 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` George Clooney Named PEOPLE 's Sexiest Man Alive '' . people.com . People Magazine . 2006 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Damon : The Sexiest Man Alive '' . people.com . People Magazine . 2007 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Jackman : The Sexiest Man Alive '' . people.com . People Magazine . 2008 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 's Sexiest Man Alive : Johnny Depp '' . people.com . People Magazine . 2009 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sexiest Man Alive 2010 : Ryan Reynolds '' . people.com . People Magazine . 2010 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bradley Cooper Named Sexiest Man Alive '' . Access Hollywood . November 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jen Chaney ( November 14 , 2012 ) . `` Channing Tatum , as expected , is People 's Sexiest Man Alive 2012 '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Jordan , Julie ; Coulton , Antoinette ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` Adam Levine Is PEOPLE 's Sexiest Man Alive '' . People . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Julie ; Coulton , Antoinette ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth Is PEOPLE 's Sexiest Man Alive '' . People . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Elizabeth ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` David Beckham Is PEOPLE 's Sexiest Man Alive ! '' . People . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kate Upton wins ' Sexiest Woman ' '' . Daily News . New York . December 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Unstoppable Michelle '' . People . May 10 , 1999 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cable , Jess ; Kimble , Lindsay ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Julia Roberts Is PEOPLE 's 2017 World 's Most Beautiful Woman ! '' . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . The stunning star is , for a record fifth time , the Most Beautiful Woman in the World ... External links ( edit ) Official website ( Mobile ) Time Inc . United States All You Coastal Living Cooking Light Departures Entertainment Weekly Essence Executive Travel Food & Wine Fortune Golf Health HelloGiggles InStyle Life.com Money People People en Español Real Simple Southern Living Sports Illustrated Sports Illustrated Kids Sunset Time Time for Kids Travel + Leisure Time Inc . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who holds the record for people's sexiest man	[ "\n\nYear\nChoice\nAge\n\n\n000000001985-02-04-0000February 4, 1985\nMel Gibson\n29\n\n\n000000001986-01-27-0000January 27, 1986\nMark Harmon[22]\n34\n\n\n000000001987-03-30-0000March 30, 1987\nHarry Hamlin\n35\n\n\n000000001988-09-12-0000September 12, 1988\nJohn F. Kennedy, Jr.\n27\n\n\n000000001989-12-16-0000December 16, 1989\nSean Connery\n59\n\n\n000000001990-07-23-0000July 23, 1990\nTom Cruise\n28\n\n\n000000001991-07-22-0000July 22, 1991\nPatrick Swayze\n38\n\n\n000000001992-03-16-0000March 16, 1992\nNick Nolte\n51\n\n\n000000001993-10-19-0000October 19, 1993\nRichard Gere (1) and Cindy Crawford[23]\n44\n\n\n1994 (awarded in 2015)\nKeanu Reeves\n30 (at the time)\n\n\n000000001995-01-30-0000January 30, 1995\nBrad Pitt (1)\n31\n\n\n000000001996-07-29-0000July 29, 1996\nDenzel Washington\n41\n\n\n000000001997-11-17-0000November 17, 1997\nGeorge Clooney (1)\n36\n\n\n000000001998-11-16-0000November 16, 1998\nHarrison Ford\n56\n\n\n000000001999-11-15-0000November 15, 1999\nRichard Gere (2)\n50\n\n\n000000002000-11-13-0000November 13, 2000\nBrad Pitt (2)\n36\n\n\n000000002001-11-26-0000November 26, 2001\nPierce Brosnan\n48\n\n\n000000002002-12-02-0000December 2, 2002\nBen Affleck\n30\n\n\n000000002003-12-01-0000December 1, 2003\nJohnny Depp (1)\n40\n\n\n000000002004-11-29-0000November 29, 2004\nJude Law\n31\n\n\n000000002005-11-28-0000November 28, 2005\nMatthew McConaughey[24]\n36\n\n\n000000002006-11-27-0000November 27, 2006\nGeorge Clooney (2)[25]\n45\n\n\n000000002007-11-26-0000November 26, 2007\nMatt Damon[26]\n37\n\n\n000000002008-11-25-0000November 25, 2008\nHugh Jackman[27]\n40\n\n\n000000002009-11-18-0000November 18, 2009\nJohnny Depp (2)[28]\n46\n\n\n000000002010-11-17-0000November 17, 2010\nRyan Reynolds[29]\n34\n\n\n000000002011-11-16-0000November 16, 2011\nBradley Cooper[30]\n36\n\n\n000000002012-11-14-0000November 14, 2012\nChanning Tatum[31]\n32\n\n\n000000002013-11-19-0000November 19, 2013\nAdam Levine[32]\n34\n\n\n000000002014-11-19-0000November 19, 2014\nChris Hemsworth[33]\n31\n\n\n000000002015-11-17-0000November 17, 2015\nDavid Beckham[34]\n40\n\n\n000000002016-11-15-0000November 15, 2016\nDwayne Johnson\n44\n\n", "\n\nYear\nChoice\nAge\n\n\n000000001985-02-04-0000February 4, 1985\nMel Gibson\n29\n\n\n000000001986-01-27-0000January 27, 1986\nMark Harmon[22]\n34\n\n\n000000001987-03-30-0000March 30, 1987\nHarry Hamlin\n35\n\n\n000000001988-09-12-0000September 12, 1988\nJohn F. Kennedy, Jr.\n27\n\n\n000000001989-12-16-0000December 16, 1989\nSean Connery\n59\n\n\n000000001990-07-23-0000July 23, 1990\nTom Cruise\n28\n\n\n000000001991-07-22-0000July 22, 1991\nPatrick Swayze\n38\n\n\n000000001992-03-16-0000March 16, 1992\nNick Nolte\n51\n\n\n000000001993-10-19-0000October 19, 1993\nRichard Gere (1) and Cindy Crawford[23]\n44\n\n\n1994 (awarded in 2015)\nKeanu Reeves\n30 (at the time)\n\n\n000000001995-01-30-0000January 30, 1995\nBrad Pitt (1)\n31\n\n\n000000001996-07-29-0000July 29, 1996\nDenzel Washington\n41\n\n\n000000001997-11-17-0000November 17, 1997\nGeorge Clooney (1)\n36\n\n\n000000001998-11-16-0000November 16, 1998\nHarrison Ford\n56\n\n\n000000001999-11-15-0000November 15, 1999\nRichard Gere (2)\n50\n\n\n000000002000-11-13-0000November 13, 2000\nBrad Pitt (2)\n36\n\n\n000000002001-11-26-0000November 26, 2001\nPierce Brosnan\n48\n\n\n000000002002-12-02-0000December 2, 2002\nBen Affleck\n30\n\n\n000000002003-12-01-0000December 1, 2003\nJohnny Depp (1)\n40\n\n\n000000002004-11-29-0000November 29, 2004\nJude Law\n31\n\n\n000000002005-11-28-0000November 28, 2005\nMatthew McConaughey[24]\n36\n\n\n000000002006-11-27-0000November 27, 2006\nGeorge Clooney (2)[25]\n45\n\n\n000000002007-11-26-0000November 26, 2007\nMatt Damon[26]\n37\n\n\n000000002008-11-25-0000November 25, 2008\nHugh Jackman[27]\n40\n\n\n000000002009-11-18-0000November 18, 2009\nJohnny Depp (2)[28]\n46\n\n\n000000002010-11-17-0000November 17, 2010\nRyan Reynolds[29]\n34\n\n\n000000002011-11-16-0000November 16, 2011\nBradley Cooper[30]\n36\n\n\n000000002012-11-14-0000November 14, 2012\nChanning Tatum[31]\n32\n\n\n000000002013-11-19-0000November 19, 2013\nAdam Levine[32]\n34\n\n\n000000002014-11-19-0000November 19, 2014\nChris Hemsworth[33]\n31\n\n\n000000002015-11-17-0000November 17, 2015\nDavid Beckham[34]\n40\n\n\n000000002016-11-15-0000November 15, 2016\nDwayne Johnson\n44\n\n", "\n\nYear\nChoice\nAge\n\n\n000000001985-02-04-0000February 4, 1985\nMel Gibson\n29\n\n\n000000001986-01-27-0000January 27, 1986\nMark Harmon[22]\n34\n\n\n000000001987-03-30-0000March 30, 1987\nHarry Hamlin\n35\n\n\n000000001988-09-12-0000September 12, 1988\nJohn F. Kennedy, Jr.\n27\n\n\n000000001989-12-16-0000December 16, 1989\nSean Connery\n59\n\n\n000000001990-07-23-0000July 23, 1990\nTom Cruise\n28\n\n\n000000001991-07-22-0000July 22, 1991\nPatrick Swayze\n38\n\n\n000000001992-03-16-0000March 16, 1992\nNick Nolte\n51\n\n\n000000001993-10-19-0000October 19, 1993\nRichard Gere (1) and Cindy Crawford[23]\n44\n\n\n1994 (awarded in 2015)\nKeanu Reeves\n30 (at the time)\n\n\n000000001995-01-30-0000January 30, 1995\nBrad Pitt (1)\n31\n\n\n000000001996-07-29-0000July 29, 1996\nDenzel Washington\n41\n\n\n000000001997-11-17-0000November 17, 1997\nGeorge Clooney (1)\n36\n\n\n000000001998-11-16-0000November 16, 1998\nHarrison Ford\n56\n\n\n000000001999-11-15-0000November 15, 1999\nRichard Gere (2)\n50\n\n\n000000002000-11-13-0000November 13, 2000\nBrad Pitt (2)\n36\n\n\n000000002001-11-26-0000November 26, 2001\nPierce Brosnan\n48\n\n\n000000002002-12-02-0000December 2, 2002\nBen Affleck\n30\n\n\n000000002003-12-01-0000December 1, 2003\nJohnny Depp (1)\n40\n\n\n000000002004-11-29-0000November 29, 2004\nJude Law\n31\n\n\n000000002005-11-28-0000November 28, 2005\nMatthew McConaughey[24]\n36\n\n\n000000002006-11-27-0000November 27, 2006\nGeorge Clooney (2)[25]\n45\n\n\n000000002007-11-26-0000November 26, 2007\nMatt Damon[26]\n37\n\n\n000000002008-11-25-0000November 25, 2008\nHugh Jackman[27]\n40\n\n\n000000002009-11-18-0000November 18, 2009\nJohnny Depp (2)[28]\n46\n\n\n000000002010-11-17-0000November 17, 2010\nRyan Reynolds[29]\n34\n\n\n000000002011-11-16-0000November 16, 2011\nBradley Cooper[30]\n36\n\n\n000000002012-11-14-0000November 14, 2012\nChanning Tatum[31]\n32\n\n\n000000002013-11-19-0000November 19, 2013\nAdam Levine[32]\n34\n\n\n000000002014-11-19-0000November 19, 2014\nChris Hemsworth[33]\n31\n\n\n000000002015-11-17-0000November 17, 2015\nDavid Beckham[34]\n40\n\n\n000000002016-11-15-0000November 15, 2016\nDwayne Johnson\n44\n\n", "\n\nYear\nChoice\nAge\n\n\n000000001985-02-04-0000February 4, 1985\nMel Gibson\n29\n\n\n000000001986-01-27-0000January 27, 1986\nMark Harmon[22]\n34\n\n\n000000001987-03-30-0000March 30, 1987\nHarry Hamlin\n35\n\n\n000000001988-09-12-0000September 12, 1988\nJohn F. Kennedy, Jr.\n27\n\n\n000000001989-12-16-0000December 16, 1989\nSean Connery\n59\n\n\n000000001990-07-23-0000July 23, 1990\nTom Cruise\n28\n\n\n000000001991-07-22-0000July 22, 1991\nPatrick Swayze\n38\n\n\n000000001992-03-16-0000March 16, 1992\nNick Nolte\n51\n\n\n000000001993-10-19-0000October 19, 1993\nRichard Gere (1) and Cindy Crawford[23]\n44\n\n\n1994 (awarded in 2015)\nKeanu Reeves\n30 (at the time)\n\n\n000000001995-01-30-0000January 30, 1995\nBrad Pitt (1)\n31\n\n\n000000001996-07-29-0000July 29, 1996\nDenzel Washington\n41\n\n\n000000001997-11-17-0000November 17, 1997\nGeorge Clooney (1)\n36\n\n\n000000001998-11-16-0000November 16, 1998\nHarrison Ford\n56\n\n\n000000001999-11-15-0000November 15, 1999\nRichard Gere (2)\n50\n\n\n000000002000-11-13-0000November 13, 2000\nBrad Pitt (2)\n36\n\n\n000000002001-11-26-0000November 26, 2001\nPierce Brosnan\n48\n\n\n000000002002-12-02-0000December 2, 2002\nBen Affleck\n30\n\n\n000000002003-12-01-0000December 1, 2003\nJohnny Depp (1)\n40\n\n\n000000002004-11-29-0000November 29, 2004\nJude Law\n31\n\n\n000000002005-11-28-0000November 28, 2005\nMatthew McConaughey[24]\n36\n\n\n000000002006-11-27-0000November 27, 2006\nGeorge Clooney (2)[25]\n45\n\n\n000000002007-11-26-0000November 26, 2007\nMatt Damon[26]\n37\n\n\n000000002008-11-25-0000November 25, 2008\nHugh Jackman[27]\n40\n\n\n000000002009-11-18-0000November 18, 2009\nJohnny Depp (2)[28]\n46\n\n\n000000002010-11-17-0000November 17, 2010\nRyan Reynolds[29]\n34\n\n\n000000002011-11-16-0000November 16, 2011\nBradley Cooper[30]\n36\n\n\n000000002012-11-14-0000November 14, 2012\nChanning Tatum[31]\n32\n\n\n000000002013-11-19-0000November 19, 2013\nAdam Levine[32]\n34\n\n\n000000002014-11-19-0000November 19, 2014\nChris Hemsworth[33]\n31\n\n\n000000002015-11-17-0000November 17, 2015\nDavid Beckham[34]\n40\n\n\n000000002016-11-15-0000November 15, 2016\nDwayne Johnson\n44\n\n" ]	[ "Brad Pitt", "Richard Gere", "George Clooney", "Johnny Depp" ]
9121291483114146132	Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani	Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani - wikipedia Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani Jump to : navigation , search Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani Hindi फिर भी दिल है हिंदुस्तानी Directed by Aziz Mirza Produced by Shah Rukh Khan Juhi Chawla Aziz Mirza Written by Sanjay Chhel ( story idea & dialogues ) Screenplay by Raaj Kumar Dahima Manoj Lalwani Starring Shah Rukh Khan Juhi Chawla Johnny Lever Paresh Rawal Music by Jatin - Lalit Cinematography Santosh Sivan Edited by Javed Sayyed Production company Dreamz Unlimited Release date 21 January 2000 Running time 166 minutes Country India Language Hindi Budget ₹ 13 crore Box office ₹ 25.46 crore Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani ( English : Yet the heart is still Indian ) is an Indian Hindi comedy - drama film released by Dreamz Unlimited , now Red Chillies Entertainment on 21 January 2000 . The film was directed by Aziz Mirza and stars Shahrukh Khan and Juhi Chawla focuses on the media war being fought in the TV newsrooms . Ajay Bakshi and Ria Banerjee are two television reporters for rival news channels who try to save the life of a man who has been fixed by a politicians for the death of his brother , from a death sentence . The film marked the first attempted by Khan , Chawla and Mirza under their new production company Dreamz Unlimited , now Red Chillies Entertainment . This film won the IIFA Award for Best Special Effects . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Music 4 Box office 4.1 India 4.2 Overseas 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Ajay Bakshi ( Shahrukh Khan ) is a successful loudmouthed reporter , working for a reputed news channel . His father was a freedom fighter living on a measly pension . Ajay thinks that his father 's ideal & sacrifices have given him nothing . He has no respect for his father 's ideals , which his father still sticks to . The rival news channel ropes in Ria Banerjee ( Juhi Chawla ) as his answer . Ria is the antithesis of Ajay & uses her charm to get her work done . Pappu Junior alias Choti ( Johnny Lever ) is a don who is soon to be ousted from his own gang , owing to his inability to make it big in the crime world . Ajay approaches Choti with an offer : arrange a fake attack on a minister Ramakant 's ( Shakti Kapoor ) brother - in - law ( Mahavir Shah ) on national TV . Choti will earn respect & Ajay 's channel will gain TRP. Little does Ajay know that the plan is going to turn too real . The minister 's brother - in - law is gunned down by an assailant named Mohan Joshi ( Paresh Rawal ) . When Ajay learns that he was not Choti 's man , he panics . Ria learns about Ajay & Choti 's deal , but they decide to help each other nevertheless . Minister Ramakant , takes advantage for his brother 's death to gain votes and sympathy he organises a pogrom . In the turn of events , Mohan is arrested , but does not open his mouth even once during police torture . To avoid any public unrest , the ACP ( Anjan Srivastav ) declares that Mohan is a terrorist working for unknown terror organisations . Meanwhile , Mohan somehow escapes out of jail . Ajay & Ria are fighting over the matter in their car , unaware that Mohan is hiding in the same car . Mohan accosts them , where Ajay accuses him of being a terrorist . Mohan has an angry outburst & tells him that he is not a terrorist . Mohan goes on to narrate his story . Mohan has an ailing wife ( Neena Kulkarni ) & a now - dead daughter . Mohan says that his daughter went to an interview for a secretarial job at the victim 's office , where the latter raped and beaten her badly and she dies by the trauma & Mohan was left helpless & running from door to door for justice . Hence hopeless , he took the law into his own hands . Ajay & Ria are shaken by his confession & decide to help Mohan , who helps them realise their love for each other . Ajay hands over the video tape of this confession to his boss and Ajay 's uncle Kaka ( Satish Shah ) . Unfortunately , the minister has joined hands with his opposition rival minister Mushran ( Govind Namdeo ) as he fears that their secrets might come out if Mohan surrenders . Similarly , Ajay 's boss forms an alliance with Ria 's boss ( Dalip Tahil ) after knowing about the tape . The ministers & channel heads come together and trick Ajay & Ria to give the tape to them . Only after they give the tape do they realise what the truth is . Ajay is angry at first , but comes up with a plan to retrieve the tape back from the politicians and their respective bosses . With the help of Ria & Choti , he succeeds in obtaining the tape . Here Mohan has been arrested by police & is sent to be publicly hanged . Ajay succeeds in broadcasting Mohan 's confession just an hour before the execution & tearfully requests the nation to stop this injustice . The ministers and policemen try to prevent the protesters from coming to the execution ground by making the police barricade the entrance and policemen and head inspector ( Vishwajeet Pradhan ) beats up Ajay . The ACP decides to join Ajay & Ria , thus neutralising the police barricades . In a blatant mockery of media 's TRP hogger attitude , Mohan is made to wear a T - shirt containing logos of various companies & is prepared for execution . Just seconds before the execution , Ajay & the protesters succeed in saving Mohan and beat up the politicians . Mohan 's execution is called off . Ajay 's father tells him that his ideals may not have given him materialistic gains , but they gave him something far more important -- Ajay . Ria proposes to Ajay in front of the protesters ; Ajay accepts after a playful funny banter with her . Cast ( edit ) Shahrukh Khan as Ajay Bakhshi Juhi Chawla as Ria Banerjee Paresh Rawal as Mohan Joshi Johnny Lever as Choti / Pappu Junior Atul Parchure as Shahid Sanjai Mishra as Bomb Defuser Sharat Saxena as Pappu 's boss Aanjjan Srivastav as Police Commissioner Neena Kulkarni as Mohan 's wife Dalip Tahil as Chinoy Satish Shah as Kaka Govind Namdeo as Minister Mushran Shakti Kapoor as Minister Ramakant Dua Mahavir Shah as Ramakant 's brother - in - law Bharti Achrekar as Ria 's mother Smita Jaykar as Ajay 's mother Vishwajeet Pradhan as Head Police inspector Dilip Joshi as Sapney ( Choti 's aide ) Mona Ambegaonkar as Ajay 's crush Hyder Ali as Ajay 's father Music ( edit ) Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani Studio album by Jatin Lalit Released 31 December 1999 Genre Feature film soundtrack Length 33 : 26 Label Sony Music Producer Jatin - Lalit Jatin Lalit chronology Mohabbatein ( 2000 ) Mohabbatein 2000 Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani ( 2000 ) Raja Ko Rani Se Pyar Ho Gaya ( 2000 ) Raja Ko Rani Se Pyar Ho Gaya 2000 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Planet Bollywood The music was composed by Jatin Lalit who also composed the background score assisted by brother in law Aadesh Shrivastava . Al lyrics were written by Javed Akhtar . The music of the film was appreciated . Manish Dhamija of Planet Bollywood gave 8.5 stars stating , `` Overall , the album is a pleasant surprise from Jatin - Lalit '' . the soundtrack and feature song `` Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani '' in particular , with its concept of `` Love our country '' , were well - received and praised for their patriotism . Author M.J. Akbar highlighted the `` very heavy winking '' by Khan during his performance of the song , accompanying the evocative lyrics . # Title Singer ( s ) Length `` Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani '' Udit Narayan 04 : 00 `` I Am The Best -- Male '' Abhijeet 04 : 18 `` I Am The Best -- Female '' Jaspinder Narula 04 : 18 `` Banke Tera Jogi '' Sonu Nigam and Alka Yagnik 04 : 43 5 `` Vande Mataram '' Shankar Mahadevan and Ehsaan 04 : 39 6 `` Kuch To Bata '' Abhijeet and Alka Yagnik 04 : 32 7 `` Aur Kya '' Abhijeet and Alka Yagnik 05 : 03 8 `` Aao Na Aao Na '' Jatin Pandit 01 : 53 Box Office ( edit ) Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani grossed ₹ 18.20 crore ( US $2.9 million ) in India and $1.67 million ( ₹ 7.26 crore ) in other countries , for a worldwide total of ₹ 25.46 crore ( US $4.0 million ) , against its ₹ 13 crore ( US $2.0 million ) budget . It had a worldwide opening weekend of ₹ 7.45 crore ( US $1.2 million ) , and grossed ₹ 12.50 crore ( US $2.0 million ) in its first week . It is the 13th - highest - grossing Bollywood film of 2000 worldwide . India ( edit ) It opened on Friday , January 21 , 2000 , across 240 screens , and earned ₹ 91 lakh ( US $140,000 ) nett on its opening day . It grossed ₹ 2.74 crore ( US $430,000 ) nett in its opening weekend , and had a first week of ₹ 5.08 crore ( US $800,000 ) nett . The film earned a total of ₹ 10.74 crore ( US $1.7 million ) nett , and was declared `` Flop '' by Box Office India. > Overseas ( edit ) It had an opening weekend of $650,000 ( ₹ 2.82 crore ) and went on to gross $900,000 ( ₹ 3.91 crore ) in its first week . The film earned a total of $1.67 million ( ₹ 7.26 crore ) at the end of its theatrical run . ' Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani ' worldwide collections breakdown Territory Territory wise Collections break - up India Nett Gross : ₹ 10.74 crore ( US $1.7 million ) Distributor share : ₹ 5.57 crore ( US $870,000 ) Total Gross : ₹ 18.20 crore ( US $2.9 million ) International ( Outside India ) $1.67 million ( ₹ 7.26 crore ) Worldwide ₹ 25.46 crore ( US $4.0 million ) See also ( edit ) Mera Joota Hai Japani References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani Budget '' . Box Office India . 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani Box office '' . Box Office India . 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` PBDHH : Music Review by Manish Dhamija '' . Planet Bollywood . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Akbar , M.J. ( 1 January 2003 ) . Byline . Chronicle Books . ISBN 9788180280030 . Jump up ^ `` Top Worldwide Grossers 2000 '' . Box Office India . 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . External links ( edit ) Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani on IMDb Wikiquote has quotations related to : Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani India portal 2010s portal Film portal Bollywood portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phir_Bhi_Dil_Hai_Hindustani&oldid=821080084 '' Categories : 2000 films 2000s Hindi - language films Indian films Journalism adapted into films Films scored by Jatin -- Lalit Indian comedy - drama films Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Deutsch Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia नेपाल भाषा Norsk Polski Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 07 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	phir bhi dil hai hindustani meaning in english	[ "Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani (English: Yet the heart is still Indian) is an Indian Hindi comedy-drama film released by Dreamz Unlimited, now Red Chillies Entertainment on 21 January 2000. The film was directed by Aziz Mirza and stars Shahrukh Khan and Juhi Chawla focuses on the media war being fought in the TV newsrooms. Ajay Bakshi and Ria Banerjee are two television reporters for rival news channels who try to save the life of a man who has been fixed by a politicians for the death of his brother, from a death sentence. The film marked the first attempted by Khan, Chawla and Mirza under their new production company Dreamz Unlimited, now Red Chillies Entertainment. This film won the IIFA Award for Best Special Effects." ]	[ "Yet the heart is still Indian" ]
7223932566508394186	Mortgage loan	Mortgage loan - wikipedia Mortgage loan Jump to : navigation , search This article is about real estate mortgage lending . For mortgages in general and their legal structure , see Mortgage law . For mortgage loans secured on ships , see Ship mortgage . For other uses , see Mortgage ( disambiguation ) . Finance Markets ( show ) Bond Commodity Derivatives Foreign exchange Money Over-the - counter Private equity Real estate Spot Stock Participants Investor institutional Retail Speculator Instruments ( show ) Cash Credit line Deposit Derivative Futures contract Loan Option ( call exotic put ) Security Stock Time deposit ( certificate of deposit ) Corporate ( show ) Accounting Audit Capital budgeting Credit rating agency Risk management Financial statement Leveraged buyout Mergers and acquisitions Structured finance Venture capital Personal ( show ) Credit / Debt Employment contract Financial planning Retirement Student loan Public ( show ) Government spending Final consumption expenditure Operations Redistribution Transfer payment Government revenue Taxation Deficit spending Budget ( balance ) Debt Non-tax revenue Warrant of payment Banks and banking ( show ) Central bank Deposit account Fractional - reserve banking Loan Money supply Lists of banks Regulation Standards ( show ) Bank regulation Basel Accords International Financial Reporting Standards ISO 31000 Professional certification Fund governance Accounting scandals Economic history ( show ) Private equity and venture capital Recession Stock market bubble Stock market crash A mortgage loan , also referred to as simply a mortgage , is used either by purchasers of real property to raise funds to buy real estate ; or alternatively by existing property owners to raise funds for any purpose , while putting a lien on the property being mortgaged . The loan is `` secured '' on the borrower 's property through a process known as mortgage origination . This means that a legal mechanism is put in place which allows the lender to take possession and sell the secured property ( `` foreclosure '' or `` repossession '' ) to pay off the loan in the event that the borrower defaults on the loan or otherwise fails to abide by its terms . The word mortgage is derived from a `` Law French '' term used by English lawyers in the Middle Ages meaning `` death pledge '' , and refers to the pledge ending ( dying ) when either the obligation is fulfilled or the property is taken through foreclosure . Mortgage can also be described as `` a borrower giving consideration in the form of a collateral for a benefit ( loan ) . '' Mortgage borrowers can be individuals mortgaging their home or they can be businesses mortgaging commercial property ( for example , their own business premises , residential property let to tenants or an investment portfolio ) . The lender will typically be a financial institution , such as a bank , credit union or building society , depending on the country concerned , and the loan arrangements can be made either directly or indirectly through intermediaries . Features of mortgage loans such as the size of the loan , maturity of the loan , interest rate , method of paying off the loan , and other characteristics can vary considerably . The lender 's rights over the secured property take priority over the borrower 's other creditors which means that if the borrower becomes bankrupt or insolvent , the other creditors will only be repaid the debts owed to them from a sale of the secured property if the mortgage lender is repaid in full first In many jurisdictions , it is normal for home purchases to be funded by a mortgage loan . Few individuals have enough savings or liquid funds to enable them to purchase property outright . In countries where the demand for home ownership is highest , strong domestic markets for mortgages have developed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mortgage loan basics 1.1 Basic concepts and legal regulation 1.2 Mortgage underwriting 1.3 Mortgage loan types 1.3. 1 Loan to value and down payments 1.3. 2 Value : appraised , estimated , and actual 1.3. 3 Payment and debt ratios 1.3. 4 Standard or conforming mortgages 1.3. 5 Foreign currency mortgage 2 Repaying the mortgage 2.1 Principal and interest 2.2 Interest only 2.3 Interest - only lifetime mortgage 2.4 Reverse mortgages 2.5 Interest and partial principal 2.6 Variations 2.7 Foreclosure and non-recourse lending 3 National differences 3.1 United States 3.2 Canada 3.3 United Kingdom 3.4 Continental Europe 3.4. 1 Recent trends 3.5 Malaysia 3.6 Islamic countries 3.7 Exception 4 Mortgage insurance 5 See also 5.1 General , or related to more than one nation 5.2 Related to the United Kingdom 5.3 Related to the United States 5.4 Other nations 5.5 Legal details 6 References 7 External links Mortgage loan basics ( edit ) Basic concepts and legal regulation ( edit ) According to Anglo - American property law , a mortgage occurs when an owner ( usually of a fee simple interest in realty ) pledges his or her interest ( right to the property ) as security or collateral for a loan . Therefore , a mortgage is an encumbrance ( limitation ) on the right to the property just as an easement would be , but because most mortgages occur as a condition for new loan money , the word mortgage has become the generic term for a loan secured by such real property . As with other types of loans , mortgages have an interest rate and are scheduled to amortize over a set period of time , typically 30 years . All types of real property can be , and usually are , secured with a mortgage and bear an interest rate that is supposed to reflect the lender 's risk . Mortgage lending is the primary mechanism used in many countries to finance private ownership of residential and commercial property ( see commercial mortgages ) . Although the terminology and precise forms will differ from country to country , the basic components tend to be similar : Property : the physical residence being financed . The exact form of ownership will vary from country to country , and may restrict the types of lending that are possible . Mortgage : the security interest of the lender in the property , which may entail restrictions on the use or disposal of the property . Restrictions may include requirements to purchase home insurance and mortgage insurance , or pay off outstanding debt before selling the property . Borrower : the person borrowing who either has or is creating an ownership interest in the property . Lender : any lender , but usually a bank or other financial institution . ( In some countries , particularly the United States , Lenders may also be investors who own an interest in the mortgage through a mortgage - backed security . In such a situation , the initial lender is known as the mortgage originator , which then packages and sells the loan to investors . The payments from the borrower are thereafter collected by a loan servicer . ) Principal : the original size of the loan , which may or may not include certain other costs ; as any principal is repaid , the principal will go down in size . Interest : a financial charge for use of the lender 's money . Foreclosure or repossession : the possibility that the lender has to foreclose , repossess or seize the property under certain circumstances is essential to a mortgage loan ; without this aspect , the loan is arguably no different from any other type of loan . Completion : legal completion of the mortgage deed , and hence the start of the mortgage . Redemption : final repayment of the amount outstanding , which may be a `` natural redemption '' at the end of the scheduled term or a lump sum redemption , typically when the borrower decides to sell the property . A closed mortgage account is said to be `` redeemed '' . Many other specific characteristics are common to many markets , but the above are the essential features . Governments usually regulate many aspects of mortgage lending , either directly ( through legal requirements , for example ) or indirectly ( through regulation of the participants or the financial markets , such as the banking industry ) , and often through state intervention ( direct lending by the government , by state - owned banks , or sponsorship of various entities ) . Other aspects that define a specific mortgage market may be regional , historical , or driven by specific characteristics of the legal or financial system . Mortgage loans are generally structured as long - term loans , the periodic payments for which are similar to an annuity and calculated according to the time value of money formulae . The most basic arrangement would require a fixed monthly payment over a period of ten to thirty years , depending on local conditions . Over this period the principal component of the loan ( the original loan ) would be slowly paid down through amortization . In practice , many variants are possible and common worldwide and within each country . Lenders provide funds against property to earn interest income , and generally borrow these funds themselves ( for example , by taking deposits or issuing bonds ) . The price at which the lenders borrow money therefore affects the cost of borrowing . Lenders may also , in many countries , sell the mortgage loan to other parties who are interested in receiving the stream of cash payments from the borrower , often in the form of a security ( by means of a securitization ) . Mortgage lending will also take into account the ( perceived ) riskiness of the mortgage loan , that is , the likelihood that the funds will be repaid ( usually considered a function of the creditworthiness of the borrower ) ; that if they are not repaid , the lender will be able to foreclose on the real estate assets ; and the financial , interest rate risk and time delays that may be involved in certain circumstances . Mortgage underwriting ( edit ) Once the mortgage application enters into the final steps , the loan application is moved to a Mortgage Underwriter . The Underwriter verifies the financial information that the applicant has provided to the lender . Verification will be made for the applicant 's credit history and the value of the home being purchased . An appraisal may be ordered . The financial and employment information of the applicant will also be verified . The underwriting may take a few days to a few weeks . Sometimes the underwriting process takes so long that the provided financial statements need to be resubmitted so they are current . It is advisable to maintain the same employment and not to use or open new credit during the underwriting process . Any changes made in the applicant 's credit , employment , or financial information can result in the loan being denied . Mortgage loan types ( edit ) There are many types of mortgages used worldwide , but several factors broadly define the characteristics of the mortgage . All of these may be subject to local regulation and legal requirements . Interest : Interest may be fixed for the life of the loan or variable , and change at certain pre-defined periods ; the interest rate can also , of course , be higher or lower . Term : Mortgage loans generally have a maximum term , that is , the number of years after which an amortizing loan will be repaid . Some mortgage loans may have no amortization , or require full repayment of any remaining balance at a certain date , or even negative amortization . Payment amount and frequency : The amount paid per period and the frequency of payments ; in some cases , the amount paid per period may change or the borrower may have the option to increase or decrease the amount paid . Prepayment : Some types of mortgages may limit or restrict prepayment of all or a portion of the loan , or require payment of a penalty to the lender for prepayment . The two basic types of amortized loans are the fixed rate mortgage ( FRM ) and adjustable - rate mortgage ( ARM ) ( also known as a floating rate or variable rate mortgage ) . In some countries , such as the United States , fixed rate mortgages are the norm , but floating rate mortgages are relatively common . Combinations of fixed and floating rate mortgages are also common , whereby a mortgage loan will have a fixed rate for some period , for example the first five years , and vary after the end of that period . In a fixed rate mortgage , the interest rate , remains fixed for the life ( or term ) of the loan . In case of an annuity repayment scheme , the periodic payment remains the same amount throughout the loan . In case of linear payback , the periodic payment will gradually decrease . In an adjustable rate mortgage , the interest rate is generally fixed for a period of time , after which it will periodically ( for example , annually or monthly ) adjust up or down to some market index . Adjustable rates transfer part of the interest rate risk from the lender to the borrower , and thus are widely used where fixed rate funding is difficult to obtain or prohibitively expensive . Since the risk is transferred to the borrower , the initial interest rate may be , for example , 0.5 % to 2 % lower than the average 30 - year fixed rate ; the size of the price differential will be related to debt market conditions , including the yield curve . The charge to the borrower depends upon the credit risk in addition to the interest rate risk . The mortgage origination and underwriting process involves checking credit scores , debt - to - income , downpayments , and assets . Jumbo mortgages and subprime lending are not supported by government guarantees and face higher interest rates . Other innovations described below can affect the rates as well . Main article : Mortgage underwriting Loan to value and down payments ( edit ) Main article : Loan - to - value ratio Upon making a mortgage loan for the purchase of a property , lenders usually require that the borrower make a down payment ; that is , contribute a portion of the cost of the property . This down payment may be expressed as a portion of the value of the property ( see below for a definition of this term ) . The loan to value ratio ( or LTV ) is the size of the loan against the value of the property . Therefore , a mortgage loan in which the purchaser has made a down payment of 20 % has a loan to value ratio of 80 % . For loans made against properties that the borrower already owns , the loan to value ratio will be imputed against the estimated value of the property . The loan to value ratio is considered an important indicator of the riskiness of a mortgage loan : the higher the LTV , the higher the risk that the value of the property ( in case of foreclosure ) will be insufficient to cover the remaining principal of the loan . Value : appraised , estimated , and actual ( edit ) Since the value of the property is an important factor in understanding the risk of the loan , determining the value is a key factor in mortgage lending . The value may be determined in various ways , but the most common are : Actual or transaction value : this is usually taken to be the purchase price of the property . If the property is not being purchased at the time of borrowing , this information may not be available . Appraised or surveyed value : in most jurisdictions , some form of appraisal of the value by a licensed professional is common . There is often a requirement for the lender to obtain an official appraisal . Estimated value : lenders or other parties may use their own internal estimates , particularly in jurisdictions where no official appraisal procedure exists , but also in some other circumstances . Payment and debt ratios ( edit ) In most countries , a number of more or less standard measures of creditworthiness may be used . Common measures include payment to income ( mortgage payments as a percentage of gross or net income ) ; debt to income ( all debt payments , including mortgage payments , as a percentage of income ) ; and various net worth measures . In many countries , credit scores are used in lieu of or to supplement these measures . There will also be requirements for documentation of the creditworthiness , such as income tax returns , pay stubs , etc. the specifics will vary from location to location . Some lenders may also require a potential borrower have one or more months of `` reserve assets '' available . In other words , the borrower may be required to show the availability of enough assets to pay for the housing costs ( including mortgage , taxes , etc . ) for a period of time in the event of the job loss or other loss of income . Many countries have lower requirements for certain borrowers , or `` no - doc '' / `` low - doc '' lending standards that may be acceptable under certain circumstances . Standard or conforming mortgages ( edit ) Many countries have a notion of standard or conforming mortgages that define a perceived acceptable level of risk , which may be formal or informal , and may be reinforced by laws , government intervention , or market practice . For example , a standard mortgage may be considered to be one with no more than 70 -- 80 % LTV and no more than one - third of gross income going to mortgage debt . A standard or conforming mortgage is a key concept as it often defines whether or not the mortgage can be easily sold or securitized , or , if non-standard , may affect the price at which it may be sold . In the United States , a conforming mortgage is one which meets the established rules and procedures of the two major government - sponsored entities in the housing finance market ( including some legal requirements ) . In contrast , lenders who decide to make nonconforming loans are exercising a higher risk tolerance and do so knowing that they face more challenge in reselling the loan . Many countries have similar concepts or agencies that define what are `` standard '' mortgages . Regulated lenders ( such as banks ) may be subject to limits or higher risk weightings for non-standard mortgages . For example , banks and mortgage brokerages in Canada face restrictions on lending more than 80 % of the property value ; beyond this level , mortgage insurance is generally required . Foreign currency mortgage ( edit ) In some countries with currencies that tend to depreciate , foreign currency mortgages are common , enabling lenders to lend in a stable foreign currency , whilst the borrower takes on the currency risk that the currency will depreciate and they will therefore need to convert higher amounts of the domestic currency to repay the loan . Repaying the mortgage ( edit ) In addition to the two standard means of setting the cost of a mortgage loan ( fixed at a set interest rate for the term , or variable relative to market interest rates ) , there are variations in how that cost is paid , and how the loan itself is repaid . Repayment depends on locality , tax laws and prevailing culture . There are also various mortgage repayment structures to suit different types of borrower . Principal and interest ( edit ) The most common way to repay a secured mortgage loan is to make regular payments toward the principal and interest over a set term . This is commonly referred to as ( self ) amortization in the U.S. and as a repayment mortgage in the UK . A mortgage is a form of annuity ( from the perspective of the lender ) , and the calculation of the periodic payments is based on the time value of money formulas . Certain details may be specific to different locations : interest may be calculated on the basis of a 360 - day year , for example ; interest may be compounded daily , yearly , or semi-annually ; prepayment penalties may apply ; and other factors . There may be legal restrictions on certain matters , and consumer protection laws may specify or prohibit certain practices . Depending on the size of the loan and the prevailing practice in the country the term may be short ( 10 years ) or long ( 50 years plus ) . In the UK and U.S. , 25 to 30 years is the usual maximum term ( although shorter periods , such as 15 - year mortgage loans , are common ) . Mortgage payments , which are typically made monthly , contain a repayment of the principal and an interest element . The amount going toward the principal in each payment varies throughout the term of the mortgage . In the early years the repayments are mostly interest . Towards the end of the mortgage , payments are mostly for principal . In this way the payment amount determined at outset is calculated to ensure the loan is repaid at a specified date in the future . This gives borrowers assurance that by maintaining repayment the loan will be cleared at a specified date , if the interest rate does not change . Some lenders and 3rd parties offer a bi-weekly mortgage payment program designed to accelerate the payoff of the loan . An amortization schedule is typically worked out taking the principal left at the end of each month , multiplying by the monthly rate and then subtracting the monthly payment . This is typically generated by an amortization calculator using the following formula : A = P ⋅ r ( 1 + r ) n ( 1 + r ) n − 1 ( \ displaystyle A = P \ cdot ( \ frac ( r ( 1 + r ) ^ ( n ) ) ( ( 1 + r ) ^ ( n ) - 1 ) ) ) where : A ( \ displaystyle A ) is the periodic amortization payment P ( \ displaystyle P ) is the principal amount borrowed r ( \ displaystyle r ) is the percentage rate per period divided by 100 ; for a monthly payment , take the Annual Percentage Rate ( APR ) / 12 / 100 n ( \ displaystyle n ) is the number of payments ; for monthly payments over 30 years , 12 months x 30 years = 360 payments . Interest only ( edit ) The main alternative to a principal and interest mortgage is an interest - only mortgage , where the principal is not repaid throughout the term . This type of mortgage is common in the UK , especially when associated with a regular investment plan . With this arrangement regular contributions are made to a separate investment plan designed to build up a lump sum to repay the mortgage at maturity . This type of arrangement is called an investment - backed mortgage or is often related to the type of plan used : endowment mortgage if an endowment policy is used , similarly a Personal Equity Plan ( PEP ) mortgage , Individual Savings Account ( ISA ) mortgage or pension mortgage . Historically , investment - backed mortgages offered various tax advantages over repayment mortgages , although this is no longer the case in the UK . Investment - backed mortgages are seen as higher risk as they are dependent on the investment making sufficient return to clear the debt . Until recently it was not uncommon for interest only mortgages to be arranged without a repayment vehicle , with the borrower gambling that the property market will rise sufficiently for the loan to be repaid by trading down at retirement ( or when rent on the property and inflation combine to surpass the interest rate ) . Interest - only lifetime mortgage ( edit ) Recent Financial Services Authority guidelines to UK lenders regarding interest - only mortgages has tightened the criteria on new lending on an interest - only basis . The problem for many people has been the fact that no repayment vehicle had been implemented , or the vehicle itself ( e.g. endowment / ISA policy ) performed poorly and therefore insufficient funds were available to repay balance at the end of the term . Moving forward , the FSA under the Mortgage Market Review ( MMR ) have stated there must be strict criteria on the repayment vehicle being used . As such the likes of Nationwide and other lenders have pulled out of the interest - only market . A resurgence in the equity release market has been the introduction of interest - only lifetime mortgages . Where an interest - only mortgage has a fixed term , an interest - only lifetime mortgage will continue for the rest of the mortgagors life . These schemes have proved of interest to people who do like the roll - up effect ( compounding ) of interest on traditional equity release schemes . They have also proved beneficial to people who had an interest - only mortgage with no repayment vehicle and now need to settle the loan . These people can now effectively remortgage onto an interest - only lifetime mortgage to maintain continuity . Interest - only lifetime mortgage schemes are offered by two lenders currently -- Stonehaven & more2life . They work by having the options of paying the interest on a monthly basis . By paying off the interest means the balance will remain level for the rest of their life . This market is set to increase as more retirees require finance in retirement . Reverse mortgages ( edit ) For older borrowers ( typically in retirement ) , it may be possible to arrange a mortgage where neither the principal nor interest is repaid . The interest is rolled up with the principal , increasing the debt each year . These arrangements are variously called reverse mortgages , lifetime mortgages or equity release mortgages ( referring to home equity ) , depending on the country . The loans are typically not repaid until the borrowers are deceased , hence the age restriction . Through the Federal Housing Administration , the U.S. government insures reverse mortgages via a program called the HECM ( Home Equity Conversion Mortgage ) . Unlike standard mortgages ( where the entire loan amount is typically disbursed at the time of loan closing ) the HECM program allows the homeowner to receive funds in a variety of ways : as a one time lump sum payment ; as a monthly tenure payment which continues until the borrower dies or moves out of the house permanently ; as a monthly payment over a defined period of time ; or as a credit line . For further details , see equity release . Interest and partial principal ( edit ) In the U.S. a partial amortization or balloon loan is one where the amount of monthly payments due are calculated ( amortized ) over a certain term , but the outstanding balance on the principal is due at some point short of that term . In the UK , a partial repayment mortgage is quite common , especially where the original mortgage was investment - backed . Variations ( edit ) Graduated payment mortgage loan have increasing costs over time and are geared to young borrowers who expect wage increases over time . Balloon payment mortgages have only partial amortization , meaning that amount of monthly payments due are calculated ( amortized ) over a certain term , but the outstanding principal balance is due at some point short of that term , and at the end of the term a balloon payment is due . When interest rates are high relative to the rate on an existing seller 's loan , the buyer can consider assuming the seller 's mortgage . A wraparound mortgage is a form of seller financing that can make it easier for a seller to sell a property . A biweekly mortgage has payments made every two weeks instead of monthly . Budget loans include taxes and insurance in the mortgage payment ; package loans add the costs of furnishings and other personal property to the mortgage . Buydown mortgages allow the seller or lender to pay something similar to points to reduce interest rate and encourage buyers . Homeowners can also take out equity loans in which they receive cash for a mortgage debt on their house . Shared appreciation mortgages are a form of equity release . In the US , foreign nationals due to their unique situation face Foreign National mortgage conditions . Flexible mortgages allow for more freedom by the borrower to skip payments or prepay . Offset mortgages allow deposits to be counted against the mortgage loan . In the UK there is also the endowment mortgage where the borrowers pay interest while the principal is paid with a life insurance policy . Commercial mortgages typically have different interest rates , risks , and contracts than personal loans . Participation mortgages allow multiple investors to share in a loan . Builders may take out blanket loans which cover several properties at once . Bridge loans may be used as temporary financing pending a longer - term loan . Hard money loans provide financing in exchange for the mortgaging of real estate collateral . Foreclosure and nonrecourse lending ( edit ) Main article : Foreclosure In most jurisdictions , a lender may foreclose the mortgaged property if certain conditions occur -- principally , non-payment of the mortgage loan . Subject to local legal requirements , the property may then be sold . Any amounts received from the sale ( net of costs ) are applied to the original debt . In some jurisdictions , mortgage loans are non-recourse loans : if the funds recouped from sale of the mortgaged property are insufficient to cover the outstanding debt , the lender may not have recourse to the borrower after foreclosure . In other jurisdictions , the borrower remains responsible for any remaining debt . In virtually all jurisdictions , specific procedures for foreclosure and sale of the mortgaged property apply , and may be tightly regulated by the relevant government . There are strict or judicial foreclosures and non-judicial foreclosures , also known as power of sale foreclosures . In some jurisdictions , foreclosure and sale can occur quite rapidly , while in others , foreclosure may take many months or even years . In many countries , the ability of lenders to foreclose is extremely limited , and mortgage market development has been notably slower . National differences ( edit ) A study issued by the UN Economic Commission for Europe compared German , US , and Danish mortgage systems . The German Bausparkassen have reported nominal interest rates of approximately 6 per cent per annum in the last 40 years ( as of 2004 ) . In addition , they charge administration and service fees ( about 1.5 per cent of the loan amount ) . However , in the United States , the average interest rates for fixed - rate mortgages in the housing market started in the tens and twenties in the 1980s and have ( as of 2004 ) reached about 6 per cent per annum . However , gross borrowing costs are substantially higher than the nominal interest rate and amounted for the last 30 years to 10.46 per cent . In Denmark , similar to the United States mortgage market , interest rates have fallen to 6 per cent per annum . A risk and administration fee amounts to 0.5 per cent of the outstanding debt . In addition , an acquisition fee is charged which amounts to one per cent of the principal . United States ( edit ) Main articles : Mortgage industry of the United States and Mortgage underwriting in the United States The mortgage industry of the United States is a major financial sector . The federal government created several programs , or government sponsored entities , to foster mortgage lending , construction and encourage home ownership . These programs include the Government National Mortgage Association ( known as Ginnie Mae ) , the Federal National Mortgage Association ( known as Fannie Mae ) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ( known as Freddie Mac ) . The US mortgage sector has been the center of major financial crises over the last century . Unsound lending practices resulted in the National Mortgage Crisis of the 1930s , the savings and loan crisis of the 1980s and 1990s and the subprime mortgage crisis of 2007 which led to the 2010 foreclosure crisis . In the United States , the mortgage loan involves two separate documents : the mortgage note ( a promissory note ) and the security interest evidenced by the `` mortgage '' document ; generally , the two are assigned together , but if they are split traditionally the holder of the note and not the mortgage has the right to foreclose . For example , Fannie Mae promulgates a standard form contract Multistate Fixed - Rate Note 3200 and also separate security instrument mortgage forms which vary by state . Canada ( edit ) In Canada , the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation ( CMHC ) is the country 's national housing agency , providing mortgage loan insurance , mortgage - backed securities , housing policy and programs , and housing research to Canadians . It was created by the federal government in 1946 to address the country 's post-war housing shortage , and to help Canadians achieve their homeownership goals . The most common mortgage in Canada is the five - year fixed - rate closed mortgage , as opposed to the U.S. where the most common type is the 30 - year fixed - rate open mortgage . Throughout the financial crisis and the ensuing recession , Canada 's mortgage market continued to function well , partly due to the residential mortgage market 's policy framework , which includes an effective regulatory and supervisory regime that applies to most lenders . Since the crisis however , the low interest rate environment that as arisen has contributed to a significant increases in mortgage debt in the country . In April 2014 , the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions ( OSFI ) released guidelines for mortgage insurance providers aimed at tightening standards around underwriting and risk management . In a statement , the OSFI has stated that the guideline will `` provide clarity about best practices in respect of residential mortgage insurance underwriting , which contribute to a stable financial system . '' This comes after several years of federal government scrutiny over the CMHC , with former Finance Minister Jim Flaherty musing publicly as far back as 2012 about privatizing the Crown corporation . In an attempt to cool down the real estate prices in Canada , Ottawa introduced a mortgage stress test effective 17 October , 2016 . Under the stress test every home buyer with less than 20 % down payment ( high ratio ) undergo a test where borrowers affordability is judged based on mortgage rate of 4.64 % with 25 years amortization if they want to get a mortgage from any federally regulated lender. This stress test has lowered the maximum mortgage approved amount by almost 20 % for all borrowers in Canada . Maximum amortization on home mortgages has been reduced back to 30 years instead of 35 . United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Mortgage industry of the United Kingdom The mortgage industry of the United Kingdom has traditionally been dominated by building societies , but from the 1970s the share of the new mortgage loans market held by building societies has declined substantially . Between 1977 and 1987 , the share fell from 96 % to 66 % while that of banks and other institutions rose from 3 % to 36 % . There are currently over 200 significant separate financial organizations supplying mortgage loans to house buyers in Britain . The major lenders include building societies , banks , specialized mortgage corporations , insurance companies , and pension funds . In the UK variable - rate mortgages are more common than in the United States . This is in part because mortgage loan financing relies less on fixed income securitized assets ( such as mortgage - backed securities ) than in the United States , Denmark , and Germany , and more on retail savings deposits like Australia and Spain . Thus , lenders prefer variable - rate mortgages to fixed rate ones and whole - of - term fixed rate mortgages are generally not available . Nevertheless , in recent years fixing the rate of the mortgage for short periods has become popular and the initial two , three , five and , occasionally , ten years of a mortgage can be fixed . From 2007 to the beginning of 2013 between 50 % and 83 % of new mortgages had initial periods fixed in this way . Home ownership rates are comparable to the United States , but overall default rates are lower . Prepayment penalties during a fixed rate period are common , whilst the United States has discouraged their use . Like other European countries and the rest of the world , but unlike most of the United States , mortgages loans are usually not nonrecourse debt , meaning debtors are liable for any loan deficiencies after foreclosure . The customer - facing aspects of the residential mortgage sector are regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority ( FCA ) , and lenders ' financial probity is overseen by a separate regulator , the Prudential Regulation Authority ( PRA ) which is part of the Bank of England . The FCA and PRA were established in 2013 with the aim of responding to criticism of regulatory failings highlighted by the financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 and its aftermath . Continental Europe ( edit ) In most of Western Europe ( except Denmark , the Netherlands and Germany ) , variable - rate mortgages are more common , unlike the fixed - rate mortgage common in the United States . Much of Europe has home ownership rates comparable to the United States , but overall default rates are lower in Europe than in the United States . Mortgage loan financing relies less on securitizing mortgages and more on formal government guarantees backed by covered bonds ( such as the Pfandbriefe ) and deposits , except Denmark and Germany where asset - backed securities are also common . Prepayment penalties are still common , whilst the United States has discouraged their use . Unlike much of the United States , mortgage loans are usually not nonrecourse debt . Within the European Union , covered bonds market volume ( covered bonds outstanding ) amounted to about EUR 2 trillion at year - end 2007 with Germany , Denmark , Spain , and France each having outstandings above 200,000 EUR million . Pfandbrief - like securities have been introduced in more than 25 European countries -- and in recent years also in the U.S. and other countries outside Europe -- each with their own unique law and regulations . Recent trends ( edit ) Mortgage Rates Historical Trends 1986 to 2010 On July 28 , 2008 , US Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson announced that , along with four large U.S. banks , the Treasury would attempt to kick start a market for these securities in the United States , primarily to provide an alternative form of mortgage - backed securities . Similarly , in the UK `` the Government is inviting views on options for a UK framework to deliver more affordable long - term fixed - rate mortgages , including the lessons to be learned from international markets and institutions '' . George Soros 's October 10 , 2008 Wall Street Journal editorial promoted the Danish mortgage market model . Malaysia ( edit ) Mortgages in Malaysia can be categorised into 2 different groups : conventional home loan and Islamic home loan . Under the conventional home loan , bank normally charges fixed interest rate or variable interest rate , or both . These interest rates are tied to Base Rate ( individual bank 's benchmark rate ) . For Islamic home financing , it follows the Sharia Law and comes in 2 common types : Bai ' Bithaman Ajil ( BBA ) or Musharakah Mutanaqisah ( MM ) . Bai ' Bithaman Ajil is when the bank buys the property at current market price and sells it back to you at a much higher price . Musharakah Mutanaqisah is when the bank buys the property together with you . You will then slowly buy the bank 's portion of the property through rental ( whereby a portion of the rental goes to paying for purchase of a part the bank 's share in the property until the property comes to your complete ownership ) . Islamic countries ( edit ) Main article : Islamic economics Islamic Sharia law prohibits the payment or receipt of interest , meaning that Muslims can not use conventional mortgages . However , real estate is far too expensive for most people to buy outright using cash : Islamic mortgages solve this problem by having the property change hands twice . In one variation , the bank will buy the house outright and then act as a landlord . The homebuyer , in addition to paying rent , will pay a contribution towards the purchase of the property . When the last payment is made , the property changes hands . Typically , this may lead to a higher final price for the buyers . This is because in some countries ( such as the United Kingdom and India ) there is a stamp duty which is a tax charged by the government on a change of ownership . Because ownership changes twice in an Islamic mortgage , a stamp tax may be charged twice . Many other jurisdictions have similar transaction taxes on change of ownership which may be levied . In the United Kingdom , the dual application of stamp duty in such transactions was removed in the Finance Act 2003 in order to facilitate Islamic mortgages . An alternative scheme involves the bank reselling the property according to an installment plan , at a price higher than the original price . Both of these methods compensate the lender as if they were charging interest , but the loans are structured in a way that in name they are not , and the lender shares the financial risks involved in the transaction with the homebuyer . Exception ( edit ) Bali , Indonesia is an exception to the rule of most home purchase being funded by a mortgage . Instead , most properties there are paid with cash due to the lack of available mortgages . Mortgage insurance ( edit ) Main article : Mortgage insurance Mortgage insurance is an insurance policy designed to protect the mortgagee ( lender ) from any default by the mortgagor ( borrower ) . It is used commonly in loans with a loan - to - value ratio over 80 % , and employed in the event of foreclosure and repossession . This policy is typically paid for by the borrower as a component to final nominal ( note ) rate , or in one lump sum up front , or as a separate and itemized component of monthly mortgage payment . In the last case , mortgage insurance can be dropped when the lender informs the borrower , or its subsequent assigns , that the property has appreciated , the loan has been paid down , or any combination of both to relegate the loan - to - value under 80 % . In the event of repossession , banks , investors , etc. must resort to selling the property to recoup their original investment ( the money lent ) , and are able to dispose of hard assets ( such as real estate ) more quickly by reductions in price . Therefore , the mortgage insurance acts as a hedge should the repossessing authority recover less than full and fair market value for any hard asset . See also ( edit ) General , or related to more than one nation ( edit ) Commercial mortgage No Income No Asset ( NINA ) Nonrecourse debt Refinancing Related to the United Kingdom ( edit ) Buy to let Remortgage UK mortgage terminology Related to the United States ( edit ) Commercial lender ( US ) -- a term for a lender collateralizing non-residential properties . eMortgages FHA loan -- Relating to the U.S. Federal Housing Administration Fixed rate mortgage calculations ( USA ) Location Efficient Mortgage -- a type of mortgage for urban areas Mortgage assumption pre-approval -- U.S. mortgage terminology pre-qualification -- U.S. mortgage terminology Predatory mortgage lending VA loan -- Relating to the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs . Other nations ( edit ) Danish mortgage market Hypothec - equivalent in civil law countries Mortgage Investment Corporation Legal details ( edit ) Deed -- legal aspects Mechanics lien -- a legal concept Perfection -- applicable legal filing requirements References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coke , Edward . Commentaries on the Laws of England . ( I ) f he doth not pay , then the Land which is put in pledge upon condition for the payment of the money , is taken from him for ever , and so dead to him upon condition , &c . And if he doth pay the money , then the pledge is dead as to the Tenant Jump up ^ FTC . Mortgage Servicing : Making Sure Your Payments Count . Jump up ^ `` How Long Does Mortgage Underwriting Take ? '' . homeguides.sfgate.com . SFGate . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Underwriter : Unseen Approver of Your Mortgage '' http://www.realtor.com/advice/the-underwriter-unseen-approver-of-your-mortgage/ Jump up ^ `` Who Needs Mortgage Loan Insurance ? '' . Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` How do HECM Reverse Mortgages Work ? '' . http://www.mtgprofessor.com/ . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Are Mortgage Assumptions a Good Deal ? . Mortgage Professor . Jump up ^ Cortesi GR. ( 2003 ) . Mastering Real Estate Principals . p. 371 Jump up ^ Homes : Slow - market savings -- the ' buy - down ' . CNN Money . ^ Jump up to : , p. 46 Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` UNECE '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Michael Simkovic , Competition and Crisis in Mortgage Securitization Jump up ^ Renuart E. ( 2012 ) . Property Title Trouble in Non-Judicial Foreclosure States : The Ibanez Time Bomb ? . Albany Law School Jump up ^ Single - family notes . Fannie Mae . Jump up ^ Security Instruments . Fannie Mae . Jump up ^ http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/corp/about/index.cfm Jump up ^ http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/corp/nero/jufa/jufa_018.cfm Jump up ^ http://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/fsr-december13-crawford.pdf Jump up ^ http://business.financialpost.com/2014/04/14/new-mortgage-guidelines-push-cmhc-to-embrace-insurance-basics/ ^ Jump up to : Congressional Budget Office ( 2010 ) . Fannie Mae , Freddie Mac , and the Federal Role in the Secondary Mortgage Market . p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : International Monetary Fund ( 2004 ) . World Economic Outlook : September 2004 : The Global Demographic Transition . pp. 81 -- 83 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58906 - 406 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Best fixed rate mortgages : two , three , five and 10 years '' . The Telegraph . 26 February 2014 . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Demand for fixed mortgages hits all - time high '' . The Telegraph . 17 May 2013 . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . Jump up ^ United Nations ( 2009 ) . Forest Products Annual Market Review 2008 - 2009 . United Nations Publications . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 1 - 117007 - 8 . Jump up ^ Vina , Gonzalo . `` U.K. Scraps FSA in Biggest Bank Regulation Overhaul Since 1997 '' . Businessweek . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Regulatory Reform Background '' . FSA web site . FSA . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Services Bill receives Royal Assent '' . HM Treasury . 19 December 2012 . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Covered Bond Outstanding 2007 Jump up ^ FDIC Policy Statement on Covered Bonds Jump up ^ Housing Finance Review : analysis and proposals . HM Treasury , March 2008 Jump up ^ `` Denmark offers a model mortgage market '' Jump up ^ `` Types of Home Loans in Malaysia '' . iMoney.my . Jump up ^ Reliefs : Alternative property finance Jump up ^ Sonia Kolesnikov - Jessop ( January 29 , 2009 ) . `` Bali 's cash property market keeps prices up '' . New York Times . International Herald - Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 30 . ' In Bali , there are no mortgages available , so everyone who owns a house here has paid cash for it , ' said Nils Wetterlind , managing director of Tropical Homes , a real estate developer and brokerage based on the island . External links ( edit ) Mortgages at DMOZ FHA loans ( Department of Housing and Urban Development ) Mortgages : For Home Buyers and Homeowners at USA.gov ( hide ) Mortgage loan Financial literacy Interest rate type fixed - rate mortgage adjustable - rate mortgage / variable - rate / floating rate Repayment type Continuous : Repayment mortgage / self - amortized Repayment at term : interest - only mortgage ( endowment mortgage ) No repayment : reverse mortgage Hybrid : balloon payment mortgage equity release ( shared appreciation mortgage ) Variable payment flexible mortgage ( offset mortgage , mortgage accelerator ) graduated payment mortgage loan Other variations buy to let mortgage foreign currency mortgage foreign national mortgage wraparound mortgage Key concepts Annual percentage rate ( APR ) Foreclosure / Repossession ( hide ) Consumer debt Key concepts Annual percentage rate ( APR ) Effective annual rate ( EAR ) Credit history Unsecured Credit card debt cash advance Overdraft Payday loan Personal loan / Signature loan Moneylender Microcredit Secured Mortgage loan / Home equity loan ( credit line ) Remortgage Car title loan / Logbook loan Tax refund anticipation loan Pawnbroker Management Consolidation Credit counseling / Management plan / Settlement Personal bankruptcy Foreclosure / Repossession Personal finance Alternative financial services Financial literacy Real estate Property Tertiary sector of the economy By location Bangladesh China Italy Kenya Pakistan Puerto Rico Russia South Korea United Kingdom Types Commercial property Commercial building Corporate Real Estate Extraterrestrial real estate International real estate Lease administration Niche real estate Garden real estate Healthcare real estate Vacation property Arable land Golf property Luxury real estate Off - plan property Private equity real estate Real estate owned Residential property Sectors Property management Real estate development Real estate investing Real estate flipping Relocation Law and regulation Adverse possession Chain of title Closing Concurrent estate Conditional sale Conveyancing Deed Eminent domain Encumbrance Foreclosure Land law Land registration Leasehold estate Lease Property abstract Real estate transaction Real estate contract Real property Rent regulation Severance Torrens title Zoning Economics , financing and valuation Asset - based lending Capitalization rate Effective gross income Gross Rent Multiplier Hard money loan Highest and best use Investment rating for real estate Mortgage insurance Mortgage loan Real estate derivative Real estate economics Real estate bubble Real estate valuation Rental value Parties Appraiser Buyer agent Buyer broker Chartered Surveyor Exclusive buyer agent Land banking Landlord Moving company Property manager Real estate broker Real estate entrepreneur Real estate investment club Real estate investment trust Real property administrator Other Companies Eviction Gentrification Graduate real estate education Green belt Indices Industry trade groups Land banking People Property cycle Real estate trends Undergraduate real estate programs Urban decay Urban planning Commons List of topics NDL : 00575151 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mortgage_loan&oldid=800769105 '' Categories : Mortgage Loans Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors CS1 errors : external links Pages with duplicate reference names All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from September 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2008 Articles with DMOZ links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska ಕನ್ನಡ Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本語 پښتو Polski Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 15 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where do you get a mortgage loan from	[ "Mortgage borrowers can be individuals mortgaging their home or they can be businesses mortgaging commercial property (for example, their own business premises, residential property let to tenants or an investment portfolio). The lender will typically be a financial institution, such as a bank, credit union or building society, depending on the country concerned, and the loan arrangements can be made either directly or indirectly through intermediaries. Features of mortgage loans such as the size of the loan, maturity of the loan, interest rate, method of paying off the loan, and other characteristics can vary considerably. The lender's rights over the secured property take priority over the borrower's other creditors which means that if the borrower becomes bankrupt or insolvent, the other creditors will only be repaid the debts owed to them from a sale of the secured property if the mortgage lender is repaid in full first" ]	[ "a financial institution, such as a bank, credit union or building society, depending on the country concerned, and the loan arrangements can be made either directly or indirectly through intermediaries" ]
2574726868750309666	Say You Won't Let Go	Say You Wo n't Let Go - wikipedia Say You Wo n't Let Go `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' Single by James Arthur from the album Back from the Edge Released 9 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 09 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2016 Genre Pop folk R&B Length 3 : 31 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) James Arthur Neil Ormandy Steve Solomon Producer ( s ) Alex Beitzke Bradley Spence James Arthur singles chronology `` Get Down '' ( 2014 ) `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( 2016 ) `` Safe Inside '' ( 2017 ) `` Get Down '' ( 2014 ) `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( 2016 ) `` Safe Inside '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' on YouTube `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' is a song by British singer and songwriter James Arthur . The song was released as a digital download on 9 September 2016 in the United Kingdom by Columbia Records as the lead single from his second studio album Back from the Edge ( 2016 ) . The single peaked at the top of the UK Singles Chart , a position it maintained for three weeks . Outside the United Kingdom , the single has topped the charts in Australia , New Zealand , Sweden and the Republic of Ireland . It also became his breakthrough hit in the US , peaking at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 . In early March , it had gone double platinum in the UK . In response to claims that the song sounds similar to The Script 's `` The Man Who Ca n't Be Moved '' , The Script initially decided not to pursue legal action , however , in May 2018 , the band filed a lawsuit for copyright infringement . Contents ( hide ) 1 Commercial performance 2 Music video 3 Live performances 4 Track listing 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 Certifications 7 Release history 8 References Commercial performance ( edit ) On 12 September 2016 , the song was at number 30 on The Official Chart Update in the United Kingdom . On 16 September 2016 , the song entered the UK Singles Chart at number 25 , and peaked at number one two weeks later , spending three consecutive weeks at the top . The song was ranked the nineteenth biggest - selling song of 2016 in the UK , making Arthur the biggest - selling British male artist of the year . By the second week of January 2017 , it had surpassed the one million sales mark , making him the first - ever X Factor act to have two singles sell over a million copies in his homeland . In the United States , the song is his first single to chart on the US Billboard Hot 100 , making Arthur only the second winner of The X Factor UK to reach the US top 40 ( following Leona Lewis ) and only the third winner to chart on the Hot 100 following Lewis and Little Mix . In May 2017 , the song reached No. 1 on the Adult Pop Songs Airplay Chart , more than six months after its release in the US . The song was also certified platinum in the US by the RIAA on May 18 , 2017 . The song has sold over 1,208,000 digital copies in the US as of September 2017 . It was the eighth best - selling song of 2017 in the US , with 1,195,000 copies sold in 2017 . On 15 September 2016 , the song entered the Irish Singles Chart at number 91 before peaking at number one on 14 October and spending four non-consecutive weeks at the top of the charts . The song has also charted in Australia , France , New Zealand and Sweden . On February 26 , 2017 , it was announced on Channel 4 's Sunday Brunch that the single had sold 2 million copies worldwide . Music video ( edit ) A music video to accompany the release of `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' was first released onto YouTube on 9 September 2016 at a total length of three minutes and thirty seconds . Live performances ( edit ) The X Factor ( 9 October 2016 ) Sunrise ( 22 November 2016 ) The Late Late Show with James Corden ( 3 January 2017 ) The Today Show ( 5 January 2017 ) The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon ( 25 April 2017 ) Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' 3 : 31 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 10 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 6 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 9 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 10 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) France ( SNEP ) 21 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 28 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 38 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) 7 Italy ( FIMI ) 22 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 18 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) 6 Malaysia ( RIM ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 9 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 9 Portugal ( AFP ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 19 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 12 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 16 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 24 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 11 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 16 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 6 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 22 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 79 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 80 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 46 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 86 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 19 Chart ( 2017 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 45 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 66 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 36 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 13 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 25 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 73 Italy ( FIMI ) 76 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 22 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 25 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 29 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 47 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 46 US Billboard Hot 100 11 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 8 × Platinum 560,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 30,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 5 × Platinum 400,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 2 × Platinum 180,000 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 150,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 3 × Platinum 150,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Gold 10,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 7 × Platinum 280,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 1,208,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label United Kingdom 9 September 2016 Digital download Columbia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Say You Wo n't Let Go - Single by James Arthur on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur on Twitter '' . Twitter . 3 March 2017 . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur wo n't face legal action from The Script '' . MSN . 11 February 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks , David ( 21 May 2018 ) . `` James Arthur 's ' Say You Wo n't Let Go ' Sued for Copyright Infringement by The Script '' . Billboard . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Lady Gaga 's Perfect Illusion set to be this week 's highest new entry on the Official UK Singles Chart . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Starkey , Adam ( 16 October 2016 ) . `` Is James Arthur facing a copyright lawsuit over Say You Wo n't Let Go ? '' . Metro . DMG Media . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Myers , Justin ( 30 December 2016 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2016 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ YTD T40 Singles / Albums ( with estimated sales ) , Week 2 : 19 / 1 / 17 . BuzzJack Music Forum Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` James Arthur 's ' Say You Wo n't Let Go ' Tops Adult Pop Songs Airplay Chart '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Nielsen SoundScan charts -- Digital Songs -- Week Ending : 09 / 28 / 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen SoundScan . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( 3 January 2018 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Divide ' Is Nielsen Music 's Top Album of 2017 in U.S. '' Billboard . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Brunch on Twitter '' . Twitter . 26 February 2017 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ JamesAVEVO ( 9 September 2016 ) . `` James Arthur - Say You Wo n't Let Go '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur on iTunes '' . itunes . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201707 into search . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201646 into search . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 40 Uge 47 , 2016 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur -- Chart history '' Billboard Euro Digital Songs for James Arthur . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés - SNEP ( Week 4 , 2017 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 41 , 2016 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 6 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur Lebanese Chart Top 20 History '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . 27 November 2016 . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 48 , 2016 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista - Topp 20 Single uke 44 , 2016 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . 26 June 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201711 into search . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201646 into search . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur Chart History ( Adult Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2016 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Jahrescharts 2016 '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . viva.tv . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Single 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2016 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2016 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA End of Year Singles 2017 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2017 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2017 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stream Top 100 - 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche annuali dei dischi più venduti e dei singoli più scaricati nel 2017 '' ( Click on `` Scarica allegato '' and open the `` Classifica annuale 2017 Singoli digital '' file ) ( in Italian ) . FIMI . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 2017 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2017 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2017 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2017 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 -- 2017 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 463 '' . auspOp. 10 March 2018 . Retrieved 10 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Enter James Arthur in the field Interpret . Enter Say You Wo n't Let Go in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2017 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' `` . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . elportaldemusica.es . Productores de Música de España . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . 1 December 2017 . Type James Arthur in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Say You Wo n't LetGo and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter Say You Wo n't Let Go in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen SoundScan charts -- Digital Songs -- Week Ending : 09 / 14 / 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen SoundScan . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . hide James Arthur Discography Studio albums James Arthur Back from the Edge Singles `` Impossible '' `` You 're Nobody ' til Somebody Loves You '' `` Recovery '' `` Get Down '' `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' `` Safe Inside '' `` Can I Be Him '' `` Naked '' `` You Deserve Better '' Featured singles `` Sun Comes Up '' `` You Can Cry '' Tours James Arthur Tour The Story So Far Tour Back from the Edge Tour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Say_You_Won%27t_Let_Go&oldid=845350821 '' Categories : 2016 singles 2016 songs Irish Singles Chart number - one singles James Arthur songs Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Sweden UK Singles Chart number - one singles Pop ballads Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Songs written by Neil Ormandy Songs written by James Arthur Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2018 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Billboardeurodigital Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 06 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote james arthur say you won't let go	[ "\n\n\"Say You Won't Let Go\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by James Arthur\n\n\nfrom the album Back from the Edge\n\n\nReleased\n9 September 2016 (2016-09-09)\n\n\nFormat\nDigital download\n\n\nRecorded\n2016\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nPop\nfolk\nR&B\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n3:31\n\n\nLabel\nColumbia\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nJames Arthur\nNeil Ormandy\nSteve Solomon\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nAlex Beitzke\nBradley Spence\n\n\n\n\n\nJames Arthur singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Get Down\"\n(2014)\n\"Say You Won't Let Go\"\n(2016)\n\"Safe Inside\"\n(2017)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Get Down\"\n(2014)\n\"Say You Won't Let Go\"\n(2016)\n\"Safe Inside\"\n(2017)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"Say You Won't Let Go\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\"Say You Won't Let Go\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by James Arthur\n\n\nfrom the album Back from the Edge\n\n\nReleased\n9 September 2016 (2016-09-09)\n\n\nFormat\nDigital download\n\n\nRecorded\n2016\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nPop\nfolk\nR&B\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n3:31\n\n\nLabel\nColumbia\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nJames Arthur\nNeil Ormandy\nSteve Solomon\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nAlex Beitzke\nBradley Spence\n\n\n\n\n\nJames Arthur singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Get Down\"\n(2014)\n\"Say You Won't Let Go\"\n(2016)\n\"Safe Inside\"\n(2017)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Get Down\"\n(2014)\n\"Say You Won't Let Go\"\n(2016)\n\"Safe Inside\"\n(2017)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"Say You Won't Let Go\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\"Say You Won't Let Go\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by James Arthur\n\n\nfrom the album Back from the Edge\n\n\nReleased\n9 September 2016 (2016-09-09)\n\n\nFormat\nDigital download\n\n\nRecorded\n2016\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nPop\nfolk\nR&B\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n3:31\n\n\nLabel\nColumbia\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nJames Arthur\nNeil Ormandy\nSteve Solomon\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nAlex Beitzke\nBradley Spence\n\n\n\n\n\nJames Arthur singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Get Down\"\n(2014)\n\"Say You Won't Let Go\"\n(2016)\n\"Safe Inside\"\n(2017)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Get Down\"\n(2014)\n\"Say You Won't Let Go\"\n(2016)\n\"Safe Inside\"\n(2017)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"Say You Won't Let Go\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "James Arthur", "Neil Ormandy", "Steve Solomon" ]
7662195651175220557	Shelly Burch	Shelly Burch - wikipedia Shelly Burch Jump to : navigation , search Shelly Burch ( born March 19 , 1960 ) is an American actress and singer known to television audiences for her role as Delila Ralston on ABC 's daytime soap opera One Life to Live , a role she played for eight years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Works 2.1 Film / Television 2.2 Theatre / Stage 3 References 4 External links Life and career ( edit ) Born in Tucson , Arizona , she began performing as a teenager in community and regional musicals , ultimately moving to Washington D.C. with her family when her father Dean Burch entered Republican party politics in the 1964 White House run for the Presidency by Barry Goldwater . She continued working in the D.C. area and eventually entered Carnegie Mellon University , where she stayed until a move to New York in the 70 's . Shelly was cast in her first Broadway show six months after her arrival . She played one of Sammy Davis Jr. 's daughters in the revival of Stop the World -- I Want to Get Off , which began its run in California and came to Lincoln Center , NY . In 1979 , after several cabaret appearances , she snagged the role of Star - To - Be in Annie on Broadway , and also played the role of Lily St. Regis . In 1980 , Tommy Tune cast her in his original Broadway production of Nine . She played the role of Claudia and introduced Maury Yeston 's `` Unusual Way '' . The role earned her kudos , including one from Frank Rich ( then the drama critic for The New York Times ) , in which he called her `` a Modigliani goddess with another strong voice and an almost otherworldly presence '' . She also garnered a Drama Desk nomination for the role . She stayed with Nine until she was tapped to originate the role of the devilish Delila on ABC - TV 's long - running soap opera One Life to Live . She stayed on the show for eight years , and at the same time honed her cabaret skills . In 1989 , after having left Llanview ( where One Life took place ) , she created the role of Julie for the Paper Mill Playhouse 's production of Show Boat , which subsequently was filmed by PBS for Great Performances . In 1990 , she moved to Florida , got married and had three children . During her Florida residency , she continued to perform regionally and sang in numerous churches and at the Holy Land . She also worked extensively at Disneyland and continued her cabaret and night club career . She also performed at diverse locations such as the Republican National Convention and RFK Stadium , stirring audiences with her version of `` The Star Spangled Banner '' . In 2003 , after roles such as Patsy Cline in `` An Evening With ... '' and Aldonza in Man of La Mancha , she called her old friend and Annie director Martin Charnin to come and create a new night club act for her . He did . The act played in Orlando , Washington D.C. , and eventually in 2009 came to the Metropolitan Room in New York City . In 2004 , family - in - hand , she moved to the Pacific Northwest and became a regular in the Seattle and environs theater scene . In 2006 , she and Mr. Charnin married and they continued working together in the Pacific Northwest , until they returned to the East Coast in July 2012 . They are currently at work on her one - woman entertainment , which is scheduled to open in late Fall of 2012 . Works ( edit ) Film / Television ( edit ) Oh Vey ! My Son is Gay ( 2010 ) - Teresa , direction by Evgany Afineevsky Norman - Diane , direction by Jonathan Segal Her Meds - Aggie , direction by Matt Cibelli One Life to Live - Delila , direction by ABC - TV Show Boat - Julie , direction by PBS - Great Performances Miami Vice ( Guest Star ) - Angelica / Vote of Confidence , direction by NBC - TV Stop the World I Want to Get Off - Jane , direction by Mel Shapiro Held for Ransom - Mrs. McCormack , direction by Lee Stanley Identity Crisis - Roxy , direction by Melvin Van Peebles Cat 's Eye - Jerrilyn , direction by Lewis Teague Spencer For Hire ( Guest Star ) - Diedre / Angel Desolation , direction by ABC - TV So this Priest Walks Into a Bar - The Woman , direction by Mark Lundsten Theatre / Stage ( edit ) Stop the World -- I Want to Get Off - Broadway , direction by Mel Shapiro Annie - Broadway , direction by Martin Charnin Nine - Broadway , direction by Tommy Tune Show Boat - Paper Mill Playhouse , direction by Robert Johanson Man of La Mancha - Mark Two Theatre , direction by Mark Howard A Closer Walk With Patsy Cline - direction by Mark Howard Robin Hood - direction by Martin Charnin Later Life - direction by Martin Charnin Mata Hari - direction by Martin Charnin Annie Warbucks - direction by Martin Charnin Love is Love - direction by Martin Charnin Company - direction by David Armstrong Shadowlands - direction by Martin Charnin Rodgers & ... - direction by Martin Charnin 42nd Street - direction by Steve Tompkins The Melody Lingers On - direction by Martin Charnin Broadway Spoken Here - direction by Martin Charnin Day of Music - direction by Ludovic Moriot Real to Reel - ( Songs from the stage to screen ) - direction by Martin Charnin The Broadway Revues - ( The Great Broadway Revues from The Follies to Sugar Babies ) - direction by Martin Charnin Incurably Romantic - The Mad Cow Theatre Second Coming - 54Below , New York City One Night Only - The Emelin Theatre References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rich , Frank ( May 10 , 1982 ) . `` ' Nine , ' A Musical Based on Fellini 's ' 8 1 / 2 ' '' , The New York Times , p . C13 . Jump up ^ Passalacqua , Connie ( October 22 , 1989 ) . `` Shelly Burch has found something to sing about '' , St. Petersburg Times , p. 50 . External links ( edit ) Official site Shelly Burch at the Internet Broadway Database Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shelly_Burch&oldid=771434859 '' Categories : American actresses 21st - century American actresses 20th - century American actresses Living people Carnegie Mellon University College of Fine Arts alumni 1960 births Hidden categories : Internet Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 March 2017 , at 14 : 38 . About Wikipedia	who played delilah on one life to live	[ "Shelly Burch (born March 19, 1960) is an American actress and singer known to television audiences for her role as Delila Ralston on ABC's daytime soap opera One Life to Live, a role she played for eight years." ]	[ "Shelly Burch" ]
-8905571930260496537	Alaska Purchase	Alaska purchase - wikipedia Alaska purchase This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 13 December 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search The US $7.2 million check used to pay for Alaska ( roughly $1.8 billion in 2016 ) . The Alaska Purchase ( Russian : Продажа Аляски , tr . Prodazha Alyaski ) was the United States ' acquisition of Alaska from the Russian Empire on March 30 , 1867 , by a treaty ratified by the United States Senate , and signed by president Andrew Johnson . Russia wanted to sell its Alaskan territory , fearing that it might be seized if war broke out with the United Kingdom . Russia 's primary activities in the territory had been fur trade and missionary work among the Native Alaskans . The land added 586,412 square miles ( 1,518,800 km ) of new territory to the United States . Reactions to the purchase in the United States were mostly positive ; some opponents called it `` Seward 's Folly '' ( after Secretary of State William H. Seward ) , while others praised the move for weakening both the UK and Russia as rivals to American commercial expansion in the Pacific region . Originally organized as the Department of Alaska , the area was renamed the District of Alaska and the Alaska Territory before becoming the modern state of Alaska upon being admitted to the Union as a state in 1959 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Public opinion in the United States 2 American ownership 3 Transfer ceremony 4 Aftermath 5 Financial return 6 Alaska Day 7 Notes 8 Further reading 8.1 Primary sources 9 External links Background ( edit ) Part of a series on the History of Alaska Prehistory Russian America ( 1733 -- 1867 ) Department of Alaska ( 1867 -- 1884 ) District of Alaska ( 1884 -- 1912 ) Territory of Alaska ( 1912 -- 1959 ) State of Alaska ( 1959 -- present ) Other topics The first page of Tsar Alexander II 's ratification of the treaty . This page just contains the Tsar 's full style . Wikimedia Commons has a file available for full text of ratification . Russia was in a difficult financial position and feared losing Russian America without compensation in some future conflict , especially to the British , with whom they had fought in the Crimean War ( 1853 -- 1856 ) . While Alaska attracted little interest at the time , the population of nearby British Columbia started to increase rapidly a few years after hostilities ended , with a large gold rush there prompting the creation of a British crown colony on the mainland in addition to the one that was already established on Vancouver Island , where the French and British fleets had retreated after the Battle of Petropavlovsk in the Russian Far East . The Russians decided that in any future war with Britain , their hard - to - defend colony might become a prime target , and would be easily captured . Therefore , the Russian emperor , Alexander II , decided to sell the territory . Perhaps in the hope of starting a bidding war , both the British and the Americans were approached . However , the British expressed little interest in buying Alaska . In 1859 the Russians offered to sell the territory to the United States , hoping that its presence in the region would offset the plans of Russia 's greatest regional rival , Great Britain . However , no deal was reached , as the risk of an American Civil War was a more pressing concern in Washington . Grand Duke Konstantin , a younger brother of the Tsar , began to press for the handover of Russian America to the United States in 1857 . In a memorandum to Foreign Minister Alexander Gorchakov he stated that we must not deceive ourselves and must foresee that the United States , aiming constantly to round out their possessions and desiring to dominate undividedly the whole of North America will take the afore - mentioned colonies from us and we shall not be able to regain them . This proposal was a topic in the higher echelons of the Russian government throughout 1857 and 1858 . Konstantin 's letter was shown to his brother , Tsar Alexander II , who wrote `` this idea is worth considering '' on the front page . Supporters of Konstantin 's proposal to immediately withdraw from North America included Admiral Yevfimy Putyatin and the Russian minister to the United States , Eduard de Stoeckl . Gorchakov agreed with the necessity of abandoning Russian America , but argued for a gradual process leading to its sale . He found a supporter in the naval minister and former chief manager of the Russian - American Company ( RAC ) , Ferdinand von Wrangel . Wrangel pressed for some proceeds to be invested in the economic development of Kamchatka and the Amur Basin . The Emperor eventually sided with Gorchakov , deciding to postpone negotiations until the end of the RAC 's patent , set to expire in 1861 . Over the winter of 1859 -- 1860 de Stoeckl held meetings with American officials , though he had been instructed not to initiate discussions about the sale of the RAC assets . Communicating primarily with Assistant Secretary of State John Appleton and Senator William M. Gwin , de Stoeckl reported the interest expressed by the Americans in acquiring Russian America . While President James Buchanan kept these hearings informal , preparations were made for further negotiations . Senator Gwin tendered a hypothetical offer of five million dollars for the Russian colony , a figure Gorchakov found far too low . De Stoeckl informed Appleton and Gwin of this , the latter saying that his Congressional colleagues in Oregon and California would support a larger figure . Buchanan 's increasingly unpopular presidency forced the matter to be shelved until a new presidential election . With the oncoming American Civil War , de Stoeckl proposed a renewal of the RAC 's charter . Two of its ports were to be open to foreign traders and commercial agreements with Peru and Chile to be signed to give `` a fresh jolt '' to the company . Additionally , the Russian Crown sought to repay money to its landowners after its emancipation reform of 1861 and borrowed 15 million pounds sterling from Rothschilds at 5 % annually . When the time came to repay the loan , the Russian government was short of funds . Russia continued to see an opportunity to weaken British power by causing British Columbia , including the Royal Navy base at Esquimalt , to be surrounded or annexed by American territory . Following the Union victory in the civil war , the Tsar instructed the Russian minister to the United States , Eduard de Stoeckl , to re-enter into negotiations with William Seward in the beginning of March 1867 . President Johnson was entangled in negotiations about Reconstruction and Seward had alienated a number of Republicans , so they believed that the purchase would help divert attention from the current domestic matters . The negotiations concluded after an all - night session with the signing of the treaty at 04 : 00 on March 30 , 1867 , with the purchase price set at $7.2 million ( $1.8 billion in 2016 ) , or about 2 cents per acre ( $4.74 / km ) . Public opinion in the United States ( edit ) The notion that the purchase was unpopular among Americans is , a scholar wrote 120 years later , `` one of the strongest historical myths in American history . It persists despite conclusive evidence to the contrary , and the efforts of the best historians to dispel it '' , likely in part because it fits American and Alaskan writers ' view of the territory as distinct and filled with self - reliant pioneers . American public opinion was not universally positive ; to some the purchase was known as `` Seward 's folly '' , or `` Seward 's icebox . '' Newspaper editorials contended that taxpayer money had been wasted on a `` Polar bear garden '' . Nonetheless , most newspaper editors argued that the U.S. would probably derive great economic benefits from the purchase ; friendship with Russia was important ; and it would facilitate the acquisition of British Columbia . Forty - five percent of newspapers endorsing the purchase cited the increased potential for annexing British Columbia in their support . W.H. Dall in 1872 wrote that `` ... there can be no doubt that the feelings of a majority of the citizens of the United States are in favor of it ... '' while referring to purchasing the territories of Russia in America . A review of dozens of newspapers of the day reveals general support for the purchase , especially in California and most of the 48 major newspapers supported the purchase at the time . The principal urban newspaper that opposed the purchase was the New York Tribune , published by Seward opponent Horace Greeley . The ongoing controversy over Reconstruction spread to other acts , such as the Alaska purchase . Some opposed the United States obtaining its first non-contiguous territory , seeing it as a colony ; others saw no need to pay for land that they expected the country to obtain through manifest destiny . Historian Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer summarized the minority opinion of some American newspaper editors who opposed the purchase : Already , so it was said , we were burdened with territory we had no population to fill . The Indians within the present boundaries of the republic strained our power to govern aboriginal peoples . Could it be that we would now , with open eyes , seek to add to our difficulties by increasing the number of such peoples under our national care ? The purchase price was small ; the annual charges for administration , civil and military , would be yet greater , and continuing . The territory included in the proposed cession was not contiguous to the national domain . It lay away at an inconvenient and a dangerous distance . The treaty had been secretly prepared , and signed and foisted upon the country at one o'clock in the morning . It was a dark deed done in the night ... The New York World said that it was a `` sucked orange . '' It contained nothing of value but furbearing animals , and these had been hunted until they were nearly extinct . Except for the Aleutian Islands and a narrow strip of land extending along the southern coast the country would be not worth taking as a gift ... Unless gold were found in the country much time would elapse before it would be blessed with Hoe printing presses , Methodist chapels and a metropolitan police . It was `` a frozen wilderness . '' American ownership ( edit ) An Aleut name , `` Alaska '' , was chosen by the Americans . This name had earlier , in the Russian era , denoted the Alaska Peninsula , which the Russians had called `` Аляска '' ( Alyaska ) ( also Alyaksa is attested , especially in older sources ) . Seward and many other Americans believed that Asia would become an important market for the country 's products , and expected that Alaska would serve as a base for American merchant ships . Senator Charles Sumner was unusual in expecting that the territory would be valuable on its own ; having studied the records of explorers , he believed that it contained valuable animals and forests . As chair of the Foreign Relations Committee , he sponsored the bill to acquire the territory . Seward told the nation that the Russians estimated that Alaska contained about 2,500 Russians and those of mixed race ( that is , a Russian father and native mother ) , and 8,000 indigenous people , in all about 10,000 people under the direct government of the Russian fur company , and possibly 50,000 Inuit and Alaska Natives living outside its jurisdiction . The Russians were settled at 23 trading posts , placed at accessible islands and coastal points . At smaller stations only four or five Russians were stationed to collect furs from the natives for storage and shipment when the company 's boats arrived to take it away . There were two larger towns . New Archangel , now named Sitka , had been established in 1804 to handle the valuable trade in the skins of the sea otter and in 1867 contained 116 small log cabins with 968 residents . St. Paul in the Pribilof Islands had 100 homes and 283 people and was the center of the seal fur industry . The treaty passed the United States Senate with 37 votes for versus 2 opposed . Transfer ceremony ( edit ) The signing of the Alaska Treaty of Cessation on March 30 , 1867 . L -- R : Robert S. Chew , William H. Seward , William Hunter , Mr. Bodisco , Eduard de Stoeckl , Charles Sumner and Frederick W. Seward . The transfer ceremony took place in Sitka on October 18 , 1867 . Russian and American soldiers paraded in front of the governor 's house ; the Russian flag was lowered and the American flag raised amid peals of artillery . A description of the events was published in Finland six years later , written by a blacksmith named T. Ahllund , who had been recruited to work in Sitka only less than two years previously . `` We had not spent many weeks at Sitka when two large steam ships arrived there , bringing things that belonged to the American crown , and a few days later the new governor also arrived in a ship together with his soldiers . The wooden two - story mansion of the Russian governor stood on a high hill , and in front of it in the yard at the end of a tall spar flew the Russian flag with the double - headed eagle in the middle of it . Of course , this flag now had to give way to the flag of the United States , which is full of stripes and stars . On a predetermined day in the afternoon a group of soldiers came from the American ships , led by one who carried the flag . Marching solemnly , but without accompaniment , they came to the governor 's mansion , where the Russian troops were already lined up and waiting for the Americans . Now they started to pull the ( Russian double - headed ) eagle down , but -- whatever had gone into its head -- it only came down a little bit , and then entangled its claws around the spar so that it could not be pulled down any further . A Russian soldier was therefore ordered to climb up the spar and disentangle it , but it seems that the eagle cast a spell on his hands , too -- for he was not able to arrive at where the flag was , but instead slipped down without it . The next one to try was not able to do any better ; only the third soldier was able to bring the unwilling eagle down to the ground . While the flag was brought down , music was played and cannons were fired off from the shore ; and then while the other flag was hoisted the Americans fired off their cannons from the ships equally many times . After that American soldiers replaced the Russian ones at the gates of the fence surrounding the Kolosh ( i.e. Tlingit ) village . '' When the business with the flags was finally over , Captain of 2nd Rank Aleksei Alekseyevich Peshchurov said : `` General Rousseau , by authority from His Majesty , the Emperor of Russia , I transfer to the United States the territory of Alaska . '' General Lovell Rousseau accepted the territory . ( Peshchurov had been sent to Sitka as commissioner of the Russian government in the transfer of Alaska . ) A number of forts , blockhouses and timber buildings were handed over to the Americans . The troops occupied the barracks ; General Jefferson C. Davis established his residence in the governor 's house , and most of the Russian citizens went home , leaving a few traders and priests who chose to remain . Aftermath ( edit ) After the transfer , a number of Russian citizens remained in Sitka , but very soon nearly all of them decided to return to Russia , which was still possible at the expense of the Russian - American Company . Ahllund 's story `` corroborates other accounts of the transfer ceremony , and the dismay felt by many of the Russians and creoles , jobless and in want , at the rowdy troops and gun - toting civilians who looked on Sitka as merely one more western frontier settlement . '' Ahllund gives a vivid account of what life was like for civilians in Sitka under U.S. rule , and it helps to explain why hardly any of the Russian subjects wanted to stay there . Moreover , Ahllund 's article is the only known description of the return voyage on the Winged Arrow , a ship especially purchased in order to transport the Russians back to their native country . `` The over-crowded vessel , with crewmen who got roaring drunk at every port , must have made the voyage a memorable one . '' Ahllund mentions stops at the Sandwich ( Hawaiian ) Islands , Tahiti , Brazil , London , and finally Kronstadt , the port for St. Petersburg , where they arrived on August 28 , 1869 . American settlers who shared Sumner 's belief in the riches of Alaska rushed to the territory , but found that much capital was required to exploit its resources , many of which were also found closer to markets in the contiguous United States . Most soon left ; by 1873 Sitka 's population had declined from about 2,500 to a few hundred . The United States acquired an area twice as large as Texas , but it was not until the great Klondike gold strike in 1896 that Alaska came to be seen generally as a valuable addition to American territory . The seal fishery was one of the chief considerations that induced the United States to purchase Alaska . It provided considerable revenue to the United States by the lease of the privilege of taking seals , in fact an amount in excess of the price paid for Alaska . From 1870 to 1890 , the seal fisheries yielded 100,000 skins a year . The company to which the administration of the fisheries was entrusted by a lease from the U.S. government paid a rental of $50,000 per annum and in addition thereto $2.62 1⁄2 per skin for the total number taken . The skins were transported to London to be dressed and prepared for world markets . The business grew so large that the earnings of English laborers after the acquisition of Alaska by the United States amounted by 1890 to $12,000,000 . However , exclusive U.S. control of this resource was eventually challenged , and the Bering Sea Controversy resulted when the United States seized over 150 sealing ships flying the British flag , based out of the coast of British Columbia . The conflict between the United States and Great Britain was resolved by an arbitration tribunal in 1893 . The waters of the Bering Sea were deemed to be international waters , contrary to the U.S. 's contention that they were an internal sea . The U.S. was required to make a payment to Great Britain , and both nations were required to follow regulations which were developed to preserve the resource . Financial return ( edit ) Economist David R. Barker has argued that the U.S. federal government has not earned a positive financial return on the purchase of Alaska . According to Barker , tax revenue and mineral and energy royalties to the federal government have been less than federal costs of governing Alaska plus interest on the borrowed funds used for the purchase . John M. Miller has taken the argument further , contending that U.S. oil companies that developed Alaskan petroleum resources did not earn profits sufficient to compensate for the risks they have incurred . Other economists and scholars , including Scott Goldsmith and Terrence Cole , have criticized the metrics used to reach those conclusions , noting that most continental Western states would fail to meet the bar of `` positive financial return '' using the same criteria and contending that looking at the increase in net national income , instead of simply U.S. Treasury revenue , paints a much more accurate picture of the financial return of Alaska as an investment . Alaska day ( edit ) Main article : Alaska Day In Alaska , Alaska Day celebrates the formal transfer of Alaska from Russia to the United States , which took place on October 18 , 1867 . The date is by the Gregorian calendar , which came into effect in Alaska the following day to replace the Julian calendar used by the Russians ( the Julian calendar in the 19th century was 12 days behind the Gregorian calendar ) . Alaska Day is a holiday for all state workers . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : United States nominal Gross Domestic Product per capita figures follow the Measuring Worth series supplied in Johnston , Louis ; Williamson , Samuel H. ( 2017 ) . `` What Was the U.S. GDP Then ? '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . These are the figures as of 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Purchase of Alaska , 1867 '' . Office of the Historian , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Claus - M Naske ; Herman E. Slotnick ( 15 March 1994 ) . Alaska : A History of the 49th State . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 330 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2573 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Russian Opinion on the Cession of Alaska . The American Historical Review 48 , No. 3 ( 1943 ) , pp. 521 -- 531 . ^ Jump up to : Bolkhovitinov , Nikolay N. ( 1990 ) . `` The Crimean War and the Emergence of Proposals for the Sale of Russian America , 1853 -- 1861 '' . Pacific Historical Review . 59 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 49 . JSTOR 3640094 . Jump up ^ Кто и как продавал Аляску ( Who and how was sold Alaska ) Archived 2012 - 09 - 11 at the Wayback Machine ... Russian portal . ^ Jump up to : Neunherz , R.E. ( 1989 ) . `` '' Hemmed In `` : Reactions in British Columbia to the Purchase of Russian America '' . The Pacific Northwest Quarterly . 80 ( 3 ) : 101 -- 111 . doi : 10.2307 / 40491056 . JSTOR 40491056 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Robert C. `` The Big Thing '' . Harp Week . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2013 . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Seward , Frederick W. , Seward at Washington as Senator and Secretary of State . Volume : 3 , 1891 , p. 348 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty with Russia for the Purchase of Alaska '' . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on 29 March 2015 . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Haycox , Stephen ( 1990 ) . `` Haycox , Stephen . `` Truth and Expectation : Myth in Alaska History '' . Northern Review . 6 . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Welch , Richard E. , Jr. ( 1958 ) . `` American Public Opinion and the Purchase of Russian America '' . American Slavic and East European Review . 17 ( 4 ) : 481 -- 494 . JSTOR 3001132 . Jump up ^ Howard I. Kushner , `` ' Seward 's Folly ' ? : American Commerce in Russian America and the Alaska Purchase '' . California Historical Quarterly ( 1975 ) : 4 -- 26 . JSTOR 25157541 . Jump up ^ `` Biographer calls Seward 's Folly a myth '' . The Seward Phoenix LOG. 3 April 2014 . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones , Preston . `` Founding of Anchorage , Alaska '' ( DVR ) format = requires url = ( help ) . C - SPAN3 . Jump up ^ Dall , W.H. ( 1872 ) . `` Is Alaska a Paying Investment '' . Harper 's New Monthly Magazine . NY : Harper & Brothers . XLIV : 252 . Jump up ^ photographs , Preston Jones ; ; Holland , illustrations edited by Neal ( 2013 ) . The fires of patriotism : Alaskans in the days of the First World War 1910 -- 1920 . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60223 - 205 - 1 . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer , A History of the United States since the Civil War ( 1917 ) 1 : 541 . Jump up ^ Seward ( 1869 ) . Jump up ^ `` A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 -- 1875 '' . loc.gov . Jump up ^ Ahllund , T. ( 1873 / 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Bancroft , H.H. , ( 1885 ) pp. 590 -- 629 . Jump up ^ Pierce , R. ( 1990 ) , p 395 . Jump up ^ Richard Pierce , introduction to Ahllund , T. , From the Memoirs of a Finnish Workman ( 2006 ) . ^ Jump up to : Gilman , D.C. ; Peck , H.T. ; Colby , F.M. , eds. ( 1905 ) . `` Sealing '' . New International Encyclopedia ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Dodd , Mead . Jump up ^ Powell , Michael ( 18 August 2010 ) . `` How Alaska Became a Federal Aid Magnet '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Miller , John . The Last Alaskan Barrel : An Arctic Oil Bonanza that Never Was . Caseman Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9828780 - 0 - 2 . Jump up ^ Powell , Michael ( 20 August 2010 ) . `` Was the Alaska Purchase a Good Deal ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ State of Alaska 2014 Holiday Calendar ( PDF ) , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 August 2014 , retrieved 18 December 2014 Further reading ( edit ) Bancroft , Hubert Howe : History of Alaska : 1730 -- 1885 ( 1886 ) . Dunning , William . A. `` Paying for Alaska '' , Political Science Quarterly Vol. 27 , No. 3 ( September 1912 ) , pp. 385 -- 398 . JSTOR 2141366 . Farrow , Lee A. Seward 's Folly : A New Look at the Alaska Purchase ( University of Alaska Press , 2016 ) . xiv , 225 pp . Grinëv , Andrei . V. , and Richard L. Bland . `` A Brief Survey of the Russian Historiography of Russian America of Recent Years '' , Pacific Historical Review , May 2010 , Vol. 79 Issue 2 , pp. 265 -- 278 . Pierce , Richard : Russian America : A Biographical Dictionary , p. 395 . Alaska History no . 33 , The Limestone Press ; Kingston , Ontario & Fairbanks , Alaska , 1990 . Holbo , Paul S ( 1983 ) . Tarnished Expansion : The Alaska Scandal , the Press , and Congress 1867 -- 1871 . Knoxville : The University of Tennessee Press . Jensen , Ronald ( 1975 ) . The Alaska Purchase and Russian - American Relations . Oberholtzer , Ellis ( 1917 ) . A History of the United States since the Civil War . Vol. 1 . online Primary sources ( edit ) Ahllund , T. , From the Memoirs of a Finnish Workman , trans . Panu Hallamaa , ed . Richard Pierce , Alaska History , 21 ( Fall 2006 ) , 1 -- 25 . ( Originally published in Finnish in Suomen Kuvalehti ( editor - in - chief Julius Krohn ) No. 15 / 1873 ( 1 August ) -- No. 19 / 1873 ( 1 October ) ) . Seward , William H. Alaska : Speech of William H. Seward at Sitka , August 12 , 1869 ( 1869 ; Digitized page images & text ) , a primary source External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alaska Purchase . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Alaska Purchase Treaty with Russia for the Purchase of Alaska and related resources at the Library of Congress Meeting of Frontiers , Library of Congress `` Inside the Archivist 's Office '' . American Artifacts. C - SPAN . December 26 , 2011 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Program featuring the purchase check cashed for gold at Riggs Bank ( 17 : 00 minute mark ) . Original Document of Check to Purchase Alaska ( registration required ) History of Alaska Timeline of Alaska Prehistory Russian America ( 1733 -- 1867 ) Department of Alaska ( 1867 -- 1884 ) District of Alaska ( 1884 -- 1912 ) Territory of Alaska ( 1912 -- 1959 ) Recent history ( 1959 -- present ) Topics and events Russian - American Company Alaska Purchase Gold Rush era Klondike Nome Fairbanks Alaska boundary dispute 1925 serum run to Nome World War II Aleutian Islands Campaign Project Hula Alaska Statehood Act 1964 earthquake Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act Exxon Valdez oil spill History of Anchorage timeline History of Fairbanks Other topics Territorial expansion of the United States Thirteen Colonies ( 1776 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) Louisiana Purchase ( 1803 ) Red River Cession ( 1818 ) Adams -- Onís Treaty ( 1819 ) Texas Annexation ( 1845 ) Oregon Treaty ( 1846 ) Mexican Cession ( 1848 ) Gadsden Purchase ( 1853 ) Guano Islands Act ( 1856 ) Alaska Purchase ( 1867 ) Annexation of Hawaii ( 1898 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) Tripartite Convention ( 1899 ) Treaty of Cession of Tutuila ( 1900 ) Treaty of Cession of Manuʻa ( 1904 ) Treaty of the Danish West Indies ( 1917 ) Concept : Manifest destiny Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alaska_Purchase&oldid=815272260 '' Categories : 1867 in Alaska 1867 in Russia 1867 in the United States 1867 treaties Aboriginal title in the United States Colonial United States ( Russian ) History of United States expansionism March 1867 events Russian America Russian Empire -- United States relations Treaties involving territorial changes Treaties of the Russian Empire Treaties of the United States Purchased territories Territorial evolution of Russia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with format and no URL Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Articles containing Russian - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 21 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was the price paid for the louisiana purchase	[ "Russia continued to see an opportunity to weaken British power by causing British Columbia, including the Royal Navy base at Esquimalt, to be surrounded or annexed by American territory.[7] Following the Union victory in the civil war, the Tsar instructed the Russian minister to the United States, Eduard de Stoeckl, to re-enter into negotiations with William Seward in the beginning of March 1867. President Johnson was entangled in negotiations about Reconstruction and Seward had alienated a number of Republicans, so they believed that the purchase would help divert attention from the current domestic matters.[8] The negotiations concluded after an all-night session with the signing of the treaty at 04:00 on March 30, 1867,[9] with the purchase price set at $7.2 million ($1.8 billion in 2016), or about 2 cents per acre ($4.74/km2).[1][10]" ]	[ "$7.2 million ($1.8 billion in 2016)" ]
-7997375250388497314	Book of Lamentations	Book of Lamentations - wikipedia Book of Lamentations Jump to : navigation , search `` Lamentations '' redirects here . For other uses , see Lamentations ( disambiguation ) . Tanakh ( Judaism ) Torah ( Instruction ) ( show ) Genesis Brʾeišyt Exodus Šemot Leviticus Wayiqra Numbers Bəmidbar Deuteronomy Devarim Nevi'im ( Prophets ) ( show ) Former Joshua Yehoshua Judges Shofetim Samuel Shemuel Kings Melakhim Latter Isaiah Yeshayahu Jeremiah Yirmeyahu Ezekiel Yekhezqel Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Ketuvim ( Writings ) ( hide ) Poetic Psalms Təhillîm Proverbs Mishlei Job Iyov Five Megillot ( Scrolls ) Song of Songs Shir Hashirim Ruth Rut Lamentations Eikhah Ecclesiastes Qoheleth Esther Ester Historical Daniel Daniyyel Ezra -- Nehemiah Ezra Chronicles Dibh 're Hayyamim Old Testament ( Christianity ) Pentateuch ( show ) Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Historical ( show ) Joshua Judges Ruth 1 and 2 Samuel 1 and 2 Kings 1 and 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Wisdom Poetry ( show ) Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Songs Prophetic ( hide ) Major prophets Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Minor prophets Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanonical ( show ) Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom of Solomon Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Orthodox Tewahedo 1 Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Bible portal The Book of Lamentations ( Hebrew : אֵיכָה ‎ , ' Êykhôh , from its incipit meaning `` how '' ) is a collection of poetic laments for the destruction of Jerusalem . In the Hebrew Bible it appears in the Ketuvim ( `` Writings '' ) , beside the Song of Songs , Book of Ruth , Ecclesiastes and the Book of Esther ( the Megilloth or `` Five Scrolls '' ) , although there is no set order ; in the Christian Old Testament it follows the Book of Jeremiah , as the prophet Jeremiah is its traditional author . Jeremiah 's authorship is no longer generally accepted , although it is generally accepted that the destruction of Jerusalem by Babylon in 586 BCE forms the background to the poems . The book is partly a traditional `` city lament '' mourning the desertion of the city by God , its destruction , and the ultimate return of the divinity , and partly a funeral dirge in which the bereaved bewails and addresses the dead . The tone is bleak : God does not speak , the degree of suffering is presented as undeserved , and expectations of future redemption are minimal . The book is traditionally recited on the fast day of Tisha B'Av ( `` Ninth of Av '' ) , mourning the destruction of both the First Temple and the Second ; in Christianity it is traditionally read during Tenebrae of the Holy Triduum . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Summary 3 Composition 4 Themes 5 Later interpretation and influence 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Structure ( edit ) `` Jeremiah Lamenting the Destruction of Jerusalem '' ( Rembrandt ) Lamentations consists of five distinct poems , corresponding to its five chapters . The first four are written as acrostics -- chapters 1 , 2 , and 4 each have 22 verses , corresponding to the 22 letters of the Hebrew alphabet , the first lines beginning with the first letter of the alphabet , the second with the second letter , and so on . Chapter 3 has 66 verses , so that each letter begins three lines , and the fifth poem is not acrostic but still has 22 lines . The purpose or function of this form is unknown . Summary ( edit ) The book consists of five separate poems . In the first ( chapter 1 ) , the city sits as a desolate weeping widow overcome with miseries . In Chapter 2 these miseries are described in connection with national sins and acts of God . Chapter 3 speaks of hope for the people of God : the chastisement would only be for their good ; a better day would dawn for them . Chapter 4 laments the ruin and desolation of the city and temple , but traces it to the people 's sins . Chapter 5 is a prayer that Zion 's reproach may be taken away in the repentance and recovery of the people . The five chapters can be seen as the five truths . Composition ( edit ) Lamentations has traditionally been ascribed to Jeremiah , probably on the grounds of the reference in 2 Chronicles 35 : 25 to the prophet composing a lament on the death of King Josiah , but there is no reference to Josiah in the book and no reason to connect it to Jeremiah . The language fits an Exilic date ( 586 -- 520 BCE ) , and the poems probably originated from Judeans who remained in the land . Scholars are divided over whether they are the work of one or multiple authors . One clue pointing to multiple authors is that the gender and situation of the first - person witness changes -- the narration is feminine in the first and second lamentation , and masculine in the third , while the fourth and fifth are eyewitness reports of Jerusalem 's destruction ; conversely , the similarities of style , vocabulary , and theological outlook , as well as the uniform historical setting , are arguments for one author . Themes ( edit ) Lamentations combines elements of the qinah , a funeral dirge for the loss of the city , and the `` communal lament '' pleading for the restoration of its people . It reflects the view , traceable to Sumerian literature of a thousand years earlier , that the destruction of the holy city was a punishment by God for the communal sin of its people . Beginning with the reality of disaster , Lamentations concludes with the bitter possibility that God may have finally rejected Israel ( chapter 5 : 22 ) . Sufferers in the face of grief are not urged to a confidence in the goodness of God ; in fact God is accountable for the disaster . The poet acknowledges that this suffering is a just punishment , still God is held to have had choice over whether to act in this way and at this time . Hope arises from a recollection of God 's past goodness , but although this justifies a cry to God to act in deliverance , there is no guarantee that he will . Repentance will not persuade God to be gracious , since he is free to give or withhold grace as he chooses . In the end , the possibility is that God has finally rejected his people and may not again deliver them : if God is predictable , then God is just a tool of humans . Nevertheless , it also affirms confidence that the mercies of Yahweh ( the God of Israel ) never end , but are new every morning ( 3 : 22 -- 33 ) . Later interpretation and influence ( edit ) The Book of Lamentations is recited annually by Jews on Tisha b'Av ( Ninth of Av ) , the anniversary of the destruction of both of the Jewish Temples . In Western Christianity , readings , chantings , and choral settings of the book are used in the Lenten religious service known as the Tenebrae ( Latin for darkness ) . In the Church of England , readings are used at Morning and Evening Prayer on the Monday and Tuesday of Holy Week , and at Evening Prayer on Good Friday . In the Coptic Orthodox Church , the book 's third chapter is chanted on the twelfth hour of the Good Friday service , that commemorates the burial of Jesus . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Berlin 2004 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Hayes 1998 , p. 167 . ^ Jump up to : Hayes 1998 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Hayes 1998 , p. 169 . ^ Jump up to : Clines 2003 , p. 617 . ^ Jump up to : Hillers 1993 , p. 420 . ^ Jump up to : Dobbs - Allsopp 2002 , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Lee 2008 , pp. 566 -- 567 . Jump up ^ F.B. Huey , Jeremiah , Lamentations , vol. 16 , The New American Commentary ( Nashville : Broadman & Holman Publishers , 1993 ) , 443 . Jump up ^ Berlin 2004 , pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Clines 2003 , pp. 617 -- 618 . Bibliography ( edit ) Berlin , Adele ( 2004 ) . Lamentations : A Commentary . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664229740 . Clines , David J.A. ( 2003 ) . `` Lamentations '' . In Dunn , James D.G. ; Rogerson , John William . Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802837110 . Dobbs - Allsopp , F.W. ( 2002 ) . Lamentations . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664237547 . Hayes , John H. ( 1998 ) . `` The Songs of Israel '' . In McKenzie , Steven L. ; Graham , Matt Patrick . The Hebrew Bible Today : An Introduction to Critical Issues . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664256524 . Hillers , Delbert R. ( 1993 ) . `` Lamentations of Jeremiah '' . In Metzger , Bruce M. ; Coogan , Michael D . The Oxford Companion to the Bible . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199743919 . Lee , Archie C.C. ( 2008 ) . `` Book of Lamentations '' . In Sakenfeld , Katherine Doob . The New Interpreter 's Dictionary of the Bible , Volume 3 . Abingdon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 687 - 33365 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Lamentations Jewish translations : Eichah -- Lamentations ( Judaica Press ) translation ( with Rashi 's commentary ) at Chabad.org Book of Lamentations with Hebrew / English and mp3 chanting of the entire book in Hebrew . ( Website also contains other books of the bible . ) Laments ( R. David Seidenberg ) : a fresh translation with linear Hebrew and English , on neohasid.org A synopsis of Eichah 's chapters Christian translations : Online Bible at GospelHall.org Lamentations at Sacred Texts KJV , Tan , Sep , Vul Lamentations public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Introductions Introduction to the Book of Lamentations Book of Lamentations Hebrew lament Preceded by Ruth Hebrew Bible Succeeded by Ecclesiastes Preceded by Jeremiah Protestant Old Testament Succeeded by Ezekiel Roman Catholic Old Testament Succeeded by Baruch E. Orthodox Old Testament Book of Lamentations Bible Lamentations 1 5 Place Jerusalem Zion People Jacob Judah Sources Hebrew Bible Septuagint Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Book of Jeremiah ( chapter 52 ) Book of Ezekiel ( chapter 1 ) → Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon ) Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch 2 Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list ) New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book The Three Weeks Periods of observance The Three Weeks The Nine Days Week in which Tisha B'Av occurs Days of obervance Seventeenth of Tammuz Tisha B'Av Observances and events Seudah HaMafseket Texts Book of Lamentations Kinnot Book of Job Historic events Siege of Jerusalem ( AD 70 ) Alhambra Decree The Twelve Spies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Lamentations&oldid=802963467 '' Categories : 6th - century BC books Book of Lamentations Jeremiah Ketuvim Tisha B'Av Protocanonical books Hidden categories : Articles containing Hebrew - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Беларуская Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Latina Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം مصرى Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 16 : 08 . 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About Wikipedia	who wrote the book lamentations in the bible	[ "Lamentations has traditionally been ascribed to Jeremiah, probably on the grounds of the reference in 2 Chronicles 35:25 to the prophet composing a lament on the death of King Josiah, but there is no reference to Josiah in the book and no reason to connect it to Jeremiah.[5] The language fits an Exilic date (586–520 BCE), and the poems probably originated from Judeans who remained in the land.[7] Scholars are divided over whether they are the work of one or multiple authors.[7] One clue pointing to multiple authors is that the gender and situation of the first-person witness changes – the narration is feminine in the first and second lamentation, and masculine in the third, while the fourth and fifth are eyewitness reports of Jerusalem's destruction;[8] conversely, the similarities of style, vocabulary, and theological outlook, as well as the uniform historical setting, are arguments for one author.[9]" ]	[ "probably originated from Judeans who remained in the land" ]
-3853372446290657894	Great American Country	Great American Country - Wikipedia Great American Country Great American Country Launched December 31 , 1995 ; 22 years ago ( 1995 - 12 - 31 ) Owned by Discovery , Inc . Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Downgraded to letterboxed 480i for SDTV feed Country United States Language English Broadcast area Nationwide Headquarters Knoxville , Tennessee Sister channel ( s ) American Heroes Channel Animal Planet Cooking Channel Destination America Discovery Channel Discovery en Español Discovery Familia Discovery Family Discovery Life DIY Network Food Network HGTV Investigation Discovery Oprah Winfrey Network Science Channel TLC Travel Channel Velocity Website www.greatamericancountry.com Availability Satellite Dish Network 165 ( HD / SD ) DirecTV 326 ( HD / SD ) Cable Verizon FiOS 660 ( HD ) 160 ( SD ) Time Warner Cable 295 ( HD ) IPTV AT&T U-Verse 1529 ( HD ) 529 ( SD ) Great American Country ( GAC ) is an American digital cable and satellite television network that is owned by Discovery , Inc . Based in Knoxville , Tennessee , the channel features country music programming including music videos , music performance specials and live concerts , along with country lifestyle entertainment and original lifestyle programming . As of February 2015 , GAC is available to approximately 59,547,000 television households ( 51.2 % of cable , satellite and telco customers ) in the United States . Contents 1 History 2 Programming 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) First Great American Country logo The channel was launched on December 31 , 1995 , with the first music video to be broadcast on the channel , Garth Brooks ' `` The Thunder Rolls '' . The channel was originally owned by the Centennial , Colorado - based Jones Radio Network . Scripps Networks , which was spun off from the E.W. Scripps Company in July 2008 , acquired Great American Country from Jones Radio Network on October 12 , 2004 In late 2005 , television industry trade publication Broadcasting & Cable named GAC as one of TV 's `` Breakout Networks '' heading into 2006 , saying of the channel : `` The emerging GAC is a younger , hipper version that respects Nashville 's country roads but widens the boulevards . '' Great American Country and ABC Radio Networks ( now Cumulus Media ) formed a partnership to produce a nightly radio show called GAC Nights : Live From Nashville hosted by Suzanne Alexander , and co-hosted by Storme Warren and Nan Kelley . It was broadcast from its studios at Music Row in Nashville , Tennessee . The show ran from 2007 to 2009 , when it was canceled . AT&T U-verse dropped Great American Country , and sister networks Food Network , Cooking Channel , HGTV , and DIY Network on November 5 , 2010 , due to a carriage dispute over an increase in retransmission fees . Two days later , however , the dispute was resolved . On October 1 , 2013 , the network unveiled a new brand identity and dropped its `` GAC '' acronym in favor of using the Great American Country name in full . The network also unveiled a new logo , and announced that it will begin broadcasting in high definition . The network expanded beyond its country music roots with programs that chronicle families and American lifestyle themes . Programming ( edit ) Main article : List of programs broadcast by Great American Country Country music comprises at least 50 percent of Great American Country 's programming , but the channel also features an emphasis on programs celebrating American culture . The network 's original programming includes , Kimberly 's Simply Southern , a cooking show featuring Kimberly Schlapman ( member of the country music group Little Big Town ) ; Farm Kings , a reality show chronicling the King family of Freedom Farms ; and Celebrity Motor Homes , featuring different celebrities showcasing their motor homes . The network also televises the Wrangler National Finals Rodeo . The network also features reruns of shows from pre Discovery Inc . ( Scripps ) sister networks , such as `` You Live in What ? '' , `` Flea Market Flip '' , `` Tiny House , Big Living '' , and `` We Bought the Farm '' . With the channel 's rebranding , the daily music video show Daily Countdown was renamed Great American Playlist . Top 20 Country Countdown continues to air each week and the network still offers country music specials including , Backstory , Introducing and Origins . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Scripps - Howard FAQ '' . Scripps - Howard . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 22 , 2015 ) . `` List of how many homes each cable network is in as of February 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Official Garth Brooks Website Archived 2009 - 01 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hot & Happening : Breakout Networks - 31 October 2005 - Broadcasting & Cable Jump up ^ AT&T 's U-verse Drops Food Network , HGTV and Other Scripps Networks , Chicago Tribune , November 5 , 2010 Jump up ^ Food Network , HGTV , Back on U-verse , Chicago Tribune , November 7 , 2010 Jump up ^ AT&T U-verse , Scripps Reconnect on Carriage Contract , MultiChannel News , November 7 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Great American Country Unveils New Brand Identity '' . The Futon Critic . October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Great American Country Broadens Expanse '' . , MediaPost News , October 2 , 2013 Jump up ^ Watts , Cindy ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` GAC announces rebranding , programming changes '' . The Tennessean . Jump up ^ `` Great American Country Unveils New Brand Identity '' . The Wall Street Journal . September 30 , 2013 . , The Wall Street Journal , September 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Rodeo Stars Thrill Packed House '' . , Amarillo Globe - News , September 18 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` GAC Announces Rebranding Changes '' . , The Tennessean , October 2 , 2013 External links ( edit ) Official website Discovery , Inc . Ownership Discovery , Inc. ; affiliated with Advance Publications ; and John S. 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Scripps Networks Interactive SBS Radio Nordic Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_American_Country&oldid=854542338 '' Categories : Music video networks in the United States Discovery Inc . Scripps Cable Networks Media in Nashville , Tennessee Companies based in Nashville , Tennessee Television channels and stations established in 1995 English - language television stations in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 03 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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About Wikipedia	what channel is great american country on dish	[ "Great American Country\nLaunched\nDecember 31, 1995; 22 years ago (1995-12-31)Owned by\nDiscovery, Inc.Picture format\n\n1080i (HDTV)\nDowngraded to letterboxed 480i for SDTV feed\nCountry\nUnited StatesLanguage\nEnglishBroadcast area\nNationwideHeadquarters\nKnoxville, TennesseeSister channel(s)\n\nAmerican Heroes Channel\nAnimal Planet\nCooking Channel\nDestination America\nDiscovery Channel\nDiscovery en Español\nDiscovery Familia\nDiscovery Family\nDiscovery Life\nDIY Network\nFood Network\nHGTV\nInvestigation Discovery\nOprah Winfrey Network\nScience Channel\nTLC\nTravel Channel\nVelocity\nWebsite\nwww.greatamericancountry.comAvailability SatelliteDish Network\n\n165 (HD/SD)\n\n\nDirecTV\n\n326 (HD/SD)\nCableVerizon FiOS\n\n660 (HD)\n160 (SD)\nTime Warner Cable\n295 (HD)IPTVAT&T U-Verse\n\n1529 (HD)\n529 (SD)\n" ]	[ "165" ]
1595780304729448674	The Handmaid's Tale	The Handmaid 's Tale - wikipedia The Handmaid 's Tale Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Handmaid 's Tale ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with The Handmaiden . The Handmaid 's Tale Cover of the first edition Author Margaret Atwood Cover artist Tad Aronowicz , design ; Gail Geltner , collage ( first edition , hardback ) Country Canada Language English Genre Dystopian novel , science fiction , speculative fiction Publisher McClelland and Stewart Publication date 1985 ( hardcover ) Pages 311 ISBN 0 - 7710 - 0813 - 9 The Handmaid 's Tale is a dystopian novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood . The book was originally published in 1985 . Set in a near - future New England , in a totalitarian , Christian theonomy that has overthrown the United States government . The novel focuses on the journey of the handmaid Offred . Her name derives from the possessive form `` of Fred '' ; handmaids are forbidden to use their birth names and must echo the male , or master , for whom they serve . The Handmaid 's Tale explores themes of women in subjugation to misogyny in a patriarchal society and the various means by which these women gain individualism and independence . The novel 's title echoes the component parts of Geoffrey Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales , which is a series of connected stories ( `` The Merchant 's Tale '' , `` The Parson 's Tale '' , etc . ) . The Handmaid 's Tale is structured into two parts , night and other various events . This novel can be interpreted as a double narrative , Offred 's tale and the Handmaid 's tales . The night sections are solely about Offred , and the other sections ( shopping , waiting room , household , etc . ) are the stories that describe the possible life of every Handmaid , though from the perspective of Offred . In many of these sections , Offred jumps between past and present as she retells the events leading up to the fall of women 's rights and the current details of her life which she lives . The Handmaid 's Tale won the 1985 Governor General 's Award and the first Arthur C. Clarke Award in 1987 ; it was also nominated for the 1986 Nebula Award , the 1986 Booker Prize , and the 1987 Prometheus Award . The book has been adapted into a 1990 film , a 2000 opera , a television series , and other media . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Characters 2.1 Offred 2.2 The Commander 2.3 Serena Joy 2.4 Ofglen 2.5 Nick 2.6 Moira 2.7 Luke 2.8 Professor Pieixoto 3 Setting 3.1 Politics 3.2 Religion 3.3 Caste and class 3.4 Gender and occupation 3.5 Legitimate women 3.6 Illegitimate women 3.7 Men 3.8 Babies 3.9 The Ceremony 3.10 Language 4 Genre classification 4.1 Historical context 5 Critical reception 5.1 Feminist reading 5.2 Race 5.3 Awards 6 Academic reception 6.1 Other use in academia 7 In other media 7.1 Film 7.2 Television 7.3 Radio 7.4 Audio 7.5 Stage 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Works cited 12 Further reading 13 External links Plot summary ( edit ) The Handmaid 's Tale is set in the Republic of Gilead , a theonomic military dictatorship formed within the borders of what was formerly the United States of America . Beginning with a staged attack that kills the President and most of Congress , a fundamentalist Christian Reconstructionist movement calling itself the `` Sons of Jacob '' launches a revolution and suspends the United States Constitution under the pretext of restoring order . They quickly remove women 's rights , largely attributed to financial records being stored electronically and labelled by sex . The new regime , the Republic of Gilead , moves quickly to consolidate its power , including overtaking all pre-existing religious groups , including Christianity , and reorganize society along a new militarized , hierarchical model of Old Testament - inspired social and religious fanaticism among its newly created social classes . In this society , human rights are severely limited and women 's rights are strictly curtailed . For example , women are forbidden to read , and anyone caught in homosexual acts would be hanged for `` Gender Treachery '' . The story is told in the first person by a woman called Offred . The character is one of a class of women kept for reproductive purposes and known as `` handmaids '' by the ruling class in an era of declining births due to sterility from pollution and sexually transmitted diseases . Offred describes her life during her third assignment as a handmaid , in this case to Fred ( referred to as `` The Commander '' ) . Interspersed in flashbacks are portions of her life from before and during the beginning of the revolution , when she finds she has lost all autonomy to her husband , their failed escape attempt to Canada , and finally her indoctrination into life as a handmaid by government - trained women called the Aunts . Offred describes the structure of Gilead 's society , including the different classes of women and their lives in the new theonomy . The women are physically segregated by colour of clothing -- blue , red , green , striped and white - to signify social class and assigned position , ranked highest to lowest . The Commanders ' wives are dressed in blue , handmaids in red , Marthas ( cooks and maids ) in green , and striped is for the lower class women who essentially do everything in the domestic sphere . Young girls are dressed in white . The Commander is a high - ranking official in Gilead . Although his contact with Offred is supposed to be limited to `` the ceremony , '' a ritual of sexual intercourse intended to result in conception and at which his wife is present , he begins an illegal relationship with Offred . Secret meetings occur in his study , which the Commander 's Wife is not permitted to enter . The room is filled with books and is considered a private place for the man of the house . During these meetings , he tries to earn her trust by talking and playing board games together , such as Scrabble . This is another offence , as women are not permitted to read and write . Despite this , the Commander offers her hidden or contraband products , such as old ( 1970s ) fashion magazines and cosmetics . His last gift is finally lingerie and the Commander takes her to a brothel run by the government . This brothel is meant to add variety to men 's sex lives , as stated is necessary by the Commander . There Offred meets her long - lost friend , Moira , and learns how Moira ended up there after escaping from the Red Centre ( where the Handmaids are trained ) . There are several types of women in the brothel , as they are seen to be defiant against the new system . They are offered the choice of working at Jezebel 's or being sent to work in the colonies . They are classified as UnWomen and clean up radioactive waste , eventually dying from radiation sickness . For the women in the brothels , they are allowed alcohol and drugs , a freedom Offred notes . Though they are allowed to choose their patrons , they are discouraged from refusing a man 's advances . The Commander 's wife , Serena Joy , is seen as a minor antagonist . Offred remembers her as someone who supported women 's domesticity before the full oppression of women . Though Offred wants a sense of companionship , Serena hates sharing her husband with a handmaid and makes her feelings very clear . She is a conservative woman who keeps to herself in a stern and strict fashion . Ironically enough , though , Serena also has secret interactions with Offred , arranging for her to sleep with Nick , the Commander 's driver , in an effort to get Offred pregnant . In return , Serena Joy gives her news of her daughter and a recent photo , whom Offred has not seen since she and her family were captured trying to escape Gilead . After Offred 's initial meeting with Nick , they begin to meet more frequently . Offred discovers she enjoys sex with Nick , despite her indoctrination and her memories of her husband . She shares potentially dangerous information about her past with him . Through Offred 's shopping partner , a friend called Ofglen , Offred learns of the Mayday resistance , an underground network working to overthrow the Republic of Gilead . Shortly after Ofglen 's disappearance ( later revealed as a suicide ) , the Commander 's wife finds evidence of the relationship between Offred and the Commander . Offred contemplates suicide . As the novel concludes , Offred tells Nick that she thinks she is pregnant . Shortly afterwards , she is taken away from the Waterfords ' house by the secret police , the Eyes of God , known informally as `` the Eyes '' . Before she is put in the large black van , Nick tells her that the men are part of the Mayday resistance and to trust him . Offred does not know if he is a member of Mayday or an Eye posing as one , and is unsure if leaving will result in her escape or her capture . She enters the van with her future uncertain . The novel concludes with a metafictional epilogue that explains that the events of the novel occurred shortly after the beginning of what is called `` the Gilead Period . '' The epilogue is `` a partial transcript of the proceedings of the Twelfth Symposium on Gileadean Studies '' written in 2195 . According to the symposium 's `` keynote speaker '' Professor Pieixoto , he and his colleague Professor Knotly Wade discovered Offred 's story recorded onto cassette tapes . They transcribed the tapes , calling them collectively `` the handmaid 's tale . '' Through the tone and actions of the professionals in this final section of the book , the world of academia is highlighted and critiqued , and Pieixoto discusses his team 's search for the characters named in the Tale , and the impossibility of proving the tapes ' authenticity . It is assumed that Offred survived and that the Eyes that collected her were , in fact , part of Mayday as her cassette tapes contain parts of the story that would have been impossible to tape if she had not escaped . Nevertheless , the epilogue implies that , following the collapse of the theonomic Republic of Gilead , a more equal society -- though not the United States that previously existed -- re-emerged , with a restoration of full rights for women and freedom of religion . This is meant to serve as irony for the reader as the Professor speaks of Offred 's troubling tale with little emotion , whereas the reader feels the utmost sympathy for Offred . Characters ( edit ) Offred ( edit ) Offred is the protagonist and narrator . She was labeled a `` wanton woman '' when Gilead was established because she had married a man who was divorced . All divorces were nullified by the new government , meaning her husband was now considered still married to his first wife , making Offred an adulteress . In trying to escape Gilead , she was separated from her husband and daughter . She is part of the first generation of Gilead 's women , those who remember pre-Gilead times . Proved fertile , she is considered an important commodity and has been placed as a handmaid in the home of the Commander Fred and his wife Serena Joy , to bear a child for them ( Serena Joy is believed to be infertile ) . Offred is a slave name that describes her function : she is `` of Fred '' , i.e. she belongs to Fred , her commander , and is considered a concubine . In the novel , Offred says that she is not a concubine , but a tool ; a `` two legged womb '' . The Handmaids ' names say nothing about who the women really are ( Offred Of Fred , Ofglen Of Glen ) ; their only identity is as the Commander 's property . `` Offred '' is also a pun on the word `` offered '' , as in `` offered as a sacrifice , '' as well as a play on the words `` off - red '' , referencing the color that handmaids wear and the character 's frustrations with her assigned position . The women in training to be handmaids whisper names across their beds at night . The names are `` Alma . Janine . Dolores . Moira . June '' , and all are later accounted for except June . In addition , one of the Aunts tells the handmaids - in - training to stop `` mooning and June - ing '' . From this and other references , some readers have inferred that her birth name could be `` June . '' Miner suggests that `` June '' is a pseudonym . As `` Mayday '' is the name of the Gilead resistance , June could be an invention by the protagonist . The Nunavit conference covered in the epilogue takes place in June . When the Hulu TV series chose to state outright that Offred 's real name is June , Atwood wrote that it was not her original intention to imply that Offred 's real name is June `` but it fits , so readers are welcome to it if they wish . '' The Commander ( edit ) The Commander says that he is a sort of scientist and was previously involved in something similar to market research , pre-Gilead . Later , it is hypothesized , but not confirmed , that he might have been one of the architects of the Republic and its laws . Presumably , his first name is `` Fred '' , though that , too , may be a pseudonym . He engages in forbidden intellectual pursuits with Offred , such as playing Scrabble , and introduces her to a secret club that serves as a brothel for high - ranking officers . Offred learns that the Commander carried on a similar relationship with his previous handmaid and that she killed herself when his wife found out . In the epilogue the academics speculate that one of two figures , both instrumental in the establishment of Gilead , may have been Fred , based on his first name . It is strongly suggested that the Commander was a man named Frederick R. Waterford who was killed in a purge shortly after Offred was taken away , charged with harboring an enemy agent . Serena Joy ( edit ) Serena Joy is a former televangelist and the Commander 's wife in the fundamentalist theonomy . The state took away her power and public recognition , and tries to hide her past as a television figure . Offred identifies her master 's wife by recalling seeing her on TV when she was a little girl early on Saturday mornings while waiting for the cartoons to air . Believed to be sterile ( although the suggestion is made that the Commander is sterile , Gileadean laws attribute sterility only to women ) , she is forced to accept that he has use of a handmaid . She resents having to take part in the monthly fertility ritual . She strikes a deal with Offred to arrange for her to have sex with Nick in order to become pregnant . According to Professor Pieixoto in the epilogue , `` Serena Joy '' or `` Pam '' are pseudonyms ; the character 's real name is implied to be Thelma . Ofglen ( edit ) Ofglen is a neighbour of Offred 's and a fellow Handmaid . She is partnered with Offred to do the daily shopping . Handmaids are never alone and are expected to police each other 's behaviour . Ofglen is a member of the Mayday resistance . In contrast to Offred , she is daring . She knocks out a Mayday spy who is to be tortured and killed in order to save him the pain of a violent death . Offred is told that when Ofglen vanishes , it is because she has committed suicide before the government can take her into custody due to her membership in the resistance , possibly to avoid giving away any information . A new handmaid , also called Ofglen , takes Ofglen 's place , and is assigned as Offred 's shopping partner . She threatens Offred against any thought of resistance . She breaks protocol by telling her what happened to the first Ofglen . Nick ( edit ) Nick is the Commander 's chauffeur , who lives above the garage . By Serena Joy 's arrangement , he and Offred start a sexual relationship to increase her chance of getting pregnant . If she were unable to bear the Commander a child , she would be declared sterile and shipped to the ecological wastelands of the Colonies . Offred begins to develop feelings for him . Nick is an ambiguous character , and Offred does not know if he is a party loyalist or part of the resistance , though he identifies himself as the former . The epilogue suggests that he really was part of the resistance , and aided Offred in escaping the Commander 's house . Moira ( edit ) Moira has been a close friend of Offred 's since college . A lesbian , she has resisted the homophobia of Gilead society . Moira is taken to be a Handmaid soon after Offred . She escapes by stealing an Aunt 's pass and clothes , but Offred later finds her working as a prostitute in a party - run brothel . She was caught and chose the brothel rather than be sent to the Colonies . Luke ( edit ) Luke was Offred 's husband prior to the formation of Gilead . He had divorced his first wife to marry her . Under Gilead , all divorces were retroactively nullified , resulting in Offred being considered an adulteress and their daughter a bastard . Offred was forced to become a Handmaid and her daughter was given to a loyalist family . Since their attempt to escape to Canada , Offred has heard nothing of Luke . Professor Pieixoto ( edit ) Pieixoto is the `` co-discoverer ( with Professor Knotly Wade ) of Offred 's tapes '' . In his presentation at an academic conference , he talks about `` the ' Problems of Authentication in Reference to The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . Setting ( edit ) The novel is set in an indeterminate future , speculated to be around the year 2005 , with a fundamentalist theonomy ruling the territory of what had been the United States but is now the Republic of Gilead . Individuals are segregated by categories and dressed according to their social functions . The complex sumptuary laws ( dress codes ) play a key role in imposing social control within the new society and serve to distinguish people by sex , occupation , and caste . The action takes place in what once was the Harvard Square neighbourhood of Cambridge , Massachusetts ; Atwood studied at Radcliffe College , located in this area . Politics ( edit ) In Gilead , the bodies of fertile women are politicized and controlled . The North American population is falling as more men and women become infertile ( though in Gilead , legally , it is only women who can be the cause of infertility ) . Gilead 's treatment of women is based upon a narrow , fundamentalist interpretation of the Bible , meaning that women are the property of and subordinate to their husband , father , or head of household . They are not allowed to do anything that would grant them any power independent of this system . They are not allowed to vote , hold a job , read , possess money , or own anything , among many other restrictions . A particular quote from The Handmaid 's Tale sums this up : `` The Republic of Gilead , said Aunt Lydia , knows no bounds . Gilead is within you '' ( HT 5.2 ) . This describes that there is no way around the societal bounds of women in this new state of government . Handmaids , being not allowed to wed , are given two - year assignments with a commander , and lose their own name : they are called `` Of ( their Commander 's first name ) '' , such as the novel 's protagonist , known only as Offred . When a handmaid is reassigned , her name changes with her . Their original identities before the revolution are suppressed , although while being reeducated as handmaids , they surreptitiously share their names with each other . In this book , the government appears to be strong though `` no one in Gilead seems to be a true believer in its revolution '' ( Beauchamp ) . The Commanders , portrayed via Commander Fred , do not agree with their own doctrines . The commander takes Offred at one point to a brothel in order to have sex with her in an informal setting apart from the Ceremony . The wives , portrayed via Serena Joy , former television evangelist , disobey the rules set forth by their commander husbands . Serena smokes black market cigarettes and expresses the forbidden idea that men may be infertile , and schemes to get Offred impregnated by her chauffeur . Religion ( edit ) Bruce Miller , the executive producer of The Handmaid 's Tale television serial , declared with regard to Atwood 's book , as well as his series , that Gilead is `` a society that 's based kind of in a perverse misreading of Old Testament laws and codes '' . The author explains that Gilead tries to embody the `` utopian idealism '' present in 20th - century régimes , such as Cambodia and Romania , as well as earlier New England Puritanism . Both Atwood and Miller stated that the people running Gilead are `` not genuinely Christian '' . The group running Gilead , according to Atwood , is `` not really interested in religion ; they 're interested in power . '' In fact , in her prayers to God , Offred , reflecting on Gilead , prays `` I do n't believe for an instant that what 's going on out there is what You meant ... . I suppose I should say I forgive whoever did this , and whatever they 're doing now . I 'll try , but it is n't easy . '' Margaret Atwood , writing on this , says that `` Offred herself has a private version of the Lord 's Prayer and refuses to believe that this regime has been mandated by a just and merciful God . '' Christian churches that do not support the actions of the Sons of Jacob are systematically demolished , and the people living in Gilead are never seen attending church . Christian denominations , including Quakers , Baptists and Roman Catholics , are specifically named as enemies of the Sons of Jacob . Nuns who refuse conversion are considered `` Unwomen '' and banished to the Colonies , owing to their reluctance to marry and refusal ( or inability ) to bear children . Priests unwilling to convert are executed and hanged from the Wall . Atwood pits Quaker Christians against the régime by having them help the oppressed , something she feels they would do in reality : `` The Quakers have gone underground , and are running an escape route to Canada , as -- I suspect -- they would . '' Jews are named an exception and classified Sons of Jacob . Offred observes that Jews refusing to convert are allowed to emigrate to Israel , and most choose to leave . However , in the Epilogue , Professor Pieixoto reveals that many of the emigrating Jews ended up being dumped into the sea while on the ships ostensibly tasked with transporting them to Israel , due to privatization of the `` repatriation program '' and capitalists ' effort to maximize profits . Offred mentions that many Jews who chose to stay were caught secretly practicing Judaism and executed . Caste and class ( edit ) African Americans , the main non-white ethnic group in this society , are called the Children of Ham . A state TV broadcast mentions they have been relocated en masse to `` National Homelands '' in the Midwest , which are suggestive of the Apartheid - era homelands set up by South Africa . Gender and occupation ( edit ) The sexes are strictly divided . Gilead 's society values reproduction by white women most highly . Women are categorised `` hierarchically according to class status and reproductive capacity '' as well as `` metonymically colour - coded according to their function and their labour '' ( Kauffman 232 ) . The Commander expresses the prevailing opinion that women are considered intellectually and emotionally inferior to men . Women are segregated by clothing , as are men . With rare exception , men wear military or paramilitary uniforms . All classes of men and women are defined by the colors they wear ( as in Aldous Huxley 's dystopian Brave New World ) , drawing on colour symbolism and psychology . All lower - status individuals are regulated by this dress code . All `` non-persons '' are banished to the `` Colonies '' . Sterile , unmarried women are considered to be non-persons . Both men and women sent there wear grey dresses . Legitimate women ( edit ) The bonnets that Handmaids wear are modeled on the Old Dutch Cleanser . Wives The top social level permitted to women , achieved by marriage to higher - ranking officers . Wives always wear blue dresses and cloaks , suggesting traditional depictions of the Virgin Mary in historic Christian art . When a Commander dies , his Wife becomes a Widow and must dress in black . Daughters The natural or adopted children of the ruling class . They wear white until marriage , which is now arranged . The narrator 's daughter has been adopted by an infertile Wife and Commander . Handmaids Fertile women whose social function is to bear children for infertile , usually elderly , Wives . Handmaids dress in a red habit that completely conceals their shape , plus red shoes and gloves . In summer , they change into summer dresses and slatted shoes , still fully covering the woman 's body . They wear heavy white bonnets on their heads , which they call `` wings '' to prevent their seeing or being seen except when standing directly in front of another individual . Handmaids are produced by re-educating fertile women who have broken the new laws . Needing fertile Handmaids , Gilead gradually increased the number of gender crimes . The Republic of Gilead justifies the use of the handmaids for procreation by biblical stories : Jacob took his two wives ' handmaids , Bilhah and Zilpah , to bed to bear him children , when the wives could not ( Gen. 30 : 1 -- 3 ) , and Abraham took his wife 's handmaid , Hagar ( Gen. 16 : 1 -- 6 ) . Handmaids are assigned to Commanders and allowed to live in their houses , but sent back to Aunts ' facilities if a Commander is deployed ( and sent back to the Commander 's house upon his return ) . Handmaids who successfully bear children assist in raising them for a short time and are then sent away to a new assignment , never to see the child again . Their success as a Handmaid , however , means they will never be declared an `` Unwoman '' and sent to the Colonies , even if they never have another baby . Aunts They train and monitor the Handmaids . They promote the role of Handmaid as honorable and legitimate and a method by which women who have committed crimes can redeem themselves . They directly control and police women ; serving as an Aunt is the only role for some unmarried , infertile and often older women to have any autonomy . It allows them to avoid going to the Colonies . Aunts dress in brown . They are the only class of women permitted to read . ( `` The Aunts are allowed to read and write . '' Vintage Books , p. 139 . However , on p. 100 of the Vintage Books edition : `` They played it ( the Beatitudes ) from a disc ; the voice was a man 's . '' In the Anchor Books edition : `` They played it ( the Beatitudes ) from a tape , so not even an Aunt would be guilty of the sin of reading . The voice was a man 's . ( p. 89 . ) '' ) Many choose this livelihood out of pure respect for and belief in the religious and legal system , others understand that it is the best position offered for their stature . Marthas They are older infertile women who have domestic skills and are compliant , making them suitable as servants . They dress in green smocks . The title of `` Martha '' is based on a story in Luke 10 : 38 -- 42 , where Jesus visits Mary , sister of Lazarus and Martha ; Mary listens to Jesus while Martha works at `` all the preparations that had to be made '' . Econowives Women who have married relatively low - ranking men , not part of the elite . They are expected to perform all the female functions : domestic duties , companionship , and child - bearing . Their dress is multicoloured red , blue , and green to reflect these multiple roles , and is made of notably cheaper material . The division of labour among the women generates some resentment . Marthas , Wives and Econowives perceive Handmaids as promiscuous and are taught to scorn them . Offred mourns that the women of the various groups have lost their ability to empathize with each other . They are divided in their oppression . Illegitimate women ( edit ) Unwomen Sterile women , the unmarried , some widows , feminists , lesbians , nuns , and politically dissident women : all women who are incapable of social integration within the Republic 's strict gender divisions . Gilead exiles Unwomen to `` the Colonies , '' areas both of agricultural production and deadly pollution . Joining them are handmaids who fail to bear a child after three two - year assignments . Jezebels Women forced to become prostitutes and entertainers . They are available only to the Commanders and to their guests . Offred portrays Jezebels as attractive and educated ; they may be unsuitable as handmaids due to temperament . They have been sterilized , a surgery that is forbidden to other women . They operate in unofficial but state - sanctioned brothels , unknown to most women . Jezebels , whose title also comes from the Bible ( note Queen Jezebel in the Books of Kings ) , dress in the remnants of sexualized costumes from `` the time before , '' such as cheerleaders ' costumes , school uniforms , and Playboy Bunny costumes . Jezebels can wear make - up , drink alcohol and socialize with men , but are tightly controlled by the Aunts . When they pass their sexual prime and / or their looks fade , they are discarded without any precision as to whether they are killed or sent to the Colonies in the novel . Men ( edit ) Men are classified into four main categories : Commanders of the Faithful The ruling class . Because of their status , they are entitled to establish a patriarchal household with a Wife , a Handmaid if necessary , Marthas ( female servants ) and Guardians . They have a duty to procreate , but many may be infertile , as a possible result of exposure to a biological agent in pre-Gilead times . They wear black to signify superiority . They are allowed cars . Eyes The secret police attempting to discover those violating the rules of Gilead . Angels Soldiers who fight in the wars in order to expand and protect the country 's borders . Angels may be permitted to marry . Guardians ( of the Faith ) Soldiers `` used for routine policing and other menial functions '' . They are unsuitable for other work in the republic being `` stupid or older or disabled or very young , apart from the ones that are Eyes incognito '' ( chapter 4 ) . Young Guardians may be promoted to Angels when they come of age . They wear green uniforms . Men who engage in homosexuality or related acts are declared `` Gender Traitors '' ; they are either hanged or sent to the `` colonies '' to die a slow death . Babies ( edit ) In this society , birth defects have become increasingly common . There are two main categories of human children : Unbabies , also known as `` shredders '' Babies born physically deformed or with some other birth defect . They do not last but Offred does not know what happens to them . Pregnant Handmaids fear giving birth to a damaged child , or unbaby . Gilead forbids abortion and all tests to determine prenatal health of a fetus . Keepers Babies that are born alive with no defects . The ceremony ( edit ) `` The Ceremony '' is a non-marital sexual act sanctioned for reproduction . The ritual requires the Handmaid to lie on her back between the legs of the Wife during the sex act as if they were one person . The Wife has to invite the Handmaid to share her power this way ; many Wives consider this both humiliating and offensive . Offred describes the ceremony : My red skirt is hitched up to my waist , though no higher . Below it the Commander is fucking . What he is fucking is the lower part of my body . I do not say making love , because this is not what he 's doing . Copulating too would be inaccurate , because it would imply two people and only one is involved . Nor does rape cover it : nothing is going on here that I have n't signed up for . Language ( edit ) In the novel 's fictional fundamentalist society , sterile is an `` outlawed '' word . In this society , there is no such thing as a sterile man anymore . In this culture , women are either fruitful or barren , the latter of which is declared to be an `` unwoman '' and is sent to the colonies with the rest of the `` unwomen '' to do life - threatening work until their death , which is , on average , three years . Atwood emphasises how changes in context affect behaviours and attitudes by repeating the phrase `` Context is all '' throughout the novel , establishing this precept as a motif . Playing the game of Scrabble with her Commander illustrates the key significance of changes in `` context '' ; once `` the game of old men and women '' , the game became forbidden for women to play and therefore `` desirable '' . Through living in a morally rigid society , Offred has come to perceive the world differently from earlier . Offred expresses amazement at how `` It has taken so little time to change our minds about things '' . Wearing revealing clothes and makeup had been part of her former life , but when she sees Japanese tourists dressed that way , she now feels the women are inappropriately dressed . Offred can read but not translate the phrase `` nolite te bastardes carborundorum '' carved into the closet wall of her small bedroom ; this mock - Latin aphorism signifies `` Do n't let the bastards grind you down '' . The significance of this phrase is intensified by the challenges the book has faced , creating a `` Mise en abyme '' as both the protagonist and the reader decipher subversive texts . Genre classification ( edit ) See also : Social science fiction In interviews and essays Atwood has discussed generic classification of The Handmaid 's Tale as `` science fiction '' or `` speculative fiction '' , observing : I like to make a distinction between science fiction proper and speculative fiction . For me , the science fiction label belongs on books with things in them that we ca n't yet do , such as going through a wormhole in space to another universe ; and speculative fiction means a work that employs the means already to hand , such as DNA identification and credit cards , and that takes place on Planet Earth . But the terms are fluid . Hugo - winning science fiction critic David Langford observed in a column : `` The Handmaid 's Tale won the very first Arthur C. Clarke Award in 1987 . She 's been trying to live this down ever since . '' He says : Atwood prefers to say that she writes speculative fiction -- a term coined by SF author Robert A. Heinlein . As she told the Guardian , `` Science fiction has monsters and spaceships ; speculative fiction could really happen . '' She used a subtly different phrasing for New Scientist , `` Oryx and Crake is not science fiction . It is fact within fiction . Science fiction is when you have rockets and chemicals . '' So it was very cruel of New Scientist to describe this interview in the contents list as : `` Margaret Atwood explains why science is crucial to her science fiction . '' ... Play it again , Ms Atwood -- this time for the Book - of - the - Month Club : `` Oryx and Crake is a speculative fiction , not a science fiction proper . It contains no intergalactic space travel , no teleportation , no Martians . '' On BBC1 Breakfast News the distinguished author explained that science fiction , as opposed to what she writes , is characterized by `` talking squids in outer space '' . In distinguishing between these genre labels science fiction and speculative fiction , Atwood acknowledges that others may use the terms interchangeably . But she notes her interest in this type of work to explore themes in ways that `` realistic fiction '' can not do . Historical Context ( edit ) Fitting with her claims that The Handmaid 's Tale is a work of speculative fiction , not science fiction , Atwood 's novel offers a satirical view of various social , political , and religious trends of the 1980s United States . Further , Atwood questions what would happen if these trends , and especially `` casually held attitudes about women '' were taken to their logical end . Atwood continues to argue that all of the scenarios offered in The Handmaid 's Tale have actually occurred in real life -- in an interview she gave regarding Oryx and Crake , Atwood maintains that `` As with The Handmaid 's Tale , I did n't put in anything that we have n't already done , we 're not already doing , we 're seriously trying to do , coupled with trends that are already in progress ... So all of those things are real , and therefore the amount of pure invention is close to nil . '' Atwood was also known to carry around newspaper clippings to her various interviews to support her fiction 's basis in reality . Atwood has explained that The Handmaid 's Tale is a response to those who claim the oppressive , totalitarian , and religious governments that have taken hold in other countries throughout the years `` ca n't happen here '' -- but in this work , she has tried to show how such a takeover might play out . Atwood 's inspiration for the Republic of Gilead came from her time studying early American Puritans while at Harvard , which she attended on a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship . Atwood argues that the modern view of the Puritans -- that they came to America to flee religious persecution in England and set up a religiously tolerant society -- is misleading , and that instead , these Puritan leaders wanted to establish a monolithic theocracy where religious dissent would not be accepted . Atwood also had a personal connection to the Puritans , and she dedicates the novel to her own ancestor Mary Webster , who was accused of witchcraft in Puritan New England but survived her hanging . Due to the totalitarian nature of Gileadan society , Atwood , in creating the setting , drew from the `` utopian idealism '' present in 20th century régimes , such as Cambodia and Romania , as well as earlier New England Puritanism . Atwood has argued that a coup , such as the one depicted in The Handmaid 's Tale , would misuse religion in order to achieve its own ends : ... if you wanted to seize power in the US , abolish liberal democracy and set up a dictatorship , how would you go about it ? What would be your cover story ? It would not resemble any form of communism or socialism : those would be too unpopular ... Nations never build apparently radical forms of government on foundations that are n't there already . Thus China replaced a state bureaucracy with a similar state bureaucracy under a different name , the USSR replaced the dreaded imperial secret police with an even more dreaded secret police , and so forth . The deep foundation of the US -- so went my thinking -- was not the comparatively recent 18th - century Enlightenment structures of the republic , with their talk of equality and their separation of church and state , but the heavy - handed theocracy of 17th - century Puritan New England , with its marked bias against women , which would need only the opportunity of a period of social chaos to reassert itself . Like any theocracy , this one would select a few passages from the Bible to justify its actions , and it would lean heavily towards the Old Testament , not towards the New . Atwood , with respect to those leading Gilead , further stated : I do n't consider these people to be Christians because they do not have at the core of their behavior and ideologies what I , in my feeble Canadian way , would consider to be the core of Christianity ... and that would be not only love your neighbors but love your enemies . That would also be ' I was sick and you visited me not ' and such and such ... And that would include also concern for the environment , because you ca n't love your neighbor or even your enemy , unless you love your neighbor 's oxygen , food , and water . You ca n't love your neighbor or your enemy if you 're presuming policies that are going to cause those people to die. ... Of course faith can be a force for good and often has been . So faith is a force for good particularly when people are feeling beleaguered and in need of hope . So you can have bad iterations and you can also have the iteration in which people have got too much power and then start abusing it . But that is human behavior , so you ca n't lay it down to religion . You can find the same in any power situation , such as politics or ideologies that purport to be atheist . Need I mention the former Soviet Union ? So it is not a question of religion making people behave badly . It is a question of human beings getting power and then wanting more of it . In the same vein , Atwood also declared that `` In the real world today , some religious groups are leading movements for the protection of vulnerable groups , including women . '' Atwood also draws connections between the ways in which Gilead 's leaders maintain their power and other examples of actual totalitarian governments . In her interviews , Atwood offers up Iran and Afghanistan as examples of religious theocracies forcing women out of the public sphere and into their homes , as in Gilead . The `` state - sanctioned murder of dissidents '' was inspired by the Philippines , and the last General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party Nicolae Ceausescu 's obsession with increasing the birth rate led to the strict policing of pregnant women and the outlawing of birth control and abortion . However , Atwood clearly explains that many of these deplorable acts were not just present in other cultures and countries , `` but within Western society , and within the ' Christian ' tradition itself '' . The Republic of Gilead struggles with infertility , making Offred 's services as a Handmaid vital to producing children and thus reproducing the society . Handmaids themselves are `` untouchable '' , but their ability to signify status is equated to that of slaves or servants throughout history . Atwood connects their concerns with infertility to real - life problems our world faces , such as radiation , chemical pollution , and venereal disease ( HIV / AIDS is specifically mentioned in the `` Historical Notes '' section at the end of the novel , which was a relatively new disease at the time of Atwood 's writing whose long - term impact was likely still unknown ) . Atwood 's strong stance on environmental issues and their negative consequences for our society has presented itself in other works such as her MaddAddam trilogy , and refers back to her growing up with biologists and her own scientific curiosity . Critical reception ( edit ) The Handmaid 's Tale was well received by critics , helping to cement Atwood 's status as a prominent writer of the 20th century . Not only was the book deemed well - written and compelling , but Atwood 's work was notable for sparking intense debates both in and out of academia . Atwood maintains that the Republic of Gilead is only an extrapolation of trends already seen in the United States at the time of her writing , a view supported by other scholars studying The Handmaid 's Tale . Indeed , many have placed The Handmaid 's Tale in the same category of dystopian fiction as Nineteen Eighty - Four and Brave New World , with the added feature of confronting patriarchy , a categorization that Atwood has accepted and reiterated in many articles and interviews . Even today , many reviewers hold that Atwood 's novel remains as foreboding and powerful as ever , largely because of its basis in historical fact . Yet when her book was first published in 1985 , not all reviewers were convinced of the `` cautionary tale '' Atwood presented . For example , Mary McCarthy 's New York Times review argued that The Handmaid 's Tale lacked the `` surprised recognition '' necessary for readers to see `` our present selves in a distorting mirror , of what we may be turning into if current trends are allowed to continue '' . In the aftermath of the television series ' debut in 2017 , there was much debate on whether parallels could be drawn between the series ( and by extension , this book ) and American society following Donald Trump 's and Mike Pence 's election as President of the United States and Vice President of the United States , respectively . Feminist reading ( edit ) Much of the discussion about The Handmaid 's Tale has centered on its categorization as feminist literature . Atwood does not see the Republic of Gilead as a purely feminist dystopia , as not all men have greater rights than women . Instead , this society presents a typical dictatorship : `` shaped like a pyramid , with the powerful of both sexes at the apex , the men generally outranking the women at the same level ; then descending levels of power and status with men and women in each , all the way down to the bottom , where the unmarried men must serve in the ranks before being awarded an Econowife '' . Additionally , Atwood has argued that while some of the observations that informed the content of The Handmaid 's Tale may be feminist , her novel is not meant to say `` one thing to one person '' or serve as a political message -- instead , The Handmaid 's Tale is `` a study of power , and how it operates and how it deforms or shapes the people who are living within that kind of regime '' . Some scholars have offered such a feminist interpretation , however , connecting Atwood 's use of religious fundamentalism in the pages of The Handmaid 's Tale to a condemnation of their presence in current American society . Yet others have argued that The Handmaid 's Tale critiques typical notions of feminism , as Atwood 's novel appears to subvert the traditional `` women helping women '' ideals of the movement and turn toward the possibility of `` the matriarchal network ... and a new form of misogyny : women 's hatred of women '' . Race ( edit ) Other critics have characterized The Handmaid 's Tale as `` White Feminism '' noting that Atwood does away with black people in a few lines by relocating the `` Children of Ham '' while borrowing heavily from the African - American experience and applying it to white women . Other critics have noted the parallels with apartheid and that it misrepresents how black people resist in times of crisis . The writer Mikki Kendall said about the book , It requires me to believe that not only are my people gone , but often that they vanished quietly without any real resistance . As if . Like ... Black people did not survive slavery , Jim Crow & the War on Drugs to be taken out by a handful of white boys with guns . Awards ( edit ) 1985 -- Governor General 's Award for English language fiction ( winner ) 1986 -- Booker Prize ( nominated ) 1986 -- Nebula Award ( nominated ) 1987 -- Arthur C. Clarke Award ( winner ) 1987 -- Prometheus Award ( nominated ) Academic reception ( edit ) Atwood 's novels , and especially her works of speculative fiction The Handmaid 's Tale and Oryx and Crake , are frequently offered as examples for the final , open - ended question on the North American Advanced Placement English Literature and Composition exam each year . As such , her books are often assigned in high - school classrooms to students taking this Advanced Placement course , despite the mature themes the work presents . Atwood herself has expressed surprise that her books are being assigned to high - school audiences , largely due to her own censored education in the 1950s , but she has assured readers that this increased attention from high - school students has not altered the material she has chosen to write about since . Many people have expressed discontent at The Handmaid 's Tale 's presence in the classroom , as it has been frequently challenged or banned over the last 30 years . Some of these challenges have come from parents concerned about the explicit sexuality and other adult themes represented in the book . Others have argued that The Handmaid 's Tale depicts a negative view of religion , a view supported by several academics who propose that Atwood 's work satirizes contemporary religious fundamentalists in the United States , offering a feminist critique of the trends this movement to the Right represents . The American Library Association ( ALA ) lists The Handmaid 's Tale as number 37 on the `` 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990 -- 2000 '' . Atwood participated in discussing The Handmaid 's Tale as the subject of an ALA discussion series titled `` One Book , One Conference '' . Some complaints have included : 1990 : Challenged at Rancho Cotate High School , Rohnert Park , California , as too explicit for students . 1992 : Challenged in schools in Waterloo , Iowa , reportedly because of profanity , lurid passages about sex , and statements defamatory to minorities , God , women , and the disabled . 1993 : Removed because of profanity and sex from the Chicopee , Massachusetts , high - school English class reading list . 1998 : Challenged for use in Richland , Washington , high - school English classes , along with six other titles determined to be `` poor quality literature and ( that ) stress suicide , illicit sex , violence , and hopelessness '' . 1999 : Challenged because of graphic sex , but retained on the advanced placement English list , at George D. Chamberlain High School in Tampa , Florida . 2000 : Downgraded from `` required '' to `` optional '' on the summer reading list for eleventh graders in the Upper Moreland School District near Philadelphia due to `` age - inappropriate '' subject matter . 2001 : Challenged , but retained , in the Dripping Springs , Texas , senior Advanced Placement English course as an optional reading assignment . Some parents were offended by the book 's descriptions of sexual encounters . 2006 : Initially banned by Superintendent Ed Lyman from an advanced placement English curriculum in the Judson independent school district in Texas , after a parent complained . Lyman had overruled the recommendation of a committee of teachers , students , and parents ; the committee appealed the decision to the school board , which overturned his ban . According to Education Reporter Kristin Rushowy of the Toronto Star ( 16 January 2009 ) , in 2008 a parent in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , wrote a letter to his son 's high school principal , asking that the book no longer be assigned as required reading , stating that the novel is `` rife with brutality towards and mistreatment of women ( and men at times ) , sexual scenes , and bleak depression '' . Rushowy quotes the response of Russell Morton Brown , a retired University of Toronto English professor , who acknowledged that `` The Handmaid 's Tale was n't likely written for 17 - year - olds , but neither are a lot of things we teach in high school , like Shakespeare ... And they are all the better for reading it . They are on the edge of adulthood already , and there 's no point in coddling them , '' he said , adding , `` they are n't coddled in terms of mass media today anyway '' ... He said the book has been accused of being anti-Christian and , more recently , anti-Islamic because the women are veiled and polygamy is allowed ... But that `` misses the point '' , said Brown . `` It 's really anti-fundamentalism . '' In her earlier account ( 14 January 2009 ) , Rushowy reported that a Toronto District School Board committee was `` reviewing the novel '' . While noting that `` The Handmaid 's Tale is listed as one of the 100 ' most frequently challenged books ' from 1990 to 1999 on the American Library Association 's website '' , Rushowy reports that `` The Canadian Library Association says there is ' no known instance of a challenge to this novel in Canada ' but says the book was called anti-Christian and pornographic by parents after being placed on a reading list for secondary students in Texas in the 1990s . '' In November 2012 two parents in Guilford County , North Carolina protested against inclusion of the book on a required reading list at a local high school . The parents presented the school board with a petition signed by 2,300 people , prompting a review of the book by the school 's media advisory committee . According to local news reports , one of the parents said `` she felt Christian students are bullied in society , in that they 're made to feel uncomfortable about their beliefs by non-believers . She said including books like The Handmaid 's Tale contributes to that discomfort , because of its negative view on religion and its anti-biblical attitudes toward sex . '' Other use in academia ( edit ) In institutions of higher education , professors have found The Handmaid 's Tale to be useful , largely because of its historical and religious basis and Atwood 's captivating delivery . The novel 's teaching points include : introducing politics and the social sciences to students in a more concrete way ; demonstrating the importance of reading to our freedom , both intellectual and political ; and acknowledging the `` most insidious and violent manifestations of power in Western history '' in a compelling manner . The chapter entitled `` Historical Notes '' at the end of the novel also represents a warning to academics who run the risk of misreading and misunderstanding historical texts , pointing to the satirized Professor Pieixoto as an example of a male scholar who has taken over and overpowered Offred 's narrative with his own interpretation . In other media ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Main article : The Handmaid 's Tale ( film ) The 1990 film The Handmaid 's Tale was based on a screenplay by Harold Pinter and directed by Volker Schlöndorff . It stars Natasha Richardson as Offred , Faye Dunaway as Serena Joy , and Robert Duvall as The Commander ( Fred ) . Television ( edit ) Main article : The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) Hulu has produced a 10 - episode series of the novel starring Elisabeth Moss as Offred . The first three episodes were released on April 26 , 2017 , with subsequent episodes following on a weekly basis . Margaret Atwood served as consulting producer . The show has been renewed for a second season , set to be released in early 2018 . Radio ( edit ) A dramatic adaptation of the novel for radio was produced for BBC Radio 4 by John Dryden in 2000 . A Canadian dramatic adaptation for radio was written by playwright Michael O'Brien and produced on CBC Radio in 2002 . Audio ( edit ) An audiobook of the unabridged text , read by Claire Danes ( ISBN 9781491519110 ) , won the 2013 Audie Award for fiction . In 2014 , Canadian band Lakes of Canada released their album Transgressions , which is intended to be a concept album inspired by The Handmaid 's Tale . Stage ( edit ) The very first authorized stage adaptation of The Handmaid 's Tale was written and directed by Bruce G. Shapiro and performed at Tufts Arena Theater , Tufts University , in 1989 . The late actress Molly Glynn played `` Offred . '' The production was very well received and highly regarded . An operatic adaptation , The Handmaid 's Tale , by Poul Ruders , premiered in Copenhagen on 6 March 2000 , and was performed by the English National Opera , in London , in 2003 . It was the opening production of the 2004 -- 2005 season of the Canadian Opera Company . A stage adaptation of the novel , by Brendon Burns , for the Haymarket Theatre , Basingstoke , England , toured the UK in 2002 . A ballet adaptation choreographed by Lila York and produced by the Royal Winnipeg Ballet premiered on 16 October 2013 . Amanda Green appeared as Offred and Alexander Gamayunov as The Commander . A one - woman stage show , adapted from the novel , by Joseph Stollenwerk premiered in the U.S. in January 2015 . See also ( edit ) Canada portal 1980s portal Novels portal Canadian literature Feminist science fiction Pregnancy in science fiction Persepolis ( comics ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Handmaid 's Tale is the inaugural winner of this award for the best science fiction novel published in the United Kingdom during the previous year . Jump up ^ The Prometheus Award is an award for libertarian science fiction novels given out annually by the Libertarian Futurist Society , which also publishes a quarterly journal , Prometheus . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cosstick , Ruth ( January 1986 ) . `` Book review : The Handmaids Tale '' . Vol. 14 no . 1 . CM Archive . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Tad Aronowicz 's jaggedly surrealistic cover design is most appropriate . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale Study Guide : About Speculative Fiction '' . Gradesaver. 22 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Margaret ( 17 June 2005 ) . `` Aliens have taken the place of angels '' . The Guardian . UK . If you 're writing about the future and you are n't doing forecast journalism , you 'll probably be writing something people will call either science fiction or speculative fiction . I like to make a distinction between science fiction proper and speculative fiction . For me , the science fiction label belongs on books with things in them that we ca n't yet do , such as going through a wormhole in space to another universe ; and speculative fiction means a work that employs the means already to hand , such as DNA identification and credit cards , and that takes place on Planet Earth . But the terms are fluid . Some use speculative fiction as an umbrella covering science fiction and all its hyphenated forms -- science fiction fantasy , and so forth -- and others choose the reverse ... I have written two works of science fiction or , if you prefer , speculative fiction : The Handmaid 's Tale and Oryx and Crake . Here are some of the things these kinds of narratives can do that socially realistic novels can not do . ^ Jump up to : Langford 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Douthat , Ross ( 24 May 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale and Ours ' '' . The New York Times . Now , in the era of the Trump administration , liberal TV watchers find a perverse sort of comfort in the horrific alternate reality of the Republic of Gilead , where a cabal of theonomist Christians have established a totalitarian state that forbids women to read , sets a secret police to watch their every move and deploys them as slave - concubines to childless elites . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Margaret ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on What ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Means in the Age of Trump '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Segovia , José de ( 22 June 2017 ) . Daniel Wickham , ed . `` There is no balm in Atwood 's Gilead '' . Evangelical Focus . A clear example of Atwood _́ s focus on the Reconstructionism of theonomy is his way of representing the death penalty . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Grace , DM ( 1998 ) . `` Handmaid 's Tale Historical Notes and Documentary Subversion '' . Science Fiction Studies . Science Fiction Studies . 25 ( 3 ) : 481 -- 94 . JSTOR 4240726 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Handmaid 's Tale Study Guide : Character List '' . Gradesaver. 22 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1986 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ `` Offred 's Real Name In ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Is The Only Piece Of Power She Still Holds '' by Dana Getz , Bustle , April 26 , 2017 , `` In Margaret Atwood 's original novel , Offred 's real name is never revealed . Many eagle - eyed readers deduced that it was June based on contextual clues : Of the names the Handmaids trade in hushed tones as they lie awake at night , `` June '' is the only one that 's never heard again once Offred is narrating . '' https://www.bustle.com/p/offreds-real-name-in-the-handmaids-tale-is-the-only-piece-of-power-she-still-holds-53607 Jump up ^ Madonne 1991 Jump up ^ Oates , Joyce Carol ( 2 November 2006 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's Tale '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , An Interview : ' Q : We can figure out that the main character lives in Cambridge , Massachusetts ' Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/09/books/no-headline-423986.html?pagewanted=2 ^ Jump up to : O'Hare , Kate ( 16 April 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' on Hulu : What Should Catholics Think ? '' . Faith & Family Media Blog . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Margaret ( 20 January 2012 ) . `` Haunted by the Handmaid 's Tale '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Lucie - Smith , Alexander ( 29 May 2017 ) . `` Should Catholics watch The Handmaid 's Tale ? '' . The Catholic Herald . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Layton E. ( 25 April 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on Christianity , ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and What Faithful Activism Looks Like Today '' . Sojourners . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Blondiau , Eloise ( 28 April 2017 ) . `` Reflecting on the frightening lessons of ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . America . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Margaret ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on What ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Means in the Age of Trump '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , pp. 144 , 192 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , pp. 178 -- 79 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood 1998 , pp. 36 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , pp. 235 . ^ Jump up to : `` An Interview with Margaret Atwood on her novel , The Handmaid 's Tale '' ( PDF ) . Nashville Public Library . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Gruss , Susanne ( 2004 ) . `` '' People confuse interpersonal relations with legal structures . '' An Interview with Margaret Atwood `` . Gender Forum . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Neuman , Shirley ( 2006 ) . `` ' Just a Backlash ' : Margaret Atwood , Feminism , and The Handmaid 's Tale '' . University of Toronto Quarterly . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rothstein , Mervyn ( 17 February 1986 ) . `` No Balm in Gilead for Margaret Atwood '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Evans , Mark ( 1994 ) . Nicholson , Colin , ed . Versions of History : The Handmaid 's Tale and its Dedicatees . Margaret Atwood : Writing and Subjectivity . London : Palgrave Macmillan UK . pp. 177 -- 188 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Watson interviews Margaret Atwood about ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . 14 July 2017 . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Recently , someone said , `` Religion does n't radicalize people , people radicalize religion . '' So you can use any religion as an excuse for being repressive , and you can use any religion as an excuse for resisting repression ; it works both ways , as it does in the book . So that was one set of inspirations . Jump up ^ Curwood , Steve ( 13 June 2014 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on Fiction , The Future , and Environmental Crisis '' . Living on Earth . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Greene , Gayle ( July 1986 ) . `` Choice of Evils '' . The Women 's Review of Books . JSTOR 4019952 . Jump up ^ Armbruster , Jane ( Fall 1990 ) . `` Memory and Politics -- A Reflection on `` The Handmaid 's Tale '' `` . Social Justice . JSTOR 29766564 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Margaret ( May 2004 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale and Oryx and Crake `` In Context '' `` . PMLA . Jump up ^ Robertson , Adi ( 20 December 2014 ) . `` Does The Handmaid 's Tale hold up ? '' . The Verge . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Newman , Charlotte ( 25 September 2010 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale by Margaret Atwood '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 March 2016 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Mary ( 9 February 1986 ) . `` Book Review '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ For articles that attempt to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Tale and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Nally , Claire ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` How The Handmaid 's Tale is being transformed from fantasy into fact '' . The Independent . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Brooks , Katherine ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` How ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Villains Were Inspired By Trump '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Robertson , Adi ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` In Trump 's America , The Handmaid 's Tale matters more than ever '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For articles that disagree with attempts to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Tale and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Crispin , Jessa ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale is just like Trump 's America ? Not so fast '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Smith , Kyle ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Sorry : ' Handmaid 's Tale ' tells us nothing about Trump 's America '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Cohen , Ariel ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Stop comparing ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' to Trump 's America '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hines , Molly ( 2006 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's `` The Handmaid 's Tale '' : Fundamentalist religiosity and the oppression of women `` . Angelo State University . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mercer , Naomi ( 2013 ) . `` '' Subversive Feminist Thrusts `` : Feminist Dystopian Writing and Religious Fundamentalism in Margaret Atwood 's `` The Handmaid 's Tale '' , Louise Marley 's `` The Terrorists of Irustan '' , Marge Piercy 's `` He , She and It '' , and Sheri S. Tepper 's `` Raising the Stones '' `` . University of Wisconsin -- Madison . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Callaway , Alanna ( 2008 ) . `` Women disunited : Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale as a critique of feminism '' . San Jose State University . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ https://theestablishment.co/the-handmaids-tale-a-white-feminist-s-dystopia-80da75a40dc5 Jump up ^ http://www.vulture.com/2017/06/the-handmaids-tale-greatest-failing-is-how-it-handles-race.html Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/Karnythia/status/857415398832181249 Jump up ^ `` AP English Literature and Composition Exam '' . College Board . Retrieved 26 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Perry , Douglas ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` Margaret Atwood and the ' Four Unwise Republicans ' : 12 surprises from the legendary writer 's Reddit AMA '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990 -- 2000 '' . American Library Association . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2002 -- 2003 : One Book , One Conference '' . American Library Association . June 2003 . Archived from the original on 1 December 2009 . Retrieved 21 May 2009 . Concerns inaugural program featuring Margaret Atwood held in Toronto , 19 -- 25 June 2003 . Jump up ^ Robert P. Doyle ( 2007 ) . Banned Books Resource Guide . American Library Association . ISBN 978 - 0838984253 . ^ Jump up to : Rushowy 2009 Jump up ^ Rushowy 2009b Jump up ^ Carr , Mitch ( 2 November 2012 ) . `` Guilford County moms want reading list criteria changed '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Burack , Cynthia ( Winter 1988 -- 89 ) . `` Bringing Women 's Studies to Political Science : The Handmaid in the Classroom '' . NWSA Journal . 1 ( 2 ) : 274 -- 283 . JSTOR 4315901 . Jump up ^ Laz , Cheryl ( January 1996 ) . `` Science Fiction and Introductory Sociology : The ' Handmaid ' in the Classroom '' . Teaching Sociology. 24 ( 1 ) : 54 -- 63 . JSTOR 1318898 . Jump up ^ Bergmann , Harriet ( December 1989 ) . `` '' Teaching Them to Read `` : A Fishing Expedition in the Handmaid 's Tale '' . College English . JSTOR 378090 . Jump up ^ Larson , Janet ( Spring 1989 ) . `` Margaret Atwood and the Future of Prophecy '' . Religion and Literature . Jump up ^ Stein , Karen ( 1996 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's Modest Proposal : The Handmaid 's Tale '' . University of Rhode Island . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Hardawar , Devindra ( 29 April 2016 ) . `` Hulu is adapting Margaret Atwood 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . Engadget . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Gummere , Joe . `` 2013 Audie Awards ® Finalists by category '' . joeaudio.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Artists : Lakes of Canada '' . CBC Music . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tufts University : Department of Drama and Dance : Performances & Events '' . dramadance.tufts.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Clements , Andrew ( 5 April 2003 ) . `` Classical music & opera '' . The Guardian . UK . Jump up ^ Littler , William ( 15 December 2004 ) , Opera Canada . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's tale '' . UKTW ... Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale debuts as ballet in Winnipeg '' . CA : CBC News . 15 October 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Lyman , David ( 24 January 2015 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale ' offers extreme view of future '' . Cincinnati.com . Works cited ( edit ) ( 17 June 2005 ) , `` Aliens Have Taken the Place of Angels '' , The Guardian ( 14 Jan 2009 ) , `` Complaint Spurs School Board to Review Novel by Atwood '' , The Toronto Star . Alexander , Lynn ( 22 May 2009 ) , `` The Handmaid 's Tale Working Bibliography '' , Department of English , University of Tennessee at Martin . Hyperlinked to online resources for Alexander , Dr Lynn ( Spring 1999 ) , Women Writers : Magic , Mysticism , and Mayhem ( course ) . Includes entry for book chap . by Kauffman . An Interview with Margaret Atwood on her novel , The Handmaid 's Tale ( n.d. ) . In Nashville Public Library . Armrbuster , J. ( 1990 ) . `` Memory and Politics -- A Reflection on `` The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Social Justice 17 ( 3 ) , 146 -- 52 . Atwood , Margaret ( 1985 ) , The Handmaid 's Tale , Toronto : McClelland & Stewart , ISBN 0 - 7710 - 0813 - 9 ( 1986 ) , The Handmaid 's Tale , New York : Anchor Books. ( 1998 ) , The Handmaid 's Tale , New York : Anchor Books ( div. of Random House ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 49081 - 8 . Parenthetical page references are to the 1998 ed . Digitized 2 June 2008 by Google Books ( 311 pp . ) ( 2005 ) , La Servante écarlate ( The Handmaid 's Tale ) ( in French ) , Rué , Sylviane transl , Paris : J'ai Lu , ISBN 978 - 2 - 290 - 34710 - 2 . Atwood , M. ( 2004 ) . The Handmaid 's Tale and Oryx and Crake `` In Context '' . PMLA , 119 ( 3 ) , 513 -- 517 . Atwood , M. ( 20 January 2012 ) . `` Haunted by the Handmaid 's Tale '' . The Guardian . Bergmann , H.F. ( 1989 ) . `` Teaching Them to Read : A Fishing Expedition in the Handmaid 's Tale '' . College English , 51 ( 8 ) , 847 -- 854 . Burack , C. ( 1988 -- 89 ) . `` Bringing Women 's Studies to Political Science : The Handmaid in the Classroom '' . NWSA Journal 1 ( 2 ) , 274 -- 83 . Callaway , A.A. ( 2008 ) . `` Women disunited : Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale as a critique of feminism '' . San Jose State University . Curwood , Steve . ( 13 June 2014 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on Fiction , The Future , and Environmental Crisis '' . Living on Earth . n.p. Evans , M. ( 1994 ) . `` Versions of History : The Handmaid 's Tale and its Dedicatees '' . In C. Nicholson ( Ed . ) , Margaret Atwood : Writing and Subjectivity ( pp. 177 -- 188 ) . London , United Kingdom : Palgrave Macmillan UK . Greene , Gayle. ( 1986 ) . `` Choice of Evils '' . The Women 's Review of Books 3 ( 10 ) , 14 -- 15 . Gruss , S. ( 2004 ) . `` People confuse personal relations with legal structures '' . An Interview with Margaret Atwood . In Gender Forum . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Hines , M.E. ( 2006 ) . Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale : Fundamentalist Religiosity and the Oppression of Women . N.p. : Angelo State University . Kauffman , Linda ( 1989 ) , `` 6 . Special Delivery : Twenty - First Century Epistolarity in The Handmaid 's Tale '' , in Goldsmith , Elizabeth , Writing the Female Voice : Essays on Epistolary Literature , Boston : Northeastern University Press , pp. 221 -- 44 . Cited in Alexander . Langford , David ( Aug 2003 ) , `` Bits and Pieces '' , SFX ( UK : Ansible ) ( 107 ) . Larson , J.L. ( 1989 ) . `` Margaret Atwood and the Future of Prophecy '' . Religion & Literature 21 ( 1 ) , 27 -- 61 . Laz , C. ( January 1996 ) . `` Science Fiction and Introductory Sociology : The ' Handmaid ' in the Classroom '' . Teaching Sociology , 24 ( 1 ) , 54 -- 63 . Lewis , Lapham H. ( September 2004 ) . `` Tentacles of rage : The Republican propaganda mill , a brief history '' . Harper 's Magazine . Mercer , N. ( 2013 ) . `` Subversive Feminist Thrusts '' : Feminist Dystopian Writing and Religious Fundamentalism in Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale , Louise Marley 's The Terrorists of Irustan , Marge Piercy 's He , She and I. Madison , WI : University of Wisconsin . Miner , Madonne ( 1991 ) , `` ' Trust Me ' : Reading the Romance Plot in Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Twentieth Century Literature 37 : 148 -- 68 , doi : 10.2307 / 441844 . Morris , M. ( 1990 ) . `` Margaret Atwood , The Art of Fiction No. 121 '' . The Paris Review . Neuman , S.C. ( 2006 ) . `` ' Just a Backlash ' : Margaret Atwood , Feminism , and The Handmaid 's Tale '' . University of Toronto Quarterly , 75 ( 3 ) , 857 -- 868 . Oates , J.C. ( 2 November 2006 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's Tale '' . The New York Review of Books . Perry , D. ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` Margaret Atwood and the ' Four Unwise Republicans ' : 12 surprises from the legendary writer 's Reddit AMA '' . The Oregonian . Rothstein , Mervyn. ( 17 February 1986 ) . `` No Balm in Gilead for Margaret Atwood '' . The New York Times . Rushowy , Kristin ( 16 January 2009 ) . `` Atwood Novel Too Brutal , Sexist For School : Parent '' . The Toronto Star . Archived from the original on 21 April 2016 . Stein , K.F. ( 1996 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's Modest Proposal : The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Canadian Literature , 148 , 57 -- 72 . The 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990 -- 2000 , American Library Association , 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Adami , Valentina ( 2011 ) . Bioethics Through Literature : Margaret Atwood 's Cautionary Tales . Trier : WVT . Atwood , Margaret ( 2001 ) . Bloom , Harold , ed . The Handmaid 's Tale . Philadelphia : Chelsea House . Cooper , Pamela ( 1997 ) . `` ' A Body Story with a Vengeance ' : Anatomy and Struggle in The Bell Jar and The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Women 's Studies . 26 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 123 . doi : 10.1080 / 00497878.1997. 9979152 . Dopp , Jamie ( 1994 ) . `` Subject - Position as Victim - Position in The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Studies in Canadian Literature. 19 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 57 . Gardner , Laurel J ( 1994 ) . `` Pornography as a Matter of Power in The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Notes on Contemporary Literature. 24 ( 5 ) : 5 -- 7 . Garretts - Petts , WF ( 1988 ) . `` Reading , Writing and the Postmodern Condition : Interpreting Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Open Letter . Seventh . I . Geddes , Dan ( January 2001 ) . `` Negative Utopia as Polemic : The Handmaid 's Tale '' . The Satirist . Hammer , Stephanie Barbé ( 1990 ) . `` The World as It Will Be ? Female Satire and the Technology of Power in The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Modern Language Studies . XX ( 2 ) : 39 -- 49 . doi : 10.2307 / 3194826 . Malak , Amin ( 1987 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale and the Dystopian Tradition '' . Canadian Literature. 112 : 9 -- 16 . McCarthy , Mary ( 9 February 1986 ) . `` No Headline : The Handmaid 's Tale ( Boston : Houghton Mifflin ) '' . The New York Times ( review ) . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . Mohr , Dunja M. ( 2005 ) , Worlds Apart : Dualism and Transgression in Contemporary Female Dystopias , Jefferson , NC : McFarland 2005 Long chapter on The Handmaid 's Tale as utopia and dystopia . Myrsiades , Linda ( 1999 ) . `` Law , Medicine , and the Sex Slave in Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . In Myrsiades , Kostas ; Myrsiades , Linda . Un-Disciplining Literature : Literature , Law , and Culture . New York : Peter Lang . pp. 219 -- 45 . Stanners , Barbara ; Stanners , Michael ; Atwood , Margaret ( 2004 ) . Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale . Top Notes Literature Guides . Seven Hills , NSW , Australia : Five Senses Education . External links ( edit ) Atwood , Margaret ( April 2003 ) . The Handmaid 's Tale ( Audio file format ) . World Book Club . BBC World Service ... The Handmaid 's Tale ballet at the Royal Winnipeg Ballet ( hide ) Works by Margaret Atwood Novels The Edible Woman ( 1969 ) Surfacing ( 1972 ) Lady Oracle ( 1976 ) Life Before Man ( 1979 ) Bodily Harm ( 1981 ) The Handmaid 's Tale ( 1985 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1988 ) The Robber Bride ( 1993 ) Alias Grace ( 1996 ) The Blind Assassin ( 2000 ) Oryx and Crake ( 2003 ) The Penelopiad ( 2005 ) The Year of the Flood ( 2009 ) MaddAddam ( 2013 ) The Heart Goes Last ( 2015 ) Hag - Seed ( 2016 ) Short fiction collections Dancing Girls ( 1977 ) Murder in the Dark ( 1983 ) Bluebeard 's Egg ( 1983 ) Wilderness Tips ( 1991 ) Good Bones ( 1992 ) Good Bones and Simple Murders ( 1994 ) The Labrador Fiasco ( 1996 ) The Tent ( 2006 ) Moral Disorder ( 2006 ) Stone Mattress ( 2014 ) Short stories `` Rape Fantasies '' ( 1977 ) `` The Resplendent Quetzal '' ( 1977 ) `` Happy Endings '' ( 1983 ) `` Unearthing Suite '' ( 1983 ) `` Freeforall '' ( 1986 ) Poetry collections Double Persephone ( 1961 ) The Circle Game ( 1964 ) Expeditions ( 1965 ) Speeches for Doctor Frankenstein ( 1966 ) The Animals in That Country ( 1968 ) The Journals of Susanna Moodie ( 1970 ) Procedures for Underground ( 1970 ) Power Politics ( 1971 ) Two - Headed Poems ( 1978 ) True Stories ( 1981 ) Interlunar ( 1984 ) Morning in the Burned House ( 1995 ) The Door ( 2007 ) Non-fiction Survival : A Thematic Guide to Canadian Literature ( 1972 ) Negotiating with the Dead : A Writer on Writing ( 2002 ) Writing with Intent : Essays , Reviews , Personal Prose -- 1983 -- 2005 ( 2005 ) Payback : Debt and the Shadow Side of Wealth ( 2008 ) Winners of the Governor General 's Award for English - language fiction 1930s Bertram Brooker , Think of the Earth ( 1936 ) Laura Salverson , The Dark Weaver ( 1937 ) Gwethalyn Graham , Swiss Sonata ( 1938 ) Franklin D. McDowell , The Champlain Road ( 1939 ) 1940s Ringuet , Thirty Acres ( 1940 ) Alan Sullivan , Three Came to Ville Marie ( 1941 ) G. Herbert Sallans , Little Man ( 1942 ) Thomas Head Raddall , The Pied Piper of Dipper Creek ( 1943 ) Gwethalyn Graham , Earth and High Heaven ( 1944 ) Hugh MacLennan , Two Solitudes ( 1945 ) Winifred Bambrick , Continental Revue ( 1946 ) Gabrielle Roy , The Tin Flute ( 1947 ) Hugh MacLennan , The Precipice ( 1948 ) Philip Child , Mr. Ames Against Time ( 1949 ) 1950s Germaine Guèvremont , The Outlander ( 1950 ) Morley Callaghan , The Loved and the Lost ( 1951 ) David Walker , The Pillar ( 1952 ) David Walker , Digby ( 1953 ) Igor Gouzenko , The Fall of a Titan ( 1954 ) Lionel Shapiro , The Sixth of June ( 1955 ) Adele Wiseman , The Sacrifice ( 1956 ) Gabrielle Roy , Street of Riches ( 1957 ) Colin McDougall , Execution ( 1958 ) Hugh MacLennan , The Watch That Ends the Night ( 1959 ) 1960s Brian Moore , The Luck of Ginger Coffey ( 1960 ) Malcolm Lowry , Hear Us O Lord from Heaven Thy Dwelling Place ( 1961 ) Kildare Dobbs , Running to Paradise ( 1962 ) Hugh Garner , Hugh Garner 's Best Stories ( 1963 ) Douglas LePan , The Deserter ( 1964 ) ( no award ) ( 1965 ) Margaret Laurence , A Jest of God ( 1966 ) ( no award ) ( 1967 ) Alice Munro , Dance of the Happy Shades ( 1968 ) Robert Kroetsch , The Studhorse Man ( 1969 ) 1970s Dave Godfrey , The New Ancestors ( 1970 ) Mordecai Richler , St. Urbain 's Horseman ( 1971 ) Robertson Davies , The Manticore ( 1972 ) Rudy Wiebe , The Temptations of Big Bear ( 1973 ) Margaret Laurence , The Diviners ( 1974 ) Brian Moore , The Great Victorian Collection ( 1975 ) Marian Engel , Bear ( 1976 ) Timothy Findley , The Wars ( 1977 ) Alice Munro , Who Do You Think You Are ? ( 1978 ) Jack Hodgins , The Resurrection of Joseph Bourne ( 1979 ) 1980s George Bowering , Burning Water ( 1980 ) Mavis Gallant , Home Truths : Selected Canadian Stories ( 1981 ) Guy Vanderhaeghe , Man Descending ( 1982 ) Leon Rooke , Shakespeare 's Dog ( 1983 ) Josef Skvorecky , The Engineer of Human Souls ( 1984 ) Margaret Atwood , The Handmaid 's Tale ( 1985 ) Alice Munro , The Progress of Love ( 1986 ) M.T. Kelly , A Dream Like Mine ( 1987 ) David Adams Richards , Nights Below Station Street ( 1988 ) Paul Quarrington , Whale Music ( 1989 ) 1990s Nino Ricci , Lives of the Saints ( 1990 ) Rohinton Mistry , Such a Long Journey ( 1991 ) Michael Ondaatje , The English Patient ( 1992 ) Carol Shields , The Stone Diaries ( 1993 ) Rudy Wiebe , A Discovery of Strangers ( 1994 ) Greg Hollingshead , The Roaring Girl ( 1995 ) Guy Vanderhaeghe , The Englishman 's Boy ( 1996 ) Jane Urquhart , The Underpainter ( 1997 ) Diane Schoemperlen , Forms of Devotion ( 1998 ) Matt Cohen , Elizabeth and After ( 1999 ) 2000s Michael Ondaatje , Anil 's Ghost ( 2000 ) Richard B. Wright , Clara Callan ( 2001 ) Gloria Sawai , A Song for Nettie Johnson ( 2002 ) Douglas Glover , Elle ( 2003 ) Miriam Toews , A Complicated Kindness ( 2004 ) David Gilmour , A Perfect Night to Go to China ( 2005 ) Peter Behrens , The Law of Dreams ( 2006 ) Michael Ondaatje , Divisadero ( 2007 ) Nino Ricci , The Origin of Species ( 2008 ) Kate Pullinger , The Mistress of Nothing ( 2009 ) 2010s Dianne Warren , Cool Water ( 2010 ) Patrick deWitt , The Sisters Brothers ( 2011 ) Linda Spalding , The Purchase ( 2012 ) Eleanor Catton , The Luminaries ( 2013 ) Thomas King , The Back of the Turtle ( 2014 ) Guy Vanderhaeghe , Daddy Lenin and Other Stories ( 2015 ) Madeleine Thien , Do Not Say We Have Nothing ( 2016 ) Joel Thomas Hynes , We 'll All Be Burnt in Our Beds Some Night ( 2017 ) Awards Preceded by - Arthur C. Clarke Award Succeeded by The Sea and Summer GND : 4460070 - 7 BNF : cb12398637r ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Handmaid%27s_Tale&oldid=818171106 '' Categories : 1980s science fiction novels 1985 Canadian novels Boston in fiction Canadian novels adapted into films Canadian speculative fiction novels Debut speculative fiction novels Dystopian novels Feminist science fiction novels Fictional states of the United States Governor General 's Award - winning novels McClelland & Stewart books Metafictional novels Novels about totalitarianism Novels adapted into television programs Novels by Margaret Atwood Novels set in Boston Novels set in the future Philosophical novels Post-apocalyptic novels Religion in fiction Sterilization in fiction Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using web citations with no URL Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2013 Use dmy dates from March 2017 Pages to import images to Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Кыргызча Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 00 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is gilead located in the handmaid's tale	[ "The Handmaid's Tale is a dystopian novel[2] by Canadian author Margaret Atwood.[3][4] The book was originally published in 1985. Set in a near-future New England, in a totalitarian, Christian theonomy that has overthrown the United States government.[5] The novel focuses on the journey of the handmaid Offred. Her name derives from the possessive form \"of Fred\"; handmaids are forbidden to use their birth names and must echo the male, or master, for whom they serve." ]	[ "New England" ]
-1761954994609639254	Raising of school leaving age in England and Wales	Raising of school leaving age in England and Wales - Wikipedia Raising of school leaving age in England and Wales Jump to : navigation , search This article needs to be updated . In particular : Largely only refers to plans as they were in 2007 -- few references to the enacting of these changes in the past tense . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( December 2016 ) Raising of the school leaving age in England and Wales Initial 1870 Latest 2015 Related Acts : Elementary Education Act 1870 Elementary Education Act 1880 Education Act 1918 Education Act 1944 Act 1973 ( unofficial title ) Act 2013 See raising of school leaving age for worldwide overview The raising of school leaving age ( shortened to ROSLA ) is the name given by the government to refer to changes regarding the legal age a child is permitted to leave compulsory education as specified under an Education Act . In most countries , the school leaving age often reflects when young people are seen to be mature enough within their society , but not necessarily when they are old enough to be regarded as an adult . In England and Wales , this age has been raised numerous times since the introduction of compulsory education in 1870 . On 1 September 1972 , the age was raised from 15 to 16 , following preparations which began eight years earlier in 1964 . This left a gap year of school leavers who , by law , had to complete an additional year of education from 1973 onwards . There are several reasons why the government may wish to increase the school leaving age , considering it has raised the age numerous times over the 19th and 20th centuries , the last time being in 2015 . With past age raisings , the reasons given have been focused mainly on generating more skilled labour by providing additional time for students to gain additional skills and qualifications . In recent years , it became apparent that most 16 to 18 year - olds have not been motivated to continue their education after completion of their GCSEs , thus increasing the overall unemployment rate given many are unable to find work . The British government hoped that by making education compulsory up to the age of 17 by 2013 and 18 by 2015 , it could change this . Contents ( hide ) 1 19th century 2 20th century 2.1 The Fisher Act of 1918 2.2 Butler 's post-war education changes 2.2. 1 Reasons 2.2. 2 Effects 2.3 Leaving age raised to 16 2.3. 1 ROSLA Buildings 2.4 Education Act 1996 3 21st century 3.1 Education and Skills Act 2008 3.1. 1 Participation Age 3.1. 2 Reasons 3.1. 3 Opposition 3.1. 4 Effects 4 See also 5 Further reading 6 References 7 External links 19th century ( edit ) William Edward Forster drafted the first Education Act in 1870 Prior to the 19th century , there were very few schools . Most of those that existed were run by the church , for the church , stressing religious education . In the latter part of the 19th Century , compulsory attendance at school ceased to be a matter for local option , with the introduction of the Elementary Education Act 1870 a milestone in the British school education system . Children had to attend between the ages of 5 and 10 though with some local discretion such as early leaving in agricultural areas . The introduction of the Elementary Education Act 1870 ( applying to England and Wales ) , commonly known as Forster 's Education Act having been drawn up by William Edward Forster , created the concept of compulsory education for children under thirteen , although the decision to make education compulsory was at the discretion of school boards ; education was compulsory in approximately 40 % of schools by 1873 . In areas where education was considered a problem , elected school boards could be set up . These boards could , at their discretion , create local by - laws , confirmed by Parliament , to require attendance and fine the parents of children who did not attend . There were exemptions for illness , living more than a certain distance ( typically one mile ) from a school , or certification of having reached the required standard ( which varied by board ) which were made mandatory across England and Wales by the 1880 Act . The Elementary Education Act 1880 insisted on compulsory attendance from 5 -- 10 years . For poorer families , ensuring their children attended school proved difficult , as it was more tempting to send them working if the opportunity to earn an extra income was available . Attendance Officers often visited the homes of children who failed to attend school , which often proved to be ineffective . Children under the age of 13 who were employed were required to have a certificate to show they had reached the educational standard ; employers of these children who were n't able to show this were penalised . An act brought into force thirteen years later went under the name of the Elementary Education ( School Attendance ) Act 1893 , which stated a raised minimum leaving age to 11 . Later the same year , the act was also extended for blind and deaf children , who previously had no means of an official education . This act was later amended in 1899 to raise the school leaving age up to 12 years of age . 20th century ( edit ) The start of the 20th century saw school boards abolished in 1902 and replaced with local education authorities , which are still in use to the present day . The Fisher Act of 1918 ( edit ) The year 1918 saw the introduction of the Education Act 1918 , commonly also known as the Fisher Act as it was devised by Herbert Fisher . The act enforced compulsory education from 5 -- 14 years , but also included provision for compulsory part - time education for all 14 to 18 - year - olds . There were also plans for expansion in tertiary education , by raising the participation age to 18 though cuts in public spending after World War I made this impractical . This is the first act which starting planning provisions for young people to remain in education until the age of 18 . The 1918 act was not implemented until a further act of 1921 was passed . Butler 's post-war education changes ( edit ) HORSA Huts , constructed circa 1947 to handle the increased student numbers as a result of the leaving age increase In 1944 , Rab Butler introduced the Education Act 1944 which amongst other changes , including the introduction of the Tripartite System , included raising the school leaving age to 15 . Although the act should have been brought into effect as from September 1939 , it was not implemented because of the effects of World War II , but was eventually enforced from April 1947 . The Comprehensive school system has since replaced the Tripartite System brought in by this act across most of England . This act also recommended compulsory part - time education for all children until the age of 18 , but was dropped , in similar fashion to the 1918 Act , to cut spending after World War II . Reasons ( edit ) Changes in government approaches towards education meant that it was no longer regarded adequate for a child to leave education aged 14 , as that is the age when they were seen to really understand and appreciate the value of education , as well as being the period when adolescence was at its height . It was beginning to be seen as the worst age for a sudden switch from education to employment , with around 80 % of children in 1938 leaving education at this age , many having only had primary - school level education . Although there were concerns about the effects of having less labour from these children , it was hoped that the outcome of a larger quantity of more qualified , skilled workers would eliminate the deficit problem from the loss of unskilled labour . Effects ( edit ) This act introduced the 11 + examination to determine if a child should be eligible for a grammar school , secondary modern or technical college , under the Tripartite System , but has since been phased out across the majority of the United Kingdom , with just several boroughs in England and Northern Ireland still using it . League tables published in March 2007 showed grammar schools throughout the country were outperforming comprehensive schools ; data published ten years later in 2017 suggested a similar clear division between student attainment in grammar schools compared to comprehensive schools . Changes in society and approaches towards education , including equal opportunities , has meant that it is now recognised that all children deserve to have the same educational opportunities without singling out those who learn at a slower rate than others , thus every child has the opportunity to gain secondary school level qualifications or similar , regardless of background or intelligence . Leaving age raised to 16 ( edit ) In 1964 , preparations began to raise the school leaving age to 16 . These were delayed in 1968 , and eventually the decision was taken in 1971 that the new upper age limit be enforced from 1 September 1972 onwards . As well as raising the school leaving age in 1972 , the year also saw the introduction of the Education ( Work Experience ) Act , allowing LEAs to organise work experience for the additional final year school students . In some counties around the country , these changes also led to the introduction of middle schools in 1968 , where students were kept at primary or junior school for an additional year , meaning that the number of students in secondary schools within these areas remained virtually constant through the change . In others , more radical changes led to middle schools for pupils aged up to 13 opening in smaller secondary school buildings , with other schools accommodating students over 13 . As of 2010 , there are fewer than 300 middle schools across England , situated in just 22 local education authorities ; the number of remaining middle schools has gradually fallen since the mid-1980s . ROSLA buildings ( edit ) For many secondary schools around England and Wales in areas without a Middle School , accommodating for the new 5th year students would be a struggle . A popular solution was to provide those schools with a pre-fabricated building ( often referred to as ROSLA Buildings or ROSLA Blocks ) that were in need of additional capacity , providing them with the resources to cope with the new generation of 5th year students . This solution proved popular with many schools across the country , not least due to the low cost involved for materials and construction , but also the speed which these buildings could be erected . Many were supplied by F. Pratten and Co Ltd . The ROSLA Buildings were delivered to schools in self assembly packs , being assembled by a team often within days , regardless of weather conditions . Consequently , they were not intended to stand long - term , though some have proven to have stood much longer than was initially planned . Many ROSLA Buildings shared similar exterior attributes such as their design , with the only difference being the separation of rooms within the building . The room separation within the building was decided upon by senior school management , hence many walls are false from being added in after construction . Although the majority of schools around England and Wales have since replaced the ROSLA Building at their site , there are still numerous schools around the country which are still actively using these buildings . Education Act 1996 ( edit ) Between 1976 and 1997 , the minimum school leaving arrangements were : A child whose sixteenth birthday falls in the period 1 September to 31 January inclusive , may leave compulsory schooling at the end of the Spring term ( the following Easter ) . A child whose sixteenth birthday falls in the period 1 February to 31 August , may leave on the Friday before the last Monday in May . Under the Education Act 1996 , a new single school leaving date was set for 1998 and all subsequent years thereafter . This was set as the last Friday in June in the school year which the child reaches the age of 16 . 21st century ( edit ) Education and skills Act 2008 ( edit ) Graph showing the percentage of young people in employment or training , at ages 16 and 18 respectively . Reports published in November 2006 suggested that Education Secretary Alan Johnson was exploring ways to raise the school leaving age in England to 18 , just over 40 years later than the last rise in 1972 , pointing to the decline in unskilled jobs and the need for young people to be equipped for modern day employment . Participation age ( edit ) A year later , on 6 November 2007 , Prime Minister Gordon Brown unveiled the government 's plans in his Queen 's Speech . The plans included the duty for parents to assist their children in education or training participation until the date of their 18th birthday , as well as detailing proposed moves to reform the apprenticeship system and to improve achievement for children in care . The Education and Skills Act 2008 , when it came into force in the 2013 academic year , initially required participation in some form of education or training until the school year in which the child turned 17 , followed by the age being raised to the young person 's 18th birthday in 2015 . This was referred to as raising the `` participation age '' to distinguish it from the school leaving age which remains at 16 . To qualify as participation the young person must be in education or training for the equivalent of one day a week ( at a minimum ) . The local council is responsible for ensuring that a suitable place is available . The Act makes similar powers available to the National Assembly for Wales . A spokesperson for the Welsh Assembly indicated that it would want to encourage more young people to stay in education , but without compulsion , so school leavers there are not required to continue with any education or training . Reasons ( edit ) Figures were published in June 2006 showing that 76.2 % of all young people aged 16 -- 18 are already in further education or training , meaning that the rise might only affect around 25 % of young people who may have otherwise sought employment immediately upon finishing compulsory education . This did not specifically state that young people would remain in secondary school , but rather by law be required to continue their education full or part - time , whether that be in sixth form , college or work based training . Around 80 % of 16 - year - olds stay in full - time academic or vocational education , or go on a government - financed training course . In a survey of 859 people , 9 / 10 supported the plans for the age increase . Proportion of 16 - 18 year olds in Education & training , employment and NEET . Reports published by the DfES showed that although there are around 70 % of 16 year olds who remain in full - time education , this declines to less than 50 % by the time they reach 18 , with the majority finding unskilled employment and even fewer going into employment where their training has relevance . There is also a small increase in those who become unemployed by the time they reach 18 , which the government hoped to reduce with the act . It is these cases of unemployment which the government believes to be the toughest , whom it classifies as NEET ( Not in Education , Employment or Training ) . In 2006 an additional 7 % of 16 year olds fell into this category and the proportion rose to 13 % among 18 year olds . In practice , only 1 % of young people are classified as NEET during their time aged 16 -- 18 , due to churn between training , employment and NEET classification . In 2015 the percentage of 16 - 18 classified as NEET fell to 7.5 % , the lowest figure since 2000 . The government believed that the changes were needed because of the collapse in unskilled jobs in the economy , which means that young school leavers at 16 years of age are finding it increasingly more difficult to find employment , consequentially in many cases making them unemployable . Within the last 40 years , the number of unskilled jobs available have more than halved , from 8 million in the 1960s to 3.5 by 2007 , with predictions of further drops to just 600,000 by 2020 due to the increasing demand for skilled labour . This , together with fewer students continuing their further education , increase the difficulty for young school leavers to find work if they were either not able , or chose not to , stay on at school and complete further education . s Opposition ( edit ) Whilst the government is eager to implement the changes , many oppose the proposal , some on civil liberties grounds . Compulsory school attendance is usually justified by reference to the argument that minors are incapable of making sufficiently reasoned choices . However , the 16 - 18 age group falls into a grey area , being regarded as effectively adult in a number of contexts . Indeed , in some jurisdictions ( e.g. Scotland ) , individuals are considered to reach full maturity at 16 . The proposal of using criminal sanctions to enforce attendance under this new system was opposed by MPs from both the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats , who believed compulsion and threats were the wrong approach to increasing participation . A spokesperson for the DfES said the proposals were not about `` forcing young people to do something they do n't want to '' , and that `` we are letting young people down if we allow them to leave education and training without skills at the age of 16 . '' However , the Prime Minister 's Queen 's Speech in November 2007 , which discussed the raise in school leaving age , suggested that pupils who failed to comply with new laws are to be expected to face fines or community service , rather than custodial sentencing which had previously been proposed . Local Authorities will also be expected to ensure pupils are participating up to 18 years of age . Effects ( edit ) The downward trend in the number of unskilled jobs available throughout the country is continuing . The government believes that the extension of compulsory education until the age of 18 will mean many more young people will leave education in a much better position to find skilled employment . Speaking in March 2007 , Chancellor Gordon Brown stated that around 50,000 teenagers would be paid a training allowance to sign up to college - based courses , with estimates on the available number of apprenticeships available to double to around 500,000 by 2020 , with 80 % being available in England , which will be an increase from the current 250,000 apprenticeships available , offered by 130,000 employers . A skills commission report released in 2013 , backed by Labour MP Barry Sheerman , suggests that young people were being let down by the education system , with particular criticism aimed towards the lack of information , advice and guidance available to 14 - 19 year olds . The government were hopeful that the changes would have an effect on preventing the increase in crime levels , as figures reported a substantial percentage of young people leaving school were turning to a life of crime , with many being unable to find suitable work due to lack of skills and qualifications . See also ( edit ) School leaving age Education in England Compulsory education Tripartite System Further reading ( edit ) http://www.thepotteries.org/dates/education.htm References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` School leaving age set to be 18 '' . BBC News . 12 January 2007 . Jump up ^ What happens after the age of 16 ? BBC.co.uk , 19 November 2014 ^ Jump up to : Education leaving age brief Politics.co.uk , 12 June 2007 ^ Jump up to : Lincolnshire School Resources Genuki.org.uk ^ Jump up to : School leaving age may be raised news.bbc.co.uk , 10 November 2006 Jump up ^ `` Education Acts 1870 1873 1876 '' . Intriguing History . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 15 Crucial Events in the History of English Schools '' . Oxford Royale. 18 September 2014 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Key dates in British Education ( 1000 - 1899 ) ThePotteries.org ^ Jump up to : `` Q&A : The new school leaving age '' . The Guardian . 29 November 2007 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Education in England - 3 www.educationengland.org.uk Jump up ^ `` From tripartite to comprehensive schools and the New Right '' . Sociology Twynham. 21 December 2008 . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rab Butler 's 1944 act brings free secondary education for all '' . BBC News . 17 January 2014 . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Dent , H.C. ( 1 January 1947 ) . `` Raising the School - Leaving Age in Britain '' . The School Review . 55 ( 9 ) : 523 -- 525 . JSTOR 1082674 . Jump up ^ `` Grammar school and the 11 + explained '' . Relocate Global . 20 July 2016 . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 11 + exam ' put people off study ' '' . The Herald Scotland . 18 September 2012 . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grammars still dominate league tables '' . The Telegraph . 2 March 2007 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grammar school children excel while comprehensives fall behind , figures show '' . The Telegraph . 19 January 2017 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Education leaving age '' . politics.co.uk . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Education in England - Timeline educationengland.org.uk Jump up ^ `` Middle Schools in the UK '' . UK Middle Schools . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spaxton V.C. Primary School '' . Jump up ^ `` Wiltshire Community History '' . Wiltshire Council . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pratten Hut -- St Dunstan School , Calne , Wiltshire - UK Schools '' . Jump up ^ `` School website for The Rainbow Pre-School Learning Centre Warminster with Ofsted inspection report '' . Jump up ^ `` Guidance for maintained schools , academies , independent schools and local authorities '' ( PDF ) . Gov.uk . November 2016 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Staying on - The best days of their lives will soon drag on a bit longer '' . The Economist. 18 January 2007 . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Raising the Participation Age - Timeline HMSO , 24 August 2012 ^ Jump up to : Participation Age Myth Buster HMSO , 29 July 2013 ^ Jump up to : School leaving age HMSO , 19 November 2014 ^ Jump up to : School leaving age plans unveiled BBC News , 6 November 2007 Jump up ^ `` Brown backs idea of raising school - leaving age '' . The Guardian . 10 November 2006 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Sponsored by ( 18 January 2007 ) . `` School - leaving age : Staying on '' . The Economist . Retrieved 13 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Education until 18 will prevent life of crime '' . The Telegraph . 7 March 2007 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://readingroom.lsc.gov.uk/lsc/National/45_-_2006_NEET.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/454401/Quarterly_Brief_NEET_Q2_2015.pdf Jump up ^ `` Education and Training to be Compulsory for Under - 18s '' . TrainingZone. 15 January 2017 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Plan to raise school leaving age to 18 ' will leave thousands with worthless qualifications ' '' . Daily Mail . 14 January 2008 . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Sentenced to rot in their failed schools Sunday Times , 25 March 2007 Jump up ^ Staying on ' must not be forced ' news.bbc.co.uk , 11 June 2007 Jump up ^ `` School leaving age will be raised to 18 '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 23 March 2007 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Barry Sheerman backs Skills Commission report that says young people are being let down the education system '' . The Huddersfield Daily Examiner. 1 November 2013 . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Raising of school leaving age in England and Wales . Text of the Education Act 1996 ( c. 56 ) as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom , from legislation.gov.uk Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raising_of_school_leaving_age_in_England_and_Wales&oldid=800647902 '' Categories : History of education in England History of education in Wales History of education in the United Kingdom Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom Compulsory education Minimum ages Education law Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Use dmy dates from December 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 21 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did school leaving age raised to 16	[ "In England and Wales, this age has been raised numerous times since the introduction of compulsory education in 1870. On 1 September 1972, the age was raised from 15 to 16, following preparations which began eight years earlier in 1964. This left a gap year of school leavers who, by law, had to complete an additional year of education from 1973 onwards." ]	[ "1 September 1972" ]
-4397649913163520732	I Can Only Imagine (film)	I Can Only Imagine ( film ) - wikipedia I Can Only Imagine ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search I Can Only Imagine Theatrical release poster Directed by Erwin Brothers Produced by Cindy Bond Kevin Downes Daryl Lefever Mickey Liddell Pete Shilaimon Raymond Harris Joe Knopp Screenplay by Jon Erwin Brent McCorkle Story by Alex Cramer Jon Erwin Brent McCorkle Based on The life story of Bart Millard Starring J. Michael Finley Madeline Carroll Trace Adkins Priscilla Shirer Cloris Leachman Dennis Quaid Music by Brent McCorkle Cinematography Kristopher Kimlin Edited by Andrew Erwin Brent McCorkle Production companies Kevin Downes Productions Mission Pictures International Distributed by Lionsgate Roadside Attractions Release date March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $7 million Box office $83.9 million I Can Only Imagine is a 2018 American Christian drama film directed by the Erwin Brothers and written by Alex Cramer , Jon Erwin , and Brent McCorkle , based on the story behind the MercyMe song of the same name , the best - selling Christian single of all time . The film stars J. Michael Finley as Bart Millard , the lead singer who wrote the song about his relationship with his father ( Dennis Quaid ) . Madeline Carroll , Priscilla Shirer , Cloris Leachman , and Trace Adkins also star . I Can Only Imagine was released in the United States on March 16 , 2018 . It has grossed $83 million worldwide against a production budget of $7 million , and is the third highest - grossing music biopic of all - time in the United States . Some critics praised it as inspiring and noted it as an improvement compared to other faith - based films , while others called it flat and by - the - numbers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Coming from a home with an abusive father , 10 - year - old Bart Millard is dropped off at a Christian camp by his mother , where he meets Shannon . Upon his return from camp , Bart finds his mother has left and movers are removing her belongings , leading to a physical confrontation with his father Arthur , who takes custody of him . Years later , Millard is in Lakeside high school and dating Shannon . Hoping to impress his father , he begins playing football . However , he is injured , breaking both ankles and ending his career . In order to make up the credits he would miss from football , he signs up for music class , the only available class left . Initially , Millard is assigned to be a sound technician . After the director catches him singing in the empty auditorium of Lakeside high school , she casts him as Curly , the lead role in the school production of Oklahoma . He does n't tell his father of his role in the play , and while Bart has risen to the singing demands of the part , Arthur subsequently collapses with severe abdominal pain , but refuses to tell Bart or Shannon about his cancer diagnosis . The following morning , Millard voices his frustrations with his father and is assaulted by his father , who smashes a plate over his head . Shannon presses Bart to open up , but he responds by breaking up with her and leaving to seek his fortune in the city after graduation . Millard then connects with the band who would become MercyMe , and eventually attracts the attention of Christian music producer Scott Brickell ( Trace Adkins ) , who coaches Millard and gets them a showcase in Nashville , leading to meetings with Amy Grant ( Nicole DuPort ) and Michael W. Smith ( Jake B. Miller ) . Millard has been unable to reconcile with Shannon , who rejects his invitation to tour with the band to their upcoming Nashville showcase . While the band felt their performance was the best of their career , industry representatives reject the band as not being good enough to sell records . In despair , Millard quits the band . After talking with Brickell , who encourages him to resolve his issues with his father , Millard rejoins the band but asks they wait for him to confront his father and settle the conflict before they play again . Millard returns home and is greeted enthusiastically by his father , who prepares breakfast for him the next morning . His father claims to have become a Christian , but Bart is initially skeptical and rejects his father 's offer to start over . In anger , Arthur takes a baseball bat and hits his old Jeep , which he had hoped to repair with his son . As Bart prepares to leave , he finds out his father has terminal cancer . Bart and his father reconcile and form a deep bond before Arthur dies of his illness . After his father 's funeral , Millard rejoins the band and writes `` I Can Only Imagine '' . Brickell sends the demo tape to several artists , including Grant , who , deeply moved by the song , asks to record it herself as her next single . The band accepts Grant 's offer . Millard is seated in the audience when Grant intends to unveil the song live in concert . However , Grant decides that Millard should be the one to sing the song , and offers it back to him , calling him to the microphone to sing it before the large audience . Millard 's unexpected performance is wildly applauded and he reunites with Shannon , who had also been in attendance at the concert . The band releases the song as their first single , achieving success on Christian and mainstream radio . Cast ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . J. Michael Finley as Bart Millard Brody Rose as Young Bart Dennis Quaid as Arthur Millard , Bart 's father Cloris Leachman as Meemaw , Bart 's grandmother Madeline Carroll as Shannon , Bart 's girlfriend Taegen Burns as Young Shannon Trace Adkins as Scott Brickell , MercyMe 's manager Priscilla Shirer as Mrs. Fincher , Bart 's teacher Nicole DuPort as Amy Grant Jake B. Miller as Michael W. Smith Mark Furze as Nathan Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2018 ) The film was announced in December 2016 . Dennis Quaid joined the cast in January 2017 . Broadway actor J. Michael Finley makes his film debut as Bart Millard . The same month , it was announced that the film was slated for release in the spring of 2018 . In August 2017 , Lionsgate and Roadside Attractions signed on as distributors for the film for a nationwide release in the United States . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of May 13 , 2018 , I Can Only Imagine has grossed $82.4 million in the United States , and Canada and $1.1 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $83.5 million , against a production budget of $7 million . It is the third - highest grossing music biopic of all - time in the United States , behind Straight Outta Compton and Walk the Line . The film was released on March 16 , 2018 , alongside Tomb Raider and Love , Simon , and was originally projected to gross $2 -- 4 million from 1,620 theaters in its opening weekend . However , after making $6.2 million on its first day ( including $1.3 million from Thursday night previews ) , weekend estimates were increased to $14 million . It ended up grossing $17.1 million , exceeding expectations and finishing third at the box office behind Black Panther and Tomb Raider. 67 % of the opening weekend audience was female while 80 % was over the age of 35 . It was the fourth best - ever opening for a faith - based film , following The Passion of the Christ ( $83.8 million ) , Son of God ( $25.6 million ) and Heaven Is for Real ( $22.5 million ) . In its second weekend the film was added to 624 additional theaters and dropped just 19 % to $13.8 million , again finishing third . It was added to another 395 venues and finished fourth in its third weekend , making $10.4 million ( including $3 million on Easter Sunday ) . The film will be released on DVD , Blu - ray and available at iTunes Store and Google Play Store , June 5 , 2018 . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 70 % based on 23 reviews , and an average rating of 6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` I Can Only Imagine 's message will have the most impact among Christian audiences , but overall , its performances and storytelling represent a notable evolution in faith - based cinema . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 29 out of 100 , based on 7 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale , one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to earn such a score . The Arizona Republic 's James Ward gave the film 4 / 5 stars and wrote , `` Too often faith - based films -- say anything with Kirk Cameron or the terrible God 's Not Dead series -- tend to preach to the choir or hector their audience . The Erwins ' films -- I Can Only Imagine definitely among them -- are more inclusive , charitable of spirit and hopeful , all qualities that are always appreciated , be they rooted in Christian faith or otherwise . '' David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a `` C -- '' saying : `` There 's a reason why all of these movies are so amateurishly made ; why they all end with links to religious websites ; why they all look like they were shot on an iPhone by a Walmart - brand Janusz Kaminski who lit each interior like the white light of heaven was streaming through every window ... Art can be affirmation , but affirmation can not be art . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Anita , Busch ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Faith - Based ' I Can Only Imagine ' Picked Up By Lionsgate & Roadside Attractions '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Can Only Imagine ( 2018 ) '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Patrick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` How did ' I Can Only Imagine ' become the biggest Christian hit ever ( and inspire a movie ) ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff Reports ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` MercyMe hit song turning into Okie production '' . NewsOK . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Faith - Based Film ' I Can Only Imagine ' With Dennis Quaid , Cloris Leachman And Trace Adkins Eyes Spring 2018 Release '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Lionsgate , Roadside Acquire Faith - Based Drama ' I Can Only Imagine ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Biopic - Music Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Will ' Tomb Raider ' Be the Movie to Finally Knock ' Black Panther ' From Box Office Perch ? '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Poised For $460 M+ In Profit ; ' I Can Only Imagine ' Surprises -- Box Office Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Keeps B.O. Treasure From ' Tomb Raider ' ; How ' I Can Only Imagine ' Hit A $17 M High Note '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' I Can Only Imagine ' Revives Faith - Based Genre '' . The Hollywood Reporter . March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Does ' Pacific Rim : Uprising ' Break Even At The Global B.O. ? ; ' Black Panther ' Sets Marvel Record -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` How Warner Bros. Sold ' Ready Player One ' On The Spielberg Spirit & Beat Tracking With $53 M+ 4 - Day -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` I Can Only Imagine ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` I Can Only Imagine Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ward , James ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Faith - based drama ' I Can Only Imagine ' does n't just preach to the choir '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , David ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' I Can Only Imagine ' Review : A Christian Rock Biopic Shows Why Faith - Based Films Struggle to Convert Secular Audiences '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website I Can Only Imagine on IMDb I Can Only Imagine at the TCM Movie Database I Can Only Imagine at AllMovie I Can Only Imagine at Box Office Mojo I Can Only Imagine at History vs. Hollywood Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can_Only_Imagine_(film)&oldid=843658836 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films American films American drama films 2010s drama films Drama films based on actual events Films based on actual events Roadside Attractions films Films shot in Oklahoma Hidden categories : Incomplete lists from March 2018 Articles to be expanded from March 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Bahasa Indonesia 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 16 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did the movie i can only imagine	[ "I Can Only Imagine is a 2018 American Christian drama film directed by the Erwin Brothers and written by Alex Cramer, Jon Erwin, and Brent McCorkle, based on the story behind the MercyMe song of the same name, the best-selling Christian single of all time.[3] The film stars J. Michael Finley as Bart Millard, the lead singer who wrote the song about his relationship with his father (Dennis Quaid). Madeline Carroll, Priscilla Shirer, Cloris Leachman, and Trace Adkins also star." ]	[ "Erwin Brothers" ]
-1564773422580123227	England at the FIFA World Cup	England at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia England at the FIFA World Cup The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950 . The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament , first played in 1930 , whose finals stage has been held every four years since , except 1942 and 1946 , due to the Second World War . The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the finals . The current format of the finals involves thirty - two teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 Final . England did not enter the competition until 1950 , but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments . They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions , 1974 ( West Germany ) , 1978 ( Argentina ) and 1994 ( United States ) , and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions ; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup , the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England , whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990 , in Italy , and in 2018 in Russia . Other than that , the team have reached the quarter - finals on nine occasions , the latest of which were at the 2002 ( South Korea / Japan ) and the 2006 ( Germany ) . England are the only team not representing a sovereign state to win the World Cup , which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals . They defeated West Germany 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the World Cup title . Since then , they have generally reached the knockout stages of almost every competition they have qualified for , including a fourth - place finish in the 1990 and 2018 World Cups . At the world cup , England have had more goalless draws than any other team . Contents 1 History 1.1 Brazil 1950 1.1. 1 1950 Finals 1.2 Switzerland 1954 1.2. 1 1954 Finals 1.3 Sweden 1958 1.4 Chile 1962 1.5 England 1966 1.6 Mexico 1970 1.7 West Germany 1974 1.8 Argentina 1978 1.9 Spain 1982 1.10 Mexico 1986 1.11 Italy 1990 1.12 United States 1994 1.13 France 1998 1.14 South Korea / Japan 2002 1.15 Germany 2006 1.16 South Africa 2010 1.17 Brazil 2014 1.18 Russia 2018 1.18. 1 2018 Finals 2 Records 2.1 By match 2.2 By opponent 3 Players ' honours 3.1 List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups 3.2 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups 3.3 List of England goals by tournament 3.4 List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup 4 Team awards and records 5 Refereeing 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References History ( edit ) Brazil 1950 ( edit ) Main article : 1950 FIFA World Cup See also : 1949 -- 50 British Home Championship England 's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship . The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park , Cardiff , against Wales . Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes , and just seven minutes later , Jackie Milburn doubled the lead . This was the first goal of Milburn 's hat trick , which left England 4 -- 0 up with 20 minutes to play . Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time , but England held on for a comfortable victory . A month later , England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road , and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes . England were already 6 -- 0 up , thanks to Jack Froggatt , two for Stan Pearson , Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley , by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes . Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth 's goal , however , leaving the score at 8 -- 1 at the hour mark . The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that , with only one apeice before the final whistle , with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England 's ninth , and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland . It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland , who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales . With the top two from the group qualifying , both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals , and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship , and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil . A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory , the title and the top spot in the group . 1950 finals ( edit ) England were seeded in pot one for the finals , which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2 , which also contained Spain , Chile and the United States . England 's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro , and , as was expected , England cruised to a 2 -- 0 victory , courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion . Main article : United States v England ( 1950 FIFA World Cup ) Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time . Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory , which has gone down as one of the World Cup 's greatest upsets . A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back , they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10 -- 1 in England 's favour . However , this has proven to be untrue . This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match , against Spain in Rio . They needed to win , and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through , and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour . As it turned out , no such calculations were necessary , despite Chile 's victory , as Spain 's Zarra scored the only goal of the game , eliminating England from the competition . Switzerland 1954 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship As with their first World Cup , England 's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship . They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again , and the 4 -- 1 result was the same . However , unlike four years earlier , it was the home side that went into the lead , after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch . Despite being 1 -- 0 down at half time , England scored four within eight minutes of the restart ; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse . Goodison Park was the venue for England 's home clash against Ireland , who were newly renamed Northern Ireland . Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes . Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark , but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later . Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3 -- 1 win for England . With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals , the final game between England and Scotland , at Hampden Park , settled nothing except the placings within the group , despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3 -- 3 draw at home to Wales . Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes , but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later . Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time , and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen 's 68th - minute goal . Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time , and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play , England topped the competition for the second time in a row . 1954 finals ( edit ) England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals , with hosts Switzerland , Italy and Belgium . In an odd twist , unique to the 1954 tournament , England and Italy , as the two seeded teams in the group , did not have to play each other . Equally , Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other . England 's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel , and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes . Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later , and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later , it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians . Broadis scored his second just after the hour , but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3 -- 2 down . Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again . In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup , drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time , and as such the teams played on with the score at 3 -- 3 . Just one minute into the added period , Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it , but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4 -- 4 . It stayed this way until the extra period was up , and as penalty shoot - outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group , the match was recorded as a draw . England 's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern . This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions , and they scored one goal in each half ( from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively ) to give them a comfortable win of 2 -- 0 . As Switzerland ( against England ) , Italy ( against Switzerland ) and Belgium ( against Italy ) had all lost one game , England progressed as group winners , along with Switzerland , who won a play - off against Italy . England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter - finals . Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes , but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later . England were clearly struggling , but held on until just before half time , when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay . Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break , but Tom Finney kept England 's foot in the door with his sixty seventh - minute goal . However , it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two - goal lead with twelve minutes to play . The score remained at 4 -- 2 , and England were eliminated from the cup . Sweden 1958 ( edit ) Main article : 1958 FIFA World Cup For the first time , England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden . They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark . In the qualifying round , England won three out of the four games and drew the other . Four months before the World Cup , Roger Byrne , Duncan Edwards , David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United . At the finals , which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part , the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups . England were drawn against the Soviet Union ( 2 -- 2 ) , Brazil ( 0 -- 0 ) and Austria ( 2 -- 2 ) , who finished third in the 1954 World Cup . At the end of the group stage , Soviet Union and England each had three points , and had scored four goals and conceded four goals . This meant there was a play - off to decide the second - placed team in the group , the winner to qualify . England lost the play - off 1 -- 0 and were thus knocked out . The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose . Chile 1962 ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup The third World Cup which took place in South America , saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group , which contained Portugal and Luxembourg , defeating Luxembourg on both occasions , and defeating Portugal at home , and drawing in Lisbon . At the finals , England were drawn in a group with Hungary , Argentina and Bulgaria . England defeated Argentina 3 - 1 , thanks to goals from Ron Flowers , Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves , before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria , and a 2 -- 1 defeat to Hungary . England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3 , defending champions Brazil , in the quarter - finals . Brazil scored first through Garrincha , before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time . However , second - half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3 -- 1 , and eliminated England from the competition . This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom 's last game in charge . Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals . From May 1963 , Alf Ramsey became the manager of England . England 1966 ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) In the 1966 World Cup Finals , England used their home advantage and , under Ramsey , won their first , and only , World Cup title . England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London , which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege . After drawing 0 -- 0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay , which started a run of four games all ending goalless . England then beat both France and Mexico 2 -- 0 and qualified for the quarter - finals . The quarter - finals saw England play Argentina , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win to England . This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina , when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game . A 2 -- 1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed . Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament . The final saw England play West Germany , with the result finishing in a 4 -- 2 win for England , after extra time . Mexico 1970 ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup . England were drawn in a group with Romania , former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia . Each of the matches only saw one goal , with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia , and losing to Brazil . The quarter - final saw a repeat of the 1966 final , with England playing West Germany . England were hampered by the fact that first - choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill , and Peter Bonetti played instead . England led 2 -- 0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters , but in the 70th minute , Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany . After Beckenbauer 's goal , Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton , who overtook Billy Wright as England 's most capped player ever , with caps totalling 106 . Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute , thereby taking the game into extra time . During extra time , Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3 -- 2 . This turned out to be Charlton 's last game for England . West Germany 1974 ( edit ) Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time , England did not qualify for a World Cup . In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales , England could not overtake Poland . After only drawing at home to Wales 1 -- 1 and losing the first leg 2 -- 0 to Poland , meant that England had to beat Poland at home , whilst Poland only needed to draw . Poland managed to withstand England 's attacks in the first half , who had Martin Peters playing for them . Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski . England equalised six minutes later , with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke . England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay . Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a `` clown '' . The commentator of the game then said `` it 's all over '' . Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place . After failing to qualify , Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time , where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years , no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years . This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager . Argentina 1978 ( edit ) See also : 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America . This time , England were denied by Italy , who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points . Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head - to - head record between the two sides finished the same , following a 2 -- 0 home win for each team . The lower - ranked teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg , but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive . Nevertheless , Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England , after taking the role in 1977 . Spain 1982 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams , where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup . Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania , Switzerland and Norway . At the finals , England won all three group games , defeating France 3 - 1 , with a brace from Bryan Robson , before beating Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 , with a Jozef Barmos own goal , and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1 -- 0 , thanks to a Trevor Francis goal . The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams , a first time event at the World Cup . England drew with West Germany 0 -- 0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2 -- 1 , England then had to beat Spain with a two - goal difference to progress to the next round . England , however , only managed a 0 -- 0 draw against the Spanish . England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament . After the World Cup , Ron Greenwood 's time as England manager ended , and he was replaced by Bobby Robson . Mexico 1986 ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico . England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland , who qualified in second place , Romania , Finland and Turkey . In Mexico , England lost their opening game to Portugal 1 -- 0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco . The final group game , however , saw England beat Poland 3 -- 0 , which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup , with Gary Lineker scoring a hat - trick . This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco . England then also beat Paraguay 3 -- 0 in the Round of 16 . In the quarter - finals , England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the Argentina goals , both scored by Diego Maradona . Maradona 's first goal , known as the Hand of God , was illegal and should not have counted , as he used his hand to punch the ball into the net . However , the referee missed this infringement , and ruled that the goal should stand . Maradona then made the score 2 - 0 , famously dribbling from inside Argentina 's half and around several English players before scoring . Gary Lineker pulled back the score to 2 - 1 , but England ran out of time to equalise , and were eliminated . Nevertheless , Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England 's first Golden Boot winner . Italy 1990 ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup By winning three and drawing three , England qualified for Italia ' 90 , the second World Cup to be held in Italy , scoring ten goals and conceding none . England were unbeaten through qualification , winning three games , and drawing the remaining three , but still finished second to Sweden , whom they drew with twice . England profited from Romania 's 3 -- 1 win over Denmark , who , had they won , would have qualified as the third - best second - placed team . West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia ' 90 as the best second - placed teams in the groups with four teams . Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches , England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily . In group F , was the European champions Netherlands , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England . After opening the tournament with a 1 -- 1 draw against Ireland and a 0 -- 0 draw against the Dutch , England then beat Egypt 1 -- 0 . This was Egypt 's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup . England won the group with four points . In the next round , England had to play Belgium . The game went to extra time , and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute , David Platt scored the winning goal . England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter - finals . Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter - finals . England opened the scoring through David Platt , but Cameroon quickly turned around the game to lead 2 - 1 . Lineker subsequently won and scored a penalty in the 83rd minute to ensure the game went to extra time . He then scored a second penalty , to see England reach the semi-finals . In the semi-finals , England met West Germany . There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes , which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games . There was also no separating the two teams after extra time , thereby taking the game to penalties . Although English goalkeeper Peter Shilton dived the right way for every penalty , he was unable to save any . German goalkeeper Bodo Illgner , having failed to save any of England 's first three penalties , saved England 's fourth penalty , taken by Stuart Pearce . Olaf Thon then scored for Germany , meaning that England 's Chris Waddle would have to score his fifth penalty and hope that Shilton saved the Germans ' fifth penalty . However , Waddle 's penalty missed completely , going high over the crossbar , thereby resulting in England 's being knocked out of the competition . The third - place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament in normal time . Even though this was England 's best finish since the 1966 World Cup , Bobby Robson 's time as England manager had come to an end . United States 1994 ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification For the 1994 World Cup in the United States , under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor , England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament . In a group with six teams , England lost to Norway and the Netherlands , finishing third above Poland , Turkey and San Marino . England went into their final game with San Marino knowing they would need a seven - goal victory and for Poland to beat the Netherlands in the other match in order to qualify . In the game against San Marino , Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds , taking the lead for the outsiders . England went on to win 7 -- 1 , which was too small a goal margin . Additionally , despite the half - time score between the Poles and the Dutch being 1 - 1 , the Dutch went on to win 3 - 1 , meaning that however many goals England scored , they could still not qualify . Taylor 's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables , who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996 , hosted in England . France 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup After missing out on the World Cup in 1994 , England , managed by Glenn Hoddle , qualified for the World Cup in France . England were drawn in Group 2 of UEFA qualifying with Italy , Poland , Georgia and Moldova . England beat Poland , Georgia and Moldova both home and away , but a home defeat to Italy in their fourth match meant they went into the final qualifier at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome just a point ahead of the Azzurri and only needing a draw to qualify automatically ; defeat would see them have to navigate a play - off to secure qualification . The match finished as a goalless draw and England finished top of the group . At the finals in France , England played in Group G. England defeated Tunisia 2 -- 0 in the first game , with goals from Alan Shearer and Paul Scholes . Their second match saw England lose 2 -- 1 to Romania ; despite an 81st - minute equaliser from Michael Owen , Dan Petrescu scored a winner shortly before injury time . In their final group game , England defeated Colombia 2 -- 0 in the decisive match , thanks to goals from midfielders Darren Anderton and David Beckham . England finished second in Group G , which saw them qualify for the last 16 phase , and play the winner of 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H , Argentina . In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties , David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence , knocking over Diego Simeone . Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game , before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later . England took the lead through Owen , in the 16th minute . Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half . The game finished 2 - 2 , and , as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time , penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round . While David Seaman did save one penalty , Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two , including the vital one from David Batty , thereby knocking England out of the World Cup . Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post . South Korea / Japan 2002 ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup In 2002 the World Cup took place in Asia for the first time . England , under its first ever foreign manager in Swedish Sven - Göran Eriksson , were able to qualify for the tournament . England were drawn in Group 9 , alongside Germany , Finland , Greece and Albania . In the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium , ( which closed after the match ) England played Germany , losing 1 -- 0 , the only goal scored by Dietmar Hamann . The match was the last under the management of Kevin Keegan , who resigned at the end of the match , and was replaced by Eriksson . By beating Germany 5 -- 1 in Munich , England 's qualifying campaign was revitalised , and they qualified automatically , by drawing 2 -- 2 with Greece . Germany , who could only draw 0 -- 0 with Finland , had to play a play - off game against Ukraine , with England qualifying ahead winning the group . In Japan , England had to play against Eriksson 's homeland , Sweden , and both settled out for a 1 -- 1 draw . England and Beckham gained a measure of revenge for their previous 1998 defeat in defeating Argentina 1 - 0 , thanks to a Beckham penalty . However , England could only manage a disappointing 0 - 0 draw against Nigeria , meaning that although they were able to qualify for the second round , where they played Denmark , they qualified as runners up , which meant that they would meet favourites Brazil in the quarter - finals if they qualified . England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3 -- 0 , thanks to goals from Micheal Owen , Rio Ferdinand , and Emile Heskey . England played four - time World Cup winners and 1998 runners - up Brazil in the quarter - finals . Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal , a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2 -- 1 , and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England , and went on to win the tournament . Germany 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . The group featured other home nations in Wales , and Northern Ireland , as well as Poland ( who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany ) , Azerbaijan and Austria . England won eight of the 10 games , and qualified as group winners , in front of Portugal , despite drawing to Austria in Vienna , and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast . In Germany , however , England were less convincing . England played in Group B , alongside Paraguay , Trinidad and Tobago , and Sweden . England started with a 1 -- 0 win against Paraguay ; which was won due to a 3rd minute own goal . The second game against first time qualifiers Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead , with Peter Crouch opened the scoring with a goal many felt was illegal , and the second goal of the game coming in added time from Steven Gerrard . The last group game saw England play against Sweden , where an eventual 2 - 2 draw saw them qualify for the next round as group winners , thereby avoiding playing hosts Germany . In the last 16 stage , a free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1 -- 0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter - finals , where they faced Portugal . The game finished goalless , and England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot - out . Ricardo saved from Frank Lampard , Steven Gerrard , and Jamie Carragher ; the only England player who successfully converted his penalty was Owen Hargreaves . Portugal won the shoot - out 3 - 1 , despite misses from Petit and Hugo Viana . This game was also Erickson 's final match as England manager . South africa 2010 ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello , after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008 . By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine , England qualified ahead of Croatia , Belarus , Kazakhstan and Andorra . England 's group was seen as a favourable one , containing comparatively much weaker teams . However , England opened up their campaign with a 1 -- 1 draw against the United States , thanks to a major error by goalkeeper Robert Green . They then drew 0 -- 0 against Algeria and were booed off the field by their own fans , drawing the ire of striker Wayne Rooney . England eventually qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1 -- 0 , but only qualified as runners up to the United States , thereby meaning they would draw favourites Germany . In the second round match , Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose , who opened the scoring . The score became 2 -- 0 to Germany after 32 minutes . Shortly after , England defender Matthew Upson scored a header . Later , Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line ; which was confirmed on replays . German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line , but decided to deceive the referee . The German media reported it was `` revenge for Wembley '' , while the English media criticised FIFA 's refusal to implement goal - line technology . Ironically , despite his earlier opposition to goal - line technology , Sepp Blatter said that it should be introduced after a Ukrainian goal against England at Euro 2012 was ruled out . As England tried to equalise , Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals . This became Germany 's biggest win against England in a World Cup , winning 4 - 1 . Brazil 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Under Roy Hodgson , who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA , England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil . Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds . The other opponents included Montenegro , Poland , Moldova and San Marino . After winning six games and drawing four , England qualified unbeaten . The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay , both former world champions , which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group , along with Costa Rica . England lost to Italy and Uruguay , and were thus knocked out after two games . The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw . This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup , ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match , their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup . Russia 2018 ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup , in a group of six with Slovakia , Slovenia , Scotland , Lithuania and Malta , with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification . England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce , only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules . Under Allardyce 's replacement , Gareth Southgate , England went undefeated throughout qualification , winning eight matches out of 10 , drawing with Slovenia 0 -- 0 in Ljubljana , and drawing 2 -- 2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th - minute equaliser from Harry Kane . This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated , having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup , and Euro 2016 qualifying . 2018 finals ( edit ) England national team at the 2018 World Cup in Russia Under Gareth Southgate , the England team began their tournament in group G against Tunisia . The game started well for England with a goal from Harry Kane in the 11th minute . Tunisia equalised through Sassi from the penalty spot in the 35th minute following a foul by Kyle Walker . Some controversy followed as various potential offences against Harry Kane , inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out . England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute , again by Harry Kane , resulting in a 2 -- 1 victory . In the second group stage match , England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6 - 1 . Jesse Lingard scored the third goal , John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat - trick with the second , fifth and sixth goals . In the final group stage match , England narrowly lost 1 - 0 to Belgium . Adnan Januzaj scored the sole goal of the game ; but with both teams having fielded reserve teams , with England specificially making 9 changes . Before the game media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial , as the winner would be in the half of the draw with four of the top seven sides in the world . The result that meant Belgium topped the group and England finished second , setting up a last 16 clash with Group H winners Colombia . England played their last 16 match in the Otkritie Arena , Moscow , with the same team as against Tunisia . Harry Kane scored his sixth goal of the tournament , and the third penalty , after once again being fouled in the box from a corner , similarly as against Panama . The score remained at 1 - 0 , until stoppage time , where a header from Yerry Mina beat Jordan Pickford in goal to bring the game to extra time . Neither team managed to score in extra time , and the match went to penalties , which England won 4 - 3 . As well as being the first knockout match England had won at a major tournament since 2006 ( last defeating Ecuador in the last 16 ) ; it was the first time England won a World Cup penalty shoot - out . The match was notable for the heated atmosphere the game was played in , with a total of eight yellow cards being shown in the match . England played against Sweden in their quarter - final at Cosmos Arena , Samara on 7 July 2018 . They won the match 2 -- 0 , with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal , a header scored from a corner , and Dele Alli a second header from close range . This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990 , and third overall . The team played Croatia in the semi-final , resulting in a 2 -- 1 loss after extra time . England would later finish fourth in the competition , the best result since 1990 . England would lose again to Belgium in the 3rd place playoff , thanks to goals from Thomas Meunier and Eden Hazard , despite a Eric Dier shot being cleared off the line by Toby Alderweireld . The tournament would see England score nine goals from set - pieces -- the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966 . Records ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GD 1930 Not a FIFA member 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 0 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 0 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 - 1 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 - 1 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 8 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 0 Did not qualify 1978 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 5 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Semi finals 4th 7 8 6 1994 Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 - 2 2014 Group stage 26th 0 - 2 2018 Semi-finals 4th 7 12 8 2022 TBD 2026 Total 15 / 21 1 title 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks show England 's World Cup record First Match England 2 -- 0 Chile ( 25 June 1950 ; Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ) Biggest Win England 6 -- 1 Panama ( 24 June 2018 ; Nizhny Novgorod , Russia ) Biggest Defeat England 1 - 4 Germany ( 27 June 2010 ; Bloemfontein , South Africa ) Best Result Champions at the 1966 World Cup Worst Result Group stage in 1950 , 1958 and 2014 By match ( edit ) Year Round Against Score Scorers 1950 Group 2 Chile 2 -- 0 Mortensen , Mannion United States 0 -- 1 Spain 0 -- 1 1954 Group 4 Belgium 4 -- 4 ( aet ) Broadis ( 2 ) , Lofthouse ( 2 ) Switzerland 2 -- 0 Mullen , Wilshaw Quarter - final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Lofthouse , Finney 1958 Group 4 Soviet Union 2 -- 2 Kevan , Finney Brazil 0 -- 0 Austria 2 -- 2 Haynes , Kevan Play - off Soviet Union 0 -- 1 1962 Group 4 Hungary 1 -- 2 Flowers Argentina 3 -- 1 Flowers , Charlton , Greaves Bulgaria 0 -- 0 Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 3 Hitchens 1966 Group 1 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Mexico 2 -- 0 Charlton , Hunt France 2 -- 0 Hunt ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 0 Hurst Semi-final Portugal 2 -- 1 Charlton ( 2 ) Final West Germany 4 -- 2 ( aet ) Hurst ( 3 ) , Peters 1970 Group 3 Romania 1 -- 0 Hurst Brazil 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 Clarke Quarter - final West Germany 2 -- 3 ( aet ) Mullery , Peters 1982 Group 4 France 3 -- 1 Robson ( 2 ) , Mariner Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Francis , Barmoš ( o.g. ) Kuwait 1 -- 0 Francis Group B Round 2 West Germany 0 -- 0 Spain 0 -- 0 1986 Group F Portugal 0 -- 1 Morocco 0 -- 0 Poland 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 3 ) Round of 16 Paraguay 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 2 ) , Beardsley Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 2 Lineker 1990 Group F Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Lineker Netherlands 0 -- 0 Egypt 1 -- 0 Wright Round of 16 Belgium 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Platt Quarter - final Cameroon 3 -- 2 ( aet ) Platt , Lineker ( 2 ) Semi-final West Germany 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Lineker Third - place play - off Italy 1 -- 2 Platt 1998 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 0 Shearer , Scholes Romania 1 -- 2 Owen Colombia 2 -- 0 Anderton , Beckham Round of 16 Argentina 2 -- 2 ( aet ) Shearer , Owen 2002 Group F Sweden 1 -- 1 Campbell Argentina 1 -- 0 Beckham Nigeria 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Denmark 3 -- 0 Ferdinand , Owen , Heskey Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 2 Owen 2006 Group B Paraguay 1 -- 0 Gamarra ( o.g. ) Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 Crouch , Gerrard Sweden 2 -- 2 Cole , Gerrard Round of 16 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Beckham Quarter - final Portugal 0 -- 0 ( aet ) Group C United States 1 -- 1 Gerrard Algeria 0 -- 0 Slovenia 1 -- 0 Defoe Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 4 Upson 2014 Group D Italy 1 -- 2 Sturridge Uruguay 1 -- 2 Rooney Costa Rica 0 -- 0 2018 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 1 Kane ( 2 ) Panama 6 -- 1 Stones ( 2 ) , Kane ( 3 ) , Lingard Belgium 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Colombia 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Kane Quarter - final Sweden 2 -- 0 Maguire , Alli Semi-final Croatia 1 -- 2 ( aet ) Trippier Third - place play - off Belgium 0 -- 2 By opponent ( edit ) Country Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Argentina 5 8 5 + 3 Germany 5 8 10 - 2 Brazil 0 6 - 4 Sweden 0 5 + 2 Belgium 5 7 - 2 Portugal 0 Uruguay 0 6 - 3 France 0 0 5 + 4 Paraguay 0 0 0 + 4 Tunisia 0 0 + 3 Czechoslovakia 0 0 0 + 3 Colombia 0 + 2 Romania 0 0 Soviet Union 0 - 1 United States 0 - 1 Spain 0 0 - 1 Italy 0 0 - 2 Panama 0 0 6 + 5 Poland 0 0 0 + 3 Denmark 0 0 0 + 3 Chile 0 0 0 + 2 Switzerland 0 0 0 + 2 Mexico 0 0 0 + 2 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 + 2 Cameroon 0 0 + 1 Kuwait 0 0 0 + 1 Egypt 0 0 0 + 1 Ecuador 0 0 0 + 1 Slovenia 0 0 0 0 + 1 Austria 0 0 0 Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary 0 0 - 1 Croatia 0 0 - 1 Last update : 14 July 2018 Players ' honours ( edit ) List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Matches World Cups Peter Shilton 17 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Terry Butcher 14 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Bobby Charlton 14 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 Ashley Cole 14 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Bobby Moore 14 1962 , 1966 , 1970 6 David Beckham 13 1998 , 2002 , 2006 7 Steven Gerrard 12 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Gary Lineker 12 1986 , 1990 Michael Owen 12 1998 , 2002 , 2006 10 Chris Waddle 11 1986 , 1990 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Goals World Cups Gary Lineker 10 1986 ( 6 ) and 1990 ( 4 ) Harry Kane 6 2018 Geoff Hurst 5 1966 ( 4 ) and 1970 ( 1 ) Bobby Charlton 1962 ( 1 ) and 1966 ( 3 ) Michael Owen 1998 ( 2 ) and 2002 ( 2 ) 6 Nat Lofthouse 1954 Roger Hunt 1966 David Platt 1990 David Beckham 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Steven Gerrard 2006 ( 2 ) and 2010 11 Nine players Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match against Colombia List of England goals by tournament ( edit ) World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1950 Wilf Mannion , Stan Mortensen 1954 Nat Lofthouse ( 3 ) , Ivor Broadis ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Jimmy Mullen , Dennis Wilshaw 1958 Derek Kevan ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Johnny Haynes 1962 Ron Flowers ( 2 ) , Bobby Charlton , Jimmy Greaves , Gerry Hitchens 1966 Geoff Hurst ( 4 ) , Roger Hunt ( 3 ) , Bobby Charlton ( 3 ) , Martin Peters 1970 Allan Clarke , Geoff Hurst , Alan Mullery , Martin Peters 1982 Trevor Francis ( 2 ) , Bryan Robson ( 2 ) , Paul Mariner , Own Goal 1986 Gary Lineker ( 6 ) , Peter Beardsley 1990 Gary Lineker ( 4 ) , David Platt ( 3 ) , Mark Wright 1998 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , Alan Shearer ( 2 ) , Darren Anderton , David Beckham , Paul Scholes 2002 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Sol Campbell , Rio Ferdinand , Emile Heskey 2006 Steven Gerrard ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Joe Cole , Peter Crouch , Own Goal Jermain Defoe , Steven Gerrard , Matthew Upson 2014 Wayne Rooney , Daniel Sturridge 2018 Harry Kane ( 6 ) , John Stones ( 2 ) , Jesse Lingard , Harry Maguire , Dele Alli , Kieran Trippier List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup ( edit ) Historically , very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad . Year Number ( Country ) Players ( Apps ) 1950 -- 1958 0 1962 1 ( Italy ) Gerry Hitchens ( 2 ) 1966 -- 1970 0 1982 1 ( West Germany ) Tony Woodcock ( 2 ) 1986 2 ( Italy ) Mark Hateley ( 3 ) , Ray Wilkins 1990 5 ( 4 in Scotland , 1 in France ) Terry Butcher ( 5 ) , Trevor Steven ( 3 ) , Gary Stevens ( 2 ) , Chris Woods ( 0 ) ; Chris Waddle ( 7 ) 1998 0 2002 1 ( Germany ) Owen Hargreaves ( 2 ) 2006 2 ( 1 Spain , 1 Germany ) David Beckham ( 5 ) ; Owen Hargreaves ( 4 ) 0 2014 1 ( Scotland ) Fraser Forster ( 0 ) 2018 0 Team awards and records ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Team Awards World Champions 1966 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1990 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1998 ( shared ) Individual Awards Golden Ball 1966 : Bobby Charlton Silver Ball 1966 : Bobby Moore Golden Boot 1986 : Gary Lineker Golden Boot 2018 : Harry Kane Bronze Boot 1966 : Geoff Hurst Golden Glove 1966 : Gordon Banks Best Young Player Award 1998 : Michael Owen Team Records Most penalty shoot - outs lost : 3 ( shared with Italy and Spain ) Biggest World Cup victory : 6 - 1 vs Panama , 2018 Group Stage Individual Records Only hattrick in a final : Geoff Hurst ( 1966 v West Germany ) Oldest captain : Peter Shilton ( age 40 years and 292 days , 1990 v Italy ) Most clean sheets : Peter Shilton ( 10 , 1982 - 1990 ) ( shared with Fabien Barthez ) Refereeing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees , more than by any other football association . The first Englishman to officiate a final , George Reader , is also the oldest World Cup referee to date , as he was 53 years and 236 days old at the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil . The other final referees are William Ling ( 1954 ) , Jack Taylor ( 1974 ) and Howard Webb ( 2010 ) . Arthur Ellis , who was a linesman at the 1950 final , is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups ( 1950 -- 1958 ) . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ England declined the chance , created and given to them when Austria withdrew from the tournament following the Anschluss , to take part in the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Jump up ^ Excluding the 1982 FIFA World Cup , which did not have formal quarter - finals , but instead had a second group stage that determined who would qualify for the semi-finals . Jump up ^ Belgium were ranked third , and Germany had already been eliminated . Only Switzerland ( 6 ) and Spain ( 10 ) would be on the loser 's half of the draw from the top 10 of the FIFA World Rankings Jump up ^ England had previously lost World Cup penalty shoot - outs in 1990 to West Germany , 1998 to Argentina and Portugal in 2006 . England 's penalty shoot - out record before the match was 1 -- 6 , with their only win against Spain in EURO 96 . Jump up ^ A total of six yellow cards for Colombia , and two for England . ^ Jump up to : England lost the penalty shoot - out Jump up ^ England won the penalty shoot - out References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Ken ( 4 December 1997 ) . `` Football : It is possible to forget that England 's overall World Cup record is nothing much to shout about - Sport '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 22 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ 2006 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage Archived 14 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) , FIFA.com , Retrieved on 6 June 2007 Jump up ^ `` The full list of records broken by England at The euros '' . Goal.com. 25 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport - World Cup 2014 : Roy Hodgson hopeful for England 's future '' . bbc.co.uk. 24 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 27 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . 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England national football squads England squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright ( c ) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright ( c ) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes ( c ) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach : Greenwood England squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Beasant Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright - Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach : Capello England squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade - Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach : Hodgson England squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Alli 21 Loftus - Cheek 22 Alexander - Arnold 23 Pope Coach : Southgate England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Germany Scotland Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=856208693 '' Categories : England at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup History of the England national football team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from June 2018 Use dmy dates from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from July 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 16 : 37 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	when did england last get to the semi final in a world cup	[ "\n\n\nYear\nRound\nPosition\nGP\nW\nD*\nL\nGF\nGA\nGD\n\n\n 1930\nNot a FIFA member\n\n\n 1934\n\n\n 1938\n\n\n 1950\nGroup stage\n8th\n3\n1\n0\n2\n2\n2\n0\n\n\n 1954\nQuarter-finals\n7th\n3\n1\n1\n1\n8\n8\n0\n\n\n 1958\nGroup stage\n11th\n4\n0\n3\n1\n4\n5\n-1\n\n\n 1962\nQuarter-finals\n8th\n4\n1\n1\n2\n5\n6\n-1\n\n\n 1966\nChampions\n1st\n6\n5\n1\n0\n11\n3\n8\n\n\n 1970\nQuarter-finals\n8th\n4\n2\n0\n2\n4\n4\n0\n\n\n 1974\nDid not qualify\n\n\n 1978\n\n\n 1982\nSecond group stage\n6th\n5\n3\n2\n0\n6\n1\n5\n\n\n 1986\nQuarter-finals\n8th\n5\n2\n1\n2\n7\n3\n4\n\n\n 1990\nSemi finals\n4th\n7\n3\n3\n1\n8\n6\n2\n\n\n 1994\nDid not qualify\n\n\n 1998\nRound of 16\n9th\n4\n2\n1\n1\n7\n4\n3\n\n\n 2002\nQuarter-finals\n6th\n5\n2\n2\n1\n6\n3\n3\n\n\n 2006\nQuarter-finals\n7th\n5\n3\n2\n0\n6\n2\n4\n\n\n 2010\nRound of 16\n13th\n4\n1\n2\n1\n3\n5\n-2\n\n\n 2014\nGroup stage\n26th\n3\n0\n1\n2\n2\n4\n-2\n\n\n 2018\nSemi-finals\n4th\n7\n3\n1\n3\n12\n8\n4\n\n\n 2022\nTBD\n\n\n 2026\n\n\nTotal\n15/21\n1 title\n69\n29\n21\n19\n91\n64\n27\n" ]	[ "2018" ]
5334827090173482289	Sympathetic nervous system	Sympathetic nervous system - wikipedia Sympathetic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system Schematic illustration showing the sympathetic nervous system with sympathetic cord and target organs . Details Identifiers Latin pars sympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi Acronym ( s ) SNS MeSH D013564 TA A14. 3.01. 001 FMA 9906 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The sympathetic nervous system ( SNS ) is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system , the other being the parasympathetic nervous system . ( The enteric nervous system ( ENS ) is now usually referred to as separate from the autonomic nervous system since it has its own independent reflex activity . ) The autonomic nervous system functions to regulate the body 's unconscious actions . The sympathetic nervous system 's primary process is to stimulate the body 's fight - or - flight response . It is , however , constantly active at a basic level to maintain homeostasis homeodynamics . The sympathetic nervous system is described as being complementary to the parasympathetic nervous system which stimulates the body to `` feed and breed '' and to ( then ) `` rest - and - digest '' . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Organization 1.2 Information transmission 2 Function 2.1 Sensation 2.2 Relationship with the parasympathetic nervous system 3 Disorders 4 History and etymology 5 See also 6 References Structure ( edit ) There are two kinds of neurons involved in the transmission of any signal through the sympathetic system : pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic . The shorter preganglionic neurons originate from the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord specifically at T1 to L2 ~ L3 , and travel to a ganglion , often one of the paravertebral ganglia , where they synapse with a postganglionic neuron . From there , the long postganglionic neurons extend across most of the body . At the synapses within the ganglia , preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine , a neurotransmitter that activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on postganglionic neurons . In response to this stimulus , the postganglionic neurons release norepinephrine , which activates adrenergic receptors that are present on the peripheral target tissues . The activation of target tissue receptors causes the effects associated with the sympathetic system . However , there are three important exceptions : Postganglionic neurons of sweat glands release acetylcholine for the activation of muscarinic receptors , except for areas of thick skin , the palms and the plantar surfaces of the feet , where norepinephrine is released and acts on adrenergic receptors . Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla are analogous to post-ganglionic neurons ; the adrenal medulla develops in tandem with the sympathetic nervous system and acts as a modified sympathetic ganglion . Within this endocrine gland , pre-ganglionic neurons synapse with chromaffin cells , triggering the release of two transmitters : a small proportion of norepinephrine , and more substantially , epinephrine . The synthesis and release of epinephrine as opposed to norepinephrine is another distinguishing feature of chromaffin cells compared to postganglionic sympathetic neurons . Postganglionic sympathetic nerves terminating in the kidney release dopamine , which acts on dopamine D1 receptors of blood vessels to control how much blood the kidney filters . Dopamine is the immediate metabolic precursor to norepinephrine , but is nonetheless a distinct signaling molecule . Organization ( edit ) The sympathetic nervous system extends from the thoracic to lumbar vertebrae and has connections with the thoracic , abdominal , and pelvic plexuses . Sympathetic nerves arise from near the middle of the spinal cord in the intermediolateral nucleus of the lateral grey column , beginning at the first thoracic vertebra of the vertebral column and are thought to extend to the second or third lumbar vertebra . Because its cells begin in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord , the sympathetic nervous system is said to have a thoracolumbar outflow . Axons of these nerves leave the spinal cord through the anterior root . They pass near the spinal ( sensory ) ganglion , where they enter the anterior rami of the spinal nerves . However , unlike somatic innervation , they quickly separate out through white rami connectors ( so called from the shiny white sheaths of myelin around each axon ) that connect to either the paravertebral ( which lie near the vertebral column ) or prevertebral ( which lie near the aortic bifurcation ) ganglia extending alongside the spinal column . To reach target organs and glands , the axons must travel long distances in the body , and , to accomplish this , many axons relay their message to a second cell through synaptic transmission . The ends of the axons link across a space , the synapse , to the dendrites of the second cell . The first cell ( the presynaptic cell ) sends a neurotransmitter across the synaptic cleft where it activates the second cell ( the postsynaptic cell ) . The message is then carried to the final destination . Presynaptic nerves ' axons terminate in either the paravertebral ganglia or prevertebral ganglia . There are four different paths an axon can take before reaching its terminal . In all cases , the axon enters the paravertebral ganglion at the level of its originating spinal nerve . After this , it can then either synapse in this ganglion , ascend to a more superior or descend to a more inferior paravertebral ganglion and synapse there , or it can descend to a prevertebral ganglion and synapse there with the postsynaptic cell . The postsynaptic cell then goes on to innervate the targeted end effector ( i.e. gland , smooth muscle , etc . ) . Because paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia are relatively close to the spinal cord , presynaptic neurons are generally much shorter than their postsynaptic counterparts , which must extend throughout the body to reach their destinations . A notable exception to the routes mentioned above is the sympathetic innervation of the suprarenal ( adrenal ) medulla . In this case , presynaptic neurons pass through paravertebral ganglia , on through prevertebral ganglia and then synapse directly with suprarenal tissue . This tissue consists of cells that have pseudo-neuron like qualities in that when activated by the presynaptic neuron , they will release their neurotransmitter ( epinephrine ) directly into the bloodstream . In the sympathetic nervous system and other components of the peripheral nervous system , these synapses are made at sites called ganglia . The cell that sends its fiber is called a preganglionic cell , while the cell whose fiber leaves the ganglion is called a postganglionic cell . As mentioned previously , the preganglionic cells of the sympathetic nervous system are located between the first thoracic segment and third lumbar segments of the spinal cord . Postganglionic cells have their cell bodies in the ganglia and send their axons to target organs or glands . The ganglia include not just the sympathetic trunks but also the cervical ganglia ( superior , middle and inferior ) , which sends sympathetic nerve fibers to the head and thorax organs , and the celiac and mesenteric ganglia ( which send sympathetic fibers to the gut ) . Autonomic nervous supply to organs in the human body edit Organ Nerves Spinal column origin stomach PS : anterior and posterior vagal trunks S : greater splanchnic nerves T5 , T6 , T7 , T8 , T9 , sometimes T10 duodenum PS : vagus nerves S : greater splanchnic nerves T5 , T6 , T7 , T8 , T9 , sometimes T10 jejunum and ileum PS : posterior vagal trunks S : greater splanchnic nerves T5 , T6 , T7 , T8 , T9 spleen S : greater splanchnic nerves T6 , T7 , T8 gallbladder and liver PS : vagus nerve S : celiac plexus right phrenic nerve T6 , T7 , T8 , T9 colon PS : vagus nerves and pelvic splanchnic nerves S : lesser and least splanchnic nerves T10 , T11 , T12 ( proximal colon ) L1 , L2 , L3 , ( distal colon ) pancreatic head PS : vagus nerves S : thoracic splanchnic nerves T8 , T9 appendix nerves to superior mesenteric plexus T10 kidneys and ureters PS : vagus nerve S : thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves T11 , T12 Information transmission ( edit ) Sympathetic Nervous System - Information transmits through it affecting various organs . Messages travel through the sympathetic nervous system in a bi-directional flow . Efferent messages can trigger changes in different parts of the body simultaneously . For example , the sympathetic nervous system can accelerate heart rate ; widen bronchial passages ; decrease motility ( movement ) of the large intestine ; constrict blood vessels ; increase peristalsis in the oesophagus ; cause pupillary dilation , piloerection ( goose bumps ) and perspiration ( sweating ) ; and raise blood pressure . One exception is with certain blood vessels such as those in the cerebral and coronary arteries , which dilate ( rather than constrict ) with an increase in sympathetic tone . This is because of a proportional increase in the presence of β adrenergic receptors rather than α receptors . β receptors promote vessel dilation instead of constriction like α1 receptors . An alternative explanation is that the primary ( and direct ) effect of sympathetic stimulation on coronary arteries is vasoconstriction followed by a secondary vasodilation caused by the release of vasodilatory metabolites due to the sympathetically increased cardiac inotropy and heart rate . This secondary vasodilation caused by the primary vasoconstriction is termed functional sympatholysis , the overall effect of which on coronary arteries is dilation . The target synapse of the postganglionic neuron is mediated by adrenergic receptors and is activated by either norepinephrine ( noradrenaline ) or epinephrine ( adrenaline ) . Function ( edit ) Examples of sympathetic system action on various organs except where otherwise indicated . Organ Effect Eye Dilates Heart Increases rate and force of contraction Lungs Dilates bronchioles via circulating adrenaline Blood vessels Dilate in skeletal muscle ( in animals ) . Constricts in gastrointestinal organs Sweat glands Activates sweat secretion Digestive tract Inhibits peristalsis Kidney Increases renin secretion Penis Inhibits Tumescence Ductus deferens Promotes emission prior to ejaculation The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for up - and down - regulating many homeostatic mechanisms in living organisms . Fibers from the SNS innervate tissues in almost every organ system , providing at least some regulation of functions as diverse as pupil diameter , gut motility , and urinary system output and function . It is perhaps best known for mediating the neuronal and hormonal stress response commonly known as the fight - or - flight response . This response is also known as sympatho - adrenal response of the body , as the preganglionic sympathetic fibers that end in the adrenal medulla ( but also all other sympathetic fibers ) secrete acetylcholine , which activates the great secretion of adrenaline ( epinephrine ) and to a lesser extent noradrenaline ( norepinephrine ) from it . Therefore , this response that acts primarily on the cardiovascular system is mediated directly via impulses transmitted through the sympathetic nervous system and indirectly via catecholamines secreted from the adrenal medulla . The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for priming the body for action , particularly in situations threatening survival . One example of this priming is in the moments before waking , in which sympathetic outflow spontaneously increases in preparation for action . Sympathetic nervous system stimulation causes vasoconstriction of most blood vessels , including many of those in the skin , the digestive tract , and the kidneys . This occurs as a result of activation of alpha - 1 adrenergic receptors by norepinephrine released by post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons . These receptors exist throughout the vasculature of the body but are inhibited and counterbalanced by beta - 2 adrenergic receptors ( stimulated by epinephrine release from the adrenal glands ) in the skeletal muscles , the heart , the lungs , and the brain during a sympathoadrenal response . The net effect of this is a shunting of blood away from the organs not necessary to the immediate survival of the organism and an increase in blood flow to those organs involved in intense physical activity . Sensation ( edit ) The afferent fibers of the autonomic nervous system , which transmit sensory information from the internal organs of the body back to the central nervous system ( or CNS ) , are not divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers as the efferent fibers are . Instead , autonomic sensory information is conducted by general visceral afferent fibers . General visceral afferent sensations are mostly unconscious visceral motor reflex sensations from hollow organs and glands that are transmitted to the CNS . While the unconscious reflex arcs normally are undetectable , in certain instances they may send pain sensations to the CNS masked as referred pain . If the peritoneal cavity becomes inflamed or if the bowel is suddenly distended , the body will interpret the afferent pain stimulus as somatic in origin . This pain is usually non-localized . The pain is also usually referred to dermatomes that are at the same spinal nerve level as the visceral afferent synapse . Relationship with the parasympathetic nervous system ( edit ) Together with the other component of the autonomic nervous system , the parasympathetic nervous system , the sympathetic nervous system aids in the control of most of the body 's internal organs . Reaction to stress -- as in the flight - or - fight response -- is thought to counteract the parasympathetic system , which generally works to promote maintenance of the body at rest . The comprehensive functions of both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems are not so straightforward , but this is a useful rule of thumb . Disorders ( edit ) In heart failure , the sympathetic nervous system increases its activity , leading to increased force of muscular contractions that in turn increases the stroke volume , as well as peripheral vasoconstriction to maintain blood pressure . However , these effects accelerate disease progression , eventually increasing mortality in heart failure . Sympathicotonia is a stimulated condition of the sympathetic nervous system , marked by vascular spasm , elevated blood pressure , and goose bumps . A recent study has shown the expansion of Foxp3+ natural Treg in the bone marrow of mice after brain ischemia and this myeloid Treg expansion is related to sympathetic stress signaling after brain ischemia . History and etymology ( edit ) The name of this system can be traced to the concept of sympathy , in the sense of `` connection between parts '' , first used medically by Galen . In the 18th century , Jacob B. Winslow applied the term specifically to nerves . See also ( edit ) Epinephrine History of catecholamine research Limbic system Norepinephrine Sympathetic ganglia Sympathetic trunk References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dorland 's ( 2012 ) . Dorland 's Illustrated Medical Dictionary ( 32nd ed . ) . Elsevier Saunders . p. 1862 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 6257 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pocock G , Richards C ( 2006 ) . Human Physiology The Basis of Medicine ( Third ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 856878 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Brodal , Per ( 2004 ) . The Central Nervous System : Structure and Function ( 3 ed . ) . Oxford University Press US . pp. 369 -- 396 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516560 - 8 . Jump up ^ Drake , Richard L. ; Vogl , Wayne ; Mitchell , Adam W.M. , eds. ( 2005 ) . Gray 's Anatomy for Students ( 1 ed . ) . Elsevier . pp. 76 -- 84 . ISBN 0 - 443 - 06612 - 4 . Jump up ^ Rang , H.P. ; Dale , M.M. ; Ritter , J.M. ; Flower , R.J. ( 2007 ) . Rang and Dale 's Pharmacology ( 6 ed . ) . Elsevier . p. 135 . ISBN 0 - 443 - 06911 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Silverthorn , Dee Unglaub ( 2009 ) . Human Physiology : An Integrated Approach ( 4 ed . ) . Pearson / Benjamin Cummings . pp. 379 -- 386 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 54130 - 8 . Jump up ^ Santiago Cuevas ; Van Anthony Villar ; Pedro A. Jose ; Ines Armando ( 2013 ) . `` Renal Dopamine Receptors , Oxidative Stress , and Hypertension '' . International Journal of Molecular Sciences . 14 ( 9 ) : 17553 -- 17572 . doi : 10.3390 / ijms140917553 . PMC 3794741 . PMID 23985827 . ^ Jump up to : Unless specified otherwise in the boxes , the source is : Moore , Keith L. ; Agur , A.M.R. ( 2002 ) . Essential Clinical Anatomy ( 2nd ed . ) . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 199 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 5940 - 3 . Jump up ^ Klabunde , Richard E. ( 2012 ) . Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts ( 2 ed . ) . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 160 . Jump up ^ Berger , Michael P. Hlastala ; Albert J. ( 2001 ) . Physiology of respiration ( 2 . ed . ) . Oxford ( u.a. ) : Oxford Univ . Press . p. 177 . ISBN 0195138465 . Jump up ^ Jänig , Wilfrid ( 2006 ) . The integrative action of the autonomic nervous system : neurobiology of homeostasis . Cambridge : UK . pp. 132 -- 135 . ISBN 9780521845182 . Jump up ^ Moro , C ; Tajouri , L ; Chess - Williams , R ( January 2013 ) . `` Adrenoceptor function and expression in bladder urothelium and lamina propria '' . Urology. 81 ( 1 ) : 211. e1 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / j. urology. 2012.09. 011 . PMID 23200975 . Jump up ^ Robert Ornstein ( 1992 ) . The Evolution of Consciousness : of Darwin , Freud , and Cranial Fire : The Origins of the Way We Think . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 79224 - 5 . Jump up ^ Moore , K.L. , & Agur , A.M. ( 2007 ) . Essential Clinical Anatomy : Third Edition . Baltimore : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 34 - 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 6274 - 8 Jump up ^ Sherwood , Lauralee ( 2008 ) . Human Physiology : From Cells to Systems ( 7 ed . ) . Cengage Learning . p. 240 . ISBN 0 - 495 - 39184 - 0 . Jump up ^ Triposkiadis F , Karayannis G , Giamouzis G , Skoularigis J , Louridas G , Butler J ( 2009 ) . `` The sympathetic nervous system in heart failure physiology , pathophysiology , and clinical implications '' . J. Am. Coll . Cardiol. 54 ( 19 ) : 1747 -- 62 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jacc. 2009.05. 015 . PMID 19874988 . Jump up ^ thefreedictionary.com Citing : Dorland 's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers . © 2007 ^ Jump up to : thefreedictionary.com Citing : The American Heritage Medical Dictionary Copyright © 2007 Jump up ^ Wang J , Yu L , Jiang C , Fu X , Liu X , Wang M , Ou C , Cui X , Zhou C , Wang J ( August 2015 ) . `` Cerebral ischemia increases bone marrow CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in mice via signals from sympathetic nervous system '' . Brain Behav Immun. 43 : 172 -- 83 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbi. 2014.07. 022 . PMC 4258426 . PMID 25110149 . Jump up ^ Sympathy , Sympathetic . Evolution of a Concept and Relevance to Current Understanding of Autonomic Disorders ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Olry , R. ( 1996 ) . `` Winslow 's contribution to our understanding of the cervical portion of the sympathetic nervous system '' . J Hist Neurosci. 5 ( 2 ) : 190 -- 6 . doi : 10.1080 / 09647049609525666 . PMID 11619046 . Nervous system Central nervous system Meninges Spinal cord Brain Hindbrain Medulla Pons Cerebellum Midbrain Forebrain Diencephalon Retina Optic nerve Cerebrum Limbic system Peripheral nervous system Somatic Sensory nerve Motor nerve Cranial nerve Spinal nerve Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic Enteric Anatomy of the autonomic nervous system Head Sympathetic Cervical ganglia : roots long ciliary Deep petrosal Parasympathetic Ciliary ganglion : roots Sensory Parasympathetic Short ciliary Pterygopalatine ganglion : deep petrosal nerve of pterygoid canal branches of distribution : greater palatine inferior posterior nasal branches lesser palatine nasopalatine medial superior posterior nasal branches pharyngeal Submandibular ganglion Otic ganglion Neck Sympathetic paravertebral ganglia : Cervical ganglia Superior Middle Inferior Stellate ganglion prevertebral plexus : Cavernous plexus Internal carotid Chest Sympathetic paravertebral ganglia : Thoracic ganglia prevertebral plexus : Cardiac plexus Esophageal plexus Pulmonary plexus Thoracic aortic plexus splanchnic nerves : cardiopulmonary thoracic cardiac nerves : Superior Middle Inferior Abdomen Sympathetic paravertebral ganglia : Lumbar ganglia prevertebral ganglia : Celiac ganglia Aorticorenal Superior mesenteric ganglion Inferior mesenteric ganglion prevertebral plexus : Celiac plexus Hepatic Splenic Pancreatic aorticorenal Abdominal aortic plexus Renal / Suprarenal Superior mesenteric Gastric Inferior mesenteric Spermatic Ovarian Superior hypogastric hypogastric nerve Superior rectal Inferior hypogastric Vesical Prostatic / Cavernous nerves of penis Uterovaginal Middle rectal splanchnic nerves : Lumbar splanchnic nerves Enteric Submucous plexus Myenteric plexus Pelvis Sympathetic paravertebral ganglia : Sacral ganglia Ganglion impar splanchnic nerves : Sacral splanchnic nerves Parasympathetic splanchnic nerves : Pelvic splanchnic nerves NDL : 00566256 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sympathetic_nervous_system&oldid=850379112 '' Categories : Sympathetic nervous system Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 13 : 46 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	what organs are affected by the sympathetic nervous system	[ "\nAutonomic nervous supply to organs in the human body edit\n\n\nOrgan\nNerves[8]\nSpinal column origin[8]\n\n\nstomach\n\n\nPS: anterior and posterior vagal trunks\nS: greater splanchnic nerves\n\nT5,T6, T7, T8, T9, sometimes T10\n\n\nduodenum\n\n\nPS: vagus nerves\nS: greater splanchnic nerves\n\nT5, T6, T7, T8, T9, sometimes T10\n\n\njejunum and ileum\n\n\nPS: posterior vagal trunks\nS: greater splanchnic nerves\n\nT5, T6, T7, T8, T9\n\n\nspleen\n\n\nS: greater splanchnic nerves\n\nT6, T7, T8\n\n\ngallbladder and liver\n\n\nPS: vagus nerve\nS: celiac plexus\nright phrenic nerve\n\nT6, T7, T8, T9\n\n\ncolon\n\n\nPS: vagus nerves and pelvic splanchnic nerves\nS: lesser and least splanchnic nerves\n\n\nT10, T11, T12 (proximal colon)\nL1, L2, L3, (distal colon)\n\n\npancreatic head\n\n\nPS: vagus nerves\nS: thoracic splanchnic nerves\n\nT8, T9\n\n\nappendix\n\n\nnerves to superior mesenteric plexus\n\nT10\n\n\nkidneys and ureters\n\n\nPS: vagus nerve\nS: thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves\n\nT11, T12\n\n", "\nAutonomic nervous supply to organs in the human body edit\n\n\nOrgan\nNerves[8]\nSpinal column origin[8]\n\n\nstomach\n\n\nPS: anterior and posterior vagal trunks\nS: greater splanchnic nerves\n\nT5,T6, T7, T8, T9, sometimes T10\n\n\nduodenum\n\n\nPS: vagus nerves\nS: greater splanchnic nerves\n\nT5, T6, T7, T8, T9, sometimes T10\n\n\njejunum and ileum\n\n\nPS: posterior vagal trunks\nS: greater splanchnic nerves\n\nT5, T6, T7, T8, T9\n\n\nspleen\n\n\nS: greater splanchnic nerves\n\nT6, T7, T8\n\n\ngallbladder and liver\n\n\nPS: vagus nerve\nS: celiac plexus\nright phrenic nerve\n\nT6, T7, T8, T9\n\n\ncolon\n\n\nPS: vagus nerves and pelvic splanchnic nerves\nS: lesser and least splanchnic nerves\n\n\nT10, T11, T12 (proximal colon)\nL1, L2, L3, (distal colon)\n\n\npancreatic head\n\n\nPS: vagus nerves\nS: thoracic splanchnic nerves\n\nT8, T9\n\n\nappendix\n\n\nnerves to superior mesenteric plexus\n\nT10\n\n\nkidneys and ureters\n\n\nPS: vagus nerve\nS: thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves\n\nT11, T12\n\n", "\nAutonomic nervous supply to organs in the human body edit\n\n\nOrgan\nNerves[8]\nSpinal column origin[8]\n\n\nstomach\n\n\nPS: anterior and posterior vagal trunks\nS: greater splanchnic nerves\n\nT5,T6, T7, T8, T9, sometimes T10\n\n\nduodenum\n\n\nPS: vagus nerves\nS: greater splanchnic nerves\n\nT5, T6, T7, T8, T9, sometimes T10\n\n\njejunum and ileum\n\n\nPS: posterior vagal trunks\nS: greater splanchnic nerves\n\nT5, T6, T7, T8, T9\n\n\nspleen\n\n\nS: greater splanchnic nerves\n\nT6, T7, T8\n\n\ngallbladder and liver\n\n\nPS: vagus nerve\nS: celiac plexus\nright phrenic nerve\n\nT6, T7, T8, T9\n\n\ncolon\n\n\nPS: vagus nerves and pelvic splanchnic nerves\nS: lesser and least splanchnic nerves\n\n\nT10, T11, T12 (proximal colon)\nL1, L2, L3, (distal colon)\n\n\npancreatic head\n\n\nPS: vagus nerves\nS: thoracic splanchnic nerves\n\nT8, T9\n\n\nappendix\n\n\nnerves to superior mesenteric plexus\n\nT10\n\n\nkidneys and ureters\n\n\nPS: vagus nerve\nS: thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves\n\nT11, T12\n\n", "\nAutonomic nervous supply to organs in the human body edit\n\n\nOrgan\nNerves[8]\nSpinal column origin[8]\n\n\nstomach\n\n\nPS: anterior and posterior vagal trunks\nS: greater splanchnic nerves\n\nT5,T6, T7, T8, T9, sometimes T10\n\n\nduodenum\n\n\nPS: vagus nerves\nS: greater splanchnic nerves\n\nT5, T6, T7, T8, T9, sometimes T10\n\n\njejunum and ileum\n\n\nPS: posterior vagal trunks\nS: greater splanchnic nerves\n\nT5, T6, T7, T8, T9\n\n\nspleen\n\n\nS: greater splanchnic nerves\n\nT6, T7, T8\n\n\ngallbladder and liver\n\n\nPS: vagus nerve\nS: celiac plexus\nright phrenic nerve\n\nT6, T7, T8, T9\n\n\ncolon\n\n\nPS: vagus nerves and pelvic splanchnic nerves\nS: lesser and least splanchnic nerves\n\n\nT10, T11, T12 (proximal colon)\nL1, L2, L3, (distal colon)\n\n\npancreatic head\n\n\nPS: vagus nerves\nS: thoracic splanchnic nerves\n\nT8, T9\n\n\nappendix\n\n\nnerves to superior mesenteric plexus\n\nT10\n\n\nkidneys and ureters\n\n\nPS: vagus nerve\nS: thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves\n\nT11, T12\n\n", "\nAutonomic nervous supply to organs in the human body edit\n\n\nOrgan\nNerves[8]\nSpinal column origin[8]\n\n\nstomach\n\n\nPS: anterior and posterior vagal trunks\nS: greater splanchnic nerves\n\nT5,T6, T7, T8, T9, sometimes T10\n\n\nduodenum\n\n\nPS: vagus nerves\nS: greater splanchnic nerves\n\nT5, T6, T7, T8, T9, sometimes T10\n\n\njejunum and ileum\n\n\nPS: posterior vagal trunks\nS: greater splanchnic nerves\n\nT5, T6, T7, T8, T9\n\n\nspleen\n\n\nS: greater splanchnic nerves\n\nT6, T7, T8\n\n\ngallbladder and liver\n\n\nPS: vagus nerve\nS: celiac plexus\nright phrenic nerve\n\nT6, T7, T8, T9\n\n\ncolon\n\n\nPS: vagus nerves and pelvic splanchnic nerves\nS: lesser and least splanchnic nerves\n\n\nT10, T11, T12 (proximal colon)\nL1, L2, L3, (distal colon)\n\n\npancreatic head\n\n\nPS: vagus nerves\nS: thoracic splanchnic nerves\n\nT8, T9\n\n\nappendix\n\n\nnerves to superior mesenteric plexus\n\nT10\n\n\nkidneys and ureters\n\n\nPS: vagus nerve\nS: thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves\n\nT11, T12\n\n" ]	[ "stomach", "spleen", "liver", "colon", "kidneys" ]
992319267183784659	Allura Red AC	Allura Red AC - wikipedia Allura Red AC Jump to : navigation , search Allura Red AC Names IUPAC name Disodium 6 - hydroxy - 5 - ( ( 2 - methoxy - 5 - methyl - 4 - sulfophenyl ) azo ) - 2 - naphthalenesulfonate Other names Allura Red ; Food Red 17 ; C.I. 16035 ; FD&C Red 40 ; E129 ; 2 - Naphthalenesulfonic acid , 6 - hydroxy - 5 - ( ( 2 - methoxy - 5 - methyl - 4 - sulfophenyl ) azo ) - , disodium salt Identifiers CAS Number 25956 - 17 - 6 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image ChemSpider 11588224 ECHA InfoCard 100.043. 047 E number E129 ( colours ) PubChem CID 6093299 UNII WZB9127XOA InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / C18H16N2O8S2. 2Na / c1 - 10 - 7 - 14 ( 16 ( 28 - 2 ) 9 - 17 ( 10 ) 30 ( 25 , 26 ) 27 ) 19 - 20 - 18 - 13 - 5 - 4 - 12 ( 29 ( 22 , 23 ) 24 ) 8 - 11 ( 13 ) 3 - 6 - 15 ( 18 ) 21 ; ; / h3 - 9 , 21H , 1 - 2H3 , ( H , 22 , 23 , 24 ) ( H , 25 , 26 , 27 ) ; ; / q ; 2 * + 1 / p - 2 / b20 - 19 + ; ; Key : CEZCCHQBSQPRMU - LLIZZRELSA - L InChI = 1 / C18H16N2O8S2. 2Na / c1 - 10 - 7 - 14 ( 16 ( 28 - 2 ) 9 - 17 ( 10 ) 30 ( 25 , 26 ) 27 ) 19 - 20 - 18 - 13 - 5 - 4 - 12 ( 29 ( 22 , 23 ) 24 ) 8 - 11 ( 13 ) 3 - 6 - 15 ( 18 ) 21 ; ; / h3 - 9 , 21H , 1 - 2H3 , ( H , 22 , 23 , 24 ) ( H , 25 , 26 , 27 ) ; ; / q ; 2 * + 1 / p - 2 / b20 - 19 + ; ; Key : CEZCCHQBSQPRMU - JGGVBICHBN SMILES ( show ) ( Na+ ). ( Na+ ). COc3cc ( c ( C ) cc3 / N = N / c1c2ccc ( cc2ccc1O ) S ( ( O - ) ) ( = O ) = O ) S ( ( O - ) ) ( = O ) = O Properties Chemical formula C H N Na O S Molar mass 496.42 g mol Appearance Red powder Melting point > 300 ° C ( 572 ° F ; 573 K ) Hazards NFPA 704 0 Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . N verify ( what is ? ) Infobox references Allura Red AC is a red azo dye that goes by several names including Allura Red , Food Red 17 , C.I. 16035 , and FD&C Red 40 . It is used as a food dye and has the E number E129 . The compound is a derivative of naphthalene and a dark red powder . It usually comes as a sodium salt , but can also be used as both calcium and potassium salts . These salts are soluble in water ; in solution , its maximum absorbance lies at about 504 nm . Its melting point is above 300 ° C ( 572 ° F ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Use as food color 2 Health effects 3 Regulation 4 References 5 External links Use as food color ( edit ) Allura Red AC is a very popular dye throughout the world . Annual production in 1980 was greater than 2.3 million kilograms . Health effects ( edit ) There is some evidence to support claims that certain food coloring agents may cause food intolerance and ADHD - like behavior in some children ; others say that certain food coloring may act as an ADHD trigger in those who are genetically predisposed , but the evidence is weak and not supported by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) . Regulation ( edit ) Allura Red AC in strawberry soft drink Allura Red AC in confectionery Since the 1970s and the well - publicized advocacy of Benjamin Feingold , there has been public concern that food colorings may cause ADHD - like behavior in children . These concerns have led the FDA and other food safety authorities to regularly review the scientific literature , and led the UK FSA to commission a study by researchers at Southampton University of the effect of a mixture of six food dyes ( Tartrazine , Allura Red , Ponceau 4R , Quinoline Yellow WS , Sunset Yellow and Carmoisine ( dubbed the `` Southampton 6 '' ) ) and sodium benzoate ( a preservative ) on children in the general population , who consumed them in beverages ; the study published in 2007 . The study found `` a possible link between the consumption of these artificial colours and a sodium benzoate preservative and increased hyperactivity '' in the children ; the advisory committee to the FSA that evaluated the study also determined that because of study limitations , the results could not be extrapolated to the general population , and further testing was recommended `` . The European regulatory community , with a stronger emphasis on the precautionary principle , required labelling and temporarily reduced the acceptable daily intake ( ADI ) for the food colorings ; the UK FSA called for voluntary withdrawal of the colorings by food manufacturers . However , in 2009 the EFSA re-evaluated the data at hand and determined that `` the available scientific evidence does not substantiate a link between the color additives and behavioral effects '' and in 2014 after further review of the data , the EFSA restored the prior ADI levels . In 2015 , the EFSA found that the exposure estimates did not exceed the ADI of 7 mg / kg bw per day in any population . The US FDA did not make changes following the publication of the Southampton study , but following a citizen petition filed by the Center for Science in the Public Interest in 2008 , requesting the FDA ban several food additives , the FDA commenced a review of the available evidence , and still made no changes . Allura Red AC was at one time banned in Denmark , Belgium , France and Switzerland , and was also banned in Sweden until the country joined the European Union in 1994 . The European Union approves Allura Red AC as a food colorant . In Norway , it was banned between 1978 and 2001 , a period in which azo dyes were only legally used in alcoholic beverages and some fish products . In the United States , Allura Red AC is approved by the FDA for use in cosmetics , drugs , and food . When prepared as a lake it is disclosed as Red 40 Lake or Red 40 Aluminum Lake . It is used in some tattoo inks and is used in many products , such as soft drinks , children 's medications , and cotton candy . It is by far the most commonly used red dye in the United States , completely replacing amaranth ( Red 2 ) and also replacing erythrosine ( Red 3 ) in most applications due to the potential health effects of the two dyes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` From Shampoo to Cereal : Seeing to the Safety of Color Additives '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 04 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) `` Food Color Facts '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 18 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Zvi Rappoport , ed. ( 2004 ) . The Chemistry of Phenols . Chichester : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 9780470869451 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Vinita ; McKone , Harold T. ; Markow , Peter G. ( 2011 ) . `` A Global Perspective on the History , Use , and Identification of Synthetic Food Dyes '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 88 : 24 -- 28 . doi : 10.1021 / ed100545v . Jump up ^ Tomaska LD and Brooke - Taylor , S. Food Additives - General pp 449 - 454 in Encyclopedia of Food Safety , Vol 2 : Hazards and Diseases . Eds , Motarjemi Y et al. Academic Press , 2013 . ISBN 9780123786135 ^ Jump up to : FDA . Background Document for the Food Advisory Committee : Certified Color Additives in Food and Possible Association with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children : March 30 - 31 , 2011 Jump up ^ Millichap J.G. ; Yee M.M. ( February 2012 ) . `` The Diet Factor in Attention - Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder '' . Pediatrics. 129 ( 2 ) : 330 -- 337 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 2011 - 2199 . PMID 22232312 . ^ Jump up to : Sarah Chapman of Chapman Technologies on behalf of Food Standards Agency in Scotland . March 2011 ( Guidelines on approaches to the replacement of Tartrazine , Allura Red , Ponceau 4R , Quinoline Yellow , Sunset Yellow and Carmoisine in food and beverages ) Jump up ^ EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to food ( ANS ) Reconsideration of the temporary ADI and refined exposure assessment for Sunset Yellow FCF ( E 110 ) EFSA Journal 2014 ; 12 ( 7 ) : 3765 . doi : 10.2903 / j. efsa. 2014.3765 Jump up ^ http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/4007 Jump up ^ `` E129 '' , UK Food Guide , a British food additives website . Last retrieved 20 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Norwegian Food Safety Authority External links ( edit ) Record in the Household Products Database of NLM UK Food Guide on E129 International Programme on Chemical Safety Some more details , other common names List of Foods and Drugs containing Red Dye # 40 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allura_Red_AC&oldid=799573223 '' Categories : 2 - Naphthols Azo dyes Benzenesulfonates Food colorings Naphthalenesulfonates Organic sodium salts Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles without KEGG source ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata E number from Wikidata Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Deutsch Español فارسی Français Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 15 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does red dye number 40 come from	[ "The compound is a derivative of naphthalene and a dark red powder. It usually comes as a sodium salt, but can also be used as both calcium and potassium salts. These salts are soluble in water; in solution, its maximum absorbance lies at about 504 nm.[2]:921 Its melting point is above 300 °C (572 °F)." ]	[ "a derivative of naphthalene and a dark red powder" ]
-8747820874274533325	Cardinals–Cubs rivalry	Cardinals -- Cubs rivalry - wikipedia Cardinals -- Cubs rivalry This article or section appears to be slanted towards recent events . Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and add more content related to non-recent events . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cardinals -- Cubs rivalry St. Louis Cardinals Chicago Cubs First meeting April 12 , 1892 Sportsman 's Park , St. Louis , MO Colts 14 , Browns 10 Latest meeting July 29 , 2018 Busch Stadium , St. Louis , MO Cubs 5 , Cardinals 2 Next meeting September 28 , 2018 Wrigley Field , Chicago , IL Statistics Meetings total 2,417 ( through August 25 , 2018 ) Regular season series Cubs 1,228 -- 1,170 -- 19 Largest victory Cardinals , 20 -- 5 ( April 16 , 1912 ) Longest win streak Cardinals : 14 ( April 21 , 1944 -- September 7 , 1944 ) Cubs : 13 ( April 18 , 1918 -- July 2 , 1918 ) Current win streak Cubs 1 Post-season history 2015 NL Division Series : Cubs , 3 -- 1 The Cardinals -- Cubs rivalry , also called the Route 66 rivalry and The Downstate Illinois rivalry , refers to the rivalry between the St. Louis Cardinals and Chicago Cubs both of the National League ( NL ) , one of the most bitter rivalries in Major League Baseball and in all of North American professional sports . The Cubs lead the regular season series 1,228 -- 1,170 , with 19 ties , through July 2018 , while the Cardinals are third in NL pennants with 19 , to the Cubs ' 17 . However , the Cardinals have a clear edge when it comes to World Series success , having won 11 championships to the Cubs ' 3 . Games between the two clubs see numerous visiting fans in either St. Louis 's Busch Stadium or Chicago 's Wrigley Field . When the NL split into two , and then three divisions , the Cardinals and Cubs always remained together . This has added excitement to numerous pennant races over the years . As of the end of July 2018 , the Cubs are one of only three teams in the National League with a winning overall record against St. Louis , with the Pittsburgh Pirates and San Francisco Giants being the other two . Contents 1 First meetings in 19th century World Series 1.1 First meeting 1.2 The $15,000 slide 2 Cardinals join the National League 2.1 Early Cub dominance 2.2 The tide turns 2.3 Hack Wilson 's riot 3 Modern period 3.1 `` The Sandberg Game '' 3.2 McGwire / Sosa home run chase 3.3 After the chase 4 Stadiums 4.1 Cubs 4.2 Cardinals 5 Territorial rights 6 Notable personalities 7 Statistical comparison 7.1 Championships and Playoff Appearances 7.2 Major Award Winners 7.3 Gold Glove Winners 7.4 Silver Slugger Winners 7.5 Single season records 7.6 Hall of Fame plaques with team logo 8 See also 9 References First meetings in 19th Century World Series ( edit ) In his book , Before They Were Cardinals , Jon David Cash speculates that the economic trade rivalry between the cities of Chicago and St. Louis led to the formation of the St. Louis Brown Stockings in 1875 to compete with the Chicago White Stockings . The Brown Stockings would later fold and reemerge in 1882 when the Cardinals ( as the Browns ) , met the Cubs ( as the White Stockings ) , in a pair of pre-World Series matchups between American Association champion St. Louis and NL champion Chicago . First meeting ( edit ) Pitcher Jim McCormick started five of the seven games for Chicago in the 1885 World Series between the two teams , going 3 - 2 . Main article : 1885 World Series The first series meeting between the two teams was actually played in four cities -- not only St. Louis and Chicago , but also Pittsburgh and Cincinnati . On October 15 , Browns manager Charles Comiskey pulled his team off the field in the 6th inning in protest of umpire Dave Sullivan 's call . The White Stockings were in the lead at the time 5 - 4 and were declared a winner on forfeit . Behind pitcher Dave Foutz , St. Louis defeated Chicago 13 - 4 in Game 7 . The Browns claimed the Game 2 forfeit did n't count and therefore claimed the championship . The two clubs split the $1000 prize . The $15,000 slide ( edit ) Main article : 1886 World Series The first series played in 1885 ended in dispute with no winner making the rematch a year later more heated . Game 2 saw the Browns win in a 12 - 0 romp . Bob Caruthers pitched a one - hitter , and left fielder Tip O'Neill smacked two inside - the - park home runs . It was the first two - home - run game by a player in a World Championship game . Despite the win , the White Stockings had won Games 1 and 3 and took the series lead into St. Louis . Oddities happened in Game 5 . With Jim McCormick and Jocko Flynn lame and John Clarkson tired ‚ Chicago tried to use a minor league recruit in the pitcher 's box ‚ only to be refused by the Browns . Shortstop Ned Williamson and right fielder Jimmy Ryan ended up having to pitch . The Browns won easily 10 - 3 . The sixth and final game began at an earlier time of 2 : 18 PM , so the full nine innings could be played . Pitching his fourth game in six days ‚ Clarkson held St. Louis hitless for six innings as Chicago built a 3 - 0 lead . However , in the 8th , the Browns finally got to Clarkson to tie the game at 3 , with Arlie Latham hitting a 2 - run triple . In the 10th , Curt Welch scored on the `` $15 ‚ 000 slide '' after a wild pitch to win it in front of a fired - up St. Louis home crowd . Cardinals join the National League ( edit ) Early Cub dominance ( edit ) After the dissolution of the American Association , the Browns franchise moved to the National League in 1892 and become known as the Cardinals in 1900 . ( The Browns name was subsequently picked up by an AL team that had previously been known as the Milwaukee Brewers , and is now the Baltimore Orioles . ) St. Louis would not achieve much success in its early years in the NL . On the other hand , the Cubs dominated , winning 3 straight pennants from 1906 -- 1908 and two World Series during that time , losing the first World Series in that trio only to their cross-town rivals , the Chicago White Sox . The Cubs would also go on to win seven more pennants from then until 1945 . The tide turns ( edit ) The Cardinals would eventually put together a team to win the pennant and World Series in 1926 . It would be their first National League pennant and first championship since defeating the White Stockings . Although the Cubs would also win a few pennants , their championship run stopped in 1908 . Eventually , the Cubs ' pennant wins would also stop in 1945 , and they did not win another until 2016 , when they also won the World Series . The Cardinals have won the World Series more times ( 11 ) than any other National League team , with only the New York Yankees ( 27 ) earning more . Hack Wilson 's riot ( edit ) Slugger Hack Wilson had a combative streak and frequently initiated fights with opposing players and fans . On June 22 , 1928 , a riot broke out in the ninth inning at Wrigley Field against the St. Louis Cardinals when Wilson jumped into the box seats to attack a heckling fan . An estimated 5,000 spectators swarmed the field before police could separate the combatants and restore order . The fan sued Wilson for $20,000 , but a jury ruled in Wilson 's favor . Modern period ( edit ) `` The Sandberg game '' ( edit ) One game in particular was cited for putting Cubs second baseman Ryne Sandberg , as well as the 1984 Cubs in general , `` on the map '' , a NBC national telecast of a Cardinals -- Cubs game on June 23 , 1984 . The Cubs had been playing well throughout the season 's first few months , but as a team unaccustomed to winning , they had not yet become a serious contender in the eyes of most baseball fans . Sandberg had played two full seasons in the major leagues , and while he had proven himself to be a top - fielding second baseman and fast on the basepaths ( over 30 stolen bases both seasons ) , his . 260 - ish batting average and single - digit home run production were respectable for his position but not especially noteworthy , and Sandberg was not talked about outside Chicago . The Game of the Week , however , put the sleeper Cubs on the national stage against their regional rival , the St. Louis Cardinals . Both teams were well - established franchises with a strong fan base outside the Chicago and St. Louis area . In the ninth inning , the Cubs trailed 9 -- 8 , and faced the premier relief pitcher of the time , Bruce Sutter . Sutter was at the forefront of the emergence of the closer in the late 1970s and early 1980s : a hard - throwing pitcher who typically came in just for the ninth inning and saved around 30 games a season . ( Sutter was especially dominant in 1984 , saving 45 games . ) However , in the ninth inning , Sandberg , not yet known for his power , slugged a home run to left field against the Cardinals ' ace closer . Despite this dramatic act , the Cardinals scored two runs in the top of the tenth . Sandberg came up again in the tenth inning , facing a determined Sutter with one man on base . As Cubs ' radio announcer Harry Caray described it : `` There 's a drive , way back ! Might be outta here ! It is ! It is ! He did it again ! He did it again ! The game is tied ! The game is tied ! Holy Cow ! Listen to this crowd , everybody 's gone bananas ! '' The Cubs went on to win in the 11th inning . The Cardinals ' Willie McGee ( who had hit for the cycle that day ) had already been named NBC 's player of the game before Sandberg 's first home run . As NBC play - by - play man Bob Costas ( who called the game with Tony Kubek ) said when Sandberg hit that second home run , `` Do you believe it ? ! '' The game is sometimes called `` The Sandberg Game '' . The winning run for the Cubs was driven in by a single off the bat of Dave Owen . McGwire / Sosa home run chase ( edit ) Mark McGwire hitting a home run at Busch Stadium . Main article : 1998 Major League Baseball home run record chase In 1998 , the teams were connected by the Mark McGwire - Sammy Sosa home run race , credited by many with revitalizing the sport following the players ' strike which cancelled the 1994 World Series and the first part of the 1995 season . In early September the teams met for a two - game series at Busch Memorial Stadium in St. Louis . In the first game , McGwire hit his record - tying 61st home run off pitcher Mike Morgan in the first inning as part of a 3 -- 2 Cardinals victory . The following day , McGwire broke the record with # 62 off Steve Trachsel in the fourth inning as part of a 6 -- 3 victory against the Cubs . In a show of sportsmanship , Sammy Sosa was there to embrace and congratulate his home run rival and on - field opponent after McGwire rounded the bases . McGwire would finish the year with 70 home runs and Sosa with 66 . However , the Cubs won the National League wild card , making the playoffs for the first time in nine years , while the Cardinals finished barely above . 500 . Sosa eventually became the NL MVP that season , even though Mark McGwire finished with 4 more home runs . Sosa dedicated each of his 66 home runs that season to the memory of Cubs ( and former Cardinals ) broadcaster Harry Caray , who died in February that year . After the chase ( edit ) A somber showing of acknowledgment between the two teams happened in 2002 when Cubs catcher Joe Girardi addressed the fans at Wrigley Field in a choked up way that the game between the two teams had been cancelled and that the fans should pray for the St. Louis Cardinals family . However , there were fans who booed . Later , a press conference was held where an emotional Girardi addressed the death of Cardinals pitcher Darryl Kile . Girardi , who played for both the Cubs and the Cardinals , addressed the fans in a regional broadcast on Fox . In 2005 , the Cardinals and Cubs renewed their rivalry when first basemen Derrek Lee for the Cubs and Albert Pujols for the Cardinals were locked in an MVP race . Nabbing the NL batting title , Lee led the league in hits and batting average and bested Pujols in home runs . For his part , Pujols led the league in runs scored and had the edge on Lee in RBIs. Lee was awarded both the Gold Glove and Silver Slugger as the best NL first baseman on both defense and offense , respectively . However , with the Cardinals winning 100 games and the division and the Cubs finishing 21 games back in fourth place , Pujols took home the National League MVP honors . June 4 and 5 , 2011 had Pujols , in his last year with the Cardinals , win back to back games against the Cubs with walk - off home runs . In recent years , tragedies in the Cardinals organization have caused two games between these teams to be postponed . In 2002 , after Cardinals pitcher Darryl Kile was found dead in a Chicago hotel room , a game between the teams in Wrigley Field was postponed . Then in 2007 , another Cardinals pitcher , Josh Hancock , was killed in a car crash while driving intoxicated , causing a game in St. Louis to be postponed . Incidentally , both games were scheduled to air on one of MLB 's major broadcast partners -- the 2002 game was to air on Fox , and the 2007 game was planned for ESPN Sunday Night Baseball . Former Cubs shortstop Ryan Theriot , who was acquired by the Cardinals from the Los Angeles Dodgers on November 30 , 2010 , told a St. Louis radio station that he was `` finally on the right side of the Cardinals - Cubs rivalry '' and that he was happy to be with an organization that emphasized winning World Series championships instead of being `` an afterthought '' . Cubs pitcher Carlos Zambrano called him `` the enemy now . '' The Cardinals won the World Series that season . The two clubs played each other in the postseason for the first time in the 2015 National League ( NL ) Division Series , as a result of the Cubs ' 4 -- 0 victory over the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 2015 NL Wild Card Game . The Cubs defeated the Cardinals 3 -- 1 to advance to the National League Championship Series . The rivalry was further heated after John Lackey and Jason Heyward signed with the Cubs after the 2015 season and Dexter Fowler signed with the Cardinals after the Cubs ' 2016 championship season . Stadiums ( edit ) Wrigley Field home of the Chicago Cubs . Busch Stadium home of the St. Louis Cardinals Cubs ( edit ) When the Tribune Company bought the Cubs , they immediately started pressing for night baseball , threatening to abandon Wrigley Field otherwise . Night baseball was finally added in 1988 , and after some further negotiations with the city , in the winter of 2005 -- 2006 they expanded Wrigley 's bleachers for the first time since 1938 . Wrigleyville , a part of the Lakeview neighborhood , surrounds the Cubs ' stadium , and comprises middle - and upper - middle - class housing , as well as many restaurants , bars and music venues for fans to visit before and after games . Cardinals ( edit ) Busch Stadium ( also referred to informally as `` New Busch Stadium '' or `` Busch Stadium III '' ) is the home of the St. Louis Cardinals . The stadium has a seating capacity of 43,975 , and contains 3,706 club seats and 61 luxury suites . The ballpark opened on April 4 , 2006 with an exhibition between the minor league Memphis Redbirds and Springfield Cardinals , both affiliates of the St. Louis Cardinals , which Springfield won 5 - 3 with right - hander Mike Parisi recording the first win . The first official major league game occurred on April 10 , 2006 as the Cardinals defeated the Milwaukee Brewers 6 -- 4 behind an Albert Pujols home run and winning pitcher Mark Mulder . A commercial area , dubbed Ballpark Village , is being developed adjacent to the stadium over the remainder of the former stadium 's footprint . Territorial rights ( edit ) Wrigley Field and the Cubs play host to the rival St. Louis Cardinals 3 - 4 times a season In his book Three Nights in August , Buzz Bissinger compared the Cardinals -- Cubs rivalry to another famous rivalry in American baseball : `` The Red Sox and Yankees is a tabloid - filled soap opera about money and ego and sound bites . But the Cubs and Cardinals are about ... geography and territorial rights . '' One of the `` territories '' in question is central Illinois , which receives both radio broadcasts of Cardinals games on KMOX ( restarting in 2011 , and decades before , up to the 2006 season , when the Cardinals ' owners moved the broadcasts to KTRS , a station they bought for the purpose ) as well as WGN radio & WGN television , ( including WGN - TV 's superstation ) broadcasts of Cubs games . Both KMOX and WGN radio are traditional `` clear channel '' AM radio stations , and both teams fought for fans in the Western states prior to Major League expansion . Also prior to Major League expansion , the Cardinals traditionally claimed huge parts of the Lower Midwest and the South in their territory , while the Cubs claimed the Upper Midwest . Loyalties to the two teams divided friends , families , and co-workers , and shaped the locals in various ways , as George Will noted in a 1998 commencement address at Washington University in St. Louis : `` I grew up in Champaign , Illinois , midway between Chicago and St. Louis . At an age too tender for life - shaping decisions , I made one . While all my friends were becoming Cardinals fans , I became a Cub fan . My friends , happily rooting for Stan Musial , Red Schoendienst , and other great Redbirds , grew up cheerfully convinced that the world is a benign place , so of course , they became liberals . Rooting for the Cubs in the late 1940s and early 1950s , I became gloomy , pessimistic , morose , dyspeptic and conservative . It helped out of course that the Cubs last won the World Series in 1908 , which is two years before Mark Twain and Tolstoy died . But that means , class of 1998 , that the Cubs are in the 89th year of their rebuilding effort , and remember , any team can have a bad moment . '' Notable personalities ( edit ) Dusty Baker , manager of the Chicago Cubs ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Many players have played for both teams , including Hall of Famer Rogers Hornsby , who holds several single season hitting records for both clubs . Notably , Hall of Famer Lou Brock was traded from the Cubs to the Cardinals early in his career for pitcher Ernie Broglio . This is widely considered one of the most one - sided trades in baseball history . Other Hall of Famers who played / managed with both clubs include Grover Cleveland Alexander , Clark Griffith , Burleigh Grimes , Bruce Sutter , Roger Bresnahan , Dizzy Dean , Dennis Eckersley , Rabbit Maranville , Hoyt Wilhelm , and Leo Durocher . Legendary announcer Harry Caray began his career in St. Louis , broadcasting on KMOX radio for 24 seasons , before moving to Chicago in 1971 , announcing 11 seasons for the White Sox before moving to the North Side and becoming a staple of WGN radio and television broadcasts for the Cubs from 1982 until his death before the 1998 season . The rivalry between the two clubs intensified following the hiring of Dusty Baker to manage the Cubs following the 2002 season . In 2002 , when Baker was managing the San Francisco Giants , he and Cardinals manager Tony La Russa had run - ins during that year 's National League Championship Series , with the animosity carrying over to Baker 's tenure with the Cubs . According to Baker , part of the intensity stems from the close relationship of the two . `` It 's very intense ... When you play 18 times against a team that 's had a long - time rivalry , and my former manager and my former confidant , that just increases things . '' Baker played for La Russa in 1986 as a member of the Oakland Athletics . Some say that the feud between the two managers have added to the rivalry between the two teams . `` Both managers are fiercely protective of their players . Both believe in old - school baseball protocol . Neither will sit by idly and watch an opponent show up their team . Both are fierce competitors with enormous pride ... . Fans do n't usually buy tickets to watch managers manage ... but this tactical showdown added something to the Cubs - Cards series . '' After the Cubs fired Dusty Baker in 2006 , the rivalry was raised by another notch as they replaced him with Lou Piniella . Coincidentally , Piniella and La Russa both grew up in Tampa and faced each other in the 1990 World Series as managers of the Cincinnati Reds and Oakland Athletics , respectively . Statistical comparison ( edit ) As of the beginning of the 2017 MLB Season Championships and Playoff Appearances ( edit ) Category Cardinals Cubs World Series championships 11 League pennants 19 17 Division championships 12 7 Wild Card berths Major Award Winners ( edit ) As of the beginning of the 2017 MLB Season Category Cardinals Cubs MVP 20 11 Cy Young 5 Rookie of the Year 6 6 Manager of the Year Gold Glove Winners ( edit ) As of the beginning of the 2017 MLB Season Category Cardinals Cubs Pitcher 15 7 Catcher 13 First Base 14 7 Second Base 12 Third Base 12 5 Shortstop 14 Outfield 16 Silver Slugger Winners ( edit ) As of the beginning of the 2017 MLB Season Category Cardinals Cubs Pitcher Catcher First Base 9 Second Base 7 Third Base Shortstop 5 0 Outfield 7 8 Single season Records ( edit ) Rogers Hornsby played for the St. Louis Cardinals 1915 -- 1926 & 1933 and with the Chicago Cubs 1929 -- 1932 . Hornsby owns the single season record for both franchises in hits and runs . Category Cardinals Cubs Home runs Mark McGwire , 70 ( 1998 ) Sammy Sosa , 66 ( 1998 ) Runs batted in Joe Medwick , 154 ( 1937 ) Hack Wilson , 191 ( 1930 ) ( MLB record ) Batting average Rogers Hornsby , . 424 ( 1924 ) Bill Lange , . 389 ( 1895 ) Hits Rogers Hornsby , 250 ( 1922 ) Rogers Hornsby , 229 ( 1929 ) Runs Rogers Hornsby , 141 ( 1922 ) Rogers Hornsby , 156 ( 1929 ) Doubles Joe Medwick , 64 ( 1936 ) Billy Herman , 57 ( 1935 & 1936 ) Triples Tom Long , 25 ( 1915 ) Vic Saier and Frank Schulte , 21 ( 1913 & 1911 ) Extra Base Hits Stan Musial , 103 ( 1948 ) Sammy Sosa , 103 ( 2001 ) Grand Slams Albert Pujols , 5 ( 2009 ) Ernie Banks , 5 ( 1955 ) On - Base Percentage Rogers Hornsby , . 507 ( 1924 ) King Kelly , . 483 ( 1886 ) Slugging Percentage Rogers Hornsby , . 756 ( 1925 ) Sammy Sosa , . 737 ( 2001 ) Stolen bases Lou Brock , 118 ( 1974 ) Bill Lange , 84 ( 1896 ) Hitting streak Rogers Hornsby , 33 games ( 1922 ) Bill Dahlen , 42 games ( 1894 ) Strikeouts Jim Edmonds , 167 ( 2000 ) Kris Bryant , 199 ( 2015 ) Walks Mark McGwire , 162 ( 1998 ) Jimmy Sheckard , 147 ( 1911 ) Pitching wins Silver King 45 , ( 1888 ) John Clarkson , 53 ( 1885 ) Pitching strikeouts Jack Stivetts , 289 ( 1890 ) Bill Hutchinson , 314 ( 1892 ) Pitching ERA Bob Gibson , 1.12 ( 1968 ) Mordecai Brown , 1.04 ( 1906 ) Pitching Saves Trevor Rosenthal , 48 ( 2015 ) Randy Myers , 53 ( 1993 ) Hall of Fame plaques with team logo ( edit ) Cardinals -- ( 11 ) Lou Brock ( 1985 ) Rogers Hornsby ( 1947 ) Dizzy Dean ( 1953 ) Bob Gibson ( 1981 ) Whitey Herzog ( 2010 ) Stan Musial ( 1969 ) Red Schoendienst ( 1989 ) Enos Slaughter ( 1985 ) Ozzie Smith ( 2002 ) Bruce Sutter ( 2006 ) Billy Southworth ( 2008 ) Cubs -- ( 11 ) Ernie Banks ( 1977 ) Frank Chance ( 1946 ) Kiki Cuyler ( 1968 ) Johnny Evers ( 1946 ) Gabby Hartnett ( 1955 ) Billy Herman ( 1975 ) Ferguson Jenkins ( 1991 ) Ryne Sandberg ( 2005 ) Ron Santo ( 2012 ) Billy Williams ( 1987 ) Hack Wilson ( 1979 ) See also ( edit ) Major League Baseball rivalries Blackhawks -- Blues rivalry -- equivalent in the National Hockey League 1998 Major League Baseball home run record chase References ( edit ) Inline citations Jump up ^ `` CHC vs. STL from 1876 to 2018 Head - to - Head Records '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 26 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Head - to - Head Records '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cash , Jon David ( 2002 ) . Before They Were Cardinals : Major League Baseball in Nineteenth - Century St. Louis . University of Missouri Press . Jump up ^ Baseball -- Greatest Rivalry In Baseball Archived August 20 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Hack Wilson Was Great Baseball Player But Headache To Managers '' . The Portsmouth Times . Associated Press . 24 November 1948 . p. 11 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` June 23 , 1984 St. Louis Cardinals at Chicago Cubs Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Muskat , Carrie ( August 8 , 2002 ) . `` The Sosa - McGwire home run race '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Bodley , Hal ( March 17 , 2006 ) . `` Baseball 's steroids issue remains in the news '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Leonhardt , David ( March 30 , 2005 ) . `` Myth of men who saved baseball '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Dedman , Bill ( September 29 , 1998 ) . `` Unlikely Season Of Dreams For Cubs '' . The New York Times . p . D3 . Since Caray died at the start of spring training , Sosa has honored him with a ' V ' sign after every home run this season , along with his heart thumps and kisses for the Sosa family . ^ Jump up to : Greenstein , Teddy ( June 23 , 2002 ) . `` MacPhail wanted vague notice ; Cubs exec sought to protect Kile family members '' . Chicago Tribune . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Beatriz , Ana ; Avila , Oscar ( June 23 , 2002 ) . `` It 's ` a time to put this rivalry away ' '' . Chicago Tribune . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Newhan , Ross ( June 23 , 2002 ) . `` Kile 's Death Stuns Baseball ; Cardinals : St. Louis pitcher , 33 , is found in his Chicago hotel room and appears to have died of natural causes . Game against Cubs is canceled '' . Los Angeles Times . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Paul ( April 30 , 2007 ) . `` Cards lose a ' great teammate , friend ' ; Pitcher Hancock killed in car crash ; Cubs game called off '' . Chicago Tribune . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Shaikin , Bill ( April 30 , 2007 ) . `` Cardinals ' Hancock dies in car accident '' . Los Angeles Times . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Goold , Derrick ( January 19 , 2011 ) . `` Theriot ready to play on right side of the rivalry '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Jump up ^ Singer , Tom ; Muskat , Carrie ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Arrieta , Cubs ace Wild Card test vs. Bucs '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bissinger , Buzz ( 2005 ) . Three Nights in August : Strategy , Heartbreak and Joy Inside the Mind of a Manager . Houghton Mifflin Company . Jump up ^ `` Newsroom -- Washington University in St. Louis '' . wustl.edu . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Muskat , Carrie ( April 7 , 1986 ) . `` Notes : Skippers intensify rivalry '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ Gordon , Jeff ( May 15 , 2006 ) . `` Ottawa mayor looks sharper than Senators did vs. Sabres '' . St. Louis Post Dispatch . p . D2 . Jump up ^ includes 1981 ' split season ' with best overall record but not winning either half Bibliography Chicago Cubs Established in 1874 Formerly the Chicago White Stockings , Chicago Colts and the Chicago Orphans Based in Chicago , Illinois Franchise History Seasons Awards Records No - hitters Players Managers Owners and executives Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers First - round draft picks Ballparks 23rd Street Grounds Lakefront Park West Side Park I South Side Park West Side Park II Wrigley Field renovations Culture Tinker to Evers to Chance Bleacher Bums Wrigley Rooftops Wrigleyville Wayne Messmer Ronnie Woo Woo Yosh Kawano Mike Royko Harry Caray Holy Cow ! Grant DePorter Wrigley Company Wrigley Field ivy Hey Hey Holy Mackerel Bill Holden The Heckler Arne Harris `` Go , Cubs , Go '' `` Sweet Home Chicago '' `` All the Way '' `` Sirius '' Cubs Win Flag Eamus Catuli Addison Red Line Station Sheridan Red Line Station Clark Street Addison Street Elmer , the Great Rookie of the Year This Old Cub The Natural ( 1984 film ) Taking Care of Business ( 1990 film ) A League of Their Own Take Me Out to the Ball Game The Cubs Fan 's Guide To Happiness Pat Pieper The Cubby Bear Harry Caray 's Italian Steakhouse Bohemian National Cemetery Columbarium Clark Back to the Future Part II Lore Curse of the Billy Goat Ex-Cubs Factor Babe Ruth 's called shot Steve Bartman incident Gatorade Glove Play Homer in the Gloamin ' The Sandberg Game Fall of ' 69 1998 home run chase Brock for Broglio Merkle 's Boner Worst to First Monday saves the American flag College of Coaches Ken Hubbs Billy Jurges incident 1998 NL Wild Card tie - breaker game 2015 NL Wild Card Game 2015 NL Division Series 2016 NL Championship Series 2016 World Series Rivalries Milwaukee Brewers St. Louis Cardinals Chicago White Sox Key personnel Owner : Family of Joe Ricketts ; operated by Tom Ricketts President of Baseball Operations : Theo Epstein General Manager : Jed Hoyer Manager : Joe Maddon World Series championships ( 3 ) 1907 1908 2016 National League championships ( 17 ) 1876 1880 1881 1882 1885 1886 1906 1907 1908 1910 1918 1929 1932 1935 1938 1945 2016 Division championships East ( 2 ) 1984 1989 Central ( 5 ) 2003 2007 2008 2016 2017 Wild Card ( 2 ) 1998 2015 Minor league affiliates Iowa Cubs ( AAA ) Tennessee Smokies ( AA ) Myrtle Beach Pelicans ( A Adv . ) South Bend Cubs ( A ) Eugene Emeralds ( Short - A ) AZL Cubs 1 ( Rookie ) AZL Cubs 2 ( Rookie ) DSL Cubs 1 ( Rookie ) DSL Cubs 2 ( Rookie ) Broadcasting Television NBC Sports Chicago WGN Sports ( WGN - TV ) WLS - TV Radio Radio network WSCR Broadcasters Len Kasper Jim Deshaies Pat Hughes Ron Coomer Seasons ( 145 ) 1870s 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 St. Louis Cardinals Established in 1882 Based in St. Louis , Missouri Franchise Hall of Fame Members of the National Hall of Fame Awards & League Leaders Records No - hitters Roster Players Coaches Managers General Managers and Owners Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers Minor League Players First - round draft picks All articles History 1875 -- 1919 1920 -- 52 1953 -- 89 1990 -- present Seasons Ballparks Robison Field Sportsman 's Park Busch Memorial Stadium Busch Stadium Spring training Whittington Park Herald Park West End Park City Park City Island Ball Park Ninth Street Park Al Lang Stadium Roger Dean Stadium Culture Jack Buck Cardinal Nation Fredbird `` Here Comes the King '' Gashouse Gang KMOX Mike Shannon Rally Squirrel Whiteyball The Pride of St. Louis Death on the Diamond Budweiser Clydesdales Ballpark Village Lore 1946 NL tie - breaker series Slaughter 's Mad Dash Brock for Broglio `` Go Crazy , Folks ! '' The Call Home run chase Fernando Tatís ' two grand slams 2011 World Series Game 6 2017 MLB Little League Classic Rivalries Chicago Cubs Kansas City Royals Key personnel Owner : Bill DeWitt , Jr . President of Baseball Operations : John Mozeliak General Manager : Mike Girsch Manager : Mike Shildt Minor league affiliates AAA Memphis Redbirds AA Springfield Cardinals A Adv . Palm Beach Cardinals Peoria Chiefs Short A State College Spikes Rookie Adv . 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About Wikipedia	how many games are the cubs ahead of the cardinals	[ "Cardinals–Cubs rivalry\n\n\n\n\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n\n\nChicago Cubs\n\n\nFirst meeting\nApril 12, 1892Sportsman's Park, St. Louis, MOColts 14, Browns 10Latest meeting\nJuly 29, 2018Busch Stadium, St. Louis, MOCubs 5, Cardinals 2Next meeting\nSeptember 28, 2018Wrigley Field, Chicago, ILStatisticsMeetings total\n2,417 (through August 25, 2018)Regular season series\nCubs 1,228–1,170–19[1]Largest victory\nCardinals, 20–5 (April 16, 1912)Longest win streak\n\nCardinals: 14 (April 21, 1944–September 7, 1944)\nCubs: 13 (April 18, 1918–July 2, 1918)\nCurrent win streak\nCubs 1Post-season history\n\n2015 NL Division Series: Cubs, 3–1\n" ]	[ "1" ]
-5817389975572219656	Pete Maravich	Pete Maravich - wikipedia Pete Maravich This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pete Maravich Maravich in 1970 ( 1947 - 06 - 22 ) June 22 , 1947 Aliquippa , Pennsylvania January 5 , 1988 ( 1988 - 01 - 05 ) ( aged 40 ) Pasadena , California Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) Listed weight 197 lb ( 89 kg ) Career information High school Daniel ( Central , South Carolina ) Broughton ( Raleigh , North Carolina ) Edwards Military Institute ( Salemburg , North Carolina ) College LSU ( 1967 -- 1970 ) NBA draft 1970 / Round : 1 / Pick : 3rd overall Selected by the Atlanta Hawks Playing career 1970 -- 1980 Position Shooting guard Number 44 , 7 , 19 Career history 1970 -- 1974 Atlanta Hawks 1974 -- 1980 New Orleans / Utah Jazz 1980 Boston Celtics Career highlights and awards 5 × NBA All - Star ( 1973 , 1974 , 1977 -- 1979 ) 2 × All - NBA First Team ( 1976 , 1977 ) 2 × All - NBA Second Team ( 1973 , 1978 ) NBA All - Rookie First Team ( 1971 ) NBA scoring champion ( 1977 ) No. 44 retired by Atlanta Hawks No. 7 retired by Utah Jazz No. 7 retired by New Orleans Pelicans NBA 's 50th Anniversary All - Time Team 2 × College national player of the year ( 1969 , 1970 ) 3 × Consensus first - team All - American ( 1968 -- 1970 ) 3 × SEC Player of the Year ( 1968 -- 1970 ) 3 × NCAA Division I scoring leader ( 1968 -- 1970 ) NCAA Division I all - time scoring leader No. 23 retired by LSU Career statistics Points 15,948 ( 24.2 ppg ) Rebounds 2,747 ( 4.2 rpg ) Assists 3,563 ( 5.4 apg ) Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Basketball Hall of Fame as player College Basketball Hall of Fame Inducted in 2006 Peter Press Maravich ( June 22 , 1947 -- January 5 , 1988 ) , known by his nickname Pistol Pete , was an American professional basketball player . Maravich was born in Aliquippa , Pennsylvania , part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area , and raised in the Carolinas . Maravich starred in college at Louisiana State University ( LSU ) and played for three NBA teams until injuries forced his retirement in 1980 . He is the all - time leading NCAA Division I scorer with 3,667 points scored and an average of 44.2 points per game . All of his accomplishments were achieved before the adoption of the three point line and shot clock , and despite being unable to play varsity as a freshman under then - NCAA rules . One of the youngest players ever inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame , Maravich was cited by the Hall as `` perhaps the greatest creative offensive talent in history '' . In an April 2010 interview , Hall of Fame player John Havlicek said that `` the best ball - handler of all time was Pete Maravich '' . Contents 1 Early life 2 College career 2.1 NCAA career statistics 2.1. 1 Freshman 2.1. 2 Varsity 3 Professional career 3.1 Atlanta Hawks 3.2 New Orleans Jazz 3.3 Final season 4 NBA career statistics 4.1 Regular season 4.2 Playoffs 5 Later life and death 6 Legacy 7 Memorabilia 8 Honors , books , films and music 9 Collegiate awards 10 Collegiate records 11 NBA awards 12 NBA records 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Early Life ( edit ) Pete Maravich was born to Petar `` Press '' Maravich ( 1915 -- 1987 ) and Helen Gravor Maravich ( 1925 -- 1974 ) in Aliquippa , a steel town in Beaver County in western Pennsylvania , near Pittsburgh . Maravich amazed his family and friends with his basketball abilities from an early age . He enjoyed a close but demanding father - son relationship that motivated him toward achievement and fame in the sport . Maravich 's father was the son of Serbian immigrants and a former professional player - turned - coach . He showed him the fundamentals starting when he was seven years old . Obsessively , Maravich spent hours practicing ball control tricks , passes , head fakes , and long - range shots . Maravich played high school varsity ball at Daniel High School in Central , South Carolina , a year before being old enough to attend the school . While at Daniel from 1961 to 1963 , Maravich participated in the school 's first - ever game against a team from an all - black school . In 1963 his father departed from his position as head basketball coach at Clemson University and joined the coaching staff at North Carolina State University . The Maravich family 's subsequent move to Raleigh , North Carolina , allowed Pete to attend Needham B. Broughton High School . His high school years also saw the birth of his famous moniker . From his habit of shooting the ball from his side , as if he were holding a revolver , Maravich became known as `` Pistol '' Pete Maravich . He graduated from Needham B. Broughton High School in 1965 and then attended Edwards Military Institute , where he averaged 33 points per game . College career ( edit ) Later in life Maravich would tell friends he always desired to play basketball for West Virginia University and was originally ready to be a Mountaineer , but his father was the head coach for LSU Men 's Basketball and offered him a spot at the school . At that time NCAA rules prohibited first - year students from playing at varsity level , which forced Maravich to play on the freshman team . In his first game , Maravich put up 50 points , 14 rebounds and 11 assists against Southeastern Louisiana College . Maravich at LSU in 1967 In only three years playing on the varsity team ( and under his father 's coaching ) at LSU , Maravich scored 3,667 points -- 1,138 of those in 1967 - 68 , 1,148 in 1968 - 69 , and 1,381 in 1969 - 70 -- while averaging 43.8 , 44.2 , and 44.5 points per game . For his collegiate career , the 6'5 '' ( 1.96 m ) guard averaged 44.2 points per game in 83 contests and led the NCAA in scoring for each of his three seasons . Maravich 's long - standing collegiate scoring record is particularly notable when three factors are taken into account : First , because of the NCAA rules that prohibited him from taking part in varsity competition during his first year as a student , Maravich was prevented from adding to his career record for a full quarter of his time at LSU . During this first year , Maravich scored 741 points in freshman competition . Second , Maravich played before the advent of the three - point line . This significant difference has raised speculation regarding just how much higher his records would be , given his long - range shooting ability and how such a component might have altered his play . Writing for ESPN.com , Bob Carter stated , `` Though Maravich played before ( ... ) the 3 - point shot was established , he loved gunning from long range . '' It has been reported that former LSU coach Dale Brown charted every shot Maravich scored and concluded that , if his shots from three - point range had been counted as three points , Maravich 's average would have totaled 57 points per game . Third , the shot clock had also not yet been instituted in NCAA play during Maravich 's college career . ( A time limit on ball possession speeds up play , mandates an additional number of field goal attempts , eliminates stalling , and increases the number of possessions throughout the game , all resulting in higher overall scoring . ) More than 40 years later , however , many of his NCAA and LSU records still stand . Maravich was a three - time All - American . Though he never appeared in the NCAA tournament , Maravich played a key role in turning around a lackluster program that had posted a 3 -- 20 record in the season prior to his arrival . Pete Maravich finished his college career in the 1970 National Invitation Tournament , where LSU finished fourth . NCAA career statistics ( edit ) Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high Freshman ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1966 -- 67 Louisiana State 19 ... ... . 452 ... . 833 10.4 ... ... ... 43.6 Varsity ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1967 -- 68 Louisiana State 26 ... ... . 423 ... . 811 7.5 4.0 ... ... 43.8 1968 -- 69 Louisiana State 26 ... ... . 444 ... . 746 6.5 4.9 ... ... 44.2 1969 -- 70 Louisiana State 31 ... ... . 447 ... . 773 5.3 6.2 ... ... 44.5 Career 83 ... ... . 438 ... . 775 6.5 5.1 ... ... 44.2 Professional career ( edit ) Atlanta Hawks ( edit ) Maravich ( with the ball ) in 1974 The Atlanta Hawks selected Maravich with the third pick in the first round of the 1970 NBA draft , where he played for coach Richie Guerin . He was not a natural fit in Atlanta , as the Hawks already boasted a top - notch scorer at the guard position in Lou Hudson . In fact , Maravich 's flamboyant style stood in stark contrast to the conservative play of Hudson and star center Walt Bellamy . And it did not help that many of the veteran players resented the $1.9 million contract that Maravich received from the team -- a very large salary at that time . Maravich appeared in 81 games and averaged 23.2 points per contest -- good enough to earn NBA All - Rookie Team honors . And he managed to blend his style with his teammates , so much so that Hudson set a career high by scoring 26.8 points per game . But the team stumbled to a 36 -- 46 record -- 12 wins fewer than in the previous season . Still , the Hawks qualified for the playoffs , where they lost to the New York Knicks in the first round . Maravich struggled somewhat during his second season . His scoring average dipped to 19.3 points per game , and the Hawks finished with another disappointing 36 -- 46 record . Once again they qualified for the playoffs , and once again they were eliminated in the first round . However , Atlanta fought hard against the Boston Celtics , with Maravich averaging 27.7 points in the series . Maravich erupted in his third season , averaging 26.1 points ( 5th in the NBA ) and dishing out 6.9 assists per game ( 6th in the NBA ) . With 2,063 points , he combined with Hudson ( 2,029 points ) to become only the second set of teammates in league history to each score over 2,000 points in a single season . The Hawks soared to a 46 -- 36 record , but again bowed out in the first round of the playoffs . However , the season was good enough to earn Maravich his first - ever appearance in the NBA All - Star Game , and also All - NBA Second Team honors . The following season ( 1973 -- 74 ) was his best yet -- at least in terms of individual accomplishments . Maravich posted 27.7 points per game -- second in the league behind Bob McAdoo -- and earned his second appearance in the All - Star Game . However , Atlanta sank to a disappointing 35 -- 47 record and missed the postseason entirely . New Orleans Jazz ( edit ) Maravich playing for the Jazz in 1977 In the summer of 1974 , an expansion franchise was preparing for its first season of competition in the NBA . The New Orleans Jazz were looking for something or someone to generate excitement among their new basketball fans . With his exciting style of play , Maravich was seen as the perfect man for the job . Additionally , he was already a celebrity in the state due to accomplishments at LSU . To acquire Maravich , the Jazz traded two players and four draft picks to Atlanta . The expansion team struggled mightily in its first season . Maravich managed to score 21.5 points per game , but shot a career - worst 41.9 percent from the floor . The Jazz posted a 23 -- 59 record , worst in the NBA . Jazz management did its best to give Maravich a better supporting cast . The team posted a 38 -- 44 record in its second season ( 1975 -- 76 ) but did not qualify for postseason play , despite the dramatic improvement . Maravich struggled with injuries that limited him to just 62 games that season , but he averaged 25.9 points per contest ( third behind McAdoo and Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ) and continued his crowd - pleasing antics . He was elected to the All - NBA First Team that year . The following season ( 1976 -- 77 ) was his most productive in the NBA . He led the league in scoring with an average of 31.1 points per game . He scored 40 points or more in 13 different games , and 50 or more in 4 games . His 68 - point masterpiece against the Knicks was at the time the most points ever scored by a guard in a single game , and only two players at any position had ever scored more : Wilt Chamberlain and Elgin Baylor . Baylor was head coach of the Jazz at that time . Maravich earned his third all - star game appearance and was honored as All - NBA First Team for the second consecutive season . The following season , injuries to both knees forced him to miss 32 games during the 1977 -- 78 season . Despite being robbed of some quickness and athleticism , he still managed to score 27.0 points per game , and he also added 6.7 assists per contest , his highest average as a member of the Jazz . Many of those assists went to new teammate Truck Robinson , who had joined the franchise as a free agent during the off - season . In his first year in New Orleans , he averaged 22.7 points and a league - best 15.7 rebounds per game . His presence prevented opponents from focusing their defensive efforts entirely on Maravich , and it lifted the Jazz to a 39 -- 43 record -- just short of making the club 's first - ever appearance in the playoffs . Knee problems plagued Maravich for the rest of his career . He played in just 49 games during the 1978 -- 79 season . He scored 22.6 points per game that season and earned his fifth and final All - Star appearance . But his scoring and passing abilities were severely impaired . The team struggled on the court , and faced serious financial trouble as well . Management became desperate to make some changes . The Jazz traded Robinson to the Phoenix Suns , receiving draft picks and some cash in return . However , in 1979 , team owner Sam Battistone moved the Jazz to Salt Lake City . Final season ( edit ) The Utah Jazz began play in the 1979 -- 80 season . Maravich moved with the team to Salt Lake City , but his knee problems were worse than ever . He appeared in 17 games early in the season , but his injuries prevented him from practicing much , and new coach Tom Nissalke had a strict rule that players who did n't practice were not allowed to play in games . Thus , Maravich was parked on the bench for 24 straight games , much to the dismay of Utah fans and to Maravich himself . During that time , Adrian Dantley emerged as the team 's franchise player . The Jazz placed Maravich on waivers in January 1980 . He signed with the Celtics , the top team in the league that year , led by rookie superstar Larry Bird . Maravich adjusted to a new role as part - time contributor , giving Boston a `` hired gun '' off the bench . He helped the team post a 61 -- 21 record in the regular season , best in the league . And , for the first time since his early career in Atlanta , Maravich was able to participate in the NBA playoffs . He appeared in nine games during that postseason , but the Celtics were upended by Julius Erving and the Philadelphia 76ers in the Eastern Conference finals , four games to one . Realizing that his knee problems would never go away , Maravich retired at the end of that season . The NBA instituted the 3 - point shot just in time for Maravich 's last season in the league . He had always been famous for his long - range shooting , and his final year provided an official statistical gauge of his abilities . Between his limited playing time in Utah and Boston , he made 10 of 15 3 - point shots , giving him a career 66 % completion rate behind the arc . During his ten - year career in the NBA , Maravich played in 658 games , averaging 24.2 points and 5.4 assists per contest . In 1987 , he was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame , and his No. 7 jersey has been retired by both the Jazz and the New Orleans Pelicans , as well as his No. 44 jersey by the Atlanta Hawks . NBA career statistics ( edit ) Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high Regular season ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1970 -- 71 Atlanta 81 ... 36.1 . 458 ... . 800 3.7 4.4 ... ... 23.2 1971 -- 72 Atlanta 66 ... 34.9 . 427 ... . 811 3.9 6.0 ... ... 19.3 1972 -- 73 Atlanta 79 ... 39.1 . 441 ... . 800 4.4 6.9 ... ... 26.1 1973 -- 74 Atlanta 76 ... 38.2 . 457 ... . 826 4.9 5.2 1.5 . 2 27.7 1974 -- 75 New Orleans 79 ... 36.1 . 419 ... . 811 5.3 6.2 1.5 . 2 21.5 1975 -- 76 New Orleans 62 ... 38.3 . 459 ... . 811 4.8 5.4 1.4 . 4 25.9 1976 -- 77 New Orleans 73 ... 41.7 . 433 ... . 835 5.1 5.4 1.2 . 3 31.1 1977 -- 78 New Orleans 50 ... 40.8 . 444 ... . 870 3.6 6.7 2.0 . 2 27.0 1978 -- 79 New Orleans 49 ... 37.2 . 421 ... . 841 2.5 5.0 1.2 . 4 22.6 1979 -- 80 Utah 17 ... 30.7 . 412 . 636 . 820 2.4 3.2 . 9 . 2 17.1 1979 -- 80 Boston 26 17.0 . 494 . 750 . 909 1.5 . 3 . 1 11.5 Career 658 ... 37.0 . 441 . 667 . 820 4.2 5.4 1.4 . 3 24.2 All - Star 19.8 . 409 ... . 778 2.0 3.8 1.0 0.0 10.8 Playoffs ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1971 Atlanta 5 ... 39.8 . 377 ... . 692 5.2 4.8 ... ... 22.0 1972 Atlanta 6 ... 36.5 . 446 ... . 817 5.3 4.7 ... ... 27.7 1973 Atlanta 6 ... 39.0 . 419 ... . 794 4.8 6.7 ... ... 26.2 1980 Boston 9 ... 11.6 . 490 . 333 . 667 . 9 . 7 . 3 . 0 6.0 Career 26 ... 29.1 . 423 . 333 . 784 3.6 3.8 ... ... 18.7 Later Life and death ( edit ) After injuries forced his retirement from the game in the fall of 1980 , Maravich became a recluse for two years . Through it all , Maravich said he was searching `` for life '' . He tried the practices of yoga and Hinduism , read Trappist monk Thomas Merton 's The Seven Storey Mountain and took an interest in the field of ufology , the study of unidentified flying objects . He also explored vegetarianism and macrobiotics . Eventually , he embraced evangelical Christianity . A few years before his death , Maravich said , `` I want to be remembered as a Christian , a person that serves Him ( Jesus ) to the utmost , not as a basketball player . '' On January 5 , 1988 , Maravich collapsed and died of heart failure at age 40 while playing in a pickup basketball game in the gym at First Church of the Nazarene in Pasadena , California , with a group that included evangelical author James Dobson . Maravich had flown out from his home in Louisiana to tape a segment for Dobson 's radio show that aired later that day . Dobson has said that Maravich 's last words , less than a minute before he died , were `` I feel great . I just feel great . '' An autopsy revealed the cause of death to be a rare congenital defect ; he had been born with a missing left coronary artery , a vessel that supplies blood to the muscle fibers of the heart . His right coronary artery was grossly enlarged and had been compensating for the defect . Maravich died the year after his father 's passing and a number of years after his mother , who had committed suicide with a self - inflicted gunshot . Maravich is buried at Resthaven Gardens of Memory and Mausoleum in Baton Rouge , Louisiana . Legacy ( edit ) Maravich was survived by his wife Jackie and his two sons Jaeson , who was 8 years old , and Josh , aged 5 . Only the previous year , Maravich had taken Jaeson to the 1987 NBA All - Star Game in Seattle , Washington , and introduced him to Michael Jordan . Since Maravich 's children were very young when he died , Jackie Maravich initially shielded them from unwanted media attention , not even allowing Jaeson and Josh to attend their father 's funeral . However , a proclivity to basketball seemed to be an inherited trait . During a 2003 interview , Jaeson told USA Today that , when he was still only a toddler , `` My dad passed me a ( Nerf ) basketball , and I 've been hooked ever since ... My dad said I shot and missed , and I got mad and I kept shooting . He said his dad told him he did the same thing . '' Despite some setbacks coping with their father 's death and without the benefit that his tutelage might have provided , both sons eventually were inspired to play high school and collegiate basketball -- Josh at his father 's alma mater , LSU . On June 27 , 2014 , Governor Bobby Jindal proposed that LSU erect a statue of Maravich outside the Assembly Center which already bears the basketball star 's name . Former coach Dale Brown opposes such a monument , but Maravich 's widow , Jackie McLachlan , said that she had been promised a statue after the passing of her husband . McLachlan said that she has noticed how fans struggle to get the Maravich name on the Assembly Center into a camera frame . In February 2016 , the LSU Athletic Hall of Fame Committee unanimously approved a proposal that a statue honoring Maravich be installed on the campus . Memorabilia ( edit ) Maravich 's untimely death and mystique have made memorabilia associated with him among the most highly prized of any basketball collectibles . Game - used Maravich jerseys bring more money at auction than similar items from anybody other than George Mikan , with the most common items selling for $10,000 and up and a game - used LSU jersey selling for $94,300 in a 2001 Grey Flannel auction . The signed game ball from his career - high 68 point night on February 25 , 1977 , sold for $131,450 in a 2009 Heritage auction . Honors , books , films and music ( edit ) In 1987 , roughly a year before his death , Maravich co-authored an autobiography titled Heir to a Dream that devoted much focus to his life after retirement from basketball and his later devotion to Christianity . After Maravich 's death , Louisiana Governor Buddy Roemer signed a proclamation officially renaming the LSU home court the Pete Maravich Assembly Center . In 1991 , a biographical film dramatizing his 8th grade season entitled The Pistol : The Birth of a Legend was released . In 1996 , he was named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History by a panel made up of NBA historians , players , and coaches . He was the only deceased player on the list . At the 1997 All - Star Game in Cleveland , he was represented by his two sons at halftime . In 2001 , a comprehensive 90 - minute documentary film debuted on CBS entitled Pistol Pete : The Life and Times of Pete Maravich . In 2005 , ESPNU named Maravich the greatest college basketball player of all time . In 2007 , two biographies of Maravich were released : Maravich by Wayne Federman and Marshall Terrill and Pistol by Mark Kriegel . The Ziggens , a band from Southern California , wrote a song about Maravich entitled `` Pistol Pete '' . Collegiate awards ( edit ) The Sporting News College Player of the Year ( 1970 ) USBWA College Player of the Year ( 1969 , 1970 ) Naismith Award Winner ( 1970 ) Helms Foundation Player of the Year ( 1970 ) UPI Player of the Year ( 1970 ) Sporting News Player of the Year ( 1970 ) AP College Player of the Year ( 1970 ) The Sporting News All - America First Team ( 1968 , 1969 , 1970 ) Three - time AP and UPI First - Team All - America ( 1968 , 1969 , 1970 ) Led the NCAA Division I in scoring with 43.8 ppg ( 1968 ) ; 44.2 ( 1969 ) and 44.5 ppg ( 1970 ) Averaged 43.6 ppg on the LSU freshman team ( 1967 ) Scored a career - high 69 points vs. Alabama ( February 7 , 1970 ) ; 66 vs. Tulane ( February 10 , 1969 ) ; 64 vs. Kentucky ( February 21 , 1970 ) ; 61 vs. Vanderbilt ( December 11 , 1969 ) Holds LSU records for most field goals made ( 26 ) and attempted ( 57 ) in a game against Vanderbilt on January 29 , 1969 All - Southeastern Conference ( 1968 , 1969 , 1970 ) # 23 Jersey retired by LSU ( 2007 ) In 1970 , Maravich led LSU to a 20 -- 8 record and a fourth - place finish in the National Invitation Tournament Collegiate records ( edit ) Points , career : 3,667 ( three seasons ) Highest scoring average , points per game , career : 44.2 ( 3,667 points / 83 games ) Points , season : 1,381 ( 1970 ) Highest scoring average , points per game , season : 44.5 ( 1,381 / 31 ) ( 1970 ) Games scoring 50 or more points , career : 28 Games scoring 50 or more points , season : 10 ( 1970 ) Field goals made , career : 1,387 Field goals made , season : 522 ( 1970 ) Field goal attempts , career : 3,166 Field goal attempts , season : 1,168 ( 1970 ) Free throws made , game : 30 ( in 31 attempts ) , vs. Oregon State , December 22 , 1969 Tied by Ben Woodside , North Dakota State , on December 6 , 2008 NBA awards ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) NBA All - Rookie Team All - NBA First Team ( 1976 , 1977 ) All - NBA Second Team ( 1973 , 1978 ) Five - time NBA All - Star ( 1973 , 1974 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 ) Led the league in scoring ( 31.1 ppg ) in 1977 , his career best Scored a career - high 68 points against the New York Knicks on Feb. 25 , 1977 # 7 jersey retired by the Utah Jazz ( 1985 ) # 7 jersey retired by the Superdome ( 1988 ) NBA 50th Anniversary All - Time Team ( 1996 ) # 7 jersey retired by the New Orleans Hornets ( now Pelicans ) ( 2002 ) , even though he never played for them -- one of only four players to have a number retired by a team they did not play for ; Maravich did play professionally for the New Orleans Jazz , however , and has remained a greatly admired figure amongst New Orleans sports fans ever since . # 44 jersey retired by the Atlanta Hawks ( 2017 ) NBA records ( edit ) Free throws made , quarter : 14 , Pete Maravich , third quarter , Atlanta Hawks vs. Buffalo Braves , November 28 , 1973 Broken by Vince Carter on December 23 , 2005 Free throw attempts , quarter : 16 , Pete Maravich , second quarter , Atlanta Hawks at Chicago Bulls , January 2 , 1973 Broken by Ben Wallace on December 11 , 2005 Second pair of teammates in NBA history to score 2,000 or more points in a season : 2 , Atlanta Hawks ( 1972 -- 73 ) Maravich : 2,063 Lou Hudson : 2,029 Third pair of teammates in NBA history to score 40 or more points in the same game : New Orleans Jazz vs. Denver Nuggets , April 10 , 1977 Maravich : 45 Nate Williams : 41 David Thompson of the Denver Nuggets also scored 40 points in this game . Ranks 4th in NBA history -- Free throws made , none missed , game : 18 -- 18 , Pete Maravich , Atlanta Hawks vs. Buffalo Braves , November 28 , 1973 Ranks 5th in NBA history -- Free throws made , game : 23 , Pete Maravich , New Orleans Jazz vs. New York Knicks , October 26 , 1975 ( 2 OT ) See also ( edit ) List of individual National Basketball Association scoring leaders by season List of National Basketball Association players with most points in a game List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball players with 60 or more points in a game List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball season scoring leaders List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball career scoring leaders List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball career free throw scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association annual minutes leaders References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.anb.org/articles/19/19-00449.html Jump up ^ `` Peter Maravich at Basketball Hall of Fame '' . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2008 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 17 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame -- Hall of Famers '' . Hoophall.com. 1988 - 01 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` What If -- -- - Pete Maravich ? '' . Thomaston Times . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The My Hero Project -- Pete Maravich '' . Myhero.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Serbica Americana -- Pete Maravich '' . Eserbia.org . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Kriegel , Mark . `` ' Pistol ' Draws a Bead on Pete Maravich '' . NPR.org . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Jennings , Jay ( February 11 , 2007 ) . `` Crowd Pleaser '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Pistol : The Life of Pete Maravich '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Maravich Summary '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pete Maravich Bio '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Federman , Wayne ; Terrill , Marshall ; Maravich , Jackie ( 2006 ) . Maravich . p. 68 . ISBN 1 - 894963 - 52 - 0 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Thomas . `` Pete Maravich , a Hall of Famer Who Set Basketball Marks , Dies '' , The New York Times , January 6 , 1988 . Retrieved June 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Medcalf , Myron ( 2014 - 08 - 18 ) . `` What if ' Pistol ' Pete had a 3 - point line ? '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Diaz , Angel ; Erwin , Jack ; Warner , Ralph ( 2012 - 03 - 02 ) . `` The 25 Most Unbreakable Records in Sports History '' . Complex.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Steve Bunin , Bill Walton ( 2006 ) . Remembering Pete Maravich ( Television production ) . The Hot List . Event occurs at 1 : 56 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Thamel , Pete ( February 17 , 2004 ) . `` In the Name of His Father : The Journey of Pete Maravich 's Son '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2009 . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ At this time , freshmen did not play on the varsity team and these stats do not count in the NCAA record books . ^ Jump up to : `` Pete Maravich NBA Stats '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 NBA Draft '' . Basketball Reference . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved October 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Elgin Baylor and Jerry West were the first to accomplish this feat in the Los Angeles Lakers ' 1964 -- 65 season . It has since accomplished only three times : back - to - back by Kiki Vandeweghe and Alex English of the 1982 -- 1984 Denver Nuggets , and by Larry Bird and Kevin McHale of the 1986 -- 87 Boston Celtics . Jump up ^ At the time , Tiny Archibald 's 18 games of 40 + points in 1972 -- 73 was the only total higher by a guard . Jump up ^ The most ever by a guard , until Michael Jordan did it 8 times in 1986 -- 87 . Jordan would go on to get 4 or more 50 + point games in three more seasons ; Kobe Bryant is the only other guard to reach this mark , 6 times in 2005 -- 06 , and a record 10 times in 2006 -- 07 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Maravich 's 68 points a record '' by Larry Schwartz on ESPN Classic , November 19 , 2003 Jump up ^ `` ' Pistol ' Pete Maravich -- Career Recap -- LSUsports.net -- The Official Web Site of LSU Tigers Athletics '' . LSUsports.net . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Most points by 1 player in a NBA game , 50 point games in NBA history '' . Nbahoopsonline.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Linda Hamilton ( 2004 - 11 - 02 ) . `` 25 years later the Jazz are going strong '' . Deseret.news.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Federman , p. 367 Jump up ^ `` Maravich Is Eulogized '' . The New York Times . 1988 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived August 7 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Weir , Tom ( February 14 , 2003 ) . `` Playing in Pistol Pete 's shadow '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Josh Maravich Stats , Bio -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Michelle Millhollon ( June 27 , 2014 ) . `` Jindal to LSU : How about a statue of Pete Maravich ? '' . Baton Rouge Morning Advocate . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LSU will add statue of ' Pistol ' Pete Maravich outside of arena named in his honor '' . The Times - Picayune. 8 February 2016 . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Demand for Pistol Pete memorabilia is stronger tha '' . Sports Collectors Digest . 2007 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 Pete Maravich Sixty - Eighth Point Game Used Basketball Basketball Collectibles : Balls '' . Sports.ha.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived December 18 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Pistol Pete Lyric Meaning -- The Ziggens Meanings '' . Songmeanings.net . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Remember the Name : Ben Woodside '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ New Jersey Nets vs. Miami Heat -- Play By Play -- December 23 , 2005 -- ESPN ( 4th quarter ) NB : While this link only backs up the fact that Carter made 16 free throws in a quarter , there is no mention of any records broken or set . Jump up ^ Detroit Pistons vs. Los Angeles Clippers -- Recap -- December 11 , 2005 -- ESPN NB : While this link only backs up the fact that Wallace attempted 20 free throws in a quarter , there is no mention of any records broken or set . Further reading ( edit ) Berger , Phil ( 1999 ) . Forever Showtime : The Checkered Life of Pistol Pete Maravich . Taylor Trade . ISBN 0 - 87833 - 237 - 5 . Federman , Wayne and Terrill , Marshall ( 2007 ) . Maravich . SportClassic Books . ISBN 1 - 894963 - 52 - 0 . Federman , Wayne and Terrill , Marshall ( 2008 ) . Pete Maravich : The Authorized Biography of Pistol Pete . Focus on the Family / Tyndale House Publishers . ISBN 1 - 58997 - 535 - 9 . Gutman , Bill ( 1972 ) . Pistol Pete Maravich : The making of a basketball superstar . Grosset & Dunlap . ISBN 0 - 448 - 01973 - 6 . Kriegel , Mark ( 2007 ) . Pistol : The Life of Pete Maravich . Free Press . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 8497 - 6 . Maravich , Pete and Campbell , Darrel ( 1987 ) . Heir To A Dream . Nashville : Thomas Nelson . ISBN 0 - 8407 - 7609 - 8 . Towle , Mike ( 2000 ) . I Remember Pete Maravich . Nashville : Cumberland House . ISBN 1 - 58182 - 148 - 4 . Towle , Mike ( 2003 ) . Pete Maravich : Magician of the Hardwood . Nashville : Cumberland House . ISBN 1 - 58182 - 374 - 6 . Brown , Danny ( 2008 ) . Shooting the Pistol : Courtside Photographs of Pete Maravich at LSU . Louisiana State University Press ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 3327 - 9 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Pete Maravich Pete Maravich Official Site NBA Historical Bio Video : Pistol Pete Maravich 68 - point game shot - by - shot on YouTube ESPN bio Pete Maravich at Find a Grave Pete Maravich 's Greatest Achievement Pete Maravich Bio LSU Tigers Athletics Links to related articles 1970 NBA Draft First round Bob Lanier Rudy Tomjanovich Pete Maravich Dave Cowens Sam Lacey Jim Ard John Johnson Geoff Petrie George Johnson Greg Howard Jimmy Collins Al Henry Jim McMillian John Vallely John Hummer Gary Freeman Mike Price Second round Calvin Murphy Nate Archibald Jake Ford Rex Morgan Doug Cook Pete Cross Cornell Warner Walt Gilmore Dave Sorenson Fred Taylor Paul Ruffner Joe DePre Earnie Killum Dan Hester Ken Warzynski Bill Zopf Howie Wright Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Class of 1987 Players Rick Barry Walt Frazier Bob Houbregs Pete Maravich Bobby Wanzer Members of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Players Guards R. 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O'Brien Olsen Podoloff Porter Raveling Reid Reinsdorf Ripley Sanders Saperstein Schabinger St. John Stagg Stanković Steitz Stern Taylor Thorn Tower Trester Vitale Wells Welts Wilke Winter Zollner Referees Bavetta Enright Garretson Hepbron Hoyt Kennedy Leith Mihalik Nichols Nucatola Quigley Rudolph Shirley Strom Tobey Walsh Teams 1960 United States Olympic Team 1992 United States Olympic Team All - American Red Heads Buffalo Germans The First Team Harlem Globetrotters Immaculata College New York Renaissance Original Celtics Texas Western National Basketball Association 's 50 Greatest Players in NBA History Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Nate Archibald Paul Arizin Charles Barkley Rick Barry Elgin Baylor Dave Bing Larry Bird Wilt Chamberlain Bob Cousy Dave Cowens Billy Cunningham Dave DeBusschere Clyde Drexler Julius Erving Patrick Ewing Walt Frazier George Gervin Hal Greer John Havlicek Elvin Hayes Magic Johnson Sam Jones Michael Jordan Jerry Lucas Karl Malone Moses Malone Pete Maravich Kevin McHale George Mikan Earl Monroe Hakeem Olajuwon Shaquille O'Neal Robert Parish Bob Pettit Scottie Pippen Willis Reed Oscar Robertson David Robinson Bill Russell Dolph Schayes Bill Sharman John Stockton Isiah Thomas Nate Thurmond Wes Unseld Bill Walton Jerry West Lenny Wilkens James Worthy Associated Press Men 's College Basketball Player of the Year 1961 : Lucas 1962 : Lucas 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Bradds 1965 : Bradley 1966 : Russell 1967 : Alcindor 1968 : Hayes 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Carr 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Thompson 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : Johnson 1978 : Lee 1979 : Bird 1980 : Aguirre 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Elliott 1990 : Simmons 1991 : O'Neal 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : West 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Burke 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Valentine 2017 : Mason III 2018 : Brunson Naismith Men 's College Player of the Year 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Carr 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Walton 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : M. Johnson 1978 : Lee 1979 : Bird 1980 : Aguirre 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Dawkins 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Manning 1989 : Ferry 1990 : Simmons 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : Ford 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Burke 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Hield 2017 : Mason III 2018 : Brunson Oscar Robertson Trophy winners 1959 : Robertson 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Lucas 1962 : Lucas 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Hazzard 1965 : Bradley 1966 : Russell 1967 : Alcindor 1968 : Alcindor 1969 : Maravich 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Wicks 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Walton 1975 : Thompson 1976 : Dantley 1977 : M. Johnson 1978 : Ford 1979 : Bird 1980 : Aguirre 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Mullin 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Ferry 1990 : Simmons 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : O'Bannon 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : West 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Morrison & Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Burke 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Hield 2017 : Mason III 2018 : Brunson Helms Foundation College Basketball Player of the Year 1905 : Steinmetz 1906 : Grebenstein 1907 : Kinney 1908 : Keinath 1909 : Schommer 1910 : Page 1911 : Kiendl 1912 : Stangel 1913 : Calder 1914 : Halstead 1915 : Houghton 1916 : Levis 1917 : Woods 1918 : Chandler 1919 : Platou 1920 : Cann 1921 : Williams 1922 : Carney 1923 : Endacott 1924 : Black 1925 : Mueller 1926 : Cobb 1927 : Hanson 1928 : Holt 1929 : C. Thompson 1930 : Hyatt 1931 : Carlton 1932 : Wooden 1933 : Sale 1934 : Bennett 1935 : Edwards 1936 : Moir 1937 : Luisetti 1938 : Luisetti 1939 : Jaworski 1940 : Glamack 1941 : Glamack 1942 : Modzelewski 1943 : Senesky 1944 : Mikan 1945 : Mikan 1946 : Kurland 1947 : Tucker 1948 : Macauley 1949 : Lavelli 1950 : Arizin 1951 : Groat 1952 : Lovellette 1953 : Houbregs 1954 : Gola 1955 : B. Russell 1956 : B. Russell 1957 : Rosenbluth 1958 : Baylor 1959 : Robertson 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Lucas 1962 : Hogue 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Hazzard 1965 : Bradley & Goodrich 1966 : C. Russell 1967 : Alcindor 1968 : Alcindor 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Maravich & Wicks 1971 : Carr & Wicks 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : D. Thompson 1975 : D. Thompson 1976 : Benson & May 1977 : Johnson 1978 : Givens 1979 : Bird UPI College Basketball Player of the Year Award winners 1955 : Gola 1956 : B. Russell 1957 : Forte 1958 : Robertson 1959 : Robertson 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Lucas 1962 : Lucas 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Bradds 1965 : Bradley 1966 : C. Russell 1967 : Alcindor 1968 : Hayes 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Carr 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Walton 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : Johnson 1978 : Lee 1979 : Bird 1980 : Aguirre 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Mullin 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Ferry 1990 : Simmons 1991 : O'Neal 1992 : Jackson 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Allen Sporting News Men 's College Basketball Player of the Year 1943 : Phillip 1944 : Hall 1945 : Mikan 1946 : Kurland 1947 -- 49 : None selected 1950 : Arizin 1951 : White 1952 -- 57 : None selected 1958 : Robertson 1959 : Robertson 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Lucas 1962 : Lucas 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Bradley 1965 : Bradley 1966 : Russell 1967 : Alcindor 1968 : Hayes 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Wicks 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Walton 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : M. Johnson 1978 : P. Ford 1979 : Bird 1980 : Griffith 1981 : Aguirre 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Jordan 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : King 1990 : Scott 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Respert 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : T.J. Ford 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Brown 2006 : Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Oladipo 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Hield 2017 : Mason III 2018 : Brunson NCAA Division I men 's basketball season scoring leaders Unofficial 1936 : Luisetti 1937 : Luisetti 1938 : Jaworski 1939 : Jaworski 1940 : Modzelewski 1941 : Modzelewski 1942 : Modzelewski 1943 : Senesky 1944 : Calverley 1945 : Mikan 1946 : Mikan 1947 : Lacy Official 1948 : Wier 1949 : Lavelli 1950 : Arizin 1951 : Mlkvy 1952 : Lovellette 1953 : Selvy 1954 : Selvy 1955 : Floyd 1956 : Floyd 1957 : Wallace 1958 : Robertson 1959 : Robertson 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Burgess 1962 : McGill 1963 : Werkman 1964 : Komives 1965 : Barry 1966 : Schellhase 1967 : Walker 1968 : Maravich 1969 : Maravich 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Neumann 1972 : Lamar 1973 : Averitt 1974 : Fogle 1975 : McCurdy 1976 : Rogers 1977 : F. Williams 1978 : F. Williams 1979 : Butler 1980 : Murphy 1981 : Fredrick 1982 : Kelly 1983 : Kelly 1984 : Jakubick 1985 : McDaniel 1986 : Bailey 1987 : Houston 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Gathers 1990 : Kimble 1991 : Bradshaw 1992 : Roberts 1993 : Guy 1994 : Robinson 1995 : Thomas 1996 : Granger 1997 : Jones 1998 : Jones 1999 : A. Young 2000 : Alexander 2001 : McCollum 2002 : Conley 2003 : Douglas 2004 : Clark 2005 : Clark 2006 : Morrison 2007 : R. Williams 2008 : R. Williams 2009 : Curry 2010 : Coleman 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Hamilton 2013 : Green 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Harvey 2016 : Daniel 2017 : Keene 2018 : T. Young 1968 NCAA Men 's Basketball Consensus All - Americans First Team Lew Alcindor Elvin Hayes Pete Maravich Larry Miller Wes Unseld Second Team Lucius Allen Bob Lanier Don May Calvin Murphy Jo Jo White 1969 NCAA Men 's Basketball Consensus All - Americans First Team Lew Alcindor Spencer Haywood Pete Maravich Rick Mount Calvin Murphy Second Team Dan Issel Mike Maloy Bud Ogden Charlie Scott Jo Jo White 1970 NCAA Men 's Basketball Consensus All - Americans First Team Dan Issel Bob Lanier Pete Maravich Rick Mount Calvin Murphy Second Team Austin Carr Jim Collins John Roche Charlie Scott Sidney Wicks Southeastern Conference Men 's Basketball Player of the Year 1965 : Lee 1966 : Lee & Riley 1967 : Widby 1968 : Maravich 1969 : Maravich 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Neumann 1972 : Edwards & Parker 1973 : Grevey & Hudson 1974 : van Breda Kolff 1975 : Grevey & B. King 1976 : B. King 1977 : Grunfeld & B. King 1978 : R. King 1979 : R. King 1980 : Macy 1981 : Wilkins 1982 : Ellis 1983 : Ellis & Malone 1984 : Barkley 1985 : Walker 1986 : Walker 1987 : McKey & White 1988 : Perdue 1989 : Jackson 1990 : Jackson 1991 : O'Neal 1992 : O'Neal 1993 : Mashburn & McCaffrey 1994 : Williamson 1995 : Williamson 1996 : Delk 1997 : Mercer 1998 : Sesay 1999 : Porter 2000 : Langhi & Swift 2001 : Prince 2002 : Dudley 2003 : Bogans & Slay 2004 : Roberts 2005 : Bass 2006 : G. Davis 2007 : Byars & Lofton 2008 : Foster 2009 : Thornton 2010 : Wall 2011 : Parsons 2012 : A. Davis 2013 : Caldwell - Pope 2014 : Wilbekin 2015 : Portis 2016 : Ulis 2017 : Monk & Thornwell 2018 : Maten & Williams Atlanta Hawks Founded in 1946 Formerly the Buffalo Bisons ( 1946 ) and the Tri-Cities Blackhawks ( 1946 -- 1951 ) ; played in Milwaukee ( 1951 -- 1955 ) and St. Louis ( 1955 -- 1968 ) Based in Atlanta , Georgia Franchise Franchise All - time roster Draft history Seasons Head coaches Current season Arenas Buffalo Memorial Auditorium Wharton Field House Milwaukee Arena Kiel Auditorium St. Louis Arena Alexander Memorial Coliseum Omni Coliseum Lakefront Arena Georgia Dome Philips Arena G League affiliate Erie BayHawks NBA Championships ( 1 ) 1958 Conference Championships ( 4 ) 1957 1958 1960 1961 Retired numbers 9 21 23 44 55 59 Ted Turner ( Hawks Logo ) Lore The Human Highlight Film Pistol Pete Phantom Buzzer Game Media TV Peachtree TV FS South Fox Sports Southeast Radio 790 The Zone Announcers Bob Rathbun Dominique Wilkins Steve Holman Personnel Owner ( s ) Tony Ressler Grant Hill Sara Blakely Jesse Itzler Steven Price Rick Schnall Utah Jazz Founded in 1974 Played in New Orleans ( 1974 -- 1979 ) Based in Salt Lake City , Utah Franchise Franchise Summer League 1974 Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Records Head coaches Seasons Current season Arenas Loyola Field House New Orleans Municipal Auditorium Louisiana Superdome Salt Palace Vivint Smart Home Arena Personnel Checketts Gardner Rigby G League affiliate Salt Lake City Stars Administration Owner : Jazz Basketball Investors , Inc. ( represented by Gail Miller , widow of Larry H. Miller ) President : Steve Starks Executive VP , Basketball Operations : Kevin O'Connor General Manager : Dennis Lindsey Head coach : Quin Snyder Retired numbers 7 9 12 14 32 35 53 1223 Hot Rod Hundley ( Microphone ) Hall of Famers Pete Maravich Adrian Dantley John Stockton Jerry Sloan Hot Rod Hundley Karl Malone Western Conference Championships ( 2 ) 1997 1998 Division titles ( 9 ) 1984 1989 1997 1998 2000 2007 2008 2017 Rivals Houston Rockets Culture and lore Jazz Bear Dan Roberts Game 6 of the 1998 NBA Finals Celtic Pride Tiffany Coyne `` Kill Gil , Volumes I & II '' ( The Simpsons episode ) Media TV AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain ( current ) KJZZ - TV ( former ) Radio Radio Network KZNS - AM KZNS - FM Announcers Craig Bolerjack Matt Harpring David Locke Ron Boone New Orleans Pelicans Founded in 2002 Formerly the New Orleans Hornets ( 2002 -- 2005 , 2007 -- 2013 ) and the New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Based in New Orleans , Louisiana Franchise Franchise Records Team history Seasons Draft history All - time roster Head coaches Broadcasters Current season Arenas Smoothie King Center Pete Maravich Assembly Center Ford Center Lloyd Noble Center General Managers Bower Bass Bristow Bower Demps Retired numbers 7 Culture and lore Hurricane Katrina & temporary move to Oklahoma City George Shinn Hugo Boogie and the Brow D - League affiliate None Media TV Fox Sports New Orleans Radio WWL - FM Announcers Joel Meyers David Wesley Sean Kelley NBA season scoring leaders 1947 : Fulks 1948 : Zaslofsky 1949 : Mikan 1950 : Mikan 1951 : Mikan 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Johnston 1954 : Johnston 1955 : Johnston 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Arizin 1958 : Yardley 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Chamberlain 1962 : Chamberlain 1963 : Chamberlain 1964 : Chamberlain 1965 : Chamberlain 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Barry 1968 : Bing 1969 : Hayes 1970 : West 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Archibald 1974 : McAdoo 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : McAdoo 1977 : Maravich 1978 : Gervin 1979 : Gervin 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Dantley 1982 : Gervin 1983 : English 1984 : Dantley 1985 : King 1986 : Wilkins 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Jordan 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Robinson 1995 : O'Neal 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Iverson 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : McGrady 2004 : McGrady 2005 : Iverson 2006 : Bryant 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Wade 2010 : Durant 2011 : Durant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Anthony 2014 : Durant 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Harden NBA on CBS Related programs The CBS Late Movie College Basketball on CBS Related articles Ratings NBA Finals Commentators All - Star Game NBA Finals Key figures Gary Bender Tim Brant Bob Costas Don Criqui Eddie Doucette Frank Glieber Greg Gumbel Jim Kelly Verne Lundquist Brent Musburger Andy Musser Jim Nantz Don Robertson Dick Stockton Pat Summerall Color commentators John Andariese Rick Barry Hubie Brown Elgin Baylor James Brown Quinn Buckner Doug Collins Billy Cunningham Terry Dischinger Len Elmore Keith Erickson John Havlicek Tom Heinsohn Rod Hundley Gus Johnson Steve Jones Sonny Jurgensen Stu Lantz Kevin Loughery Pete Maravich Jon McGlocklin Dick Motta Jeff Mullins Billy Packer Bill Raftery Cal Ramsey Oscar Robertson Mendy Rudolph Bill Russell Cazzie Russell Lynn Shackelford Larry Steele Lenny Wilkens Sideline reporters Charlsie Cantey Jane Chastain Irv Cross Jim Gray Sonny Hill Andrea Joyce Pat O'Brien Lesley Visser NBA Finals 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 All - Star Game 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 Lore Music `` The Bad Boys '' Christmas Day `` The Greatest Game Ever Played '' `` The Shot '' Rivalries Celtics -- Lakers Lakers -- Pistons BNE : XX5648266 ISNI : 0000 0000 2161 6163 LCCN : n50068305 SNAC : w6bp421m VIAF : 60326959 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete_Maravich&oldid=854692704 '' Categories : 1947 births 1988 deaths All - American college men 's basketball players American evangelicals American people of Serbian descent Atlanta Hawks draft picks Atlanta Hawks players Basketball players from Pennsylvania Boston Celtics players College basketball announcers in the United States Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame LSU Tigers basketball players Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees National Basketball Association All - Stars National Basketball Association broadcasters National Basketball Association players with retired numbers Needham B. Broughton High School alumni New Orleans Jazz players Parade High School All - Americans ( boys ' basketball ) People from Aliquippa , Pennsylvania Sportspeople from Pittsburgh Sportspeople from Raleigh , North Carolina Utah Jazz players Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links Articles that may contain original research from December 2016 All articles that may contain original research Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from March 2009 All articles needing additional references Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Malagasy Монгол 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Volapük 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 04 : 03 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	where did pete maravich play in the nba	[ "Pete Maravich\nMaravich in 1970Personal informationBorn\n(1947-06-22)June 22, 1947Aliquippa, PennsylvaniaDied\nJanuary 5, 1988(1988-01-05) (aged 40)Pasadena, CaliforniaNationality\nAmericanListed height\n6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)Listed weight\n197 lb (89 kg)Career informationHigh school\nDaniel (Central, South Carolina) Broughton (Raleigh, North Carolina)Edwards Military Institute(Salemburg, North Carolina)College\nLSU (1967–1970)NBA draft\n1970 / Round: 1 / Pick: 3rd overall\nSelected by the Atlanta HawksPlaying career\n1970–1980Position\nShooting guardNumber\n44, 7, 19Career history1970–1974\nAtlanta Hawks1974–1980\nNew Orleans / Utah Jazz1980\nBoston Celtics\nCareer highlights and awards\n5× NBA All-Star (1973, 1974, 1977–1979)\n2× All-NBA First Team (1976, 1977)\n2× All-NBA Second Team (1973, 1978)\nNBA All-Rookie First Team (1971)\nNBA scoring champion (1977)\nNo. 44 retired by Atlanta Hawks\nNo. 7 retired by Utah Jazz\nNo. 7 retired by New Orleans Pelicans\nNBA's 50th Anniversary All-Time Team\n2× College national player of the year (1969, 1970)\n3× Consensus first-team All-American (1968–1970)\n3× SEC Player of the Year (1968–1970)\n3× NCAA Division I scoring leader (1968–1970)\nNCAA Division I all-time scoring leader\nNo. 23 retired by LSU\n\nCareer statisticsPoints\n15,948 (24.2 ppg)Rebounds\n2,747 (4.2 rpg)Assists\n3,563 (5.4 apg)\n\nStats at Basketball-Reference.com\n\nBasketball Hall of Fame as player\nCollege Basketball Hall of FameInducted in 2006\n", "Pete Maravich\nMaravich in 1970Personal informationBorn\n(1947-06-22)June 22, 1947Aliquippa, PennsylvaniaDied\nJanuary 5, 1988(1988-01-05) (aged 40)Pasadena, CaliforniaNationality\nAmericanListed height\n6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)Listed weight\n197 lb (89 kg)Career informationHigh school\nDaniel (Central, South Carolina) Broughton (Raleigh, North Carolina)Edwards Military Institute(Salemburg, North Carolina)College\nLSU (1967–1970)NBA draft\n1970 / Round: 1 / Pick: 3rd overall\nSelected by the Atlanta HawksPlaying career\n1970–1980Position\nShooting guardNumber\n44, 7, 19Career history1970–1974\nAtlanta Hawks1974–1980\nNew Orleans / Utah Jazz1980\nBoston Celtics\nCareer highlights and awards\n5× NBA All-Star (1973, 1974, 1977–1979)\n2× All-NBA First Team (1976, 1977)\n2× All-NBA Second Team (1973, 1978)\nNBA All-Rookie First Team (1971)\nNBA scoring champion (1977)\nNo. 44 retired by Atlanta Hawks\nNo. 7 retired by Utah Jazz\nNo. 7 retired by New Orleans Pelicans\nNBA's 50th Anniversary All-Time Team\n2× College national player of the year (1969, 1970)\n3× Consensus first-team All-American (1968–1970)\n3× SEC Player of the Year (1968–1970)\n3× NCAA Division I scoring leader (1968–1970)\nNCAA Division I all-time scoring leader\nNo. 23 retired by LSU\n\nCareer statisticsPoints\n15,948 (24.2 ppg)Rebounds\n2,747 (4.2 rpg)Assists\n3,563 (5.4 apg)\n\nStats at Basketball-Reference.com\n\nBasketball Hall of Fame as player\nCollege Basketball Hall of FameInducted in 2006\n", "Pete Maravich\nMaravich in 1970Personal informationBorn\n(1947-06-22)June 22, 1947Aliquippa, PennsylvaniaDied\nJanuary 5, 1988(1988-01-05) (aged 40)Pasadena, CaliforniaNationality\nAmericanListed height\n6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)Listed weight\n197 lb (89 kg)Career informationHigh school\nDaniel (Central, South Carolina) Broughton (Raleigh, North Carolina)Edwards Military Institute(Salemburg, North Carolina)College\nLSU (1967–1970)NBA draft\n1970 / Round: 1 / Pick: 3rd overall\nSelected by the Atlanta HawksPlaying career\n1970–1980Position\nShooting guardNumber\n44, 7, 19Career history1970–1974\nAtlanta Hawks1974–1980\nNew Orleans / Utah Jazz1980\nBoston Celtics\nCareer highlights and awards\n5× NBA All-Star (1973, 1974, 1977–1979)\n2× All-NBA First Team (1976, 1977)\n2× All-NBA Second Team (1973, 1978)\nNBA All-Rookie First Team (1971)\nNBA scoring champion (1977)\nNo. 44 retired by Atlanta Hawks\nNo. 7 retired by Utah Jazz\nNo. 7 retired by New Orleans Pelicans\nNBA's 50th Anniversary All-Time Team\n2× College national player of the year (1969, 1970)\n3× Consensus first-team All-American (1968–1970)\n3× SEC Player of the Year (1968–1970)\n3× NCAA Division I scoring leader (1968–1970)\nNCAA Division I all-time scoring leader\nNo. 23 retired by LSU\n\nCareer statisticsPoints\n15,948 (24.2 ppg)Rebounds\n2,747 (4.2 rpg)Assists\n3,563 (5.4 apg)\n\nStats at Basketball-Reference.com\n\nBasketball Hall of Fame as player\nCollege Basketball Hall of FameInducted in 2006\n" ]	[ "Atlanta Hawks", "New Orleans / Utah Jazz", "Boston Celtics" ]
7278633507112869525	Three-point field goal	Three - point field goal - wikipedia Three - point field goal This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In American and Canadian football , a field goal happens to be worth three points . Sara Giauro shoots a three - point shot at the 2005 FIBA Europe Cup Women 's Finals A three - point field goal ( also 3 - pointer or informally , trey ) is a field goal in a basketball game made from beyond the three - point line , a designated arc surrounding the basket . A successful attempt is worth three points , in contrast to the two points awarded for field goals made within the three - point line and the one point for each made free throw . The distance from the basket to the three - point line varies by competition level : in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) the arc is 23 feet 9 inches ( 7.24 m ) from the basket ; in FIBA and the WNBA ( the latter uses FIBA 's three - point line standard ) the arc is 6.75 metres or 22 feet 1 ⁄ inches from the basket ; and in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) the arc is 20 feet 9 inches ( 6.32 m ) from the basket . In the NBA and FIBA / WNBA , the three - point line becomes parallel to each sideline at the points where the arc is 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) from each sideline ; as a result the distance from the basket gradually decreases to a minimum of 22 feet ( 6.71 m ) . In the NCAA the arc is continuous for 180 ° around the basket . There are more variations ( see main article ) . In 3x3 , a FIBA - sanctioned variant of the half - court 3 - on - 3 game , the `` three - point '' line exists , but shots from behind the line are only worth 2 points . All other shots are worth 1 point . Contents 1 History 2 Rule specifications 3 Related concepts 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The three - point line was first tested at the collegiate level in a 1945 NCAA game between Columbia and Fordham but it was not kept as a rule . At the direction of Abe Saperstein , the American Basketball League became the first basketball league to institute the rule in 1961 . Its three - point line was a radius of 25 feet ( 7.62 m ) from the baskets , except along the sides . The Eastern Professional Basketball League followed in its 1963 -- 64 season . The three - point shot later became popularized by the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) , introduced in its inaugural 1967 -- 68 season . ABA commissioner George Mikan stated the three - pointer `` would give the smaller player a chance to score and open up the defense to make the game more enjoyable for the fans . '' During the 1970s , the ABA used the three - point shot , along with the slam dunk , as a marketing tool to compete with the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The official scorer 's report showing the first three - point field goal in NBA history on October 12 , 1979 In the 1979 -- 80 season , after having tested it in the previous pre-season , the NBA adopted the three - point line despite the view of many that it was a gimmick . Chris Ford of the Boston Celtics is widely credited with making the first three - point shot in NBA history on October 12 , 1979 , a game more noted for the debut of Larry Bird ( and two new head coaches ) . Rick Barry of the Houston Rockets , in his final season , also made one in the same game , and Kevin Grevey of the Washington Bullets made one that Friday night as well . The sport 's international governing body , FIBA , introduced the three - point line in 1984 , at 6.25 m ( 20 ft 6 in ) . The NCAA 's Southern Conference became the first collegiate conference to use the three - point rule , adopting a 22 - foot ( 6.71 m ) line for the 1980 -- 81 season . Ronnie Carr of Western Carolina University was the first to score a three - point field goal in college basketball history on November 29 , 1980 . Over the following five years , NCAA conferences differed in their use of the rule and distance required for a three - pointer . The line was as close as 17 ft 9 in ( 5.41 m ) in the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) , and as far away as 22 ft ( 6.71 m ) in the Big Sky . Used only in conference play for several years , it was adopted by the NCAA in April 1986 for the 1986 -- 87 season at 19 ft 9 in ( 6.02 m ) , and was first used in the NCAA Tournament in 1987 . In the same 1986 -- 87 season , the NCAA adopted the three - pointer in women 's basketball on an experimental basis , using the same distance , and made its use mandatory beginning in 1987 -- 88 . In 2007 , the NCAA lengthened the men 's distance by a foot to 20 ft 9 in ( 6.32 m ) , effective with the 2008 -- 09 season , and the women 's line was moved to match the men 's in 2011 -- 12 . American high schools , along with elementary and middle schools , adopted a 19 ft 9 in ( 6.02 m ) line nationally in 1987 , a year after the NCAA . The NCAA used the FIBA three - point line ( see below ) in the National Invitation Tournament ( NIT ) in 2018 . During the 1994 -- 95 , 1995 -- 96 , and 1996 -- 97 seasons , the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the distance of the line from 23 ft 9 in ( 7.24 m ) ( 22 ft ( 6.71 m ) at the corners ) to a uniform 22 ft ( 6.71 m ) around the basket . From the 1997 -- 98 season on , the NBA reverted the line to its original distance of 23 ft 9 in ( 22 ft at the corners , with a 3 inch differential ) . Ray Allen is currently the NBA all - time leader in career made three - pointers with 2,973 . In 2008 , FIBA announced that the distance would be increased by 50 cm ( 19.69 in ) to 6.75 m ( 22 ft 1 ⁄ in ) , with the change being phased in beginning in October 2010 . In December 2012 , the WNBA announced that it would be using FIBA 's distance , too , as of the 2013 season . The NBA has discussed adding a four - point line , according to president Rod Thorn . In the NBA , three - point field goals have become increasingly more frequent along the years , with effectiveness increasing slightly . The 1979 - 80 season had an average 2.2 three - point goals per game and 6.6 attempts ( 33 % effectiveness ) . The 1989 - 90 season had an average 4.8 three - point goals per game and 13.7 attempts ( 35 % effectiveness ) . The 2009 - 10 season had an average 6.4 three - point goals per game and 18.1 attempts ( 36 % effectiveness ) . The 2016 - 17 season had an average 9.7 three - point goals per game and 27.0 attempts ( 36 % effectiveness ) . Rule specifications ( edit ) A three - point line consists of an arc at a set radius measured from the point on the floor directly below the center of the basket , and two parallel lines equidistant from each sideline extending from the nearest end line to the point at which they intersect the arc . In the NBA and FIBA standard , the arc spans the width of the court until it is a specified minimum distance from each sideline . The three - point line then becomes parallel to the sidelines from those points to the baseline . The unusual formation of the three - point line at these levels allows players some space from which to attempt a three - point shot at the corners of the court ; the arc would be less than 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) from each sideline at the corners if it was a continuous arc . In the NCAA and American high school standards , the arc spans 180 ° around the basket , then becomes parallel to the sidelines from the plane of the basket center to the baseline ( 5 feet 3 inches or 1.60 metres ) . The distance of the three - point line to the center of the hoop varies by level : Arc radius Minimum distance from sidelines National Basketball Association 23 feet 9 inches ( 7.24 m ) 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) FIBA ( also used by WNBA ) 22 feet 2 inches ( 6.76 m ) 4 feet 1 inch ( 1.24 m ) National Collegiate Athletic Association 20 feet 9 inches ( 6.32 m ) 4 feet 3 inches ( 1.30 m ) American high school basketball 19 feet 9 inches ( 6.02 m ) 5 feet 3 inches ( 1.60 m ) A player 's feet must be completely behind the three - point line at the time of the shot or jump in order to make a three - point attempt ; if the player 's feet are on or in front of the line , it is a two - point attempt . A player is allowed to jump from outside the line and land inside the line to make a three - point attempt , as long as the ball is released in mid-air . An official raises his / her arm with three fingers extended to signal the shot attempt . If the attempt is successful , he / she raises his / her other arm with all fingers fully extended in manner similar to a football official signifying successful field goal to indicate the three - point goal . The official must recognize it for it to count as three points . Instant replay has sometimes been used , depending on league rules . The NBA , WNBA , FIBA and the NCAA specifically allow replay for this purpose . In NBA , FIBA , and WNBA games , video replay does not have to occur immediately following a shot ; play can continue and the officials can adjust the scoring later in the game , after reviewing the video . However , in late game situations , play may be paused pending a review . If a shooter is fouled while attempting a three - pointer and subsequently misses the shot , the shooter is awarded three free - throw attempts . If a player completes a three - pointer while being fouled , the player is awarded one free - throw for a possible 4 - point play . Conceivably , if a player completed a three - pointer while being fouled , and that foul was ruled as either a Flagrant 1 or a Flagrant 2 foul , the player would be awarded two free throws for a possible 5 - point play . Related concepts ( edit ) Major League Lacrosse features a two - point line which forms a 15 - yard ( 14 m ) arc around the front of the goal . Shots taken from behind this line count for two points , as opposed to the standard one point . In gridiron football , a standard field goal is worth three points ; various professional and semi-pro leagues have experimented with four - point field goals . NFL Europe and the Stars Football League adopted a rule similar to basketball 's three - point line in which an additional point was awarded for longer field goals ; in both leagues any field goal of 50 yards ( 46 m ) or more was worth four points . The Arena Football League awards four points for any successful drop kicked field goal ( like the three - point shot , the drop kick is more challenging than a standard place kick , as the bounce of the ball makes a kick less predictable , and arena football also uses narrower goal posts for all kicks than the outdoor game does ) . During the existence of the World Hockey Association in the 1970s , there were proposals for two - point hockey goals for shots taken beyond an established distance ( one proposal was a 44 - foot ( 13.4 m ) arc , which would have intersected the faceoff circles ) , but this proposal gained little support and faded after the WHA merged with the NHL . It was widely believed that long - distance shots in hockey had little direct relation to skill ( usually resulting more from goalies ' vision being screened or obscured ) , plus with the lower scoring intrinsic to the sport a two - point goal was seen as disruptive of the structure of the game . The Super Goal is a similar concept in Australian rules football , in which a 50 - meter ( 55 yd ) arc determines the value of a goal ; within the arc , it is the usual 6 points , but 9 points are scored for a `` super goal '' scored from outside the arc . To date the super goal is only used in pre-season games and not in the season proper . The National Professional Soccer League II , which awarded two points for all goals except those on the power play , also used a three - point line , drawn 45 feet ( 14 m ) from the goal . It has since been adopted by some other indoor soccer leagues . See also ( edit ) 50 -- 40 -- 90 club , exclusive group of players who have made at least 50 % of two - pointers , 40 % of three - pointers , and 90 % of free throws in a season . List of National Basketball Association career 3 - point scoring leaders References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Article 5 : Scoring '' ( PDF ) . 3x3 Official Rules of the Game . FIBA . January 2016 . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Frazier , Walt ; Sachare , Alex ( 1998 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Basketball . New York City : Penguin Group . Jump up ^ `` 4 - Point Play Gets Approval By ABA '' . Associated Press . July 11 , 1967 . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the 3 - Pointer - iHoops '' . Web.archive.org. 16 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2010 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Bird only ' so - so , ' but Celts win over Houston '' . Deseret News . ( Salt Lake City , Utah ) . UPI . October 13 , 1979 . p. 4A . ^ Jump up to : `` Celtics , 114 - 106 '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . October 13 , 1979 . p. 5C . Jump up ^ `` NBA standings ( and boxscores ) '' . Deseret News . ( Salt Lake City , Utah ) . October 13 , 1979 . p. 5A . Jump up ^ Sanders , Steve ( February 9 , 1981 ) . `` 22 will get you 3 '' . Spartanburg Herald . South Carolina . p . B1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Basketball '' . Southern Conference . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Carr 's shot makes cage Hall of Fame '' . Gadsden Times . Alabama . Associated Press . May 31 , 1981 . p. 36 . Jump up ^ `` Three - pointer turns 25 '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . Associated Press . December 3 , 2005 . p . B3 . Jump up ^ McCallum , Jack ( November 29 , 1982 ) . `` It will be one testy season '' . Sports Illustrated : 42 . Jump up ^ `` Monson not so high on the 3 - point shot '' . Lewiston Morning Tribune . ( Idaho ) . wire services . November 11 , 1982 . p. 6B . Jump up ^ `` Debate over 3 - pointer Continues '' . Web.archive.org. 26 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 5 December 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ McCallum , Jack ( January 5 , 1987 ) . `` The three - point uproar '' . Sports Illustrated : 40 . Jump up ^ Butts , David ( April 3 , 1986 ) . `` NCAA adds three - point basket '' . Bryan Times Agency = UPI . p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` NCAA Women 's Basketball Playing Rules History '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Important Rules Changes by Year '' ( PDF ) . NCAA Men 's Basketball Record Book . NCAA . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lynch , John ( 27 March 1987 ) . `` High School Basketball Draws Line , Adopts 3 - Point Rule '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Bonagura , Kyle ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` NIT to experiment with new rules this season '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Career Leaders and Records for 3 - Pt Field Goals Basketball-Reference.com '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NBA has discussed bigger court , 4 - point shot '' . Espn.go.com. 2014 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ NBA League Averages - Basketball Reference Jump up ^ `` Rule No. 1 -- - Court Dimensions -- Equipment '' . NBA Official Rules . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Official Basketball Rules 2010 '' . FIBA . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Court Diagram '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 June 2010 . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball Court Diagram '' ( PDF ) . Nebraska School Activities Association . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Description of the NBA 's new instant replay rules '' . NBA.com . October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved 16 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Denham , Greg ( February 14 , 2012 ) . `` NAB Cup 's ruck and holding rules may run season '' . The Australian . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) NBA. com 's Top 10 three - pointers from past 25 years Article on Columbia 's experimentation with the three - point field goal decades before its official introduction `` Long Live the Three '' by Steve Shutt , Basketball Hall of Fame Basketball Outline of basketball General topics History of basketball James Naismith Variations of basketball Leagues Statistics Glossary of terms Index of articles Rules Bonus Jump ball Officials Turnover Violation 3 seconds Offense Defense 5 seconds Basket interference Carrying Double dribble Goaltending Shot clock Traveling Foul Flagrant Personal Technical Game play Air ball Alley - oop Assist Backboard shattering Ball hog Block Buzzer beater Cherry picking Dribble Crossover Dunk Euro step Fadeaway Fast break Fly Flop Jump shot Layup Finger roll Field goal Four - point play Free throw Hook shot Moves Pick and roll Positions Posterized Playbook Rebound Point Screen Back screen Slashing Steal Three - pointer Three - point play Uncontested shot Strategy General Sixth man Offense Continuity offense Flex Shuffle UCLA High Post Wheel Dribble drive motion Four corners Motion Princeton Run and gun Grinnell System Nellie Ball Small ball Triangle Defense 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 1 -- 3 -- 1 2 -- 3 zone Amoeba Box - and - one Double team Full - court press Hack - a-Shaq Jordan Rules Line Man - to - man Match - up zone Triangle - and - two Zone Equipment Backboard Ball Breakaway rim Court Half court Key Net Possession arrow Whistle Clothing Basketball sleeve Finger sleeve Air Jordan Chuck Taylor All - Stars Miscellaneous 100 - point scorers 50 -- 40 -- 90 club AAU All - Americans AAU champions Mikan Drill Player tracking Shootaround Tip drill Winning streaks Basketball statistics Basic Games played Games started Minute Point Rebound ( Offensive Defensive ) Assist Steal Block Foul Turnover Field goal & free throw Field goal made 3 - point field goal made Free throw made Field goal attempted 3 - point field goal attempted Free throw attempted Field goal percentage 3 - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Doubles Double - double Triple - double Quadruple - double Quintuple - double Five - by - five Advanced statistics Offense efficiency rating Player efficiency rating Offensive rating Defensive rating Effective field goal percentage True shooting percentage Rebound rate Economy Performance Index Rating Efficiency Player tracking Tendex Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three-point_field_goal&oldid=854765869 '' Categories : Basketball terminology American Basketball Association American Basketball League ( 1961 -- 63 ) Scoring ( sport ) 1961 introductions Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 16 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the 3 point line added in nba	[ "In the 1979–80 season, after having tested it in the previous pre-season, the NBA adopted the three-point line despite the view of many that it was a gimmick.[4] Chris Ford of the Boston Celtics is widely credited with making the first three-point shot in NBA history on October 12, 1979, a game more noted for the debut of Larry Bird (and two new head coaches).[5][6] Rick Barry of the Houston Rockets, in his final season, also made one in the same game, and Kevin Grevey of the Washington Bullets made one that Friday night as well.[6][7]\n" ]	[ "the 1979–80 season" ]
-8054212353731132511	List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series	List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series - wikipedia List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Jump to : navigation , search Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Promotional image for Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season two and Agent Carter season one . Based on Characters published by Marvel Comics Starring See below Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 17 ( across 10 series ) No. of episodes 240 Production Executive producer ( s ) Alan Fine Stan Lee Joe Quesada Jim Chory Jeph Loeb Running time 30 minutes ( NW ) 41 -- 65 minutes Production company ( s ) ABC Studios ( ABC & Netflix series ) ABC Signature Studios ( Hulu & Freeform series ) Marvel Television Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Netflix Hulu Release Original network ABC Netflix Hulu Freeform Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) ( ABC series ) 4K ( Ultra HD ) ( Netflix series ) IMAX ( Inh. ) Audio format 5.1 surround sound Original release September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) -- present ( present ) The Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) television series are American superhero television shows based on characters that appear in publications by Marvel Comics . The shows have been in production since 2013 , and in that time Marvel Television and ABC Studios , along with its production division ABC Signature Studios , have premiered 10 series , with at least four more in various stages of development , across broadcast , streaming , and cable television on ABC , Netflix and Hulu , and Freeform , respectively . The ABC series have averaged around 4 -- 8 million viewers a season , with many of the MCU series receiving strong critical responses . The first series in the universe , Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , began airing on ABC during the 2013 -- 14 television season , and was joined by Marvel 's Agent Carter in the 2014 -- 15 television season . Marvel formed a unique partnership with IMAX Corporation to premiere Marvel 's Inhumans in IMAX theaters in September 2017 before airing on ABC during the 2017 -- 18 television season ; a put pilot for another ABC series , Marvel 's Damage Control , has also been ordered . Netflix 's Marvel series began in 2015 with Marvel 's Daredevil and Marvel 's Jessica Jones , followed by Marvel 's Luke Cage in 2016 . Marvel 's Iron Fist , the crossover miniseries Marvel 's The Defenders , and Marvel 's The Punisher released in 2017 . Additionally , the MCU expanded to Hulu with Marvel 's Runaways in 2017 , and will also expand to Freeform with Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger in 2018 . Marvel 's New Warriors is also scheduled to air in 2018 , despite not having a broadcaster . Starring in the series are Clark Gregg as Phil Coulson , in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , and Hayley Atwell as Peggy Carter , in Agent Carter , both reprising their roles from MCU films , while Anson Mount headlines Inhumans as Black Bolt . Daredevil introduces Charlie Cox in the title role of Matt Murdock / Daredevil as well as Jon Bernthal as the Punisher in its second season , who reprises his role as the star of The Punisher . Jessica Jones introduces Krysten Ritter as Jessica Jones and Mike Colter as Luke Cage , with the latter also headlining Luke Cage . Finn Jones stars as Danny Rand / Iron Fist in Iron Fist , and joins Cox , Ritter , and Colter for The Defenders . The Runaways cast consists of the titular group , including Rhenzy Feliz as Alex Wilder , and their parents , including Ryan Sands as Geoffrey Wilder . Olivia Holt and Aubrey Joseph star in Cloak & Dagger as Tandy Bowen / Dagger and Tyrone Johnson / Cloak , respectively , while Milana Vayntrub and Derek Theler lead New Warriors as Doreen Green / Squirrel Girl and Craig Hollis / Mister Immortal , respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 ABC series 1.1 Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( 2013 -- ) 1.2 Marvel 's Agent Carter ( 2015 -- 16 ) 1.3 Marvel 's Inhumans ( 2017 ) 2 Netflix series 2.1 Marvel 's Daredevil ( 2015 -- ) 2.2 Marvel 's Jessica Jones ( 2015 -- ) 2.3 Marvel 's Luke Cage ( 2016 -- ) 2.4 Marvel 's Iron Fist ( 2017 -- ) 2.5 Marvel 's The Defenders ( 2017 ) 2.6 Marvel 's The Punisher ( 2017 -- ) 3 Hulu series 3.1 Marvel 's Runaways ( 2017 -- ) 4 Freeform series 4.1 Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger 5 Other series 5.1 Marvel 's New Warriors 6 Recurring cast and characters 6.1 ABC series 6.2 Netflix series 7 Reception 7.1 Ratings 7.2 Critical response 8 Potential projects 8.1 Marvel 's Damage Control 8.2 Other 9 Abandoned projects 10 References ABC series ( edit ) Series Season Episodes First aired Last aired Showrunner ( s ) Status Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 22 September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) Jed Whedon , Maurissa Tancharoen , and Jeffrey Bell Released 22 September 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) May 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 12 ) 22 September 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) May 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 22 September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 5 22 December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) Airing Marvel 's Agent Carter 8 January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) February 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) Tara Butters , Michele Fazekas , and Chris Dingess Released 10 January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) March 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) Marvel 's Inhumans 8 September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) Scott Buck Jump up ^ A version of the first two episodes debuted in IMAX theaters on September 1 , 2017 , and ran for two weeks , before their television premiere on ABC on September 29 . Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( 2013 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( L to R ) Jed Whedon , Maurissa Tancharoen and Jeffrey Bell serve as the showrunners for Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent Phil Coulson assembles a small team of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Strategic Homeland Intervention , Enforcement and Logistics Division ) agents to handle strange new cases . After discovering that Project Centipede and their leader , `` The Clairvoyant '' , were affiliated with Hydra , a terrorist organization , Coulson and his team must deal with Hydra members still at large following Hydra 's infiltration of , and the destruction of , S.H.I.E.L.D. , while also looking to restore trust from the government and public . In the wake of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's wars with Hydra and the Inhumans , a race of superhumans , Coulson begins a secret mission to protect the world from new threats . After the defeat of the Inhuman Hive and with Hydra destroyed , S.H.I.E.L.D. is made a legitimate organization once again , with Coulson returning to being a field agent , and is tasked with tracking down more enhanced people -- including Robbie Reyes / Ghost Rider -- while Agent Leo Fitz and Dr. Holden Radcliffe complete their work on Life Model Decoys . Coulson and members of his team are eventually abducted to deep space , where they must try and save humanity while figuring out how to get home . In August 2012 , ABC ordered a pilot for a show called S.H.I.E.L.D. , to be written by Joss Whedon , Jed Whedon , and Maurissa Tancharoen , and directed by Joss Whedon . On April 6 , 2013 , ABC announced that the show would be titled Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , and it was officially ordered to series on May 10 , 2013 . Jed Whedon , Tancharoen and Jeffrey Bell act as the series ' showrunners , while Clark Gregg reprises his role from the films as Phil Coulson . The series was renewed for a second season on May 8 , 2014 , a third on May 7 , 2015 , a fourth on March 3 , 2016 , and a fifth on May 11 , 2017 . The first season , which premiered on September 24 , 2013 , aired episodes that directly relate to events in the films Thor : The Dark World and Captain America : The Winter Soldier . The revelation in Captain America : The Winter Soldier that S.H.I.E.L.D. had been infiltrated by Hydra had a huge impact on the series . Regarding the synergy the show had with addressing events from the film , Loeb said , `` It 's an extremely unique experience that does n't exist anywhere else out there in the entertainment business . '' The second season , which premiered on September 23 , 2014 , introduces Inhumans to the MCU , ahead of their own television series . Additionally , a recurring plot point in the first two seasons involved the body of a member of the Kree race , who play a significant role in Guardians of the Galaxy . The third season , which premiered on September 29 , 2015 , introduces the concept of the Secret Warriors , with new Inhuman characters inspired by the comic of the same name , as well as Life Model Decoys . The fourth season , which premiered on September 20 , 2016 , sees Robbie Reyes / Ghost Rider introduced to the MCU , and ties to the second season of Agent Carter and Doctor Strange . The fifth season premiered on December 1 , 2017 . In the first season , Samuel L. Jackson , Cobie Smulders , Maximiliano Hernández , Titus Welliver and Jaimie Alexander all reprise their roles as Nick Fury , Maria Hill , Jasper Sitwell , Felix Blake , and Sif , respectively , from previous MCU films and One - Shots . In the second season , Alexander and Smulders return , while Hayley Atwell , Neal McDonough , Kenneth Choi , and Henry Goodman also reprise their roles as Peggy Carter , Timothy `` Dum Dum '' Dugan , Jim Morita , and List , respectively , from previous MCU films . In the third season , William Sadler reprises his role as Matthew Ellis from the MCU films , and Powers Boothe recurs as his previously unnamed The Avengers character , Gideon Malick . Marvel 's Agent Carter ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Main article : Agent Carter ( TV series ) In 1946 , Peggy Carter must balance the routine office work she does for the Strategic Scientific Reserve while secretly assisting Howard Stark , who finds himself framed for supplying deadly weapons to enemies of the United States . Carter is assisted by Stark 's butler , Edwin Jarvis , to find those responsible and dispose of the weapons . Carter eventually moves from New York City to Los Angeles to deal with the threats of the new atomic age in the wake of World War II , gaining new friends , a new home and potential new love . By September 2013 , Marvel was developing a series inspired by the Agent Carter One - Shot , featuring Peggy Carter , and in January 2014 , the series was confirmed to be in development , with the script for a potential pilot to be written by Captain America : The First Avenger and Captain America : The Winter Soldier writers Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely . On May 8 , 2014 , ABC officially ordered Marvel 's Agent Carter to series . Tara Butters , Michele Fazekas and Chris Dingess act as showrunners on the series , while Hayley Atwell reprises her role from the films as Peggy Carter . The series was renewed for a second season on May 7 , 2015 , and was officially canceled by ABC on May 12 , 2016 . The first season , which premiered on January 6 , 2015 , introduces the origins of the Black Widow and Winter Soldier programs , which both appear in several MCU films . The second season , which premiered on January 19 , 2016 , features the Darkforce , which ties to the character Marcus Daniels in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and Doctor Strange . In the first season , Dominic Cooper reprise his role of Howard Stark from Captain America : The First Avenger . James D'Arcy portrays Edwin Jarvis , Stark 's butler in the series who eventually serves as inspiration for Tony Stark 's artificial intelligence J.A.R.V.I.S. Costa Ronin portrays a young Anton Vanko , the co-creator of the arc reactor with Stark . Chris Evans appears as Steve Rogers / Captain America via archive footage from The First Avenger . McDonough and Toby Jones reprise their roles as Dugan and Arnim Zola , respectively . In the second season , Cooper returns to reprise his role . Marvel 's Inhumans ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Inhumans ( TV series ) Scott Buck serves as showrunner for both Inhumans on ABC and the first season of Iron Fist on Netflix . After a military coup , the Inhuman Royal Family , led by Black Bolt , escape to Hawaii where they must save themselves and the world . In November 2016 , Marvel Television and IMAX Corporation announced Marvel 's Inhumans , to be produced in conjunction with ABC Studios . The series ' first two episodes were filmed entirely on IMAX digital cameras , and premiered on IMAX screens on September 1 , 2017 , for two weeks . ABC will then broadcast the series weekly starting with the first two episodes on September 29 , 2017 , with the network airing of the first two episodes featuring exclusive content , outside of the versions screened on IMAX . Select action sequences in the rest of the series were also shot on IMAX . The series was neither intended to be a reworking of the planned film from Marvel Studios , nor a spin - off from Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Ben Sherwood , president of Disney -- ABC Television Group , added that `` We 've worked very carefully with our friends at Marvel Studios -- and this is a critical point -- to make sure that calendar-wise and content-wise we are only enhancing '' the MCU ; the theatrical debut of the series was timed to not interfere with the release of any Marvel Studios films . In December 2016 , Scott Buck was announced as showrunner and executive producer for the series . In February 2017 , Anson Mount was cast as Black Bolt . Filming began in March 2017 in Hawaii , and concluded in June . Netflix series ( edit ) Series Season Episodes Originally released Showrunner ( s ) Status Marvel 's Daredevil 13 April 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) Steven S. DeKnight Released 13 March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) Doug Petrie and Marco Ramirez TBA 2018 ( 2018 ) Erik Oleson Filming Marvel 's Jessica Jones 13 November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Melissa Rosenberg Released 13 March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) TBA TBA In development Marvel 's Luke Cage 13 September 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 30 ) Cheo Hodari Coker Released 13 June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) Preparing for release Marvel 's Iron Fist 13 March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) Scott Buck Released TBA 2018 ( 2018 ) Raven Metzner Filming Marvel 's The Defenders 8 August 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 18 ) Marco Ramirez Released Marvel 's The Punisher 13 November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) Steve Lightfoot TBA TBA Filming By October 2013 , Marvel was preparing four drama series and a miniseries to present to video on demand services and cable providers , with Netflix , Amazon , and WGN America expressing interest . That November , it was announced that Disney would provide Netflix with live - action series based on Daredevil , Jessica Jones , Iron Fist , and Luke Cage , leading up to a miniseries based on the Defenders . Marvel 's Daredevil ( 2015 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Daredevil ( TV series ) Lawyer - by - day Matt Murdock uses his heightened senses from being blinded as a young boy to fight crime at night on the streets of Hell 's Kitchen as Daredevil , juxtaposed with the rise of crime lord Wilson Fisk . Murdock eventually crosses paths with Frank Castle / Punisher , a vigilante with far deadlier methods , and sees the return of his old girlfriend , Elektra Natchios . In December 2013 , Marvel confirmed that Drew Goddard would be the executive producer and showrunner for Daredevil , and would write and direct the first episode , though at the end of May 2014 , it was announced that Goddard would no longer be the showrunner for the series , being replaced by Steven S. DeKnight . Goddard , who wrote the first two episodes , remained with the show as an executive producer . It was also revealed that the series would be titled Marvel 's Daredevil . A few days later , Charlie Cox was cast as Daredevil . A second season was ordered on April 21 , 2015 , with Doug Petrie and Marco Ramirez taking over as showrunners from DeKnight , who could not return to the series due to a prior commitment . A third season was ordered in July 2016 , with Erik Oleson announced as the new showrunner of the series in October 2017 . The first season , which debuted in its entirety on April 10 , 2015 , features references to The Avengers and the Battle of New York , as well as mentioning Carl `` Crusher '' Creel , who appears on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. The insignia for the Iron Fist antagonist Steel Serpent is also seen in the season . The second season , which premiered on March 18 , 2016 , features the motorcycle gang Dogs of Hell , who appeared on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , along with numerous references to the events of the first season of Jessica Jones . The third season is slated to be released in 2018 . In the second season , Jon Bernthal was cast in a leading role as Frank Castle / Punisher , before headlining his own series , while Michelle Hurd and Carrie - Anne Moss reprise their roles of Samantha Reyes and Jeri Hogarth from Jessica Jones . Marvel 's Jessica Jones ( 2015 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Jessica Jones ( TV series ) Melissa Rosenberg is Jessica Jones ' creator and showrunner . Former superhero Jessica Jones suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder , so she opens her own detective agency to help people . She begins to put her life back together after her encounter with Kilgrave , taking on a new case that makes her reluctantly confront her past . In November 2013 , Melissa Rosenberg was announced as the writer and executive producer of the series , and the following March , Loeb stated that filming would begin after Daredevil . In December 2014 , Krysten Ritter was cast as Jessica Jones in the series , officially titled Marvel 's Jessica Jones . A second season was ordered on January 17 , 2016 , and a third on April 12 , 2018 . The first season , which debuted in its entirety on November 20 , 2015 , features references to the events and characters of The Avengers . In the first season , Mike Colter was cast as Luke Cage , a recurring role in the series before headlining his own series . Rosario Dawson reprises her Daredevil role of Claire Temple , as does Royce Johnson in his role of Brett Mahoney . The second season , which was released on March 8 , 2018 , sees Elden Henson reprise his role of Franklin `` Foggy '' Nelson , as well as Rob Morgan as Turk Barrett and Tijuana Ricks as Thembi Wallace . Marvel 's Luke Cage ( 2016 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Luke Cage ( TV series ) When a sabotaged experiment gives him super strength and unbreakable skin , Luke Cage becomes a fugitive attempting to rebuild his life in Harlem , and must soon confront his past and fight a battle for the heart of his city . After clearing his name , Cage becomes a hero and celebrity in Harlem , only to encounter a new threat that makes him confront the line between hero and villain . Colter reprises his role as Carl Lucas / Luke Cage in his own series , titled Marvel 's Luke Cage . In March 2014 , Loeb stated that the series would begin filming after Iron Fist , being the fourth of the individual series . By March 2015 , it was instead slated to be the third of the individual series , beginning production after Jessica Jones . The series was switched with Iron Fist after the positive reception Luke Cage received on Jessica Jones , becoming that series ' breakout star and Marvel wanting to `` follow the momentum '' . Also in March , Cheo Hodari Coker was announced as showrunner and executive producer of the series . A second season was ordered on December 3 , 2016 . The first season , which premiered on September 30 , 2016 , features references to The Avengers , the second season of Daredevil , the first season of Jessica Jones , and a flier for Colleen Wing 's martial arts class , and mentions Justin Hammer , Wilson Fisk and Frank Castle . Dawson , Morgan , Rachel Taylor , Stephen Rider , Parisa Fitz - Henley , and Danny Johnson reprise their roles as Claire Temple , Turk Barrett , Trish Walker , Blake Tower , Reva Connors and Ben Donovan in the series , respectively . The second season is scheduled to be released on June 22 , 2018 . Finn Jones will reprise his role as Danny Rand in the season . Marvel 's Iron Fist ( 2017 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Iron Fist ( TV series ) Danny Rand returns to New York City , after being missing for fifteen years , to reclaim his family company . However , when a threat emerges , Rand must choose between his family 's legacy and his duties as the Iron Fist . In March 2014 , Loeb initially stated that the series would begin filming after Jessica Jones as the third of the individual series . By March 2015 , it was expected to be the fourth of the individual series , entering production following Luke Cage . The series was switched with Luke Cage after the positive reception Luke Cage received on Jessica Jones , becoming that series ' breakout star and Marvel wanting to `` follow the momentum '' . In April 2015 , the title of the series was revealed to be Marvel 's Iron Fist . In December 2015 , Marvel announced that Scott Buck would serve as showrunner and executive producer of the series . In February 2016 , Finn Jones was cast as Rand . A second season was revealed to be in development in July 2017 , with Raven Metzner announced as the new showrunner for the season , replacing Buck . The first season , which premiered on March 17 , 2017 , makes references to the events of The Avengers , the Hulk , Stark Industries , Jessica Jones , Daredevil , Luke Cage , and Seagate Prison , and mentions the Dogs of Hell biker gang , New York Bulletin editor - in - chief Mitchell Ellison and reporter Karen Page , Roxxon Oil and Midland Circle . Events from the second season of Daredevil are also noted throughout . Moss , Dawson , Wai Ching Ho , Marquis Rodriguez , Tijuana Ricks , and Suzanne H. Smart reprise their roles as Jeri Hogarth , Claire Temple , Gao , Darryl , Thembi Wallace , and Shirley Benson , respectively , in the series . The second season will see Simone Missick reprise her role as Misty Knight . Marvel 's the Defenders ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Defenders ( miniseries ) The superheroes Daredevil , Jessica Jones , Luke Cage , and Iron Fist team - up in New York City . The Defenders sees Cox , Ritter , Colter , and Jones reprise their roles as Matt Murdock / Daredevil , Jessica Jones , Luke Cage , and Danny Rand / Iron Fist , respectively , from the previous television series . In March 2014 , Loeb stated that the miniseries , officially titled Marvel 's The Defenders , would begin filming after Iron Fist . In April 2016 , Marvel announced that Douglas Petrie and Marco Ramirez would act as showrunners for The Defenders . However , by the start of filming in New York City in October 2016 , Petrie had left the series as co-showrunner . Filming concluded in March 2017 . The eight - episode event premiered on August 18 , 2017 . The miniseries also sees many supporting characters from the individual series reprise their roles , including , Deborah Ann Woll , Henson , Scott Glenn , Élodie Yung , Eka Darville , Moss , Taylor , Simone Missick , Jessica Henwick , Dawson , Ho , Ramón Rodríguez , Peter McRobbie , Morgan , Amy Rutberg , Susan Varon , and Nichole Yannetty as Karen Page , Foggy Nelson , Stick , Elektra Natchios , Malcolm Ducasse , Jeri Hogarth , Trish Walker , Misty Knight , Colleen Wing , Claire Temple , Gao , Bakuto , Lantom , Turk Barrett , Marci Stahl , Josie and Nicole , respectively . Midland Circle , which was referenced in previous Netflix series , is revealed to be an operation of the Hand , who bought the building to search for the life substance hidden beneath the property . The miniseries also references the events of The Avengers . Marvel 's the Punisher ( 2017 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : The Punisher ( TV series ) Frank Castle is haunted and hunted after the murder of his family and becomes a vigilante known in the criminal underworld as `` the Punisher '' , who aims to fight crime by any means necessary . By January 2016 , ahead of the debut of Bernthal as armed vigilante Frank Castle / Punisher in the second season of Daredevil , Netflix was in `` very early development '' on a spin - off series titled The Punisher , and was looking for a showrunner . The series would be centered on Bernthal as Castle , and was described as a stand - alone series , outside of the series leading up to The Defenders . Loeb implied that Marvel Television had not instigated the development of the spin - off and were focusing on making `` the best 13 episodes of Daredevil season two '' at the time , but did say , `` I 'm never going to discourage a network from looking at one of our characters and encouraging us to do more ... If we are lucky enough that through the writing , through the direction , through the actor that people want to see more of that person , terrific . '' In April 2016 , Marvel and Netflix ordered The Punisher , along with confirming Bernthal 's involvement and naming Steve Lightfoot as showrunner . Filming began in Brooklyn , New York in October 2016 , and concluded in April 2017 . A second season was ordered on December 12 , 2017 . In the first season , which was released on November 17 , 2017 , Woll and Morgan reprise their roles as Karen Page and Turk Barrett , respectively . Hulu series ( edit ) Series Season Episodes First released Last released Showrunner ( s ) Status Marvel 's Runaways 10 November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage Released 13 TBA TBA In development Marvel 's Runaways ( 2017 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Runaways ( TV series ) When six teenagers discover their parents are villains , they reluctantly unite to go against them . In August 2016 , Marvel announced Marvel 's Runaways had received a pilot order , along with additional scripts , from the streaming service Hulu , based on the team of the same name . The pilot is written by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage , who also serve as executive producers and showrunners of the series . In February 2017 , Marvel announced the cast of the Runaways , with Rhenzy Feliz as Alex Wilder , Lyrica Okano as Nico Minoru , Virginia Gardner as Karolina Dean , Ariela Barer as Gert Yorkes , Gregg Sulkin as Chase Stein , and Allegra Acosta as Molly Hernandez . Shortly after , they announced the cast of the Pride , the parents of the Runaways , with Ryan Sands as Geoffrey Wilder , Angel Parker as Catherine Wilder , Brittany Ishibashi as Tina Minoru , James Yaegashi as Robert Minoru , Kevin Weisman as Dale Yorkes , Brigid Brannagh as Stacey Yorkes , Annie Wersching as Leslie Dean , Kip Pardue as Frank Dean , James Marsters as Victor Stein , and Ever Carradine as Janet Stein . Hulu ordered the series in May 2017 . Filming began in Los Angeles in February 2017 , and concluded in October 2017 . The first season , consisting of 10 episodes , premiered on November 21 , 2017 . Hulu renewed the series for a second season on January 8 , 2018 . Tina Minoru previously appeared in Doctor Strange , in a minor role as a Master of the Mystic Arts portrayed by Linda Louise Duan . Freeform series ( edit ) Series Season Episodes First aired Last aired Showrunner ( s ) Status Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger 10 June 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 07 ) TBA Joe Pokaski Preparing to air Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger ( edit ) Main article : Cloak & Dagger ( TV series ) Tandy Bowen and Tyrone Johnson , two teenagers from different backgrounds , acquire superpowers while forming a romantic relationship . They soon realize that their powers work better when they are together , `` but their feelings for each other make their already complicated world even more challenging . '' In April 2016 , the ABC - owned network Freeform announced a straight - to - series order for Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger , based on the characters of the same name , calling it their `` first venture into the Marvel Cinematic Universe '' , and describing the show as a `` superhero love story '' . In January 2017 , Olivia Holt and Aubrey Joseph were cast as Tandy Bowen / Dagger and Tyrone Johnson / Cloak , respectively . Joe Pokaski serves as showrunner for the series . Filming began in New Orleans in February 2017 , and concluded in November 2017 . The first season , consisting of 10 episodes , is set premiere on June 7 , 2018 . Roxxon Oil is seen in the series , as is the Darkforce , which fuels Cloak 's powers and was previously established in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and Agent Carter . Other series ( edit ) Series Season Episodes First aired Last aired Showrunner ( s ) Status Marvel 's New Warriors 10 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA Kevin Biegel Pre-production Marvel 's New Warriors ( edit ) Main article : New Warriors ( TV series ) Doreen Green / Squirrel Girl , Craig Hollis / Mister Immortal , Dwayne Taylor / Night Thrasher , Robbie Baldwin / Speedball , Zach Smith / Microbe , and Deborah Fields / Debrii , are superpowered young people with abilities very different from the Avengers , who want to make a positive impact in the world even if they are not quite ready to be heroes . By the end of August 2016 , Marvel Television and ABC Studios were developing a half - hour comedy series based on the New Warriors featuring Squirrel Girl , with the series being offered to cable networks and streaming outlets . In April 2017 , Freeform announced a straight - to - series order for Marvel 's New Warriors , with Kevin Biegel serving as the series ' showrunner and writing the first script . In July 2017 , the cast was revealed with Milana Vayntrub starring as Doreen Green / Squirrel Girl and Derek Theler as Craig Hollis / Mister Immortal . In November 2017 , it was announced that the series would no longer air on Freeform and was being shopped to other networks , with Marvel intent on airing the series in 2018 . The first season , consisting of 10 episodes , is set to air in 2018 , with Biegel serving as showrunner for the series . Recurring cast and characters ( edit ) Further information : List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series actors ABC series ( edit ) List indicator ( s ) This table includes recurring , main characters , who have appeared in at least two seasons and as a member of the principal ( `` main '' ) cast for at least one of those . Please see the FAQ for more information . Series seasons , within the network season , are ordered based on their premiere date . A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the season , or that the character 's presence in the season has not yet been announced . An indicates the actor had or will have a recurring role for the season . A indicates the actor made or will make a guest appearance in the season . Character 2013 -- 14 season 2014 -- 15 season 2015 -- 16 season 2016 -- 17 season 2017 -- 18 season Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 1 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 2 Agent Carter season 1 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 3 Agent Carter season 2 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 4 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 5 Lincoln Campbell Luke Mitchell Luke Mitchell Peggy Carter Hayley Atwell Hayley Atwell Hayley Atwell Phil Coulson Clark Gregg Clark Gregg Clark Gregg Leo Fitz Iain De Caestecker Iain De Caestecker Iain De Caestecker Lance Hunter Nick Blood Nick Blood Nick Blood Edwin Jarvis James D'Arcy James D'Arcy Daisy `` Skye '' Johnson Quake Chloe Bennet Chloe Bennet Chloe Bennet Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie Henry Simmons Henry Simmons Henry Simmons Melinda May Ming - Na Wen Ming - Na Wen Ming - Na Wen Bobbi Morse Adrianne Palicki Adrianne Palicki Holden Radcliffe John Hannah John Hannah Elena `` Yo - Yo '' Rodriguez Natalia Cordova - Buckley Natalia Cordova - Buckley Natalia Cordova - Buckley Jemma Simmons Elizabeth Henstridge Elizabeth Henstridge Elizabeth Henstridge Daniel Sousa Enver Gjokaj Enver Gjokaj Jack Thompson Chad Michael Murray Chad Michael Murray Grant Ward Brett Dalton Brett Dalton Brett Dalton Netflix series ( edit ) List indicator ( s ) This table includes recurring , main characters , who have appeared in at least two series as a member of the principal ( `` main '' ) cast for at least one of those . Please see the FAQ for more information . A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the series , or that the character 's presence in the series has not yet been announced . An indicates the actor had or will have a recurring role in the series . A indicates the actor made or will make a guest appearance in the series . Character Daredevil Jessica Jones Luke Cage Iron Fist The Defenders The Punisher Bakuto Ramón Rodríguez Luke Cage Mike Colter Mike Colter Frank Castle Punisher Jon Bernthal Jon Bernthal Malcolm Ducasse Eka Darville Eka Darville Jeri Hogarth Carrie - Anne Moss Carrie - Anne Moss Carrie - Anne Moss Jessica Jones Krysten Ritter Krysten Ritter Mercedes `` Misty '' Knight Simone Missick Simone Missick Simone Missick Matt Murdock Daredevil Charlie Cox Charlie Cox Elektra Natchios Élodie Yung Élodie Yung Franklin `` Foggy '' Nelson Elden Henson Elden Henson Elden Henson Karen Page Deborah Ann Woll Deborah Ann Woll Danny Rand Iron Fist Finn Jones Finn Jones Stick Scott Glenn Scott Glenn Claire Temple Rosario Dawson Rosario Dawson Rosario Dawson Blake Tower Stephen Rider Stephen Rider Patricia `` Trish '' Walker Rachael Taylor Rachael Taylor Rachael Taylor Colleen Wing Jessica Henwick Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each series , see the `` Reception '' section on each series ' article . Ratings ( edit ) Series Season Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Total viewers ( in millions ) Last aired Total viewers ( in millions ) Average total viewers ( inc . DVR ) ( in millions ) Rank 18 -- 49 rating ( rank ) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) 12.12 May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) 5.45 8.31 43 3.0 ( 20 ) September 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) 5.98 May 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 12 ) 3.88 7.46 24 2.8 ( 11 ) September 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) 4.90 May 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 3.03 5.52 85 2.0 ( 47 ) September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) 3.44 May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 2.08 4.22 110 1.5 / 6 ( 70 ) 5 December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 2.54 TBA TBD TBD TBD TBD Agent Carter January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) 6.91 February 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) 4.02 7.61 29 2.4 ( 29 ) January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) 3.18 March 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) 2.35 4.37 109 1.4 ( 88 ) Inhumans September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) 3.75 November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) 1.95 TBD TBD TBD Critical response ( edit ) Series Season Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 85 % ( 48 reviews ) 74 ( 33 reviews ) 96 % ( 24 reviews ) N / A 100 % ( 14 reviews ) N / A 94 % ( 16 reviews ) N / A 5 100 % ( 9 reviews ) N / A Agent Carter 95 % ( 42 reviews ) 72 ( 27 reviews ) 81 % ( 16 reviews ) N / A Inhumans 10 % ( 41 reviews ) 27 ( 20 reviews ) Daredevil 98 % ( 53 reviews ) 75 ( 22 reviews ) 73 % ( 37 reviews ) 68 ( 13 reviews ) Jessica Jones 92 % ( 64 reviews ) 81 ( 32 reviews ) 87 % ( 68 reviews ) 70 ( 19 reviews ) Luke Cage 94 % ( 62 reviews ) 79 ( 30 reviews ) Iron Fist 18 % ( 62 reviews ) 37 ( 21 reviews ) The Defenders 75 % ( 83 reviews ) 63 ( 30 reviews ) The Punisher 61 % ( 59 reviews ) 55 ( 20 reviews ) Runaways 82 % ( 57 reviews ) 68 ( 22 reviews ) With the release of the second season of Daredevil , Brian Lowery of Variety felt the Netflix series `` have already leapfrogged ABC 's forays into the Marvel universe in terms of their appeal , in part by tapping into the avid fan base that supports pay models and does n't need to be spoon - fed plot points . In the process , they have demonstrated that it 's possible to deliver a credible superhero show without a lot of pyrotechnics '' . After the release of the first season of Luke Cage , The Atlantic 's David Sims wrote on the pacing issue of Marvel 's Netflix series , a common complaint to that point , stating , `` After two seasons of Daredevil , one of Jessica Jones , and now one of Luke Cage , the Netflix model feels fundamentally flawed , encouraging the kind of molasses - slow plotting comic books are designed to eschew . The problem is n't that these shows are bad , necessarily ... But they all take far too long to get going , by which point many viewers will have already tuned out . '' He felt one of the problems was the fact that Netflix does not rely on viewers tuning into a particular series as broadcast series do each week , but rather subscribers who , if they lose interest , `` can take as long as they want to catch up ... as long as they keep paying their subscription fee every month . '' The Netflix series are also afforded the opportunity to explore elements in more detail , with Sims noting `` A lot of this detail ( is ) good , but it could have been considerably compressed -- none of the Marvel Netflix series , so far , would have lost much by being squeezed into 10 episodes , or even 8 . If Netflix shaved the 60 - minute running time down quite a bit , it would likely inspire more economical -- and better -- storytelling from its shows . '' Sims concluded by saying , `` What 's most frustrating of all is that Netflix is n't getting rid of this approach anytime soon . Daredevil season three , Jessica Jones season two , Iron Fist , and The Punisher are all on their way , and each will follow the same 13 - episode structure ... The only respite may come in the form of The Defenders , a planned crossover series ... over the course of just eight episodes . Who knows ? The show might even surprise viewers and explain its villain 's motivations within the first hour . Until then , fans will be stuck needlessly giving over entire days to these series , while others are deterred from watching at all . '' In her review for the first season of Iron Fist , Allison Keene of Collider.com spoke more on the pacing of Marvel 's Netflix series , stating , `` By focusing so intently on making these series ... much more grounded in a gritty real world than what we typically expect from a superhero show ( like DC 's candy - colored ( Arrowverse ) on The CW ) , the problem is that they miss out on the key element : this should be fantastical entertainment . '' With The Defenders , Jeff Jansen of Entertainment Weekly felt many improvements were made to the general complaints the previous seasons received . He said , `` The Defenders is far from perfect . But it 's an enjoyable superhero adventure distinguished by improvements and innovations that I hope Marvel will carry forward . Shorter seasons . More team - ups . Fewer shows . Start the consolidation by letting go of Iron Fist . If Danny Rand must persist , add him to the other shows and let the stronger players carry him . '' Potential projects ( edit ) Marvel 's Damage Control ( edit ) Further information : Damage Control ( comics ) § Live action The show follows the overworked , underpaid , clean up crew of the Marvel Cinematic Universe , who specialize in dealing with the aftermath of superhero conflicts , rescheduling events because of the conflicts , and retrieving lost items . In October 2015 , ABC ordered a put pilot for a half - hour live - action comedy series Marvel 's Damage Control , based on the comics construction company of the same name . The series is being developed by Ben Karlin for ABC Studios and Marvel Television , with Karlin also writing the script for the project and serving as executive producer . In January 2016 , ABC Entertainment president Paul Lee said Damage Control was `` going to be coming out this season , '' seemingly implying it would air in the 2016 -- 17 television season . Other ( edit ) Marvel has been working with screenwriter John Ridley since mid-April 2015 to craft a new television series , `` reinventing '' an existing Marvel character or property . In January 2016 , Ridley confirmed that the project was `` still in development '' . He stated that he was looking to `` bring some of the socially conscious nature '' of Jessica Jones and his series American Crime to the show , while also creating something that is `` straight entertainment '' . A year later , Channing Dungey revealed that Ridley 's project was still progressing , with Ridley working on a rewrite of his script . Ridley added that the rewrite was not because `` anything did n't work the first time around '' , but rather trying to make sure the series does something viewers have not necessarily seen before in a superhero television series , hoping it would occupy `` a space that is not currently being filled '' by Marvel . He also stated that he hoped to create the series `` in the near term . '' By August 2017 , Dungey was `` not sure '' if Ridley was still working on the project . In January 2016 , Lee announced that ABC Studios was developing a second comedy series with Marvel in hope it would air on ABC , while Netflix CCO Ted Sarandos stated that `` all the characters in the universe could also spin out '' into their own series at some point . That May , Dungey said that there were `` a handful of projects in development '' , after passing on Most Wanted and canceling Agent Carter , and that Marvel and ABC were looking `` at series that would be beneficial to both brands . '' By November 2017 , Disney was developing a Marvel series specifically for release on its new streaming service , which it planned to launch before the end of 2019 . In January 2018 , Dungey noted Marvel and ABC `` tried a few things that have n't worked out as well as we would 've liked . We developed a couple things this season that we do n't think are going to end up going forward , so we 're going to look really carefully about what we do next , because the idea for us is to come up with something that works very well for both Marvel and ABC , so we 're going to continue to try there . '' Abandoned projects ( edit ) Main article : Most Wanted ( TV pilot ) By April 2015 , Marvel was developing a spinoff series of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. The series , which was being developed by Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. executive producer Jeffrey Bell and writer Paul Zbyszewski , would be based on storylines occurring at the end of the second season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , and would receive its own pilot rather than a backdoor pilot . Adrianne Palicki and Nick Blood entered into discussions to headline the potential new series as their characters Bobbi Morse and Lance Hunter , respectively . By May 7 , 2015 , when ABC announced their series renewals and cancellations , and new series pickups , the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. spinoff was passed on . In August 2015 , the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. spinoff series received new life as a reworked series , titled Marvel 's Most Wanted , with a pilot order . Bell and Zbyszewski once again developed the series , while also serving as co-writers of the pilot , executive producers , and showrunners , with Jeph Loeb also attached as executive producer . The series would still focus on Morse and Hunter , with Palicki and Blood both attached , and was described as `` a new take focusing on the same duo and their continuing adventures . '' In May 2016 , the series was passed on by ABC once again . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Littleton , Cynthia ( August 28 , 2012 ) . `` ABC orders Marvel ' S.H.I.E.L.D ' pilot '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2012 . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . 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' on ABC '' . Marvel.com . June 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( June 26 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Secret Warriors ' Are Coming to ' Agents of SHIELD ' -- and Comic - Con ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD : `` Ascension '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` ABC Announces Fall Premiere Dates '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. adds Gabriel Luna as Ghost Rider '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . 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' Breaks the ' Laws of Nature , ' Gets Inhumanly Good in Season 3 '' . Screen Crush . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. adds Powers Boothe in ' incredibly menacing ' role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2015 . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( May 10 , 2014 ) . `` First Details on Marvel 's Agent Carter '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` See What 's in Store for Marvel 's Agent Carter in the Official Series Synopsis '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ; Hibberd , James ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Agent Carter moving to a new city in season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . 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Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Hulu Orders ' Marvel 's Runaways ' Series From Josh Schwartz & Stephanie Savage '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Leslie ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Runaways , ' ' Future Man ' Score Second Season Renewals at Hulu '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Runaways ' Finds Its Cast '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dinh , Christine ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Runaways ' Sets Remaining Cast For Television Project With Hulu '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . 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Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Freeform Continues to Grow Its Programming Slate with New Series , Pilots , Returning Series and More '' . The Futon Critic. April 7 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger ' : Olivia Holt & Aubrey Joseph Land Title Roles In Series For Freeform '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Louisiana Economic Development ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Selects Louisiana For New Television Series '' ( Press release ) . Louisiana Economic Development . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sobon , Nicole ( November 4 , 2017 ) . `` Cloak and Dagger Season 1 Wraps Filming '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . 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Marvel Developing New Warriors Comedy Series '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2016 . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Morse , Ben ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Freeform Announces Characters For ' Marvel 's New Warriors ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's ' New Warriors ' Sets Its Cast -- Including Squirrel Girl ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's ' New Warriors ' Wo n't Air on Freeform , Series Will Be Shopped Elsewhere ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` Declassifying ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' : Afterlife '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Mitchell Joins ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' as Series Regular '' . Marvel.com . June 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC 's `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Star Natalia Cordova - Buckley Upped to Series Regular for Season Five of Hit Series '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . October 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( November 13 , 2012 ) . `` Joss Whedon 's ' S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Pilot Adds Two Agents ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Reveals New Characters , Carter Adds Captain Directors '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Nick Blood returning as Lance Hunter '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` Agent Carter : James D'Arcy , Enver Gjokaj returning for season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( December 19 , 2012 ) . `` Joss Whedon 's ' S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Pilot Enlists ' Nashville ' Actress ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Debriefing the Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Winter Finale '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2014 . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Bosses Talk Finale Deaths , Time Jump and Agent Carter 's Future in the MCU '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` Henry Simmons Joins Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Marvel.com . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` Henry Simmons Re-Enlists With ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' as Series Regular '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2015 . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` Ming - Na To Star In Joss Whedon 's ABC Pilot ' Marvel 's S.H.I.E.L.D. ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2012 . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 319 ) `` Failed Experiments '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` '' Agents Of SHIELD '' Reveals Ghost Rider Details , Talk Up The New Director & More `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2016 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox - Smith , Michael ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD : Season Four Premiere ' The Ghost ' ( Review ) '' . Mike 's Film Talk . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2016 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Casts Natalia Cordova - Buckley As Slingshot '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of Shield ' Star Natalia Cordova - Buckley Joins ' Bates Motel ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Ups Natalia Cordova - Buckley To Series Regular For Season 5 -- NY Comic - Con '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel 's Agent Carter Casts 2 Key Roles '' . Marvel.com . August 29 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Agent Carter bosses preview glamorous and gritty season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 27 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Joss Whedon 's Red - Hot S.H.I.E.L.D. Pilot Adds ' Deadly ' New Agent '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2012 . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. welcomes back original cast member '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Polo , Susana ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Who the heck is Iron Fist 's Bakuto ? '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Three More Join Marvel 's A.K.A. Jessica Jones for Netflix '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Riesman , Abraham ( October 11 , 2015 ) . `` Jessica Jones Has Hot Sex and Nuanced Sexuality ( Especially for a Marvel Show ) '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's Luke Cage ' Adds to the Cast '' . Marvel.com . September 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2015 . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elodie Yung Cast as Elektra in the Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's Daredevil ' '' . Marvel.com . July 7 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2015 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elden Henson Joins Marvel 's Daredevil For Netflix '' . Marvel.com . June 26 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' True Blood ' Star to Romance ' Daredevil ' for Netflix '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Glenn Joins Marvel 's Daredevil For Netflix '' . Marvel.com . September 15 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rosario Dawson Joins Marvel 's Daredevil For Netflix '' . Marvel.com . June 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2014 . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 3 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Daredevil ' Casts Stephen Rider As New Regular For Season 2 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rachael Taylor the Latest to Join Marvel 's A.K.A. Jessica Jones '' . Marvel.com . January 29 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2015 . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Iron Fist casts The Force Awakens actress in lead role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' About A Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Forever ' , ' The Voice ' , and ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Live + 7 Ratings : Complete 2014 -- 15 Season ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' The Messengers ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewership Gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' + ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Best Time Ever ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' Chicago Fire ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS , ' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' adjust up , ' This Is Us ' & ' Bull ' steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' finale and ' Bull ' adjust up , ' The Middle ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' and ' The Exorcist ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' Agent Carter ' , ' Person of Interest ' or ' Forever ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' , ' New Girl ' & ' TV 's Hottest Commercials ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' and ' Hollywood Game Night ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen ' premiere adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Season 1 ( 2013 -- 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Season 2 ( 2014 -- 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Season 3 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Season 4 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Season 5 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agent Carter : Season 1 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Agent Carter : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agent Carter : Season 2 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Inhumans : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Inhumans : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Daredevil : Season 1 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Daredevil : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Daredevil : Season 2 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Daredevil : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Jessica Jones : Season 1 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Jessica Jones : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Jessica Jones : Season 2 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Jessica Jones : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Luke Cage : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Luke Cage : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Iron Fist : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Iron Fist : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's The Defenders : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's The Defenders : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's The Punisher : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's The Punisher : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Runaways : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Runaways : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowery , Brian ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` TV Review : ' Marvel 's Daredevil , ' Season 2 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sims , David ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` The Biggest Problem With Netflix 's Comic - Book Shows '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Iron Fist ' Review : Come for the Fights , Stay ... for the Corporate Litigation ? '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jansen , Jeff ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's The Defenders proves the power of team - ups , shorter seasons : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel Comics ' Damage Control ' Adapted As Comedy TV Series By ABC '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` ABC Prepping Marvel Comedy ' Damage Control ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2015 . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Second Marvel Comedy In Development At ABC '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2016 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel teaming with John Ridley for mysterious superhero project -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` John Ridley 's Marvel Series is `` Still Very Much Alive '' `` . IGN . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ABC chief addresses Scandal - free fall lineup and the future of OUAT '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` John Ridley Promises Marvel TV Project Is A ' Unique ' Take On Superhero Genre '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ge , Linda ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` ABC President `` Not Sure '' If John Ridley Marvel Project Is Still Happening `` . The Tracking Board . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` ABC Entertainment Chief Talks ' Castle 's ' Demise , Shonda Rhimes ' Future and More Marvel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Star Wars ' Trilogy in Works With Rian Johnson , TV Series Also Coming to Disney Streaming Service '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2017 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ; Hibberd , James ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` ABC boss ' cautiously optimistic ' about S.H.I.E.L.D. , Once Upon a Time futures '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2018 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel developing Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. spinoff for ABC -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2015 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Adrianne Palick & Nick Blood Eyed To Topline Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Spinoff '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Spinoff Not Going Forward At ABC '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2015 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Adrianne Palicki , Nick Blood to Star in Marvel Pilot for ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Mockingbird Series Starring Adrianne Palicki Lands ABC Pilot Order ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Most Wanted ' Not Going Forward at ABC '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War production Ant - Man and the Wasp Captain Marvel Untitled Avengers film production Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 5 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` Behold ... The Inhumans '' `` Those Who Would Destroy Us '' Netflix Daredevil season 1 characters Jessica Jones season 1 characters Luke Cage season 1 characters Iron Fist season 1 characters The Defenders The Punisher season 1 Hulu Runaways `` Reunion '' Freeform Cloak & Dagger Other Most Wanted New Warriors Other media Short films Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King Digital series WHIH Newsfront Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot Tie - in comics Fury 's Big Week Cast and characters Film cast Television series cast Phil Coulson Erik Selvig Trevor Slattery Tony Stark Claire Temple Music Soundtracks Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Captain America : Civil War Luke Cage Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Singles `` Live to Rise '' `` All the Stars '' `` King 's Dead '' `` Pray for Me '' MCU - inspired media Video games Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor : God of Thunder Captain America : Super Soldier Iron Man 3 Lego Marvel 's Avengers Disney Parks Iron Man Experience Marvel Land Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Other Team Thor Book Portal Live - action television programs based on Marvel Comics TV series Current Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( since 2013 ) Daredevil ( since 2015 ) Jessica Jones ( since 2015 ) Luke Cage ( since 2016 ) Legion ( since 2017 ) Iron Fist ( since 2017 ) Inhumans ( since 2017 ) The Gifted ( since 2017 ) The Punisher ( since 2017 ) Runaways ( since 2017 ) Former Spidey Super Stories ( 1974 -- 77 ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( 1977 -- 79 ) The Incredible Hulk ( 1978 -- 82 ) Spider - Man ( Toei ) ( 1978 -- 79 ) Night Man ( 1997 -- 99 ) Mutant X ( 2001 -- 04 ) Blade : The Series ( 2006 ) Agent Carter ( 2015 -- 16 ) Powers ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Defenders ( 2017 ) Upcoming Cloak & Dagger ( 2018 ) New Warriors ( 2018 ) Unaired pilot Most Wanted TV films Spider - Man The Incredible Hulk The Return of the Incredible Hulk Dr. Strange Captain America Captain America II : Death Too Soon The Incredible Hulk Returns The Trial of the Incredible Hulk The Death of the Incredible Hulk Power Pack Generation X Nick Fury : Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Man - Thing See also Marvel Television List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Marvel_Cinematic_Universe_television_series&oldid=837255605 '' Categories : Marvel Cinematic Universe television programs Marvel Cinematic Universe lists Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2017 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Português Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 17 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is the next marvel netflix show coming out	[ "\n\nSeries\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally released\nShowrunner(s)\nStatus\n\n\nMarvel's Daredevil\n\n1\n13\nApril 10, 2015 (2015-04-10)\nSteven S. DeKnight[76]\nReleased\n\n\n\n2\n13\nMarch 18, 2016 (2016-03-18)\nDoug Petrie and Marco Ramirez[77]\n\n\n\n3\nTBA\n2018 (2018)[78]\nErik Oleson[78]\nFilming\n\n\nMarvel's Jessica Jones\n\n1\n13\nNovember 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)\nMelissa Rosenberg[79]\nReleased\n\n\n\n2\n13\nMarch 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)\n\n\n\n3[80]\nTBA\nTBA\nIn development\n\n\nMarvel's Luke Cage\n\n1\n13\nSeptember 30, 2016 (2016-09-30)\nCheo Hodari Coker[81]\nReleased\n\n\n\n2\n13[82]\nJune 22, 2018 (2018-06-22)[83]\nPreparing for release\n\n\nMarvel's Iron Fist\n\n1\n13\nMarch 17, 2017 (2017-03-17)\nScott Buck[84]\nReleased\n\n\n\n2[85]\nTBA\n2018 (2018)[86]\nRaven Metzner[87]\nFilming\n\n\nMarvel's The Defenders\n\n1\n8\nAugust 18, 2017 (2017-08-18)\nMarco Ramirez[88]\nReleased\n\n\nMarvel's The Punisher\n\n1\n13\nNovember 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)\nSteve Lightfoot[89]\n\n\n\n2[90]\nTBA\nTBA\nFilming\n\n" ]	[ "June 22, 2018" ]
688061828997471095	Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 1)	Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. season 1 ) - wikipedia Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. season 1 ) Jump to : navigation , search Dancing with the Stars ( season 1 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 8 Release Original network ABC Original release June 1 -- July 6 , 2005 Additional information Celebrity winner Kelly Monaco Professional winner Alec Mazo Season chronology Next → Season 2 The first season of Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. ) debuted on ABC on June 1 , 2005 . Six celebrities were paired with six professional ballroom dancers . Tom Bergeron and Lisa Canning were the hosts for this season . The judges were Carrie Ann Inaba , Len Goodman , and Bruno Tonioli . The premiere drew over 13 million viewers , the second biggest summer debut ever for an American reality series after Survivor . The second week climbed to 15 million viewers , and the show climbed to No. 1 in the summer 2005 TV season ratings , where it remained for the remainder of the season . The season finale aired July 6 , 2005 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Couples 2 Scoring chart 2.1 Average chart 2.2 Pro 's average chart 3 Highest and lowest scoring performances 4 Couples ' highest and lowest scoring performances 5 Weekly scores and songs 5.1 Week 1 5.2 Week 2 5.3 Week 3 5.4 Week 4 5.5 Week 5 5.6 Week 6 : Finale 5.7 Dance off 6 Dance chart 7 References 8 External links Couples ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The six professionals and celebrities that competed were : Celebrity Notability ( known for ) Professional partner Status Trista Sutter Reality television star Louis Van Amstel Eliminated 1st on June 8 , 2005 Evander Holyfield Professional boxer Edyta Sliwinska Eliminated 2nd on June 15 , 2005 Rachel Hunter Supermodel & actress Jonathan Roberts Eliminated 3rd on June 22 , 2005 Joey McIntyre New Kids on the Block singer Ashly DelGrosso Third place on June 29 , 2005 John O'Hurley Actor & game show host Charlotte Jorgensen Runner - up on July 6 , 2005 Kelly Monaco Actress Alec Mazo Winner on July 6 , 2005 † Kelly Monaco returned for the All - Stars season , where this time she was paired with Valentin Chmerkovskiy . They finished third . Scoring chart ( edit ) Couple Place 1 + 2 5 6 Kelly & Alec 13 17 30 21 26 22 + 25 = 47 25 + 30 = 55 John & Charlotte 20 26 46 24 21 27 + 27 = 54 27 + 27 = 54 Joey & Ashly 20 21 41 22 20 20 + 25 = 45 Rachel & Jonathan 20 24 44 26 25 Evander & Edyta 5 18 14 32 13 Trista & Louis 6 18 19 37 indicates the eliminated couple that week indicates the returning couple that was last to be called safe indicates the winning couple indicates the runner - up couple indicates the third place couple Red numbers indicate the couples with the lowest score for each week Green numbers indicate the couples with the highest score for each week Average chart ( edit ) This table only counts for dances scored on a traditional 30 - point scale . Rank by average Place Couple Total Number of dances Average John & Charlotte 199 8 24.9 Rachel & Jonathan 95 23.8 Kelly & Alec 179 8 22.4 Joey & Ashly 128 6 21.3 5 6 Trista & Louis 37 18.5 6 5 Evander & Edyta 45 15.0 Pro 's average chart ( edit ) Rank by average Place Couple Average Charlotte Jorgensen 24.9 6 Louis van Amstel 21.8 Alec Mazo 20.6 Jonathan Roberts 19.4 5 5 Edyta Sliwinska 19.1 6 Ashly DelGrosso 16.7 Highest and lowest scoring performances ( edit ) Dance Celebrity Highest score Celebrity Lowest score Cha - cha - cha John O'Hurley Joey McIntyre 20 Evander Holyfield 18 Waltz Rachel Hunter 20 Kelly Monaco 13 Rumba Rachel Hunter 24 Kelly Monaco 17 Quickstep John O'Hurley 27 Evander Holyfield 14 Jive Joey McIntyre 22 Evander Holyfield 13 Tango Rachel Hunter 26 John O'Hurley 24 Samba Kelly Monaco 26 Joey McIntyre 20 Paso doble John O'Hurley 27 Kelly Monaco Joey McIntyre 25 Foxtrot John O'Hurley 27 Joey McIntyre 20 Freestyle Kelly Monaco 30 John O'Hurley 27 Trista Sutter is the only star to not land on this list Couples ' highest and lowest scoring performances ( edit ) According to the traditional 30 - point scale . Couples Highest Scoring Dances Lowest Scoring Dances Kelly & Alec Freestyle ( 30 ) Waltz ( 13 ) John & Charlotte Foxtrot , Paso doble , Quickstep & Freestyle ( 27 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 20 ) Joey & Ashly Paso doble ( 25 ) Cha - cha - cha , Samba and Foxtrot ( 20 ) Rachel & Jonathan Tango ( 26 ) Waltz ( 20 ) Evander & Edyta Cha - cha - cha ( 18 ) Jive ( 13 ) Trista & Louis Rumba ( 19 ) Waltz ( 18 ) Weekly scores and songs ( edit ) Unless indicated otherwise , individual judges scores given in the charts below ( given in parentheses ) are listed in this order from left to right : Carrie Ann Inaba , Len Goodman , Bruno Tonioli . Week 1 ( edit ) Running order Couple Score Dance Music Joey & Ashly 20 ( 7 , 7 , 6 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Crazy in Love '' -- Beyoncé Rachel & Jonathan 20 ( 7 , 6 , 7 ) Waltz `` Three Times A Lady '' -- Lionel Richie Evander & Edyta 18 ( 5 , 7 , 6 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Respect '' -- Aretha Franklin Kelly & Alec 13 ( 5 , 4 , 4 ) Waltz `` I Have Nothing '' -- Whitney Houston John & Charlotte 20 ( 7 , 7 , 6 ) Cha - cha - cha `` September '' -- Earth , Wind & Fire Trista & Louis 18 ( 6 , 6 , 6 ) Waltz `` Come Away with Me '' -- Norah Jones Week 2 ( edit ) Running order Couple Score Dance Music Result Rachel & Jonathan 24 ( 8 , 8 , 8 ) Rumba `` I Do n't Wanna Miss a Thing '' -- Aerosmith from Armageddon Bottom two Joey & Ashly 21 ( 8 , 7 , 6 ) Quickstep `` You 're The One That I Want '' -- John Travolta and Olivia Newton - John Safe Trista & Louis 19 ( 6 , 7 , 6 ) Rumba `` Endless Love '' -- Diana Ross and Lionel Richie Eliminated John & Charlotte 26 ( 8 , 9 , 9 ) Quickstep `` Let 's Face The Music and Dance '' -- Irving Berlin Safe Kelly & Alec 17 ( 5 , 6 , 6 ) Rumba `` Hero '' -- Enrique Iglesias Safe Evander & Edyta 14 ( 5 , 4 , 5 ) Quickstep `` It Do n't Mean a Thing '' -- Duke Ellington Safe Week 3 ( edit ) Running order Couple Score Dance Music Result Evander & Edyta 13 ( 5 , 4 , 4 ) Jive `` Reet Petite '' -- Jackie Wilson Eliminated Rachel & Jonathan 26 ( 8 , 9 , 9 ) Tango `` Toxic '' -- Britney Spears Safe Kelly & Alec 21 ( 6 , 7 , 8 ) Jive `` Footloose '' -- Kenny Loggins Safe John & Charlotte 24 ( 9 , 8 , 7 ) Tango `` Dance with Me '' -- Debelah Morgan Safe Joey & Ashly 22 ( 7 , 7 , 8 ) Jive `` I 'm Still Standing '' -- Elton John Bottom two Week 4 ( edit ) Running order Couple Score Dance Music Result Joey & Ashly 20 ( 7 , 6 , 7 ) Samba `` Tequila '' -- The Champs Safe Rachel & Jonathan 25 ( 7 , 9 , 9 ) Samba `` Soul Bossa Nova '' -- Quincy Jones Eliminated John & Charlotte 21 ( 7 , 8 , 6 ) Samba `` Just The Two of Us '' -- Grover Washington , Jr. and Bill Withers Bottom two Kelly & Alec 26 ( 9 , 9 , 8 ) Samba `` Bailamos '' -- Enrique Iglesias Safe John & Charlotte Rachel & Jonathan Kelly & Alec Joey & Ashly N / A Viennese Waltz `` I Got You Babe '' -- Sonny & Cher Week 5 ( edit ) Running order Couple Score Dance Music Result John & Charlotte 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Foxtrot `` Let There Be Love '' -- Nat King Cole Safe 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Paso doble `` España cañí '' -- Mexicana Aleque la - Band Kelly & Alec 22 ( 8 , 7 , 7 ) Foxtrot `` Do n't Know Why '' -- Norah Jones Bottom two 25 ( 9 , 8 , 8 ) Paso doble `` Bamboleo '' -- Gipsy Kings Joey & Ashly 20 ( 8 , 6 , 6 ) Foxtrot `` Big Spender '' -- Shirley Bassey from Sweet Charity Third place 25 ( 9 , 8 , 8 ) Paso doble `` Eye of the Tiger '' -- Survivor Week 6 : Finale ( edit ) Running order Couple Score Dance Music Result John & Charlotte 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Quickstep `` Let 's Face The Music and Dance '' -- Irving Berlin Runner - up 27 ( 9 , 9 , 9 ) Freestyle `` I 'm So Excited '' -- The Pointer Sisters Kelly & Alec 25 ( 7 , 9 , 9 ) Samba `` Bailamos '' -- Enrique Iglesias Winner 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Freestyle `` Let 's Get Loud '' -- Jennifer Lopez Dance off ( edit ) Running order Couple Score Style Music Result Kelly & Alec 25 ( 7 , 9 , 9 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Lady Marmalade '' -- All Saints Runner - up 24 ( 9 , 7 , 8 ) Quickstep `` Diamonds are a Girl 's Best Friend '' -- Marilyn Monroe 25 ( 8 , 8 , 9 ) Freestyle `` Get The Party Started '' -- Pink John & Charlotte 22 ( 7 , 8 , 7 ) Rumba `` The Look of Love '' -- Anita Baker Winner 30 ( 10 , 10 , 10 ) Waltz `` You Light Up My Life '' -- Whitney Houston 25 ( 8 , 8 , 9 ) Freestyle `` I Am What I Am '' -- Gloria Gaynor Dance chart ( edit ) Highest scoring dance Lowest scoring dance Couple 5 6 Kelly and Alec Waltz Rumba Jive Samba Viennese Waltz Foxtrot Paso doble Samba Freestyle John and Charlotte Cha - cha - cha Quickstep Tango Samba Viennese Waltz Foxtrot Paso doble Quickstep Freestyle Joey and Ashly Cha - cha - cha Quickstep Jive Samba Viennese Waltz Foxtrot Paso doble Rachel and Jonathan Waltz Rumba Tango Samba Viennese Waltz Evander and Edyta Cha - cha - cha Quickstep Jive Trista and Louis Waltz Rumba References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 2005 - 06 - 08 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' Debuts in 2nd Place '' . FoxNews . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Maynard , John ( 2005 - 07 - 13 ) . `` ABC Cuts In : ' Dancing ' Racks Up No. 1 Summer Ratings '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20050521021850/http://abc.go.com/primetime/dancing/bios/cast.html Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars : Episode 101 '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars : Episode 102 '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars : Episode 103 '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars : Episode 104 '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars : Episode 105 '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars : Episode 106 '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Participants List of competitors Winners Celebrity Kelly Monaco Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Apolo Anton Ohno Hélio Castroneves Kristi Yamaguchi Brooke Burke Shawn Johnson Donny Osmond Nicole Scherzinger Jennifer Grey Hines Ward J.R. Martinez Donald Driver Melissa Rycroft Kellie Pickler Amber Riley Meryl Davis Alfonso Ribeiro Rumer Willis Bindi Irwin Nyle DiMarco Laurie Hernandez Rashad Jennings Professional Alec Mazo Cheryl Burke Julianne Hough Mark Ballas Derek Hough Kym Johnson Karina Smirnoff Peta Murgatroyd Tony Dovolani Maksim Chmerkovskiy Witney Carson Valentin Chmerkovskiy Emma Slater Spin - off Dancing with the Stars Junior Games Dancing with the Stars We Dance ! Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dancing_with_the_Stars_(U.S._season_1)&oldid=807075470 '' Categories : Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) 2005 American television seasons Hidden categories : Television season articles that use custom fields Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Articles needing additional references from August 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 18 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the first dancing with the stars air	[ "The first season of Dancing with the Stars (U.S.) debuted on ABC on June 1, 2005. Six celebrities were paired with six professional ballroom dancers. Tom Bergeron and Lisa Canning were the hosts for this season. The judges were Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, and Bruno Tonioli." ]	[ "June 1, 2005" ]
-7009975604086307761	History of mobile phones	History of mobile phones - wikipedia History of mobile phones A man talks on his mobile phone while standing near a conventional telephone box , which stands empty . Enabling technology for mobile phones was first developed in the 1940s but it was not until the mid 1980s that they became widely available . By 2011 , it was estimated in the United Kingdom that more calls were made using mobile phones than wired devices . The history of mobile phones covers mobile communication devices that connect wirelessly to the public switched telephone network . While the transmission of speech by radio has a long history , the first devices that were wireless , mobile , and also capable of connecting to the standard telephone network are much more recent . The first such devices were barely portable compared to today 's compact hand - held devices , and their use was clumsy . Along with the process of developing a more portable technology , and a better interconnections system , drastic changes have taken place in both the networking of wireless communication and the prevalence of its use , with smartphones becoming common globally and a growing proportion of Internet access now done via mobile broadband . Contents 1 Predecessors 2 Early services 2.1 MTS 2.2 IMTS 2.3 Radio Common Carrier 2.4 Other services 2.5 European mobile radio networks 3 The cellular concept 4 Emergence of automated services 5 Handheld mobile phone 6 The early generations 6.1 1G -- Analogue cellular 6.2 2G -- Digital cellular 6.3 3G -- Mobile broadband 7 4G -- Native IP networks 8 Mobile device charger standards 8.1 In China 8.2 OMTP / GSMA Universal Charging Solution 8.3 EU smartphone power supply standard 9 Satellite mobile 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading Predecessors ( edit ) Before the devices existed that are now referred to as mobile phones or cell phones , there were some precursors . In 1908 , a Professor Albert Jahnke and the Oakland Transcontinental Aerial Telephone and Power Company claimed to have developed a wireless telephone . They were accused of fraud and the charge was then dropped , but they do not seem to have proceeded with production . Beginning in 1918 , the German railroad system tested wireless telephony on military trains between Berlin and Zossen . In 1924 , public trials started with telephone connection on trains between Berlin and Hamburg . In 1925 , the company Zugtelephonie AG was founded to supply train telephony equipment and , in 1926 , telephone service in trains of the Deutsche Reichsbahn and the German mail service on the route between Hamburg and Berlin was approved and offered to first - class travelers . Karl Arnold drawing of public use of mobile telephones Fiction anticipated the development of real world mobile telephones . In 1906 , the English caricaturist Lewis Baumer published a cartoon in Punch magazine entitled `` Forecasts for 1907 '' in which he showed a man and a woman in London 's Hyde Park each separately engaged in gambling and dating on wireless telephony equipment . Then , in 1926 , the artist Karl Arnold created a visionary cartoon about the use of mobile phones in the street , in the picture `` wireless telephony '' , published in the German satirical magazine Simplicissimus . The Second World War made military use of radio telephony links . Hand - held radio transceivers have been available since the 1940s . Mobile telephones for automobiles became available from some telephone companies in the 1940s . Early devices were bulky , consumed high power , and the network supported only a few simultaneous conversations . Modern cellular networks allow automatic and pervasive use of mobile phones for voice and data communications . In the United States , engineers from Bell Labs began work on a system to allow mobile users to place and receive telephone calls from automobiles , leading to the inauguration of mobile service on 17 June 1946 in St. Louis , Missouri . Shortly after , AT&T offered Mobile Telephone Service . A wide range of mostly incompatible mobile telephone services offered limited coverage area and only a few available channels in urban areas . The introduction of cellular technology , which allowed re-use of frequencies many times in small adjacent areas covered by relatively low powered transmitters , made widespread adoption of mobile telephones economically feasible . In the USSR , Leonid Kupriyanovich , an engineer from Moscow , in 1957 - 1961 developed and presented a number of experimental pocket - sized communications radio . The weight of one model , presented in 1961 , was only 70 g and could fit on a palm . However , in the USSR the decision at first to develop the system of the automobile `` Altai '' phone was made . In 1965 , the Bulgarian company `` Radioelektronika '' presented a mobile automatic phone combined with a base station at the Inforga - 65 international exhibition in Moscow . Solutions of this phone were based on a system developed by Leonid Kupriyanovich . One base station , connected to one telephone wire line , could serve up to 15 customers . The advances in mobile telephony can be traced in successive generations from the early `` 0G '' services like MTS and its successor Improved Mobile Telephone Service , to first - generation ( 1G ) analog cellular network , second - generation ( 2G ) digital cellular networks , third - generation ( 3G ) broadband data services to the state - of - the - art , fourth - generation ( 4G ) native - IP networks . Early services ( edit ) MTS ( edit ) In 1949 , AT&T commercialized Mobile Telephone Service . From its start in St. Louis , Missouri , in 1946 , AT&T introduced Mobile Telephone Service to one hundred towns and highway corridors by 1948 . Mobile Telephone Service was a rarity with only 5,000 customers placing about 30,000 calls each week . Calls were set up manually by an operator and the user had to depress a button on the handset to talk and release the button to listen . The call subscriber equipment weighed about 80 pounds ( 36 kg ) Subscriber growth and revenue generation were hampered by the constraints of the technology . Because only three radio channels were available , only three customers in any given city could make mobile telephone calls at one time . Mobile Telephone Service was expensive , costing 15 USD per month , plus 0.30 to 0.40 USD per local call , equivalent to about 176 USD per month and 3.50 to 4.75 per call in 2012 USD . In the UK , there was also a vehicle - based system called `` Post Office Radiophone Service , '' which was launched around the city of Manchester in 1959 , and although it required callers to speak to an operator , it was possible to be put through to any subscriber in Great Britain . The service was extended to London in 1965 and other major cities in 1972 . IMTS ( edit ) AT&T introduced the first major improvement to mobile telephony in 1965 , giving the improved service the obvious name of Improved Mobile Telephone Service . IMTS used additional radio channels , allowing more simultaneous calls in a given geographic area , introduced customer dialing , eliminating manual call setup by an operator , and reduced the size and weight of the subscriber equipment . Despite the capacity improvement offered by IMTS , demand outstripped capacity . In agreement with state regulatory agencies , AT&T limited the service to just 40,000 customers system wide . In New York City , for example , 2,000 customers shared just 12 radio channels and typically had to wait 30 minutes to place a call . Radio common Carrier ( edit ) A mobile radio telephone Radio Common Carrier or RCC was a service introduced in the 1960s by independent telephone companies to compete against AT&T 's IMTS . RCC systems used paired UHF 454 / 459 MHz and VHF 152 / 158 MHz frequencies near those used by IMTS . RCC based services were provided until the 1980s when cellular AMPS systems made RCC equipment obsolete . Some RCC systems were designed to allow customers of adjacent carriers to use their facilities , but equipment used by RCCs did not allow the equivalent of modern `` roaming '' because technical standards were not uniform . For example , the phone of an Omaha , Nebraska -- based RCC service would not be likely to work in Phoenix , Arizona . Roaming was not encouraged , in part , because there was no centralized industry billing database for RCCs . Signaling formats were not standardized . For example , some systems used two - tone sequential paging to alert a mobile of an incoming call . Other systems used DTMF . Some used Secode 2805 , which transmitted an interrupted 2805 Hz tone ( similar to IMTS signaling ) to alert mobiles of an offered call . Some radio equipment used with RCC systems was half - duplex , push - to - talk LOMO equipment such as Motorola hand - helds or RCA 700 - series conventional two - way radios . Other vehicular equipment had telephone handsets and rotary dials or pushbutton pads , and operated full duplex like a conventional wired telephone . A few users had full - duplex briefcase telephones ( radically advanced for their day ) At the end of RCC 's existence , industry associations were working on a technical standard that would have allowed roaming , and some mobile users had multiple decoders to enable operation with more than one of the common signaling formats ( 600 / 1500 , 2805 , and Reach ) . Manual operation was often a fallback for RCC roamers . Other services ( edit ) In 1969 Penn Central Railroad equipped commuter trains along the 360 kilometres ( 220 mi ) New York - Washington route with special pay phones that allowed passengers to place telephone calls while the train was moving . The system re-used six frequencies in the 450 MHz band in nine sites . In the UK , Channel Islands and elsewhere the `` Rabbit '' phone system was briefly used , being a hybrid of `` cell '' base stations and handsets . One major limitation was that you had to be less than 300 feet ( closer with buildings ) from a base due to power limitations on a portable device . With modern technology a similar variant is being considered for Apple 's new 4G `` smart watch '' so they can be used in large events in a broadly similar way to a femtocell . European mobile radio networks ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Europe , several mutually incompatible mobile radio services were developed . In 1966 Norway had a system called OLT which was manually controlled . Finland 's ARP , launched in 1971 , was also manual as was the Swedish MTD . All were replaced by the automatic NMT , ( Nordic Mobile Telephone ) system in the early 1980s . In July 1971 Readycall was introduced in London by Burndept after obtaining a special concession to break the Post Office monopoly to allow selective calling to mobiles of calls from the public telephone system . This system was available to the public for a subscription of £ 16 month . A year later the service was extended to two other UK towns . West Germany had a network called A-Netz launched in 1952 as the country 's first public commercial mobile phone network . In 1972 this was displaced by B - Netz which connected calls automatically . The cellular concept ( edit ) See also : Cellular network A multi-directional , cellular network antenna array ( `` cell tower '' ) In December 1947 , Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Young , Bell Labs engineers , proposed hexagonal cells for mobile phones in vehicles . At this stage , the technology to implement these ideas did not exist , nor had the frequencies been allocated . Two decades would pass before Richard H. Frenkiel , Joel S. Engel and Philip T. Porter of Bell Labs expanded the early proposals into a much more detailed system plan . It was Porter who first proposed that the cell towers use the now - familiar directional antennas to reduce interference and increase channel reuse ( see picture at right ) Porter also invented the dial - then - send method used by all cell phones to reduce wasted channel time . In all these early examples , a mobile phone had to stay within the coverage area serviced by one base station throughout the phone call , i.e. there was no continuity of service as the phones moved through several cell areas . The concepts of frequency reuse and handoff , as well as a number of other concepts that formed the basis of modern cell phone technology , were described in the late 1960s , in papers by Frenkiel and Porter . In 1970 Amos E. Joel , Jr. , a Bell Labs engineer , invented a `` three - sided trunk circuit '' to aid in the `` call handoff '' process from one cell to another . His patent contained an early description of the Bell Labs cellular concept , but as switching systems became faster , such a circuit became unnecessary and was never implemented in a system . A cellular telephone switching plan was described by Fluhr and Nussbaum in 1973 , and a cellular telephone data signaling system was described in hipatitas by Hachenburg et al . Emergence of automated services ( edit ) The first fully automated mobile phone system for vehicles was launched in Sweden in 1956 . Named MTA ( Mobiltelefonisystem A ) , it allowed calls to be made and received in the car using a rotary dial . The car phone could also be paged . Calls from the car were direct dial , whereas incoming calls required an operator to locate the nearest base station to the car . It was developed by Sture Laurén and other engineers at Televerket network operator . Ericsson provided the switchboard while Svenska Radioaktiebolaget ( SRA ) and Marconi provided the telephones and base station equipment . MTA phones consisted of vacuum tubes and relays , and weighed 40 kilograms ( 88 lb ) . In 1962 , an upgraded version called Mobile System B ( MTB ) was introduced . This was a push - button telephone , and used transistors and DTMF signaling to improve its operational reliability . In 1971 the MTD version was launched , opening for several different brands of equipment and gaining commercial success . The network remained open until 1983 and still had 600 customers when it closed . In 1958 development began on a similar system for motorists in the USSR . The `` Altay '' national civil mobile phone service was based on Soviet MRT - 1327 standard . The main developers of the Altay system were the Voronezh Science Research Institute of Communications ( VNIIS ) and the State Specialized Project Institute ( GSPI ) . In 1963 the service started in Moscow , and by 1970 was deployed in 30 cities across the USSR . Versions of the Altay system are still in use today as a trunking system in some parts of Russia . In 1959 a private telephone company in Brewster , Kansas , USA , the S&T Telephone Company , ( still in business today ) with the use of Motorola Radio Telephone equipment and a private tower facility , offered to the public mobile telephone services in that local area of NW Kansas . This system was a direct dial up service through their local switchboard , and was installed in many private vehicles including grain combines , trucks , and automobiles . For some as yet unknown reason , the system , after being placed online and operated for a very brief time period , was shut down . The management of the company was immediately changed , and the fully operable system and related equipment was immediately dismantled in early 1960 , not to be seen again . In 1966 , Bulgaria presented the pocket mobile automatic phone RAT - 0 , 5 combined with a base station RATZ - 10 ( RATC - 10 ) on Interorgtechnika - 66 international exhibition . One base station , connected to one telephone wire line , could serve up to six customers ( `` Radio '' magazine , 2 , 1967 ; `` Novosti dnya '' newsreel , 37 , 1966 ) . One of the first successful public commercial mobile phone networks was the ARP network in Finland , launched in 1971 . Posthumously , ARP is sometimes viewed as a zero generation ( 0G ) cellular network , being slightly above previous proprietary and limited coverage networks . Handheld mobile phone ( edit ) Martin Cooper photographed in 2007 with his 1973 handheld mobile phone prototype Prior to 1973 , mobile telephony was limited to phones installed in cars and other vehicles . Motorola was the first company to produce a handheld mobile phone . On April 3 , 1973 , Martin Cooper , a Motorola researcher and executive , made the first mobile telephone call from handheld subscriber equipment , placing a call to Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs , his rival . The prototype handheld phone used by Dr. Cooper weighed 1.1 kilograms ( 2.4 lb ) and measured 23 by 13 by 4.5 centimetres ( 9.1 by 5.1 by 1.8 in ) . The prototype offered a talk time of just 30 minutes and took 10 hours to re-charge . John F. Mitchell , Motorola 's chief of portable communication products and Cooper 's boss in 1973 , played a key role in advancing the development of handheld mobile telephone equipment . Mitchell failed to push Motorola into developing wireless communication products that would be small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the cellular phone . The early generations ( edit ) Newer technology has been developed and rolled out in a series of waves or generations . The `` generation '' terminology only became widely used when 3G was launched , but is now used retroactively when referring to the earlier systems . 1G -- analogue cellular ( edit ) Main article : 1G First automatic analogue cellular systems deployed were NTT 's system first used in Tokyo in 1979 , later spreading to the whole of Japan , and NMT in the Nordic countries in 1981 . The first analogue cellular system widely deployed in North America was the Advanced Mobile Phone System ( AMPS ) . It was commercially introduced in the Americas in 13 October 1983 , Israel in 1986 , and Australia in 1987 . AMPS was a pioneering technology that helped drive mass market usage of cellular technology , but it had several serious issues by modern standards . It was unencrypted and easily vulnerable to eavesdropping via a scanner ; it was susceptible to cell phone `` cloning '' and it used a Frequency - division multiple access ( FDMA ) scheme and required significant amounts of wireless spectrum to support . On 6 March 1983 , the DynaTAC 8000X mobile phone launched on the first US 1G network by Ameritech . It cost $100 m to develop , and took over a decade to reach the market . The phone had a talk time of just thirty - five minutes and took ten hours to charge . Consumer demand was strong despite the battery life , weight , and low talk time , and waiting lists were in the thousands . Many of the iconic early commercial cell phones such as the Motorola DynaTAC Analog AMPS were eventually superseded by Digital AMPS ( D - AMPS ) in 1990 , and AMPS service was shut down by most North American carriers by 2008 . In February 1986 Australia launched its Cellular Telephone System by Telecom Australia . Peter Reedman was the first Telecom Customer to be connected on 6 January 1986 along with five other subscribers as test customers prior to the official launch date of 28 February . 2G -- digital cellular ( edit ) Main articles : 2G , 2.5 G , and 2.75 G Two 1991 GSM mobile phones with several AC adapters In the 1990s , the ' second generation ' mobile phone systems emerged . Two systems competed for supremacy in the global market : the European developed GSM standard and the U.S. developed CDMA standard . These differed from the previous generation by using digital instead of analog transmission , and also fast out - of - band phone - to - network signaling . The rise in mobile phone usage as a result of 2G was explosive and this era also saw the advent of prepaid mobile phones . In 1991 the first GSM network ( Radiolinja ) launched in Finland . In general the frequencies used by 2G systems in Europe were higher than those in America , though with some overlap . For example , the 900 MHz frequency range was used for both 1G and 2G systems in Europe , so the 1G systems were rapidly closed down to make space for the 2G systems . In America the IS - 54 standard was deployed in the same band as AMPS and displaced some of the existing analog channels . In 1993 , IBM Simon was introduced . This was possibly the world 's first smartphone . It was a mobile phone , pager , fax machine , and PDA all rolled into one . It included a calendar , address book , clock , calculator , notepad , email , and a touchscreen with a QWERTY keyboard . The IBM Simon had a stylus you used to tap the touch screen with . It featured predictive typing that would guess the next characters as you tapped . It had applications , or at least a way to deliver more features by plugging a PCMCIA 1.8 MB memory card into the phone . Coinciding with the introduction of 2G systems was a trend away from the larger `` brick '' phones toward tiny 100 -- 200 grams ( 3.5 -- 7.1 oz ) hand - held devices . This change was possible not only through technological improvements such as more advanced batteries and more energy - efficient electronics , but also because of the higher density of cell sites to accommodate increasing usage . The latter meant that the average distance transmission from phone to the base station shortened , leading to increased battery life while on the move . Personal Handy - phone System mobiles and modems used in Japan around 1997 -- 2003 The second generation introduced a new variant of communication called SMS or text messaging . It was initially available only on GSM networks but spread eventually on all digital networks . The first machine - generated SMS message was sent in the UK on 3 December 1992 followed in 1993 by the first person - to - person SMS sent in Finland . The advent of prepaid services in the late 1990s soon made SMS the communication method of choice among the young , a trend which spread across all ages . 2G also introduced the ability to access media content on mobile phones . In 1998 the first downloadable content sold to mobile phones was the ring tone , launched by Finland 's Radiolinja ( now Elisa ) . Advertising on the mobile phone first appeared in Finland when a free daily SMS news headline service was launched in 2000 , sponsored by advertising . Mobile payments were trialed in 1998 in Finland and Sweden where a mobile phone was used to pay for a Coca - Cola vending machine and car parking . Commercial launches followed in 1999 in Norway . The first commercial payment system to mimic banks and credit cards was launched in the Philippines in 1999 simultaneously by mobile operators Globe and Smart . The first full internet service on mobile phones was introduced by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1999 . 3G -- mobile broadband ( edit ) Main article : 3G As the use of 2G phones became more widespread and people began to use mobile phones in their daily lives , it became clear that demand for data ( such as access to browse the internet ) was growing . Further , experience from fixed broadband services showed there would also be an ever - increasing demand for greater data speeds . The 2G technology was nowhere near up to the job , so the industry began to work on the next generation of technology known as 3G . The main technological difference that distinguishes 3G technology from 2G technology is the use of packet switching rather than circuit switching for data transmission . In addition , the standardization process focused on requirements more than technology ( 2 Mbit / s maximum data rate indoors , 384 kbit / s outdoors , for example ) . Inevitably this led to many competing standards with different contenders pushing their own technologies , and the vision of a single unified worldwide standard looked far from reality . The standard 2G CDMA networks became 3G compliant with the adoption of Revision A to EV - DO , which made several additions to the protocol while retaining backwards compatibility : Introduction of several new forward link data rates that increase the maximum burst rate from 2.45 Mbit / s to 3.1 Mbit / s Protocols that would decrease connection establishment time Ability for more than one mobile to share the same time slot Introduction of QoS flags All these were put in place to allow for low latency , low bit rate communications such as VoIP . The first pre-commercial trial network with 3G was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in the Tokyo region in May 2001 . NTT DoCoMo launched the first commercial 3G network on 1 October 2001 , using the WCDMA technology . In 2002 the first 3G networks on the rival CDMA2000 1xEV - DO technology were launched by SK Telecom and KTF in South Korea , and Monet in the US . Monet has since gone bankrupt . By the end of 2002 , the second WCDMA network was launched in Japan by Vodafone KK ( now Softbank ) . European launches of 3G were in Italy and the UK by Three / Hutchison group , on WCDMA. 2003 saw a further eight commercial launches of 3G , six more on WCDMA and two more on the EV - DO standard . During the development of 3G systems , 2.5 G systems such as CDMA2000 1x and GPRS were developed as extensions to existing 2G networks . These provide some of the features of 3G without fulfilling the promised high data rates or full range of multimedia services . CDMA2000 - 1X delivers theoretical maximum data speeds of up to 307 kbit / s . Just beyond these is the EDGE system which in theory covers the requirements for 3G system , but is so narrowly above these that any practical system would be sure to fall short . The high connection speeds of 3G technology enabled a transformation in the industry : for the first time , media streaming of radio ( and even television ) content to 3G handsets became possible , with companies such as RealNetworks and Disney among the early pioneers in this type of offering . In the mid-2000s ( decade ) , an evolution of 3G technology began to be implemented , namely High - Speed Downlink Packet Access ( HSDPA ) . It is an enhanced 3G ( third generation ) mobile telephony communications protocol in the High - Speed Packet Access ( HSPA ) family , also coined 3.5 G , 3G+ or turbo 3G , which allows networks based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System ( UMTS ) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity . Current HSDPA deployments support down - link speeds of 1.8 , 3.6 , 7.2 and 14.0 Mbit / s . By the end of 2007 , there were 295 million subscribers on 3G networks worldwide , which reflected 9 % of the total worldwide subscriber base . About two thirds of these were on the WCDMA standard and one third on the EV - DO standard . The 3G telecoms services generated over $120 billion of revenues during 2007 and at many markets the majority of new phones activated were 3G phones . In Japan and South Korea the market no longer supplies phones of the second generation . Although mobile phones had long had the ability to access data networks such as the Internet , it was not until the widespread availability of good quality 3G coverage in the mid-2000s ( decade ) that specialized devices appeared to access the mobile web . The first such devices , known as `` dongles '' , plugged directly into a computer through the USB port . Another new class of device appeared subsequently , the so - called `` compact wireless router '' such as the Novatel MiFi , which makes 3G Internet connectivity available to multiple computers simultaneously over Wi - Fi , rather than just to a single computer via a USB plug - in . Such devices became especially popular for use with laptop computers due to the added portability they bestow . Consequently , some computer manufacturers started to embed the mobile data function directly into the laptop so a dongle or MiFi was n't needed . Instead , the SIM card could be inserted directly into the device itself to access the mobile data services . Such 3G - capable laptops became commonly known as `` netbooks '' . Other types of data - aware devices followed in the netbook 's footsteps . By the beginning of 2010 , E-readers , such as the Amazon Kindle and the Nook from Barnes & Noble , had already become available with embedded wireless Internet , and Apple had announced plans for embedded wireless Internet on its iPad tablet devices later that year . 4G -- native IP networks ( edit ) Main article : 4G By 2009 , it had become clear that , at some point , 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth - intensive applications like streaming media . Consequently , the industry began looking to data - optimized 4th - generation technologies , with the promise of speed improvements up to 10-fold over existing 3G technologies . The first two commercially available technologies billed as 4G were the WiMAX standard ( offered in the U.S. by Sprint ) and the LTE standard , first offered in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera . One of the main ways in which 4G differed technologically from 3G was in its elimination of circuit switching , instead employing an all - IP network . Thus , 4G ushered in a treatment of voice calls just like any other type of streaming audio media , utilizing packet switching over Internet , LAN or WAN networks via VoIP . Mobile device charger standards ( edit ) USB power standards for mobile charger Port Current Voltage Power ( max ) Micro-USB 500 mA 5 V 2.5 W 1 A 5 V 5 W 2 A 5 V 10 W Type - C 100 mA to 3 A 5 V 15 W 1.7 A to 3 A 9 V 27 W 1.8 A to 3 A 15 V 45 W 2.25 A to 5 A 20 V 100 W Before a universal charger standard was agreed upon in the late 2000s users needed an adaptor which was often the same brand as their phone to recharge the battery . In China ( edit ) The Micro-USB interface is commonly found on chargers for mobile phones . As of 14 June 2007 , all new mobile phones applying for a license in China are required to use a USB port as a power port for battery charging . This was the first standard to use the convention of shorting D+ and D − . OMTP / GSMA Universal Charging Solution ( edit ) In September 2007 , the Open Mobile Terminal Platform group ( a forum of mobile network operators and manufacturers such as Nokia , Samsung , Motorola , Sony Ericsson , and LG ) announced that its members had agreed on Micro-USB as the future common connector for mobile devices . The GSM Association ( GSMA ) followed suit on 17 February 2009 , and on 22 April 2009 , this was further endorsed by the CTIA -- The Wireless Association , with the International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) announcing on 22 October 2009 that it had also embraced the Universal Charging Solution as its `` energy - efficient one - charger - fits - all new mobile phone solution , '' and added : `` Based on the Micro-USB interface , UCS chargers will also include a 4 - star or higher efficiency rating -- up to three times more energy - efficient than an unrated charger . '' EU smartphone power supply standard ( edit ) Main article : Common external power supply In June 2009 , many of the world 's largest mobile phone manufacturers signed an EC - sponsored Memorandum of Understanding ( MoU ) , agreeing to make most data - enabled mobile phones marketed in the European Union compatible with a common External Power Supply ( common EPS ) . The EU 's common EPS specification ( EN 62684 : 2010 ) references the USB Battery Charging Specification and is similar to the GSMA / OMTP and Chinese charging solutions . In January 2011 , the International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC ) released its version of the ( EU 's ) common EPS standard as IEC 62684 : 2011 . Satellite mobile ( edit ) Main article : Satellite phone As well as the now - common cellular phone , there is also the very different approach of connecting directly from the handset to an Earth - orbiting satellite . Such mobile phones can be used in remote areas out of reach of wired networks or where construction of a cellular network is uneconomic . The Inmarsat system is the oldest , originally developed in 1979 for safety of life at sea , and uses a series of satellites in geostationary orbits to cover the majority of the globe . Several smaller operators use the same approach with just one or two satellites to provide a regional service . An alternative approach is to use a series of low Earth orbit satellites much closer to Earth . This is the basis of the Iridium and Globalstar satellite phone services . See also ( edit ) The Mobile Revolution Autopatch History of the prepaid mobile phone History of the telephone List of best - selling mobile phones Personal Communications Service PCS Pager Babylonokia Subscriber identity module Smartphone § History References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wallop , Harry ( 18 Jun 2011 ) . `` Mobilecomputer calls overtake landline calls for first time '' . The Telegraph ( London ) . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wireless Phone Cases Dismissed '' . San Francisco Call . 104 ( 37 ) . 1908 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` 1900 '' . deutsches-telefon-museum.eu. 2007 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Informatikzentrum Mobilfunk ( IZMF ) . izmf.de : `` The development of digital mobile communications in Germany '' , retrieved on 2013 - 05 - 30 Jump up ^ Punch Jump up ^ simplicissimus.info : Bild `` Drahtlose Telephonie '' in Simplicissimus , 1926 ( Jg. 31 ) Heft 38 , S. 498. , ( PDF - file ) , retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 14 Jump up ^ Рыбчинский , Юрий ( 1961 ) . РАДИОФОН . Орловская Правда ( in Russian ) ( 12 -- 1961 ) . М. : Орловская Правда . Jump up ^ Мартин Купер был не первым . Олег Измеров ( in Russian ) . Jump up ^ `` Nauka i zhizn '' magazine , 8 , 1957 and 10 , 1958 ; `` Technika - molodezhi '' magazine , 2 , 1959 ; `` Za rulem '' magazine , 12 , 1957 , `` Yuny technik '' magazine , 7 , 1957 , 2 , 1958 and 9 , 1996 ; `` Orlovskaya pravda '' newspaper , 12 , 1961 . Jump up ^ `` Nauka i zhizn '' magazine , 8 , 1965 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1946 : First Mobile Telephone Call '' . corp.att.com . AT&T Intellectual Property . 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon A. Gow , Richard K. Smith Mobile and wireless communications : an introduction , McGraw - Hill International , 2006 ISBN 0 - 335 - 21761 - 3 page 23 Jump up ^ http://www.btplc.com/today/art91356.html Jump up ^ https://books.google.ca/books?id=hsA8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA94&dq=%22radio+common+carrier%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=caK2VL2xG5PVasaPgsgK&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22radio%20common%20carrier%22&f=false The Code of Federal Regulations of the United States of America , 47 CFR1 22.2 , 10 - 1 - 92 Edition , retrieved 2015 Jan 14 Jump up ^ Rabbit ( telecommunications ) Jump up ^ Wirless World July 1971 Jump up ^ 1947 memo by Douglas H. Ring proposing hexagonal cells Archived 7 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... ( PDF ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ article by Tom Farley `` Cellular Telephone Basics '' . Privateline.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : See Amos Joel patent 3,663,762 . Jump up ^ `` Switching hipatitas for a Cellular Mobile Telephone System '' : , Z . Fluhr and E. Nussbaum , IEEE Transactions on Communications volume 21 , # 11 p. 1281 ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Hachenburg , V. ; Holm , B.D. ; Smith , J.I. ( 1977 ) . `` Data signaling functions for a cellular mobile telephone system '' . IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology . 26 : 82 . doi : 10.1109 / T - VT. 1977.23660 . Jump up ^ Shi , Mingtao ( 2007 ) . Technology Base of mobile cellular operators in Germany and China . Univerlagtuberlin . pp. 55 -- . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7983 - 2057 - 4 . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Facts about the Mobile . A Journey through Time . mobilen50ar.se Jump up ^ The first Russian mobile phone . Englishrussia.com ( 2006 - 09 - 18 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Shiels , Maggie ( 21 April 2003 ) . `` BBC interview with Martin Cooper '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Martin Cooper , et al. , `` Radio Telephone System '' , US Patent number 3,906,166 ; Filing date : 17 October 1973 ; Issue date : September 1975 ; Assignee Motorola Jump up ^ `` Motorola Demonstrates Portable Telephone '' ( PDF ) . Motorola Communications Division press release . April 3 , 1979 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Cooper - The Inventor of the Cell Phone '' . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ John F. Mitchell Biography . Brophy.net ( 2012 - 08 - 07 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ The Top Giants in Telephony Archived 17 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... Historyofthecellphone.com ( 2009 - 06 - 11 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Who invented the cell phone ? . Brophy.net ( 2012 - 08 - 07 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Motorola Executive Helped spur Cellphone Revolution , Oversaw Ill - fated Iridium Project '' . The Wall Street Journal , 20 -- 21 June 2009 , Jump up ^ `` John F. Mitchell , 1928 -- 2009 : Was president of Motorola from 1980 to ' 95 '' . Chicago Tribune . 17 June 2009 . Retrieved 29 July 2009 . Jump up ^ AT&T article . Corp.att.com ( 1946 - 06 - 17 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` First Cell Phone a True ' Brick ' '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` This Is the Original Mobile Phone Design Icon '' . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ A. Kling , Andrew ( 2010 ) . Cell Phones. 27500 Drake Road , Farmington Hills MI 48331 : Lucent Books . pp. 24 -- 26 . Jump up ^ `` Cell Phone Generations 1G , 2G , 3G and now 4G -- Tech Forums '' . Forums.techeblog.com. 25 August 2010 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Before IPhone and Android Came Simon , the First Smartphone '' . Businessweek. 29 June 2012 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ 3G and Cellular radio Information . Privateline.com ( 2005 - 01 - 23 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Gopal , Thawatt ( 11 -- 15 March 2007 ) . `` EVDO Rev. A Control Channel Bandwidth Analysis for Paging '' . IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference . IEEE . pp. 3262 -- 7 . doi : 10.1109 / WCNC. 2007.601 . ISBN 1 - 4244 - 0658 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Archive Wayback Machine '' . Web.archive.org. 20 September 2005 . Archived from the original on 28 April 2006 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Gonsalves , Antone ( 19 September 2005 ) . `` RealNetworks Launches Streaming Music on Sprint Phones '' . Informationweek.com . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Disney will offer mobile content '' . Media Week . 20 September 2005 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Fahd Ahmad Saeed . `` Capacity Limit Problem in 3G Networks '' . Purdue School of Engineering . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` VoIP Support in Nokia Devices '' . Archived from the original on 28 May 2009 . Retrieved 16 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Power Rules '' , Universal Serial Bus Power Delivery Specification revision 3.0 , version 1.1 , USB Implementers Forum , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 Jump up ^ Cai Yan ( 2007 - 05 - 31 ) . `` China to enforce universal cell phone charger '' . EE Times . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ The Chinese FCC 's technical standard : `` YD / T 1591 - 2006 , Technical Requirements and Test Method of Charger and Interface for Mobile Telecommunication Terminal Equipment '' ( PDF ) ( in Chinese ) . Dian yuan . Jump up ^ Lam , Crystal ; Liu , Harry ( 22 October 2007 ) . `` How to conform to China 's new mobile phone interface standards '' . Wireless Net DesignLine . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Pros seem to outdo cons in new phone charger standard '' . News . 20 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Broad Manufacturer Agreement Gives Universal Phone Cable Green Light '' ( Press release ) . OTMP. 17 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Agreement on Mobile phone Standard Charger '' ( Press release ) . GSM World . Jump up ^ `` Common Charging and Local Data Connectivity '' . Open Mobile Terminal Platform. 11 February 2009 . Archived from the original on 29 March 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Charging Solution ~ GSM World '' . GSM world . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Meeting the challenge of the universal charge standard in mobile phones '' . Planet Analog . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Wireless Association Announces One Universal Charger Solution to Celebrate Earth Day '' ( Press release ) . CTIA. 2009 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` ITU '' ( Press release ) . 2009 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` chargers '' . EU : EC . 2009 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Europe gets universal cellphone charger in 2010 '' . Wired. 2009 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` One size - fits - all mobile phone charger : IEC publishes first globally relevant standard '' . International Electrotechnical Commission . 2011 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . Further reading ( edit ) Agar , Jon ( 2004 ) . Constant Touch : a Global History of the Mobile Phone . Cambridge : Icon . ISBN 978 - 1840465419 . Farley , Tom ( 2007 ) . `` The Cell - Phone Revolution '' . American Heritage of Invention & Technology . New York : American Heritage . 22 ( 3 ) : 8 -- 19 . ISSN 8756 - 7296 . OCLC 108126426 . BL Shelfmark 0817.734000 . 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-2703672480741457892	Jersey Boys (film)	Jersey Boys ( film ) - wikipedia Jersey Boys ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Jersey Boys Theatrical release poster Directed by Clint Eastwood Produced by Clint Eastwood Graham King Robert Lorenz Screenplay by Marshall Brickman Rick Elice Based on Jersey Boys by Marshall Brickman Rick Elice Starring John Lloyd Young Erich Bergen Michael Lomenda Vincent Piazza Christopher Walken Music by Bob Gaudio Cinematography Tom Stern Edited by Joel Cox Gary D. Roach Production company GK Films Malpaso Productions Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date June 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 05 ) ( Sydney Film Festival ) June 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 20 ) ( United States ) Running time 134 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $58.6 million ( gross ) $40 million ( net ) Box office $67.7 million Jersey Boys is a 2014 American musical crime drama film directed and produced by Clint Eastwood based on the Tony Award winning jukebox musical of the same name . The film tells the story of the musical group The Four Seasons . The film was released in the United States on June 20 , 2014 . The film received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $67 million worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Musical numbers 4.1 Background songs 5 Soundtrack 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Box office 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1951 , in Belleville , New Jersey , Tommy DeVito , narrating the story , introduces the audience to himself , Tommy 's brother Nicky , and their friend Nick Massi , who perform together as The Variety Trio , and to a barber 's son , 16 - year - old Frankie Castelluccio , already well known in the neighborhood for his singing voice . Frankie has the admiration of Genovese Family mobster Angelo `` Gyp '' DeCarlo , who takes a personal interest in him . One night , the group attempts a robbery of a safe , for which the police later arrest them . In court , Frankie is let off with a warning but Tommy is sentenced to six months in prison . After his release , Tommy reunites the group and adds Frankie as lead singer . Frankie changes his professional name to Frankie Vally , and then Frankie Valli . At a performance , Frankie is entranced by a woman named Mary Delgado . He takes her to dinner , and they are soon married . The group , now called `` The Four Lovers , '' is in need of a songwriter after Nicky leaves . Tommy 's friend Joe Pesci tells him about a talented singer - songwriter , Bob Gaudio , and invites him to hear the group perform . Gaudio , now narrating , is impressed with Valli 's vocals and agrees to join . The band , having recorded several demos , attempts to attract interest , with little success . One day in New York City , producer Bob Crewe signs them to a contract . However , they quickly realize that it only allows them to perform back - up vocals for other acts ( as The Romans and The Topix ) . Crewe says that the group does not have a distinctive image or sound yet . Inspired by a bowling alley sign , the guys rename themselves `` The Four Seasons , '' and sing a new song Gaudio has written , `` Sherry '' , to Crewe , who agrees to record it . `` Sherry '' quickly becomes a commercial success , followed by two more , `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' and `` Walk Like a Man '' . However , before an appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show , Valli is approached by mobster Norman Waxman , a loan shark for one of the other Five Families , who claims that Tommy owes him $150,000 . Frankie goes to DeCarlo , who gets Waxman to allow the group to pay the debt , which turns out to be considerably larger . Tommy must go to work for the mob 's associates in Las Vegas until it is paid . Nick , irritated by Tommy 's irresponsibility , not being involved in the group 's decisions , and never being able to see his family , also leaves the group . Forced to tour constantly to pay the debt , the band hires a set of studio musicians and becomes Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons , with Gaudio now acting only as songwriter and producer . Valli learns from his now ex-wife Mary that his daughter , Francine , now a drug addict , has escaped from home . Valli tracks her down and regrets not acting as a better father for her when she was growing up . He also arranges for Gaudio to offer her singing lessons and for Crewe to cut a demo for her . A few years later , the group has finally paid off Tommy 's debt . However , this coincides with the news of Francine 's death by drug overdose . Frankie and Mary both grieve for their daughter . Gaudio composes a new number for Valli to sing , his first as a solo artist . Frankie is at first hesitant , as he is still in mourning , but eventually agrees . The piece , `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' , becomes a commercial success . In 1990 , the original Four Seasons are to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . The quartet performs `` Rag Doll '' onstage , their first performance together in over twenty years . The music fades as the four men take turns addressing the audience . Tommy , in an ironic twist , now works for Joe Pesci , who has gone on to become an Oscar - winning actor . Nick claims to have no regrets about leaving the group , enjoying the time he spends with his family . Bob has retired to Nashville , Tennessee . Lastly , Frankie finally takes over the narration , stating that the best time he had during his time with the Four Seasons was before their success , `` when everything was still ahead of us and it was just four guys singing under a street lamp . '' Cast ( edit ) John Lloyd Young as Frankie Valli Erich Bergen as Bob Gaudio Michael Lomenda as Nick Massi Vincent Piazza as Tommy DeVito Christopher Walken as Gyp DeCarlo Renée Marino as Mary Delgado Kathrine Narducci as Mary Rinaldi Lou Volpe as Anthony Castelluccio Freya Tingley as Francine Valli ( age 17 ) Elizabeth Hunter as Francine Valli ( age 7 ) Grace Kelley as Francine Valli ( age 4 ) Mike Doyle as Bob Crewe Rob Marnell as Joe Long Johnny Cannizzaro as Nick DeVito Donnie Kehr as Norm Waxman Jeremy Luke as Donnie Joey Russo as Joe Pesci James Madio as Stosh Erica Piccininni as Lorraine Steve Schirripa as Vito Barry Livingston as Accountant Miles Aubrey as Charles Calello Kim Gatewood as Angel # 1 Jackie Seiden as Angel # 2 Kyli Rae as Angel # 3 Troy Grant as Ed Sullivan Heather Ferguson Pond as Miss Frankie Nolan Hayden Fein as The Good Jersey Boy Zack Firtel as Another Good Jersey Boy Matt Colton as A Jersey Boy Andrew Ward as the Bad Jersey Boy John Griffin as Billy Dixon Chaz Langley as Hal Miller Billy Gardell as Georgie Francesca Eastwood as Waitress Sean Whalen as Engineer Production ( edit ) In 2010 , GK Films acquired the rights to produce a film adaptation of the musical , with Brickman and Elice writing the script for the film . By August 2012 , Jon Favreau was engaged to direct and casting had begun . However , in November 2012 , it was reported that Warner Bros. had put the film in turnaround ; Despite this in May 2013 , Frankie Valli noted that production was still underway . By that June , Eastwood became attached to the project as a director . The project came three years after the release of Eastwood 's previous film , J. Edgar , which Variety notes was `` his longest gap between directing projects since 1980 '' Although Eastwood enjoyed the script , he asked for a rewrite , noting that the version `` was missing a lot of things . '' This was considered unusual for Eastwood as he became somewhat notorious for using first drafts as the eventual script . A trailer was released for the film on April 17 , 2014 . For casting , Eastwood sought to cast actors from the play itself rather than more marketable film stars . Eastwood noted that he was pressured to cast more famous leads ; however , he refused , stating `` You 've got people who 've done 1,200 performances ; how much better can you know a character ? '' The film was shot in Los Angeles , California , where it spent $58.6 million and received the California Film & Television Tax Credit . Musical numbers ( edit ) Includes all the songs sung in the film . `` Silhouettes - Frankie Valli `` You 're the Apple of My Eye '' -- Variety Trio `` I Ca n't Give You Anything but Love '' -- Frankie Valli and Variety Trio `` Earth Angel '' -- Tommy DeVito `` A Sunday Kind of Love '' -- Frankie Valli , Nick Massi , Nick 's date and Tommy DeVito `` My Mother 's Eyes '' - Frankie Valli ( also with Gyp DeCarlo in the opening ) `` I 'm in the Mood for Love '' -- Frankie Valli `` Cry for Me '' -- Bob Gaudio , Frankie Valli , Tommy DeVito and Nick Massi `` I Still Care '' -- Miss Frankie Nolan and The Romans `` Trance '' -- Billy Dixon and The Topix `` Sherry '' -- The Four Seasons `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' -- The Four Seasons `` Walk Like a Man '' -- The Four Seasons `` My Boyfriend 's Back '' -- The Angels `` My Eyes Adored You '' -- Frankie Valli `` Working My Way Back to You '' -- The Four Seasons `` Dawn ( Go Away ) '' -- The Four Seasons `` Opus 17 ( Do n't You Worry ' bout Me ) '' -- Frankie Valli and The New Seasons `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' -- Frankie Valli `` Rag Doll '' -- The Four Seasons `` Who Loves You '' -- The Four Seasons `` Sherry '' / `` December , 1963 ( Oh , What a Night ) - ( Reprise ) '' - Frankie Valli , Tommy DeVito , Bob Gaudio , Nick Massi and Full Cast Background songs ( edit ) Includes songs heard only on the background . `` ( Who Wears ) Short Shorts '' -- The Royal Teens `` Stay '' -- Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons Soundtrack ( edit ) A soundtrack album Jersey Boys : Music from the Motion Picture and Broadway Musical was released on June 25 , 2014 . The albums is a mix of original recordings by Frankie Valli & The Four Seasons , new recordings by the film cast , and tracks from the original Broadway cast recording . Track listing : All tracks written by Bob Gaudio and Bob Crewe . No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Prelude '' 0 : 18 2 . `` December , 1963 ( Oh , What a Night ) '' Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons 3 : 13 3 . `` My Mother 's Eyes '' Frankie Valli 1 : 58 4 . `` '' I Ca n't Give You Anything But Love `` '' John Lloyd Young 1 : 05 5 . `` A Sunday Kind of Love '' John Lloyd Young , Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons 1 : 55 6 . `` Moody Mood 's For Love '' John Lloyd Young 1 : 35 7 . `` Cry For Me '' Erich Bergen 2 : 24 8 . `` Sherry '' John Lloyd Young 2 : 06 9 . `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' John Lloyd Young 2 : 19 10 . `` Walk Like A Man '' John Lloyd Young 1 : 55 11 . `` My Boyfriend 's Back '' Kimmy Gatewood , Kyli Rae , Jackie Seiden 1 : 41 12 . `` My Eyes Adored You '' John Lloyd Young 2 : 27 13 . `` Dawn ( Go Away ) '' John Lloyd Young 2 : 39 14 . `` Big Man in Town '' John Lloyd Young 2 : 19 15 . `` Beggin ' '' Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons , Ryan Molloy , John Lloyd Young 3 : 21 16 . `` Medley ( '' Stay `` / '' Let 's Hang On ! ( To What We 've Got ) `` / '' Opus 17 ( Do n't You Worry ' bout Me ) `` / '' Bye Bye Baby `` ) '' John Lloyd Young 4 : 53 17 . `` C'Mon Marianne '' John Lloyd Young 1 : 16 18 . `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' John Lloyd Young 3.23 19 . `` Working My Way Back to You '' John Lloyd Young 1 : 48 20 . `` Fallen Angel '' Frankie Valli 3.57 21 . `` Who Loves You '' Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons , John Lloyd Young 4 : 20 22 . `` Closing Credits `` Sherry / December 1963 , Oh What A Night '' John Lloyd Young , Erich Bergen , Michael Lomenda , Vincent Piazza 2 : 22 23 . `` Sherry '' Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons 1 : 29 24 . `` Dawn ( Go Away ) '' Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons 1 : 29 25 . `` Rag Doll '' Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons 1 : 29 Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Jersey Boys received mixed reviews from critics . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 52 % based on 202 reviews , with an average rating of 5.9 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` Jersey Boys is neither as inventive nor as energetic as it could be , but there 's no denying the powerful pleasures of its musical moments . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 54 out of 100 , based on 44 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . On CinemaScore , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A - '' on an A+ to F scale . Richard Roeper gave the film a `` C + '' grade , stating that at times the film `` captures the electric excitement of the musical , but for every soaring moment , there are 10 minutes of bickering or brooding '' . Andrew Barker of Variety felt that `` Christopher Walken creates most of the film 's laughs by simple virtue of being Christopher Walken , but his doddering don screams out for a bigger , broader performance . '' Box Office ( edit ) Jersey Boys grossed $47 million in North America and $20.6 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $67.6 million , against a budget of $58.6 million . The film grossed $4.6 million on its opening day , almost $8 million less than fellow newcomer Think Like a Man Too . In its opening weekend , the film grossed $13.3 million , finishing in fourth place at the box office . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` JERSEY BOYS ( 15 ) '' . Warner Bros. British Board of Film Classification . May 19 , 2014 . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://filmla.com/uploads/2014_FeatureFilm_study_v8_WEB_1432830776.pdf Jump up ^ https://variety.com/2015/film/news/california-rebounds-sharply-in-2014-feature-film-production-1201506922/ ^ Jump up to : `` Jersey Boys ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo. 2014 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Jersey Boys - Broadway ( 2013 - 11 - 05 ) . `` Clint Eastwood 's Jersey Boys Movie , Starring Tony Winner John Lloyd Young , Sets 2014 Release Date Broadway Buzz '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/jersey_boys/ ^ Jump up to : `` Jersey Boys Reviews '' . Metacritic. 2014 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Jersey Boys -- Broadway ( 2013 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Tony Winner John Lloyd Young Confirmed to Star as Frankie Valli in Clint Eastwood 's Jersey Boys Movie '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jersey Boys -- Broadway ( 2013 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Erich Bergen Confirmed to Play Bob Gaudio in Clint Eastwood 's Jersey Boys Movie '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Thursday , October 17 , 2013 3 : 23 PM EDT Facebook Twitter RSS ( 2013 - 07 - 18 ) . `` Toronto 's Michael Lomenda tapped for lead in Jersey Boys movie '' . TheStar.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 2013 - 08 - 20 ) . `` ' Boardwalk Empire 's ' Vincent Piazza Closes Deal to Join ' Jersey Boys ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News -- Christopher Walken joins Jersey Boys film '' . BBC.co.uk. 2013 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Renee Marino to Play ' Mary ' in JERSEY BOYS Film '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Jersey Boys -- Broadway ( 2013 - 08 - 27 ) . `` Broadway Alum Erica Piccininni & Kathrine Narducci Join the Cast of Clint Eastwood 's Jersey Boys Movie '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1742044/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm#cast Jump up ^ `` Johnny Cannizzaro and Mike Doyle Join JERSEY BOYS Film '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Donnie Kehr Joins JERSEY BOYS Film as ' Norm Waxman ' '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Jersey Boys -- Broadway ( 2013 - 08 - 05 ) . `` Joey Russo and Jeremy Luke Join Christopher Walken in Clint Eastwood 's Jersey Boys Movie '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Jersey Boys -- The Movie ' Update ! Too good to be true ! '' . 4MovieFreaks.com. 2013 - 08 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Starr , Michael ( 2013 - 09 - 13 ) . `` Steve Schirripa returns in full force '' . NYPost.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Latest Jersey Boys Movie Casting News : Christopher Walken to Play Gyp DeCarlo ; Barry Livingston to Play Accountant ! '' . JerseyBoysBlog.com. 2013 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Newsflash : Miles Aubrey to Play ' Charlie Calello ' in Jersey Boys Movie ! '' . JerseyBoysBlog.com. 2013 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Broadway Musical ' Jersey Boys ' to Get Big - Screen Movie '' . Fandango.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike . `` Graham King Wins Fevered Film Rights Auction To Broadway Hit ' Jersey Boys ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Jersey Boys -- Broadway ( 2012 - 08 - 08 ) . `` ' ' Iron Man ' ' Director Jon Favreau Set to Helm ' ' Jersey Boys ' ' Film '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ; Kroll , Justin ( 2012 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Warner Bros. puts ' Jersey Boys ' into turnaround '' . Variety . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Jersey Boys film dropped by Warners ' ' '' . UK.Movies.Yahoo.com. 2012 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Valli Talks ' Jersey Boys ' Movie Rumors , L.A. Show with The Four Seasons and more '' . K - EARTH. 2013 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . `` Clint Eastwood Eyes Stage Talent For ' Jersey Boys ' Movie At Warner Bros '' . Deadline . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fondas , Scott . `` Clint Eastwood : Cowboy Led ' Jersey Boys ' Down a New Trail '' . Variety . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Share on Facebook ( 2014 - 04 - 17 ) . `` The first trailer for Clint Eastwood 's JERSEY BOYS is here ! - Ai n't It Cool News : The best in movie , TV , DVD , and comic book news '' . Aintitcool.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Feature Film Study '' ( PDF ) . FilmL. A. May 2015 . Retrieved April 2016 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Jersey Boys : Music from the Motion Picture and Broadway Musical Sees Release Date ; Track Listing Announced '' Archived June 6 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Playbill.com , June 5 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Jersey Boys '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FINAL BOX OFFICE : First Half Of 2014 No Growth From Year Earlier As ' Think Like A Man Too ' Debuts With $29 M+ ; ' Jersey Boys ' With $13.3 M '' . deadline.com . Jump up ^ Roeper , Robert . `` Jersey Boys '' . Jump up ^ Barker , Andrew ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Jersey Boys ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Jersey Boys ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo. 2014 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Box Office for Friday , June 20 , 2014 '' . Box Office Mojo. 2014 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for June 20 - 22 , 2014 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 24 . External links ( edit ) Official website Jersey Boys on IMDb The Four Seasons Frankie Valli Tommy DeVito Bob Gaudio Nick Massi Charles Calello Joe Long Gerry Polci Albums Sherry & 11 Others ( 1962 ) The 4 Seasons Greetings ( 1962 ) Big Girls Do n't Cry and Twelve Others ( 1963 ) The 4 Seasons Sing Ai n't That a Shame and 11 Others ( 1963 ) Golden Hits of the 4 Seasons ( 1963 ) Dawn ( 1964 ) Rag Doll ( 1964 ) Born to Wonder ( 1964 ) Stay and Other Great Hits ( 1964 ) The 4 Seasons Sing Big Hits by Burt Bacharach ... Hal David ... Bob Dylan ( 1965 ) 4 Seasons Entertain You ( 1965 ) Lets Hang On ( 1965 ) Working My Way Back to You ( 1965 ) On Stage with The Four Seasons ( 1965 ) New Gold Hits ( 1967 ) Edizione D'Oro ( Gold Edition ) ( 1968 ) The Genuine Imitation Life Gazette ( 1969 ) Half and Half ( 1970 ) Chameleon ( 1972 ) Who Loves You ( 1975 ) Helicon ( 1977 ) The Very Best of Frankie Valli & The Four Seasons ( 2002 ) Singles `` Bermuda '' `` Sherry '' `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Walk Like a Man '' `` Ai n't That a Shame '' `` Candy Girl '' `` New Mexican Rose '' `` Dawn ( Go Away ) '' `` Stay '' `` Ronnie '' `` Rag Doll '' `` Alone ( Why Must I Be Alone ) '' `` Save It for Me '' `` Sincerely '' `` Big Man in Town '' `` I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus '' `` Bye , Bye , Baby ( Baby Goodbye ) '' `` Since I Do n't Have You '' `` Girl Come Running '' `` The Sun Ai n't Gonna Shine ( Anymore ) '' `` Let 's Hang On ! '' `` Do n't Think Twice '' `` Working My Way Back to You '' `` Opus 17 ( Do n't You Worry ' bout Me ) '' `` On the Good Ship Lollipop '' `` I 've Got You Under My Skin '' `` The Proud One '' `` Tell It to the Rain '' `` Beggin ' '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` C'mon Marianne '' `` Lonesome Road '' `` Watch the Flowers Grow '' `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' `` My Eyes Adored You '' `` Our Day Will Come '' `` Who Loves You '' `` December , 1963 ( Oh , What a Night ) '' `` Silver Star '' `` Grease '' Related topics Discography Members Albums Songs The Four Lovers The Wonder Who ? Bob Crewe `` Ces soirées - là '' Jersey Boys : Original Broadway Cast Recording Jersey Boys ( musical ) Jersey Boys ( film ) Book : The Four Seasons Films directed by Clint Eastwood Play Misty for Me ( 1971 ) High Plains Drifter ( 1973 ) Breezy ( 1973 ) The Eiger Sanction ( 1975 ) The Outlaw Josey Wales ( 1976 ) The Gauntlet ( 1977 ) Bronco Billy ( 1980 ) Firefox ( 1982 ) Honkytonk Man ( 1982 ) Sudden Impact ( 1983 ) Pale Rider ( 1985 ) Heartbreak Ridge ( 1986 ) Bird ( 1988 ) White Hunter Black Heart ( 1990 ) The Rookie ( 1990 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) A Perfect World ( 1993 ) The Bridges of Madison County ( 1995 ) Absolute Power ( 1997 ) Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil ( 1997 ) True Crime ( 1999 ) Space Cowboys ( 2000 ) Blood Work ( 2002 ) Piano Blues ( 2003 ) Mystic River ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) Changeling ( 2008 ) Gran Torino ( 2008 ) Invictus ( 2009 ) Hereafter ( 2010 ) J. Edgar ( 2011 ) Jersey Boys ( 2014 ) American Sniper ( 2014 ) Sully ( 2016 ) The 15 : 17 to Paris ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jersey_Boys_(film)&oldid=815171426 '' Categories : 2014 films English - language films 2010s biographical films 2010s drama films 2010s musical films American films American biographical films American musical drama films Biographical films about musicians Films based on musicals Films set in 1951 Films set in 1952 Films set in 1956 Films set in 1959 Films set in 1962 Films set in 1963 Films set in 1966 Films set in 1967 Films set in 1971 Films set in 1974 Films set in 1990 Films set in the 1950s Films set in the 1960s Films set in the 1970s Films set in the 1990s Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in New Jersey Musical films based on actual events Jukebox musical films Malpaso Productions films Warner Bros. films Films directed by Clint Eastwood Films produced by Clint Eastwood Screenplays by Marshall Brickman Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 errors : dates Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from May 2014 Track listings with input errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Português Suomi Svenska Türkçe ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 05 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which broadway musical tells the story of the group the four seasons	[ "Jersey Boys is a 2014 American musical crime drama film directed and produced by Clint Eastwood based on the Tony Award winning jukebox musical of the same name. The film tells the story of the musical group The Four Seasons. The film was released in the United States on June 20, 2014.[5][6] The film received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $67 million worldwide.[7]" ]	[ "Jersey Boys" ]
5791393883158513396	Results of the War of 1812	Results of the war of 1812 - wikipedia Results of the war of 1812 Jump to : navigation , search Results of the War of 1812 between Great Britain and the United States , 1812 - 1815 , involved with no geographical changes . The main result of the war was two centuries of peace between the United States and Britain . All the causes of the war had disappeared with the end of the war between Britain and France and with the destruction of the power of Indians to block American expansion into the Northwest . American fears of the Native Americans ended , as did British plans to create a buffer Native American state . The American quest for honor after its humiliations by the British were satisfied . The final collapse of the opposition Federalist Party opened an `` Era of good feelings '' with lessened partisanship and an exuberant spirit . The British paid little attention to the war , concentrating instead on their final defeat of Napoleon in 1815 . The U.S. failed to gain any territory from British North America , contrary to many American politicians ' hopes and expectations , but it did gain land from Spain . After Napoleon 's defeat in 1814 , Britain was no longer at war with France and there were no restrictions on trade ; the British suspended their policy of impressment of American sailors , and never resumed it , but they insisted they still had the right to resume it . Americans believed they had regained their honour and proclaimed victory in what they called a `` second war of independence '' for the decisive defeat of the British invaders at New Orleans seemed to prove that Britain could never regain control of America ( although this had at no time during the war been either plausible or a British intention ) . The threat of secession by New England ended with the failure of the Hartford Convention . In Britain , the importance of the conflict was totally overshadowed by European triumphs : Napoleon had returned from exile in March 1815 , and was finally defeated at Waterloo 100 days later . Upper Canada emerged from the war with a sense of unity and pride as part of the British Empire . Anglophone Canadians claimed the war as a victory for their freedom from American control and credited their militia for the repulse of American invasions . Francophone Canadians largely ignore the war . Contents ( hide ) 1 Efforts to end the war 2 Negotiations 3 Native American affairs 4 Canada 5 Britain 6 United States 6.1 Impact on U.S. military 7 Honor 8 Economic impact 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 Memory of the war 12 External links Efforts to end the war ( edit ) Efforts to end the war began in 1812 when the chief U.S. diplomat in London proposed an armistice in return for a renunciation of impressments ; the British refused . Later , in 1812 , when the British captured Detroit and news of the repeal of the Orders reached Washington , Sir George Prevost arranged an armistice with his counterpart Henry Dearborn . However , President James Madison decided to continue the war . In 1813 , Russia offered to mediate a peace , but London rejected the offer , because it might compromise British interests in Europe . Finally , Great Britain and the United States agreed to commence peace negotiations in January 1814 : the talks were delayed . Negotiations ( edit ) At last in August 1814 , peace discussions began in the neutral city of Ghent . Both sides began negotiations with unrealistic demands . The U.S. wanted an end to all British maritime practices it deemed objectionable and also demanded cessions of Canadian territory and guaranteed fishing rights off Newfoundland . The British announced as an essential element of the peace treaty their long - standing goal of creating an Indian barrier state , a large `` neutral '' Indian state that would cover most of the Old Northwest . It would be independent of the United States and under the tutelage of the British , who would use it to block American expansion and to build up their control of the fur trade . London dropped the demand when the Americans adamantly refused and indicated it would end the negotiations . The British had been weakened by the collapse of Tecumseh 's Confederacy after the Battle of the Thames in 1813 and no longer controlled adequate supply lines to support an Indian barrier state . Britain also wanted to keep the far - northeastern parts of Maine that had been captured to provide a land corridor to Quebec from the maritime colonies . After months of negotiations , against the background of changing military victories , defeats and losses , the parties finally realized that their nations wanted peace and there was no real reason to continue the war . Now each side was tired of the war . Export trade was all but paralyzed and after Napoleon fell in 1814 France was no longer an enemy of Britain , so the Royal Navy no longer needed to stop American shipments to France , and it no longer needed more seamen . The British were preoccupied in rebuilding Europe after the apparent final defeat of Napoleon . The negotiators agreed to return to the status quo ante bellum with no changes in boundaries . Both sides signed the Treaty of Ghent on December 24 , 1814 . The next and final step would be formal ratification by each government . The British -- but not the Americans -- knew , when they signed , that a battle was imminent at New Orleans ( it was fought on January 8 , 1815 ) . This treaty finally went into effect when it was formally ratified by both sides in February 1815 . The Treaty of Ghent failed to secure official British acknowledgment of American maritime rights , but in the century of peace between the worlds naval powers from 1815 until World War I these rights were not seriously violated . The British navy ended the practices that angered Americans , for they were no longer needed after Napoleon . American pride and honor was built as a result of the Indian threat being ended , and through rejoicing surrounding American victory at New Orleans . In doing so , the United States had successfully created sense of becoming fully independent from Britain . Native American affairs ( edit ) A key reason that American frontiersmen were so much in favor of the war in the first place was the threat posed to their continued settlement of Native American - inhabited territory by various tribes , which they blamed on the arms and supplies provided by British agents in Canada . In addition , they wanted access to lands that the British acknowledged belonged to the U.S. but that the British were blocking expansion into by inciting and arming the Native Americans . The death of Tecumseh in battle in 1813 removed a powerful obstacle to expansion , although Native American involvement in the war continued , as did their resistance to American westward expansion after the war 's end . The natives were the main losers in the war , losing British protection , and never regained their influence . In the Southeast , Andrew Jackson 's destruction of Britain 's allies , the Creek Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814 , ended the threat of Native American hostilities in that region . It opened vast areas in Georgia and Alabama for settlement as plantations and farmlands . The U.S. occupied all of West Florida during the war and in 1819 purchased the rest of Florida from Spain , thus preventing the Spanish from arming hostile tribes there . Creek Indians who escaped to Spanish Florida joined the Seminoles there , and put up a long resistance known as the Seminole Wars . In the treaty , the British promised not to arm the Native Americans in the U.S. from Canada ( nor even trade with them ) , and the U.S. - Canada border was largely pacified . However , some Americans assumed that the British continued to conspire with their former Native American allies in an attempt to forestall U.S. hegemony in the Great Lakes region . Such perceptions were faulty , argues Calloway ( 1987 ) . After the Treaty of Ghent , the Native Americans in the Great Lakes region became an undesirable burden to British policymakers . Canada ( edit ) Some in Washington had expected the largely American population of Upper Canada to throw off the `` British yoke '' , but that did not happen . After 1815 , British officials , Anglican clergy and Canadians loyal to the Empire tried to spot and root out American ideals , such as democracy and republicanism . Thus , the British and Loyalist elite were able to set the different colonies , of what would later become Canada , on a different course from that of their former enemy . Canada discouraged further American immigration . When the United States attacked British North America , most of the British forces were engaged in the Napoleonic Wars . Thus , British North America had minimal troops to defend against the United States , who had a much larger ( though initially poorly trained ) military force . For most of the war , British North America stood alone against a much stronger American force . Reinforcements from the United Kingdom did not arrive until 1814 , the final year of the war . The repelling of the American force helped to foster British loyalties in the colonies that later became Canada . The nationalistic sentiment caused a suspicion of such American ideas as republicanism , which would frustrate political reform in Upper and Lower Canada until the Rebellions of 1837 . However , the War of 1812 started the process that ultimately led to Canadian Confederation in 1867 . Canadian writer Pierre Berton has written that , although later events such as the rebellions and the Fenian raids of the 1860s were more important , Canada would have become part of the United States if the War of 1812 had not taken place , because more and more American settlers would have arrived and Canadian nationalism would not have developed . The War of 1812 was highly significant in Britain 's North American colonies . After the war , British sympathizers portrayed the war as a successful fight for national survival against an American democratic force that threatened the peace and stability the Canadians desired . Throughout the war , most of Canada 's inhabitants assigned the war to an American desire to annex the British colonies , a perception reinforced by American Generals like William Hull , who issued proclamations stating that Canada would be annexed . An alleged Canadian myth from the war was that Canadian militiamen had performed admirably , while the British officers were largely ineffective . Jack Granatstein has termed this the `` militia myth '' , and he feels it has had a deep effect on Canadian military thinking , which placed more stress on a citizens ' militia than on a professional standing army . The United States suffered from a similar `` frontiersman myth '' at the start of the war , believing falsely that individual initiative and marksmanship could be effective against a well - disciplined British battle line . Granatstein argues that the militia was not particularly effective in the war and that any British military success was the work of British regular forces and the result of British domination over the sea . Isaac Brock , for example , was reluctant to trust the militia with muskets . Others argue that , in fact , the Canadian militia played important roles in several key engagements , including at the Battle of Chateauguay where they were central to defeating the American advance on Montreal in the fall of 1813 . Historian Robert Henderson has referred to this as `` The myth of the Militia myth '' . See : Canadian Units of the War of 1812 During the war , British officers constantly worried that the Americans would block the St. Lawrence River , which forms part of the Canada -- U.S. border . If the U.S. military had done so , there would have been no British supply route for Upper Canada , where most of the land battles took place , and British forces would likely have had to withdraw or surrender all western British territory within a few months . British officers ' dispatches after the war exhibited astonishment that the Americans never took such a simple step , but the British were not willing to count on the enemy repeating the mistake : as a result , Britain commissioned the Rideau Canal , an expensive project connecting Kingston , on Lake Ontario , to the Ottawa River , providing an alternative supply route that bypassed the part of the St. Lawrence River along the U.S. border . The settlement at the northeastern end of the canal , where it joins the Ottawa River , later became the city of Ottawa , Canada 's fourth - largest city and its capital ( placed inland to protect it from U.S. invasion -- known then as the ' defensible back - country ' ) . Because population away from the St. Lawrence shores was negligible , the British , in the years following the war , took great lengths to ensure that back - country settlement was increased . They settled soldiers and initiated assisted - immigration schemes , offering free land to farmers , mostly tenants of estates in the south of Ireland . The canal project was not completed until 1832 and was never used for its intended purpose . Britain ( edit ) In contrast to Canada , the War of 1812 is seldom remembered in Britain today , as the conflict was quickly forgotten by the British public . Chiefly , this is because it was overshadowed by the dramatic events of the contemporary Napoleonic wars , and because Britain herself neither gained nor lost anything by the peace settlement , except for the fact that it kept control of Canada . The Royal Navy was acutely conscious that the United States Navy had won single - ship duels during the war , even though they had no strategic effect . Particular attention was given these battles because American propaganda had projected them as battles of equal force , when actually the only single ship duel where the forces were equal was the Battle of Boston Harbor which the British won . Furthermore , Britain had effectively won the war on the ocean as almost the entire US Navy was blockaded and unable to fight . British honor was restored when the USS President was captured and taken to Britain for all to see that the American ships that participated in battles of so - called equal force where actually much larger than the British ships they were engaged with . American privateers and commerce raiders had captured approximately 1200 British merchant ships , sending insurance rates up and embarrassing the Admiralty . Nevertheless , 50 % of all American privateers were captured by the British while the privateers only captured 5 % to 7 % of British commerce . Meanwhile , for every 14 American merchant ships that traded before the start of the war only 1 ship dared leave port during the war despite the American effort to double maritime trade . Furthermore , of the few ships that left port , a total 1400 were captured . In addition , Britain did win many sea battles . The Royal Navy had been able to deploy overwhelming strength to American waters , annihilating rather than merely denting American maritime trade , and driving the American economy close to bankruptcy . The Royal Navy would emerge unchecked from the conflict . The British Army regarded the 1812 - 15 conflict in Canada and America as a sideshow . Only one regiment , the 41st , was awarded a battle honor ( Detroit ) from the war . The army was more interested in the lessons of the Peninsular War in Spain . The battle New Orleans could be conveniently attributed to poor leadership or insuperable physical obstacles and British attention was given to the Royal Navy 's successful capture of the American flagship which the Americans conveniently overlooked . If generalship had been better , it was believed , then British would have been successfully at New Orleans . Due to the huge , overwhelming success and pre-eminence of the Duke of Wellington in Europe , the British army was to make no change to its systems of recruitment , discipline and awards of commissions for more than half a century . The British suffered 5,000 killed or wounded soldiers and sailors in the war . United States ( edit ) The gloom in New England , which staunchly opposed the war , culminated in December 1814 , as delegates from five states met secretly in the Hartford Convention . It demanded constitutional amendments to protect New England 's interests against the West and the South . Secession talk was rife and the region might have threatened to secede from the Union , if their demands had been ignored , but the news of peace ended the movement . The United States had faced near - disaster in 1814 , but the victories at the Battle of New Orleans and the Battle of Baltimore and what seemed to be a successful fight against the United Kingdom increased to unite the United States into one nation . Meanwhile , the loss of the American flagship USS President was conveniently overlooked by the public . The best - known patriotic legacy of the war was The Star Spangled Banner . The words are by Francis Scott Key , who after the bombardment of Fort McHenry set them to the music of a British drinking song , `` To Anacreon in Heaven . '' In 1889 the U.S. Navy began using The Star Spangled Banner at flag - raising ceremonies , a practice copied by the Army . In 1931 , Congress made it the U.S. National Anthem . Although all of the original objectives of the war had failed , the American people saw the War of 1812 as evidence of the success of the democratic experiment . The war ushered in a period of American history that has frequently been called `` the Era of Good Feelings , '' a time when , at least on the surface , most Americans felt unified behind a common purpose . The War of 1812 convinced the country that it could fend off any foreign threats and that its focus should be on expansion at home . With the collapse of the Hartford Convention and news of the triumph at the Battle of New Orleans , Americans had cause for celebration . In February , President James Madison sent Congress the treaty of peace . He congratulated the nation on the close of a war `` waged with the success which is the natural result of the wisdom of the legislative councils , of the patriotism of the people , of the public spirit of the militia , and of the velour of the military and naval forces of the country . '' The spirit of nationalism and pride led to the collapse of the nay - sayer Federalist Party and the new Era of Good Feelings . One indirect result of the War of 1812 was the later election to the presidency of war heroes Andrew Jackson and of William Henry Harrison . Both of these men won military fame which had much to do with their elections . Another indirect result was the decline of Federalist power . Impact on U.S. military ( edit ) During the war a total of 2,260 American soldiers and sailors were killed . The war cost the United States about $200 million . Neither the United States nor Great Britain gained any military advantage . Indirectly the United States made some gains . A significant military development was the increased emphasis by General Winfield Scott on professionalism in the U.S. Army officer corps and in particular , the training of officers at the United States Military Academy ( `` West Point '' ) . This new professionalism would become apparent during the Mexican - American War ( 1846 -- 1848 ) . After the Texas Annexation by the U.S. , the term Manifest Destiny became a widely used political term for those who propagated American expansionism and military pride . In a related development , the United States officially abandoned its reliance on the militia for its defense . Moreover , Army Corps of Engineers ( which at that time controlled West Point ) , began building fortifications around New Orleans as a response to the British attack on the city during the war . This effort then grew into numerous civil river works , especially in the 1840s and 1850s under General Pierre Beauregard . The Corps remains the authority over Mississippi ( and other ) river works . The embarrassing defeat of Fort Madison in what is now Iowa and Fort McKay in Prairie du Chien led to the fortification of the Mississippi , with the expansion of Fort Belle Fontaine near St. Louis , and the construction of Fort Armstrong ( 1816 ) and Fort Edwards ( 1816 ) in Illinois , Fort Crawford ( 1816 ) in Prairie du Chien , and Fort Snelling ( 1819 ) in Minnesota . Removal of all Indians from the Mississippi Valley became a top priority for the U.S. government . Honor ( edit ) Historian Norman Risjord has emphasized the central importance of honour as a cause the war . Americans of every political stripe saw the need to uphold national honour , and to reject the treatment of the United States by Britain as a third class nonentity . Americans talked incessantly about the need for force in response . This quest for honour was a major cause of the war in the sense that most Americans who were not involved in mercantile interests or threatened by Indian attack strongly endorsed the preservation of national honour . Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair in which the HMS Leopard attacked the USS Chesapeake in June 1807 was a decisive event . Historians have documented the importance of honour in shaping public opinion in a number of states , including Massachusetts , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and Tennessee , as well as the territory of Michigan . Americans widely celebrated the conclusion of the war as successful , especially the spectacular defeat of the main British invasion army at New Orleans , while conveniently overlooking the loss of their flagship the very next week . For the next century it was often called `` the Second American War for Independence '' and it propelled Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison to the White House . Americans felt they had restored their sense of honour . National honour , the reputation of republican government , and the continuing supremacy of the Republican party had seemed to be at stake ... National honour had ( now ) been satisfied , '' says historian Lance Banning , `` Americans celebrated the end of the struggle with a brilliant burst of national pride . They felt that they had fought a second war for independence , and had won . According to Historians such as Andrew Lambert and William James , British honor was challenged because deserters from the Royal Navy were granted citizenship in the United States . This led to the impressment of American citizens into the Royal Navy . In 1811 , the Little Belt Affair would anger the Admiraly and embarrass the United States . This would lead to the British having a particular interest in capturing the United States flagship USS President . Although the British would effectively disable the vast majority of the United States Navy during the war by having the ships blockaded , the single ship actions that the American 's won embarrassed the Admiralty . Specific attention was given to these battles as the American 's claimed there were between ships of equal force . The British effectively restored their honor by capturing the sloop of war USS Frolic and more importantly the flagship USS President . Both ships were taken to Britain for all to see that the American ships of the so - called engagements of equal force were much larger than the British ships they had fought in single ship duels . Furthermore , the United States failed at abolishing impressment when the treaty was signed , but the British did not continue the practice as the Napoleonic Wars had ended so they no longer needed as many sailors . In doing so British honor was restored , only for the entire conflict to be overshadowed by the defeat of Napoleon . Economic impact ( edit ) Although during the War of 1812 the United States ' economy was severely damaged by the British blockade , the aftermath gave a dramatic boost to the manufacturing capabilities of the United States . The British blockade of the American coast created a shortage of cotton cloth in the United States , leading to the creation of a cotton - manufacturing industry , beginning at Waltham , Massachusetts by Francis Cabot Lowell . The war also spurred on construction of the Erie Canal project , which was built to promote commercial links yet was also perceived as having military uses should the need ever arise . As the charter of the First Bank of the United States had been allowed to expire in 1811 , the federal government was ill - prepared to finance the war and resorted to such expediencies as the suspension of specie payment and the issuance of Treasury Notes . These actions set a precedent for future Federal responses to financial crises . Also , this exposure of the nation 's financial weaknesses explained in part the Congressional decision to charter the Second Bank of the United States in 1816 . The readiness of Southern leaders especially John C. Calhoun to support such a measure also indicates a high degree of national feeling . Perhaps the clearest sign of a new sense of national unity was the victorious Democratic - Republican Party , its long - time foes , the Federalists , vanishing from national politics . The result was an Era of Good Feelings with the lowest level of partisanship ever seen . Canadians , however , contrasted their post-war economic stagnation to the booming American economy , which Desmond Morton believes led to the Rebellions of 1837 . During the war , Bermudian privateers , with their fast Bermuda sloops , were to capture 298 ships ( the total captures by all British naval or privateering vessels between the Great Lakes and the West Indies was 1,593 vessels ) . See also ( edit ) Chronology of the War of 1812 Origins of the War of 1812 War of 1812 Treaty of Ghent Anglo - American Convention of 1818 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Taylor , Alan ( 2010 ) . The Civil War of 1812 . Random House . pp. 137 -- 139 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 77673 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bradford Perkins , ed . The Causes of the War of 1812 : National Honor or National Interest ? ( 1962 ) Jump up ^ Hickey p. 300 ; Barry Schwartz , `` The Social Context of Commemoration : A Study in Collective Memory . '' Social Forces 61 # 2 ( 1982 ) , p. 312 in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Benn ( 2002 ) , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Dwight L. Smith `` A North American Neutral Indian Zone : Persistence of a British Idea . '' Northwest Ohio Quarterly 61 # 2 - 4 ( 1989 ) : 46 - 63 . Jump up ^ Francis M. Carroll ( 2001 ) . A Good and Wise Measure : The Search for the Canadian - American Boundary , 1783 - 1842 . U. of Toronto Press . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Robert V. Remini , Henry Clay : Statesman for the Union ( 1992 ) , pp. 94 - 122 . Jump up ^ Pratt ( 1955 ) , pp. 135 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bertram Wyatt - Brown , `` Andrew Jackson 's Honor , '' Journal of the Early Republic , Vol. 17 , No. 1 ( Spring , 1997 ) , pp. 1 - 36 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Watts ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Walter R. Borneman , 1812 : The War That Forged a Nation ( 2005 ) , p. 269 . Jump up ^ Robert Remini , Andrew Jackson and His Indian Wars ( 2002 ) , pp. 277 - 82 . Jump up ^ Colin G. Calloway , Crown and Calumet : British - Indian Relations , 1783 - 1815 ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Alan Taylor , The Civil War of 1812 ( 2010 ) , p. 443 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Alan ( 2010 ) . The Civil War of 1812 . Random House . pp. 137 -- 139 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 77673 - 4 . Jump up ^ J.L. Granatstein , Canada 's army : waging war and keeping the peace ( 2004 ) , p. 4 . Jump up ^ http://www.warof1812.ca/lacolle1812.htm Jump up ^ http://www.warof1812.ca/chatgy.htm Jump up ^ Robert Henderson `` The myth of the ' Militia Myth ' Dorchester Review ( Volume 3 No. 1 Spring / Summer 2013 ) Jump up ^ J.L. Granatstein , Canada 's army : waging war and keeping the peace ( 2004 ) , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Black , The War of 1812 in the Age of Napoleon ( 2009 ) , pp. 221 - 32 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Andrew : The Challege : Britain against America in The War of 1812 , Kindle edition Jump up ^ Lambert , Andrew : The Challege : Britain against America in The War of 1812 , Kindle edition Jump up ^ Lambert , Andrew : The Challege : Britain against America in The War of 1812 , Kindle edition Jump up ^ Benn , p. 84 . Jump up ^ George Dangerfield , The Era of Good Feelings ( 1952 ) , ch 1 . Jump up ^ War of 1812 . ( 2006 ) . Compton 's by Britannica . Retrieved April 1 , 2006 , from Encyclopædia Britannica Online . ( The Curious End of the War ) Jump up ^ Weigley ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Prucha , Francis P. ( 1969 ) The Sword of the Republic : The United States Army on the Frontier 1783 -- 1846 . Macmillan , New York Jump up ^ Norman K. Risjord , `` 1812 : Conservatives , War Hawks and the Nation 's Honor . '' William and Mary Quarterly : A Magazine of Early American History ( 1961 ) : 196 - 210 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Robert L. Ivie , `` The metaphor of force in prowar discourse : The case of 1812 . '' Quarterly Journal of Speech 68 # 3 ( 1982 ) , pp. 240 - 253 . Jump up ^ Bradford Perkins , The causes of the War of 1812 : National honor or national interest ? ( 1962 ) . Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker , Injured Honor : The Chesapeake - Leopard Affair , June 22 , 1807 ( Naval Institute Press , 1996 ) Jump up ^ William Barlow and David O. Powell . `` Congressman Ezekiel Bacon of Massachusetts and the Coming of the War of 1812 . '' Historical Journal of Massachusetts 6 # 2 ( 1978 ) : 28 . Jump up ^ William R. Barlow , `` Ohio 's Congressmen and the War of 1812 . '' Ohio History 72 ( 1963 ) : 175 - 94 . Jump up ^ Victor Sapio , Pennsylvania and the War of 1812 ( University Press of Kentucky , 2015 ) Jump up ^ Martin Kaufman , `` War Sentiment in Western Pennsylvania : 1812 . '' Pennsylvania History ( 1964 ) : 436 - 448 . Jump up ^ William A. Walker , `` Martial Sons : Tennessee Enthusiasm for the War of 1812 . '' Tennessee Historical Quarterly 20.1 ( 1961 ) : 20 + Jump up ^ William Barlow , `` The Coming of the War of 1812 in Michigan Territory . '' Michigan History 53 ( 1969 ) : 91 - 107 . Jump up ^ Andrew Robertson ; et al. ( 2010 ) . Encyclopedia of U.S. Political History . SAGE Publications . p. 372 . Jump up ^ Lance Banning ( 1980 ) . The Jeffersonian Persuasion : Evolution of a Party Ideology . Cornell UP . p. 295 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Andrew : The Challege : Britain against America in The War of 1812 , Kindle edition Jump up ^ Lambert , Andrew : The Challege : Britain against America in The War of 1812 , Kindle edition Jump up ^ Stanley Engerman and Robert E. Gallman , eds . The Cambridge economic history of the United States : the colonial era : Volume 1 ( 2000 ) , p. 372 . Jump up ^ Wiltse ( 1944 ) Jump up ^ George Dangerfield , The Awakening of American Nationalism , 1815 - 1828 ( 1966 ) , ch. 1 . Jump up ^ Desmond Morton , A Military History of Canada ( 2007 ) , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Walter Brownell Hayward , Bermuda past and present ( 1910 ) , pp. 58 - 66 . Further reading ( edit ) Further information : List of books about the War of 1812 Berton , Pierre ; The Invasion of Canada : 1812 - 1813 ( 1980 ) . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 1244 - 6 ; Flames Across the Border : 1813 - 1814 ( 1981 ) ; reissued as Pierre Berton 's War of 1812 ( Toronto : Anchor Canada , 2011 ) ; popular Canadian narrative ; 928pp Bickham , Troy , The Weight of Vengeance : The United States , The British Empire , and the War of 1812 ( Oxford University Press , 2012 ) ISBN 978 - 0195391787 Black , Jeremy . The War of 1812 in the Age of Napoleon ( 2009 ) by English military historian Borneman , Walter R. 1812 : The War That Forged a Nation ( 2004 ) , popular American version Burt , A.L. The United States , Great Britain and British North America from the Revolution to the Establishment of Peace after the War of 1812 . ( 1940 ) online edition Heidler , Donald & Jeanne T. Heidler ( eds ) Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 ( 2nd ed 2004 ) 636pp ; most comprehensive guide ; 500 entries by 70 scholars from several countries Hickey , Donald R. Do n't Give Up the Ship ! Myths of the War of 1812 . ( 2006 ) ISBN 0 - 252 - 03179 - 2 Hickey , Donald R . The War of 1812 : A Forgotten Conflict . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06059 - 8 ( 1990 ) , standard scholarly history . Hickey , Donald R. 187 Things You Should Know about the War of 1812 ( Baltimore : Maryland Historical Society , 2012 ) , 170 pp . Hitsman , J.M. The Incredible War of 1812 ( 1965 ) , survey by Canadian scholar Jensen , Richard . `` Military History on the Electronic Frontier : Wikipedia Fights the War of 1812 , '' The Journal of Military History 76 # 4 ( October 2012 ) : 523 - 556 ; online version ; the debate here on Wikipedia Langguth , A.J. Union 1812 : The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence ( 2006 ) 495pp , popular history Latimer , Jon , 1812 : War with America ( Harvard , 2007 ) . A British naval perspective . Perkins , Bradford . Castelereagh and Adams : England and the United States , 1812 - 1823 . ( 1964 ) , the standard scholarly diplomatic history Remini , Robert Vincent , Henry Clay : Statesman for the Union ( 1991 ) , pp. 94 -- 122 . Stagg , J.C.A. The War of 1812 : Conflict for a Continent ( Cambridge Essential Histories , 2012 ) brief overview by New Zealand scholar Taylor , Alan . The Civil War of 1812 : American Citizens , British Subjects , Irish Rebels , & Indian Allies ( 2010 ) by Pulitzer Prize winner Tucker , Spencer C. , ed . The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 ( 3 vol : ABC - CLIO , 2012 ) , 1034pp . Zuehlke , Mark . For Honour 's Sake : The War of 1812 and the Brokering of an Uneasy Peace . ( 2007 ) by Canadian military historian . Memory of the war ( edit ) Austen , Ian . `` Canada Puts Spotlight on War of 1812 , With USA as Villain . '' New York Times 7 October 2012 . online Coates , Colin M. , and Cecilia Morgan . Heroines and History : Representations of Madeleine de Verchères and Laura Secord ( U of Toronto Press , 2002 ) . Eamon , Michael . `` The War Against Public Forgetfulness : Commemorating 1812 in Canada '' London Journal of Canadian Studies ( 2014 ) 29 # 1 pp. 134 -- 185 online Forest , Timothy S. `` Epic Triumph , Epic Embarrassment or Both ? Commemorations of the War of 1812 Today in Niagara Region , '' Ontario History 104 # 1 ( 2012 ) , pp. 96 + . Hammack Jr. , James W. ( 1976 ) . Kentucky and the Second American Revolution : The War of 1812 . University Press of Kentucky . pp. 107 -- 112 . Knowles , Norman . Inventing the Loyalists : the Ontario Loyalist Tradition and the Creation of Usable Pasts ( U of Toronto Press , 1997 ) MacDonald , Heather . `` Heroes and Identity : Two - Hundred Years in the Making , '' The Great Lakes Journal of Undergraduate History ( 2013 ) 1 # 1 Article 6 online Morgan , Cecilia . `` '' Remembering 1812 in the 1840s : John Richardson and the Writing of the War `` , London Journal of Canadian Studies ( 2014 ) 29 # 1 pp. 39 -- 69 online Robertson , James Tyler . `` For God , King , and Country : Nineteenth - Century Methodist Interpretations of the War of 1812 '' London Journal of Canadian Studies ( 2014 ) 29 # 1 pp. 1 -- 38 ; Canadian Methodists online Sheppard , George . Plunder , Profit , and Paroles : A Social History of the War of 1812 in Upper Canada ( McGill - Queen 's University Press , 1994 ) Tiro , Karim M. `` Now You See It , Now You Do n't : The War of 1812 in Canada and the United States in 2012 . '' Public Historian 35 # 1 ( 2013 ) : 87 - 97 . in JSTOR Wasson , Jeffrey . `` Inventing a Foundation Myth : Upper Canada in the War of 1812 '' ( Clark University , 2014 ) online External links ( edit ) A Question of Identity : War of 1812 , a 1966 National Film Board of Canada documentary on the war 's role in fostering a sense of Canadian identity ( hide ) War of 1812 Battles Campaigns Origins Chronology Results People Isaac Brock Andrew Jackson Francis Scott Key James Madison Laura Secord Tecumseh Places Fort Detroit / Shelby Illinois Indiana Kentucky Battles Baltimore Beaver Dams Chateauguay Crysler 's Farm Frenchtown Lundy 's Lane New Orleans Queenston Heights Spur 's Defeat Thames Washington Songs `` The Bold Canadian '' `` The Hunters of Kentucky '' `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Other Books Opposition in United States War of 1812 Bicentennial Related Tecumseh 's War Creek War Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Results_of_the_War_of_1812&oldid=834383506 '' Categories : War of 1812 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 12 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was the main result of the battle of horseshoe bend brainly	[ "In the Southeast, Andrew Jackson's destruction of Britain's allies, the Creek Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814, ended the threat of Native American hostilities in that region. It opened vast areas in Georgia and Alabama for settlement as plantations and farmlands. The U.S. occupied all of West Florida during the war and in 1819 purchased the rest of Florida from Spain, thus preventing the Spanish from arming hostile tribes there. Creek Indians who escaped to Spanish Florida joined the Seminoles there, and put up a long resistance known as the Seminole Wars.[12]" ]	[ "ended the threat of Native American hostilities in that region" ]
4691797268397519440	Nathan Hale	Nathan Hale - wikipedia Nathan Hale This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 27 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Nathan Hale ( disambiguation ) . Nathan Hale Nathan Hale , by Frederick MacMonnies , City Hall Park , New York Allegiance United States Birth name Nathan Hale June 6 , 1755 Coventry , Connecticut Colony , British America September 22 , 1776 ( 1776 - 09 - 22 ) ( aged 21 ) New York City , Province of New York , British America Cause of death Hanged Buried Coventry , Connecticut Alma mater Yale College Signature Nathan Hale as depicted in bronze ( 1890 ) by Frederick William MacMonnies at the Brooklyn Museum Nathan Hale ( June 6 , 1755 -- September 22 , 1776 ) was an American soldier and spy for the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War . He volunteered for an intelligence - gathering mission in New York City but was captured by the British and executed . Hale has long been considered an American hero and , in 1985 , he was officially designated the state hero of Connecticut . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Intelligence - gathering mission 3 Impact 4 Hanging site 5 Relatives 6 Legacy 6.1 Statues and appearance 6.2 Namesake items 7 See also 8 Notes and references 8.1 Notes 8.2 References 8.3 Further reading 9 External links Background ( edit ) Coat of Arms of Nathan Hale Commission of Nathan Hale captain in nineteenth regiment of foot commanded by Colonel Charles Webb . Signed by John Hancock . January 1 , 1776 Nathan Hale was born in Coventry , Connecticut , in 1755 to Richard Hale and Elizabeth Strong . In 1768 , when he was fourteen years old , he was sent with his brother Enoch , who was sixteen , to Yale College . Nathan was a classmate of fellow patriot spy Benjamin Tallmadge . The Hale brothers belonged to the Linonian Society of Yale , which debated topics in astronomy , mathematics , literature , and the ethics of slavery . Nathan graduated with first - class honors in 1773 at age 18 and became a teacher , first in East Haddam and later in New London . After the Revolutionary War began in 1775 , he joined a Connecticut militia and was elected first lieutenant within five months . His militia unit participated in the Siege of Boston , but Hale remained behind . It has been suggested that he was unsure as to whether he wanted to fight , or whether he was hindered because his teaching contract in New London did not expire until several months later , in July 1775 . On July 4 , 1775 , Hale received a letter from his classmate and friend Benjamin Tallmadge , who had gone to Boston to see the siege for himself . He wrote to Hale , `` Was I in your condition , I think the more extensive service would be my choice . Our holy Religion , the honor of our God , a glorious country , & a happy constitution is what we have to defend . '' Tallmadge 's letter was so inspiring that , several days later , Hale accepted a commission as first lieutenant in the 7th Connecticut Regiment under Colonel Charles Webb of Stamford . In the following spring , the army moved to Manhattan Island to prevent the British from taking over New York City . In September , General Washington was desperate to determine the location of the imminent British invasion of Manhattan Island . To that end , Washington needed a spy behind enemy lines , and Hale was the only volunteer . Intelligence - gathering mission ( edit ) The Battle of Long Island led to British victory and the capture of New York City via a flanking move from Staten Island across Long Island . Hale volunteered on September 8 , 1776 , to go behind enemy lines and report on British troop movements . He was ferried across on September 12 . It was an act of spying that was immediately punishable by death and posed a great risk to Hale . During his mission , New York City ( then the area at the southern tip of Manhattan around Wall Street ) fell to British forces on September 15 and Washington was forced to retreat to the island 's north in Harlem Heights ( what is now Morningside Heights ) . On September 21 , a quarter of the lower portion of Manhattan burned in the Great New York Fire of 1776 . The fire was later widely thought to have been started by American saboteurs to keep the city from falling into British hands , though Washington and the Congress had already denied this idea . It has also been speculated that the fire was the work of British soldiers acting without orders . In the fire 's aftermath , more than 200 American partisans were rounded up by the British . An account of Nathan Hale 's capture was written by Consider Tiffany , a Connecticut shopkeeper and Loyalist , and obtained by the Library of Congress . In Tiffany 's account , Major Robert Rogers of the Queen 's Rangers saw Hale in a tavern and recognized him despite his disguise . After luring Hale into betraying himself by pretending to be a patriot himself , Rogers and his Rangers apprehended Hale near Flushing Bay in Queens , New York . Another story was that his Loyalist cousin , Samuel Hale , was the one who revealed his true identity . Beekman House British General William Howe had established his headquarters in the Beekman House in a then rural part of Manhattan , on a rise between what are now 50th and 51st Streets between First and Second Avenues , near where Beekman Place commemorates the connection . Hale reportedly was questioned by Howe , and physical evidence was found on him . Rogers provided information about the case . According to tradition , Hale spent the night in a greenhouse at the mansion . He requested a Bible ; his request was denied . Sometime later , he requested a clergyman . Again , the request was denied . According to the standards of the time , spies were hanged as illegal combatants . On the morning of September 22 , 1776 , Hale was marched along Post Road to the Park of Artillery , which was next to a public house called the Dove Tavern ( at modern - day 66th Street and Third Avenue ) , and hanged . He was 21 years old . Bill Richmond , a 13 - year - old former slave and Loyalist who later became a boxer in Europe , was reportedly one of the hangmen , responsible for securing the rope to a strong tree and preparing the noose . Impact ( edit ) Nathan Hale appeared on US postage stamps issued in 1925 and 1929 . The likeness is from a statue by Bela Lyon Pratt . By all accounts , Hale comported himself well before the hanging . Over the years , there has been speculation as to whether he specifically uttered the line : `` I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country . '' The line may be a revision of `` I am so satisfied with the cause in which I have engaged that my only regret is that I have not more lives than one to offer in its service . '' The story of Hale 's quote began with John Montresor , a British officer who witnessed the hanging . Soon after the execution , Montresor spoke with the American officer William Hull about Hale 's death . Hull later publicized Hale 's use of the declaration . Because Hull was not an eyewitness to Hale 's speech , some historians have questioned the reliability of the account . If Hale did not originate the statement , it is possible he instead repeated a passage from Joseph Addison 's play Cato , an ideological inspiration to many Whigs : How beautiful is death , when earn 'd by virtue ! Who would not be that youth ? What pity is it That we can die but once to serve our country . No official records were kept of Hale 's speech . However , Frederick MacKensie , a British officer , wrote this diary entry for the day : He behaved with great composure and resolution , saying he thought it the duty of every good Officer , to obey any orders given him by his Commander - in - Chief ; and desired the Spectators to be at all times prepared to meet death in whatever shape it might appear . It is almost certain that Nathan Hale 's last speech contained more than one sentence . Several early accounts mention different things he said . These are not necessarily contradictory , but rather , together they give an idea of what the speech must have been like . ( The following quotes are all taken from George Dudley Seymour 's book , Documentary Life of Nathan Hale , published in 1941 by the author . ) From the diary of Enoch Hale , Nathan 's brother , after he went to question people who had been present , October 26 , 1776 : `` When at the Gallows he spoke & told them that he was a Capt in the Cont Army by name Nathan Hale . '' From the Essex Journal , February 13 , 1777 : `` However , at the gallows , he made a sensible and spirited speech ; among other things , told them they were shedding the blood of the innocent , and that if he had ten thousand lives , he would lay them all down , if called to it , in defence of his injured , bleeding Country . '' From the Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advertiser , May 17 , 1781 : `` I am so satisfied with the cause in which I have engaged , that my only regret is , that I have not more lives than one to offer in its service . '' From the memoirs of Captain William Hull , quoting British Captain John Montresor , who was present and who spoke to Hull under a flag of truce the next day : `` On the morning of his execution , '' continued the officer , `` my station was near the fatal spot , and I requested the Provost Marshal ( William Cunningham ) to permit the prisoner to sit in my marquee , while he was making the necessary preparations . Captain Hale entered : he was calm , and bore himself with gentle dignity , in the consciousness of rectitude and high intentions . He asked for writing materials , which I furnished him : he wrote two letters , one to his mother and one to a brother officer . He was shortly after summoned to the gallows . But a few persons were around him , yet his characteristic dying words were remembered . He said , ' I only regret , that I have but one life to lose for my country . ' '' Two early ballads also attempt to recreate Hale 's last speech . Songs and Ballads of the Revolution , collected by F. Moore ( 1855 ) contained the `` Ballad of Nathan Hale '' ( anonymous ) , dated 1776 : `` Thou pale king of terrors , thou life 's gloomy foe , Go frighten the slave ; go frighten the slave ; Tell tyrants , to you their allegiance they owe . No fears for the brave ; no fears for the brave . '' ; and `` To the Memory of Capt . Nathan Hale '' by Eneas Munson , Sr. , was written soon after Hale 's death : `` Hate of oppression 's arbitrary plan , The love of freedom , and the rights of man ; A strong desire to save from slavery 's chain The future millions of the western main , And hand down safe , from men 's invention cleared , The sacred truths which all the just revered ; For ends like these , I wish to draw my breath , '' He bravely cried , `` or dare encounter death . '' And when a cruel wretch pronounced his doom , Replied , `` ' Tis well , -- for all is peace to come ; The sacred cause for which I drew my sword Shall yet prevail , and peace shall be restored . I 've served with zeal the land that gave me birth , Fulfilled my course , and done my work on earth ; Have ever aimed to tread that shining road That leads a mortal to the blessed God . I die resigned , and quit life 's empty stage , For brighter worlds my every wish engage ; And while my body slumbers in the dust , My soul shall join the assemblies of the just . '' Munson had tutored Hale before college , and knew him and his family well , so even though the particulars of this speech may be unlikely , Munson knew firsthand what Hale 's opinions were . Hanging site ( edit ) The British hang spy Nathan Hale in New York City , 1776 . Aside from the site at 66th Street and Third Avenue , currently a Nike store and three other sites in Manhattan claim to be the hanging site : City Hall Park , where a statue designed by Frederick William MacMonnies was erected in 1890 Inside Grand Central Terminal The Yale Club at 44th Street and Vanderbilt Avenue , near Grand Central Terminal , the Daughters of the American Revolution ( DAR ) hung a plaque which states the event occurred there Nathan Hale 's body has never been found . His family erected an empty grave cenotaph in Nathan Hale Cemetery in South Coventry Historic District , Connecticut . His statue also stands in Nathan Hale Park in Saint Paul , Minnesota . Relatives ( edit ) Hale was the great - grandson of John `` Reverend Hale '' Hale , an important figure in the Salem witch trials of 1692 . Nathan Hale was also the uncle of orator and statesman Edward Everett ( the other speaker at Gettysburg ) and the grand - uncle of Edward Everett Hale ( quoted above ) , a Unitarian minister , writer , and activist noted for social causes including abolitionism . He was the uncle of Nathan Hale who founded the Boston Daily Advertiser , and helped establish the North American Review . Legacy ( edit ) Statues and appearance ( edit ) Statue by Bela Pratt at the Tribune Tower , Chicago . Statue by Enoch Smith Woods at Wadsworth Atheneum , Hartford , Connecticut , erected 1894 . Statue by Bela Lyon Pratt at Fort Nathan Hale . Nathan Hale statue flanked by Yale servicemen , Yale campus , New Haven , Connecticut , November 1917 . Marker in Freese Park , Norwalk , Connecticut that is denoted as the embarkation point for Nathan Hale 's fatal mission Statues of Nathan Hale are based on idealized archetypes ; no contemporaneous portraits of him have been found . Documents and letters reveal Hale was an informed , practical , detail - oriented man who planned ahead . Of his appearance and demeanor , fellow soldier Lieutenant Elisha Bostwick wrote that Nathan Hale had blue eyes , flaxen blond hair , darker eyebrows , and stood slightly taller than average height ( of the time ) , with mental powers of a sedate mind and pious . Bostwick wrote : I can now in imagination see his person & hear his voice - his person I should say was a little above the common stature in height , his shoulders of a moderate breadth , his limbs strait & very plump : regular features -- very fair skin -- blue eyes -- flaxen or very light hair which was always kept short -- his eyebrows a shade darker than his hair & his voice rather sharp or piercing -- his bodily agility was remarkable . I have seen him follow a football and kick it over the tops of the trees in the Bowery at New York , ( an exercise which he was fond of ) -- his mental powers seemed to be above the common sort -- his mind of a sedate and sober cast , & he was undoubtedly Pious ; for it was remark 'd that when any of the soldiers of his company were sick he always visited them & usually Prayed for & with them in their sickness . Hale has been honored with two standing images : A statue designed by Frederick William MacMonnies was dedicated on the anniversary of Evacuation Day , November 25 , 1893 , at City Hall Park , New York . The statue established Hale 's modern idealized square - jawed image . A statue of Hale , sculpted 1908 -- 12 by Bela Pratt , was cast in 1912 and stands in front of Connecticut Hall where he resided while at Yale . Copies of this sculpture stand at the Phillips Academy in Andover , Massachusetts ; the Nathan Hale Homestead in Coventry ; the Connecticut Governor 's Residence in Hartford , Connecticut ; Fort Nathan Hale in New Haven , Connecticut ; Mitchell College in New London , Connecticut ; the Department of Justice in Washington , D.C. ; Tribune Tower in Chicago ; and at the headquarters of the Central Intelligence Agency , Langley , Virginia . Other statues / markers include : A statue of Nathan Hale , with an inscription of his reported last words on the first floor of the Connecticut State Capitol in Hartford . Statues of Nathan Hale are also located in the Tulane University Law School reading room ; and at the corner of Summit and Portland Avenues in Saint Paul , Minnesota . A memorial for him located in Huntington , New York where he landed for his fatal spying mission . A historical marker in Freese Park , Norwalk , Connecticut that is denoted as the embarkation point . A 45 - foot ( 14 m ) obelisk known as the Captain Nathan Hale Monument was erected in his honor in 1846 in his birthplace of Coventry , Connecticut . Namesake items ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The hamlet of Halesite , New York ( formerly Huntington Harbor ) on Long Island , New York , is named after Hale . There is a memorial plaque set into a large boulder , which was removed from the beach nearby where Hale is thought to have landed on his fateful mission . Nathan Hale Army Depot , a U.S. Army installation , is located in Darmstadt , Germany . Fort Nathan Hale , a Revolutionary War - era fort and historic site in New Haven , Connecticut , is named after him . The Nathan Hale Inn and Nathan Hale dormitory on the University of Connecticut campus in Storrs , Connecticut , are named after Hale . The Nathan Hale dormitory , traditionally a freshman girl 's dorm , at Phillips Academy in Andover , Massachusetts , is named after Hale . Nathan Hale Hall is a Building at Farmingdale State College in Farmingdale , New York , which is home to Biology and Art Centers . Nathan Hale Hall is a Barracks Building at Fort George G. Meade , Maryland . Nathan Hale Hall is the main academic building at Mitchell College , New London , Connecticut . Nathan Hale Memorial Chapter Daughters of the American Revolution . Organized June 6 , 1900 , in East Haddam , Connecticut . Ceremony took place at the one - room schoolhouse where he once taught . High schools named after Hale include Nathan Hale - Ray High School in East Haddam , Connecticut ( where he was schoolmaster ) , Nathan Hale High School in Seattle and high schools in West Allis , Wisconsin , and Tulsa , Oklahoma . Middle schools named after Hale include Nathan Hale - Ray Middle School in East Haddam , Connecticut , Nathan Hale Middle School in Norwalk , Connecticut ( the departure point for his final mission ) , Captain Nathan Hale Middle School in Coventry , Connecticut ( his birthplace ) , as well as middle schools in Northvale , New Jersey ; Omaha , Nebraska ; Cleveland ; and Crestwood , Illinois . There are elementary schools named after Hale in Roxbury , Boston ; New London , Connecticut ( where he was schoolmaster ) ; Enfield , Connecticut ; Manchester , Connecticut ; Meriden , Connecticut , New Haven , Connecticut , Whiting , Indiana ; Schaumburg , Illinois ; Mesa , Arizona ; Minneapolis ; Lansing , Illinois , Crestwood , Illinois , Carteret , New Jersey , Northvale , New Jersey , and in Chicago . The United States Navy submarine USS Nathan Hale ( SSBN - 623 ) was named in his honor . The Nathan Hale Ancient Fife and Drum Corps from Coventry , Connecticut , is named after him and includes a division called Knowlton 's Connecticut Rangers . The main character of Resistance : Fall of Man and Resistance 2 is named Nathan Hale and is a soldier , but does n't have any direct relation to the original one . `` Nathaniel Hale '' Battalion is the name of the Battalion for Army ROTC based at the University of Connecticut , with Knowlton Company ( Company A ) at University of Connecticut and Sillman Company ( Company B) at Sacred Heart University . Nathan Hale 's Hazardous Tales by Nathan James Hale are a graphic novel series . The first book `` One Dead Spy '' tells the story of Nathan Hale . The character of Nathan Hale appears in other books in the series as the narrator . See also ( edit ) Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War Intelligence operations in the American Revolutionary War Nathan Hale Homestead Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sites , Seals , Symbols '' . Interactive Connecticut State Register & Manual . State of Connecticut . 2006 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2006 . Retrieved January 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Mobed , Desiree ; Baker , Mary Beth . `` FAQ '' . The Nathan Hale website . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2006 . Retrieved January 22 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Capt . Nathan Hale ( 1755 - 1776 ) - Sons of the American Revolution , Connecticut - CTSSAR '' . www.connecticutsar.org . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nathan Hale : Yale 1773 : : Curator : Richard E. Mooney '' . www.library.yale.edu . p. 2 . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Documentary Life of Nathan Hale '' . google.com . Jump up ^ Neff , p. 299 -- 308 . Jump up ^ `` Nathan Hale '' . Retrieved February 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hutson , James ( July -- August 2003 ) . `` Nathan Hale Revisited -- A Tory 's Account of the Arrest of the First American Spy '' . Information Bulletin . The Library of Congress . Retrieved February 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Haswell , p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Ortner , Mary J. ( 2001 ) . `` Captain Nathan Hale ( 1755 - 1776 ) '' . Patriots . The Connecticut Society of the Sons of the American Revolution . Retrieved February 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Colonial Era through the Antebellum Period '' . March 1 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2007 . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Seymour , p. 292 . Jump up ^ Seymour , p. xxxi . Jump up ^ Seymour , p. 438 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , F.K. ( January 1 , 1985 ) . `` A Possible Source for Nathan Hale 's Dying Words '' . The William and Mary Quarterly . 42 ( 3 ) : 394 -- 396 . JSTOR 1918934 . doi : 10.2307 / 1918934 . ^ Jump up to : Seymour , p. 327 . Jump up ^ Seymour , p. xxxii . Jump up ^ Seymour , p. 301 . Jump up ^ Seymour , p. 303 . Jump up ^ Seymour , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Seymour , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Seymour , p. 361 . ^ Jump up to : `` Permanent Revolution '' . New York magazine . September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nathan Hale '' . Saint Paul Minnesota . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Sherman ( 1885 ) . `` The Century '' . 29 . New York , NY : The Century Co. : 339 . Jump up ^ George Dudley Seymour ( 1907 ) . The familiar Hale : an attempt to show by what standards of age , appearance and character the proposed statue to Nathan Hale for the campus of Yale college should be judged . The Yale publishing association . pp. 6 -- 7 . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Days and Valiant Death of Nathan Hale '' . American Heritage Magazine . American Heritage Inc . April 1964 . Retrieved January 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` City Hall Park , Nathan Hale '' . New York City Department of Parks and Recreation . Jump up ^ `` The CIA campus . A walk outside headquarters '' . Central Intelligence Agengy . July 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ConneCT Kids Connecticut Government The Connecticut State Capitol 4 '' . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` St. Paul , Minnesota government '' . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NATHAN HALE : Patriot Spy '' ( PDF ) . Revolutionary Connecticut . Retrieved 15 February 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.district130.org/schools/nhp/1_nathan_hale_home%20page.htm References ( edit ) H.W. Crocker III ( 2006 ) . Do n't Tread on Me . New York : Crown Forum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 5363 - 6 . Charles Haynes Haswell ( 1896 ) . Reminiscences of New York by an octogenarian ( 1816 to 1860 ) . Harper . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . Jacob K. Neff ( 1845 ) . The Army and Navy of America : containing a view of the heroic adventures , battles , naval engagements , remarkable incidents , and glorious achievements in the cause of freedom , from the period of the French and Indian Wars to the close of the Florida War : independent of an account of warlike operations on land and sea : enlivened by a variety of the most interesting anecdotes , and splendidly embellished with numerous engravings . John S. Gable . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . George D. Seymour ( May 2006 ) . Documentary Life of Nathan Hale : Comprising All Available Official and Private Documents Bearing on the Life of the Patriot . Kessinger Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4286 - 0043 - 0 . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Baker , Mark Allen . `` Spies of Revolutionary Connecticut , From Benedict Arnold to Nathan Hale . '' Charleston : The History Press , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62619 - 407 - 6 Circian . `` The Story of Nathan Hale . '' Archiving Early America . N.p. , 2011 . Web . October 3 , 2011 . < http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2001_summer_fall/n_hale.html > . Fleming , Thomas . `` George Washington , Spymaster . '' American Heritage . American Heritage Publishing Company , 2011 . Web . October 3 , 2011 . < http://www.americanheritage.com/content/george-washington-spymaster > . Durante , Dianne , Outdoor Monuments of Manhattan : A Historical Guide ( New York University Press , 2007 ) : description of MacMonnies 's Nathan Hale at City Hall Park , New York . Kirby , David . `` Nathan Hale Was Here ... and Here ... and Here . '' New York Times November 23 , 1997 : 3 . < http://search.proquest.com/docview/430873870 > . Miller , Tom . `` The Lost 1763 Beekman Mansion ' Mount Pleasant ' -- 50th Street and 1st Avenue . '' Daytonian in Manhattan . N.p. , September 21 , 2011 . Web . October 3 , 2011 . < http://daytoninmanhattan.blogspot.com/2011/09/lost-1763-beekman-mansion-mount.html > . Ortner , Mary J. `` Captain Nathan Hale . '' The Connecticut Society of the Sons of the American Revolution . N.p. , 2010 . Web . October 3 , 2011 . < http://www.connecticutsar.org/patriots/hale_nathan_2.htm > . Phelps , William M. `` Nathan Hale : The Life and Death of America 's First Spy '' St. Martin 's Press , New York , New York , 2008 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 37641 - 3 Rose , Alexander . Washington 's Spies : The Story of America 's First Spy Ring . Random House , New York , New York , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 80421 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nathan Hale . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Nathan Hale A Time for Heroes : The Story of Nathan Hale `` Hale , John '' . Appletons ' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1892 . Ortner , Mary J. ( 2001 ) . `` Captain Nathan Hale ( 1755 -- 1776 ) '' . The Connecticut Society of the Sons of the American Revolution . Hutson , James . `` Nathan Hale Revisited '' . Information Bulletin : July / August 2003 . Library of Congress . ( A newly discovered ) account of the capture of Nathan Hale fits the facts as we know them so well that one is tempted to accept it as being substantially true . `` Nathan Hale , American Patriot '' . U-S-History.com . The Connecticut Society of the Sons of the American Revolution Nathan Hale at Find a Grave ( hide ) New York in the American Revolution 1765 Sons of Liberty First Liberty Poles erected Stamp Act Congress 1770 Battle of Golden Hill 1775 Capture of Fort Ticonderoga Invasion of Canada 1776 New York and New Jersey campaign Battle of Long Island New York Prison Ships Begin Submarine attack in New York Harbor Staten Island Peace Conference Landing at Kip 's Bay Battle of Harlem Heights Great Fire of New York Execution of Nathan Hale Battle of Valcour Island Battle of Pell 's Point Battle of White Plains Battle of Fort Washington 1777 Meigs Raid Saratoga campaign Siege of Fort Ticonderoga Battle of Fort Anne Siege of Fort Stanwix Battle of Oriskany Battle of Bennington Battle of Setauket Battle of Staten Island Battle of Freeman 's Farm ( 1st Saratoga ) Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery Battle of Bemis Heights ( 2nd Saratoga ) 1778 Setauket Spy Ring Launched Battle of Cobleskill West Point established Attack on German Flatts Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga Carleton 's Raid Cherry Valley massacre 1779 Battle of Stony Point Battle of Minisink Sullivan Expedition Battle of Newtown Boyd and Parker ambush 1780 Battle of Young 's House First Purple Heart Arnold -- André conspiracy exposed Battle of Klock 's Field Battle of Fort St. George 1781 HMS Culloden Runs Aground at Montauk Washington Calls Off Invasion of New York Battle of Fort Slongo Battle of Johnstown 1782 Washington 's Headquarters at Newburgh Newburgh letter 1783 Newburgh Conspiracy British Evacuate New York Washington 's Farewell to His Officers VIAF : 54951105 LCCN : n82126548 GND : 119126257 IATH : w6tt4qth Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathan_Hale&oldid=802639105 '' Categories : Nathan Hale 1755 births 1776 deaths American Revolutionary War executions Continental Army officers from Connecticut Executed spies People executed by the British military by hanging People of Connecticut in the American Revolution People from Coventry , Connecticut United States Army Rangers Yale University alumni Executed people from Connecticut People executed by the Kingdom of Great Britain Symbols of Connecticut 18th - century executions of American people Military personnel from Connecticut American spies during the American Revolution Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2017 Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from April 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina 日本語 Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 13 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who said i have but one life to give	[ "Nathan Hale (June 6, 1755 – September 22, 1776) was an American soldier and spy for the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He volunteered for an intelligence-gathering mission in New York City but was captured by the British and executed. Hale has long been considered an American hero and, in 1985, he was officially designated the state hero of Connecticut.[1]" ]	[ "Nathan Hale" ]
4750354459654567786	Ceramic	Ceramic - wikipedia Ceramic This article is about the material properties of ceramics . For other uses , see Ceramic ( disambiguation ) . A Ming Dynasty porcelain vase dated to 1403 -- 1424 A selection of silicon nitride components . Fire test furnace insulated with firebrick and ceramic fibre insulation . Mid-16th century ceramic tilework on the Dome of the Rock , Jerusalem Spherical Hanging Ornament , 1575 -- 1585 , Ottoman period . Brooklyn Museum . Fixed partial porcelain denture , or `` bridge '' A ceramic is a non-metallic solid material comprising an inorganic compound of metal , non-metal or metalloid atoms primarily held in ionic and covalent bonds . The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline , vitrified , and often completely amorphous ( e.g. , glasses ) . Most often , fired ceramics are either vitrified or semi-vitrified as is the case with earthenware , stoneware , and porcelain . Varying crystallinity and electron consumption in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electrical insulators ( extensively researched in ceramic engineering ) . With such a large range of possible options for the composition / structure of a ceramic ( e.g. nearly all of the elements , nearly all types of bonding , and all levels of crystallinity ) , the breadth of the subject is vast , and identifiable attributes ( e.g. hardness , toughness , electrical conductivity , etc . ) are hard to specify for the group as a whole . General properties such as high melting temperature , high hardness , poor conductivity , high moduli of elasticity , chemical resistance and low ductility are the norm , with known exceptions to each of these rules ( e.g. piezoelectric ceramics , glass transition temperature , superconductive ceramics , etc . ) . Many composites , such as fiberglass and carbon fiber , while containing ceramic materials , are not considered to be part of the ceramic family . The earliest ceramics made by humans were pottery objects ( i.e. pots or vessels ) or figurines made from clay , either by itself or mixed with other materials like silica , hardened , sintered , in fire . Later ceramics were glazed and fired to create smooth , colored surfaces , decreasing porosity through the use of glassy , amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates . Ceramics now include domestic , industrial and building products , as well as a wide range of ceramic art . In the 20th century , new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering , such as in semiconductors . The word `` ceramic '' comes from the Greek word κεραμικός ( keramikos ) , `` of pottery '' or `` for pottery '' , from κέραμος ( keramos ) , `` potter 's clay , tile , pottery '' . The earliest known mention of the root `` ceram - '' is the Mycenaean Greek ke - ra - me - we , `` workers of ceramics '' , written in Linear B syllabic script . The word `` ceramic '' may be used as an adjective to describe a material , product or process , or it may be used as a noun , either singular , or , more commonly , as the plural noun `` ceramics '' . Contents 1 Types of ceramic material 1.1 Crystalline ceramics 1.2 Noncrystalline ceramics 2 Properties of ceramics 2.1 Mechanical properties 2.2 Electrical properties 2.2. 1 Semiconductors 2.2. 2 Superconductivity 2.2. 3 Ferroelectricity and supersets 2.2. 4 Positive thermal coefficient 2.3 Optical properties 3 Examples 4 Ceramic products 4.1 By usage 4.2 Ceramics made with clay 4.3 Classification of ceramics 5 Applications 6 Ceramics in archaeology 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Types of ceramic material ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A low magnification SEM micrograph of an advanced ceramic material . The properties of ceramics make fracturing an important inspection method . A ceramic material is an inorganic , non-metallic , often crystalline oxide , nitride or carbide material . Some elements , such as carbon or silicon , may be considered ceramics . Ceramic materials are brittle , hard , strong in compression , weak in shearing and tension . They withstand chemical erosion that occurs in other materials subjected to acidic or caustic environments . Ceramics generally can withstand very high temperatures , such as temperatures that range from 1,000 ° C to 1,600 ° C ( 1,800 ° F to 3,000 ° F ) . Glass is often not considered a ceramic because of its amorphous ( noncrystalline ) character . However , glassmaking involves several steps of the ceramic process and its mechanical properties are similar to ceramic materials . Traditional ceramic raw materials include clay minerals such as kaolinite , whereas more recent materials include aluminium oxide , more commonly known as alumina . The modern ceramic materials , which are classified as advanced ceramics , include silicon carbide and tungsten carbide . Both are valued for their abrasion resistance , and hence find use in applications such as the wear plates of crushing equipment in mining operations . Advanced ceramics are also used in the medicine , electrical , electronics industries and body armor . Crystalline ceramics ( edit ) Crystalline ceramic materials are not amenable to a great range of processing . Methods for dealing with them tend to fall into one of two categories -- either make the ceramic in the desired shape , by reaction in situ , or by `` forming '' powders into the desired shape , and then sintering to form a solid body . Ceramic forming techniques include shaping by hand ( sometimes including a rotation process called `` throwing '' ) , slip casting , tape casting ( used for making very thin ceramic capacitors , e.g. ) , injection molding , dry pressing , and other variations . Details of these processes are described in the two books listed below . A few methods use a hybrid between the two approaches . Noncrystalline ceramics ( edit ) Noncrystalline ceramics , being glass , tend to be formed from melts . The glass is shaped when either fully molten , by casting , or when in a state of toffee - like viscosity , by methods such as blowing into a mold . If later heat treatments cause this glass to become partly crystalline , the resulting material is known as a glass - ceramic , widely used as cook - top and also as a glass composite material for nuclear waste disposal . Properties of ceramics ( edit ) The physical properties of any ceramic substance are a direct result of its crystalline structure and chemical composition . Solid state chemistry reveals the fundamental connection between microstructure and properties such as localized density variations , grain size distribution , type of porosity and second - phase content , which can all be correlated with ceramic properties such as mechanical strength σ by the Hall - Petch equation , hardness , toughness , dielectric constant , and the optical properties exhibited by transparent materials . Physical properties of chemical compounds which provide evidence of chemical composition include odor , colour , volume , density ( mass / volume ) , melting point , boiling point , heat capacity , physical form at room temperature ( solid , liquid or gas ) , hardness , porosity , and index of refraction . Ceramography is the art and science of preparation , examination and evaluation of ceramic microstructures . Evaluation and characterization of ceramic microstructures is often implemented on similar spatial scales to that used commonly in the emerging field of nanotechnology : from tens of angstroms ( A ) to tens of micrometers ( μm ) . This is typically somewhere between the minimum wavelength of visible light and the resolution limit of the naked eye . The microstructure includes most grains , secondary phases , grain boundaries , pores , micro-cracks , structural defects and hardness microindentions . Most bulk mechanical , optical , thermal , electrical and magnetic properties are significantly affected by the observed microstructure . The fabrication method and process conditions are generally indicated by the microstructure . The root cause of many ceramic failures is evident in the cleaved and polished microstructure . Physical properties which constitute the field of materials science and engineering include the following : Mechanical properties ( edit ) Cutting disks made of silicon carbide The Porsche Carrera GT 's carbon - ceramic ( silicon carbide ) disc brake Mechanical properties are important in structural and building materials as well as textile fabrics . They include many properties used to describe the strength of materials such as : elasticity / plasticity , tensile strength , compressive strength , shear strength , fracture toughness & ductility ( low in brittle materials ) , and indentation hardness . In modern materials science , fracture mechanics is an important tool in improving the mechanical performance of materials and components . It applies the physics of stress and strain , in particular the theories of elasticity and plasticity , to the microscopic crystallographic defects found in real materials in order to predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of bodies . Fractography is widely used with fracture mechanics to understand the causes of failures and also verify the theoretical failure predictions with real life failures . Ceramic materials are usually ionic or covalent bonded materials , and can be crystalline or amorphous . A material held together by either type of bond will tend to fracture before any plastic deformation takes place , which results in poor toughness in these materials . Additionally , because these materials tend to be porous , the pores and other microscopic imperfections act as stress concentrators , decreasing the toughness further , and reducing the tensile strength . These combine to give catastrophic failures , as opposed to the normally much more gentle failure modes of metals . These materials do show plastic deformation . However , due to the rigid structure of the crystalline materials , there are very few available slip systems for dislocations to move , and so they deform very slowly . With the non-crystalline ( glassy ) materials , viscous flow is the dominant source of plastic deformation , and is also very slow . It is therefore neglected in many applications of ceramic materials . To overcome the brittle behaviour , ceramic material development has introduced the class of ceramic matrix composite materials , in which ceramic fibers are embedded and with specific coatings are forming fiber bridges across any crack . This mechanism substantially increases the fracture toughness of such ceramics . The ceramic disc brakes are , for example using a ceramic matrix composite material manufactured with a specific process . Electrical properties ( edit ) Semiconductors ( edit ) Some ceramics are semiconductors . Most of these are transition metal oxides that are II - VI semiconductors , such as zinc oxide . While there are prospects of mass - producing blue LEDs from zinc oxide , ceramicists are most interested in the electrical properties that show grain boundary effects . One of the most widely used of these is the varistor . These are devices that exhibit the property that resistance drops sharply at a certain threshold voltage . Once the voltage across the device reaches the threshold , there is a breakdown of the electrical structure in the vicinity of the grain boundaries , which results in its electrical resistance dropping from several megohms down to a few hundred ohms . The major advantage of these is that they can dissipate a lot of energy , and they self - reset -- after the voltage across the device drops below the threshold , its resistance returns to being high . This makes them ideal for surge - protection applications ; as there is control over the threshold voltage and energy tolerance , they find use in all sorts of applications . The best demonstration of their ability can be found in electrical substations , where they are employed to protect the infrastructure from lightning strikes . They have rapid response , are low maintenance , and do not appreciably degrade from use , making them virtually ideal devices for this application . Semiconducting ceramics are also employed as gas sensors . When various gases are passed over a polycrystalline ceramic , its electrical resistance changes . With tuning to the possible gas mixtures , very inexpensive devices can be produced . Superconductivity ( edit ) The Meissner effect demonstrated by levitating a magnet above a cuprate superconductor , which is cooled by liquid nitrogen Under some conditions , such as extremely low temperature , some ceramics exhibit high - temperature superconductivity . The exact reason for this is not known , but there are two major families of superconducting ceramics . Ferroelectricity and supersets ( edit ) Piezoelectricity , a link between electrical and mechanical response , is exhibited by a large number of ceramic materials , including the quartz used to measure time in watches and other electronics . Such devices use both properties of piezoelectrics , using electricity to produce a mechanical motion ( powering the device ) and then using this mechanical motion to produce electricity ( generating a signal ) . The unit of time measured is the natural interval required for electricity to be converted into mechanical energy and back again . The piezoelectric effect is generally stronger in materials that also exhibit pyroelectricity , and all pyroelectric materials are also piezoelectric . These materials can be used to inter convert between thermal , mechanical , or electrical energy ; for instance , after synthesis in a furnace , a pyroelectric crystal allowed to cool under no applied stress generally builds up a static charge of thousands of volts . Such materials are used in motion sensors , where the tiny rise in temperature from a warm body entering the room is enough to produce a measurable voltage in the crystal . In turn , pyroelectricity is seen most strongly in materials which also display the ferroelectric effect , in which a stable electric dipole can be oriented or reversed by applying an electrostatic field . Pyroelectricity is also a necessary consequence of ferroelectricity . This can be used to store information in ferroelectric capacitors , elements of ferroelectric RAM . The most common such materials are lead zirconate titanate and barium titanate . Aside from the uses mentioned above , their strong piezoelectric response is exploited in the design of high - frequency loudspeakers , transducers for sonar , and actuators for atomic force and scanning tunneling microscopes . Positive thermal coefficient ( edit ) Silicon nitride rocket thruster . Left : Mounted in test stand . Right : Being tested with H / O propellants Increases in temperature can cause grain boundaries to suddenly become insulating in some semiconducting ceramic materials , mostly mixtures of heavy metal titanates . The critical transition temperature can be adjusted over a wide range by variations in chemistry . In such materials , current will pass through the material until joule heating brings it to the transition temperature , at which point the circuit will be broken and current flow will cease . Such ceramics are used as self - controlled heating elements in , for example , the rear - window defrost circuits of automobiles . At the transition temperature , the material 's dielectric response becomes theoretically infinite . While a lack of temperature control would rule out any practical use of the material near its critical temperature , the dielectric effect remains exceptionally strong even at much higher temperatures . Titanates with critical temperatures far below room temperature have become synonymous with `` ceramic '' in the context of ceramic capacitors for just this reason . Optical properties ( edit ) Cermax xenon arc lamp with synthetic sapphire output window Optically transparent materials focus on the response of a material to incoming lightwaves of a range of wavelengths . Frequency selective optical filters can be utilized to alter or enhance the brightness and contrast of a digital image . Guided lightwave transmission via frequency selective waveguides involves the emerging field of fiber optics and the ability of certain glassy compositions as a transmission medium for a range of frequencies simultaneously ( multi-mode optical fiber ) with little or no interference between competing wavelengths or frequencies . This resonant mode of energy and data transmission via electromagnetic ( light ) wave propagation , though low powered , is virtually lossless . Optical waveguides are used as components in Integrated optical circuits ( e.g. light - emitting diodes , LEDs ) or as the transmission medium in local and long haul optical communication systems . Also of value to the emerging materials scientist is the sensitivity of materials to radiation in the thermal infrared ( IR ) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum . This heat - seeking ability is responsible for such diverse optical phenomena as Night - vision and IR luminescence . Thus , there is an increasing need in the military sector for high - strength , robust materials which have the capability to transmit light ( electromagnetic waves ) in the visible ( 0.4 -- 0.7 micrometers ) and mid-infrared ( 1 -- 5 micrometers ) regions of the spectrum . These materials are needed for applications requiring transparent armor , including next - generation high - speed missiles and pods , as well as protection against improvised explosive devices ( IED ) . In the 1960s , scientists at General Electric ( GE ) discovered that under the right manufacturing conditions , some ceramics , especially aluminium oxide ( alumina ) , could be made translucent . These translucent materials were transparent enough to be used for containing the electrical plasma generated in high - pressure sodium street lamps . During the past two decades , additional types of transparent ceramics have been developed for applications such as nose cones for heat - seeking missiles , windows for fighter aircraft , and scintillation counters for computed tomography scanners . In the early 1970s , Thomas Soules pioneered computer modeling of light transmission through translucent ceramic alumina . His model showed that microscopic pores in ceramic , mainly trapped at the junctions of microcrystalline grains , caused light to scatter and prevented true transparency . The volume fraction of these microscopic pores had to be less than 1 % for high - quality optical transmission . This is basically a particle size effect . Opacity results from the incoherent scattering of light at surfaces and interfaces . In addition to pores , most of the interfaces in a typical metal or ceramic object are in the form of grain boundaries which separate tiny regions of crystalline order . When the size of the scattering center ( or grain boundary ) is reduced below the size of the wavelength of the light being scattered , the scattering no longer occurs to any significant extent . In the formation of polycrystalline materials ( metals and ceramics ) the size of the crystalline grains is determined largely by the size of the crystalline particles present in the raw material during formation ( or pressing ) of the object . Moreover , the size of the grain boundaries scales directly with particle size . Thus a reduction of the original particle size below the wavelength of visible light ( ~ 0.5 micrometers for shortwave violet ) eliminates any light scattering , resulting in a transparent material . Recently , Japanese scientists have developed techniques to produce ceramic parts that rival the transparency of traditional crystals ( grown from a single seed ) and exceed the fracture toughness of a single crystal . In particular , scientists at the Japanese firm Konoshima Ltd. , a producer of ceramic construction materials and industrial chemicals , have been looking for markets for their transparent ceramics . Livermore researchers realized that these ceramics might greatly benefit high - powered lasers used in the National Ignition Facility ( NIF ) Programs Directorate . In particular , a Livermore research team began to acquire advanced transparent ceramics from Konoshima to determine if they could meet the optical requirements needed for Livermore 's Solid - State Heat Capacity Laser ( SSHCL ) . Livermore researchers have also been testing applications of these materials for applications such as advanced drivers for laser - driven fusion power plants . Examples ( edit ) Porcelain high - voltage insulator Silicon carbide is used for inner plates of ballistic vests Ceramic BN crucible A composite material of ceramic and metal is known as cermet . Other ceramic materials , generally requiring greater purity in their make - up than those above , include forms of several chemical compounds , including : Barium titanate ( often mixed with strontium titanate ) displays ferroelectricity , meaning that its mechanical , electrical , and thermal responses are coupled to one another and also history - dependent . It is widely used in electromechanical transducers , ceramic capacitors , and data storage elements . Grain boundary conditions can create PTC effects in heating elements . Bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide , a high - temperature superconductor Boron oxide is used in body armor . Boron nitride is structurally isoelectronic to carbon and takes on similar physical forms : a graphite - like one used as a lubricant , and a diamond - like one used as an abrasive . Earthenware used for domestic ware such as plates and mugs . Ferrite is used in the magnetic cores of electrical transformers and magnetic core memory . Lead zirconate titanate ( PZT ) was developed at the United States National Bureau of Standards in 1954 . PZT is used as an ultrasonic transducer , as its piezoelectric properties greatly exceed those of Rochelle salt . Magnesium diboride ( Mg B ) is an unconventional superconductor . Porcelain is used for a wide range of household and industrial products . Sialon ( Silicon Aluminium Oxynitride ) has high strength ; resistance to thermal shock , chemical and wear resistance , and low density . These ceramics are used in non-ferrous molten metal handling , weld pins and the chemical industry . Silicon carbide ( SiC ) is used as a susceptor in microwave furnaces , a commonly used abrasive , and as a refractory material . Silicon nitride ( Si N ) is used as an abrasive powder . Steatite ( magnesium silicates ) is used as an electrical insulator . Titanium carbide Used in space shuttle re-entry shields and scratchproof watches . Uranium oxide ( U O ) , used as fuel in nuclear reactors . Yttrium barium copper oxide ( Y Ba Cu O ) , another high temperature superconductor . Zinc oxide ( Zn O ) , which is a semiconductor , and used in the construction of varistors . Zirconium dioxide ( zirconia ) , which in pure form undergoes many phase changes between room temperature and practical sintering temperatures , can be chemically `` stabilized '' in several different forms . Its high oxygen ion conductivity recommends it for use in fuel cells and automotive oxygen sensors . In another variant , metastable structures can impart transformation toughening for mechanical applications ; most ceramic knife blades are made of this material . Partially stabilised zirconia ( PSZ ) is much less brittle than other ceramics and is used for metal forming tools , valves and liners , abrasive slurries , kitchen knives and bearings subject to severe abrasion . Kitchen knife with a ceramic blade Ceramic products ( edit ) By usage ( edit ) For convenience , ceramic products are usually divided into four main types ; these are shown below with some examples : Structural , including bricks , pipes , floor and roof tiles Refractories , such as kiln linings , gas fire radiants , steel and glass making crucibles Whitewares , including tableware , cookware , wall tiles , pottery products and sanitary ware Technical , also known as engineering , advanced , special , and fine ceramics . Such items include : gas burner nozzles ballistic protection , vehicle armour nuclear fuel uranium oxide pellets biomedical implants coatings of jet engine turbine blades ceramic disk brake missile nose cones bearing ( mechanical ) tiles used in the Space Shuttle program Ceramics made with clay ( edit ) Main article : Pottery Frequently , the raw materials of modern ceramics do not include clays . Those that do are classified as follows : Earthenware , fired at lower temperatures than other types Stoneware , vitreous or semi-vitreous Porcelain , which contains a high content of kaolin Bone china Classification of ceramics ( edit ) Ceramics can also be classified into three distinct material categories : Oxides : alumina , beryllia , ceria , zirconia Nonoxides : carbide , boride , nitride , silicide Composite materials : particulate reinforced , fiber reinforced , combinations of oxides and nonoxides . Each one of these classes can develop unique material properties because ceramics tend to be crystalline . Applications ( edit ) Knife blades : the blade of a ceramic knife will stay sharp for much longer than that of a steel knife , although it is more brittle and can snap . Carbon - ceramic brake disks for vehicles are resistant to brake fade at high temperatures . Advanced composite ceramic and metal matrices have been designed for most modern armoured fighting vehicles because they offer superior penetrating resistance against shaped charges ( such as HEAT rounds ) and kinetic energy penetrators . Ceramics such as alumina and boron carbide have been used in ballistic armored vests to repel high - velocity rifle fire . Such plates are known commonly as small arms protective inserts , or SAPIs . Similar material is used to protect the cockpits of some military airplanes , because of the low weight of the material . Ceramics can be used in place of steel for ball bearings . Their higher hardness means they are much less susceptible to wear and typically last for triple the lifetime of a steel part . They also deform less under load , meaning they have less contact with the bearing retainer walls and can roll faster . In very high speed applications , heat from friction during rolling can cause problems for metal bearings , which are reduced by the use of ceramics . Ceramics are also more chemically resistant and can be used in wet environments where steel bearings would rust . In some cases , their electricity - insulating properties may also be valuable in bearings . Two drawbacks to ceramic bearings are a significantly higher cost and susceptibility to damage under shock loads . In the early 1980s , Toyota researched production of an adiabatic engine using ceramic components in the hot gas area . The ceramics would have allowed temperatures of over 3000 ° F ( 1650 ° C ) . The expected advantages would have been lighter materials and a smaller cooling system ( or no need for one at all ) , leading to a major weight reduction . The expected increase of fuel efficiency of the engine ( caused by the higher temperature , as shown by Carnot 's theorem ) could not be verified experimentally ; it was found that the heat transfer on the hot ceramic cylinder walls was higher than the transfer to a cooler metal wall as the cooler gas film on the metal surface works as a thermal insulator . Thus , despite all of these desirable properties , such engines have not succeeded in production because of costs for the ceramic components and the limited advantages . ( Small imperfections in the ceramic material with its low fracture toughness lead to cracks , which can lead to potentially dangerous equipment failure . ) Such engines are possible in laboratory settings , but mass production is not feasible with current technology . Work is being done in developing ceramic parts for gas turbine engines . Currently , even blades made of advanced metal alloys used in the engines ' hot section require cooling and careful limiting of operating temperatures . Turbine engines made with ceramics could operate more efficiently , giving aircraft greater range and payload for a set amount of fuel . Recent advances have been made in ceramics which include bioceramics , such as dental implants and synthetic bones . Hydroxyapatite , the natural mineral component of bone , has been made synthetically from a number of biological and chemical sources and can be formed into ceramic materials . Orthopedic implants coated with these materials bond readily to bone and other tissues in the body without rejection or inflammatory reactions so are of great interest for gene delivery and tissue engineering scaffolds . Most hydroxyapatite ceramics are very porous and lack mechanical strength , and are used to coat metal orthopedic devices to aid in forming a bond to bone or as bone fillers . They are also used as fillers for orthopedic plastic screws to aid in reducing the inflammation and increase absorption of these plastic materials . Work is being done to make strong , fully dense nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite ceramic materials for orthopedic weight bearing devices , replacing foreign metal and plastic orthopedic materials with a synthetic , but naturally occurring , bone mineral . Ultimately , these ceramic materials may be used as bone replacements or with the incorporation of protein collagens , synthetic bones . Durable actinide - containing ceramic materials have many applications such as in nuclear fuels for burning excess Pu and in chemically - inert sources of alpha irradiation for power supply of unmanned space vehicles or to produce electricity for microelectronic devices . Both use and disposal of radioactive actinides require their immobilisation in a durable host material . Nuclear waste long - lived radionuclides such as actinides are immobilised using chemically - durable crystalline materials based on polycrystalline ceramics and large single crystals . High - tech ceramic is used in watchmaking for producing watch cases . The material is valued by watchmakers for its light weight , scratch resistance , durability and smooth touch . IWC is one of the brands that initiated the use of ceramic in watchmaking . Ceramics in archaeology ( edit ) Ceramic artifacts have an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture , technology and behavior of peoples of the past . They are among the most common artifacts to be found at an archaeological site , generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds . Processing of collected sherds can be consistent with two main types of analysis : technical and traditional . Traditional analysis involves sorting ceramic artifacts , sherds and larger fragments into specific types based on style , composition , manufacturing and morphology . By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles , the purpose of the ceramic and technological state of the people among other conclusions . In addition , by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time is it possible to separate ( seriate ) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups ( assemblages ) . A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological assignment of these pieces . The technical approach to ceramic analysis involves a finer examination of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the source of the material and through this the possible manufacturing site . Key criteria are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the manufacture of the article under study : temper is a material added to the clay during the initial production stage , and it is used to aid the subsequent drying process . Types of temper include shell pieces , granite fragments and ground sherd pieces called ' grog ' . Temper is usually identified by microscopic examination of the temper material . Clay identification is determined by a process of refiring the ceramic , and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation . By estimating both the clay and temper compositions , and locating a region where both are known to occur , an assignment of the material source can be made . From the source assignment of the artifact further investigations can be made into the site of manufacture . See also ( edit ) Ceramic chemistry Ceramic engineering Ceramic nanoparticle Ceramic matrix composite Ceramic art References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Black , J.T. ; Kohser , R.A. ( 2012 ) . DeGarmo 's materials and processes in manufacturing . Wiley . p. 226 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 92467 - 9 . Jump up ^ Carter , C.B. ; Norton , M.G. ( 2007 ) . Ceramic materials : Science and engineering . Springer . pp. 3 & 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 46271 - 4 . Jump up ^ Carter , C.B. ; Norton , M.G. ( 2007 ) . Ceramic materials : Science and engineering . Springer . pp. 20 & 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 46271 - 4 . Jump up ^ κεραμικός , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Digital Library Jump up ^ κέραμος , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Digital Library Jump up ^ Palaeolexicon , Word study tool of ancient languages Jump up ^ `` ceramic '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ Wachtman , John B. , Jr. ( ed . ) ( 1999 ) Ceramic Innovations in the 20th century , The American Ceramic Society . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57498 - 093 - 6 . Jump up ^ Garvie , R.C. ; Hannink , R.H. ; Pascoe , R.T. ( 1975 ) . `` Ceramic steel ? '' . Nature . 258 ( 5537 ) : 703 -- 704 . Bibcode : 1975Natur. 258 ... 703G . doi : 10.1038 / 258703a0 . Jump up ^ `` Whiteware Pottery '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Geiger , Greg . Introduction To Ceramics , American Ceramic Society Jump up ^ B.E. Burakov , M.I Ojovan , W.E. Lee . Crystalline Materials for Actinide Immobilisation , Imperial College Press , London , 198 pp. ( 2010 ) . http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/p652 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Case Materials Explained : Ceramic aBlogtoWatch '' . aBlogtoWatch. 18 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Mississippi Valley Archaeological Center , Ceramic Analysis Archived June 3 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Retrieved 04 - 11 - 12 Further reading ( edit ) Guy , John ( 1986 ) . Guy , John , ed . Oriental trade ceramics in South - East Asia , ninth to sixteenth centuries : with a catalogue of Chinese , Vietnamese and Thai wares in Australian collections ( illustrated , revised ed . ) . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutCeramicat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Dolni Vestonice Venus - Oldest known Ceramic statuette of a nude female figure dated to 29 000 -- 25 000 BP ( Gravettian industry . Czech Republic The Gardiner Museum -- The only museum in Canada entirely devoted to ceramics Introduction , Scientific Principles , Properties and Processing of Ceramics Advanced Ceramics -- The Evolution , Classification , Properties , Production , Firing , Finishing and Design of Advanced Ceramics Cerame - Unie , aisbl -- The European Ceramic Industry Association BNF : cb11935435f ( data ) GND : 4030270 - 2 HDS : 47274 NARA : 10641915 NDL : 00570816 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ceramic&oldid=855200932 '' Categories : Ceramics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2012 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from March 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 65 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 16 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are the three types of ceramic construction	[ "Oxides: alumina, beryllia, ceria, zirconia\nNonoxides: carbide, boride, nitride, silicide\nComposite materials: particulate reinforced, fiber reinforced, combinations of oxides and nonoxides.", "Oxides: alumina, beryllia, ceria, zirconia\nNonoxides: carbide, boride, nitride, silicide\nComposite materials: particulate reinforced, fiber reinforced, combinations of oxides and nonoxides.", "Oxides: alumina, beryllia, ceria, zirconia\nNonoxides: carbide, boride, nitride, silicide\nComposite materials: particulate reinforced, fiber reinforced, combinations of oxides and nonoxides." ]	[ "Oxides", "Nonoxides", "Composite materials" ]
-2269523041676466966	Little Mikey	Little Mikey - wikipedia Little Mikey Jump to : navigation , search Little Mikey was a fictional boy played by John Gilchrist in an American television commercial promoting Quaker Oats ' breakfast cereal Life . The ad was created by art director Bob Gage , who also directed the commercial . and copywriter Edyth Vaughn `` Edie '' Stevenson of the Doyle Dane Bernbach agency , It first aired in 1972 . The popular ad campaign featuring Mikey remained in regular rotation for more than 12 years and ended up as one of the longest continuously running commercial campaigns ever aired . Contents ( hide ) 1 Original commercial 2 Reception 3 Sequels 4 Urban legend 5 Afterward 6 In popular culture 6.1 Films 6.2 Stage productions 6.3 Television 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Original commercial ( edit ) The iconic commercial centers on three brothers eating breakfast . Before them sits a heaping bowl of Life breakfast cereal . Two of the brothers question each other about the cereal , prodding each other to try it , and noting that it is supposed to be healthy . Neither wants to try it ( `` I 'm not gon na try it -- you try it ! '' ) , so they get their brother Mikey to try it ( `` Let 's get Mikey '' ) , noting , `` he hates everything '' . Mikey briefly stares at the bowl . After moments of contemplation , he begins to vigorously consume the cereal before him , resulting in his brothers excitedly exclaiming , `` He likes it ! Hey , Mikey ! '' Mikey 's brothers in the commercial are Gilchrist 's actual brothers , named Michael ( the one on the left in the spot ) and Tommy . John is the middle child of seven children born to Tom and Pat Gilchrist of the Bronx . Reception ( edit ) The advertisement was very popular and won a Clio Award in 1974 . It was also often referenced in retrospectives of classic television advertisements . For example , in 1999 , TV Guide ranked it the # 10 commercial of all time . Despite the commercial 's age , a 1999 survey noted that 70 % of adults could identify the spot based on just a `` brief generic description . '' Sequels ( edit ) A series of `` Today 's Mikey '' ads aired in the mid-1980s , with Gilchrist reprising the character as a college student . In 1996 , Quaker Oats commissioned director Rick Schulze , of Industrial Light & Magic Commercial Productions , to digitally composite a bottle of Snapple , then a subsidiary of Quaker Oats , into the original Life ad , via longtime Snapple ad agency Kirshenbaum Bond & Partners , New York . This time , however , in an ironic twist , Mikey likes some of the product 's flavors while disliking the others . Life 's ad agency , Foote , Cone & Belding in Chicago , revived the Mikey character for two campaigns in the late 1990s . In 1997 , Quaker Oats initiated a nationwide search for the `` next Mikey '' , settling on 4 - year - old Marli Hughes out of more than 35,000 applicants . She also appeared in a TV commercial , `` Better Life '' directed by Howard Rose , where she is seen telling her classmates how she won the contest and traveled to New York to do some TV shows . She adds that as the new Mikey she gets to eat as much Life cereal as she wants . In 1999 , Quaker Oats remade the commercial word for word with an all - adult cast acting like kids . Mikey is portrayed by New York - based actor Jimmy Starace . Urban legend ( edit ) A few years after the original commercial appeared , an urban legend spread that the actor who had played Little Mikey had died after eating an unexpectedly lethal combination of Pop Rocks ( a type of carbonated hard candy ) and a carbonated soft drink , which caused his stomach to inflate with carbon dioxide . A MythBusters exploration of the legend in detail debunked the story , adding that the show had tried to contact Gilchrist , but he did not return their calls . The legend is not true ; Gilchrist is a director of media sales at New York 's MSG Network . The human stomach is too elastic to rupture or explode from consuming such excesses of carbonated foods or beverages . Afterward ( edit ) By 2012 , John Gilchrist had become director of media sales for MSG Network . He has said that he has no clear memories of filming the commercial when he was age 3 1 / 2 . In popular culture ( edit ) Films ( edit ) The commercial can be seen on one of four TV screens shown at the end of the film Network ( 1976 ) . In the film The Matrix ( 1999 ) , the protagonist Neo is undergoing training simulations . After he receives his first upload of combat training , Tank paraphrases the famous line from the commercial , saying , `` Hey , Mikey , I think he likes it '' . In the film Urban Legend ( 1999 ) , the story of little Mikey dying from consuming Pop Rocks and Coke is brought up and discussed by the class . A good portion of the commercial is shown during the opening credits of And Now a Word from Our Sponsor ( 2013 ) . Stage Productions ( edit ) In Shrek The Musical ( 2008 -- 2010 ) , one of the main characters , Donkey , sings a song `` Do n't Let Me Go '' . In the song , he is begging Shrek not to leave him and starts naming things that go together . He sings , `` like Cupid and Psyche , like Pop Rocks and Mikey ! '' Television ( edit ) A 1991 promo for CBS This Morning parodied the commercial . In the 1980s - based TV show The Goldbergs ( ABC , 2013 ) Barry thinks he is saving his sister Erica 's life when he prevents her from drinking cola with Pop Rocks . Both brothers Adam and Barry explain to Erica about `` Mikey from Life Cereal '' . Erica refuses to listen , then their grandfather intervenes , exclaiming , `` What are you , nuts ? Mikey gave his life so that that would never happen again . '' The 1977 TV Movie Halloween with the New Addams Family includes a parody of the commercial with a character named Mikey . In an episode of the cartoon series My Life as a Teenage Robot , Tuck purchases `` Rock Pops '' and a soft drink from separate vending machines , then consumes them together to prove his invincibility . As he wakes up in `` The Holdout '' ( Season 6 , Episode 1 ) , Archer mumbles `` I do n't know , some cereal . Supposed to be good for you . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nick Ravo ( 2000 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Robert Gage , 78 , Art Director ; Had a Role in Well - Known Ads '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Slotnik , Daniel E. ( December 16 , 2011 ) . `` Edie Stevenson , 81 ; Wrote ' Let 's Get Mikey ' Ad '' . The New York Times . p . A32 . Jump up ^ Spitznagel , Eric . `` Mikey : An Investigation '' . Timothy McSweeney 's Quarterly Concern . Jump up ^ `` Press release '' . Quaker Oats . January 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Mikey Life Cereal actor : John Gilchrist '' . Orlando Sentinel . December 9 , 1986 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Greatest Commercials of All Time '' . TV Guide . July 3 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Forbes Consulting Group ( August 1999 ) . Strategic Equity Assessment for Life Cereal . Jump up ^ Chris Nashawaty ( 1996 - 04 - 09 ) . `` Coming Back to Life '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 323 ) . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Life Cereal Brand History '' . Quaker Oats . Jump up ^ Scott Hume ( 1998 - 01 - 19 ) . `` Hey Mikey ! Meet Marli '' . Adweek . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript '' . CNN . January 17 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Remember Mikey ? He 's back '' . Associated Press . 2000 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` John Gilchrist , who played Mikey in Life cereal commercial , still likes it after all these years '' . Newsday . Jump up ^ Best , Neal ( November 22 , 2012 ) . `` John Gilchrist , who played `` Mikey '' in TV ad , still likes it after all these years `` . Newsday . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Parody '' . CBS This Morning. 1991 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween With the New Addams Family , Trivia '' . Imdb . Retrieved 5 September 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Thomas Riggs , ed. ( 1999 ) . `` MIKEY Campaign '' . Encyclopedia of Major Marketing Campaigns . Detroit ( etc . ) : Gale . ISBN 0 - 7876 - 3042 - X . External links ( edit ) John Gilchrist Jr. on IMDb The commercial can be seen here on YouTube . Discovery Channel 's Mythbusters video busting the myth . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Mikey&oldid=806665033 '' Categories : Cereal advertising characters Television commercials Fictional characters introduced in 1972 Clio Award winners Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 12 : 43 . About Wikipedia	who played mikey in the life cereal commercial	[ "Little Mikey was a fictional boy played by John Gilchrist in an American television commercial promoting Quaker Oats' breakfast cereal Life. The ad was created by art director Bob Gage, who also directed the commercial.[1] and copywriter Edyth Vaughn \"Edie\" Stevenson of the Doyle Dane Bernbach agency,[2] It first aired in 1972. The popular ad campaign featuring Mikey remained in regular rotation for more than 12 years and ended up as one of the longest continuously running commercial campaigns ever aired.[3][4]" ]	[ "John Gilchrist" ]
7184191782303161242	United States in World War I	United States in World war I - wikipedia United States in World war I Jump to : navigation , search Two American soldiers run towards a bunker . The United States declared war on Germany on April 6 , 1917 , during World War I . The U.S. was an independent power and did not officially join the Allies . It closely cooperated with the Allies militarily but acted alone in diplomacy . The U.S. made its major contributions in terms of supplies , raw material and money , starting in 1917 . American soldiers under General John Pershing , Commander - in - Chief ( C - in - C ) of the American Expeditionary Force ( AEF ) , arrived in large numbers on the Western Front in the summer of 1918 . Before entering the war , the U.S. had remained neutral , though it had been an important supplier to Great Britain and the other Allied powers . During the war the U.S. mobilized over 4 million military personnel and suffered 110,000 deaths , including 43,000 due to the influenza pandemic . The war saw a dramatic expansion of the United States government in an effort to harness the war effort and a significant increase in the size of the U.S. Armed Forces . After a relatively slow start in mobilizing the economy and labor force , by spring 1918 , the nation was poised to play a role in the conflict . Under the leadership of President Woodrow Wilson , the war represented the climax of the Progressive Era as it sought to bring reform and democracy to the world , although there was substantial public opposition to U.S. entry into the war . Contents ( hide ) 1 Entry 2 Neutrality 3 Public opinion 4 Preparedness movement 4.1 Democrats respond 4.2 National debate 5 War declared 6 Home front 6.1 Food 6.2 Propaganda 6.3 Children 7 Army and Navy 7.1 Impact of US forces on the war 8 After the war 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 Historiography 12 External links Entry ( edit ) Main article : American entry into World War I The American entry into World War I came in April 1917 , after more than two and a half years of efforts by President Woodrow Wilson to keep the United States out of the war . Apart from an Anglophile element urging early support for the British , American public opinion reflected that of the president : the sentiment for neutrality was particularly strong among Irish Americans , German Americans and Scandinavian Americans , as well as among church leaders and among women in general . On the other hand , even before World War I had broken out , American opinion had been more negative toward Germany than towards any other country in Europe . Over time , especially after reports of atrocities in Belgium in 1914 and following the sinking of the passenger liner RMS Lusitania in 1915 , the American people increasingly came to see Germany as the aggressor in Europe . As U.S. President , it was Wilson who made the key policy decisions over foreign affairs : while the country was at peace , the domestic economy ran on a laissez - faire basis , with American banks making huge loans to Britain and France -- funds that were in large part used to buy munitions , raw materials and food from across the Atlantic . Until 1917 , Wilson made minimal preparations for a land war and kept the United States Army on a small peacetime footing , despite increasing demands for enhanced preparedness . He did however expand the United States Navy . In 1917 , with Russia experiencing political upheaval following widespread disillusionment there over the war , and with Britain and France low on credit , Germany appeared to have the upper hand in Europe , while the Ottoman Empire clung to its possessions in the Middle East . In the same year , Germany decided to resume unrestricted submarine warfare against any vessel approaching British waters ; this attempt to starve Britain into surrender was balanced against the knowledge that it would almost certainly bring the United States into the war . Germany also made a secret offer to help Mexico regain territories lost in the Mexican -- American War in an encoded telegram known as the Zimmermann Telegram , which was intercepted by British Intelligence . Publication of that communique outraged Americans just as German U-boats started sinking American merchant ships in the North Atlantic . Wilson then asked Congress for `` a war to end all wars '' that would `` make the world safe for democracy '' , and Congress voted to declare war on Germany on April 6 , 1917 . On December 7 , 1917 , the U.S. declared war on Austria - Hungary . U.S. troops began arriving on the Western Front in large numbers in 1918 . Neutrality ( edit ) After the war began in 1914 , the United States proclaimed a policy of neutrality despite president Woodrow Wilson 's antipathies against Germany . Early in the war , the United States started to favor the British and their allies . President Wilson aimed to broker a peace and sent his top aide , Colonel House , on repeated missions to the two sides , but each remained so confident of victory that they ignored peace proposals . When the German U-boat U-20 sank the British liner Lusitania on 7 May 1915 with 128 US citizens aboard , Wilson said `` America is too proud to fight '' and demanded an end to attacks on passenger ships . Germany complied . Wilson repeatedly warned that the US would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare in violation of international law and of human rights . Wilson came under pressure from war hawks led by former president Theodore Roosevelt , who denounced German acts as `` piracy '' , and from British delegations under Cecil Spring Rice and Sir Edward Grey . Wilson realized he needed to enter the war in order to shape the peace ; indeed in 1919 he was one of those who achieved the establishment of the League of Nations at the Paris Peace Conference . Wilson 's Secretary of State , William Jennings Bryan , whose pacifist goals Wilson ignored , resigned in frustration in June 1915 . Public opinion reacted with outrage to suspected German sabotage of Black Tom in Jersey City , New Jersey on 30 July 1916 , and to the Kingsland explosion on 11 January 1917 in present - day Lyndhurst , New Jersey . Public opinion ( edit ) See also : Opposition to World War I American public opinion was divided , with most Americans until early 1917 largely of the opinion that the United States should stay out of the war . Opinion changed gradually , partly in response to German actions in Belgium and the Lusitania , partly as German Americans lost influence , and partly in response to Wilson 's position that America had to play a role to make the world safe for democracy . In the general public , there was little if any support for entering the war on the side of Germany . The great majority of German Americans , as well as Scandinavian Americans , wanted the United States to remain neutral ; however , at the outbreak of war , thousands of US citizens had tried to enlist in the German army . The Irish Catholic community , based in the large cities and often in control of the Democratic Party apparatus , was strongly hostile to helping Britain in any way , especially after the Easter uprising of 1916 in Ireland . Most of the Protestant church leaders in the United States , regardless of their theology , favoured pacifistic solutions whereby the United States would broker a peace . Most of the leaders of the women 's movement , typified by Jane Addams , likewise sought pacifistic solutions . The most prominent opponent of war was industrialist Henry Ford , who personally financed and led a peace ship to Europe to try to negotiate among the belligerents ; no negotiations resulted . Britain had significant support among intellectuals , Yankees , and families with close ties to Britain . The most prominent leader was Samuel Insull of Chicago , a leading industrialist who had emigrated from England . Insull funded many propaganda efforts , and financed young Americans who wished to fight by joining the Canadian military , Canada at that time being a Dominion of the British Empire . Preparedness movement ( edit ) Main article : Preparedness Movement By 1915 , Americans were paying much more attention to the war . The sinking of the Lusitania aroused furious denunciations of German brutality . By 1915 , in Eastern cities a new `` Preparedness '' movement emerged . It argued that the United States needed to build up immediately strong naval and land forces for defensive purposes ; an unspoken assumption was that America would fight sooner or later . The driving forces behind Preparedness were all Republicans , notably General Leonard Wood , ex-president Theodore Roosevelt , and former secretaries of war Elihu Root and Henry Stimson ; they enlisted many of the nation 's most prominent bankers , industrialists , lawyers and scions of prominent families . Indeed , there emerged an `` Atlanticist '' foreign policy establishment , a group of influential Americans drawn primarily from upper - class lawyers , bankers , academics , and politicians of the Northeast , committed to a strand of Anglophile internationalism . The Preparedness movement had what political scientists call a `` realism '' philosophy of world affairs -- they believed that economic strength and military muscle were more decisive than idealistic crusades focused on causes like democracy and national self - determination . Emphasizing over and over the weak state of national defences , they showed that the United States ' 100,000 - man Army , even augmented by the 112,000 - strong National Guard , was outnumbered 20 to one by the German army ; similarly in 1915 , the armed forces of Great Britain and the British Empire , France , Russia , the Austro - Hungarian Empire , Ottoman Empire , Italy , Bulgaria , Romania , Serbia , Belgium , Japan and Greece were all larger and more experienced than the United States military . They called for UMT or `` universal military service '' under which the 600,000 men who turned 18 every year would be required to spend six months in military training , and then be assigned to reserve units . The small regular army would primarily be a training agency . Public opinion , however , was not willing to go that far . Both the regular army and the Preparedness leaders had a low opinion of the National Guard , which it saw as politicized , provincial , poorly armed , ill trained , too inclined to idealistic crusading ( as against Spain in 1898 ) , and too lacking in understanding of world affairs . The National Guard on the other hand was securely rooted in state and local politics , with representation from a very broad cross section of the US political economy . The Guard was one of the nation 's few institutions that ( in some northern states ) accepted black men on an equal footing with white men . Democrats respond ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Democratic party saw the Preparedness movement as a threat . Roosevelt , Root and Wood were prospective Republican presidential candidates . More subtly , the Democrats were rooted in localism that appreciated the National Guard , and the voters were hostile to the rich and powerful in the first place . Working with the Democrats who controlled Congress , Wilson was able to sidetrack the Preparedness forces . Army and Navy leaders were forced to testify before Congress to the effect that the nation 's military was in excellent shape . In reality , neither the US Army nor US Navy was in shape for war in terms of manpower , size , military hardware or experience . The Navy had fine ships but Wilson had been using them to threaten Mexico , and the fleet 's readiness had suffered . The crews of the Texas and the New York , the two newest and largest battleships , had never fired a gun , and the morale of the sailors was low . The Army and Navy air forces were tiny in size . Despite the flood of new weapons systems unveiled in the war in Europe , the Army was paying scant attention . For example , it was making no studies of trench warfare , poison gas or tanks , and was unfamiliar with the rapid evolution of Aerial warfare . The Democrats in Congress tried to cut the military budget in 1915 . The Preparedness movement effectively exploited the surge of outrage over the `` Lusitania '' in May 1915 , forcing the Democrats to promise some improvements to the military and naval forces . Wilson , less fearful of the Navy , embraced a long - term building program designed to make the fleet the equal of the British Royal Navy by the mid-1920s , although this would not come to pass until after World War II . `` Realism '' was at work here ; the admirals were Mahanians and they therefore wanted a surface fleet of heavy battleships second to none -- that is , equal to Great Britain . The facts of submarine warfare ( which necessitated destroyers , not battleships ) and the possibilities of imminent war with Germany ( or with Britain , for that matter ) , were simply ignored . Wilson 's decision touched off a firestorm . Secretary of War Lindley Garrison adopted many of the proposals of the Preparedness leaders , especially their emphasis on a large federal reserves and abandonment of the National Guard . Garrison 's proposals not only outraged the provincial politicians of both parties , they also offended a strongly held belief shared by the liberal wing of the Progressive movement , that was , that warfare always had a hidden economic motivation . Specifically , they warned the chief warmongers were New York bankers ( such as J.P. Morgan ) with millions at risk , profiteering munition makers ( such as Bethlehem Steel , which made armour , and DuPont , which made powder ) and unspecified industrialists searching for global markets to control . Antiwar critics blasted them . These selfish special interests were too powerful , especially , Senator La Follette noted , in the conservative wing of the Republican Party . The only road to peace was disarmament in the eyes of many . National debate ( edit ) Garrison 's plan unleashed the fiercest battle in peacetime history over the relationship of military planning to national goals . In peacetime , War Department arsenals and Navy yards manufactured nearly all munitions that lacked civilian uses , including warships , artillery , naval guns , and shells . Items available on the civilian market , such as food , horses , saddles , wagons , and uniforms were always purchased from civilian contractors . Peace leaders like Jane Addams of Hull House and David Starr Jordan of Stanford University redoubled their efforts , and now turned their voices against the President because he was `` sowing the seeds of militarism , raising up a military and naval caste . '' Many ministers , professors , farm spokesmen and labor union leaders joined in , with powerful support from a band of four dozen southern Democrats in Congress who took control of the House Military Affairs Committee . Wilson , in deep trouble , took his cause to the people in a major speaking tour in early 1916 , a warm - up for his reelection campaign that fall . Wilson seemed to have won over the middle classes , but had little impact on the largely ethnic working classes and the deeply isolationist farmers . Congress still refused to budge , so Wilson replaced Garrison as Secretary of War with Newton Baker , the Democratic mayor of Cleveland and an outspoken opponent of preparedness . The upshot was a compromise passed in May 1916 , as the war raged on and Berlin was debating whether America was so weak it could be ignored . The Army was to double in size to 11,300 officers and 208,000 men , with no reserves , and a National Guard that would be enlarged in five years to 440,000 men . Summer camps on the Plattsburg model were authorized for new officers , and the government was given $20 million to build a nitrate plant of its own . Preparedness supporters were downcast , the antiwar people were jubilant . The United States would now be too weak to go to war . Colonel Robert L. Bullard privately complained that `` Both sides ( Britain and Germany ) treat us with scorn and contempt ; our fool , smug conceit of superiority has been exploded in our faces and deservedly . '' . The House gutted the naval plans as well , defeating a `` big navy '' plan by 189 to 183 , and scuttling the battleships . The battle of Jutland ( May 31 / June 1 , 1916 ) saw the main German High Seas Fleet engage in a monumental yet inconclusive clash with the far stronger Grand Fleet of the Royal Navy . Arguing this battle proved the validity of Mahanian doctrine , the navalists took control in the Senate , broke the House coalition , and authorized a rapid three - year buildup of all classes of warships . A new weapons system , naval aviation , received $3.5 million , and the government was authorized to build its own armour - plate factory . The very weakness of American military power encouraged Berlin to start its unrestricted submarine attacks in 1917 . It knew this meant war with America , but it could discount the immediate risk because the US Army was negligible and the new warships would not be at sea until 1919 by which time the war would be over , Germany thought , with Germany victorious . The notion that armaments led to war was turned on its head : refusal to arm in 1916 led to war in 1917 . War declared ( edit ) New York Times April 3 , 1917 In January 1917 , Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare . The German Foreign minister , Arthur Zimmermann invited revolution - torn Mexico to join the war as Germany 's ally against the United States in the Zimmermann Telegram . In return , the Germans would send Mexico money and help it recover the territories of Texas , New Mexico and Arizona that Mexico lost during the Mexican -- American War 70 years earlier . British intelligence intercepted the telegram and passed the information on to Washington . Wilson released the Zimmerman note to the public and Americans saw it as a casus belli -- a cause for war . President Wilson before Congress , announcing the break in official relations with the German Empire on February 3 , 1917 . At first , Wilson tried to maintain neutrality while fighting off the submarines by arming American merchant ships with guns powerful enough to sink German submarines on the surface ( but useless when the U-boats were under water ) . After submarines sank seven US merchant ships , Wilson finally went to Congress calling for a declaration of war on Germany , which Congress voted on April 6 , 1917 . As a result of the Russian February Revolution in 1917 , the Tsar abdicated and was replaced by a Russian Provisional Government . This helped overcome Wilson 's reluctance to having the US fight alongside a country ruled by an absolutist monarch . Pleased by the Provisional Government 's pro-war stance , the US accorded the new government diplomatic recognition on March 9 , 1917 . Although the United States declared war on Germany on April 6 , 1917 , it did not initially declare war on the other Central Powers , a state of affairs that Woodrow Wilson described as an `` embarrassing obstacle '' in his State of the Union speech . Congress declared war on the Austro - Hungarian Empire on December 7 , 1917 , but never made declarations of war against the other Central Powers , Bulgaria , the Ottoman Empire or the various co-belligerents allied with the Central Powers . Thus , the United States remained uninvolved in the military campaigns in central and eastern Europe , the Middle East , the Caucasus , North Africa , Sub-Saharan Africa , Asia and the Pacific . Home front ( edit ) Main article : United States home front during World War I The home front saw a systematic mobilization of the entire population and the entire economy to produce the soldiers , food supplies , munitions , and money needed to win the war . Although the United States entered the war in 1917 , there had been very little planning , or even recognition of the problems that the British and other Allies had to solve on their home fronts . As a result , the level of confusion was high in the first 12 months , then efficiency took control . World War I propaganda poster for enlistment in the US Army . The war came in the midst of the Progressive Era , when efficiency and expertise were highly valued . Therefore , the federal government set up a multitude of temporary agencies with 500,000 to 1,000,000 new employees to bring together the expertise necessary to redirect the economy into the production of munitions and food necessary for the war , as well as for propaganda purposes . Food ( edit ) The United States Food Administration under Herbert Hoover launched a massive campaign to teach Americans to economize on their food budgets and grow victory gardens in their backyards , where crops were grown for US soldiers . It managed the nation 's food distribution and prices . Propaganda ( edit ) Crucial to US participation was the sweeping domestic propaganda campaign executed by the Committee on Public Information , overseen by George Creel . The campaign consisted of tens of thousands of government - selected community leaders giving brief carefully scripted pro-war speeches at thousands of public gatherings . Along with other branches of government and private vigilante groups like the American Protective League , it also included the general repression and harassment of people either opposed to American entry into the war or of German heritage . Rumors about a German - induced attempt to start uprising among Black Americans caused a wave of lynchings to occur in the Southern United States . Other forms of propaganda included newsreels , photos , large - print posters ( designed by several well - known illustrators of the day , including Louis D. Fancher and Henry Reuterdahl ) , magazine and newspaper articles , and billboards . Children ( edit ) Main article : Effect of World War I on children in the United States `` Weapons for Liberty -- U.S.A. Bonds '' calls on Boy Scouts to serve just like soldiers do ; poster by J.C. Leyendecker , 1918 The nation placed a great importance on the role of children , teaching them patriotism and national service and asking them to encourage war support and educate the public about the importance of the war . The Boy Scouts of America helped distribute war pamphlets , helped sell war bonds , and helped to drive nationalism and support for the war . Army and Navy ( edit ) Main article : American Expeditionary Forces The United States as late as 1917 maintained only a small army , and smaller than thirteen of the nations and empires already active in the war . After the passage of the Selective Service Act in 1917 , it drafted 4 million men into military service . By the summer of 1918 , about 2 million US soldiers had arrived in France , about half of whom eventually saw front - line service ; by the Armistice of November 11 approximately 10,000 fresh soldiers were arriving in France daily . In 1917 , Congress gave US citizenship to Puerto Ricans when they were drafted to participate in World War I , as part of the Jones Act . In the end , Germany miscalculated the United States ' influence on the outcome of the conflict , believing it would be many more months before US troops would arrive and overestimating the effectiveness of U-boats in slowing the American buildup . American soldiers on the Piave front hurling hand grenades into the Austrian trenches The United States Navy sent a battleship group to Scapa Flow to join with the British Grand Fleet , destroyers to Queenstown , Ireland and submarines to help guard convoys . Several regiments of Marines were also dispatched to France . The British and French wanted US units used to reinforce their troops already on the battle lines and not to waste scarce shipping on bringing over supplies . The US rejected the first proposition and accepted the second . General John J. Pershing , American Expeditionary Forces ( AEF ) commander , refused to break up US units to serve as mere reinforcements for British Empire and French units . As an exception , he did allow African - American combat regiments to fight in French divisions . The Harlem Hellfighters fought as part of the French 16th Division , earning a unit Croix de Guerre for their actions at Château - Thierry , Belleau Wood , and Séchault . Impact of US forces on the war ( edit ) Americans in the Champagne - Marne offensive , 1918 . On the battlefields of France in spring 1918 , the war - weary Allied armies enthusiastically welcomed the fresh American troops . They arrived at the rate of 10,000 a day , at a time when the Germans were unable to replace their losses . The Americans won a victory at Cantigny , then again in defensive stands at Chateau - Thierry and Belleau Wood . The Americans helped the British Empire , French and Portuguese forces defeat and turned back the powerful final German offensive ( Spring Offensive of March to July , 1918 ) , and most importantly , the Americans played a role in the Allied final offensive ( Hundred Days Offensive of August to November ) . However , many American commanders used the same flawed tactics which the British , French , Germans and others had abandoned early in the war , and so many American offensives were not particularly effective . Pershing continued to commit troops to these full - frontal attacks , resulting in high casualties against experienced veteran German and Austrian - Hungarian units . Nevertheless , the infusion of new and fresh US troops greatly strengthened the Allies ' strategic position and boosted morale . The Allies achieved victory over Germany on November 11 , 1918 after German morale had collapsed both at home and on the battlefield . After the war ( edit ) Britain , France , Italy and America imposed severe economic penalties on Germany in the Treaty of Versailles , and both the British and French empires annexed former German and Ottoman Empire colonies in Africa , the Middle East and the Pacific . Russia was not involved in this because of their withdrawal from the war soon after the Russian revolution in 1917 . The United States swiftly pulled its troops out of Europe after Germany had surrendered . Two thirds of the American soldiers participating in the war had returned home already when the Treaty of Versailles was signed . Only a lone U.S. Army unit was left in the European soil at end of the decade . The United States Senate did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles ; instead , the United States signed separate peace treaties with Germany , Austria and Hungary in August 1921 . The Senate also refused to enter the newly created League of Nations on Wilson 's terms , and Wilson rejected the Senate 's compromise proposal . See also ( edit ) World War I portal United States campaigns in World War I History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) German prisoners of war in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The 1918 Influenza Pandemic '' . Virus.stanford.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Jeanette Keith ( 2004 ) . Rich Man 's War , Poor Man 's Fight : Race , Class , and Power in the Rural South during the First World War . U. of North Carolina Press . pp. 1 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 7589 - 6 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Harry Elmer . The Genesis of the World War ( 1925 ) pp. 590 -- 591 Jump up ^ `` World War One '' . BBC History . Jump up ^ Link , Arthur S. ( 1972 ) . Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era , 1910 -- 1917 . New York : Harper & Row . pp. 252 -- 282 . Jump up ^ H.J. Res. 169 : Declaration of War with Austria - Hungary , WWI , United States Senate Jump up ^ Jennifer K. Elsea ; Matthew C. Weed ( April 18 , 2014 ) . `` Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force : Historical Background and Legal Implications '' ( PDF ) . p. 9 . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kero , Reino ; Kostiainen , Auvo ; Virtanen , Keijo ( 1991 ) . Uuden Maailman Jättiläinen : Yhdysvaltain historia ( in Finnish ) . Keuruu : Otava . p. 332 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 11435 - 2 . Jump up ^ H.W. Brands , T.R. : The Last Romantic ( 1997 ) p = 756 Jump up ^ Karp 1979 Jump up ^ Jules Witcover , Black Tom : Imperial Germany 's Secret War in America ( 1989 ) . Jump up ^ Ernest R. May , The World War and American Isolation , 1914 - 1917 ( 1959 ) Jump up ^ Hew Strachan , The First World War ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ TV Series , The First World War Part 7 : Blockade ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ William M. Leary , Jr. , `` Woodrow Wilson , Irish Americans , and the Election of 1916 , '' Journal of American History Vol. 54 , No. 1 ( Jun. 1967 ) , pp. 57 - 72 JSTOR 1900319 Jump up ^ Patricia Appelbaum , Kingdom to Commune : Protestant Pacifist Culture between World War I and the Vietnam Era ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Frances H. Early , A World without War : How U.S. Feminists and Pacifists Resisted World War I ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Barbara S. Kraft , The peace ship : Henry Ford 's pacifist adventure in the First World War ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ H.C. Peterson , Propaganda for War : The Campaign Against American Neutrality , 1914 - 1917 ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ Forrest McDonald , Insull : The Rise and Fall of a Billionaire Utility Tycoon ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ `` Constitution Act , 1867 '' . Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada . March 29 , 1867 . p.s. 9 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Priscilla Roberts , `` Paul D. Cravath , the First World War , and the Anglophile Internationalist Tradition . '' Australian Journal of Politics and History 2005 51 ( 2 ) : 194 - 215 . ISSN 0004 - 9522 doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8497.2005. 00370. x Jump up ^ Scott Manning ( 2007 - 01 - 04 ) . `` World War I : Troop Statistics '' . Scottmanning.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Chambers 93 ; Weigley Army 345 Jump up ^ `` The Royal Navy '' . Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 3 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Link , Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era pp 179ff Jump up ^ Daniel R. Beaver , Newton D. Baker and the American War Effort , 1917 - 1919 ( 1966 ) Jump up ^ Allan Millett , The general : Robert L. Bullard and officership in the United States Army , 1881 - 1925 ( 1975 ) p. 293 Jump up ^ Barbara Tuchman , The Zimmerman Telegram ( 1966 ) Jump up ^ see : Woodrow Wilson declares war on Germany . Jump up ^ Richard Pipes A Concise History of the Russian Revolution , Vintage Books 1996 p. 93 Jump up ^ Woodrow Wilson : Fifth Annual Message to the Gentlemen of the Congress - 4 December 1917 Jump up ^ Official Declarations of War by Congress - Senate. gove Jump up ^ `` US declaration of war against Austria - Hungary The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History '' . Gilderlehrman.org. 1917 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ David Kennedy , Over Here Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker and Priscilla Mary Roberts , eds. , World War I : encyclopedia ( 2005 ) , p. 1205 Jump up ^ George H. Nash , The Life of Herbert Hoover : Master of Emergencies , 1917 - 1918 ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Kennedy , Over Here pp. 59 -- 72 Jump up ^ Ross , pp. 244 -- 246 Jump up ^ Kero , Reino ; Kostiainen , Auvo ; Virtanen , Keijo ( 1991 ) . Uuden Maailman Jättiläinen : Yhdysvaltain historia ( in Finnish ) . Keuruu : Otava . p. 334 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 11435 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Over Here pp 59 -- 72 Jump up ^ Kero , Reino ; Kostiainen , Auvo ; Virtanen , Keijo ( 1991 ) . Uuden Maailman Jättiläinen : Yhdysvaltain historia ( in Finnish ) . Keuruu : Otava . p. 335 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 11435 - 2 . Jump up ^ Stephen Vaughn , Holding Fast the Inner Lines : Democracy , Nationalism , and the Committee on Public Information ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Jay Mechling , On My Honor : Boy Scouts and the Making of American Youth ( 2004 ) p 128 Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : History and Records '' . Sss.gov . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2009 . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` World War I Timeline - 1918 - A Fateful Ending '' . The History Place . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wilgus , p. 52 Jump up ^ Teaching With Documents : Photographs of the 369th Infantry and African Americans during World War I , U.S. National Archives and Records Administration , retrieved October 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ Ferguson , Niall ( 1998 ) . The Pity of War . Penguin . Jump up ^ Edward M. Coffman , The War to End All Wars : The American Military Experience in World War I ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Kero , Reino ; Kostiainen , Auvo ; Virtanen , Keijo ( 1991 ) . Uuden Maailman Jättiläinen : Yhdysvaltain historia ( in Finnish ) . Keuruu : Otava . p. 344 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 11435 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kero , Reino ; Kostiainen , Auvo ; Virtanen , Keijo ( 1991 ) . Uuden Maailman Jättiläinen : Yhdysvaltain historia ( in Finnish ) . Keuruu : Otava . pp. 342 -- 343 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 11435 - 2 . Further reading ( edit ) Bassett , John Spencer . Our War with Germany : A History ( 1919 ) online edition Breen , William J. Uncle Sam at Home : Civilian Mobilization , Wartime Federalism , and the Council of National Defense , 1917 - 1919 ( 1984 ) ) Capozzola , Christopher . Uncle Sam Wants You : World War I and the Making of the Modern American Citizen ( 2008 ) Carlisle , Rodney . Sovereignty at Sea : U.S. Merchant Ships and American Entry into World War I ( 2010 ) Chambers , John W. , II . To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America ( 1987 ) Clements , Kendrick A . The Presidency of Woodrow Wilson ( 1992 ) Coffman , Edward M. The War to End All Wars : The American Military Experience in World War I ( 1998 ) , a standard military history Cooper , John Milton . Woodrow Wilson : A Biography ( 2009 ) Cooper , John Milton . `` The World War and American Memory . '' Diplomatic History ( 2014 ) 38 # 4 pp : 727 - 736 . DuBois , W.E. Burghardt , `` An Essay Toward a History of the Black Man in the Great War , '' The Crisis , vol. 18 , no . 2 ( June 1919 ) , pp. 63 -- 87 . Ferrell , Robert H. Woodrow Wilson and World War I , 1917 - 1921 ( 1986 ) Kennedy , David M. Over Here : The First World War and American Society ( 2004 ) , comprehensive coverage Malin , James C. The United States After the World War ( 1930 ) online Marrin , Albert . The Yanks Are Coming : The United States in the First World War ( 1986 ) May , Ernest R . The World War and American Isolation , 1914 - 1917 ( 1959 ) online at ACLS e-books , highly influential study Nash , George H. The Life of Herbert Hoover : Master of Emergencies , 1917 - 1918 ( 1996 ) excerpt and text search Schaffer , Ronald . America in the Great War : The Rise of the War - Welfare State ( 1991 ) Snow , William J. Signposts of Experience : World War Memoits of Major General William J. Snow , USA - Retired , Chief of Field Artillery 1918 - 1927 . CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform , May 15 , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1499673777 . Tucker , Spencer C. , and Priscilla Mary Roberts , eds . The Encyclopedia of World War I : A Political , Social , and Military History ( 5 vol. 2005 ) Van Ells , Mark D. `` America and World War I : A Traveler 's Guide '' ( 2014 ) Vaughn , Stephen . Holding Fast the Inner Lines : Democracy , Nationalism , and the Committee on Public Information ( University of North Carolina Press , 1980 ) Venzon , Anne ed . The United States in the First World War : An Encyclopedia ( 1995 ) Young , Ernest William . The Wilson Administration and the Great War ( 1922 ) online edition Zieger , Robert H. America 's Great War : World War I and the American Experience ( 2000 ) Historiography ( edit ) Keene , Jennifer D. `` Remembering the `` Forgotten War '' : American Historiography on World War I . '' Historian 78 # 3 ( 2016 ) : 439 - 468 . External links ( edit ) First - hand accounts of World War I veterans , The Library of Congress Veterans History Project . Wikimedia Commons has media related to World War I homefront in the United States . World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - 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Harding → Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_in_World_War_I&oldid=815904697 '' Categories : World War I United States in World War I Hidden categories : CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български فارسی Français עברית Norsk Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 23 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the us get involved in world war 1	[ "The American entry into World War I came in April 1917, after more than two and a half years of efforts by President Woodrow Wilson to keep the United States out of the war. Apart from an Anglophile element urging early support for the British, American public opinion reflected that of the president: the sentiment for neutrality was particularly strong among Irish Americans, German Americans and Scandinavian Americans,[2] as well as among church leaders and among women in general. On the other hand, even before World War I had broken out, American opinion had been more negative toward Germany than towards any other country in Europe.[3] Over time, especially after reports of atrocities in Belgium in 1914 and following the sinking of the passenger liner RMS Lusitania in 1915, the American people increasingly came to see Germany as the aggressor in Europe." ]	[ "April 1917" ]
6395820217455452153	American Civil War	American Civil War - Wikipedia American Civil War American Civil War Clockwise from top : Battle of Gettysburg , Union Captain John Tidball 's artillery , Confederate prisoners , ironclad USS Atlanta , ruins of Richmond , Virginia , Battle of Franklin Date April 12 , 1861 -- May 9 , 1865 ( by proclamation ) ( 4 years , 3 weeks and 6 days ) ( Last shot fired June 22 , 1865 ) Location Southern United States , Northeastern United States , Western United States , Atlantic Ocean Result Union victory Dissolution of the Confederate States U.S. territorial integrity preserved Slavery abolished Beginning of the Reconstruction Era Belligerents United States Confederate States Commanders and leaders Abraham Lincoln Ulysses S. Grant William T. Sherman David Farragut George B. McClellan Henry Halleck George Meade and others Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee J.E. Johnston G.T. Beauregard A.S. Johnston † Braxton Bragg and others Strength 2,200,000 : Union Army Union Marines Union Navy Revenue Service 698,000 ( peak ) 750,000 -- 1,000,000 : Confederate Army Confederate Marines Confederate Navy 360,000 ( peak ) Casualties and losses 110,000 + killed in action / died of wounds 230,000 + accident / disease deaths 25,000 -- 30,000 died in Confederate prisons 365,000 + total dead 282,000 + wounded 181,193 captured Total : 828,000 + casualties 94,000 + killed in action / died of wounds 26,000 -- 31,000 died in Union prisons 290,000 + total dead 137,000 + wounded 436,658 captured Total : 864,000 + casualties 50,000 free civilians dead 80,000 + slaves dead Total : 785,000 -- 1,000,000 + dead Theaters of the American Civil War Union blockade Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans - Mississippi Pacific Coast Events leading to the American Civil War Slavery Northwest Ordinance Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Battle of Negro Fort Missouri Compromise Tariff of 1828 Nat Turner 's slave rebellion Nullification Crisis The Amistad Prigg v. Pennsylvania Texas annexation Mexican -- American War Wilmot Proviso Manifest destiny Underground Railroad Nashville Convention Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Uncle Tom 's Cabin Kansas -- Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Bleeding Kansas Caning of Charles Sumner Dred Scott v. Sandford The Impending Crisis of the South Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry 1860 presidential election Crittenden Compromise Secession of Southern States Star of the West Corwin Amendment Morrill Tariff Battle of Fort Sumter The American Civil War ( also known by other names ) was a war fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865 . As a result of the long - standing controversy over slavery , war broke out in April 1861 , when Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina , shortly after U.S. President Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated . The nationalists of the Union proclaimed loyalty to the U.S. Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States , who advocated for states ' rights to expand slavery . Among the 34 U.S. states in February 1861 , seven Southern slave states individually declared their secession from the U.S. to form the Confederate States of America , or the South . The Confederacy grew to include eleven slave states . The Confederacy was never diplomatically recognized by the United States government , nor was it recognized by any foreign country ( although the United Kingdom and France granted it belligerent status ) . The states that remained loyal to the U.S. ( including the border states where slavery was legal ) were known as the Union or the North . The Union and Confederacy quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over four years . The Union finally won the war when General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant at the Battle of Appomattox Court House , followed by a series of surrenders by Confederate generals throughout the southern states . Four years of intense combat left 620,000 to 750,000 people dead , more than the number of U.S. military deaths in all other wars combined ( at least until approximately the Vietnam War ) . Much of the South 's infrastructure was destroyed , especially the transportation systems . The Confederacy collapsed , slavery was abolished , and 4 million slaves were freed . The Reconstruction Era ( 1863 -- 1877 ) overlapped and followed the war , with the process of restoring national unity , strengthening the national government , and granting civil rights to freed slaves throughout the country . The Civil War is the most studied and written about episode in U.S. history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Causes of secession 2.1 Slavery 2.2 Sectionalism 2.3 Protectionism 2.4 States ' rights 2.5 Territorial crisis 2.5. 1 Nationalism and honor 2.5. 2 Lincoln 's election 3 Outbreak of the war 3.1 Secession crisis 3.2 Battle of Fort Sumter 3.3 Attitude of the border states 4 War 4.1 Mobilization 4.1. 1 Motivation 4.1. 2 Prisoners 4.2 Naval war 4.2. 1 Union blockade 4.2. 1.1 Modern navy evolves 4.2. 1.2 Blockade runners 4.2. 1.3 Economic impact 4.2. 2 Rivers ' war 4.3 Eastern theater 4.4 Western theater 4.5 Trans - Mississippi 4.6 End of the war 4.6. 1 Conquest of Virginia 4.6. 2 Confederacy surrenders 5 Diplomacy 6 Union victory and aftermath 6.1 Results 6.2 Costs 6.3 Emancipation 6.3. 1 Slavery as a war issue 6.3. 2 Emancipation Proclamation 6.4 Texas v. White 6.5 Reconstruction 7 Memory and historiography 7.1 Lost Cause 7.2 Beardian historiography 7.3 Battlefield preservation 7.4 Civil War commemoration 7.5 Technological significance 8 In works of culture and art 8.1 Literature 8.2 Film 8.3 Song 8.4 Video games 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Citations 10.3 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Overview In the 1860 presidential election , Republicans , led by Abraham Lincoln , supported banning slavery in all the U.S. territories . The Southern states viewed this as a violation of their constitutional rights and as the first step in a grander Republican plan to eventually abolish slavery . The three pro-Union candidates together received an overwhelming 82 % majority of the votes cast nationally : Republican Lincoln 's votes centered in the north , Democrat Stephen A. Douglas ' votes were distributed nationally and Constitutional Unionist John Bell 's votes centered in Tennessee , Kentucky , and Virginia . The Republican Party , dominant in the North , secured a plurality of the popular votes and a majority of the electoral votes nationally , so Lincoln was constitutionally elected president . He was the first Republican Party candidate to win the presidency . However , before his inauguration , seven slave states with cotton - based economies declared secession and formed the Confederacy . The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations , a total of 49 percent . The first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51 % and Louisiana with 55 % . Alabama had voted 46 % for those unionists , Mississippi with 40 % , Florida with 38 % , Texas with 25 % , and South Carolina cast Electoral College votes without a popular vote for president . Of these , only Texas held a referendum on secession . Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession . Outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal . Lincoln 's March 4 , 1861 , inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war . Speaking directly to the `` Southern States '' , he attempted to calm their fears of any threats to slavery , reaffirming , `` I have no purpose , directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists . I believe I have no lawful right to do so , and I have no inclination to do so . '' After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy , efforts at compromise failed and both sides prepared for war . The Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on `` King Cotton '' that they would intervene , but none did , and none recognized the new Confederate States of America . Hostilities began on April 12 , 1861 , when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter . While in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains , in the Eastern Theater , the battle was inconclusive from 1861 -- 1862 . Later , in 1863 , Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation , which made ending slavery a war goal . To the west , by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy , then much of their western armies , and seized New Orleans . The 1863 Union Siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River . In 1863 , Robert E. Lee 's Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg . Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grant 's command of all Union armies in 1864 . Inflicting an ever - tightening naval blockade of Confederate ports , the Union marshaled the resources and manpower to attack the Confederacy from all directions , leading to the fall of Atlanta to William T. Sherman and his march to the sea . The last significant battles raged around the Siege of Petersburg. Lee 's escape attempt ended with his surrender at Appomattox Court House , on April 9 , 1865 . While the military war was coming to an end , the political reintegration of the nation was to take another 12 years , known as the Reconstruction Era . The American Civil War was one of the earliest true industrial wars . Railroads , the telegraph , steamships and iron - clad ships , and mass - produced weapons were employed extensively . The mobilization of civilian factories , mines , shipyards , banks , transportation and food supplies all foreshadowed the impact of industrialization in World War I , World War II and subsequent conflicts . It remains the deadliest war in American history . From 1861 to 1865 , it is estimated that 620,000 to 750,000 soldiers died , along with an undetermined number of civilians . By one estimate , the war claimed the lives of 10 percent of all Northern males 20 -- 45 years old , and 30 percent of all Southern white males aged 18 -- 40 . Causes of secession Main articles : Origins of the American Civil War and Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The causes of secession were complex and have been controversial since the war began , but most academic scholars identify slavery as a central cause of the war . James C. Bradford wrote that the issue has been further complicated by historical revisionists , who have tried to offer a variety of reasons for the war . Slavery was the central source of escalating political tension in the 1850s . The Republican Party was determined to prevent any spread of slavery , and many Southern leaders had threatened secession if the Republican candidate , Lincoln , won the 1860 election . After Lincoln won , many Southern leaders felt that disunion was their only option , fearing that the loss of representation would hamper their ability to promote pro-slavery acts and policies . Slavery Status of the states , 1861 States that seceded before April 15 , 1861 States that seceded after April 15 , 1861 Union states that permitted slavery Union states that banned slavery Territories Slavery was a major cause of disunion . Although there were opposing views even in the Union States , most northern soldiers were largely indifferent on the subject of slavery , while Confederates fought the war largely to protect a southern society of which slavery was an integral part . From the anti-slavery perspective , the issue was primarily about whether the system of slavery was an anachronistic evil that was incompatible with republicanism . The strategy of the anti-slavery forces was containment -- to stop the expansion and thus put slavery on a path to gradual extinction . The slave - holding interests in the South denounced this strategy as infringing upon their Constitutional rights . Southern whites believed that the emancipation of slaves would destroy the South 's economy , due to the large amount of capital invested in slaves and fears of integrating the ex-slave black population . In particular , southerners feared a repeat of `` the horrors of Santo Domingo '' , in which nearly all white people -- including men , women , children , and even many sympathetic to abolition -- were killed after the successful slave revolt in Haiti . Historian Thomas Fleming points to the historical phrase `` a disease in the public mind '' used by critics of this idea , and proposes it contributed to the segregation in the Jim Crow era following emancipation . These fears were exacerbated by the recent attempts of John Brown to instigate an armed slave rebellion in the South . Slavery was illegal in much of the North , having been outlawed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries . It was also fading in the border states and in Southern cities , but it was expanding in the highly profitable cotton districts of the rural South and Southwest . Subsequent writers on the American Civil War looked to several factors explaining the geographic divide . Sectionalism Sectionalism resulted from the different economies , social structure , customs and political values of the North and South . Regional tensions came to a head during the War of 1812 , resulting in the Hartford Convention which manifested Northern dissastisfaction with a foreign trade embargo that affected the industrial North disproportionately , the Three - Fifths Compromise , dilution of Northern power by new states , and a succession of Southern Presidents . Sectionalism increased steadily between 1800 and 1860 as the North , which phased slavery out of existence , industrialized , urbanized , and built prosperous farms , while the deep South concentrated on plantation agriculture based on slave labor , together with subsistence farming for poor freedmen . In the 1840s and 50s , the issue of accepting slavery ( in the guise of rejecting slave - owning bishops and missionaries ) split the nation 's largest religious denominations ( the Methodist , Baptist and Presbyterian churches ) into separate Northern and Southern denominations . Historians have debated whether economic differences between the industrial Northeast and the agricultural South helped cause the war . Most historians now disagree with the economic determinism of historian Charles A. Beard in the 1920s and emphasize that Northern and Southern economies were largely complementary . While socially different , the sections economically benefited each other . Protectionism Slave owners preferred low - cost manual labor with no mechanization . Northern manufacturing interests supported tariffs and protectionism while southern planters demanded free trade , The Democrats in Congress , controlled by Southerners , wrote the tariff laws in the 1830s , 1840s , and 1850s , and kept reducing rates so that the 1857 rates were the lowest since 1816 . The Republicans called for an increase in tariffs in the 1860 election . The increases were only enacted in 1861 after Southerners resigned their seats in Congress . The tariff issue was a Northern grievance . However , neo-Confederate writers have claimed it as a Southern grievance . In 1860 -- 61 none of the groups that proposed compromises to head off secession raised the tariff issue . Pamphleteers North and South rarely mentioned the tariff . States ' rights The South argued that each state had the right to secede -- leave the Union -- at any time , that the Constitution was a `` compact '' or agreement among the states . Northerners ( including President Buchanan ) rejected that notion as opposed to the will of the Founding Fathers who said they were setting up a perpetual union . Historian James McPherson writes concerning states ' rights and other non-slavery explanations : While one or more of these interpretations remain popular among the Sons of Confederate Veterans and other Southern heritage groups , few professional historians now subscribe to them . Of all these interpretations , the states ' - rights argument is perhaps the weakest . It fails to ask the question , states ' rights for what purpose ? States ' rights , or sovereignty , was always more a means than an end , an instrument to achieve a certain goal more than a principle . Territorial Crisis Further information : Slave and free states Between 1803 and 1854 , the United States achieved a vast expansion of territory through purchase , negotiation , and conquest . At first , the new states carved out of these territories entering the union were apportioned equally between slave and free states . It was over territories west of the Mississippi that the proslavery and antislavery forces collided . With the conquest of northern Mexico west to California in 1848 , slaveholding interests looked forward to expanding into these lands and perhaps Cuba and Central America as well . Northern `` free soil '' interests vigorously sought to curtail any further expansion of slave territory . The Compromise of 1850 over California balanced a free - soil state with stronger fugitive slave laws for a political settlement after four years of strife in the 1840s . But the states admitted following California were all free : Minnesota ( 1858 ) , Oregon ( 1859 ) and Kansas ( 1861 ) . In the southern states the question of the territorial expansion of slavery westward again became explosive . Both the South and the North drew the same conclusion : `` The power to decide the question of slavery for the territories was the power to determine the future of slavery itself . '' Sen. Stephen Douglas , author of the Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 Sen. John J. Crittenden , of the 1860 Crittenden Compromise By 1860 , four doctrines had emerged to answer the question of federal control in the territories , and they all claimed they were sanctioned by the Constitution , implicitly or explicitly . The first of these `` conservative '' theories , represented by the Constitutional Union Party , argued that the Missouri Compromise apportionment of territory north for free soil and south for slavery should become a Constitutional mandate . The Crittenden Compromise of 1860 was an expression of this view . The second doctrine of Congressional preeminence , championed by Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party , insisted that the Constitution did not bind legislators to a policy of balance -- that slavery could be excluded in a territory as it was done in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 at the discretion of Congress , thus Congress could restrict human bondage , but never establish it . The Wilmot Proviso announced this position in 1846 . Senator Stephen A. Douglas proclaimed the doctrine of territorial or `` popular '' sovereignty -- which asserted that the settlers in a territory had the same rights as states in the Union to establish or disestablish slavery as a purely local matter . The Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 legislated this doctrine . In Kansas Territory , years of pro and anti-slavery violence and political conflict erupted ; the congressional House of Representatives voted to admit Kansas as a free state in early 1860 , but its admission in the Senate was delayed until January 1861 , after the 1860 elections when southern senators began to leave . The fourth theory was advocated by Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis , one of state sovereignty ( `` states ' rights '' ) , also known as the `` Calhoun doctrine '' , named after the South Carolinian political theorist and statesman John C. Calhoun . Rejecting the arguments for federal authority or self - government , state sovereignty would empower states to promote the expansion of slavery as part of the federal union under the U.S. Constitution . `` States ' rights '' was an ideology formulated and applied as a means of advancing slave state interests through federal authority . As historian Thomas L. Krannawitter points out , the `` Southern demand for federal slave protection represented a demand for an unprecedented expansion of federal power . '' These four doctrines comprised the major ideologies presented to the American public on the matters of slavery , the territories and the U.S. Constitution prior to the 1860 presidential election . Nationalism and honor Nationalism was a powerful force in the early 19th century , with famous spokesmen such as Andrew Jackson and Daniel Webster . While practically all Northerners supported the Union , Southerners were split between those loyal to the entire United States ( called `` unionists '' ) and those loyal primarily to the southern region and then the Confederacy . C. Vann Woodward said of the latter group , A great slave society ... had grown up and miraculously flourished in the heart of a thoroughly bourgeois and partly puritanical republic . It had renounced its bourgeois origins and elaborated and painfully rationalized its institutional , legal , metaphysical , and religious defenses ... When the crisis came it chose to fight . It proved to be the death struggle of a society , which went down in ruins . Perceived insults to Southern collective honor included the enormous popularity of Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1852 ) and the actions of abolitionist John Brown in trying to incite a slave rebellion in 1859 . While the South moved towards a Southern nationalism , leaders in the North were also becoming more nationally minded , and they rejected any notion of splitting the Union . The Republican national electoral platform of 1860 warned that Republicans regarded disunion as treason and would not tolerate it : `` We denounce those threats of disunion ... as denying the vital principles of a free government , and as an avowal of contemplated treason , which it is the imperative duty of an indignant people sternly to rebuke and forever silence . '' The South ignored the warnings : Southerners did not realize how ardently the North would fight to hold the Union together . Lincoln 's election Main article : United States presidential election , 1860 Abraham Lincoln in 1864 The election of Abraham Lincoln in November 1860 was the final trigger for secession . Efforts at compromise , including the `` Corwin Amendment '' and the `` Crittenden Compromise '' , failed . Southern leaders feared that Lincoln would stop the expansion of slavery and put it on a course toward extinction . The slave states , which had already become a minority in the House of Representatives , were now facing a future as a perpetual minority in the Senate and Electoral College against an increasingly powerful North . Before Lincoln took office in March 1861 , seven slave states had declared their secession and joined to form the Confederacy . According to Lincoln , the people had shown that they can be successful in establishing and administering a republic , but a third challenge faced the nation , maintaining a republic based on the people 's vote against an attempt to overthrow it . Outbreak of the War Secession Crisis The election of Lincoln caused the legislature of South Carolina to call a state convention to consider secession . Prior to the war , South Carolina did more than any other Southern state to advance the notion that a state had the right to nullify federal laws , and even to secede from the United States . The convention summoned unanimously voted to secede on December 20 , 1860 , and adopted the `` Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union '' . It argued for states ' rights for slave owners in the South , but contained a complaint about states ' rights in the North in the form of opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act , claiming that Northern states were not fulfilling their federal obligations under the Constitution . The `` cotton states '' of Mississippi , Florida , Alabama , Georgia , Louisiana , and Texas followed suit , seceding in January and February 1861 . The first published imprint of secession , a broadside issued by the Charleston Mercury , December 20 , 1860 Among the ordinances of secession passed by the individual states , those of three -- Texas , Alabama , and Virginia -- specifically mentioned the plight of the `` slaveholding states '' at the hands of northern abolitionists . The rest make no mention of the slavery issue , and are often brief announcements of the dissolution of ties by the legislatures . However , at least four states -- South Carolina , Mississippi , Georgia , and Texas -- also passed lengthy and detailed explanations of their causes for secession , all of which laid the blame squarely on the movement to abolish slavery and that movement 's influence over the politics of the northern states . The southern states believed slaveholding was a constitutional right because of the Fugitive slave clause of the Constitution . These states agreed to form a new federal government , the Confederate States of America , on February 4 , 1861 . They took control of federal forts and other properties within their boundaries with little resistance from outgoing President James Buchanan , whose term ended on March 4 , 1861 . Buchanan said that the Dred Scott decision was proof that the South had no reason for secession , and that the Union `` was intended to be perpetual '' , but that `` The power by force of arms to compel a State to remain in the Union '' was not among the `` enumerated powers granted to Congress '' . One quarter of the U.S. Army -- the entire garrison in Texas -- was surrendered in February 1861 to state forces by its commanding general , David E. Twiggs , who then joined the Confederacy . As Southerners resigned their seats in the Senate and the House , Republicans were able to pass bills for projects that had been blocked by Southern Senators before the war , including the Morrill Tariff , land grant colleges ( the Morrill Act ) , a Homestead Act , a transcontinental railroad ( the Pacific Railway Acts ) , the National Banking Act and the authorization of United States Notes by the Legal Tender Act of 1862 . The Revenue Act of 1861 introduced the income tax to help finance the war . On December 18 , 1860 , the Crittenden Compromise was proposed to re-establish the Missouri Compromise line by constitutionally banning slavery in territories to the north of the line while guaranteeing it to the south . The adoption of this compromise likely would have prevented the secession of every southern state apart from South Carolina , but Lincoln and the Republicans rejected it . It was then proposed to hold a national referendum on the compromise . The Republicans again rejected the idea , although a majority of both Northerners and Southerners would have voted in favor of it . A pre-war February Peace Conference of 1861 met in Washington , proposing a solution similar to that of the Crittenden compromise , it was rejected by Congress . The Republicans proposed an alternative compromise to not interfere with slavery where it existed but the South regarded it as insufficient . Nonetheless , the remaining eight slave states rejected pleas to join the Confederacy following a two - to - one no - vote in Virginia 's First Secessionist Convention on April 4 , 1861 . Jefferson Davis , President of the Confederate States of America ( 1861 -- 1865 ) On March 4 , 1861 , Abraham Lincoln was sworn in as President . In his inaugural address , he argued that the Constitution was a more perfect union than the earlier Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union , that it was a binding contract , and called any secession `` legally void '' . He had no intent to invade Southern states , nor did he intend to end slavery where it existed , but said that he would use force to maintain possession of Federal property . The government would make no move to recover post offices , and if resisted , mail delivery would end at state lines . Where popular conditions did not allow peaceful enforcement of Federal law , U.S. marshals and judges would be withdrawn . No mention was made of bullion lost from U.S. mints in Louisiana , Georgia , and North Carolina . He stated that it would be U.S. policy to only collect import duties at its ports ; there could be no serious injury to the South to justify armed revolution during his administration . His speech closed with a plea for restoration of the bonds of union , famously calling on `` the mystic chords of memory '' binding the two regions . The South sent delegations to Washington and offered to pay for the federal properties and enter into a peace treaty with the United States . Lincoln rejected any negotiations with Confederate agents because he claimed the Confederacy was not a legitimate government , and that making any treaty with it would be tantamount to recognition of it as a sovereign government . Secretary of State William Seward , who at the time saw himself as the real governor or `` prime minister '' behind the throne of the inexperienced Lincoln , engaged in unauthorized and indirect negotiations that failed . President Lincoln was determined to hold all remaining Union - occupied forts in the Confederacy , Fort Monroe in Virginia , in Florida , Fort Pickens , Fort Jefferson , Fort Taylor and Fort Sumter , located at the cockpit of secession in Charleston , South Carolina . Battle of Fort Sumter Main article : Battle of Fort Sumter Mass meeting in New York City April 20 , 1861 , to support the Union . Fort Sumter was located in the middle of the harbor of Charleston , South Carolina . Its garrison recently moved there to avoid incidents with local militias in the streets of the city . Lincoln told Maj . Anderson to hold on until fired upon . Jefferson Davis ordered the surrender of the fort . Anderson gave a conditional reply that the Confederate government rejected , and Davis ordered General P.G.T. Beauregard to attack the fort before a relief expedition could arrive . He bombarded Fort Sumter on April 12 -- 13 , forcing its capitulation . The attack on Fort Sumter rallied the North to the defense of American nationalism . Historian Allan Nevins said : The thunderclap of Sumter produced a startling crystallization of Northern sentiment ... Anger swept the land . From every side came news of mass meetings , speeches , resolutions , tenders of business support , the muster of companies and regiments , the determined action of governors and legislatures . '' Union leaders incorrectly assumed that only a minority of Southerners were actually in favor of secession and that there were large numbers of southern Unionists that could be counted on . Had Northerners realized that most Southerners really did favor secession , they might have hesitated at attempting the enormous task of conquering a united South . Lincoln called on all the states to send forces to recapture the fort and other federal properties . With the scale of the rebellion apparently small so far , Lincoln called for only 75,000 volunteers for 90 days . The governor of Massachusetts had state regiments on trains headed south the next day . In western Missouri , local secessionists seized Liberty Arsenal . On May 3 , 1861 , Lincoln called for an additional 42,000 volunteers for a period of three years . Four states in the middle and upper South had repeatedly rejected Confederate overtures , but now Virginia , Tennessee , Arkansas , and North Carolina refused to send forces against their neighbors , declared their secession , and joined the Confederacy . To reward Virginia , the Confederate capital was moved to Richmond . Attitude of the border states Main article : Border states ( American Civil War ) US Secession map 1863 . The Union vs. the Confederacy . Union states Union territories not permitting slavery Border Union states , permitting slavery ( One of these states , West Virginia was created in 1863 ) Confederate states Union territories permitting slavery ( claimed by Confederacy ) Maryland , Delaware , Missouri , and Kentucky were slave states that were opposed to both secession and coercing the South . West Virginia then joined them as an additional border state after it separated from Virginia and became a state of the Union in 1863 . Maryland 's territory surrounded the United States ' capital of Washington , DC and could cut it off from the North . It had numerous anti-Lincoln officials who tolerated anti-army rioting in Baltimore and the burning of bridges , both aimed at hindering the passage of troops to the South . Maryland 's legislature voted overwhelmingly ( 53 -- 13 ) to stay in the Union , but also rejected hostilities with its southern neighbors , voting to close Maryland 's rail lines to prevent them from being used for war . Lincoln responded by establishing martial law and unilaterally suspending habeas corpus in Maryland , along with sending in militia units from the North . Lincoln rapidly took control of Maryland and the District of Columbia by seizing many prominent figures , including arresting 1 / 3 of the members of the Maryland General Assembly on the day it reconvened . All were held without trial , ignoring a ruling by the Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Roger Taney , a Maryland native , that only Congress ( and not the president ) could suspend habeas corpus ( Ex parte Merryman ) . Indeed , federal troops imprisoned a prominent Baltimore newspaper editor , Frank Key Howard , Francis Scott Key 's grandson , after he criticized Lincoln in an editorial for ignoring the Supreme Court Chief Justice 's ruling . In Missouri , an elected convention on secession voted decisively to remain within the Union . When pro-Confederate Governor Claiborne F. Jackson called out the state militia , it was attacked by federal forces under General Nathaniel Lyon , who chased the governor and the rest of the State Guard to the southwestern corner of the state ( see also : Missouri secession ) . In the resulting vacuum , the convention on secession reconvened and took power as the Unionist provisional government of Missouri . Kentucky did not secede ; for a time , it declared itself neutral . When Confederate forces entered the state in September 1861 , neutrality ended and the state reaffirmed its Union status , while trying to maintain slavery . During a brief invasion by Confederate forces , Confederate sympathizers organized a secession convention , inaugurated a governor , and gained recognition from the Confederacy . The rebel government soon went into exile and never controlled Kentucky . After Virginia 's secession , a Unionist government in Wheeling asked 48 counties to vote on an ordinance to create a new state on October 24 , 1861 . A voter turnout of 34 percent approved the statehood bill ( 96 percent approving ) . The inclusion of 24 secessionist counties in the state and the ensuing guerrilla war engaged about 40,000 Federal troops for much of the war . Congress admitted West Virginia to the Union on June 20 , 1863 . West Virginia provided about 20,000 -- 22,000 soldiers to both the Confederacy and the Union . A Unionist secession attempt occurred in East Tennessee , but was suppressed by the Confederacy , which arrested over 3,000 men suspected of being loyal to the Union . They were held without trial . War See also : List of American Civil War battles and Military leadership in the American Civil War County map of Civil War battles by theater and year The Civil War was a contest marked by the ferocity and frequency of battle . Over four years , 237 named battles were fought , as were many more minor actions and skirmishes , which were often characterized by their bitter intensity and high casualties . In his book The American Civil War , John Keegan writes that `` The American Civil War was to prove one of the most ferocious wars ever fought '' . Without geographic objectives , the only target for each side was the enemy 's soldier . Mobilization See also : Child soldiers in the American Civil War As the first seven states began organizing a Confederacy in Montgomery , the entire U.S. army numbered 16,000 . However , Northern governors had begun to mobilize their militias . The Confederate Congress authorized the new nation up to 100,000 troops sent by governors as early as February . By May , Jefferson Davis was pushing for 100,000 men under arms for one year or the duration , and that was answered in kind by the U.S. Congress . In the first year of the war , both sides had far more volunteers than they could effectively train and equip . After the initial enthusiasm faded , reliance on the cohort of young men who came of age every year and wanted to join was not enough . Both sides used a draft law -- conscription -- as a device to encourage or force volunteering ; relatively few were actually drafted and served . The Confederacy passed a draft law in April 1862 for young men aged 18 to 35 ; overseers of slaves , government officials , and clergymen were exempt . The U.S. Congress followed in July , authorizing a militia draft within a state when it could not meet its quota with volunteers . European immigrants joined the Union Army in large numbers , including 177,000 born in Germany and 144,000 born in Ireland . Union soldiers before Marye 's Heights , Second Fredericksburg Confederate dead overrun at Marye 's Heights , reoccupied next day May 4 , 1863 When the Emancipation Proclamation went into effect in January 1863 , ex-slaves were energetically recruited by the states , and used to meet the state quotas . States and local communities offered higher and higher cash bonuses for white volunteers . Congress tightened the law in March 1863 . Men selected in the draft could provide substitutes or , until mid-1864 , pay commutation money . Many eligibles pooled their money to cover the cost of anyone drafted . Families used the substitute provision to select which man should go into the army and which should stay home . There was much evasion and overt resistance to the draft , especially in Catholic areas . The great draft riot in New York City in July 1863 involved Irish immigrants who had been signed up as citizens to swell the vote of the city 's Democratic political machine , not realizing it made them liable for the draft . Of the 168,649 men procured for the Union through the draft , 117,986 were substitutes , leaving only 50,663 who had their personal services conscripted . Rioters attacking a building during the New York anti-draft riots of 1863 In both the North and South , the draft laws were highly unpopular . In the North , some 120,000 men evaded conscription , many of them fleeing to Canada , and another 280,000 soldiers deserted during the war . At least 100,000 Southerners deserted , or about 10 percent . In the South , many men deserted temporarily to take care of their distressed families , then returned to their units . In the North , `` bounty jumpers '' enlisted to get the generous bonus , deserted , then went back to a second recruiting station under a different name to sign up again for a second bonus ; 141 were caught and executed . From a tiny frontier force in 1860 , the Union and Confederate armies had grown into the `` largest and most efficient armies in the world '' within a few years . European observers at the time dismissed them as amateur and unprofessional , but British historian John Keegan 's assessment is that each outmatched the French , Prussian and Russian armies of the time , and but for the Atlantic , would have threatened any of them with defeat . Motivation Perman and Taylor ( 2010 ) say that historians are of two minds on why millions of men seemed so eager to fight , suffer and die over four years : Some historians emphasize that Civil War soldiers were driven by political ideology , holding firm beliefs about the importance of liberty , Union , or state rights , or about the need to protect or to destroy slavery . Others point to less overtly political reasons to fight , such as the defense of one 's home and family , or the honor and brotherhood to be preserved when fighting alongside other men . Most historians agree that no matter what a soldier thought about when he went into the war , the experience of combat affected him profoundly and sometimes altered his reasons for continuing the fight . Prisoners Main article : American Civil War prison camps At the start of the civil war , a system of paroles operated . Captives agreed not to fight until they were officially exchanged . Meanwhile , they were held in camps run by their own army where they were paid but not allowed to perform any military duties . The system of exchanges collapsed in 1863 when the Confederacy refused to exchange black prisoners . After that , about 56,000 of the 409,000 POWs died in prisons during the war , accounting for nearly 10 percent of the conflict 's fatalities . Naval War The small U.S. Navy of 1861 was rapidly enlarged to 6,000 officers and 45,000 men in 1865 , with 671 vessels , having a tonnage of 510,396 . Its mission was to blockade Confederate ports , take control of the river system , defend against Confederate raiders on the high seas , and be ready for a possible war with the British Royal Navy . Meanwhile , the main riverine war was fought in the West , where a series of major rivers gave access to the Confederate heartland , if the U.S. Navy could take control . In the East , the Navy supplied and moved army forces about , and occasionally shelled Confederate installations . Union blockade Main article : Union blockade General Scott 's `` Anaconda Plan '' 1861 . Tightening naval blockade , forcing rebels out of Missouri along the Mississippi River , Kentucky Unionists sit on the fence , idled cotton industry illustrated in Georgia . By early 1861 , General Winfield Scott had devised the Anaconda Plan to win the war with as little bloodshed as possible . Scott argued that a Union blockade of the main ports would weaken the Confederate economy . Lincoln adopted parts of the plan , but he overruled Scott 's caution about 90 - day volunteers . Public opinion , however , demanded an immediate attack by the army to capture Richmond . In April 1861 , Lincoln announced the Union blockade of all Southern ports ; commercial ships could not get insurance and regular traffic ended . The South blundered in embargoing cotton exports in 1861 before the blockade was effective ; by the time they realized the mistake , it was too late . `` King Cotton '' was dead , as the South could export less than 10 percent of its cotton . The blockade shut down the ten Confederate seaports with railheads that moved almost all the cotton , especially New Orleans , Mobile , and Charleston . By June 1861 , warships were stationed off the principal Southern ports , and a year later nearly 300 ships were in service . Modern Navy evolves The Civil War occurred during the early stages of the industrial revolution and subsequently many naval innovations emerged during this time , most notably the advent of the ironclad warship . It began when the Confederacy , knowing they had to meet or match the Union 's naval superiority , responded to the Union blockade by building or converting more than 130 vessels , including twenty - six ironclads and floating batteries . Only half of these saw active service . Many were equipped with ram bows , creating `` ram fever '' among Union squadrons wherever they threatened . But in the face of overwhelming Union superiority and the Union 's own ironclad warships , they were unsuccessful . The Confederacy experimented with a submarine , which did not work well , and with building an ironclad ship , the CSS Virginia , which was based on rebuilding a sunken Union ship , the Merrimack . On its first foray on March 8 , 1862 , the Virginia inflicted significant damage to the Union 's wooden fleet , but the next day the first Union ironclad , the USS Monitor , arrived to challenge it in the Chesapeake Bay . The resulting three hour battle between the Ironclads was a draw , but it marked the worldwide transition to ironclad warships . Not long after the battle the Confederacy was forced to scuttle the Virginia to prevent its capture , while the Union built many copies of the Monitor . Lacking the technology and infrastructure to build effective warships , the Confederacy attempted to obtain warships from Britain . Blockade runners Main article : Blockade runners of the American Civil War Gunline of nine Union ironclads . South Atlantic Blockading Squadron off Charleston . Continuous blockade of all major ports was sustained by North 's overwhelming war production . British investors built small , fast , steam - driven blockade runners that traded arms and luxuries brought in from Britain through Bermuda , Cuba , and the Bahamas in return for high - priced cotton . Many of the ships were designed for speed and were so small that only a small amount of cotton went out . When the Union Navy seized a blockade runner , the ship and cargo were condemned as a Prize of war and sold , with the proceeds given to the Navy sailors ; the captured crewmen were mostly British and they were simply released . The Southern economy nearly collapsed during the war . There were multiple reasons for this : the severe deterioration of food supplies , especially in cities , the failure of Southern railroads , the loss of control of the main rivers , foraging by Northern armies , and the seizure of animals and crops by Confederate armies . Most historians agree that the blockade was a major factor in ruining the Confederate economy ; however , Wise argues that the blockade runners provided just enough of a lifeline to allow Lee to continue fighting for additional months , thanks to fresh supplies of 400,000 rifles , lead , blankets , and boots that the homefront economy could no longer supply . Economic impact Surdam argues that the blockade was a powerful weapon that eventually ruined the Southern economy , at the cost of few lives in combat . Practically , the entire Confederate cotton crop was useless ( although it was sold to Union traders ) , costing the Confederacy its main source of income . Critical imports were scarce and the coastal trade was largely ended as well . The measure of the blockade 's success was not the few ships that slipped through , but the thousands that never tried it . Merchant ships owned in Europe could not get insurance and were too slow to evade the blockade ; they simply stopped calling at Confederate ports . To fight an offensive war , the Confederacy purchased ships from Britain , converted them to warships , and raided American merchant ships in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans . Insurance rates skyrocketed and the American flag virtually disappeared from international waters . However , the same ships were reflagged with European flags and continued unmolested . After the war , the U.S. demanded that Britain pay for the damage done , and Britain paid the U.S. $15 million in 1871 . Rivers ' War Clashes on the rivers were melees of ironclads , cottonclads , gunboats and rams , complicated by torpedoes and fire rafts . The 1862 Union strategy called for simultaneous advances along four axes : McClellan would lead the main thrust in Virginia towards Richmond . Ohio forces would advance through Kentucky into Tennessee . The Missouri Department would drive south along the Mississippi River . The westernmost attack would originate from Kansas . Ulysses Grant used river transport and Andrew Foote 's gunboats of the Western Flotilla to threaten the Confederacy 's `` Gibraltar of the West '' at Columbus , Kentucky . Though rebuffed at Belmont , Grant cut off Columbus . The Confederates , lacking their own gunboats , were forced to retreat and the Union took control of western Kentucky and opened Tennessee in March 1862 , taking control of the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers In addition to ocean - going warships coming up the Mississippi , the Union Navy used timberclads , tinclads , and armored gunboats . Shipyards at Cairo , Illinois , and St. Louis built new boats or modified steamboats for action . They took control of the Red , Tennessee , Cumberland , Mississippi , and Ohio rivers after victories at Fort Henry ( February 6 , 1862 ) and Fort Donelson ( February 11 to 16 , 1862 ) , and supplied Grant 's forces as he moved into Tennessee . At Shiloh ( Pittsburg Landing ) , in Tennessee in April 1862 , the Confederates made a surprise attack that pushed Union forces against the river as night fell . Overnight , the Navy landed additional reinforcements , and Grant counter-attacked . Grant and the Union won a decisive victory -- the first battle with the high casualty rates that would repeat over and over . Memphis fell to Union forces on June 6 , 1862 , and became a key base for further advances south along the Mississippi River . On April 24 , 1862 , U.S. Naval forces under Farragut ran past Confederate defenses south of New Orleans . Confederate forces abandoned the city , giving the Union a critical anchor in the deep South . Naval forces assisted Grant in the long , complex Vicksburg Campaign that resulted in the Confederates surrendering at Vicksburg , Mississippi in July 1863 , and in the Union fully controlling the Mississippi River soon after . Eastern Theater Further information : Eastern Theater of the American Civil War Left : The Battle of Antietam , the Civil War 's deadliest one - day fight . Union troops committed piecemeal had little effect . Right : Confederate ironclads at Norfolk and New Orleans dispersed blockade , until Union ironclads could defeat them . In one of the first highly visible battles , a march by Union troops under the command of Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell on the Confederate forces near Washington was repulsed . Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan took command of the Union Army of the Potomac on July 26 ( he was briefly general - in - chief of all the Union armies , but was subsequently relieved of that post in favor of Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck ) , and the war began in earnest in 1862 . Upon the strong urging of President Lincoln to begin offensive operations , McClellan attacked Virginia in the spring of 1862 by way of the peninsula between the York River and James River , southeast of Richmond . Although McClellan 's army reached the gates of Richmond in the Peninsula Campaign , Johnston halted his advance at the Battle of Seven Pines , then General Robert E. Lee and top subordinates James Longstreet and Stonewall Jackson defeated McClellan in the Seven Days Battles and forced his retreat . The Northern Virginia Campaign , which included the Second Battle of Bull Run , ended in yet another victory for the South . McClellan resisted General - in - Chief Halleck 's orders to send reinforcements to John Pope 's Union Army of Virginia , which made it easier for Lee 's Confederates to defeat twice the number of combined enemy troops . Emboldened by Second Bull Run , the Confederacy made its first invasion of the North . General Lee led 45,000 men of the Army of Northern Virginia across the Potomac River into Maryland on September 5 . Lincoln then restored Pope 's troops to McClellan . McClellan and Lee fought at the Battle of Antietam near Sharpsburg , Maryland , on September 17 , 1862 , the bloodiest single day in United States military history . Lee 's army , checked at last , returned to Virginia before McClellan could destroy it . Antietam is considered a Union victory because it halted Lee 's invasion of the North and provided an opportunity for Lincoln to announce his Emancipation Proclamation . Union forces performing a bayonet charge , 1862 When the cautious McClellan failed to follow up on Antietam , he was replaced by Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside . Burnside was soon defeated at the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13 , 1862 , when more than 12,000 Union soldiers were killed or wounded during repeated futile frontal assaults against Marye 's Heights . After the battle , Burnside was replaced by Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker . Hooker , too , proved unable to defeat Lee 's army ; despite outnumbering the Confederates by more than two to one , he was humiliated in the Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863 . Gen. Stonewall Jackson was shot in the arm by accidental friendly fire during the battle and subsequently died of complications . Gen. Hooker was replaced by Maj. Gen. George Meade during Lee 's second invasion of the North , in June . Meade defeated Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg ( July 1 to 3 , 1863 ) . This was the bloodiest battle of the war , and has been called the war 's turning point . Pickett 's Charge on July 3 is often considered the high - water mark of the Confederacy because it signaled the collapse of serious Confederate threats of victory . Lee 's army suffered 28,000 casualties ( versus Meade 's 23,000 ) . However , Lincoln was angry that Meade failed to intercept Lee 's retreat , and after Meade 's inconclusive fall campaign , Lincoln turned to the Western Theater for new leadership . At the same time , the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg surrendered , giving the Union control of the Mississippi River , permanently isolating the western Confederacy , and producing the new leader Lincoln needed , Ulysses S. Grant . Western Theater Further information : Western Theater of the American Civil War While the Confederate forces had numerous successes in the Eastern Theater , they were defeated many times in the West . They were driven from Missouri early in the war as a result of the Battle of Pea Ridge . Leonidas Polk 's invasion of Columbus ended Kentucky 's policy of neutrality and turned it against the Confederacy . Nashville and central Tennessee fell to the Union early in 1862 , leading to attrition of local food supplies and livestock and a breakdown in social organization . Left : The Battle of Chickamauga , the highest two - day losses . Confederate victory held off Union offensive for two months . Right : New Orleans captured . Union ironclads forced passage , sank Confederate fleet , destroyed batteries , held docks for Army . The Mississippi was opened to Union traffic to the southern border of Tennessee with the taking of Island No. 10 and New Madrid , Missouri , and then Memphis , Tennessee . In April 1862 , the Union Navy captured New Orleans , which allowed Union forces to begin moving up the Mississippi . Only the fortress city of Vicksburg , Mississippi , prevented Union control of the entire river . General Braxton Bragg 's second Confederate invasion of Kentucky ended with a meaningless victory over Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell at the Battle of Perryville , although Bragg was forced to end his attempt at invading Kentucky and retreat due to lack of support for the Confederacy in that state . Bragg was narrowly defeated by Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans at the Battle of Stones River in Tennessee . The one clear Confederate victory in the West was the Battle of Chickamauga . Bragg , reinforced by Lt. Gen. James Longstreet 's corps ( from Lee 's army in the east ) , defeated Rosecrans , despite the heroic defensive stand of Maj. Gen. George Henry Thomas . Rosecrans retreated to Chattanooga , which Bragg then besieged . The Union 's key strategist and tactician in the West was Ulysses S. Grant , who won victories at Forts Henry and Donelson ( by which the Union seized control of the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers ) ; the Battle of Shiloh ; and the Battle of Vicksburg , which cemented Union control of the Mississippi River and is considered one of the turning points of the war . Grant marched to the relief of Rosecrans and defeated Bragg at the Third Battle of Chattanooga , driving Confederate forces out of Tennessee and opening a route to Atlanta and the heart of the Confederacy . Trans - Mississippi Further information on Missouri in the Civil War : Trans - Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War Left : Quantrill 's Raid captured a hotel in free - state Kansas for a day in a town of 2,000 , burned 185 buildings , killed 182 men and boys . Right : Nathaniel Lyon secured St. Louis docks and arsenal , led Union forces to expel Missouri Confederate forces and government . Extensive guerrilla warfare characterized the trans - Mississippi region , as the Confederacy lacked the troops and the logistics to support regular armies that could challenge Union control . Roving Confederate bands such as Quantrill 's Raiders terrorized the countryside , striking both military installations and civilian settlements . The `` Sons of Liberty '' and `` Order of the American Knights '' attacked pro-Union people , elected officeholders , and unarmed uniformed soldiers . These partisans could not be entirely driven out of the state of Missouri until an entire regular Union infantry division was engaged . By 1864 , these violent activities harmed the nationwide anti-war movement organizing against the re-election of Lincoln . Missouri not only stayed in the Union , but Lincoln took 70 percent of the vote for re-election . Numerous small - scale military actions south and west of Missouri sought to control Indian Territory and New Mexico Territory for the Union . The Union repulsed Confederate incursions into New Mexico in 1862 , and the exiled Arizona government withdrew into Texas . In the Indian Territory , civil war broke out within tribes . About 12,000 Indian warriors fought for the Confederacy , and smaller numbers for the Union . The most prominent Cherokee was Brigadier General Stand Watie , the last Confederate general to surrender . After the fall of Vicksburg in July 1863 , General Kirby Smith in Texas was informed by Jefferson Davis that he could expect no further help from east of the Mississippi River . Although he lacked resources to beat Union armies , he built up a formidable arsenal at Tyler , along with his own Kirby Smithdom economy , a virtual `` independent fiefdom '' in Texas , including railroad construction and international smuggling . The Union in turn did not directly engage him . Its 1864 Red River Campaign to take Shreveport , Louisiana was a failure and Texas remained in Confederate hands throughout the war . End of the War Conquest of Virginia At the beginning of 1864 , Lincoln made Grant commander of all Union armies . Grant made his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac , and put Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman in command of most of the western armies . Grant understood the concept of total war and believed , along with Lincoln and Sherman , that only the utter defeat of Confederate forces and their economic base would end the war . This was total war not in killing civilians but rather in taking provisions and forage and destroying homes , farms , and railroads , that Grant said `` would otherwise have gone to the support of secession and rebellion . This policy I believe exercised a material influence in hastening the end . '' Grant devised a coordinated strategy that would strike at the entire Confederacy from multiple directions . Generals George Meade and Benjamin Butler were ordered to move against Lee near Richmond , General Franz Sigel ( and later Philip Sheridan ) were to attack the Shenandoah Valley , General Sherman was to capture Atlanta and march to the sea ( the Atlantic Ocean ) , Generals George Crook and William W. Averell were to operate against railroad supply lines in West Virginia , and Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks was to capture Mobile , Alabama . These dead soldiers -- from Ewell 's May 1864 attack at Spotsylvania -- delayed Grant 's advance on Richmond in the Overland Campaign . The Peacemakers by George Peter Alexander Healy portrays Sherman , Grant , Lincoln , and Porter discussing plans for the last weeks of the Civil War aboard the steamer River Queen in March 1865 . Grant 's army set out on the Overland Campaign with the goal of drawing Lee into a defense of Richmond , where they would attempt to pin down and destroy the Confederate army . The Union army first attempted to maneuver past Lee and fought several battles , notably at the Wilderness , Spotsylvania , and Cold Harbor . These battles resulted in heavy losses on both sides , and forced Lee 's Confederates to fall back repeatedly . An attempt to outflank Lee from the south failed under Butler , who was trapped inside the Bermuda Hundred river bend . Each battle resulted in setbacks for the Union that mirrored what they had suffered under prior generals , though unlike those prior generals , Grant fought on rather than retreat . Grant was tenacious and kept pressing Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia back to Richmond . While Lee was preparing for an attack on Richmond , Grant unexpectedly turned south to cross the James River and began the protracted Siege of Petersburg , where the two armies engaged in trench warfare for over nine months . Grant finally found a commander , General Philip Sheridan , aggressive enough to prevail in the Valley Campaigns of 1864 . Sheridan was initially repelled at the Battle of New Market by former U.S. Vice President and Confederate Gen. John C. Breckinridge . The Battle of New Market was the Confederacy 's last major victory of the war . After redoubling his efforts , Sheridan defeated Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early in a series of battles , including a final decisive defeat at the Battle of Cedar Creek . Sheridan then proceeded to destroy the agricultural base of the Shenandoah Valley , a strategy similar to the tactics Sherman later employed in Georgia . Meanwhile , Sherman maneuvered from Chattanooga to Atlanta , defeating Confederate Generals Joseph E. Johnston and John Bell Hood along the way . The fall of Atlanta on September 2 , 1864 , guaranteed the reelection of Lincoln as president . Hood left the Atlanta area to swing around and menace Sherman 's supply lines and invade Tennessee in the Franklin - Nashville Campaign . Union Maj. Gen. John Schofield defeated Hood at the Battle of Franklin , and George H. Thomas dealt Hood a massive defeat at the Battle of Nashville , effectively destroying Hood 's army . Leaving Atlanta , and his base of supplies , Sherman 's army marched with an unknown destination , laying waste to about 20 percent of the farms in Georgia in his `` March to the Sea '' . He reached the Atlantic Ocean at Savannah , Georgia in December 1864 . Sherman 's army was followed by thousands of freed slaves ; there were no major battles along the March . Sherman turned north through South Carolina and North Carolina to approach the Confederate Virginia lines from the south , increasing the pressure on Lee 's army . Lee 's army , thinned by desertion and casualties , was now much smaller than Grant 's . One last Confederate attempt to break the Union hold on Petersburg failed at the decisive Battle of Five Forks ( sometimes called `` the Waterloo of the Confederacy '' ) on April 1 . This meant that the Union now controlled the entire perimeter surrounding Richmond - Petersburg , completely cutting it off from the Confederacy . Realizing that the capital was now lost , Lee decided to evacuate his army . The Confederate capital fell to the Union XXV Corps , composed of black troops . The remaining Confederate units fled west after a defeat at Sayler 's Creek . Confederacy surrenders Main article : Conclusion of the American Civil War Map of Confederate territory losses year by year Initially , Lee did not intend to surrender , but planned to regroup at the village of Appomattox Court House , where supplies were to be waiting , and then continue the war . Grant chased Lee and got in front of him , so that when Lee 's army reached Appomattox Court House , they were surrounded . After an initial battle , Lee decided that the fight was now hopeless , and surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia on April 9 , 1865 , at the McLean House . In an untraditional gesture and as a sign of Grant 's respect and anticipation of peacefully restoring Confederate states to the Union , Lee was permitted to keep his sword and his horse , Traveller . On April 14 , 1865 , President Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth , a Southern sympathizer . Lincoln died early the next morning , and Andrew Johnson became the president . Meanwhile , Confederate forces across the South surrendered as news of Lee 's surrender reached them . On April 26 , 1865 , General Joseph E. Johnston surrendered nearly 90,000 men of the Army of Tennessee to Major General William T. Sherman at the Bennett Place near present - day Durham , North Carolina . It proved to be the largest surrender of Confederate forces , effectively bringing the war to an end . President Johnson officially declared a virtual end to the insurrection on May 9 , 1865 ; President Jefferson Davis was captured the following day . On June 2 , Kirby Smith officially surrendered his troops in the Trans - Mississippi Department . On June 23 , Cherokee leader Stand Watie became the last Confederate general to surrender his forces . Diplomacy Main article : Diplomacy of the American Civil War Though the Confederacy hoped that Britain and France would join them against the Union , this was never likely , and so they instead tried to bring Britain and France in as mediators . The Union , under Lincoln and Secretary of State William H. Seward worked to block this , and threatened war if any country officially recognized the existence of the Confederate States of America . In 1861 , Southerners voluntarily embargoed cotton shipments , hoping to start an economic depression in Europe that would force Britain to enter the war to get cotton , but this did not work . Worse , Europe developed other cotton suppliers , which they found superior , hindering the South 's recovery after the war . Crewmembers of USS Wissahickon by the ship 's 11 - inch ( 280 mm ) Dahlgren gun , circa 1863 Cotton diplomacy proved a failure as Europe had a surplus of cotton , while the 1860 -- 62 crop failures in Europe made the North 's grain exports of critical importance . It also helped to turn European opinion further away from the Confederacy . It was said that `` King Corn was more powerful than King Cotton '' , as U.S. grain went from a quarter of the British import trade to almost half . When Britain did face a cotton shortage , it was temporary , being replaced by increased cultivation in Egypt and India . Meanwhile , the war created employment for arms makers , ironworkers , and British ships to transport weapons . Lincoln 's foreign policy was deficient in 1861 in terms of appealing to European public opinion . Diplomats had to explain that United States was not committed to the ending of slavery , but instead they repeated legalistic arguments about the unconstitutionality of secession . Confederate spokesmen , on the other hand , were much more successful by ignoring slavery and instead focusing on their struggle for liberty , their commitment to free trade , and the essential role of cotton in the European economy . In addition , the European aristocracy ( the dominant factor in every major country ) was `` absolutely gleeful in pronouncing the American debacle as proof that the entire experiment in popular government had failed . European government leaders welcomed the fragmentation of the ascendant American Republic . '' U.S. minister to Britain Charles Francis Adams proved particularly adept and convinced Britain not to boldly challenge the blockade . The Confederacy purchased several warships from commercial shipbuilders in Britain ( CSS Alabama , CSS Shenandoah , CSS Tennessee , CSS Tallahassee , CSS Florida , and some others ) . The most famous , the CSS Alabama , did considerable damage and led to serious postwar disputes . However , public opinion against slavery created a political liability for politicians in Britain , where the antislavery movement was powerful . War loomed in late 1861 between the U.S. and Britain over the Trent affair , involving the U.S. Navy 's boarding of the British ship Trent and seizure of two Confederate diplomats . However , London and Washington were able to smooth over the problem after Lincoln released the two . In 1862 , the British considered mediation between North and South -- though even such an offer would have risked war with the U.S. British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston reportedly read Uncle Tom 's Cabin three times when deciding on this . The Union victory in the Battle of Antietam caused them to delay this decision . The Emancipation Proclamation over time would reinforce the political liability of supporting the Confederacy . Despite sympathy for the Confederacy , France 's own seizure of Mexico ultimately deterred them from war with the Union . Confederate offers late in the war to end slavery in return for diplomatic recognition were not seriously considered by London or Paris . After 1863 , the Polish revolt against Russia further distracted the European powers , and ensured that they would remain neutral . Union victory and aftermath Results The causes of the war , the reasons for its outcome , and even the name of the war itself are subjects of lingering contention today . The North and West grew rich while the once - rich South became poor for a century . The national political power of the slaveowners and rich southerners ended . Historians are less sure about the results of the postwar Reconstruction , especially regarding the second class citizenship of the Freedmen and their poverty . Historians have debated whether the Confederacy could have won the war . Most scholars , including James McPherson , argue that Confederate victory was at least possible . McPherson argues that the North 's advantage in population and resources made Northern victory likely but not guaranteed . He also argues that if the Confederacy had fought using unconventional tactics , they would have more easily been able to hold out long enough to exhaust the Union . Comparison of Union and Confederacy , 1860 -- 1864 Year Union Confederacy Population 1860 22,100,000 ( 71 % ) 9,100,000 ( 29 % ) 1864 28,800,000 ( 90 % ) 3,000,000 ( 10 % ) Free 1860 21,700,000 ( 81 % ) 5,600,000 ( 19 % ) Slave 1860 400,000 ( 11 % ) 3,500,000 ( 89 % ) 1864 negligible 1,900,000 Soldiers 1860 -- 64 2,100,000 ( 67 % ) 1,064,000 ( 33 % ) Railroad miles 1860 21,800 ( 71 % ) 8,800 ( 29 % ) 1864 29,100 ( 98 % ) negligible Manufactures 1860 90 % 10 % 1864 98 % 2 % Arms production 1860 97 % 3 % 1864 98 % 2 % Cotton bales 1860 negligible 4,500,000 1864 300,000 negligible Exports 1860 30 % 70 % 1864 98 % 2 % Confederates did not need to invade and hold enemy territory to win , but only needed to fight a defensive war to convince the North that the cost of winning was too high . The North needed to conquer and hold vast stretches of enemy territory and defeat Confederate armies to win . Lincoln was not a military dictator , and could continue to fight the war only as long as the American public supported a continuation of the war . The Confederacy sought to win independence by out - lasting Lincoln ; however , after Atlanta fell and Lincoln defeated McClellan in the election of 1864 , all hope for a political victory for the South ended . At that point , Lincoln had secured the support of the Republicans , War Democrats , the border states , emancipated slaves , and the neutrality of Britain and France . By defeating the Democrats and McClellan , he also defeated the Copperheads and their peace platform . Many scholars argue that the Union held an insurmountable long - term advantage over the Confederacy in industrial strength and population . Confederate actions , they argue , only delayed defeat . Civil War historian Shelby Foote expressed this view succinctly : `` I think that the North fought that war with one hand behind its back ... If there had been more Southern victories , and a lot more , the North simply would have brought that other hand out from behind its back . I do n't think the South ever had a chance to win that War . '' A minority view among historians is that the Confederacy lost because , as E. Merton Coulter put it , `` people did not will hard enough and long enough to win . '' Marxist historian Armstead Robinson agrees , pointing to a class conflict in the Confederate army between the slave owners and the larger number of non-owners . He argues that the non-owner soldiers grew embittered about fighting to preserve slavery , and fought less enthusiastically . He attributes the major Confederate defeats in 1863 at Vicksburg and Missionary Ridge to this class conflict . However , most historians reject the argument . James M. McPherson , after reading thousands of letters written by Confederate soldiers , found strong patriotism that continued to the end ; they truly believed they were fighting for freedom and liberty . Even as the Confederacy was visibly collapsing in 1864 -- 65 , he says most Confederate soldiers were fighting hard . Historian Gary Gallagher cites General Sherman who in early 1864 commented , `` The devils seem to have a determination that can not but be admired . '' Despite their loss of slaves and wealth , with starvation looming , Sherman continued , `` yet I see no sign of let up -- some few deserters -- plenty tired of war , but the masses determined to fight it out . '' Also important were Lincoln 's eloquence in rationalizing the national purpose and his skill in keeping the border states committed to the Union cause . The Emancipation Proclamation was an effective use of the President 's war powers . The Confederate government failed in its attempt to get Europe involved in the war militarily , particularly Britain and France . Southern leaders needed to get European powers to help break up the blockade the Union had created around the Southern ports and cities . Lincoln 's naval blockade was 95 percent effective at stopping trade goods ; as a result , imports and exports to the South declined significantly . The abundance of European cotton and Britain 's hostility to the institution of slavery , along with Lincoln 's Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico naval blockades , severely decreased any chance that either Britain or France would enter the war . Historian Don Doyle has argued that the Union victory had a major impact on the course of world history . The Union victory energized popular democratic forces . A Confederate victory , on the other hand , would have meant a new birth of slavery , not freedom . Historian Fergus Bordewich , following Doyle , argues that : The North 's victory decisively proved the durability of democratic government . Confederate independence , on the other hand , would have established an American model for reactionary politics and race - based repression that would likely have cast an international shadow into the twentieth century and perhaps beyond . '' Scholars have debated what the effects of the war were on political and economic power in the South . The prevailing view is that the southern planter elite retained its powerful position in the South . However , a 2017 study challenges this , noting that while some Southern elites retained their economic status , the turmoil of the 1860s created greater opportunities for economic mobility in the South than in the North . Costs One in thirteen veterans were amputees . Remains of both sides were reinterred . National cemetery in Andersonville , GA . The war resulted in at least 1,030,000 casualties ( 3 percent of the population ) , including about 620,000 soldier deaths -- two - thirds by disease , and 50,000 civilians . Binghamton University historian J. David Hacker believes the number of soldier deaths was approximately 750,000 , 20 percent higher than traditionally estimated , and possibly as high as 850,000 . The war accounted for more American deaths than in all other U.S. wars combined . Based on 1860 census figures , 8 percent of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war , including 6 percent in the North and 18 percent in the South . About 56,000 soldiers died in prison camps during the War . An estimated 60,000 men lost limbs in the war . Union army dead , amounting to 15 percent of the over two million who served , was broken down as follows : 110,070 killed in action ( 67,000 ) or died of wounds ( 43,000 ) . 199,790 died of disease ( 75 percent was due to the war , the remainder would have occurred in civilian life anyway ) 24,866 died in Confederate prison camps 9,058 killed by accidents or drowning 15,741 other / unknown deaths 359,528 total dead In addition there were 4,523 deaths in the Navy ( 2,112 in battle ) and 460 in the Marines ( 148 in battle ) . Black troops made up 10 percent of the Union death toll , they amounted to 15 percent of disease deaths but less than 3 percent of those killed in battle . Losses among African Americans were high , in the last year and a half and from all reported casualties , approximately 20 percent of all African Americans enrolled in the military lost their lives during the Civil War . Notably , their mortality rate was significantly higher than white soldiers : ( We ) find , according to the revised official data , that of the slightly over two millions troops in the United States Volunteers , over 316,000 died ( from all causes ) , or 15.2 percent . Of the 67,000 Regular Army ( white ) troops , 8.6 percent , or not quite 6,000 , died . Of the approximately 180,000 United States Colored Troops , however , over 36,000 died , or 20.5 percent . In other words , the mortality `` rate '' amongst the United States Colored Troops in the Civil War was thirty - five percent greater than that among other troops , notwithstanding the fact that the former were not enrolled until some eighteen months after the fighting began . Confederate records compiled by historian William F. Fox list 74,524 killed and died of wounds and 59,292 died of disease . Including Confederate estimates of battle losses where no records exist would bring the Confederate death toll to 94,000 killed and died of wounds . Fox complained , however , that records were incomplete , especially during the last year of the war , and that battlefield reports likely under - counted deaths ( many men counted as wounded in battlefield reports subsequently died of their wounds ) . Thomas L. Livermore , using Fox 's data , put the number of Confederate non-combat deaths at 166,000 , using the official estimate of Union deaths from disease and accidents and a comparison of Union and Confederate enlistment records , for a total of 260,000 deaths . However , this excludes the 30,000 deaths of Confederate troops in prisons , which would raise the minimum number of deaths to 290,000 . The United States National Park Service uses the following figures in its official tally of war losses : Union : 853,838 110,100 killed in action 224,580 disease deaths 275,154 wounded in action 211,411 captured ( including 30,192 who died as POWs ) Confederate : 914,660 94,000 killed in action 164,000 disease deaths 194,026 wounded in action 462,634 captured ( including 31,000 who died as POWs ) Burying Union dead on the Antietam battlefield , 1862 While the figures of 360,000 army deaths for the Union and 260,000 for the Confederacy remained commonly cited , they are incomplete . In addition to many Confederate records being missing , partly as a result of Confederate widows not reporting deaths due to being ineligible for benefits , both armies only counted troops who died during their service , and not the tens of thousands who died of wounds or diseases after being discharged . This often happened only a few days or weeks later . Francis Amasa Walker , Superintendent of the 1870 Census , used census and Surgeon General data to estimate a minimum of 500,000 Union military deaths and 350,000 Confederate military deaths , for a total death toll of 850,000 soldiers . While Walker 's estimates were originally dismissed because of the 1870 Census 's undercounting , it was later found that the census was only off by 6.5 % , and that the data Walker used would be roughly accurate . Analyzing the number of dead by using census data to calculate the deviation of the death rate of men of fighting age from the norm suggests that at least 627,000 and at most 888,000 , but most likely 761,000 soldiers , died in the war . This would break down to approximately 350,000 Confederate and 411,000 Union military deaths , going by the proportion of Union to Confederate battle losses . Deaths among former slaves has proven much harder to estimate , due to the lack of reliable census data at the time , though they were known to be considerable , as former slaves were set free or escaped in massive numbers in an area where the Union army did not have sufficient shelter , doctors , or food for them . University of Connecticut Professor James Downs states that tens to hundreds of thousands of slaves died during the war from disease , starvation , exposure , or execution at the hands of the Confederates , and that if these deaths are counted in the war 's total , the death toll would exceed 1 million . Losses were far higher than during the recent defeat of Mexico , which saw roughly thirteen thousand American deaths , including fewer than two thousand killed in battle , between 1846 and 1848 . One reason for the high number of battle deaths during the war was the continued use of tactics similar to those of the Napoleonic Wars at the turn of the century , such as charging . With the advent of more accurate rifled barrels , Minié balls and ( near the end of the war for the Union army ) repeating firearms such as the Spencer Repeating Rifle and the Henry Repeating Rifle , soldiers were mowed down when standing in lines in the open . This led to the adoption of trench warfare , a style of fighting that defined much of World War I . The wealth amassed in slaves and slavery for the Confederacy 's 3.5 million blacks effectively ended when Union armies arrived ; they were nearly all freed by the Emancipation Proclamation . Slaves in the border states and those located in some former Confederate territory occupied before the Emancipation Proclamation were freed by state action or ( on December 6 , 1865 ) by the Thirteenth Amendment . The war destroyed much of the wealth that had existed in the South . All accumulated investment Confederate bonds was forfeit ; most banks and railroads were bankrupt . Income per person in the South dropped to less than 40 percent of that of the North , a condition that lasted until well into the 20th century . Southern influence in the U.S. federal government , previously considerable , was greatly diminished until the latter half of the 20th century . The full restoration of the Union was the work of a highly contentious postwar era known as Reconstruction . Emancipation Slavery as a War issue While not all Southerners saw themselves as fighting to preserve slavery , most of the officers and over a third of the rank and file in Lee 's army had close family ties to slavery . To Northerners , in contrast , the motivation was primarily to preserve the Union , not to abolish slavery . Abraham Lincoln consistently made preserving the Union the central goal of the war , though he increasingly saw slavery as a crucial issue and made ending it an additional goal . Lincoln 's decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation angered both Peace Democrats ( `` Copperheads '' ) and War Democrats , but energized most Republicans . By warning that free blacks would flood the North , Democrats made gains in the 1862 elections , but they did not gain control of Congress . The Republicans ' counterargument that slavery was the mainstay of the enemy steadily gained support , with the Democrats losing decisively in the 1863 elections in the northern state of Ohio when they tried to resurrect anti-black sentiment . Emancipation Proclamation Main article : Emancipation Proclamation Left : Contrabands -- fugitive slaves -- cooks , laundresses , laborers , teamsters , railroad repair crews -- fled to the Union Army , but were not officially freed until 1863 . Emancipation Proclamation . Right : In 1863 , the Union army accepted Freedmen . Seen here are Black and White teen - aged soldiers . The Emancipation Proclamation enabled African - Americans , both free blacks and escaped slaves , to join the Union Army . About 190,000 volunteered , further enhancing the numerical advantage the Union armies enjoyed over the Confederates , who did not dare emulate the equivalent manpower source for fear of fundamentally undermining the legitimacy of slavery . During the Civil War , sentiment concerning slaves , enslavement and emancipation in the United States was divided . In 1861 , Lincoln worried that premature attempts at emancipation would mean the loss of the border states , and that `` to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game . '' Copperheads and some War Democrats opposed emancipation , although the latter eventually accepted it as part of total war needed to save the Union . At first , Lincoln reversed attempts at emancipation by Secretary of War Simon Cameron and Generals John C. Frémont ( in Missouri ) and David Hunter ( in South Carolina , Georgia and Florida ) to keep the loyalty of the border states and the War Democrats . Lincoln warned the border states that a more radical type of emancipation would happen if his gradual plan based on compensated emancipation and voluntary colonization was rejected . But only the District of Columbia accepted Lincoln 's gradual plan , which was enacted by Congress . When Lincoln told his cabinet about his proposed emancipation proclamation , Seward advised Lincoln to wait for a victory before issuing it , as to do otherwise would seem like `` our last shriek on the retreat '' . Lincoln laid the groundwork for public support in an open letter published in abolitionist Horace Greeley 's newspaper . In September 1862 , the Battle of Antietam provided this opportunity , and the subsequent War Governors ' Conference added support for the proclamation . Lincoln issued his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22 , 1862 , and his final Emancipation Proclamation on January 1 , 1863 . In his letter to Albert G. Hodges , Lincoln explained his belief that `` If slavery is not wrong , nothing is wrong ... And yet I have never understood that the Presidency conferred upon me an unrestricted right to act officially upon this judgment and feeling ... I claim not to have controlled events , but confess plainly that events have controlled me . '' Lincoln 's moderate approach succeeded in inducing border states , War Democrats and emancipated slaves to fight for the Union . The Union - controlled border states ( Kentucky , Missouri , Maryland , Delaware and West Virginia ) and Union - controlled regions around New Orleans , Norfolk and elsewhere , were not covered by the Emancipation Proclamation . All abolished slavery on their own , except Kentucky and Delaware . Since the Emancipation Proclamation was based on the President 's war powers , it only included territory held by Confederates at the time . However , the Proclamation became a symbol of the Union 's growing commitment to add emancipation to the Union 's definition of liberty . The Emancipation Proclamation greatly reduced the Confederacy 's hope of getting aid from Britain or France . By late 1864 , Lincoln was playing a leading role in getting Congress to vote for the Thirteenth Amendment , which made emancipation universal and permanent . Texas v. white In Texas v. White , 74 U.S. 700 ( 1869 ) the United States Supreme Court ruled that Texas had remained a state ever since it first joined the Union , despite claims that it joined the Confederate States ; the court further held that the Constitution did not permit states to unilaterally secede from the United States , and that the ordinances of secession , and all the acts of the legislatures within seceding states intended to give effect to such ordinances , were `` absolutely null '' , under the constitution . Reconstruction Main article : Reconstruction era Northern teachers traveled into the South to provide education and training for the newly freed population . Reconstruction began during the war , with the Emancipation Proclamation of January 1 , 1863 , and it continued until 1877 . It comprised multiple complex methods to resolve the outstanding issues of the war 's aftermath , the most important of which were the three `` Reconstruction Amendments '' to the Constitution , which remain in effect to the present time : the 13th ( 1865 ) , the 14th ( 1868 ) and the 15th ( 1870 ) . From the Union perspective , the goals of Reconstruction were to consolidate the Union victory on the battlefield by reuniting the Union ; to guarantee a `` republican form of government for the ex-Confederate states ; and to permanently end slavery -- and prevent semi-slavery status . President Johnson took a lenient approach and saw the achievement of the main war goals as realized in 1865 , when each ex-rebel state repudiated secession and ratified the Thirteenth Amendment . Radical Republicans demanded proof that Confederate nationalism was dead and that the slaves were truly free . They came to the fore after the 1866 elections and undid much of Johnson 's work . In 1872 the `` Liberal Republicans '' argued that the war goals had been achieved and that Reconstruction should end . They ran a presidential ticket in 1872 but were decisively defeated . In 1874 , Democrats , primarily Southern , took control of Congress and opposed any more reconstruction . The Compromise of 1877 closed with a national consensus that the Civil War had finally ended . With the withdrawal of federal troops , however , whites retook control of every Southern legislature ; the Jim Crow period of disenfranchisement and legal segregation was about to begin . Memory and historiography Left : Monument to the Grand Army of the Republic , a Union veteran organization Right : Cherokee Confederates reunion in New Orleans , 1903 The Civil War is one of the central events in American collective memory . There are innumerable statues , commemorations , books and archival collections . The memory includes the home front , military affairs , the treatment of soldiers , both living and dead , in the war 's aftermath , depictions of the war in literature and art , evaluations of heroes and villains , and considerations of the moral and political lessons of the war . The last theme includes moral evaluations of racism and slavery , heroism in combat and heroism behind the lines , and the issues of democracy and minority rights , as well as the notion of an `` Empire of Liberty '' influencing the world . Professional historians have paid much more attention to the causes of the war , than to the war itself . Military history has largely developed outside academe , leading to a proliferation of solid studies by non-scholars who are thoroughly familiar with the primary sources , pay close attention to battles and campaigns , and write for the large public readership , rather than the small scholarly community . Bruce Catton and Shelby Foote are among the best - known writers . Practically every major figure in the war , both North and South , has had a serious biographical study . Deeply religious Southerners saw the hand of God in history , which demonstrated His wrath at their sinfulness , or His rewards for their suffering . Historian Wilson Fallin has examined the sermons of white and black Baptist preachers after the War . Southern white preachers said : God had chastised them and given them a special mission -- to maintain orthodoxy , strict biblicism , personal piety , and traditional race relations . Slavery , they insisted , had not been sinful . Rather , emancipation was a historical tragedy and the end of Reconstruction was a clear sign of God 's favor . In sharp contrast , Black preachers interpreted the Civil War as : God 's gift of freedom . They appreciated opportunities to exercise their independence , to worship in their own way , to affirm their worth and dignity , and to proclaim the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man . Most of all , they could form their own churches , associations , and conventions . These institutions offered self - help and racial uplift , and provided places where the gospel of liberation could be proclaimed . As a result , black preachers continued to insist that God would protect and help him ; God would be their rock in a stormy land . Lost Cause Main article : Lost Cause of the Confederacy Memory of the war in the white South crystallized in the myth of the `` Lost Cause '' , shaping regional identity and race relations for generations . Alan T. Nolan notes that the Lost Cause was expressly `` a rationalization , a cover - up to vindicate the name and fame '' of those in rebellion . Some claims revolve around the insignificance of slavery ; some appeals highlight cultural differences between North and South ; the military conflict by Confederate actors is idealized ; in any case , secession was said to be lawful . Nolan argues that the adoption of the Lost Cause perspective facilitated the reunification of the North and the South while excusing the `` virulent racism '' of the 19th century , sacrificing African - American progress to a white man 's reunification . He also deems the Lost Cause `` a caricature of the truth . This caricature wholly misrepresents and distorts the facts of the matter '' in every instance . Beardian historiography The economic and political - power determinism forcefully presented by Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard in The Rise of American Civilization ( 1927 ) was highly influential among historians and the general public until the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s . The Beards downplayed slavery , abolitionism , and issues of morality . They ignored constitutional issues of states ' rights and even ignored American nationalism as the force that finally led to victory in the war . Indeed , the ferocious combat itself was passed over as merely an ephemeral event . Much more important was the calculus of class conflict . The Beards announced that the Civil War was really : ( A ) social cataclysm in which the capitalists , laborers , and farmers of the North and West drove from power in the national government the planting aristocracy of the South . The Beards themselves abandoned their interpretation by the 1940s and it became defunct among historians in the 1950s , when scholars shifted to an emphasis on slavery . However , Beardian themes still echo among Lost Cause writers . Battlefield preservation Beginning in 1961 the U.S. Post Office released Commemorative stamps for five famous battles , each issued on the 100th anniversary of the respective battle . The first efforts at Civil War battlefield preservation and memorialization came during the war itself with the establishment of National Cemeteries at Gettysburg , Mill Springs and Chattanooga . Soldiers began erecting markers on battlefields beginning with the First Battle of Bull Run in July 1861 , but the oldest surviving monument is the Hazen monument , erected at Stones River near Murfreesboro , Tennessee , in the summer of 1863 by soldiers in Union Col. William B. Hazen 's brigade to mark the spot where they buried their dead in the Battle of Stones River . In the 1890s , the United States government established five Civil War battlefield parks under the jurisdiction of the War Department , beginning with the creation of the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park in Tennessee and the Antietam National Battlefield in Maryland in 1890 . The Shiloh National Military Park was established in 1894 , followed by the Gettysburg National Military Park in 1895 and Vicksburg National Military Park in 1899 . In 1933 , these five parks and other national monuments were transferred to the jurisdiction of the National Park Service . The modern Civil War battlefield preservation movement began in 1987 with the founding of the Association for the Preservation of Civil War Sites ( APCWS ) , a grassroots organization created by Civil War historians and others to preserve battlefield land by acquiring it . In 1991 , the original Civil War Trust was created in the mold of the Statue of Liberty / Ellis Island Foundation , but failed to attract corporate donors and soon helped manage the disbursement of U.S. Mint Civil War commemorative coin revenues designated for battlefield preservation . Although the two non-profit organizations joined forces on a number of battlefield acquisitions , ongoing conflicts prompted the boards of both organizations to facilitate a merger , which happened in 1999 with the creation of the Civil War Preservation Trust . In 2011 , the organization was renamed , again becoming the Civil War Trust . After expanding its mission in 2014 to include battlefields of the Revolutionary War and War of 1812 , the non-profit became the American Battlefield Trust in May 2018 , operating with two divisions , the Civil War Trust and the Revolutionary War Trust . From 1987 through May 2018 , the Trust and its predecessor organizations , along with their partners , preserved 49,893 acres of battlefield land through acquisition of property or conservation easements at more than 130 battlefields in 24 states . Civil War commemoration Main article : Commemoration of the American Civil War See also : Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps Left : Grand Army of the Republic ( Union ) Right : United Confederate Veterans The American Civil War has been commemorated in many capacities ranging from the reenactment of battles , to statues and memorial halls erected , to films being produced , to stamps and coins with Civil War themes being issued , all of which helped to shape public memory . This varied advent occurred in greater proportions on the 100th and 150th anniversary . Hollywood 's take on the war has been especially influential in shaping public memory , as seen in such film classics as Birth of a Nation ( 1915 ) , Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) , and more recently Lincoln ( 2012 ) . Ken Burns produced a notable PBS series on television titled The Civil War ( 1990 ) . It was digitally remastered and re-released in 2015 . Technological significance There were numerous technological innovations during the Civil War that had a great impact on 19th - century science . The Civil War was one of the earliest examples of an `` industrial war '' , in which technological might is used to achieve military supremacy in a war . New inventions , such as the train and telegraph , delivered soldiers , supplies and messages at a time when horses were considered to be the fastest way to travel . It was also in this war when countries first used aerial warfare , in the form of reconnaissance balloons , to a significant effect . It saw the first action involving steam - powered ironclad warships in naval warfare history . Repeating firearms such as the Henry rifle , Spencer rifle , Colt revolving rifle , Triplett & Scott carbine and others , first appeared during the Civil War ; they were a revolutionary invention that would soon replace muzzle - loading and single - shot firearms in warfare , as well as the first appearances of rapid - firing weapons and machine guns such as the Agar gun and the Gatling gun . In works of culture and art Literature The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government ( 1881 ) by Jefferson Davis The Red Badge of Courage ( 1885 ) by Stephen Crane The Private History of a Campaign That Failed ( 1885 ) by Mark Twain Texar 's Revenge , or , North Against South ( 1887 ) by Jules Verne `` An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge '' ( 1890 ) by Ambrose Bierce Gone with the Wind ( 1936 ) by Margaret Mitchell Shiloh ( 1952 ) by Shelby Foote North and South ( 1982 ) by John Jakes Oldest Living Confederate Widow Tells All ( 1989 ) by Allan Gurganus Film The Birth of a Nation ( 1915 , US ) The General ( 1926 , US ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 , US ) The Red Badge of Courage ( 1951 , US ) The Horse Soldiers ( 1959 , US ) Shenandoah ( 1965 , US ) The Good , the Bad and the Ugly ( 1966 , Italy - Spain - FRG ) The Beguiled ( 1971 , US ) Glory ( 1989 , US ) The Civil War ( 1990 , US ) Gettysburg ( 1993 , US ) The Last Outlaw ( 1993 , US ) Cold Mountain ( 2003 , US ) Gods and Generals ( 2003 , US ) North and South ( miniseries ) Lincoln ( 2012 , US ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 , US ) Free State of Jones ( 2016 , US ) The Gettysburg Address ( 2017 , US ) Song `` Johnny Reb '' ( 1959 ) written by Merle Kilgore , sung by Johnny Horton `` The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down '' ( 1969 ) written by Robbie Robertson , sung by The Band Video games Sid Meier 's Gettysburg ! ( 1997 , US ) Sid Meier 's Antietam ! ( 1999 , US ) American Conqest : Divided Nation ( 2006 , US ) Forge of Freedom : The American Civil War ( 2006 , US ) The History Channel : Civil War -- A Nation Divided ( 2006 , US ) Ageod 's American Civil War ( 2007 , US / FR ) History Civil War : Secret Missions ( 2008 , US ) Call of Juarez : Bound in Blood ( 2009 , US ) Darkest of Days ( 2009 , US ) Victoria II : A House Divided ( 2011 , US ) Ageod 's American Civil War II ( 2013 , US / FR ) Ultimate General : Gettysburg ( 2014 , UKR ) Ultimate General : Civil War ( 2016 , UKR ) See also General reference Battles of the American Civil War Bibliography of the American Civil War Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant Corps badges of the American Civil War Costliest battles of the American Civil War Origins of the American Civil War Uniforms of the Confederacy Uniforms of the Union Weapons in the American Civil War Union United States Union Army Union Navy Abraham Lincoln Emancipation Proclamation Confederacy Confederate States Confederate Army Confederate Navy Jefferson Davis Ethnic articles African Americans in the American Civil War German Americans in the American Civil War Irish Americans in the American Civil War Native Americans in the American Civil War American Civil War portal Topical articles Blockade runners of the American Civil War Union Blockade Casualties in the American Civil War Commemoration of the American Civil War Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps Education of freed people during the Civil War Infantry in the American Civil War Modern display of the Confederate flag Nursing in the American Civil War , Dorothea Dix Ships captured during the American Civil War Slavery during the American Civil War Spies in the American Civil War National articles Foreign enlistment in the American Civil War Britain in the American Civil War Canada in the American Civil War Prussia in the American Civil War State articles See articles in the format , `` * state * in the American Civil War '' Memorials List of Confederate monuments and memorials List of memorials and monuments at Arlington National Cemetery List of memorials to Jefferson Davis List of memorials to Robert E. Lee List of memorials to Stonewall Jackson List of monuments erected by the United Daughters of the Confederacy List of monuments of the Gettysburg Battlefield List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials Memorials to Abraham Lincoln Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials References Notes ^ Jump up to : Total number that served Jump up ^ A novel way of calculating casualties by looking at the deviation of the death rate of men of fighting age from the norm through analysis of census data found that at least 627,000 and at most 888,000 people , but most likely 761,000 people , died through the war . Jump up ^ `` Union population 1864 '' aggregates 1860 population , average annual immigration 1855 -- 1864 , and population governed formerly by CSA per Kenneth Martis source . Contrabands and after the Emancipation Proclamation freedmen , migrating into Union control on the coasts and to the advancing armies , and natural increase are excluded . Jump up ^ `` Slave 1864 , CSA '' aggregates 1860 slave census of Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia and Texas . It omits losses from contraband and after the Emancipation Proclamation , freedmen migrating to the Union controlled coastal ports and those joining advancing Union armies , especially in the Mississippi Valley . Jump up ^ At the beginning of the war , some Union commanders thought they were supposed to return escaped slaves to their masters . By 1862 , when it became clear that this would be a long war , the question of what to do about slavery became more general . The Southern economy and military effort depended on slave labor . It began to seem unreasonable to protect slavery while blockading Southern commerce and destroying Southern production . As one Congressman put it , the slaves `` ... can not be neutral . As laborers , if not as soldiers , they will be allies of the rebels , or of the Union . '' The same Congressman -- and his fellow Radical Republicans -- put pressure on Lincoln to rapidly emancipate the slaves , whereas moderate Republicans came to accept gradual , compensated emancipation and colonization . Enslaved African Americans did not wait for Lincoln 's action before escaping and seeking freedom behind Union lines . From early years of the war , hundreds of thousands of African Americans escaped to Union lines , especially in occupied areas like Nashville , Norfolk and the Hampton Roads region in 1862 , Tennessee from 1862 on , the line of Sherman 's march , etc . So many African Americans fled to Union lines that commanders created camps and schools for them , where both adults and children learned to read and write . See Catton , Bruce . Never Call Retreat , p. 335 . The American Missionary Association entered the war effort by sending teachers south to such contraband camps , for instance establishing schools in Norfolk and on nearby plantations . In addition , approximately 180,000 or more African - American men served as soldiers and sailors with Union troops . Most of those were escaped slaves . Probably the most prominent of these African - American soldiers is the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry . Jump up ^ In spite of the South 's shortage of soldiers , most Southern leaders -- until 1865 -- opposed enlisting slaves . They used them as laborers to support the war effort . As Howell Cobb said , `` If slaves will make good soldiers our whole theory of slavery is wrong . '' Confederate generals Patrick Cleburne and Robert E. Lee argued in favor of arming blacks late in the war , and Jefferson Davis was eventually persuaded to support plans for arming slaves to avoid military defeat . The Confederacy surrendered at Appomattox before this plan could be implemented . The great majority of the 4 million slaves were freed by the Emancipation Proclamation , as Union armies moved south . Historian John D. Winters referred to the exhilaration of the slaves when the Union Army came through Louisiana : `` As the troops moved up to Alexandria , the Negroes crowded the roadsides to watch the passing army . They were ' all frantic with joy , some weeping , some blessing , and some dancing in the exuberance of their emotions . ' All of the Negroes were attracted by the pageantry and excitement of the army . Others cheered because they anticipated the freedom to plunder and to do as they pleased now that the Federal troops were there . '' Confederates enslaved captured black Union soldiers , and black soldiers especially were shot when trying to surrender at the Fort Pillow Massacre . See Catton , Bruce . Never Call Retreat , p. 335 . This led to a breakdown of the prisoner and mail exchange program and the growth of prison camps such as Andersonville prison in Georgia , where almost 13,000 Union prisoners of war died of starvation and disease . Citations ^ Jump up to : `` The Belligerent Rights of the Rebels at an End . All Nations Warned Against Harboring Their Privateers . If They Do Their Ships Will be Excluded from Our Ports . Restoration of Law in the State of Virginia . The Machinery of Government to be Put in Motion There '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . May 10 , 1865 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Facts '' . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` Size of the Union Army in the American Civil War '' : Of which 131,000 were in the Navy and Marines , 140,000 were garrison troops and home defense militia , and 427,000 were in the field army . Jump up ^ Long , E.B. The Civil War Day by Day : An Almanac , 1861 -- 1865 . Garden City , NY : Doubleday , 1971 . OCLC 68283123 . p. 705 . Jump up ^ `` The war of the rebellion : a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies. ; Series 4 -- Volume 2 '' , United States . War Dept 1900 . ^ Jump up to : Fox , William F. Regimental losses in the American Civil War ( 1889 ) ^ Jump up to : Official DOD data Archived February 28 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Chambers & Anderson 1999 , p. 849 . Jump up ^ 211,411 Union soldiers were captured , and 30,218 died in prison . The ones who died have been excluded to prevent double - counting of casualties . Jump up ^ 462,634 Confederate soldiers were captured and 25,976 died in prison . The ones who died have been excluded to prevent double - counting of casualties . ^ Jump up to : Nofi , Al ( June 13 , 2001 ) . `` Statistics on the War 's Costs '' . Louisiana State University . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2007 . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Professor James Downs . `` Color blindness in the demographic death toll of the Civil War '' . University of Connecticut , April 13 , 2012 . `` The rough 19th century estimate was that 60,000 former slaves died from the epidemic , but doctors treating black patients often claimed that they were unable to keep accurate records due to demands on their time and the lack of manpower and resources . The surviving records only include the number of black patients whom doctors encountered ; tens of thousands of other slaves who died had no contact with army doctors , leaving no records of their deaths . '' 60,000 documented plus ' tens of thousands ' undocumented gives a minimum of 80,000 slave deaths . Jump up ^ Recounting the dead , Associate Professor J. David Hacker , `` estimates , based on Census data , indicate that the ( military ) death toll was approximately 750,000 , and may have been as high as 850,000 '' Jump up ^ Professor James Downs . `` Color blindness in the demographic death toll of the Civil War '' . Oxford University Press , April 13 , 2012 . `` An 2 April 2012 New York Times article , `` New Estimate Raises Civil War Death Toll , '' reports that a new study ratchets up the death toll from an estimated 650,000 to a staggering 850,000 people . As horrific as this new number is , it fails to reflect the mortality of former slaves during the war . If former slaves were included in this figure , the Civil War death toll would likely be over a million casualties ... '' Jump up ^ `` Answers to your Civil War Questions '' . Civil War Trust . Civil War Trust . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hutchison , Coleman ( 2015 ) . A History of American Civil War Literature . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781316432419 . Jump up ^ `` Date of Secession Related to 1860 Black Population '' , America 's Civil War Jump up ^ Burnham , Walter Dean . Presidential Ballots , 1836 -- 1892 . Johns Hopkins University Press , 1955 , pp. 247 -- 57 Jump up ^ Deborah Gray White , Mia Bay , and Waldo E. Martin , Jr. , Freedom on My Mind : A History of African Americans ( New York : Bedford / St. Martin 's , 2013 ) , 325 . Jump up ^ Frank J. Williams , `` Doing Less and Doing More : The President and the Proclamation -- Legally , Militarily and Politically , '' in Harold Holzer , ed . The Emancipation Proclamation ( 2006 ) , pp. 74 -- 75 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Civil War Took Bigger Toll Than Previously Estimated , New Analysis Suggests '' . Science Daily . September 22 , 2011 . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hacker 2011 , p. 307 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Huddleston 2002 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ James C. Bradford , A Companion to American Military History ( 2010 ) , vol. 1 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ See also Freehling , William W. , The Road to Disunion : Secessionists Triumphant 1854 -- 1861 , pp. 9 -- 24 , and Martis , Kenneth C. , The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress , 1789 -- 1989 , ISBN 0 - 02 - 920170 - 5 , pp. 111 -- 115 , and Foner , Eric . Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War , ( Oxford University Press , 1980 ) , pp. 18 -- 20 , 21 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Coates , Ta - Nehisi ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` What This Cruel War Was Over '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Gary ( February 21 , 2011 ) . Remembering the Civil War ( Speech ) . Sesquicentennial of the Start of the Civil War . Miller Center of Public Affairs UV : C - Span . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Issues related to the institution of slavery precipitated secession ... It was not states ' rights . It was not a tariff . It was not unhappiness with manner and customs that led to secession and eventually to war . It was a cluster of issues profoundly dividing the nation along a fault line delineated by the institution of slavery . Jump up ^ McPherson , James M. ( March 1 , 1994 ) . What They Fought For 1861 -- 1865 . Louisiana State University Press . p. 62 . ISBN 9780807119044 . Jump up ^ McPherson , James M. ( April 3 , 1997 ) . For Cause and Comrades . Oxford University Press . p. 39 . ISBN 9780195090239 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Gary ( February 21 , 2011 ) . Remembering the Civil War ( Speech ) . Sesquicentennial of the Start of the Civil War . Miller Center of Public Affairs UV : C - Span . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . The loyal citizenry initially gave very little thought to emancipation in their quest to save the union . Most loyal citizens , though profoundly prejudice by 21st century standards , embraced emancipation as a tool to punish slave holders , weaken the confederacy , and protect the union from future internal strife . A minority of the white populous invoked moral grounds to attack slavery , though their arguments carried far less popular weight than those presenting emancipation as a military measure necessary to defeat the rebels and restore the Union . Jump up ^ Eskridge , Larry ( January 29 , 2011 ) . `` After 150 years , we still ask : Why ' this cruel war ' ? '' . Canton Daily Ledger . Canton , Illinois . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2011 . Retrieved January 29 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Weeks 2013 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Olsen 2002 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Chadwick , French Esnor . Causes of the civil war , 1859 -- 1861 ( 1906 ) p. 8 Jump up ^ Thomas Fleming ( 2014 ) . A Disease in the Public Mind : A New Understanding of Why We Fought the Civil War . ISBN 978 - 0306822957 . Jump up ^ Charles S. Sydnor , The Development of Southern Sectionalism 1819 -- 1848 ( 1948 ) . Jump up ^ Robert Royal Russel , Economic Aspects of Southern Sectionalism , 1840 -- 1861 ( 1973 ) . Jump up ^ Ahlstrom 1972 , p. 648 -- 649 . Jump up ^ Kenneth M. Stampp , The Imperiled Union : Essays on the Background of the Civil War ( 1981 ) , p. 198 ; Richard Hofstadter , The Progressive Historians : Turner , Beard , Parrington ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Woodworth 1996 , p. 145 , 151 , 505 , 512 , 554 , 557 , 684 . Jump up ^ Thornton & Ekelund 2004 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Frank Taussig , The Tariff History of the United States ( 1931 ) , pp. 115 -- 61 Jump up ^ Hofstadter 1938 , p. 50 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Robert Gray Gunderson , Old Gentleman 's Convention : The Washington Peace Conference of 1861 . ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Jon L. Wakelyn ( 1996 ) . Southern Pamphlets on Secession , November 1860 -- April 1861 . U. of North Carolina Press . pp. 23 -- 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 6614 - 6 . Jump up ^ Forrest McDonald , States ' Rights and the Union : Imperium in Imperio , 1776 -- 1876 ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ McPherson 2007 , pp. 3 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Krannawitter 2008 , p. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2007 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Stampp 1990 , p. 190 -- 93 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2007 , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2007 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , pp. 19 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Russell 1966 , p. 468 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Bestor , Arthur . `` The American Civil War as a Constitutional Crisis '' , in Lawrence Meir Friedman ( ed . ) `` American Law and the Constitutional Order : Historical Perspectives , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02527 - 1 p. 231 Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , pp. 21 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Johannsen 1973 , p. 406 . Jump up ^ `` Territorial Politics and Government '' . Territorial Kansas Online : University of Kansas and Kansas Historical Society . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Finteg Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Varon 2008 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Russell 1966 , p. 470 . Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2007 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Krannawitter 2008 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Gara , 1964 , p. 190 Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Potter 1962 , p. 924 -- 50 . Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward ( 1971 ) , American Counterpoint : Slavery and Racism in the North - South Dialogue , p. 281 . Jump up ^ Bertram Wyatt - Brown , The Shaping of Southern Culture : Honor , Grace , and War , 1760s -- 1880s ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Avery Craven , The Growth of Southern Nationalism , 1848 -- 1861 ( 1953 ) . Jump up ^ `` Republican Platform of 1860 , '' in Kirk H. Porter , and Donald Bruce Johnson , eds . National Party Platforms , 1840 -- 1956 , ( University of Illinois Press , 1956 ) . p. 32 . Jump up ^ Susan - Mary Grant , North over South : Northern Nationalism and American Identity in the Antebellum Era ( 2000 ) ; Melinda Lawson , Patriot Fires : Forging a New American Nationalism in the Civil War North ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Potter & Fehrenbacher 1976 , p. 485 . Jump up ^ Jaffa , Harry V. ( 2000 ) . A New Birth of Freedom : Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 8476 - 9952 - 8 . p. 1 Jump up ^ Ordinances of Secession by State Archived June 11 , 2004 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The text of the Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union . Jump up ^ The text of A Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of the State of Mississippi from the Federal Union . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The text of Georgia 's secession declaration . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The text of A Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ President James Buchanan , Message of December 8 , 1860 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Profile Showing the Grades upon the Different Routes Surveyed for the Union Pacific Rail Road Between the Missouri River and the Valley of the Platte River '' . World Digital Library . 1865 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , James Ford . History of the United States from the compromise of 1850 to the McKinley - Bryan campaign of 1896 Volume III ( 1920 ) pp. 41 -- 66 Jump up ^ Rhodes , James Ford . History of the United States from the compromise of 1850 to the McKinley - Bryan campaign of 1896 Volume III ( 1920 ) pp. 147 -- 52 Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 234 -- 266 . ^ Jump up to : Abraham Lincoln , First Inaugural Address , Monday , March 4 , 1861 . ^ Jump up to : Potter & Fehrenbacher 1976 , p. 572 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , The War for the Union : The Improvised War 1861 -- 1862 ( 1959 ) , pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ James Ford Rhodes , History of the United States from the compromise of 1850 to the McKinley - Bryan campaign of 1896 Volume III ( 1920 ) pp. 291 -- 92 Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 274 . Jump up ^ Howard Louis Conard ( 1901 ) . Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri . p. 45 . Jump up ^ `` Abraham Lincoln : Proclamation 83 -- Increasing the Size of the Army and Navy '' . Presidency.ucsb.edu . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 276 -- 307 . Jump up ^ `` Civil War and the Maryland General Assembly , Maryland State Archives '' . msa.maryland.gov . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teaching American History in Maryland -- Documents for the Classroom : Arrest of the Maryland Legislature , 1861 '' . Maryland State Archives . 2005 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2008 . Retrieved February 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 284 -- 87 . Jump up ^ William C. Harris , Lincoln and the Border States : Preserving the Union ( University Press of Kansas , 2011 ) , p. 71 , Jump up ^ Howard , F.K. ( Frank Key ) ( 1863 ) . Fourteen Months in American Bastiles . London : H.F. Mackintosh . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nevins , The War for the Union ( 1959 ) , 1 : 119 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Nevins , The War for the Union ( 1959 ) , 1 : 129 -- 36 . Jump up ^ `` A State of Convenience , The Creation of West Virginia '' . West Virginia Archives & History . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Curry , Richard Orr ( 1964 ) , A House Divided , A Study of the Statehood Politics & the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia , University of Pittsburgh Press , map on p. 49 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 303 . Jump up ^ Weigley 2004 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Snell , Mark A. , West Virginia and the Civil War , History Press , Charleston , SC , 2011 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Neely 1993 , p. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Keegan , `` The American Civil War '' , p. 73 . Over 10,000 military engagements took place during the war , 40 percent of them in Virginia and Tennessee . See Gabor Boritt , ed . War Comes Again ( 1995 ) , p. 247 . Jump up ^ `` With an actual strength of 1,080 officers and 14,926 enlisted men on June 30 , 1860 , the Regular Army ... '' Civil War Extracts pp. 199 -- 221 , American Military History . Jump up ^ E. Merton Coulter , Confederate States of America ( 1950 ) p. 308 . John G. Nicolay and John Hay ( Abraham Lincoln : a history , vol. 4 , p. 264 ) state : `` Since the organization of the Montgomery government in February , some four different calls for Southern volunteers had been made ... In his message of April 29 to the rebel Congress , Jefferson Davis proposed to organize for instant action an army of 100,000 ... '' Coulter reports that Alexander Stephens took this to mean Davis wanted unilateral control of a standing army , and from that moment on became his implacable opponent . Jump up ^ Albert Burton Moore . Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy ( 1924 ) online edition . Jump up ^ Albert Bernhardt Faust , The German Element in the United States ( 1909 ) v. 1 , p. 523 online . The railroads and banks grew rapidly . See Oberholtzer , Ellis Paxson . Jay Cooke : Financier Of The Civil War ( 1907 ) , Vol. 2 at Google Books , pp. 378 -- 430 . See also Oberholtzer , A History of the United States Since the Civil War ( 1926 ) , 3 : 69 -- 122 . Jump up ^ Barnet Schecter , The Devil 's Own Work : The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Eugene Murdock , One Million Men : the Civil War draft in the North ( 1971 ) . Jump up ^ Judith Lee Hallock , `` The Role of the Community in Civil War Desertion . '' Civil War History ( 1983 ) 29 # 2 pp. 123 -- 34 . online Jump up ^ Peter S. Bearman , `` Desertion as localism : Army unit solidarity and group norms in the U.S. Civil War . '' Social Forces ( 1991 ) 70 # 2 pp. 321 -- 42 in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Robert Fantina , Desertion and the American soldier , 1776 -- 2006 ( 2006 ) , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Keegan 2009 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Perman & Taylor 2010 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Roger Pickenpaugh ( 2013 ) . Captives in Blue : The Civil War Prisons of the Confederacy . University of Alabama Press . pp. 57 -- 73 . ISBN 9780817317836 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Pierpaoli & White 2010 , p. 1466 . Jump up ^ Welles 1865 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Pierpaoli & White 2010 , p. 462 . Jump up ^ Canney 1998 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Richter 2009 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Johnson 1998 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1989 , pp. 288 -- 89 , 296 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Nelson 2005 , p. 92 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson 1989 , p. 300 . Jump up ^ Gerald F. Teaster and Linda and James Treaster Ambrose , The Confederate Submarine H.L. Hunley ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Nelson 2005 , p. 345 . Jump up ^ Fuller 2008 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Stern 1962 , pp. 224 -- 225 . Jump up ^ Mark E. Neely , Jr . `` The Perils of Running the Blockade : The Influence of International Law in an Era of Total War , '' Civil War History ( 1986 ) 32 # 2 , pp. 101 -- 18 in Project MUSE Jump up ^ Stephen R. Wise , Lifeline of the Confederacy : Blockade Running during the Civil War ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Surdam , David G. ( 1998 ) . `` The Union Navy 's blockade reconsidered '' . Naval War College Review . 51 ( 4 ) : 85 -- 107 . Jump up ^ David G. Surdam , Northern Naval Superiority and the Economics of the American Civil War ( University of South Carolina Press , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Jones 2002 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1989 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Whitsell , Robert D. ( 1963 ) . `` Military and Naval Activity between Cairo and Columbus '' . Register of the Kentucky Historical Society . 62 ( 2 ) : 107 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Myron J. Smith , Tinclads in the Civil War : Union Light - Draught Gunboat Operations on Western Waters , 1862 -- 1865 ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Frank & Reaves 2003 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Symonds & Clipson 2001 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Ronald Scott Mangum , `` The Vicksburg Campaign : A Study In Joint Operations , '' Parameters : U.S. Army War College ( 1991 ) 21 # 3 , pp. 74 -- 86 online Jump up ^ Foote 1974 , p. 464 -- 519 . Jump up ^ Bruce Catton , Terrible Swift Sword , pp. 263 -- 96 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 424 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson 1988 , pp. 538 -- 44 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 528 -- 33 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 543 -- 45 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 557 -- 558 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 571 -- 74 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 639 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Jonathan A. Noyalas ( December 3 , 2010 ) . Stonewall Jackson 's 1862 Valley Campaign . Arcadia Publishing . p. 93 . ISBN 9781614230403 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 653 -- 663 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 664 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 404 -- 05 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 418 -- 20 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 419 -- 20 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 480 -- 83 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 405 -- 13 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 637 -- 38 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 677 -- 80 . ^ Jump up to : Keegan 2009 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Keegan 2009 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ James B. Martin , Third War : Irregular Warfare on the Western Border 1861 -- 1865 ( Combat Studies Institute Leavenworth Paper series , number 23 , 2012 ) . See also , Michael Fellman , Inside War : The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri during the Civil War ( 1989 ) . Missouri alone was the scene of over 1,000 engagements between regular units , and uncounted numbers of guerrilla attacks and raids by informal pro-Confederate bands , especially in the recently settled western counties . Jump up ^ Bohl , Sarah ( 2004 ) . `` A War on Civilians : Order Number 11 and the Evacuation of Western Missouri '' . Prologue. 36 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Graves , William H. ( 1991 ) . `` Indian Soldiers for the Gray Army : Confederate Recruitment in Indian Territory '' . Chronicles of Oklahoma . 69 ( 2 ) : 134 -- 145 . Jump up ^ Neet , J. Frederick ; Jr ( 1996 ) . `` Stand Watie : Confederate General in the Cherokee Nation '' . Great Plains Journal . 6 ( 1 ) : 36 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Keegan 2009 , p. 220 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Mark E. Neely Jr. ; `` Was the Civil War a Total War ? '' Civil War History , Vol. 50 , 2004 , pp. 434 + . Jump up ^ U.S. Grant ( 1990 ) . Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant ; Selected Letters . Library of America . p. 247 . ISBN 0 - 940450 - 58 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ron Field ( 2013 ) . Petersburg 1864 -- 65 : The Longest Siege . Osprey Publishing . p. 6 . ISBN 9781472803054 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 724 -- 42 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 778 -- 79 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 773 -- 76 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 812 -- 15 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 825 -- 30 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 846 -- 47 . Jump up ^ William Marvel , Lee 's Last Retreat : The Flight to Appomattox ( 2002 ) , pp. 158 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Unaware of the surrender of Lee , on April 16 the last major battles of the war were fought at the Battle of Columbus , Georgia and the Battle of West Point . Jump up ^ http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/end-of-war/smith-surrenders.html General Kirby Smith Surrenders the Trans - Mississippi Forces Archived February 7 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Web . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morris , John Wesley , Ghost towns of Oklahoma , University of Oklahoma Press , 1977 , pp. 68 -- 69 , ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1420 - 7 Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 546 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Herring 2011 , p. 237 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson 1988 , p. 386 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , War for the Union 1862 -- 1863 , pp. 263 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Don H. Doyle , The Cause of All Nations : An International History of the American Civil War ( 2014 ) , pp. 8 ( quote ) , 69 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Richard Huzzeym , Freedom Burning : Anti-Slavery and Empire in Victorian Britain ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Stephen B. Oates , The Approaching Fury : Voices of the Storm 1820 -- 1861 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Herring 2011 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 851 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 855 . ^ Jump up to : James McPherson , Why did the Confederacy Lose ? . p. ? . Jump up ^ Railroad length is from : Chauncey Depew ( ed . ) , One Hundred Years of American Commerce 1795 -- 1895 , p. 111 ; For other data see : 1860 U.S. Census and Carter , Susan B. , ed . The Historical Statistics of the United States : Millennial Edition ( 5 vols ) , 2006 . Jump up ^ Martis , Kenneth C. , `` The Historical Atlas of the Congresses of the Confederate States of America : 1861 -- 1865 '' Simon & Schuster ( 1994 ) ISBN 0 - 13 - 389115 - 1 p. 27 . At the beginning of 1865 , the Confederacy controlled one - third of its congressional districts , which were apportioned by population . The major slave - populations found in Louisiana , Mississippi , Tennessee , and Alabama were effectively under Union control by the end of 1864 . Jump up ^ Digital History Reader , U.S. Railroad Construction , 1860 -- 1880 Virginia Tech , Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . `` Total Union railroad miles '' aggregates existing track reported 1860 @ 21800 plus new construction 1860 -- 1864 @ 5000 , plus southern railroads administered by USMRR @ 2300 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 771 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Murray , Bernstein & Knox 1996 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ HeidlerHeidlerColes 2002 , p. 1207 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Ward 1990 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ E. Merton Coulter , The Confederate States of America , 1861 -- 1865 ( 1950 ) , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Richard E. Beringer , Herman Hattaway , Archer Jones and William N. Still Jr , Why the South Lost the Civil War ( 1991 ) , ch 1 . Jump up ^ Armstead Robinson , Bitter Fruits of Bondage : The Demise of Slavery and the Collapse of the Confederacy , 1861 -- 1865 ( University of Virginia Press , 2004 ) Jump up ^ see Alan Farmer , History Review ( 2005 ) , No. 52 : 15 -- 20 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1997 , pp. 169 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Gallagher 1999 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Fehrenbacher , Don ( 2004 ) . `` Lincoln 's Wartime Leadership : The First Hundred Days '' . University of Illinois . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 382 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Don H. Doyle , The Cause of All Nations : An International History of the American Civil War ( 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Fergus M. Bordewich , `` The World Was Watching : America 's Civil War slowly came to be seen as part of a global struggle against oppressive privilege '' , Wall Street Journal ( February 7 -- 8 , 2015 ) . ^ Jump up to : Dupont , Brandon ; Rosenbloom , Joshua L. ( 2018 ) . `` The Economic Origins of the Postwar Southern Elite '' . Explorations in Economic History . 68 : 119 . doi : 10.1016 / j. eeh. 2017.09. 002 . ^ Jump up to : Hacker , J. David ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` Recounting the Dead '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Associated Press . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. xix . Jump up ^ Vinovskis 1990 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Richard Wightman Fox ( 2008 ). `` National Life After Death '' . Slate.com . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Civil War Prison Camps Claimed Thousands '' . National Geographic News . July 1 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Teresa Riordan ( March 8 , 2004 ) . `` When Necessity Meets Ingenuity : Art of Restoring What 's Missing '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Associated Press . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Herbert Aptheker , `` Negro Casualties in the Civil War '' , The Journal of Negro History , Vol. 32 , No. 1 . ( January 1947 ) . Jump up ^ Professor James Downs . `` Sick from Freedom : African - American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction '' . January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ron Field and Peter Dennis ( 2013 ) . American Civil War Fortifications ( 2 ) : Land and Field Fortifications . Osprey Publishing . p. 4 . ISBN 9781472805317 . Jump up ^ Claudia Goldin , `` The economics of emancipation . '' The Journal of Economic History 33 # 1 ( 1973 ) : 66 -- 85 . Jump up ^ The Economist , `` The Civil War : Finally Passing '' , April 2 , 2011 , pp. 23 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Foner 1981 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Foner 2010 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 506 -- 8 . Jump up ^ McPherson . p. 686 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 495 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 355 , 494 -- 96 , 495 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 831 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Winters 1963 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 791 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Lincoln 's letter to O.H. Browning , September 22 , 1861 . Sentiment among German Americans was largely anti-slavery especially among Forty - Eighters , resulting in hundreds of thousands of German Americans volunteering to fight for the Union . `` Wittke , Carl ( 1952 ) . `` Refugees of Revolution '' . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania press . `` , Christian B. Keller , `` Flying Dutchmen and Drunken Irishmen : The Myths and Realities of Ethnic Civil War Soldiers '' , Journal of Military History , Vol / 73 , No. 1 , January 2009 , pp. 117 -- 45 ; for primary sources see Walter D. Kamphoefner and Wolfgang Helbich , eds , Germans in the Civil War : The Letters They Wrote Home ( 2006 ) . `` On the other hand , many of the recent immigrants in the North viewed freed slaves as competition for scarce jobs , and as the reason why the Civil War was being fought . '' Baker , Kevin ( March 2003 ) . `` Violent City '' , American Heritage . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . `` Due in large part to this fierce competition with free blacks for labor opportunities , the poor and working class Irish Catholics generally opposed emancipation . When the draft began in the summer of 1863 , they launched a major riot in New York City that was suppressed by the military , as well as much smaller protests in other cities . '' Barnet Schecter , The Devil 's Own Work : The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America ( 2007 ) , ch 6 . Many Catholics in the North had volunteered to fight in 1861 , sending thousands of soldiers to the front and taking high casualties , especially at Fredericksburg ; their volunteering fell off after 1862 . Jump up ^ Baker , Kevin ( March 2003 ) . `` Violent City '' , American Heritage . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McPherson , James , in Gabor S. Boritt , ed . Lincoln , the War President , pp. 52 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Oates , Stephen B. , Abraham Lincoln : The Man Behind the Myths , p. 106 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln Letter to Greeley , August 22 , 1862 '' . Jump up ^ Pulling , Sr. Anne Francis . `` Images of America : Altoona , 2001 , 10 . Jump up ^ Lincoln 's Letter to A.G. Hodges , April 4 , 1864 . Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas ( 2003 ) . `` SLAVERY in DELAWARE '' . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2007 . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` James McPherson , The War that Never Goes Away '' Jump up ^ Asante & Mazama 2004 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Holzer & Gabbard 2007 , p. 172 -- 174 . Jump up ^ Murray , pp. 155 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Hans L. Trefousse , Historical Dictionary of Reconstruction ( Greenwood , 1991 ) covers all the main events and leaders . Jump up ^ Eric Foner 's A Short History of Reconstruction ( 1990 ) is a brief survey . Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward , Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction ( 2nd edn 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Joan Waugh and Gary W. Gallagher , eds ( 2009 ) , Wars within a War : Controversy and Conflict over the American Civil War ( University of North Carolina Press ) . Jump up ^ David W. Blight , Race and Reunion : The Civil War in American Memory ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Steven E. Woodworth ( 1996 ) . The American Civil War : A Handbook of Literature and Research . p. 208 . ISBN 9780313290190 . Jump up ^ Stephen Cushman ( 2014 ) . Belligerent Muse : Five Northern Writers and How They Shaped Our Understanding of the Civil War . pp. 5 -- 6 . ISBN 9781469618784 . Jump up ^ Charles F. Ritter and Jon L. Wakelyn , eds. , Leaders of the American Civil War : A Biographical and Historiographical Dictionary ( 1998 ) Provide short biographies and valuable historiographical summaries Jump up ^ Wilson Fallin Jr , Uplifting the People : Three Centuries of Black Baptists in Alabama ( 2007 ) , pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Fallin , Uplifting the People : Three Centuries of Black Baptists in Alabama ( 2007 ) , pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Gaines M. Foster ( 1988 ) , Ghosts of the Confederacy : Defeat , the Lost Cause and the Emergence of the New South , 1865 -- 1913 . Jump up ^ Nolan , Alan T. , in Gallagher , Gary W. , and Alan T. Nolan , The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War history ( 2000 ) , pp. 12 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Nolan , The Myth of the Lost Cause , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard , The Rise of American Civilization ( 1927 ) , 2 : 54 . Jump up ^ Richard Hofstadter ( 2012 ) ( 1968 ) . Progressive Historians . Knopf Doubleday . p. 304 . ISBN 9780307809605 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Murfreesboro Post , April 27 , 2007 , `` Hazen 's Monument a rare , historic treasure . '' Accessed May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Timothy B. Smith , `` The Golden Age of Battlefield Preservation '' ( 2008 ; The University of Tennessee Press ) . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) The Washington Post , July 21 , 2007 , `` '' Behind the bitter war to preserve Civil War battlefields . '' Accessed May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) American Battlefield Trust announcement , May 8 , 2018 . Accessed May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bob Zeller , `` Fighting the Second Civil War : A History of Battlefield Preservation and the Emergence of the Civil War Trust , '' ( 2017 : Knox Press ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) American Battlefield Trust `` Saved Land '' page . Accessed May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gary Gallagher , Causes Won , Lost , and Forgotten : How Hollywood and Popular Art Shape What We Know about the Civil War ( Univ of North Carolina Press , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Bailey , Thomas and David Kennedy : The American Pageant , p. 434 . 1987 Jump up ^ Dome , Steam ( 1974 ) . `` A Civil War Iron Clad Car '' . Railroad History . The Railway & Locomotive Historical Society . 130 ( Spring 1974 ) : 51 -- 53 . Jump up ^ William Rattle Plum , The Military Telegraph During the Civil War in the United States , ed . Christopher H. Sterling ( New York : Arno Press , 1974 ) vol. 1 : 63 . Jump up ^ Buckley , John . Air Power in the Age of Total War ( Warfare and History ) . Routledge ; 1 edition ( December 18 , 1998 ) . pp. 6 , 24 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85728 - 589 - 5 Jump up ^ Sondhaus , Naval Warfare 1815 -- 1914 p. 77 . Jump up ^ Keegan , John ( 2009 ) . The American Civil War : A Military History . Vintage Books . p. 75 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 27314 - 7 Bibliography Main article : Bibliography of the American Civil War Ahlstrom , Sydney E. ( 1972 ) . A Religious History of the American People . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 01762 - 5 . Anderson , Bern ( 1989 ) . By Sea and By River : The naval history of the Civil War . New York , New York : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80367 - 3 . Asante , Molefi Kete ; Mazama , Ama ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Black Studies . Thousand Oaks , California : SAGE Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 2762 - 4 . Beringer , Richard E. , Archer Jones , and Herman Hattaway , Why the South Lost the Civil War ( 1986 ) , influential analysis of factors ; an abridged version is The Elements of Confederate Defeat : Nationalism , War Aims , and Religion ( 1988 ) Bestor , Arthur ( 1964 ) . `` The American Civil War as a Constitutional Crisis '' . American Historical Review . 69 ( 2 ) : 327 -- 52 . JSTOR 1844986 . Canney , Donald L. ( 1998 ) . Lincoln 's Navy : The Ships , Men and Organization , 1861 -- 65 . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 519 - 4 . Catton , Bruce ( 1960 ) . The Civil War . New York : American Heritage Distributed by Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8281 - 0305 - 3 . Chambers , John W. ; Anderson , Fred ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507198 - 6 . Davis , William C. ( 1983 ) . Stand in the Day of Battle : The Imperiled Union : 1861 -- 1865 . Garden City , New York : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 14895 - 5 . Davis , William C. ( 2003 ) . Look Away ! : A History of the Confederate States of America . New York : Free Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 3499 - 3 . Donald , David ; Baker , Jean H. ; Holt , Michael F. ( 2001 ) . The Civil War and Reconstruction . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 97427 - 0 . Fehrenbacher , Don E. ( 1981 ) . Slavery , Law , and Politics : The Dred Scott Case in Historical Perspective . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 502883 - 6 . Fellman , Michael ; Gordon , Lesley J. ; Sunderland , Daniel E. ( 2007 ) . This Terrible War : The Civil War and its Aftermath ( 2 ed . ) . New York : Pearson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 38960 - 2 . Foner , Eric ( 1981 ) . Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 502926 - 0 . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Foner , Eric ( 2010 ) . The Fiery Trial : Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery . New York : W.W. Norton & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 34066 - 2 . Foote , Shelby ( 1974 ) . The Civil War : A Narrative : Volume 1 : Fort Sumter to Perryville . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 74623 - 4 . Frank , Joseph Allan ; Reaves , George A. ( 2003 ) . Seeing the Elephant : Raw Recruits at the Battle of Shiloh . Urbana , Illinois : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 07126 - 3 . Fuller , Howard J. ( 2008 ) . Clad in Iron -- The American Civil War and the Challenge of British Naval Power . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 297 - 3 . Gallagher , Gary W. ( 1999 ) . The Confederate War . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 16056 - 9 . Gara , Larry . 1964 . The Fugitive Slave Law : A Double Paradox in Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction , New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston , 1970 ( originally published in Civil War History , X , No. 3 , September 1964 ) Green , Fletcher M. ( 2008 ) . Constitutional Development in the South Atlantic States , 1776 -- 1860 : A Study in the Evolution of Democracy . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58477 - 928 - 5 . Guelzo , Allen C. ( 2009 ) . Lincoln : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 536780 - 5 . Guelzo , Allen C. ( 2012 ) . Fateful Lightning : A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 984328 - 2 . Hacker , J. David ( December 2011 ) . `` A Census - Based Count of the Civil War Dead '' . Civil War History . 57 ( 4 ) : 307 -- 48 . doi : 10.1353 / cwh. 2011.0061 . PMID 22512048 . Heidler , David S. ; Heidler , Jeanne T. ; Coles , David J. ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : A Political , Social , and Military History . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 382 - 3 . Herring , George C. ( 2011 ) . From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776 . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 976553 - 9 . Hofstadter , Richard ( 1938 ) . `` The Tariff Issue on the Eve of the Civil War '' . American Historical Review . 44 ( 1 ) : 50 -- 55 . JSTOR 1840850 . Holt , Michael F. ( 2005 ) . The Fate of Their Country : Politicians , Slavery Extension , and the Coming of the Civil War . New York : Hill and Wang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 4439 - 9 . Holzer , Harold ; Gabbard , Sara Vaughn ( 2007 ) . Lincoln and Freedom : Slavery , Emancipation , and the Thirteenth Amendment . Carbondale , Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8093 - 2764 - 5 . Huddleston , John ( 2002 ) . Killing Ground : The Civil War and the Changing American Landscape . Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6773 - 6 . Johannsen , Robert W. ( 1973 ) . Stephen A. Douglas . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 501620 - 8 . Johnson , Timothy D. ( 1998 ) . Winfield Scott : The Quest for Military Glory . Lawrence , Kansas : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 0914 - 7 . Jones , Howard ( 1999 ) . Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom : The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 2582 - 4 . Jones , Howard ( 2002 ) . Crucible of Power : A History of American Foreign Relations to 1913 . Wilmington , Delaware : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8420 - 2916 - 2 . Keegan , John ( 2009 ) . The American Civil War : A Military History . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26343 - 8 . Krannawitter , Thomas L. ( 2008 ) . Vindicating Lincoln : defending the politics of our greatest president . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5972 - 6 . Lipset , Seymour Martin ( 1960 ) . Political Man : The Social Bases of Politics . Garden City , New York : Doubleday & Company , Inc . McPherson , James M. ( 1988 ) . Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 503863 - 7 . McPherson , James M. ( 1992 ) . Ordeal By Fire : The Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2 ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 045842 - 0 . McPherson , James M. ( 1997 ) . For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 974105 - 2 . McPherson , James M. ( 2007 ) . This Mighty Scourge : Perspectives on the Civil War . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 539242 - 5 . Thornton , Mark ; Ekelund , Robert Burton ( 2004 ) . Tariffs , Blockades , and Inflation : The Economics of the Civil War . Rowman & Littlefield . Murray , Robert Bruce . Legal Cases of the Civil War ( 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0059 - 3 Murray , Williamson ; Bernstein , Alvin ; Knox , MacGregor ( 1996 ) . The Making of Strategy : Rulers , States , and War . Cabmbridge , New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 56627 - 8 . Neely , Mark ( 1993 ) . Confederate Bastille : Jefferson Davis and Civil Liberties . Milwaukee , Wisconsin : Marquette University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87462 - 325 - 3 . Nelson , James L. ( 2005 ) . Reign of Iron : The Story of the First Battling Ironclads , the Monitor and the Merrimack . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 052404 - 3 . Nevins , Allan . Ordeal of the Union , an 8 - volume set ( 1947 -- 1971 ) . the most detailed political , economic and military narrative ; by Pulitzer Prize - winner 1 . Fruits of Manifest Destiny , 1847 -- 1852 online ; 2 . A House Dividing , 1852 -- 1857 ; 3 . Douglas , Buchanan , and Party Chaos , 1857 -- 1859 ; 4 . Prologue to Civil War , 1859 -- 1861 ; vols 5 -- 8 have the series title War for the Union ; 5 . The Improvised War , 1861 -- 1862 ; 6 . online ; War Becomes Revolution , 1862 -- 1863 ; 7 . The Organized War , 1863 -- 1864 ; 8 . The Organized War to Victory , 1864 -- 1865 Olsen , Christopher J. ( 2002 ) . Political Culture and Secession in Mississippi : Masculinity , Honor , and the Antiparty Tradition , 1830 -- 1860 . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516097 - 0 . Perman , Michael ; Taylor , Amy M. ( 2010 ) . Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction : Documents and Essays ( 3 ed . ) . Boston , Massachusetts : Wadsworth , Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 87520 - 7 . Potter , David M. ( 1962 ) . `` The Historian 's Use of Nationalism and Vice Versa '' . American Historical Review . 67 ( 4 ) : 924 -- 50 . JSTOR 1845246 . Potter , David M. ; Fehrenbacher , Don E. ( 1976 ) . The Impending Crisis , 1848 -- 1861 . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 013403 - 7 . Rhodes , John Ford ( 1917 ) . History of the Civil War , 1861 -- 1865 . New York : The Macmillan Company . Richter , William L. ( 2009 ) . The A to Z of the Civil War and Reconstruction . Lanham : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6336 - 1 . Russell , Robert R. ( 1966 ) . `` Constitutional Doctrines with Regard to Slavery in Territories '' . Journal of Southern History . 32 ( 4 ) : 466 -- 86 . doi : 10.2307 / 2204926 . JSTOR 2204926 . Schott , Thomas E. ( 1996 ) . Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia : A Biography . Baton Rouge , Louisiana : Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 2106 - 1 . Sheehan - Dean , Aaron , ed. ( 2014 ) . A Companion to the U.S. Civil War . New York : Wiley Blackwell . ISBN 1 - 4443 - 5131 - 1 . , 2 vol. 1232 pp ; 64 topical chapters by experts ; emphasis on historiography . Stampp , Kenneth M. ( 1990 ) . America in 1857 : A Nation on the Brink . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503902 - 5 . Stern , Phillip Van Doren ( 1962 ) . The Confederate Navy . Doubleday & Company , Inc . Symonds , Craig L. ; Clipson , William J. ( 2001 ) . The Naval Institute Historical Atlas of the U.S. Navy . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 984 - 0 . Tucker , Spencer C. ; Pierpaoli , Paul G. ; White , William E. ( 2010 ) . The Civil War Naval Encyclopedia . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 338 - 5 . Varon , Elizabeth R. ( 2008 ) . Disunion ! : The Coming of the American Civil War , 1789 -- 1859 . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3232 - 5 . Vinovskis , Maris ( 1990 ) . Toward a Social History of the American Civil War : Exploratory Essays . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 39559 - 5 . Ward , Geoffrey R. ( 1990 ) . The Civil War : An Illustrated History . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 56285 - 8 . Weeks , William E. ( 2013 ) . The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations . Cambridge , New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00590 - 7 . Weigley , Frank Russell ( 2004 ) . A Great Civil War : A Military and Political History , 1861 -- 1865 . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 33738 - 0 . Welles , Gideon ( 1865 ) . Secretary of the Navy 's Report . 37 -- 38 . American Seamen 's Friend Society . Winters , John D. ( 1963 ) . The Civil War in Louisiana . Baton Rouge , Louisiana : Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 0834 - 5 . Woodworth , Steven E. ( 1996 ) . American Civil War : A Handbook of Literature and Research . Wesport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29019 - 0 . Further reading Gugliotta , Guy . New Estimate Raises Civil War Death Toll , The New York Times , April 3 , 2012 , p . D1 ( of the New York edition ) , and April 2 , 2012 , on NYTimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 03 online . Bibliography of American Civil War naval history `` American Civil War '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . Tidball , John C. The Artillery Service in the War of the Rebellion , 1861 -- 1865 . Westholme Publishing , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1594161490 . 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7005288446562423537	Christmas market	Christmas market - wikipedia Christmas market Jump to : navigation , search The Striezelmarkt in Dresden , Germany is one of the oldest Christmas markets in the world A Christmas market , also known as Christkindlmarkt ( literally : Baby Jesus Market ) , Christkindlesmarkt , Christkindlmarket , Christkindlimarkt , and Weihnachtsmarkt , is a street market associated with the celebration of Christmas during the four weeks of Advent . These markets originated in Germany , but are now being held in many other countries . The history of Christmas markets goes back to the Late Middle Ages in the German - speaking part of Europe , and in many parts of the former Holy Roman Empire that includes many eastern regions of France . The Christmas markets of Bautzen were first held in 1384 . Dresden 's Striezelmarkt was first held in 1434 . Frankfurt was first mentioned in 1393 , Munich in 1310 and Augsburg in 1498 . In Austria , Vienna 's `` December market '' can be considered a forerunner of Christmas markets and dates back to 1298 . In many towns in Germany , Switzerland , and Austria , Advent is usually ushered in with the opening of the Christmas market or `` Weihnachtsmarkt '' . In southern Germany , Switzerland and Austria , it is called a `` Christkind ( e ) l ( s ) ( i ) markt '' ( German language , literally meaning `` Christ child market '' ) . Traditionally held in the town square , the market has food , drink and seasonal items from open - air stalls accompanied by traditional singing and dancing . On opening night at the Christkindlesmarkt in Nuremberg , and in some other towns , onlookers welcome the `` Christkind '' ( originally boy Jesus , but often depicted as an angel - like girl ) , acted out by a local child . Contents ( hide ) 1 Attractions and stalls 2 Major Christmas markets 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Attractions and stalls ( edit ) Popular attractions at the markets include the Nativity Scene ( a crèche or crib ) , Zwetschgenmännle ( figures made of decorated dried plums ) , Nussknacker ( carved Nutcrackers ) , Gebrannte Mandeln ( candied , toasted almonds ) , traditional Christmas cookies such as Lebkuchen and Magenbrot ( both forms of soft gingerbread ) , Bratwurst , and for many visitors one of the highlights of the market : Glühwein , hot mulled wine ( with or without a shot of brandy ) , or Eierpunsch ( an egg - based warm alcoholic drink ) . Both help stave off the cold winter air which sometimes dips below freezing . More regional food specialties include Christstollen ( Stollen ) , a sort of bread with candied fruit in Saxony , and hot Apfelwein and Frankfurter Bethmännchen in Hesse . Major Christmas markets ( edit ) Nuremberg Christkindlesmarkt opening ceremony See also : List of Christmas markets Famous Christmas markets are held in the cities of Augsburg , Dresden , Erfurt , Frankfurt , Nuremberg and Stuttgart , making them popular tourist attractions during Christmas holiday season . The Nuremberg and Dresden markets draw about two million people each year ; the Stuttgart and Frankfurt markets attract more than three million visitors . The two most visited Christmas markets in Germany are to be found in Dortmund with more than three and a half million visitors of 300 stalls around a gigantic Christmas tree creation that stands 45 metres tall , and in Cologne with 4 million people . Additionally , Berlin claims over 70 markets , which open in late November and close just after Christmas . Christmas markets are traditional in Alsace and most of the towns have their local Christmas market . Strasbourg , in Alsace , France , has been holding a Christmas market , `` Christkindelsmärik , '' around its cathedral since 1570 , when it was part of the Holy Roman Empire of German Nation . In 1982 Lincoln , England established an annual Christmas market in early December , and this remains one of the most extensive such market by area in the United Kingdom , with a claimed total of over 300 stalls attracting more than 100,000 visitors over its four days . Starting in 1997 Frankfurt Christmas Markets were established with support from Frankfurt in the British Cities of Birmingham , Edinburgh , Leeds and Manchester . Other large Christmas markets have been held in England in Bath ( since 2000 ) or Liverpool ( since 2006 ) . The Christmas markets are such a success that they are becoming a major pull factor to increase trade and visitor numbers to towns and cities . Manchester 's Christmas Markets have been particularly successful with 300 stalls over 8 city locations with each location being themed to create a different atmosphere such as French , World and German , with European themed stalls on the Albert Square , Manchester proving to be the most popular . German immigrants also brought the Christmas market celebrations to the United States . A traditional Christmas market was held for the first time in Sibiu , Romania in 2007 . Gallery ( edit ) This section contains what may be an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images . Galleries containing indiscriminate images of the article subject are discouraged ; please improve or remove the section accordingly . ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Christmas market in Jena Malmö Christmas market 2016 Dews events Malmö , Sweden Christkindlesmarkt in Nuremberg In Colmar , 2010 Christmas market , Strasbourg , France German Christmas market in Millennium Square , Leeds , UK Traditional gingerbread hearts at a German Christmas market Christmas market stalls Ferris Wheel at the Hyde Park Christmas Market Christmas market in Erfurt Christmas market in Stuttgart , Baden - Württemberg Salzburg , Austria Christkindlimärt in Rapperswil , Switzerland 2009 Julmarknad ( `` Christmas market '' ) in Gamla stan , Stockholm Vienna , Austria The Striezelmarkt in Dresden Sternschnuppenmarkt in Wiesbaden , Germany The Sibiu Christmas Market in Sibiu , Romania The Christmas Market in Zagreb , Croatia Christmas market at Gendarmenmarkt , Berlin The Christmas Market in Wrocław , Poland Dews events Copenhagen the white Christmas in Nytorv , Denmark Fields Shopping Center Christmas event 2016 by Dewsevents Fields , Denmark Vienna Christmas market ( 2017 ) See also ( edit ) Holidays portal Christmas portal Germany portal List of Christmas markets 2016 Berlin attack References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` German Christmas markets : Seasonal shopping at its finest '' . The Independent . 2012 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Darmstadt , IDL Software GmbH , . `` Weihnachtsmarkt in Bautzen - Weihnachten 2016 '' . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas markets in Vienna '' . Austrian National Tourist Office . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Christmas City Nuremberg Stadt Nürnberg , retrieved 8 July 2007 Jump up ^ Stuttgart Christmas Market Archived 2008 - 04 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Stuttgart Marketing , retrieved 8 July 2007 Jump up ^ `` Weihnachtsmärkte : Köln ist Publikumsmagnet : Topnews '' . Topnews.de . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Innes said ... ( 2011 - 12 - 26 ) . `` Top Berlin Christmas Markets '' . On London Time . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Noël à Strasbourg Archived 2007 - 08 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 8 July 2007 Jump up ^ `` Frankfurt Christmas Markets Great Britain Scotland England '' . Frankfurt-tourismus.de . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Denise Evans ( 2012 - 11 - 18 ) . `` Manchester Christmas Markets 2012 : A guide to the city 's festive stalls - Manchester Evening News '' . Menmedia.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Mapped : Manchester set for ' biggest and best ever ' Christmas markets - Manchester Evening News '' . Menmedia.co.uk. 2012 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ CHRISTKINDLMARKT BETHLEHEM ArtsQuest ( 2006 ) , retrieved 8 July 2007 Jump up ^ . Christkindlmarket Chicago Archived 2007 - 03 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . German American Chamber of Commerce of the Midwest , 17 November 2006 , retrieved 8 July 2007 Jump up ^ Denver Christkindl Market German American Chamber of Commerce Colorado Chapter . ( 2006 ) , retrieved 8 July 2007 Jump up ^ Donner . `` Mifflinburg Christkindl Market '' . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Christkindlmarkt 2007 Archived 2007 - 12 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . German - American Society of Tulsa , 1 May 2007 , retrieved 8 July 2007 Jump up ^ ( http://www.graffino.com ) , Graffino . `` Târgul de Crăciun din Sibiu '' . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Bakst , Alex : `` A Visit to Germany 's Christmas Markets '' , Spiegel Online 7 December 2006 Zug , J.D. ( 1991 ) : German - American Life : Recipes and Traditions , Iowa City : Penfield Press External links ( edit ) Media related to Christmas markets at Wikimedia Commons Christmas markets travel guide from Wikivoyage Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs. Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Lord of Misrule Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas_market&oldid=830961839 '' Categories : Christmas markets Christmas in Germany Christmas events and celebrations Christmas traditions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Brezhoneg Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français Gàidhlig 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 March 2018 , at 23 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the oldest christmas market in germany	[ "A Christmas market, also known as Christkindlmarkt (literally: Baby Jesus Market), Christkindlesmarkt, Christkindlmarket, Christkindlimarkt, and Weihnachtsmarkt, is a street market associated with the celebration of Christmas during the four weeks of Advent. These markets originated in Germany, but are now being held in many other countries.[1] The history of Christmas markets goes back to the Late Middle Ages in the German-speaking part of Europe, and in many parts of the former Holy Roman Empire that includes many eastern regions of France.[1] The Christmas markets of Bautzen were first held in 1384.[2] Dresden's Striezelmarkt was first held in 1434. Frankfurt was first mentioned in 1393, Munich in 1310 and Augsburg in 1498. In Austria, Vienna's \"December market\" can be considered a forerunner of Christmas markets and dates back to 1298.[3]" ]	[ "Bautzen" ]
4347424491886769457	Optic nerve	Optic nerve - wikipedia Optic nerve Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Optic Nerve . Optic Nerve The left optic nerve and the optic tracts . Details Identifiers Latin nervus opticus MeSH D009900 NeuroNames 289 TA A14. 2.01. 006 A15. 2.04. 024 FMA 50863 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) Cranial nerves CN 0 -- Terminal CN I -- Olfactory CN II -- Optic CN III -- Oculomotor CN IV -- Trochlear CN V -- Trigeminal CN VI -- Abducens CN VII -- Facial CN VIII -- Vestibulocochlear CN IX -- Glossopharyngeal CN X -- Vagus CN XI -- Accessory CN XII -- Hypoglossal Overview Table The optic nerve , also known as cranial nerve II , is a paired nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain . In humans , the optic nerve is derived from optic stalks during the seventh week of development and is composed of retinal ganglion cell axons and glial cells ; it extends from the optic disc to the optic chiasma and continues as the optic tract to the lateral geniculate nucleus , pretectal nuclei , and superior colliculus . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Disease 4 Regeneration 5 Additional images 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) The optic nerve is the second of twelve paired cranial nerves and is technically part of the central nervous system , rather than the peripheral nervous system because it is derived from an out - pouching of the diencephalon ( optic stalks ) during embryonic development . As a consequence , the fibers of the optic nerve are covered with myelin produced by oligodendrocytes , rather than Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system , and are encased within the meninges . Peripheral neuropathies like Guillain -- Barré syndrome do not affect the optic nerve . However , most typically the optic nerve is grouped with the other eleven cranial nerves and considered to be part of the peripheral nervous system . Dissection of Optic Nerve from above showing parts . Courtesy Dr. John B. Selhorst The optic nerve is ensheathed in all three meningeal layers ( dura , arachnoid , and pia mater ) rather than the epineurium , perineurium , and endoneurium found in peripheral nerves . Fiber tracts of the mammalian central nervous system ( as opposed to the peripheral nervous system ) are incapable of regeneration , and , hence , optic nerve damage produces irreversible blindness . The fibres from the retina run along the optic nerve to nine primary visual nuclei in the brain , from which a major relay inputs into the primary visual cortex . A fundus photograph showing the back of the retina . The white circle is the beginning of the optical nerve . The optic nerve is composed of retinal ganglion cell axons and glial cells . Each human optic nerve contains between 770,000 and 1.7 million nerve fibers , which are axons of the retinal ganglion cells of one retina . In the fovea , which has high acuity , these ganglion cells connect to as few as 5 photoreceptor cells ; in other areas of retina , they connect to many thousand photoreceptors . The optic nerve leaves the orbit ( eye socket ) via the optic canal , running postero - medially towards the optic chiasm , where there is a partial decussation ( crossing ) of fibres from the temporal visual fields ( the nasal hemi - retina ) of both eyes . The proportion of decussating fibers varies between species , and is correlated with the degree of binocular vision enjoyed by a species . Most of the axons of the optic nerve terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus from where information is relayed to the visual cortex , while other axons terminate in the pretectal nucleus and are involved in reflexive eye movements . Other axons terminate in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and are involved in regulating the sleep - wake cycle . Its diameter increases from about 1.6 mm within the eye to 3.5 mm in the orbit to 4.5 mm within the cranial space . The optic nerve component lengths are 1 mm in the globe , 24 mm in the orbit , 9 mm in the optic canal , and 16 mm in the cranial space before joining the optic chiasm . There , partial decussation occurs , and about 53 % of the fibers cross to form the optic tracts . Most of these fibres terminate in the lateral geniculate body . Based on this anatomy , the optic nerve may be divided in the four parts as indicated in the image at the top of this section ( this view is from above as if you were looking into the orbit after the top of the skull had been removed ) : 1 . the optic head ( which is where it begins in the eyeball ( globe ) with fibers from the retina ; 2 . orbital part ( which is the part within the orbit ) . 3 . intracanicular part ( which is the part within a bony canal known as the optic canal ) ; and , 4 . cranial part ( the part within the cranial cavity , which ends at the optic chiasm ) . From the lateral geniculate body , fibers of the optic radiation pass to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe of the brain . In more specific terms , fibers carrying information from the contralateral superior visual field traverse Meyer 's loop to terminate in the lingual gyrus below the calcarine fissure in the occipital lobe , and fibers carrying information from the contralateral inferior visual field terminate more superiorly , to the cuneus . Function ( edit ) The optic nerve transmits all visual information including brightness perception , color perception and contrast ( visual acuity ) . It also conducts the visual impulses that are responsible for two important neurological reflexes : the light reflex and the accommodation reflex . The light reflex refers to the constriction of both pupils that occurs when light is shone into either eye ; the accommodation reflex refers to the swelling of the lens of eye that occurs when one looks at a near object as in reading ( lens adjusts to near vision ) . The eye 's blind spot is a result of the absence of photoreceptors in the area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye . Clinical significance ( edit ) Disease ( edit ) Main article : List of eye diseases and disorders Damage to the optic nerve typically causes permanent and potentially severe loss of vision , as well as an abnormal pupillary reflex , which is diagnostically important . The type of visual field loss will depend on which portions of the optic nerve were damaged . In general : Damage to the optic nerve anterior to the optic chiasm causes loss of vision in the eye on the same side as the damage . Damage at the optic chiasm typically causes loss of vision laterally in both visual fields ( bitemporal hemianopsia ) . It may occur with large pituitary tumors pituitary adenoma . ( see image on right of Paris seen with bitemporal hemianopsia ) Paris views showing vision with loss of both temporal visual fields Damage to the optic tract , which is behind ( posterior ) to the chiasm , causes loss of the entire visual field from the side opposite the damage ( so if the left optic tract is cut , there is a loss of vision from the entire right visual field ) . Injury to the optic nerve can be the result of congenital or inheritable problems like Leber 's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy , glaucoma , trauma , toxicity , inflammation , ischemia , infection ( very rarely ) , or compression from tumors or aneurysms . By far , the three most common injuries to the optic nerve are from glaucoma , optic neuritis ( especially in those younger than 50 years of age ) , and anterior ischemic optic neuropathy ( usually in those older than 50 ) . Glaucoma is a group of diseases involving loss of retinal ganglion cells causing optic neuropathy in a pattern of peripheral vision loss , initially sparing central vision . Glaucoma is associated with increased intraocular pressure that damages the optic nerve as it exits the eyeball . Although glaucoma does eventually damage the optic nerve , it is primarily a disease of eye not of the nerve . Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve . It is associated with a number of diseases , the most notable one being multiple sclerosis . The patient will likely experience varying vision loss and eye pain . The condition tends to be episodic . Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is commonly known as `` stroke of the optic nerve '' and affects the optic nerve head . There is usually a sudden loss of blood supply and nutrients to the optic nerve head ( where the nerve exits the eyeball ) . Vision loss is typically sudden and most commonly occurs upon waking up in the morning . This condition is most common in diabetic patients 40 -- 70 years old . Optic nerve hypoplasia is the underdevelopment of the optic nerve resulting in little to no vision in the affected eye . Tumors , especially those of the pituitary gland , can put pressure on the optic nerve causing various forms of visual loss . Similarly , cerebral aneurysms ( swelling of blood vessels ) can also affect the nerve . Trauma can cause serious injury to the nerve . Direct optic nerve injury can occur from a penetrating injury to the orbit , but the nerve can also be injured by indirect trauma in which severe head impact or movement stretches or even tears the nerve Ophthalmologists and optometrists can detect and diagnose some optic nerve diseases but neuro - ophthalmologists are often best suited to diagnose and treat diseases of the optic nerve . The International Foundation for Optic Nerve Diseases ( IFOND ) sponsors research and provides information on a variety of optic nerve disorders . Regeneration ( edit ) Similar to other CNS tracts , the optic has very limited regenerative potential after injury . However , some new techniques are being developed to increase this potential . Additional images ( edit ) MRI scan of human eye showing optic nerve . The ophthalmic artery and its branches . ( optic nerve is yellow ) Superficial dissection of brain - stem . Lateral view . Dissection of brain - stem . Lateral view . Scheme showing central connections of the optic nerves and optic tracts . Nerves of the orbit . Seen from above . Nerves of the orbit , and the ciliary ganglion . Side view . The terminal portion of the optic nerve and its entrance into the eyeball , in horizontal section . Structures of the eye labeled This image shows another labeled view of the structures of the eye Optic nerve. Deep dissection. Inferior view . Optic nerve. Deep dissection. Inferior view . Optic nerve Optic nerve Human brain dura mater ( reflections ) Optic nerve Optic nerve Optic nerve Cerebrum. Inferior view. Deep dissection Cerebral peduncle , optic chasm , cerebral aqueduct . Inferior view . Deep dissection . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Optic nerve . This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Cranial nerve References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Vilensky , Joel ; Robertson , Wendy ; Suarez - Quian , Carlos ( 2015 ) . The Clinical Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves : The Nerves of `` On Olympus Towering Top '' . Ames , Iowa : Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1118492017 . ^ Jump up to : Selhorst , JB ; Chen , Y ( 2009 ) . `` The Optic Nerve '' . Seminars in Neurology . 29 : 29 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Jonas , Jost B. ; et al. ( May 1992 ) . `` Human optic nerve fiber count and optic disc size '' . Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science . 33 ( 6 ) . Jump up ^ Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy , 4th Edition . Dyce , Sack and Wensing Jump up ^ `` Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegenerative Research Group '' . www.ucl.ac.uk . External links ( edit ) The optic nerve on MRI Stained brain slice images which include the `` optic % 20nerve '' at the BrainMaps project IFOND online case history -- Optic nerve analysis with both scanning laser polarimetry with variable corneal compensation ( GDx VCC ) and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy ( HRT II - Heidelberg Retina Tomograph ) . Also includes actual fundus photos . Animations of extraocular cranial nerve and muscle function and damage ( University of Liverpool ) lesson3 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman ( Georgetown University ) ( orbit4 ) cranialnerves at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman ( Georgetown University ) ( II ) Notes on Optic Nerve The cranial nerves terminal Nuclei Septal nuclei Course no significant branches olfactory Nuclei Anterior olfactory nucleus Course olfactory bulb olfactory tract optic Nuclei Lateral geniculate nucleus Course optic chiasm optic tract oculomotor Nuclei Oculomotor nucleus Edinger -- Westphal nucleus Branches superior parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion / ciliary ganglion inferior trochlear Nucleus Branches no significant branches trigeminal Nuclei PSN Spinal trigeminal nucleus MN TMN Course trigeminal ganglion Branches ophthalmic maxillary mandibular abducens Nucleus Branches no significant branches facial near origin intermediate nerve geniculate inside facial canal greater petrosal pterygopalatine ganglion nerve to the stapedius chorda tympani lingual nerve submandibular ganglion at stylomastoid foramen posterior auricular suprahyoid digastric stylohyoid parotid plexus temporal zygomatic buccal mandibular cervical Nuclei Facial motor nucleus Solitary nucleus Superior salivary nucleus vestibulocochlear Nuclei Vestibular nuclei Cochlear nuclei cochlear nerve striae medullares lateral lemniscus vestibular Scarpa 's ganglion glossopharyngeal before jugular fossa ganglia superior inferior after jugular fossa tympanic tympanic plexus lesser petrosal otic ganglion stylopharyngeal branch pharyngeal branches tonsillar branches lingual branches carotid sinus Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Inferior salivatory nucleus Solitary nucleus vagus before jugular fossa ganglia superior inferior after jugular fossa meningeal branch auricular branch neck pharyngeal branch pharyngeal plexus superior laryngeal external internal recurrent laryngeal ( inferior ) superior cervical cardiac thorax inferior cardiac pulmonary vagal trunks anterior posterior abdomen celiac renal hepatic anterior gastric posterior gastric Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve Solitary nucleus accessory Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Spinal accessory nucleus cranial spinal hypoglossal Nucleus Branches lingual Optical illusions List of optical illusions Afterimage Barberpole Bezold Blivet Café wall Cornsweet Delboeuf Ebbinghaus Ehrenstein Flash lag Fraser spiral Grid Hering Jastrow Mach McCollough Müller - Lyer Necker Orbison Penrose stairs triangle Peripheral drift Poggendorff Ponzo Rubin Sander Schroeder Ternus Vertical -- horizontal White 's Wundt Zöllner Related Auditory Tactile Temporal Op art Ascending and Descending Waterfall GND : 4205981 - 1 NDL : 00571252 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optic_nerve&oldid=829495086 '' Categories : Optic nerve Visual system Cranial nerves Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 March 2018 , at 00 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the optic nerve exit the eyeball	[ "The optic nerve leaves the orbit (eye socket) via the optic canal, running postero-medially towards the optic chiasm, where there is a partial decussation (crossing) of fibres from the temporal visual fields (the nasal hemi-retina) of both eyes. The proportion of decussating fibers varies between species, and is correlated with the degree of binocular vision enjoyed by a species.[4] Most of the axons of the optic nerve terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus from where information is relayed to the visual cortex, while other axons terminate in the pretectal nucleus and are involved in reflexive eye movements. Other axons terminate in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. Its diameter increases from about 1.6 mm within the eye to 3.5 mm in the orbit to 4.5 mm within the cranial space. The optic nerve component lengths are 1 mm in the globe, 24 mm in the orbit, 9 mm in the optic canal, and 16 mm in the cranial space before joining the optic chiasm. There, partial decussation occurs, and about 53% of the fibers cross to form the optic tracts. Most of these fibres terminate in the lateral geniculate body.[1]" ]	[ "via the optic canal, running postero-medially towards the optic chiasm, where there is a partial decussation (crossing) of fibres from the temporal visual fields (the nasal hemi-retina) of both eyes" ]
6264138735763328946	Texas–Indian wars	Texas -- Indian wars - wikipedia Texas -- Indian wars Jump to : navigation , search Texas Indian wars Part of the American Indian Wars and the Mexican Indian Wars A map showing the Comanche lands ( Comancheria ) during the 1800s . Date 1820 -- 1875 Location Texas Result Texan and United States victory Belligerents Spain Mexico Republic of Texas United States Comanche Texas Comanche wars 1820 -- 1875 The Texas -- Indian wars were a series of 19th - century conflicts between settlers in Texas and the Southern Plains Indians . These conflicts began when the first wave of European - American settlers moved into Spanish Texas . They continued through Texas 's time as part of Mexico , when more Europeans and Anglo - Americans arrived , to the subsequent declaration of independence by the Republic of Texas . The conflicts did not end until thirty years after Texas joined the United States . Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area , the preeminent nation was the Comanche , known as the `` Lords of the Plains . '' Their territory , the Comancheria , was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish , the Mexicans , and finally , the Texans . This article covers the conflicts from 1820 , just before Mexico gained independence from Spain , until 1875 , when the last free band of Plains Indians , the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker , surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma . The half - century struggle between the Plains tribes and the Texans became particularly intense after the Spanish , and then Mexicans , left power in Texas . The Republic of Texas , which had increasing settlement by European Americans , and the United States opposed the tribes . Their war with the Plains Indians was characterized by deep animosity , slaughter on both sides , and , in the end , near - total conquest of the Indians . Although the outcome was lop - sided , the violence of the wars was not . The Comanche were known as fierce warriors , with a reputation for looting , burning , murdering , and kidnapping as far south as Mexico City . They killed and captured so many Texans that Comanche became a by - word for terrorism in this region . When Sul Ross recovered Cynthia Ann Parker at Pease River , he observed that this event would be felt in every family in Texas , as every one had lost someone in the Indian Wars . During the American Civil War , when the US Army was unavailable to protect the frontier , the Comanche and Kiowa pushed white settlements back more than 100 miles along the Texas frontier . Texas -- Indian wars Comanche Wars Fort Parker Stone Houses Arroyo Seco Fight Killough San Gabriels The Neches Council House Fight Great Raid Plum Creek Village Creek Bandera Pass Muncey Apache Wars Jicarilla War Diablo Mountains Devil 's River Antelope Hills Little Robe Creek Pease River 1st Adobe Walls Comanche Campaign Red River War Palo Duro Canyon Warren Raid Blanco Canyon North Fork of the Red River 2nd Adobe Walls Buffalo Hunters ' War Staked Plains Horror Yellow House Canyon A map showing Texas and areas in the Americas claimed or permanently settled by Europeans in the mid-1700s . A map showing the range of the Plains Indians near the time of European contact Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Indians in Texas 1.2 Europeans in Texas 1.2. 1 Texan colonists 2 Early Texas colonization : Mexican Texas 1821 -- 1836 2.1 Fort Parker raid 3 The Republic of Texas era : 1836 -- 1845 3.1 First Houston administration : 1836 -- 38 3.2 Lamar presidential policy : 1838 -- 41 3.2. 1 Cherokee War : 1838 -- 39 3.2. 1.1 Battle of Neches 3.2. 2 Lamar and the Plains tribes 3.2. 3 Council House Slaughter 3.2. 4 Aftermath of the Council House Fight : the Great Raid and Plum Creek 3.3 The second Houston presidency : 1841 -- 44 3.4 The Jones presidency : 1845 to the end of the Republic 4 End of the Republic , beginning of the United States in Texas : 1845 -- 1861 4.1 Murder of Robert Neighbors 4.2 The Antelope Hills campaign and Little Robe Creek : 1858 4.2. 1 Campaign in the Antelope Hills : Texans invade the Comancheria , 1858 4.2. 2 Attack on Iron Jacket 's Camp at Little Robe Creek 4.2. 3 Attack on Buffalo Hump 's Camp in the Wichita Mountains 4.3 Aftermath of Little Robe Creek : 1858 -- 60 4.4 Reward for the Tonkawa for their alliance with Texans at Little Robe Creek 4.5 Battle of Pease River , Recapture of Cynthia Ann Parker : 1860 5 The Civil War years on the plains : delay of the conquest : 1861 -- 1865 5.1 The Elm Creek raid 5.2 First Battle of Adobe Walls 5.3 Battle of Dove Creek 6 The final years of the Plains tribes : 1865 -- 1875 6.1 Indian attacks on cowboys 6.2 Battle of Antelope Hills 6.3 The Warren wagon train 6.4 First Indian leaders tried in state court 6.5 Attack on Mow - way 's camp on McLellan Creek and battle of the North Fork of the Red River 6.6 The Red River War 6.7 The Second Battle of Adobe Walls 6.8 Attack on Pearua - akup - akup 's camp near Anadarko 6.9 Release , recapture , and death of Satanta at Huntsville 6.10 Mackenzie 's Campaign against Quanah Parker 6.11 Surrender of Quanah Parker and end of the Texas Indian Wars 6.12 The White Man 's revenge : deportation to Fort Marion , Florida ; death of Guipago at Fort Sill 6.13 The new life of Chief Quanah 7 Aftermath and analysis 7.1 Disease 7.2 1821 -- 1844 7.3 1844 -- 1875 8 See also 9 References 10 Sources Background ( edit ) Further information : Pre-Columbian Mexico Texas developed in the region between two major cultural centers of Pre-Columbian North America . The Southwestern tribes occupied the areas to the west and the Plains tribes occupied areas to the east . Archaeologists have found that three major indigenous cultures lived in this region and reached their developmental peak before the first European contact . The Pueblo from the upper Rio Grande region were centered west of Texas . The Mississippian culture or Mound Builder region extended along the Mississippi River Valley east of Texas . The Mesoamerica civilization was centered south of Texas . The influence of Teotihuacan in northern Mexico peaked around AD 500 and declined over the 8th to 10th centuries . Further information : Colonial Mexico During the Colonial era , members of new cultures entered and settled in the area ; through competition for resources and power , they became adversaries . All were relative newcomers to Texas ; Europeans began permanently settling in Texas around the Rio Grande and upwards toward San Antonio and El Paso starting in the late 1600s ; they reached Nacogdoches around 1721 . The Comanche had not arrived into the northern area of the state until roughly the early 1700s ; they did not become the predominant nation in the area until the late 1700s , following their successful adoption of the horse . Most other Plains Indians had already arrived by the mid-1700s . Indians in Texas ( edit ) Further information : Comanche Although the Comanche are by far the best known of the Indian Plains tribes living in what is now Texas , they were the last to settle in the region . Their allies , the Kiowa and Kiowa Apache , originated in the west but migrated to what is now west Texas . Tribes indigenous to east Texas include the Caddo ( including the Adai , Eyeish , Hainai , Kadohadacho , Nacono ) , Kitsai , Tonkawa , Towakoni and Wichita Indians . The Akokisa , Alabama , Atakapa , Karankawa , and Tamique lived along the Gulf coast . Until around 1650 , the Comanche were part of the Shoshone people living along the upper Platte River in present - day Wyoming . The Comanche emerged as a distinct group around 1650 . About this time , they acquired the horse , which allowed them greater mobility in their quest for better hunting grounds . Their original migration took them to the southern Great Plains , into a span of territory extending from the Arkansas River to Central Texas . During that time , their population increased dramatically because of the abundance of buffalo , the use of the horse for hunting and fighting , the adoption of other migrating Shoshone , and women and children taken captive during raids and warfare . Ultimately , their warriors made such effective use of the horse that the Comanche became the most powerful Indian nation of the plains . First as Shoshone , their conquest took them to the southern plains ; in that region , they separated from the Shoshone and emerged as a distinct nation . They developed imperialist customs by which they became the strongest Indian nation in the region . They based their warfare on speed and calculated violence , developing superb light cavalry skill . In raids , they captured so many children and women of their opponent Indian tribes , keeping and adopting them , that they dramatically increased their population . Those tribes who submitted to Comanche power were given latitude but had to provide food , lodging , and women as tributaries . When the Comanche encountered and entered conflict against Spanish colonists , they blocked Spanish expansion to the east from New Mexico and prevented direct communication with the new Spanish settlements north of the Rio Grande . In turn , the Comanche and eventually Apache allies launched deep raids , sending thousands and , at times , tens of thousands of warriors into Mexico ; they successfully captured and enslaved thousands of Mexicans . Eventually , the numbers were so large that Hispanics made up nearly thirty percent of the Comanche nation . The Comanches were decentralized ; they never formed a single cohesive tribal unit but were divided into almost a dozen autonomous groups . The 12 bands had as many as 45 distinct divisions . These groups shared the same language and culture but at times fought internally in ritualized combat , even as they cooperated at other times . In the 1740s , Tonkawa , Yojuanes and others settled along the San Gabriel River . The Tonkawa allied with the Bidais , Caddos , Wichitas , Comanche and Yojuanes in 1758 and attacked and desimated the Lipan Apache and the Mission Santa Cruz de San Sabá . Tonkawa lands The Tonkawa continued their southern migration into Texas and northern Mexico where they then allied with the Lipan Apache . Also during the 1740s in the Southwest , Spanish settlers sometimes captured American Indian children . Often it was common practice to have the child baptized and then adopt them into their homes , where they were raised to be servants . At first the practice involved primarily Apaches and eventually Comanche children were likewise adopted as servants . Before 1750 , the dominant Indian tribe in Texas were the Apaches . But this changed with the Comanche conquest . Beginning in the 1740s , the Comanche began crossing the Arkansas River and established themselves on margins of the Llano Estacado . This area extended from southwestern Oklahoma across the Texas Panhandle into New Mexico . The Apaches were driven out in a series of wars , and the Comanche came to control the entire area , which became known as the Comancheria . This domain extended south from the Arkansas River across central Texas to the vicinity of San Antonio , including the entire Edwards Plateau west to the Pecos River and then north again following the foothills of the Rocky Mountains to the Arkansas River . Comanche territory c. 1850 At this point , the power and force of the Comanche was such that they were threatening to take over all of North Mexico . However , after driving out the Apaches , the Comanches were stricken by a smallpox epidemic from 1780 until 1781 . As the epidemic was very severe , the Comanche temporarily suspended raids , and some Comanche divisions were disbanded . A second smallpox epidemic struck during the winter of 1816 -- 1817 . The best estimates are that more than half the total population of the Comanche were killed by these epidemics . In response to this devastating loss of numbers , the Comanche effectively united with the Kiowa , and Kiowa Apache , after one Kiowa warrior spent a fall season with the Comanche in 1790 . From this single incident , the three tribes eventually effectively united . Fehrenbach believed the union came from the necessity to protect their hunting grounds from settler incursions . First , the Kiowa and the Comanche agreed to share hunting grounds and unite in war . The Kiowa Apache , as allies of the Kiowa , ultimately joined this alliance . Eventually , the three tribes agreed to share the same hunting grounds , and had a mutual self - defense and war pact . Europeans in Texas ( edit ) North America in 1819 Main article : Spanish Texas Texan colonists ( edit ) European and especially mixed race Mexican colonists reached Texas prior to the end of Spanish rule . Colonial authorities did not encourage colonization in this area , as it was too far from their bases . The number of colonists was extremely limited , and they were always at risk of Comanche raids . By the early 1800s , as a result of the Comanche wars , the Mexican wars of Independence , and the collapse of colonial power , Mexican resistance to Comanche attacks had almost collapsed . In contrast to the neglected military capabilities of the Mexicans , authorities considered Americans as extremely aggressive in combat and they were subsequently encouraged to establish settlements on the frontier in present - day Texas as a defensive bulwark to Comanche raids further south . Although most of these early Americans were ultimately killed , executed or driven from Texas by Spanish authorities during the Green Flag Republic , the Comanche 's subsequent raids deep into Mexico , showed the practicality of Americans in holding the frontier . Consequently , the new regime quickly recruited Americans , the first of which was Stephen F. Austin , who was given a Spanish land grant in Texas . When Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821 , its government continued to recruit Americans , as it wanted to develop its depopulated northern provinces . Early Texas colonization : Mexican Texas 1821 -- 1836 ( edit ) Main article : Mexican Texas Stephen F. Austin , known as the `` Father of Texas '' In the 1820s , seeking additional colonists as a means of conquering the area , Mexico reached an agreement with Stephen F. Austin reauthorizing his Spanish land grants . That allowed several hundred American families to move into the region . As Austin used his network and government sponsors to spread the word of rich lands in Texas , thousands of additional colonists from the United States flooded into the region , many illegally . Many had no interest in being ruled by the government of Mexico . In 1829 , when Mexico abolished slavery throughout Mexico , the immigrants from the U.S. were exempted in some colonies or actively evaded governmental efforts to enforce this abolition in the territory . Under the change , many slaves in Mexico at this time were reclassified as indentured servants , with the longterm goal of freedom . Americans did not like this policy and also objected to the central government 's actions in tightening political and economic control over the territory . Eventually these tensions resulted in the Texas Revolution . In 1821 , while colonists were still welcome , Jose Francisco Ruiz negotiated a truce with the Penatucka Comanche , the band closest to the settlements in East and Central Texas . Following that truce , he was able to complete a treaty of peace and friendship , which was signed in Mexico City in December 1821 . But , within twelve months the Mexican Government failed to pay the presents promised to the Pentucka , who resumed raiding at once . For the same reason , failure to pay promised tributes , the peace treaties signed for New Mexico broke down . By 1823 war raged the entire length of the Rio Grande . Most of the remaining Mexican settlements were destroyed ; only those in the upper Rio Grande were secured . Thousands of surviving Mexican refugees fled to this area . The Comanche pushed out or killed most Europeans and Mexicans in the region , except the European - American Texans . In 1824 , the Tonkawa entered into a treaty with Stephen F. Austin ( the Father of Republic of Texas ) , pledging their support against the Comanche Tribe . The Mexican government negotiated additional treaties , signed in 1826 and 1834 , but in each case failed to meet the terms of the agreements . Although such events would 've proved catastrophic in early years as the Comanche raided towards Mexico City , the presence of American militias obstructed such attacks , thereby encouraging the Mexicans to become dilatory in payments . Because Comanche raiding was based on taking booty and captives , the proximity of American communities ' proved more fruitful to Comanche raiding . Although Texan military force was much stronger than previous Mexican colonists , the sheer rapidity of advance and large numbers of the raiders overwhelmed many of these early Texan colonization . For in 1826 , Comanches had raided and burned Green DeWitt 's new town of Gonzales to the ground . Used to the more subjugated tribes in the eastern United States , Texan colonists were unprepared for the military power of the Comanche and Kiowa . The raids on the colonialists were so successful that they pleaded for aid from the national US government . It tried to protect American colonists in Texas . Seeing an opportunity because of the relative isolation of the Texans from Mexico , the US started its own diplomatic campaign , sending a noted American fighter to negotiate with the Comanche on behalf of the Texans . The US sent Sam Houston to Texas in 1833 as a United States diplomatic representative to arrange a treaty with the Pentucka Comanche . Recognizing this as a United States attempt to expand power at Mexico 's expense , Mexican officials objected to having the American diplomat in their country talking to their subject Indians about a treaty . They declared Houston persona non grata and asked him to leave the country . During the entire period of 1821 to 1835 , colonists had difficulty with Comanche raids , despite the formation of full - time militia ranger companies in 1823 . Tonkawa and Delaware Indians , enemies of the Comanche , allied with the new immigrants , trying to gain allies themselves against these traditional enemies . The Comanche detested the Tonkawa , in particular , for allegedly being cannibals . As early as 1823 , Austin recognized the need to have specific forces designated to fight the Plains tribes , especially the Comanche . They did not distinguish between Mexicans and Americans in their raids . Austin created the first militia Rangers by hiring 10 men ; they were paid to fight Indians and protect the colonial settlements . Soon the colonists organized additional Ranger companies . After the Republic was created , this trend continued . Without the resources for a standing army , Texas created small ranger companies mounted on fast horses to pursue and fight Comanches on their own terms . Fort Parker raid ( edit ) Main article : Fort Parker massacre On May 19 , 1836 , a huge war party of Comanche , Kiowa , Witchita , and Delaware attacked the colonist outpost of Fort Parker . Completed in March 1834 , it had been regarded by the colonists as a strong - point , sufficient to protect them from any Native Americans not observing the peace treaties . Elder John Parker had negotiated with local Indians . Unfortunately for the immigrants , because these Native Americans were subject nations to the Comanche , the tribe did not feel bound to observe the peace . The killing of colonist militia at Fort Parker also resulted in the Comanche taking two women and three children as captives . The Parkers were well known , and the destruction of most of their clan produced shock throughout Texas . Comanche braves , c. 1867 -- 1874 . Survivors , especially James W. Parker , called for vengeance and help to recover the captives . This event took place near the close of the Texas Revolution and Texan victory at the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21 , 1836 . Most Texans were busy trying to return to what was left of their former homes , and dealing with their own losses , as well as skirmishes with the retreating Mexican army . The Republic of Texas era : 1836 -- 1845 ( edit ) Main article : Republic of Texas The Republic of Texas era with the Indians can be divided into three phases : the diplomacy of Houston during his first term , the hostility of Lamar , and the resumed diplomatic efforts of Houston 's second term . Sam Houston led the Republic to negotiate with the Comanche . They said they would stop raiding if they were given sufficient amounts of what they considered prerequisites for peaceful relations : gifts , trade , and regular face - to - face diplomacy . Houston , who enjoyed a good reputation among Indians , had married a mixed - race woman of Cherokee descent . He had lived in Indian Territory for years and learned about their cultures . He was willing to meet with the Comanche on their terms and believed , as a matter of policy , that it was worth it to buy a few thousand dollars worth of presents . The Republic could not support the huge cost of a standing army for defense , and it might not be able to defeat the assembled might of the entire Comanche - Kiowa alliance , especially if they received Mexican help . Texans were disturbed by accounts of the continued captivity of thousands of children and women , especially because of the stories by those rescued or ransomed . They made increased demands for the Republic to retaliate against the Comanche . Under Lamar , the Republic of Texas waged war on the Comanche , invaded Comancheria , burned villages , attacked and destroyed numerous war bands , but the effort bankrupted the fledgling Republic . More importantly , although the Texas forces succeeded in rescuing large numbers of hostages , thousands remained in captivity . Houston was elected to his second term in large part because of the failure of Lamar 's Indian policies . First Houston administration : 1836 -- 38 ( edit ) Houston 's first Presidency was focused on maintaining The Republic of Texas as an independent country . He had no resources to fight a full - scale war against the Plains Indians . Sam Houston had spent much of his childhood with the Cherokee Indians in Tennessee , among them the mixed - race , Scotch Irish - Cherokee chief Bowles . Chief Bowles was also known as Diwal'li or Di'wali , meaning bold hunter . `` Chief Bowles ( 1756 - 1839 ) '' , Legends of America Bowles later led a group of Cherokee who migrated into Texas , trying to escape from Indian Removal out of the Southeast United States . Houston supported the `` Solemn Declaration '' , which gave the Cherokee rights to the land in Texas on which they lived . He negotiated a treaty with the Cherokee and other tribes on February 23 , 1836 , in Chief `` General '' Bowles ' village . It was the first treaty made by the Republic of Texas . Sam Houston and John Forbes signed for the Texas government and Chief Bowles , Big Mush , Samuel Benge , Osoota , Corn Tassel , The Egg , John Bowles ( the Chief 's son ) and Tenuta signed for the Cherokee and allied tribes , including Shawnee , Delaware , Kickapoo , Quapaw , Biloxi , Ioni , Alabama , Coushatta , Caddo of Neches , Tahocullake , and Mataquo . The areas granted in the treaty included present - day Smith and Cherokee counties and parts of Van Zandt , Rusk and Gregg counties . The treaty stated that these lands could not be sold or leased to anyone who was not a member of the tribe , including Texas citizens . After the signing of this Treaty , Sam Houston presented Chief Bowles with a sword , a red silk vest , and a sash . One of Houston 's first acts as president of the republic was to send the treaty to be ratified by the Texas Senate . After the treaty stalled in the Senate for a year , lawmakers decided that it would be detrimental to the citizens of Texas , reportedly because settler David G. Burnet had already been granted a tract of land within what were defined as Cherokee treaty lands . The treaty was declared `` null and void '' on December 26 , 1837 . Throughout his presidency , Houston tried to restore the provisions of the treaty and asked General Thomas J. Rusk , commander of the Texas militia , to delineate the boundary . He was unsuccessful in this effort , and Houston could take no more action on the matter before his presidency ended . During Houston 's presidency , the Texas Rangers fought the Battle of Stone Houses against the Kichai on November 10 , 1837 ; they were outnumbered and defeated . Comanches of West Texas in war regalia , c. 1830 . The Indian problems of the first Houston administration were symbolized by the Córdova Rebellion . Evidence existed that a widespread conspiracy of Cherokee Indians and Mexicans had united to rebel against the new Republic of Texas , and rejoin Mexico . Houston refused to believe that his friends among the Cherokee were involved , and refused to order them arrested . He used them to neutralize the anti-Texans among the group , identifying the Mexican network and having its members killed . The Cordova Rebellion was an example of Houston 's ability to quash it without much bloodshed or wide unrest When Houston left office , the Texans were at peace with the Indians , but many captives were still held by the tribe 's bands . During Houston 's first presidency , the Texas Congress passed laws opening up all Indian lands to white settlement , and overrode Houston 's veto . The settlement frontier quickly moved north along the Brazos , Colorado , and Guadalupe rivers , into Comanche hunting ranges and the borders of Comancheria . Soon the Texan - Comanche relationship was turning violent . Houston made efforts to restore peace and the Comanches , alarmed at the vigor of Texan settlement , began to consider demanding a fixed boundary , contrary to their traditional notions about borders . However , Houston was forbidden by Texas law to yield any land claimed by the Republic . He still made peace with the Comanche in 1838 . Lamar presidential policy : 1838 -- 41 ( edit ) Mirabeau Bonaparte Lamar , second president of the Republic of Texas , was hostile toward the natives . Lamar 's cabinet boasted that it would remove Houston 's `` pet '' Indians . ( 9 ) In 1839 , Lamar announced his policy : `` The white man and the red man can not dwell in harmony together '' , he said , `` Nature forbids it . '' His answer to the ' Indian Problem ' was : `` to push a rigorous war against them ; pursuing them to their hiding places without mitigation or compassion , until they shall be made to feel that flight from our borders without hope of return , is preferable to the scourges of war . '' President Lamar was the first official of Texas to attempt `` removal '' , the deportation of Indian tribes to places beyond the reach of white settlers . As carried out , the policy was based on establishing a permanent Indian frontier , i.e. , a line beyond which the various `` removed '' tribes would be able to carry on their lives free from white settlement or attacks . Lamar became convinced that the Cherokee could not be allowed to stay in Texas after their part in the 1838 - 39 Córdova Rebellion ( and after some disaffected Cherokee carried out the 1838 Killough massacre ) . The Cherokee War and subsequent removal of the Cherokee from Texas began shortly after Lamar took office . Cherokee war : 1838 -- 39 ( edit ) Main article : Cherokee Lamar demanded that the Cherokee , who had been promised title to their land if they remained neutral during the Texas War of Independence , voluntarily relinquish their lands and all their property , and move to the Indian Territory of the United States . Houston , who had promised the Cherokee during the Córdova Rebellion that they would be given their promised titles , protested , but in vain . In May 1839 , Lamar 's administration learned of a letter in the possession of Manuel Flores , an agent of the Mexican Government , exposing plans by officials to enlist the Indians against the Texas settlers . Supported by popular opinion in the Republic , Lamar decided to expel the Cherokee Indians from East Texas . When they refused , he used force to compel their removal . Battle of Neches ( edit ) On July 12 , 1839 , the Militia sent a peace commission to negotiate for the Indians ' removal . The Cherokee reluctantly agreed to sign a treaty of removal that guaranteed to them the profit from their crops and the cost of the removal . During the next 48 hours the Cherokee insisted they would leave peacefully , but refused to sign the treaty because of a clause in the treaty that would require that they be escorted out of Texas under armed guard . On July 15 , 1839 , under orders from the Militia , the commissioners told the Indians that the Texans would march on their village immediately and that those willing to leave peacefully should fly a white flag . On July 15 and 16 of 1839 , a combined Militia force under General K.H. Douglass , Ed Burleson , Albert Sidney Johnston and David G. Burnet attacked the Cherokees , Delaware , and Shawnee under Cherokee Chief Bowles at the Battle of the Neches . The Indians attempted to resist at the village , and when that failed , tried to re-form , which also failed . Approximately 100 Indians were killed , including Chief Bowles , to only three Militia . When killed , Chief Bowles was carrying a sword given to him by Sam Houston . After the battle , the Cherokee fled to Arkansas , and East Texas was virtually free of organized communities of Indians , and their lands were given to American settlers . Lamar and the Plains tribes ( edit ) Lamar 's success in ethnically cleansing the Cherokee , a neutral tribe , from Texas emboldened him to do the same with the Plains tribes . Lamar needed an army to carry out his Indian policies , and he set out to build one , at great cost . But at independence , the best estimates were that the Republic had 30,000 Anglo - Americans and Hispanic residents . The Cherokee had less than 2,000 tribesmen in Texas , so removal of them was not a terrible drain on the Republic , especially since the `` Cherokee War '' was relatively brief and bloodless for Texas , though certainly not for the Cherokee . The Comanche and Kiowa however , had in the 1830s a population estimated between 20,000 and 30,000 . They were well supplied with high - quality firearms and had a large surplus of horses . In addition , by the 1830s the Comanche had established a large network of Indian allies and a vast trading network . The Republic had a militia but no standing army , and its tiny navy had been greatly decreased during Houston 's presidency . Lamar had neither the manpower nor the money to pursue his policy after the Cherokee War , but was not deterred . Lamar 's two - year term was marked by escalating violence between the Comanche and colonists . There were not enough Rangers to battle the Comanche at Palo Duro Canyon , for instance , where they could catch them during winter . At the end of 1839 however , some of the Comanche Peace Chiefs of the Penateka Band had come to believe that they could not drive the colonists completely from their homes as the tribe had the Apache . Cheyenne and Arapaho attacks along the northern border of Comanche territory coupled with huge losses in the two preceding generations in several smallpox epidemics had the Penateka Peace Chiefs convinced a treaty might be in their best interests . Additionally , they now realized the huge importance the captive Texans held by the Comanches , had in the Texan imagination . Thus , they reasoned great concessions could be gained from the Texans . Consequently , the Comanche offered , to meet with the Texans , in an effort to negotiate peace in return for a recognized boundary between the Republic and the Comancheria and the return of the hostages . The most notable Penateka War Chief , Potsʉnakwahipʉ ( `` Buffalo Hump '' ) disagreed with this decision , and did not trust Lamar or his representatives . None of the other 11 Bands of the Comanche were involved in the peace talks at all . The decision of Peace Chiefs from one band of the Comanche to negotiate , as well as the offer of returning of the hostages , appears to have convinced Lamar that the Comanche tribe was ready to surrender the hostages . However , the majority of past negotiations concerning the return of hostages were never honored by the Comanche who obtained concessions but did n't return the hostages or dragged out indefinitely the return of them . His Secretary of War issued instructions which make clear that Lamar expected the Comanche to act in good faith in returning the hostages , and to yield to his threats of force . To that end , Lamar 's Secretary of War , Albert Sidney Johnston , sent militia to San Antonio , with explicit instructions . Johnston , Secretary of War , wrote Lieutenant Colonel William S. Fisher , commanding the 1st Regiment of Infantry : `` Should the Comanche come in without bringing with them the Prisoners , as it is understood they have agreed to do , you will detain them . Some of their number will be dispatched as messengers to the tribe to inform them that those detained , will be held as hostages until the Prisoners are delivered up , then the hostages will be released . '' Council House slaughter ( edit ) Main article : Council House Fight Thirty - three Penateka chiefs and warriors , accompanied by 32 other Comanches , virtually all of whom were family members or retainers , arrived in San Antonio on March 19 , 1840 . None of the bands except the Penateka arrived at the meeting . However , they were the pre-eminent band and understood to be the primary leadership of the nation , and were expected to hold the ability of rounding up the hostages . When the Comanche representatives arrived at San Antonio in March 1840 , following instructions from the Lamar administration , Commissioners of the Texas government demanded the return of all captives held by the Penateka . In addition , Texas officials insisted that the Comanches abandon Central Texas , cease interfering with Texan settlements , cease conspiring with Mexicans , and avoid all white settlements . The prominent Penateka Peace Chief and medicine man Mukwooru ( `` Spirit Talker '' ) was in charge of the delegation . The Comanche chiefs at the meeting had brought along one white captive , and several Mexican children who had been captured separately . The white captive was Matilda Lockhart , a 16 - year - old girl who had been held prisoner for over a year and a half . Mary Maverick , who helped care for the girl , wrote almost 60 years after the event that Matilda Lockhart had been beaten and raped , and had suffered burns to her body . Allegedly , her face was severely disfigured , with her nose entirely burned away , a detail which has been commonly included in Texas history descriptions of the incident since the 1890s . Reports of abuse are , however , conspicuously missing in primary documents authored by eyewitnesses immediately after the event . Neither Col. Hugh McLeod mentioned any abuse in his report of March 20 , 1840 ( commenting on the intelligence of the girl , but nothing like a missing nose ) nor any other Texas officials at the time nor Matilda Lockhart 's own sister - in - law , who was in San Antonio , in a letter written to her own mother shortly after the release . Anderson writes : `` While published in the 1890s , this description has been used by historians to claim that the massacre came about as a result of the justifiable rage of Texas men . Yet none of the Texas officials claimed this to be the case at the time ; evidence of abuse is conspicuously missing in the primary documents . Maverick may have exaggerated Lockhart 's condition because of the growing criticism of Texas in the American and European press . The most significant source on Matilda 's condition is a brief statement made in a letter by her sister - in - law , Catherine Lockhart , who was in San Antonio . Catherine describes Matilda 's release but says nothing of abuse . '' . Asked about the more than a dozen abducted whites expected to be available for release , Matilda informed the Texians that she knew only about a Mrs. Webster and her two children ( who , unknown to her , had just made their escape ) and that the Comanche chiefs had decided to ransom them . The Texians believed this was against the conditions for the negotiations which they believed stated that all abducted whites had to be released before the council . The Comanche , of course , had a different view , since the chiefs and bands not in attendance were under no obligation to release anyone , as they had never agreed to anything . The talks were held at the council house , a one - story stone building adjoining the jail on the corner of Main Plaza and Calabosa ( Market ) Street . During the council , the Comanche warriors sat on the floor , as was their custom , while the Texans sat on chairs on a platform facing them . Lockhart had informed them that she had seen 15 other prisoners at the Comanche 's principal camp several days before . She maintained that the Indians had wanted to see how high a price they could get for her , and that they then planned to bring in the remaining captives one at a time . The Texians demanded to know where the other captives were . The Penateka spokesman , Chief Muguara , responded that the other prisoners were held by differing bands of Comanche . He assured the Texians that he felt the other captives would be able to be ransomed , but it would be in exchange for a great deal of supplies , including ammunition and blankets . He then finished his speech with the comment , `` how do you like that answer ? '' The Texian militia entered the courtroom and positioned themselves at intervals on the walls . When the Comanches would not , or could not , promise to return all captives immediately , the Texas officials said that chiefs would be held hostage until the white captives were released . The interpreter warned the Texian officials that if he delivered that message , the Comanches would attempt to escape by fighting . He was instructed to relay the warning and left the room as soon as he finished translating . After learning that they were being held hostage , the Comanches attempted to fight their way out of the room using arrows and knives . The Texian soldiers opened fire at point - blank range , killing both Indians and whites . The Comanche women and children waiting outdoors began firing their arrows after hearing the commotion inside . At least one Texian spectator was killed . When a small number of warriors managed to leave the council house , all of the Comanche began to flee . The soldiers who followed again opened fire , killing and wounding both Comanche and Texians . Armed citizens joined the battle , but , claiming they could not always differentiate between warriors and women and children , since all of the Comanche were fighting , shot at all the Comanche . According to Anderson , such `` confusion '' between Native American men and women was convenient to the Texians , who used it as an excuse to kill women and children . According to the report by Col. Hugh McLeod , written March 20 , 1840 , of the 65 members of the Comanches ' party , 35 were killed ( 30 adult males , three women , and two children ) , 29 were taken prisoner ( 27 women and children , and two old men ) , and one departed unobserved ( described as a renegade Mexican ) . Seven Texians died , including a judge , a sheriff , and an army lieutenant , with 10 more wounded . Aftermath of the Council House fight : the great raid and Plum Creek ( edit ) Main articles : Great Raid of 1840 and Battle of Plum Creek As revenge for the killing of 33 Comanche chiefs at the Council House Fight , all but three of the remaining captives held by the Indians were executed slowly by torture ; the three who were spared had been previously adopted into the tribe . Potsʉnakwahipʉ ( `` Buffalo Hump '' ) wished to exact further revenge and gathered his own warriors , and sent messengers to all the Bands of the Comanche , all the divisions of the Bands , and the Kiowa and Kiowa Apache . Possibly all the most important and renowned Comanche chiefs joined the raid : the Penateka Isaviah ( `` Yellow Wolf '' ) - Potsʉnakwahipʉ 's cousin and fellow - , the Kotsoteka Wulea - boo ( `` Shaved Head '' ) , if not Tawaquenah ( `` Big Eagle '' or `` Sun Eagle '' ) , the Nokoni Huupi - pahati ( `` Tall Tree '' ) and his second chief Quenaevah ( `` Eagle Drink '' or `` Drinking Eagle '' ) , the Quahadi Puhihwikwasu'u ( `` Iron Jacket '' ) , the Yamparika Pawʉʉrasʉmʉnunʉ ( `` Ten Bears '' ) , and many younger war chiefs as the Penateka Tosahwi ( `` White Knife '' , `` Silver Knife '' or `` Silver Brooch '' ) and the Nokoni Tʉhʉyakwahipʉ aka Kiyou ( `` Horseback '' ) . Gathering around 500 warriors and another 400 women and boys to provide comfort and do the work , Buffalo Hump took his gigantic war party and raided all the way from the Edwards Plateau to the sea . Burning and looting Victoria and Linnville , then the second biggest port in Texas , the Comanches gathered thousands of horses and mules , and a fortune in goods from the Linnville warehouses The population of Linnville prudently fled to the waters of the Gulf , where they watched helplessly while the Comanche looted the town and burned it . At Plum Creek , near Lockhart , Texas , the Rangers and Militia caught up to the Comanche . Several hundred Militia under Mathew Caldwell and Ed Burleson , plus all Ranger companies and their Tonkawa allies engaged the war party in a huge running gun battle , as the Comanche tried to safeguard their loot , and the Militia tried to destroy the Indians . Ironically , again according to military historians , the same thing , greed , that had driven the Comanche into being the preeminent warriors of the plains , now made them vulnerable . The Rangers and Militia overran the Comanche guarding their loot and eventually in a running gun - fight recovered several dozen captives held by the Comanche and eventually recovered mules with several hundred thousand dollars in bullion on them . The remainder of the Lamar Presidency was spent in daring but exhausting round of raids and rescue attempts , managing to recover several dozen more captives . Buffalo Hump continued his war against the Texans , and Lamar hoped for another pitched battle to use his Rangers and Militia to remove the Plains tribes . The Comanche , however , had learned from Plum Creek , and had no intention of ever massing again for the Militia to use cannon and massed rifle fire on . Lamar spent an incredible 2.5 million dollars against the Comanche in 1840 alone -- more than the entire revenue of the Republic during Lamar 's two - year term . The second Houston presidency : 1841 -- 44 ( edit ) When Sam Houston left the presidency of Texas the first time , the population seemed to support Lamar 's strong anti-Indian policies . After the Great Raid and hundreds of lesser raids , with the Republic bankrupt , and all of the captives either recovered or murdered by the Indians , Texans turned away from continuation of war and toward more diplomatic initiatives by electing Houston to his second presidency . Houston 's Indian policy was to disband the vast majority of the regular Army troops , but muster four new companies of Rangers to patrol the frontier . Houston ordered the Rangers to protect the Indian lands from encroachment by settlers and illegal traders . Houston wanted to do away with the cycle of rage and revenge that had spiraled out of control under Lamar . Under Houston 's policies , Texas Rangers were authorized to punish severely any infractions by the Indians , but they were never to initiate such conflict . When depredations occurred to either side , the troops were ordered to find and punish the actual perpetrators , rather than retaliating against innocent Indians simply because they were Indians . Houston set out to negotiate with the Indians . The Caddos were the first to respond , and in August 1842 , a treaty was reached . Houston then expanded it to all tribes except the Comanche , who still wanted permanent war . In March 1843 , Houston reached agreement with the Delaware , Wichitas , and other tribes . At that point , Buffalo Hump , who trusted Houston , began to talk . In August 1843 , a temporary treaty accord led to a ceasefire between the Comanches and their allies , and the Texans . In October 1843 , the Comanches agreed to meet with Houston to try to negotiate a treaty similar to the one just concluded at Fort Bird . ( That this included Potsʉnakwahipʉ `` Buffalo Hump '' , after the events at the Council House , showed extraordinary Comanche belief in Houston ) In early 1844 , Buffalo Hump and other Comanche leaders , including Santa Anna and Old Owl , signed a treaty at Tehuacana Creek in which they agreed to surrender white captives in total , and to cease raiding Texan settlements . In exchange for this , the Texans would cease military action against the tribe , establish more trading posts , and recognize the boundary between Texas and Comanchería . Comanche allies , including the Waco , Tawakoni , Kiowa , Kiowa Apache , and Wichita , also agreed to join in the treaty . By the end of his second term as President , Houston had spent less than $250,000 , but brought peace to the frontier , and a treaty between the Comanches and their allies , and the Republic awaited only the United States legislature 's ratification for statehood . The Jones presidency : 1845 to the end of the Republic ( edit ) The remaining period of the Republic of Texas under President Anson Jones , had the government follow Houston 's policies , with the exception that Jones , like most Texas politicians , did not wish to put a boundary on the Comancheria , thus he supported those in the Legislature who derailed that provision of the treaty . End of the Republic , beginning of the United States in Texas : 1845 -- 1861 ( edit ) Main article : History of Texas ( 1845 -- 60 ) After the Texas Senate removed the boundary provision from the final version of the treaty , Buffalo Hump repudiated it and hostilities resumed . That was one of the last acts of the Senate , as Texas agreed to annexation by the United States . On February 28 , 1845 , the U.S. Congress passed a bill that would authorize the United States to annex the Republic of Texas . Texas ) became a U.S. state on the same day annexation took effect , December 29 , 1845 . One of the primary motivations for annexation on the Republic of Texas side was that the Republic had incurred huge debts which the United States agreed to assume upon annexation . In 1852 , in return for this assumption of debt , a large portion of Texas - claimed territory , now parts of Colorado , Kansas , Oklahoma , New Mexico , and Wyoming , was ceded to the Federal government . The entry of the Republic into the United States marked the beginning of the end for the Plains Indians . The United States had the resources and manpower to realistically apply a policy of `` removal , '' and they did so . Finally , in May 1846 Buffalo Hump became convinced that even he could not continue to defy the massed might of the United States , and the State of Texas , so he led the Comanche delegation to the treaty talks at Council Springs that signed a treaty with the United States . As war chief of the Penatucka Comanches , Buffalo Hump dealt peacefully with American officials throughout the late 1840s and 1850s . He negotiated a non-government peace treaty with John O. Meusebach in 1847 . In 1849 he guided John S. Ford 's expedition part of the way from San Antonio to El Paso , and in 1856 he sadly and finally led his people to the newly established Comanche reservation on the Brazos River . Continuous raids from white horse thieves and squatters , coupled with his band 's unhappiness over their lack of freedom and the poor food provided on the reservation , forced Buffalo Hump to move his band off the reservation in 1858 . Murder of Robert Neighbors ( edit ) During this period , when settlers began to actually attack the Indians on the reservations established in Texas , federal Indian Agent in Charge Robert Neighbors became hated among white Texans . Neighbors alleged that the United States Army officers located at the posts of Fort Belknap and Camp Cooper , near the reservations , failed to give adequate support to his resident agents and him , and adequate protection to the Indians . In spite of continuous threats of various people to take his life , Neighbors never faltered in his determination to do his duty , and carry out the law to protect the Indians . With the aid of federal troops , whom he finally shamed and politically forced to assist him , he managed to hold back the white people from the reservations . Convinced , however , that the Indians would never be safe in Texas , he determined to move them to safety in the Indian territories . In August 1859 , he succeeded in moving the Indians without loss of life to a new reservation in Indian Territory . Forced to return to Texas on business , he stopped at the village near Fort Belknap . On September 14 , 1859 , while he was speaking with one settler , a man named Edward Cornett shot him in the back while he was talking to the first man , and killed him . Historians believe his assassination was a direct result of his actions protecting the Comanche . Neighbors probably did not even know his assassin . He was buried in the civilian cemetery at Fort Belknap . The Antelope Hills campaign and Little Robe Creek : 1858 ( edit ) Main article : Antelope Hills Expedition The years 1856 -- 58 were particularly vicious and bloody on the Texas frontier as settlers continued to expand their settlements into the Comanche homeland , the Comancheria , and 1858 was marked by the first Texan incursion into the heart of the Comancheria , the so - called Antelope Hills campaign , marked by the Battle of Little Robe Creek . This battle signaled the beginning of the end of the Comanche as a viable people , as they were attacked in the heart of their domain , in force . Valuable Indian hunting grounds were plowed under , and grazing range for the Comanche horse herds lost . The Comanche realized their homeland of the Comancheria was increasingly encroached on by Texas settlers , and incidents such as the attack on Potsʉnakwahipʉ `` Buffalo Hump '' 's camp showed the Comanches off the reservation they could expect no protection on it -- and they struck back with a series of ferocious and bloody raids into Texas . By 1858 , only five of the twelve Comanche bands still existed , and one , the Penateka , had dwindled to only a few hundred on the reservation . Realizing their way of life was disappearing , the remaining free Comanche struck back with incredible violence . The U.S. Army proved wholly unable to stem the violence . Federal units were being transferred out of the area for reasons that seemed driven more by political than military considerations . At the same time , federal law and numerous treaties forbade incursion by state forces into the federally protected Indian Territories . The U.S. Army was likewise instructed not to attack Indians in the Indian Territories or to permit such attacks . The reasoning behind the order was that many native tribes , such as the Cherokee , were engaged in farming , and living as peaceful settlers . Other tribes , such as the Comanche and Kiowa , continued to use that part of the Indian Territories that was the Comancheria to live in while raiding white settlements in Texas . The relationship between the federal government , Texas and the native tribes was further complicated by a unique legal issue which arose as a result of Texas ' annexation . The federal government is charged by the U.S. Constitution to be in charge of Indian affairs and took over that role in Texas after it became a state in 1846 . But under the terms of Texas ' accession to the Union , the new state retained control of its public lands . In all other new states , Washington controlled both public lands and Indian affairs and so could make treaties guaranteeing reservations for various groups . In Texas , however , the federal government could not do this . Texas adamantly refused to contribute public land for Indian reservations within the boundaries of Texas , meanwhile expecting the federal government to be responsible for the cost and details of Indian affairs . Since federal Indian agents in Texas knew that Indian land rights were the key to peace on the frontier , no peace could be possible with the uncooperative attitude of Texas officials on the question of Indian homelands . Campaign in the Antelope Hills : Texans invade the Comancheria , 1858 ( edit ) The loss of the 2nd Cavalry in Texas was a particularly bitter blow to colonists . Texas Governor Hardin Runnels had campaigned for office in 1856 on a platform to put an end to the raids . He publicly expressed astonishment and rage when the 2nd Cavalry was transferred to Utah , and ultimately disbanded altogether . Runnels determined to reestablish disbanded Ranger battalions which had been reduced after Texas ' annexation by the United States . On January 27 , 1858 , Runnels appointed John Salmon `` Rip '' Ford , a veteran Ranger of the Mexican -- American War and frontier Indian fighter , as captain and commander of the Texas Ranger , Militia , and Allied Indian Forces , and ordered him to carry the battle to the Comanches in the heart of their homeland on the Comancheria . Capt . John `` Rip '' Ford was made captain and commander of the Texas Ranger , Militia , and Allied Indian Forces Ford was known as a ferocious and brutal Indian fighter . Ford had no trouble ordering the slaughter of villages which resulted in the wholesale slaughter of any Indian , man or woman , he could find . Ford 's reason for this was simple : Comanche raids were brutal in their treatment of colonists . Thus , Ford determined to meet brutal raiding with his own greater wholesale slaughter . Runnels issued very explicit orders to Ford , `` I impress upon you the necessity of action and energy . Follow any trail and all trails of hostile or suspected hostile Indians you may discover and if possible , overtake and chastise them if unfriendly . On March 19 , 1858 , Ford went to the Brazos Reservation , near what today is the city of Fort Worth , Texas , and recruited the Tonkawa into his forces . Ford and Tonkawa Chief Placido , were determined to follow the Comanche and Kiowa up to their strongholds amid the hills of the Canadian river , and into the Wichita Mountains , and if possible , `` kill their warriors , decimate their food supply , strike at their homes and families and generally destroy their ability to make war . '' In April 1858 , Ford established Camp Runnells near what used to be the town of Belknap . Ford , still operating under Runnell 's explicits orders to `` follow any and all trails of hostile and suspected hostile Indians , inflict the most severe and summary punishment , '' and to `` allow no interference from any source . '' ( That source was interpreted to mean the United States , whose Army and Indian Agents might try to enforce federal treaties and federal statutory law against trespassing on the Indian territories in Oklahoma ) . On April 15 , Ford 's Rangers , accompanied by Tonkawa warriors , and Anadarko and Shawnee scouts from the Brazos Reservation in Texas , crossed the Red River into Indian Territory . The force then advanced into the portion of the Comancheria in the Indian Territories in Oklahoma . Ford led his men across the Red River , into the Indian Territory , violating federal laws and numerous treaties , but stating later that his job was to `` find and fight Indians , not to learn geography . '' Attack on Iron Jacket 's camp at Little Robe Creek ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Little Robe Creek At sunrise on May 12 , 1858 . Ford and his joint force of Rangers and Tonkawa began an all - day battle with an attack on a Comanche village . The Battle of Little Robe Creek was actually three distinct engagements over the course of a single day . The first was the attack on the first village discovered by the scouts of the Ranger force . The second was a follow - up attack on the larger village ( 70 tents ) of chief Puhihwikwasu'u ( `` Iron Jacket '' ) , somewhat farther up the Canadian River . Puhihwikwasu'u ( `` Iron Jacket '' ) was killed in this exchange , and the remainder of his village was saved by the intervention of his son , and Quahadi war chief , Peta Nocona ( `` Lone Wanderer '' ) with a third force of Comanche who arrived to engage Ford while all the villages along the Canadian made a swift withdrawal . Peta Nocona knew that his warriors were no match for the Rangers in an even exchange of gunfire , and had no intention of engaging in such an exchange . He used every trick available to him , including attempting to lure the Rangers and Tonkawas into individual duels , to delay the enemy so the villages upriver would be able to withdraw safely . In this , he was successful . Potsʉnakwahipʉ ( `` Buffalo Hump '' ) and his Penateka , encamped not many miles far , were not involved in the battle . The Battle of Little Robe Creek was notable in that the Texan forces first invaded the United States in violation of federal law and numerous Indian Treaties , attacked villages without warning , and allowed their allied Indians , the Tonkawa , to eat some of the Comanche killed in battle . Attack on Buffalo Hump 's camp in the Wichita Mountains ( edit ) On October 1 , 1858 , while camped in the Wichita Mountains with the Kotsoteka band under Quohohateme , the Yambarika band under Hotoyokowat , and probably the Nokoni band under Quenaevah , the remains of the once mighty Penateka Band , under Potsʉnakwahipʉ ( `` Buffalo Hump '' ) , were attacked by United States troops under the command of Maj . Earl Van Dorn . Allegedly not aware that Potsʉnakwahipʉ ( `` Buffalo Hump '' ) 's band had recently signed a formal peace treaty with the United States at Fort Arbuckle , Van Dorn and his men killed eighty of the Comanches . This attack on a peaceful camp , housing only Indians who had signed a peace treaty with the United States , was , nonetheless , reported by Van Dorn as a `` battle '' with the Comanche , and to this day is chronicled by some historians as the `` Battle of Wichita Mountains . '' Nonetheless , despite this , an aged and weary Potsʉnakwahipʉ ( `` Buffalo Hump '' ) led and settled his remaining followers on the Kiowa - Comanche reservation near Fort Cobb in Indian Territory in Oklahoma . There , in spite of his reported enormous sadness at the end of the Comanches ' traditional way of life , he asked for a house and farmland so that he could set an example for his people . Attempting to live out his life as a rancher and farmer , he died in 1870 . Aftermath of Little Robe Creek : 1858 -- 60 ( edit ) The Battle of Little Robe Creek epitomized Texas Indian fighting in its attitude towards women and children casualties . Ford , accused of killing women and children in every battle he fought against the Plains Indians , shrugged it off by stating it was hard to distinguish `` warriors from squaws '' -- but morbid jokes of Ford 's made clear he did not care about the age or sex of his victims . Ford considered the deaths of settlers , including women and children , during Indian raids , to open the door to make all Indians , regardless of age or sex , combatants . The Tonkawa warriors with the Rangers celebrated the victory by decorating their horses with the bloody hands and feet of their Comanche victims as trophies . `` The Rangers noted most of their dead foes were missing various body parts , and the Tonkawa had bloody containers , portending a dreadful victory feast that evening . '' . '' The coat of mail worn by old Iron Jacket covered his dead body `` like shingles on a roof . '' The Rangers cut up the mail and divided the pieces as trophies . The attacks in the Antelope Hills showed that the Comanche no longer were able to assure the safety of their villages in the heart of the Comancheria Reward for the Tonkawa for their alliance with Texans at Little Robe Creek ( edit ) Other Indians never forgot the Tonkawa 's allying with Texan colonists . Despite pleas from the aging Placido to protect his people from their enemies , the Tonkawa were moved from their reservation on the Brazos , and put on a reservation in Oklahoma with the Delaware , Shawnee and Caddo tribes . In 1862 , warriors from these tribes united to attack the Tonkawas. 133 out of the remaining 309 Tonkawas were killed in the massacre . Included in the dead was the elderly Placido . Today less than 15 families of Tonkawa remain on their reservation in Oklahoma . Battle of Pease River , recapture of Cynthia Ann Parker : 1860 ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Pease River There are two distinctly different stories about what happened on Mule Creek on December 18 , 1860 , near the town of Margaret , Texas in Foard County , Texas . The official version is that Sul Ross and his forces managed to catch the Quahadi Band of the Comanche by surprise , and wiped them out , including their leader , Peta Nocona . According to Quanah Parker , however , his father ( Peta Nocona ) was not present that day , and the Comanches killed were virtually all women and children in a buffalo hide drying and meat curing camp . In any event , all parties agree that at sunrise on December 18 , 1860 , Rangers and Militia under Sul Ross found and surprised a group of Comanche camped on Mule Creek , a tributary of the Pease River . Almost all ( including a gallant warrior who was n't Peta Nocona , but his loyal Nobah , who died trying to protect his chief 's wife - Naduah - and daughter - Topsannah - ) were killed except one woman , who , being recognized as a white woman , was allowed to live . She was later discovered to be Cynthia Ann Parker . The only other known survivors were a 10 - year - old boy saved by Sul Ross , and Cynthia Parker 's infant daughter , `` Prairie Flower . '' Cynthia Ann Parker was returned to her white family , who watched her very closely to prevent her from returning to her husband and children . After her daughter died from influenza , she starved herself to death when her guardians would not allow her to return to the Comanche to attempt to find her lost sons . The Civil war years on the Plains : delay of the conquest : 1861 -- 1865 ( edit ) The Civil War brought incredible bloodshed and chaos to the plains . As the cavalry left Indian Territory for other battles , and many Rangers enlisted in the Confederate Army , the Comanche and other Plains tribes began to push back settlement from the Comancheria . The frontier was eventually pushed back over 100 miles ( 160 km ) , and the Texas plains were riddled with abandoned and burned out farms and settlements . The Indian population was not high enough , however , to restore control over all of the Comancheria . The Elm Creek raid ( edit ) In the late fall of 1864 in Young County , Texas , a war party of between 500 and 1,000 Comanche and Kiowa headed by Kotsoteka chief Kuhtsu - tiesuat ( `` Little Buffalo '' ) raided the middle Brazos River country , destroying 11 farms along the Elm Creek , stealing virtually every cow , horse , and mule in the area , and besieging the citizen stronghold of Fort Murrah . The home - guard managed to hold the fort , and , after Kuhtsu - tiesuat 's death in the fight , the war party returned north with 10 women and children captives . Black scout Britt Johnson , whose wife was among the stolen women , went out to look for the prisoners and managed to rescue all of them , with the aid of the friendly Penateka chief Asa - havey ( who , after this , became a specialist in this job ) . First battle of Adobe Walls ( edit ) Main article : First Battle of Adobe Walls The first battle of Adobe Walls occurred on November 26 , 1864 , in the vicinity of Adobe Walls , the ruins of William Bent 's abandoned adobe trading post and saloon near the Canadian River in Hutchinson County , Texas . The battle was one of the largest engagements in terms of numbers engaged between whites and Indians on the Great Plains . It came about because Gen. James H. Carleton , commander of the military Department of New Mexico , decided to punish Comanche and Kiowa attacks on Santa Fe wagon trains . The Indians saw the wagon - trains as trespassers who killed buffalo and other game the Indians needed to survive . Col. Christopher ( Kit ) Carson , was given command of the First Cavalry , New Mexico Volunteers , and told to proceed and campaign against the winter campgrounds of the Comanches and Kiowas . The campgrounds in question were reported to be somewhere on the south side of the Canadian River . On November 10 , 1864 Carson started from Fort Bascom with 335 cavalry , and seventy - five Ute and Jicarilla Apache scouts . Those Carson had recruited from Lucien Maxwell 's ranch near Cimarron , New Mexico . On November 12 , 1864 , Carson 's force , supplied with two mountain howitzers under the command of Lt. George H. Pettis , twenty - seven wagons , an ambulance , and forty - five days ' rations , proceeded down the Canadian River into the Texas Panhandle . Carson had decided to march first to Adobe Walls , which he was familiar with from his employment there by Bent over 20 years earlier . Inclement weather , including an early snow storm , caused slow progress , and on November 25 , 1864 , the First Cavalry reached Mule Springs , in Moore County , approximately 30 miles west of Adobe Walls . Scouts reported the presence of a large Indian encampment at Adobe Walls , and Carson ordered his cavalry forward , to be followed by the wagons and howitzers . Approximately two hours after daybreak on November 26 , 1864 , Carson 's cavalry attacked a Kiowa village of 150 lodges . The Chief , Dohäsan , and his people fled , passing the alarm to allied Comanche villages nearby , while Guipago , young war chief and nephew to Dohasan himself , managed to restrain the enemy . Marching forward to Adobe Walls , Carson dug in there about 10am. , using one corner of the ruins for a hospital . Carson discovered to his dismay that there were numerous villages in the area , including one very large Comanche village , with a total of between 3 -- 5,000 Indians , far more opposition than Carson had anticipated . The Kiowa led the first attack , by Dohäsan assisted by Satank ( Sitting Bear ) , Guipago ( Lone Wolf ) , Set - imkia ( Stumbling Bear ) and Satanta ( White Bear ) ; Guipago led the warriors to the first counterattack to protect the fleeing women and children ; reportedly Satanta was said to have sounded bugle calls back to Carson 's bugler , confusing his signals . Beginning to run low on supplies , Carson ordered his forces to withdraw in the afternoon . The angry Indians tried to block his retreat by firing the grass and brush down near the river . Carson however set back fires and retreated to higher ground , where the twin howitzers continued to hold off the Indians . When twilight came , Carson ordered part of his scouts to burn the lodges of the first village . The Kiowa - Apache chief , Iron Shirt , was killed when he refused to leave his tepee . The army declared Carson 's mission a victory , despite his having been driven from the field . Battle of Dove Creek ( edit ) On January 18 , 1865 a force of Confederate Texans attacked a peaceful tribe of Kickapoos at Battle of Dove Creek , Tom Green County , and were soundly defeated . The final years of the Plains tribes : 1865 -- 1875 ( edit ) See full article in Comanche Campaign Indian attacks on cowboys ( edit ) After the Civil War , Texas ' growing cattle industry managed to regain much of its economy . Beef became a particular commodity after the war , and supplies from Texas were shipped to other states for a great price . Texas Longhorns were the ones sought after , and the state 's open range became their new habitat and breeding ground . Hundreds of ranchers and farms sprang out by the end of the war , and veterans and former slaves were hired as cowboys to protect cattle . However , exporting the cattle was a dangerous task for the new ranches . The best routes to drive the cattle run straight through the Comanche territory . Relationships between them were mutual ; cowboys are permitted to go across as long as they pay the toll . However , in times of conflicts or when food are scarce , Indians would attack cowboys and their cattle if ever seen in their land . One dire case happened to a black cowboy named Britton Johnson in 1864 . His ranch was raided upon by a band of Comanches , who killed his son and kidnapped his wife and daughter . Although Johnson managed to negotiate with them for his family , the Comanches never left him alone . A band of 25 warriors attacked Johnson again with two of his cowboys during a routine cattle drive . Although they put up a fight , all of them perished during their last stand . Another well - documented attack happened in the Spring of 1867 . Ranchers Charles Goodnight and Oliver Loving , together with their cowboys , attempted to drive their livestock around Comancheria in the trail now known as the Goodnight -- Loving Trail . During the journey , Loving had to separate from the group to scout ahead . This proved to be fatal as Loving and his ranch hand were soon attacked by 200 armed Comanche warriors patrolling the border . Loving made his last stand in the Pecos River to allow his cowboy to get help . Although Loving managed to escape the onslaught , he was mortally wounded and died soon after . Goodnight on the other hand , also had to face raids along the way , once being wounded during an attack together with another fellow cowboy . These attacks affected the booming Texas economy . By the end of the 1860s , the Comanches had driven much of the livestock businesses out of West Texas . Battle of Antelope Hills ( edit ) On December 19 , 1868 a large Comanche and Kiowa band faced a company of 10 Cavalry ( maj . M.H. Kidd ) on the way from Fort Arbuckle to Fort Cobb . On December 25 , six companies of the 6 Cavalry and one company of 37 Infantry ( maj . A.W. Evans ) , on the way from Fort Bascom ( New Mexico ) to the Antelope Hills , came on the Nokoni village ( about 60 tipis ) of Tʉhʉyakwahipʉ aka Kiyou ( `` Horseback '' ) and Tahka ( `` Arrowpoint '' ) , where Yamparika chief Howea ( `` Gap - in - the - Wood '' ) was as a visitor ; Kiyou , the peaceful civil chief , was not in the camp , and Tahka 's blood was still boiling after the Washita massacre . Seeing the soldiers arriving , Tahka , the war chief , led the Comanche warriors in a charge , but he was killed and the village and the stoks went destroyed . Kiowa warriors led by Manyi - ten came to take part in the fight ; only one soldier was killed . In December 1868 , exhausted after lack of food and freezing weather , the Nokoni went to Fort Cobb and there surrendered . The Warren wagon train ( edit ) Henry Warren was contracted to haul supplies to forts in the west of Texas , including Fort Richardson , Fort Griffin , and Fort Concho . On May 18 , 1871 , travelling down the Jacksboro - Belknap road heading towards Salt Creek Crossing , the supplies wagon train encountered Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman , but , less than an hour later , the teamsters spotted a rather large group of riders ahead . Hidden in a thicket of scrub in the Salt Creek Prairie , the Kiowa had observed , without attacking , the slow approach of General Sherman 's inspection retinue . The previous night , Mamanti ( `` He Walking - above '' ) , the powerful shaman rival of Tene - angopte 's friend Napawat ( `` No Mocassins '' ) , had prophesied that this small party would be followed by a larger one with more plunder for the taking . Three hours later the 10 mule - drawn wagons filled with army corn and fodder came to the spot : in front of the charging warriors , the corn train quickly shifted into a ring formation , and all the mules were put into the center of the ring , but the defenders were overwhelmed and the warriors destroyed the corn supplies , killing and mutilating seven of the wagoneer 's bodies . The Kiowa warriors lost three of their own , but left with 40 mules heavily laden with supplies . Five white men managed to escape , one of which was Thomas Brazeale who reached Fort Richardson on foot , some 20 miles away . As soon as Col. Ranald S. Mackenzie learned of the incident , he informed Sherman . Sherman and Mackenzie searched for the warriors responsible for the raid . The ambush had been planned by a large band of Kiowa warriors under the leadership of Satanta , Ado - ete ( `` Big Tree '' ) , Satank , and Mamanti ( `` He Walking - above '' ) , and several other chiefs took part in it , as did Zepko - ete ( `` Big Bow '' ) , Tsen - tainte ( `` White Horse '' ) , Guatotente ( `` Eagle Heart '' ) , Gui - guako ( `` Yellow Wolf '' ) , Set - maunte ( `` Fast Bear '' ) , and , perhaps , Guipago himself . First Indian leaders tried in state court ( edit ) Back to the agency , Satanta boasted his deed , citing as involved Satank and Ado - ete too , and General Sherman ordered their capture . In the end , notwithstanding the intervention of Guipago , with loaded rifles and guns and well ready to fight , they were arrested at Fort Sill , and Sherman ordered their trial , making them the first Native American Leaders to be tried for raids in a US court . Sherman ordered the three Kiowa chiefs taken to Jacksboro , Texas , to stand trial for murder . Satank attempted escape and was killed while traveling to Fort Richardson for trial : he began singing his death song , and managed to wrestle a rifle from one of his guards , and was shot to death before he could manage to fire . His body lay unburied in the road , with his people afraid to claim it , though Col. Ranald S. Mackenzie assured the family they could safely claim Satank 's remains . When General Sherman decided to send the Kiowa war chiefs to Jacksboro for trial , he wanted an example made . What he did not want , and what happened , was that the trial became a circus . First , the two attorneys appointed to represent the two Kiowa actually represented them , instead of participating in the kind of civics lesson which the Army had wanted . Their trial strategy of arguing that the two Chiefs were simply fighting a war for their people 's survival attracted worldwide attention , and galvanized opposition to the entire process . Moreover , the Bureau of Indian Affairs also opted to oppose the entire process , and also argued that the two chiefs were not subject to civilian jurisdiction since their people were at war with the United States . Nor were the Indians apologetic . At his trail Satanta warned what might happen if he was hanged : `` I am a great chief among my people . If you kill me , it will be like a spark on the prairie . It will make a big fire -- a terrible fire ! '' Satanta was found guilty of murder and sentenced to death , as was Big Tree ; but Edmund Davis , the Governor of Texas , under enormous pressure from leaders of the so - called Quaker Peace Policy , decided to overrule the court and the punishment for both was changed to life imprisonment . Satanta and Big Tree were convicted of murder on 5 -- 6 July in Jack County , Texas . Thanks to the stubborn behaviour of Guipago , who forced the U.S. Government to agree seriously threatening a new bloody war , Satanta and Big Tree were freed after two years of imprisonment at the Huntsville State Penitentiary in Texas . Attack on Mow - way 's camp on mclellan Creek and battle of the North Fork of the Red River ( edit ) Main article : Battle of the North Fork of the Red River In 1872 the so - called Quaker Peace Policy had partly failed . It had reduced battles between tribes and the US military greatly , but not entirely . Legally it was still law , so troops out of Fort Sill could not officially be deployed against the Comanche . However , some army officers were eager to attack the Comanche in the heart of the Comancheria , on the Staked Plains , and in July 1872 , did so . A captured comanchero , Edwardo Ortiz , had told the army that the Comanches were on their winter hunting grounds along the Red River on the Staked Plains . Gen. Christopher C. Augur , commander of the Department of Texas sent a detachment from Fort Concho , Texas , under Capt . Napoleon Bonaparte McLaughlin on a two - month reconnaissance patrol in the spring of 1872 . He returned to the fort , confirming that the main force of the Comanches were in camps on the Staked Plains . Ortiz further claimed that army columns could successfully maneuver in that country . General Augur then summoned Colonel Ranald Mackenzie to San Antonio where they held a strategy meeting . Out of this meeting , the army developed a campaign against the Comanche in their strongholds in the Staked Plains . On September 28 , 1872 , near McClellan Creek , in Gray County , Texas , United States , the 4th U.S. Cavalry under Colonel Ranald Mackenzie , attacked a village of Kotsoteka Comanche Indians under subchief Kai - Wotche , being not in the famed Kotsoteka chief Mow - way ( `` Shaking Hand '' ) . The `` battle '' was really an unexpected storm on the village with the easy killing of 23 men , women , and children and the capture of 120 or 130 women and children and more than 1.000 horses , as the Army managed to catch the camp totally by surprise . Most of the village 's inhabitants were captured , but the coming , from a nearby camp , of the Quahadi Comanche Indians warriors led by Parra - ocoom ( `` Bull Bear '' ) , Kobay - oburra ( `` Wild Horse '' ) and Quanah induced the soldiers to quickly retreat . The day after , September 29 , the Kotsoteka and Quahadi warriors attacked the military encampment , getting back the horses but not their women and children , so the Comanche prisoners were kept under guard and were transferred to Fort Concho , where they were kept prisoner through the winter . Mackenzie used the captives as a bargaining tool to force the off - reservation Indians back to the reservation , and to force them to free white captives . Mackenzie 's stratagem worked , for shortly after the battle Mow - way and Parra - ocoom moved their bands to the vicinity of the Wichita Agency . The Nokoni chief , Tʉhʉyakwahipʉ aka Kiyou ( `` Horseback '' ) , who himself had family members among the Indian prisoners , took the initiative in persuading the Comanches to trade stolen livestock and white captives , including Clinton Smith , in exchange for their own women and children . This marked the first time the United States had successfully attacked the Comanches in the heart of the Comancheria , and showed that the Staked Plains were no longer a safe haven . Further , this battle emphasized if the army wished to force the wild Comanches onto reservations , the way to do it was destroy their villages and leave them unable to survive off reservation . Mackenzie 's tactics were such a success that Sherman empowered him to use them further during the Red River War of 1874 . His attack on the village at Palo Duro Canyon , and his destruction of the Comanche horse herd at Tule Canyon , both in 1874 , mirrored this battle in their entirety . The Red River war ( edit ) Main article : Red River War A Kiowa ledger drawing depicting a battle between Southern Plains Indians and the U.S. Army during the Red River War . In history books , the Red River War officially began on July 20 , 1874 . On that day , General Sherman telegraphed General Philip Sheridan to begin an offensive against the Kiowa and Comanches on the plains of West Texas and Oklahoma , and either kill them or drive them to reservations . The army essentially adopted Mackenzie 's tactics of the 1872 campaign at North Fork in their entirety -- attack the Comanche in their winter strongholds , and destroy their villages and ability to live independently off the reservation . During the summer of 1874 , the United States , through the army , launched a campaign to remove the Comanche , Kiowa , Kiowa Apache , the Southern band of the Cheyenne , and Arapaho Indian tribes from the Southern Plains . This campaign was meant to enforce their removal to reservations in Indian Territory . The campaigns of 1874 were unlike any prior attempts by the Army to pacify this region of the frontier . The `` Red River War , '' as it was called , led to the end of the culture and way of life for the Southern Plains tribes and brought an end to the Plains tribes , as a people . The campaign of the Red River War was fought during a time when buffalo hunters were hunting the great American Bison nearly to extinction . Both the Bison and the people who lived off it nearly became extinct at the same time There were perhaps 20 engagements between army units and the Plains Indians during the Red River War . The well - equipped and well - supplied army simply kept the Indians running , and in the end , they simply ran out of food , ammunition , and the ability to fight any longer. ( 10 ) The second battle of Adobe Walls ( edit ) Main article : Second Battle of Adobe Walls The Second Battle of Adobe Walls came during the Red River War , as the Plains tribes realized , with increasing desperation , that the Buffalo Hunters were killing off their food supply , and the very means of survival for their people . A combined force of Comanche , Kiowa , Cheyenne , and other Plains tribes raised almost 700 warriors - led by Comanche chiefs Quanah , Isa - tai ( `` Coyote Shit '' ) , Kobay - oburra ( `` Wild Horse '' ) ( Parra - ocoom , sick because of pneumonia , could n't join the party ) , Mow - way , Pearua - akupakup ( `` Big Red Meat '' ) , Tabananika ( `` Sound - of - the - Sunrise '' ) , Isa - rosa ( `` White Wolf '' ) , Isa - habit ( `` Wolf Lying - down '' ) , Hitetetsi ( `` Little Crow '' ) , Isa - nanica ( `` He Hearing - a-Wolf '' ) , and Kiowa chiefs Guipago , Satanta and Tsen - tainte - and made an attempt to attack the Buffalo Hunters encamped at the old ruins at Adobe Walls . On June 27 , 1874 , the allied Indian force attacked the 28 hunters and one woman encamped at Adobe Walls . Had the defenders been asleep , as the attackers hoped , they would have been overrun at once , and all killed . Had the attackers followed Quanah Parker 's plan to simply accept losses and rush the buildings , the defenders would again , have been overrun . But the defenders were awake , and their long - range buffalo guns rendered the attack useless . Billy Dixon made perhaps the most famous rifle shot in the old west when he killed an Indian sitting on a bluff a mile away from the buildings . At that point , with Quanah Parker wounded , the Indians gave up the attack . It was the last great attempt to defend the Plains by the Indians , and the difference in weapons was simply too great to overcome . Parra - ocoom , head chief of the Quahadi Comanche as Peta Nocona 's natural successor , the great warrior who enjoied fighting with his knife against the bears , was killed by pneumonia during the fighting days at Adobe Walls . Attack on Pearua - akup - akup 's camp near Anadarko ( edit ) After Adobe Walls fight , several Yamparika ( Isa - nanica , Hitetetsi aka Tuwikaa - tiesuat , Piyi - otoho , and , camping nearby , Tabananika and Isa - rosa ) , Kotsoteka ( Mow - way , he too camping nearby ) , Nokoni ( Pearua - akupakup ) and Quahadi ( Kobay - oburra , head chief after Parra - ocoom 's death ) bands went to Fort Sill agency for the census and the distribution of annuities , but only Isa - nanica was allowed to stay in Fort Sill reserve , and the other chiefs had to lead their people to the Wichita agency at Anadarko ; following some killings by the Kiowa , capt . Gaines Lawson company ( 25th Infantry ) , sent to garrison Anadarko , was reached by Colonel John W. `` Black Jack '' Davidson , with four companies of 10th Cavalry , from Fort Sill . On August 22 , near Anadarko , with the Kiowa laughing at the Comanche , a cavalry detachment was sent to Pearua - akup - akup 's village ( 60 tents ) to take not only rifles and guns but also bows and arrows , and , when the Nokoni warriors reacted , the soldiers fired on them . Guipago , Satanta , Manyi - ten , Pa - tadal ( `` Poor Buffalo '' ) and Ado'ete came in with their Kiowa braves , and the remnant companies of 10th Cavalry came too , to face 200 or 300 Nokoni Comanche and Kiowa ; during the night Davidson ordered Comanche tents and stock to be burnt . The following day , August 23 , the fight went on , with four `` blue jackets '' and 14 warriors wounded ( one of them killed ) , until Nokoni and Kiowa retreated , burning the prairie and killing some white men near Anadarko and along the Beaver Creek . Friendly Tosawi and Asa - havey led their Penateka to Fort Sill ; Kiyou probably judged wiser to go , with his friendly Nokoni band , to the Wichita agency . The `` hostile '' Yamparika and Nokoni , joined the Quahadi and Kotsoteka , camping at Chinaberry Trees , Palo Duro Canyon . Release , recapture , and death of Satanta at Huntsville ( edit ) Satanta , Kiowa chief As a result of Guipago 's stubborn stance , Satanta was released in 1873 ( and Ado'ete was released too ) and was alleged to be soon back attacking buffalo hunters and was present at the raid on Adobe Walls : really the Kiowa People deny he was involved in that battle , other than being present ; anyway , the buffalo hunters were abusive in the land granted to the Comanche and Kiowa by the treaty and the Great Father in Washington . He yielded up his war lance and other symbols of leadership to younger , more aggressive men . But his very presence at the Battle violated his parole , and the Government called for his arrest ; he surrendered in October 1874 , and was returned to the State penitentiary . Forced to work on the road , guards reported that Satanta would stare for hours at the traditional hunting grounds of his people , and seemed to wither away . In his book , the History of Texas , Clarance Wharton reports of Satanta in prison : After he was returned to the penitentiary in 1874 , he saw no hope of escape . For awhile ( sic ? ) he was worked on a chain gang which helped to build the M.K. & T. Railway . He became sullen and broken in spirit , and would be seen for hours gazing through his prison bars toward the north , the hunting grounds of his people . '' Satanta killed himself on October 11 , 1878 , by jumping from a high window of the prison hospital . Ado'ete was also rearrested , but unlike Satanta , he was not sent back to Huntsville . No one would swear they had seen him , as they had Satanta , on the battlefield . Both Satank and Satanta are buried at the Chief 's Knoll at Fort Sill Oklahoma . Mackenzie 's campaign against Quanah Parker ( edit ) Colonel Ranald Mackenzie and the 4th Cavalry Regiment ( United States ) pursued Quanah Parker and his followers all through late 1874 into 1875 . He led a 5 - unit movement to converge on the Indian hideouts along the eastern edge of the Llano Estacado . Mackenzie , in the most daring and decisive battle of the campaign , destroyed five Indian villages on September 28 , 1874 , in Palo Duro Canyon . His destruction of the Indians ' horses , 1000 of them in Tule Canyon , destroyed the Indians ' resistance by taking the last of their prized possessions , their horses , along with destroying their homes and food supplies . On November 5 , 1874 , Mackenzie 's forces won a minor engagement , his last , with the Comanches . In March 1875 Mackenzie assumed command at Fort Sill and control over the Comanche - Kiowa and Cheyenne - Arapaho reservations . Surrender of Quanah Parker and end of the Texas Indian wars ( edit ) Quanah Parker , the last major chief of the Comanche Indians Mackenzie sent Jacob J. Sturm , a physician and post interpreter , to negotiate the Quahada 's surrender . Sturm found Quanah , whom he called `` a young man of much influence with his people '' , and made his case for yielding peacefully . Mackenzie had sent his personal word if Quanah surrendered , all his band would be treated honorably , and none charged with any offense . ( The arrest and trial of Kiowa leaders in 1871 had made that a real possibility . ) Contrawise , Sturm carried Mackenzie 's personal vow to hunt down every man , woman , and child who refused to yield . Quanah later said he was ready to die , but was loath to condemn the women and children to death . Quanah believed Colonel Mackenzie when he promised that if the Quahada did not surrender , every man , woman , and child would be hunted down and killed . Quanah rode to a mesa , where he saw a wolf come toward him , howl and trot away to the northeast . Overhead , an eagle `` glided lazily and then whipped his wings in the direction of Fort Sill '' , as Jacob Sturm reported later . This was a sign , Quanah thought , and on June 2 , 1875 , he led his band to Fort Sill in present - day Oklahoma , and surrendered . On that day , the Plains Indians were extinct as a separate people , their way of life completely destroyed . The white man 's revenge : deportation to Fort Marion , Florida ; death of Guipago at Fort Sill ( edit ) Guipago , Kiowa chief After the Palo Duro campaign ( 1874 ) and the surrendering of the last hostile Comanche groups coming back from the Staked Plains , Old Kiyou was appointed as Comanche head chief , and was ordered to select the `` worst '' Comanche chiefs and warriors , to be indicted as responsible of the uprising and deported to Fort Marion , Florida , along with 27 Kiowa to be selected by Tene - angopte . Only nine Comanche men ( one `` Black Horse '' , but probably not Kobay - otoho third chief of the Quahadi band , and eight `` outlawed '' warriors ) , were sent to Fort Marion : all the principal Comanche leaders ( Quanah , Mow - way , Tababanika , Isa - rosa , Hitetetsi aka Tuwikaa - tiesuat , Kobay - oburra ) were made safe , but neither Parra - ocoom , dead on June 27 -- 28 , 1874 , during the Adobe Walls fighting , nor Pearua - akup - akup , dead in the icehouse -- temporarily used as a jail -- of Fort Sill on January 1 , 1875 , could benefit with Kiyou diplomatic skill in saving the most important warring chiefs of his own people . On the contrary , Guipago , along with Manyi - ten , Tsen - tainte and Mamanti ( but not Ado - ete and Zepko - ete ) , were selected by Tene - angopte and sent to Fort Marion with some lesser personalities . Sent back to Fort Sill in 1879 , Guipago , the stubborn chief who had forced `` Mr. Washington '' and the Texas Governor to accept his terms , died because of marsh - fever in July 1879 . The new life of chief Quanah ( edit ) Quanah , who had led the last campaign of the Plains tribes against the U.S. Army , then went tirelessly to work to help his people adapt to the Anglo world which had crushed them ; he himself became `` Quanah Parker '' , trying to deal with the white men as a half white man could do . Appointed by his old enemy Colonel Mackenzie as sole chief of the Comanches , he worked hard to bring education and the ability to survive in the white man 's world to his people . He attempted to keep his people 's land together , and when that became politically impossible , he tried to get the best bargain for his people he could . Aftermath and analysis ( edit ) Many tribes in Texas , such as the Karankawan , Akokisa , Bidui and others , were extinguished due to conflicts with settlers . In his book The Conquest Of Texas : Ethnic Cleansing In The Promised Land , 1820 -- 1875 , Gary Anderson says `` the ' Texas Creed ' was enshrined in the Texas Rangers . '' According to Anderson , the Rangers believed the Indians were at best subhumans who `` had no right of soil '' and savaged pure , noble , and innocent settlers . According to captives of the period as written by them such as The Boy Captives and Nine Years with the Indians , the Rangers were the only force feared by the Indians . Killing Indians became government policy when second Texas President Mirabeau B. Lamar prescribed `` an exterminating war '' of `` total extinction . '' Disease ( edit ) Disease brought largely by Europeans caused a dramatic decline of the native population . Anthropologist John C. Ewers has identified no fewer than thirty major epidemics , consisting mainly of smallpox and cholera , which took place between the years 1528 and 1890 , which he believes responsible for wiping out close to 95 percent of Texas Indians . Over half of the Comanche population was wiped out in the epidemics of 1780 -- 81 and 1816 -- 17 . Many historians believe their population went from over 20,000 to less than 8,000 in these two rounds of disease . Thus , while technology and warfare with Anglo - Texans may have completed the process , the foremost cause of the decline of the Plains Indians came from disease and not from conflict . 1821 -- 1844 ( edit ) At the time of the Texas Revolution , there were 30,000 Anglo and Hispanic settlers in Texas , and approximately 15,000 Plains Indians . The settlers were armed with single - shot weapons , which the Comanche , in particular , had learned very well to counter . Certainly the Spanish , then the Mexicans , and later the Texans had learned that single - shot weapons were not enough to defeat the deadly Comanche light horse , whose mastery of cavalry tactics and mounted bowmanship were renowned . The Comanches ' constant movement caused many of their opponents ' older single - shot weapons to miss their targets in the chaos of battle . The Comanche could then easily kill their enemies before they had a chance to reload . And though it was understated , the Comanche learned to use single - shot firearms quite well , though they found bows superior in terms of fire rate . The Comanche put an end to Spanish expansion in North America . They did what no other indigenous peoples had managed , defending their homeland -- even expanding their homelands , in the face of the best military forces the Spanish could bring against them . In the late 18th century , the Comanche were said to have stolen every horse in New Mexico . Up until the introduction of repeating rifles and revolvers , weapons and tactics were definitely on the side of the Plains Indians , most especially the Comanche . It was not until the Battle of Bandera Pass , where revolvers were used for the first time against the Comanche , that the Texans began to gain a clear military advantage due to superior weaponry . Despite that disadvantage , it was disease and pure numbers which probably ended the Plains tribes . 1844 -- 1875 ( edit ) By 1860 , there were less than 8,000 Indians , and 600,000 Anglo colonists in Texas . The Texans further had access to repeating rifles and revolvers . Many military historians believe the defining moment in the Texas -- Indian Wars came with the introduction of the revolver . In any event , pure numbers , better weapons , and brutal starvation tactics ended Plains Indians hold on to their homeland . See also ( edit ) Cherokee history Indian removal Cherokee removal Timeline of Cherokee history American Indian Wars References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Native American Texans ^ Jump up to : Exley , J.A. . `` Frontier Blood : The Saga of the Parker Family ^ Jump up to : Frontier Forts > Texas and the Western Frontier Jump up ^ Richardson ( 2005 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline of History '' . The University of Texas Institute of Texan Cultures at San Antonio ^ Jump up to : The Comanches : Lords of the Southern Plains . University of Oklahoma Press . 1952 . ^ Jump up to : Sultzman , Lee ( 2006 ) . ( 1 ) . Comanche History : Part One . Accessed September 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gary Clayton Anderson , The Indian Southwest , 1580 - 1830 : Ethnogenesis and Reinvention ( Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1999 ) p. 85 Jump up ^ Anderson , The Indian Southwest , p. 89 Jump up ^ May , Jon D. `` Tonkawa '' , Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture , Tulsa : Oklahoma Historical Society ( retrieved 8 Feb 2009 ) Jump up ^ Walker , Jeff ( 2007 - 11 - 16 ) . `` Chief returns '' Local News '' San Marcos Record , San Marcos , TX `` . Sanmarcosrecord.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ de la Teja ( 1956 ) , p. 123 . ^ Jump up to : Fehrenbach , T.R. Comanches , The Destruction of a People Jump up ^ `` The Tonkawa Story '' . Manataka.org . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Gwynne , S.C. ( 2011 ) . Empire of the Summer Moon : Quanah Parker and the Rise and Fall of the Comanches , the Most Powerful Indian Tribe in American History . Scribner . pp. 7 , 211 . ISBN 1 - 4165 - 9106 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hämäläinen , Pekka ( 2008 ) . The Comanche Empire . Yale University Press . p. 214 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 12654 - 9 . Online at Google Books Jump up ^ `` Houston , Samuel '' , Handbook of Texas Online ^ Jump up to : Howard O. Pollan , `` The Cherokees of Texas : Cherokee , Henderson & Smith Counties , TX '' , East Texas Family Records , Vol. 6 , No. 3 , Fall 1982 , East Texas Genealogical Society , at US GenWeb , accessed 30 May 2014 Jump up ^ Stone Houses , Battle of . The Handbook of Texas Online . ( retrieved 6 Sept 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : Kreneck , Thomas ( 2000 ) . ( 2 ) . `` Texas Handbook Online September 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hämäläinen , Pekka ( 2008 ) . The Comanche Empire . Yale University Press . p. 215 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 12654 - 9 . Online at Google Books Jump up ^ Siegel , Stanley . The Poet President of Texas : The Life of Mirabeau B. Lamar , President of the Republic of Texas ^ Jump up to : Dial , Steve ( 2005 ) ... `` Texas Beyond History : The Die is Cast '' , September 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Rebecca J. Herring : Cordova Rebellion from the Handbook of Texas Online ( 2002 ) . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Fort Tours Cherokee War and Battle of Neches Jump up ^ Hämäläinen , Pekka ( 2008 ) . The Comanche Empire . Yale University Press . pp. 177 -- 179 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 12654 - 9 . Online at Google Books ^ Jump up to : Jodye Lynn Dickson Schilz : Council House Fight from the Handbook of Texas Online ( 2002 ) . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Council House Fight Jump up ^ Upchurch , Alice Gray , Matilda Lockhart , Handbook of Texas , retrieved 2007 - 11 - 02 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2005 ) , p. 419 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2005 ) pp. 181 f . Jump up ^ Brice ( 1987 ) , p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Noyes ( 1993 ) , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Brice ( 1987 ) , p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Noyes ( 1993 ) , p. 283 . Jump up ^ Jodye Lynn Dickson Schilz : Council House Fight from the Handbook of Texas Online . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Noyes ( 1993 ) , p. 284 . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2005 ) , pp. 181 f . Jump up ^ Hugh McLeod 's Report on the Council House Fight , March 1840 - Page 3 - Texas State Library Jump up ^ University of Texas . Jump up ^ Comanche Nation . ^ Jump up to : The Comanche Barrier to South Plains Settlement : A Century and a Half of Savage Resistance to the Advancing White Frontier . Arthur H. Clarke Co. 1933 . Jump up ^ Roell , Craig ( 2002 ) . ( 3 ) . `` Texas Handbook Online September 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Treaty Negotiations -- Texas State Library Jump up ^ The Avalon Project at Yale Law School : Texas -- From Independence to Annexation ^ Jump up to : Handbook of Texas Online -- BUFFALO HUMP Jump up ^ Handbook of Texas Online -- NEIGHBORS , ROBERT SIMPSON Jump up ^ Comanche - Part Three ^ Jump up to : The Comanche Barrier to South Plains Settlement : A Century and a Half of Savage Resistance to the Advancing White Frontier . Arthur H. Clarke Co. 1933 . Jump up ^ Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association Jump up ^ The Battle of Little Robe Creek Jump up ^ Tonkawas -- Indians of Central Texas ^ Jump up to : Trosser , John ( 2004 ) . ( 4 ) . `` Adobe Walls Texas '' September 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mary G. Ramos . `` Cattle Drives Started in Earnest After the Civil War '' . Texas Almanac . Jump up ^ Skaggs , Jimmy M. `` CATTLE TRAILING '' . Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Texas Economy '' . netstate.com . June 5 , 2007 . Retrieved April 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Malone , John William . An Album of the American Cowboy . New York : Franklin Watts , Inc. , 1971 , p. 42 . ISBN 0 - 531 - 01512 - 2 Jump up ^ Carter , Sarah , Cowboys , Ranchers and the Cattle Business : Cross-Border Perspectives on Ranching History , Univ Pr of Colorado ( 2000 ) p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 1552380192 ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Mary C. Ebony Jr. , Black Settlers of the Old West . Johnson Publication . May 1984 . pp. 18 - 19 Jump up ^ Richard Melzer , Buried Treasures : Famous and Unusual Gravesites in New Mexico History , Santa Fe , New Mexico : Sunstone Press , 2007 , p. 105 ( 5 ) ^ Jump up to : Carter , R.G. , On the Border with Mackenzie , 1935 , Washington D.C. : Enyon Printing Co . ^ Jump up to : Dee Brown , Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee : An Indian History of the American West ( Holt , Rinehart & Winston , New York , 1970 ) ^ Jump up to : Handbook of Texas Online -- SATANTA ^ Jump up to : Hosmer , Brian C. `` Battle of the North Fork '' . Handbook of Texas Online . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Close , George ( 2000 ) . ( 6 ) . `` Texas Beyond History September 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Edward ( 2005 ) . ( 7 ) . `` Texas State Library : The Battle of Adobe Walls September 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ William H. Leckie , The Buffalo Soldiers : A Narrative of the Negro Cavalry in the West ( University of Oklahoma Press , Norman , 1967 ) Jump up ^ Arlen L. Fowler , The Black Infantry in the West , 1869 - 1891 ( University of Oklahoma Press , Norman , 1996 ) Jump up ^ Satanta Jump up ^ Russell Thornton ( 1990 ) . American Indian Holocaust and Survival : A Population History Since 1492 . p. 131,132 . University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0806122205 Jump up ^ Close , George ( 2000 ) . ( 8 ) . `` Texas Handbook Online September 7 , 2007 . Sources ( edit ) de la Teja , Jesus F. ( 1956 ) , San Antonio de Bexar : A Community on New Spain 's Northern Frontier , Albuquerque , NM : University of New Mexico Press , ISBN 0 - 8263 - 1613 - 1 Exley , Jo Ella Powell , Frontier Blood : The Saga of the Parker Family , Fehrenbach , Theodore Reed The Comanches : The Destruction of a People . New York : Knopf , 1974 , ISBN 0 - 394 - 48856 - 3 . Later ( 2003 ) republished under the title The Comanches : The History of a People Foster , Morris . Being Comanche . Frazier , Ian . Great Plains . New York : Farrar , Straus , and Giroux , 1989 . Lodge , Sally . Native American People : The Comanche . Vero Beach , Florida 32964 : Rourke Publications , Inc. , 1992 . Lund , Bill . Native Peoples : The Comanche Indians . Mankato , Minnesota : Bridgestone Books , 1997 . Mooney , Martin . The Junior Library of American Indians : The Comanche Indians . New York : Chelsea House Publishers , 1993 . Hämäläinen , Pekka ( 2008 ) The Comanche Empire Yale University Press , New Haven , Conn. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 12654 - 9 ; originally his 2001 thesis The Comanche Empire : A Study of Indigenous Power , 1700 -- 1875 Native Americans : Comanche ( August 13 , 2005 ) . Richardson , Rupert N. The Comanche Barrier to South Plains Settlement : A Century and a Half of Savage Resistance to the Advancing White Frontier . Glendale , California : Arthur H. Clark Company , 1933 . Richardson , Rupert N. , Adrian Anderson , Cary D. Wintz & Ernest Wallace , `` Texas : the Lone Star State '' , 9th edition , New Jersey : Prentice Hall , 0131835505 Rollings , Willard . Indians of North America : The Comanche . New York : Chelsea House Publishers , 1989 . Secoy , Frank . Changing Military Patterns on the Great Plains . Monograph of the American Ethnological Society , No. 21 . Locust Valley , NY : J.J. Augustin , 1953 . Streissguth , Thomas . Indigenous Peoples of North America : The Comanche . San Diego : Lucent Books Incorporation , 2000 . `` The Texas Comanches '' on Texas Indians ( August 14 , 2005 ) . Wallace , Ernest , and E. Adamson Hoebel . The Comanches : Lords of the Southern Plains . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1952 . Mayhall , Mildred P ... The Kiowas , University of Oklahoma Press , Norman , 1962 . Nye , Wilbur Sturtevant . Carbine and Lance : The Story of Old Fort Sill , University of Oklahoma Press , Norman , 1983 Leckie , William H ... The Buffalo Soldiers : A Narrative of the Negro Cavalry in the West , University of Oklahoma Press , Norman , 1967 Fowler , Arlen L ... The Black Infantry in the West , 1869 - 1891 , University of Oklahoma Press , Norman , 1996 History of Texas By period French Texas Spanish Texas Mexican Texas Republic of Texas Texas annexation Civil War era Reconstruction State of Texas By topic Annexation Border disputes Forests Indian Wars Jewish history Oil boom Revolution Slavery Texas Rangers Vice By city Amarillo Austin Brownsville Corpus Christi Dallas El Paso Fort Worth Galveston Houston Laredo Lubbock San Antonio Timelines of cities in Texas Government agency Foreign relations of the Republic of Texas Congress of the Republic of Texas Supreme Court of the Republic of Texas Texas Historical Commission Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas -- Indian_wars&oldid = 806207879 '' Categories : Texas -- Indian Wars Battles involving the Comanche Comanche tribe Kiowa History of the Cherokee Pre-statehood history of Oklahoma History of United States expansionism Texas Ranger Division Warfare of the Industrial era United States military history timelines Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch 日本語 Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 12 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the indian warfare on the texas frontier end	[ "Although several Indian tribes occupied territory in the area, the preeminent nation was the Comanche, known as the \"Lords of the Plains.\" Their territory, the Comancheria, was the most powerful entity and persistently hostile to the Spanish, the Mexicans, and finally, the Texans. This article covers the conflicts from 1820, just before Mexico gained independence from Spain, until 1875, when the last free band of Plains Indians, the Comanches led by Quahadi warrior Quanah Parker, surrendered and moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma." ]	[ "1875" ]
8186453866831841818	B. A. Baracus	B.A. Baracus - wikipedia B.A. Baracus Jump to : navigation , search Bosco `` B.A. '' Baracus The A-Team character Bosco `` B.A. '' Baracus as he appears in the opening credits First appearance `` Mexican Slayride '' Created by Frank Lupo & Stephen J. Cannell Portrayed by Mr. T ( TV series ) Quinton Jackson ( film ) Dave Fennoy ( Lego Dimensions , voice only ) TBC ( TV series reboot ) Information Aliases B.A. Bad Attitude Gender Male Title Sergeant First Class Awards Silver Star Army Commendation Medal National Defense Service Medal Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal Vietnam Service Medal Vietnam Campaign Medal Sergeant Bosco `` B.A. '' ( Bad Attitude ) Baracus / bəˈrækəs / , played by Mr. T , is a fictional character and one of the four protagonists of the 1980s action - adventure television series The A-Team . B.A. Baracus appeared on The A-Team from the series beginning in 1983 until its cancellation in 1987 . He is arguably the breakout character of the series and has become a cult icon worldwide . In the 2010 film version , Baracus was played by mixed martial artist Quinton `` Rampage '' Jackson . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fictional character biography 1.1 The meaning of `` B.A. '' 1.2 Name in other countries 1.3 Awards and decorations 1.3. 1 `` A Nice Place to Visit '' 1.3. 2 `` Trial by Fire '' and `` Firing Line '' 2 GMC van 3 2010 film 3.1 Awards and decorations 4 Other appearances 5 References Fictional character biography ( edit ) The A-Team is a group of ex-United States Army Special Forces soldiers who were wrongly convicted of a crime during the Vietnam War . Managing to escape from the Military Police , they fled to Los Angeles where , as fugitives , the A-Team works as soldiers of fortune , using their military training to fight oppression and injustice . B.A. , along with Hannibal Smith , Templeton `` Faceman '' Peck , and H.M. Murdock make up the A-Team . In the pilot episode , `` Mexican Slayride '' , B.A. is described as follows by a reporter colleague of Amy Allen : `` Bosco Baracus . Known as B.A. for ' bad attitude . ' The man is a mechanical genius . He also has one of the worst conduct records in the army . He likes to slug officers . '' A rough - and - tough fighter , the character of B.A. Baracus is basically that of the public persona of Mr. T himself . He is known for his trademark African Mandinka warrior hairstyle ( often mistaken for a mohawk hairstyle ) , and his gold jewelry . While the other members of the team regularly resort to disguises , scams and subterfuge to achieve their goals , B.A. 's distinctive appearance and confrontational attitude usually lead to a more direct approach to problems , which often involve either his skills at hand - to - hand combat , or his mechanical talents . He is a highly skilled mechanic and has an amazing talent for making impressive machinery out of just about any ordinary parts . He received his initial training in the Jamaican Defense Force . In Season 2 , Hannibal once said to B.A. , `` With a pair of pliers and a little time , you could fix anything but dinner . '' He is an excellent fighter and is invaluable in hand - to - hand combat . Because of his massive size and strength , he has a unique fighting tactic , which may involve grabbing his opponents , lifting them over his head , and hurling them in the air . He is easily angered to the point of rage , and often greets people with a growl or a snarl . He is most often upset by Murdock and frequently addresses him with the phrase `` You crazy fool ! '' , although Murdock is usually unfazed by B.A. 's gruffness . In fact , B.A. and Murdock are very close friends , as can be seen in `` Curtain Call '' , the Season 2 finale , where Murdock is shot and B.A. is desperate to save him . Despite B.A. 's reputed attitude , he is a kind person who has a special fondness for children , occasionally working at a youth center teaching sports to the children . It is divulged in a Season 2 episode that he is from Chicago , another parallel with the real life Mr. T . A teetotaler , B.A. never touches alcohol , preferring milk instead . He suffers from pteromechanophobia , an intense fear of flying , especially when the pilot is Murdock . He typically exclaims , `` I ai n't gettin ' on no plane ! '' This difficulty is often overcome by other members of the team drugging him , knocking him unconscious , or , as in one episode , hypnotizing him , so he can be transported without objection . In the Season 1 episode `` The Beast from the Belly of a Boeing '' , he is on a plane pretending to be a maintenance technician with Murdock when the plane suddenly takes off . He immediately falls into a catatonic state while Murdock tries to revive him . Furthermore , in two episodes `` The Sound of Thunder '' and `` Quarterback Sneak '' B.A. hops onto a helicopter which is piloted by Murdock , although he is said to have gone catatonic during the plane ride in `` The Sound of Thunder '' . In the Season 4 episode `` Lease with an Option to Die '' , he temporarily overcomes his fear of flying when he learns his mother is hurt . In that episode his mother and her friends in Chicago are under the impression that he is the leader of The A-Team , which Hannibal and the others go along with . He submits to her authority , and the team is highly amused when his mother calls him by his childhood nickname of `` Scooter '' . In the Season 2 episode `` Diamonds ' n Dust '' , we learn that B.A. 's father was once beaten up by three men and almost died , giving B.A. a special understanding with the client , Toby , a woman whose father has been murdered . As revealed in a few episodes , B.A. and Murdock share the same blood type , AB negative , the rarest type . This was a plot device for finding one of them urgently when a transfusion was needed for the other . B.A. drives a customized 1983 GMC van , painted black and grey with a red stripe , black and red rims , and a rooftop spoiler . B.A. is extremely protective of his van , and becomes furious if it gets any damage . He prefers to drive the van himself although the other members of the team frequently drive the van for a variety of reasons , generally when B.A. was otherwise indisposed . He often says , `` Nobody drives my van , but me ! '' He appears to also apply this principle to other vehicles , such as in `` The Trouble with Harry '' , where he insists on driving Hulk Hogan 's limousine to follow a young friend from the center he helps at . The meaning of `` B.A. '' ( edit ) As revealed in the pilot episode , `` B.A. '' stands for the nickname of `` bad attitude '' . In the Season 4 episode `` Lease with an Option to Die '' , we learn from his mother that his childhood nickname was Scooter , which he detests and only allows his mother to use . Although not canon , Mr. T has stated that in terms of his Christian faith , B.A. now stands for `` Born Again '' . In syndicated versions of The A-Team aired in Hispanic and Spanish speaking countries , such as Mexico , B.A. Baracus is translated as Mario Baracus . In Spain , it was translated to M.A. Barracus , in part for the nickname `` Bad Attitude '' which translates into `` Mala Actitud '' . In the French version , the meaning of the initials was dodged altogether since the character is constantly called `` Barracuda '' after the large and ferocious fish species of the same name , and even his second name of Baracus is rarely used . In the Italian version , he is named P.E. Baracus , where P.E. stands for `` Pessimo Elemento '' , translated literally as `` Worst Element '' . For the 2010 movie , which was sponsored by British Airways , B.A. 's initials were jokingly changed to `` British Airways '' in some marketing . This was considered cynical by fans , as it is well known that B.A. refuses to travel on aircraft . Name in other countries ( edit ) In Latin - American Spanish - speaking countries , he is known as `` Mario Baracus , '' while in Spain , he is M.A. , for Mala Actitud , a literal translation of the original Italy - his moniker is P.E. for `` Pessimo Elemento '' ( `` Worst Element '' ) ; Russia - he is known as D.N. , Durnoi Nrav - the Russian equivalent of `` Bad Attitude '' France - he is referred to as Barracuda Japan - Kong ( コング ) , dubbed over by Japanese voice actor Shōzō Iizuka Hungary - Rosszfiú ( translates as `` Bad Boy '' ) Taiwan - Guai Tou ( 怪頭 ) ( translates as `` Wacky Head '' in Chinese ) Awards and decorations ( edit ) `` A Nice Place to Visit '' ( edit ) The following are the medals and service awards fictionally worn by Specialist 6 Baracus in `` A Nice Place to Visit '' . Personal decorations Silver Star Army Commendation Medal Unit awards Vietnam Presidential Unit Citation Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation Campaign and service medals National Defense Service Medal Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal Vietnam Service Medal Foreign awards Vietnam Campaign Medal Other accoutrements Combat Infantryman Badge Parachutist Badge United States Army Special Forces Shoulder sleeve insignia `` Trial by Fire '' and `` Firing Line '' ( edit ) The following are the medals and service awards fictionally worn by Sergeant First Class Baracus in `` Trial by Fire '' and `` Firing Line '' . Personal decorations Army Achievement Medal Service Awards Army Good Conduct Medal Campaign and service medals National Defense Service Medal Vietnam Service Medal Foreign awards Vietnam Armed Forces Honor Medal Vietnam Civil Actions Medal Vietnam Campaign Medal Other accoutrements Parachutist Badge 1st Cavalry Division Shoulder sleeve insignia United States Army Special Forces Shoulder sleeve insignia GMC van ( edit ) The A-Team van as shown in the episode `` Say It With Bullets '' . B.A. 's iconic black and metallic gray GMC Vandura van used by the A-Team , with its characteristic red stripe , black and red turbine mag wheels , and rooftop spoiler , has become an enduring pop culture icon . Early examples of the van had a red GMC logo on the front grille , and an additional GMC logo on the rear left door . Early in the second season , these logos were blacked out , although GMC continued to supply vans and receive a credit on the closing credits of each episode . It is a common error that the van is said to be all - black , whereas , in fact , the section above the red stripe is metallic gray ( this error even followed through on to most toy models of the van ) . The angle of the rear spoiler can also be seen to vary on different examples of the van within the series . Additionally , some versions of the van have a sunroof , whereas others , typically those used for stunts do not . This led to continuity errors in some episodes , such as in the third season 's `` The Bells of St. Mary 's '' , in a scene where Face jumps from a building onto the roof of the van . There is clearly no sunroof . Moments later , in an interior studio shot , Face climbs in through the sunroof . Also , in many stunts where the van would surely be totaled , other makes have been used , such as a black Ford Econoline with red hubcaps painted to simulate the original red turbine mags . Many devices have been variously located in the back of the van in different episodes , including a mini printing press in `` Pros and Cons '' , an audio surveillance recording device in `` A Small and Deadly War '' , and Hannibal 's disguise kits in various episodes . When B.A. lends the van to Captain Murdock , Murdock concludes that B.A. has tuned the van 's suspension to compensate for the added weight of his gold jewelry . In the 2010 remake of The A-Team , the 1983 GMC Vandura van returned . Filming in Canada made it difficult to source the original vehicle and instead a modified 1994 Chevrolet G20 cargo van was used , but the red stripe is not the same as in the original van . B.A. tracks the van down in Mexico after leaving it for his career as an Army Ranger . Hannibal hijacks the vehicle and , when B.A. refuses to cooperate , shoots B.A. in the arm . This angers B.A. , not because he was shot , but because the round went through him into the van . They rescue Face and pick up Murdock . When the team flees from General Tuco in a medical chopper , Murdock accidentally pilots it into an air - conditioning unit , tipping it off the roof and onto the van , destroying it . This infuriates B.A. , prompting him to make death threats against Murdock . 2010 film ( edit ) Quinton `` Rampage '' Jackson as Bosco `` B.A. '' Baracus in the 2010 The A-Team film . The 2010 film adaptation presents a Bosco `` B.A. '' Baracus ( born on June 20 , 1978 in Phoenix ) who is referred to simply as Bosco for much of the film 's first act . In the film , he is a former Corporal when he meets Hannibal , and a Sergeant First Class by the time of the trial . While B.A. retains his trademark hairstyle , he does not wear gold chains around his neck like his TV counterpart did . Aside from the Army Ranger tattoo on his right arm , he sports tattoos on his knuckles : the left spells `` PITY '' , while the right spells `` FOOL '' . This is a reference to Mr. T 's catchphrase , `` I pity the fool . '' His fear of flying is created at the film 's start , after Bosco nearly falls out of a helicopter piloted by Murdock . He starts off much like his TV counterpart ; he punches first , asks questions later , and still drives his distinctive GMC Vandura van . In contrast with the TV series , in the opening sequence , the van is accidentally destroyed by Murdock ; and when B.A. is sprung from prison later in the film , he is a changed man . Concerned with the violence that has driven his life , Bosco swears a vow to never again end another life , and grows his hair out to help reflect this change . The more peaceful Bosco even allows himself to be beaten into submission by the psychotic killer Pike , until he is rescued by Hannibal . It is not until the film 's third act , when informed by Hannibal that even Gandhi `` was n't afraid to fight for something he believed in '' , that Bosco re-shaves his head , and becomes an unstoppable powerhouse once more . He cites later that his conscience is now clear . B.A. also explains that the reason he started his hairstyle as a child was that everyone in his neighborhood was afraid of him . Awards and decorations ( edit ) The following are the medals and service awards fictionally worn by Sergeant First Class Baracus in the 2010 movie adaptation . Personal decorations Legion of Merit Bronze Star Medal Purple Heart Army Commendation Medal with two oak leaf clusters Army Achievement Medal Unit awards Valorous Unit Award Meritorious Unit Commendation Service Awards Army Good Conduct Medal Campaign and service medals National Defense Service Medal Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal Afghanistan Campaign Medal with two bronze service stars Iraq Campaign Medal with two bronze service stars Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal Global War on Terrorism Service Medal Service and training awards NCO Professional Development Army Service Ribbon Overseas Service Ribbon Foreign awards NATO Medal Other accoutrements Combat Infantryman Badge Master Parachutist Badge Military Freefall Parachutist Badge United States Army Special Forces Shoulder sleeve insignia Special Forces tab Ranger tab Other appearances ( edit ) B.A. is a playable character in the crossover video game Lego Dimensions . His character pack includes his van . Mr. T is replaced by Dave Fennoy as B.A. 's voice actor . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ B.A. 's medals are shown in the Season 1 episode `` A Nice Place To Visit '' . Jump up ^ `` I got behind the wheel of this van here , and I noticed that she was shimmying a little , pulling to the left . Well , it finally hit me . That ugly mud - sucker tuned the suspension of this van to compensate for all that gold he was wearing . So , I put on a few chains , a few rings , a bracelet , and some bricks under the seat ; and it worked . '' , `` Hot Styles '' , season 3 episode 12 . Jump up ^ Woodyard , Chris ( June 2010 ) . `` Recreating ' The A-Team ' van for movie was tough task '' . Drive On : A conversation about our cars and trucks . USA Today . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ The A-Team Jump up ^ Bosco `` B.A. '' Baracus ' date and place of birth are shown in his personnel file in the film . Jump up ^ Bosco `` B.A. '' Baracus ' Sergeant First Class stripes are visible on his uniform during the end of the trial scene . The A-Team episodes guide The A-Team original TV series The A-Team Characters John `` Hannibal '' Smith Templeton Peck B.A. Baracus Howling Mad Murdock Hunt Stockwell Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Other `` Mexican Slayride '' ( pilot episode ) The A-Team ( film ) The A-Team ( comics ) Mr. T Television Mister T ( 1983 ) T. and T. ( 1988 -- 1990 ) I Pity the Fool ( 2006 ) World 's Craziest Fools ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Albums Mr. T 's Commandments Comics Mr. T and the T - Force Mr. T Miscellaneous Be Somebody ... or Be Somebody 's Fool ! Mr. T Cereal B.A. Baracus Clubber Lang Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B._A._Baracus&oldid=802103542 '' Categories : The A-Team characters Fictional African - American people Fictional mechanics Fictional private military members Fictional mercenaries Fictional military sergeants Fictional Vietnam War veterans Fictional United States Army Special Forces personnel Fictional characters introduced in 1983 Fictional Silver Star recipients Fictional characters with superhuman strength Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 01 : 11 . About Wikipedia	who played b.a. baracus in the a-team	[ "In the 2010 film version, Baracus was played by mixed martial artist Quinton \"Rampage\" Jackson." ]	[ "Quinton \"Rampage\" Jackson" ]
1861274360385500020	Puerto Rico	Puerto Rico - Wikipedia Puerto Rico This article is about the U.S. territory . For other uses , see Puerto Rico ( disambiguation ) . `` Porto Rico '' and `` Borinquen '' redirect here . For other uses , see Porto Rico ( disambiguation ) and Borinquen ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 18 ° 12 ′ N 66 ° 30 ′ W / 18.2 ° N 66.5 ° W / 18.2 ; - 66.5 Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico ( Spanish ) Unincorporated territory Flag Coat of arms Motto : `` Joannes est nomen ejus '' ( Latin ) `` John is his name '' Anthem : `` La Borinqueña '' `` The Borinquenian '' `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Great Seal Status Unincorporated territory Capital and largest city San Juan 18 ° 27 ′ N 66 ° 6 ′ W / 18.450 ° N 66.100 ° W / 18.450 ; - 66.100 Official languages Spanish English Common languages 94.7 % Spanish 5.3 % English Ethnic groups 75.8 % White 12.4 % Black 3.3 % Two or more races 0.5 % American Indian & Alaskan Native 0.2 % Asian < 0.1 % Pacific Islander 7.8 % Other Demonym Puerto Rican ( formal ) American ( since 1917 ) Boricua ( colloquial ) Government Commonwealth President Donald Trump ( R ) Governor Ricardo Rosselló ( NPP ) Delegate Resident Commissioner Jenniffer González ( NPP ) President of the Senate Thomas Rivera Schatz ( NPP ) Speaker of the House of Representatives Johnny Méndez ( NPP ) Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Maite Oronoz Rodríguez Legislature Legislative Assembly Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives Commonwealth within the United States Cession from Spain December 10 , 1898 Treaty of Paris ratified April 11 , 1899 U.S. citizenship granted March 2 , 1917 Constitution adopted July 25 , 1952 Area Total 9,104 km ( 3,515 sq mi ) Water ( % ) 1.6 Population 2017 estimate 3,337,177 ( 130th ) 2010 census 3,725,789 Density 375 / km ( 971.2 / sq mi ) ( 29th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2018 estimate Total $125.861 billion ( 75th ) Per capita $38,126 ( 29th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2018 estimate Total $103.676 billion ( 62th ) Per capita $30,586 ( 32nd ) Gini ( 2011 ) 53.1 high HDI ( 2015 ) 0.845 very high 40th Currency United States dollar ( USD ) Time zone Atlantic ( UTC − 4 ) Summer ( DST ) no longer observed ( UTC − 4 ) Drives on the right Calling code + 1 - 787 , + 1 - 939 ISO 3166 code PR Internet TLD . pr ^ `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' serves as the national anthem for the United States of America and its territories . ^ The term ' Commonwealth ' does not describe or provide for any specific political status or relationship . It has , for example , been applied to both states and territories . When used in connection with areas under U.S. sovereignty that are not states , the term broadly describes an area that has a constitution of its adoption . Puerto Rico ( Spanish for `` Rich Port '' ) , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , lit . `` Free Associated State of Puerto Rico '' ) and briefly called Porto Rico , is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea , approximately 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) southeast of Miami , Florida . An archipelago among the Greater Antilles , Puerto Rico includes the main island of Puerto Rico and a number of smaller ones , such as Mona , Culebra , and Vieques . The capital and most populous city is San Juan . Its official languages are Spanish and English , though Spanish predominates . The island 's population is approximately 3.4 million . Puerto Rico 's history , tropical climate , natural scenery , traditional cuisine , and tax incentives make it a destination for travelers from around the world . Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people , the island was claimed in 1493 by Christopher Columbus for Spain during his second voyage . Later it endured invasion attempts from the French , Dutch , and British . Four centuries of Spanish colonial government influenced the island 's cultural landscapes with waves of African slaves , Canarian , and Andalusian settlers . In the Spanish Empire , Puerto Rico played a secondary , but strategic role when compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and the mainland parts of New Spain . Spain 's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century , helping to produce a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined elements from the Native Americans , Africans , and Iberians . In 1898 , following the Spanish -- American War , the United States acquired Puerto Rico under the terms of the Treaty of Paris . The treaty took effect on April 11 , 1899 . Puerto Ricans are by law citizens of the United States and may move freely between the island and the mainland . As it is not a state , Puerto Rico does not have a vote in the United States Congress , which governs the territory with full jurisdiction under the Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950 . However , Puerto Rico does have one non-voting member of the House called a Resident Commissioner . As residents of a U.S. territory , American citizens in Puerto Rico are disenfranchised at the national level and do not vote for president and vice president of the United States , and do not pay federal income tax on Puerto Rican income . Like other territories and the District of Columbia , Puerto Rico does not have U.S. senators . Congress approved a local constitution in 1952 , allowing U.S. citizens on the territory to elect a governor . A 2012 referendum showed a majority ( 54 % of those who voted ) disagreed with `` the present form of territorial status '' . A second question asking about a new model , had full statehood the preferred option among those who voted for a change of status , although a significant number of people did not answer the second question of the referendum . A fifth referendum was held on June 11 , 2017 , with `` Statehood '' and `` Independence / Free Association '' initially as the only available choices . At the recommendation of the Department of Justice , an option for the `` current territorial status '' was added . The referendum showed an overwhelming support for statehood , with 97.18 % voting for it , although the voter turnout had a historically low figure of only 22.99 % of the registered voters casting their ballots . In early 2017 , the Puerto Rican government - debt crisis posed serious problems for the government . The outstanding bond debt had climbed to $70 billion at a time with 12.4 % unemployment . The debt had been increasing during a decade long recession . This was the second major financial crisis to affect the island after the Great Depression when the U.S. government , in 1935 , provided relief efforts through the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration . On May 3 , 2017 , Puerto Rico 's financial oversight board in the U.S. District Court for Puerto Rico filed the debt restructuring petition which was made under Title III of PROMESA . By early August 2017 , the debt was $72 billion with a 45 % poverty rate . In late September 2017 , Hurricane Maria made landfall in Puerto Rico , causing devastating damage . The island 's electrical grid was largely destroyed , with repairs expected to take months to complete , provoking the largest power outage in American history . Recovery efforts were somewhat slow in the first few months , and over 200,000 residents had moved to Florida alone by late November 2017 . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Pre-Columbian era 2.2 Spanish colony ( 1493 -- 1898 ) 2.2. 1 Conquest and early settlement 2.2. 2 Colonization , the Habsburgs 2.2. 3 Late colonial period 2.2. 4 Politics of liberalism 2.3 American era ( 1898 -- present ) 2.3. 1 United States unincorporated organized territory ( 1900 -- 1952 ) 2.3. 1.1 U.S. citizenship and Puerto Rican citizenship 2.3. 2 United States unincorporated organized territory with commonwealth constitution ( 1952 -- present ) 2.3. 3 Estado Libre Asociado 2.4 Referendums on statehood or independence 2.5 United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization 2.5. 1 International status 2.6 21st century 2.7 Political status 2.8 Hurricane Maria 2.8. 1 Rebuilding efforts 2.8. 2 Death toll 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 Biodiversity 4 Demographics 4.1 Population makeup 4.1. 1 Population genetics 4.2 Immigration and emigration 4.3 Population distribution 4.4 Languages 4.5 Religion 5 Government 5.1 Political parties and elections 5.2 Law 5.3 Political status 5.3. 1 Within the United States 5.4 Foreign and intergovernmental relations 5.5 Military 5.6 Administrative divisions 6 Economy 6.1 Heavy debt load 6.2 Public finances 6.3 Cost of living 7 Education 8 Public health and safety 8.1 Crime 9 Culture 9.1 Architecture 9.2 Arts 9.3 Literature 9.4 Media 9.5 Music 9.6 Cuisine 9.7 Philately 9.8 Sports 10 Infrastructure 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Etymology Puerto Rico means `` rich port '' in Spanish . Puerto Ricans often call the island Borinquén -- a derivation of Borikén , its indigenous Taíno name , which means `` Land of the Valiant Lord '' . The terms boricua and borincano derive from Borikén and Borinquen respectively , and are commonly used to identify someone of Puerto Rican heritage . The island is also popularly known in Spanish as la isla del encanto , meaning `` the island of enchantment '' . Columbus named the island San Juan Bautista , in honor of Saint John the Baptist , while the capital city was named Ciudad de Puerto Rico ( `` Rich Port City '' ) . Eventually traders and other maritime visitors came to refer to the entire island as Puerto Rico , while San Juan became the name used for the main trading / shipping port and the capital city . The island 's name was changed to `` Porto Rico '' by the United States after the Treaty of Paris of 1898 . The anglicized name was used by the U.S. government and private enterprises . The name was changed back to Puerto Rico by a joint resolution in Congress introduced by Félix Córdova Dávila in 1931 . The official name of the entity in Spanish is Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico ( `` free associated state of Puerto Rico '' ) , while its official English name is Commonwealth of Puerto Rico . History Main article : History of Puerto Rico Pre-columbian era A reconstructed Taíno village at the Tibes Ceremonial Center The ancient history of the archipelago which is now Puerto Rico is not well known . Unlike other indigenous cultures in the New World ( Aztec , Maya and Inca ) which left behind abundant archeological and physical evidence of their societies , scant artifacts and evidence remain of the Puerto Rico 's indigenous population . Scarce archaeological findings and early Spanish accounts from the colonial era constitute all that is known about them . The first comprehensive book on the history of Puerto Rico was written by Fray Íñigo Abbad y Lasierra in 1786 , nearly three centuries after the first Spaniards landed on the island . The first known settlers were the Ortoiroid people , an Archaic Period culture of Amerindian hunters and fishermen who migrated from the South American mainland . Some scholars suggest their settlement dates back about 4,000 years . An archeological dig in 1990 on the island of Vieques found the remains of a man , designated as the `` Puerto Ferro Man '' , which was dated to around 2000 BC . The Ortoiroid were displaced by the Saladoid , a culture from the same region that arrived on the island between 430 and 250 BC . The Igneri tribe migrated to Puerto Rico between 120 and 400 AD from the region of the Orinoco river in northern South America . The Arcaico and Igneri co-existed on the island between the 4th and 10th centuries . Between the 7th and 11th centuries , the Taíno culture developed on the island . By approximately 1000 AD , it had become dominant . At the time of Columbus ' arrival , an estimated 30,000 to 60,000 Taíno Amerindians , led by the cacique ( chief ) Agüeybaná , inhabited the island . They called it Boriken , meaning `` the great land of the valiant and noble Lord '' . The natives lived in small villages , each led by a cacique . They subsisted by hunting and fishing , done generally by men , as well as by the women 's gathering and processing of indigenous cassava root and fruit . This lasted until Columbus arrived in 1493 . Spanish colony ( 1493 -- 1898 ) Further information : Captaincy General of Puerto Rico Juan Ponce de León ( Santervás de Campos , Valladolid , Spain ) , Puerto Rico 's first governor Conquest and early settlement When Columbus arrived in Puerto Rico during his second voyage on November 19 , 1493 , the island was inhabited by the Taíno . They called it Borikén ( Borinquen in Spanish transliteration ) . Columbus named the island San Juan Bautista , in honor of St John the Baptist . Having reported the findings of his first travel , Columbus brought with him this time a letter from King Ferdinand empowered by a papal bull that authorized any course of action necessary for the expansion of the Spanish Empire and the Christian faith . Juan Ponce de León , a lieutenant under Columbus , founded the first Spanish settlement , Caparra , on August 8 , 1508 . He later served as the first governor of the island . Eventually , traders and other maritime visitors came to refer to the entire island as Puerto Rico , and San Juan became the name of the main trading / shipping port . At the beginning of the 16th century , the Spanish people began to colonize the island . Despite the Laws of Burgos of 1512 and other decrees for the protection of the indigenous population , some Taíno Indians were forced into an encomienda system of forced labor in the early years of colonization . The population suffered extremely high fatalities from epidemics of European infectious diseases . Colonization , the habsburgs In 1520 , King Charles I of Spain issued a royal decree collectively emancipating the remaining Taíno population . By that time , the Taíno people were few in number . Enslaved Africans had already begun to be imported to compensate for the native labor loss , but their numbers were proportionate to the diminished commercial interest Spain soon began to demonstrate for the island colony . Other nearby islands , like Cuba , Saint - Domingue , and Guadeloupe , attracted more of the slave trade than Puerto Rico , probably because of greater agricultural interests in those islands , on which colonists had developed large sugar plantations and had the capital to invest in the Atlantic slave trade . From the beginning of the country , the colonial administration relied heavily on the industry of enslaved Africans and creole blacks for public works and defenses , primarily in coastal ports and cities , where the tiny colonial population had hunkered down . With no significant industries or large - scale agricultural production as yet , enslaved and free communities lodged around the few littoral settlements , particularly around San Juan , also forming lasting Afro - creole communities . Meanwhile , in the island 's interior , there developed a mixed and independent peasantry that relied on a subsistence economy . This mostly unsupervised population supplied villages and settlements with foodstuffs and , in relative isolation , set the pattern for what later would be known as the Puerto Rican Jíbaro culture . By the end of the 16th century , the Spanish Empire was diminishing and , in the face of increasing raids from European competitors , the colonial administration throughout the Americas fell into a `` bunker mentality '' . Imperial strategists and urban planners redesigned port settlements into military posts with the objective of protecting Spanish territorial claims and ensuring the safe passing of the king 's silver - laden Atlantic Fleet to the Iberian Peninsula . San Juan served as an important port - of - call for ships driven across the Atlantic by its powerful trade winds . West Indies convoys linked Spain to the island , sailing between Cádiz and the Spanish West Indies . The colony 's seat of government was on the forested Islet of San Juan and for a time became one of the most heavily fortified settlements in the Spanish Caribbean earning the name of the `` Walled City '' . The islet is still dotted with the various forts and walls , such as La Fortaleza , Castillo San Felipe del Morro , and Castillo San Cristóbal , designed to protect the population and the strategic Port of San Juan from the raids of the Spanish European competitors . Hendricksz 1625 attack on San Juan , Puerto Rico In 1625 , in the Battle of San Juan , the Dutch commander Boudewijn Hendricksz tested the defenses ' limits like no one else before . Learning from Francis Drake 's previous failures here , he circumvented the cannons of the castle of San Felipe del Morro and quickly brought his 17 ships into the San Juan Bay . He then occupied the port and attacked the city while the population hurried for shelter behind the Morro 's moat and high battlements . Historians consider this event the worst attack on San Juan . Though the Dutch set the village on fire , they failed to conquer the Morro , and its batteries pounded their troops and ships until Hendricksz deemed the cause lost . Hendricksz 's expedition eventually helped propel a fortification frenzy . Constructions of defenses for the San Cristóbal Hill were soon ordered so as to prevent the landing of invaders out of reach of the Morro 's artillery . Urban planning responded to the needs of keeping the colony in Spanish hands . Late colonial period Hacienda La Fortuna . A sugar mill complex in Puerto Rico painted by Francisco Oller in 1885 ( Brooklyn Museum ) During the late 16th and early 17th centuries , Spain concentrated its colonial efforts on the more prosperous mainland North , Central , and South American colonies . With the advent of the lively Bourbon Dynasty in Spain in the 1700s , the island of Puerto Rico began a gradual shift to more imperial attention . More roads began connecting previously isolated inland settlements to coastal cities , and coastal settlements like Arecibo , Mayaguez , and Ponce began acquiring importance of their own , separate from San Juan . By the end of the 18th century , merchant ships from an array of nationalities threatened the tight regulations of the Mercantilist system , which turned each colony solely toward the European metropole and limited contact with other nations . U.S. ships came to surpass Spanish trade and with this also came the exploitation of the island 's natural resources . Slavers , which had made but few stops on the island before , began selling more enslaved Africans to growing sugar and coffee plantations . The increasing number of Atlantic wars in which the Caribbean islands played major roles , like the War of Jenkins ' Ear , the Seven Years ' War and the Atlantic Revolutions , ensured Puerto Rico 's growing esteem in Madrid 's eyes . On April 17 , 1797 , Sir Ralph Abercromby 's fleet invaded the island with a force of 6,000 -- 13,000 men , which included German soldiers and Royal Marines and 60 to 64 ships . Fierce fighting continued for the next days with Spanish troops . Both sides suffered heavy losses . On Sunday April 30 the British ceased their attack and began their retreat from San Juan . By the time independence movements in the larger Spanish colonies gained success , new waves of loyal creole immigrants began to arrive in Puerto Rico , helping to tilt the island 's political balance toward the Crown . The 16th - century fort , Castillo San Felipe del Morro , in San Juan , Puerto Rico In 1809 , to secure its political bond with the island and in the midst of the European Peninsular War , the Supreme Central Junta based in Cádiz recognized Puerto Rico as an overseas province of Spain . This gave the island residents the right to elect representatives to the recently convened Spanish parliament ( Cádiz Cortes ) , with equal representation to mainland Iberian , Mediterranean ( Balearic Islands ) and Atlantic maritime Spanish provinces ( Canary Islands ) . Ramón Power y Giralt , the first Spanish parliamentary representative from the island of Puerto Rico , died after serving a three - year term in the Cortes . These parliamentary and constitutional reforms were in force from 1810 to 1814 , and again from 1820 to 1823 . They were twice reversed during the restoration of the traditional monarchy by Ferdinand VII . Immigration and commercial trade reforms in the 19th century increased the island 's ethnic European population and economy and expanded the Spanish cultural and social imprint on the local character of the island . Minor slave revolts had occurred on the island throughout the years , with the revolt planned and organized by Marcos Xiorro in 1821 being the most important . Even though the conspiracy was unsuccessful , Xiorro achieved legendary status and is part of Puerto Rico 's folklore . Politics of liberalism The flag flown by Fidel Vélez and his men during the `` Intentona de Yauco '' revolt In the early 19th century , Puerto Rico spawned an independence movement that , due to harsh persecution by the Spanish authorities , convened in the island of St. Thomas . The movement was largely inspired by the ideals of Simón Bolívar in establishing a United Provinces of New Granada and Venezuela , that included Puerto Rico and Cuba . Among the influential members of this movement were Brigadier General Antonio Valero de Bernabé and María de las Mercedes Barbudo . The movement was discovered , and Governor Miguel de la Torre had its members imprisoned or exiled . With the increasingly rapid growth of independent former Spanish colonies in the South and Central American states in the first part of the 19th century , the Spanish Crown considered Puerto Rico and Cuba of strategic importance . To increase its hold on its last two New World colonies , the Spanish Crown revived the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815 as a result of which 450,000 immigrants , mainly Spaniards , settled on the island in the period up until the American conquest . Printed in three languages -- Spanish , English , and French -- it was intended to also attract non-Spanish Europeans , with the hope that the independence movements would lose their popularity if new settlers had stronger ties to the Crown . Hundreds of non Spanish families , mainly from Corsica , France , Germany , Ireland , Italy and Scotland , also immigrated to the island . Free land was offered as an incentive to those who wanted to populate the two islands , on the condition that they swear their loyalty to the Spanish Crown and allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church . The offer was very successful , and European immigration continued even after 1898 . Puerto Rico still receives Spanish and European immigration . The Lares Revolutionary Flag Poverty and political estrangement with Spain led to a small but significant uprising in 1868 known as Grito de Lares . It began in the rural town of Lares , but was subdued when rebels moved to the neighboring town of San Sebastián . Leaders of this independence movement included Ramón Emeterio Betances , considered the `` father '' of the Puerto Rican independence movement , and other political figures such as Segundo Ruiz Belvis . Slavery was abolished in Puerto Rico in 1873 , `` with provisions for periods of apprenticeship '' . Abolition Park in Ponce , Puerto Rico Leaders of `` El Grito de Lares '' went into exile in New York City . Many joined the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee , founded on December 8 , 1895 , and continued their quest for Puerto Rican independence . In 1897 , Antonio Mattei Lluberas and the local leaders of the independence movement in Yauco organized another uprising , which became known as the Intentona de Yauco . They raised what they called the Puerto Rican flag , which was adopted as the national flag . The local conservative political factions opposed independence . Rumors of the planned event spread to the local Spanish authorities who acted swiftly and put an end to what would be the last major uprising in the island to Spanish colonial rule . In 1897 , Luis Muñoz Rivera and others persuaded the liberal Spanish government to agree to grant limited self - government to the island by royal decree in the Autonomic Charter , including a bicameral legislature . In 1898 , Puerto Rico 's first , but short - lived , quasi-autonomous government was organized as an `` overseas province '' of Spain . This bilaterally agreed - upon charter maintained a governor appointed by the King of Spain -- who held the power to annul any legislative decision -- and a partially elected parliamentary structure . In February , Governor - General Manuel Macías inaugurated the new government under the Autonomic Charter . General elections were held in March and the new government began to function on July 17 , 1898 . American era ( 1898 -- present ) Main article : Puerto Rican Campaign Bombardment of San Juan during the Spanish -- American War In 1890 , Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan , a member of the Navy War Board and leading U.S. strategic thinker , published a book titled The Influence of Sea Power upon History in which he argued for the establishment of a large and powerful navy modeled after the British Royal Navy . Part of his strategy called for the acquisition of colonies in the Caribbean , which would serve as coaling and naval stations . They would serve as strategic points of defense with the construction of a canal through the Isthmus of Panama , to allow easier passage of ships between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans . The first company of Puerto Ricans enlisted in the U.S. Army , 1899 William H. Seward , the former Secretary of State under presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson , had also stressed the importance of building a canal in Honduras , Nicaragua or Panama . He suggested that the United States annex the Dominican Republic and purchase Puerto Rico and Cuba . The U.S. Senate did not approve his annexation proposal , and Spain rejected the U.S. offer of 160 million dollars for Puerto Rico and Cuba . Since 1894 , the United States Naval War College had been developing contingency plans for a war with Spain . By 1896 , the U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence had prepared a plan that included military operations in Puerto Rican waters . Except for one 1895 plan , which recommended annexation of the island then named Isle of Pines ( later renamed as Isla de la Juventud ) , a recommendation dropped in later planning , plans developed for attacks on Spanish territories were intended as support operations against Spain 's forces in and around Cuba . Recent research suggests that the U.S. did consider Puerto Rico valuable as a naval station , and recognized that it and Cuba generated lucrative crops of sugar -- a valuable commercial commodity which the United States lacked , before the development of the sugar beet industry in the United States . Children in a company housing settlement , 1941 On July 25 , 1898 , during the Spanish -- American War , the U.S. invaded Puerto Rico with a landing at Guánica . As an outcome of the war , Spain ceded Puerto Rico , along with the Philippines and Guam , then under Spanish sovereignty , to the U.S. under the Treaty of Paris , which went into effect on April 11 , 1899 . Spain relinquished sovereignty over Cuba , but did not cede it to the U.S. United States unincorporated organized territory ( 1900 -- 1952 ) The United States and Puerto Rico began a long - standing metropolis - colony relationship . In the early 20th century , Puerto Rico was ruled by the military , with officials including the governor appointed by the President of the United States . The Foraker Act of 1900 gave Puerto Rico a certain amount of civilian popular government , including a popularly elected House of Representatives . The upper house and governor were appointed by the United States . The First Supreme Court of Puerto Rico , appointed pursuant to the Foraker Act Its judicial system was constructed to follow the American legal system ; a Puerto Rico Supreme Court and a United State District Court for the territory were established . It was authorized a non-voting member of Congress , by the title of `` Resident Commissioner '' , who was appointed . In addition , this Act extended all U.S. laws `` not locally inapplicable '' to Puerto Rico , specifying , in particular , exemption from U.S. Internal Revenue laws . The Act empowered the civil government to legislate on `` all matters of legislative character not locally inapplicable '' , including the power to modify and repeal any laws then in existence in Puerto Rico , though the U.S. Congress retained the power to annul acts of the Puerto Rico legislature . During an address to the Puerto Rican legislature in 1906 , President Theodore Roosevelt recommended that Puerto Ricans become U.S. citizens . In 1914 , the Puerto Rican House of Delegates voted unanimously in favor of independence from the United States , but this was rejected by the U.S. Congress as `` unconstitutional '' , and in violation of the 1900 Foraker Act . U.S. citizenship and Puerto Rican citizenship In 1917 , the U.S. Congress passed the Jones -- Shafroth Act , popularly called the Jones Act , which granted Puerto Ricans , born on or after , April 25 , 1898 , U.S. citizenship . Opponents , which included all of the Puerto Rican House of Delegates , who voted unanimously against it , said that the U.S. imposed citizenship in order to draft Puerto Rican men into the army as American entry into World War I became likely . The same Act provided for a popularly elected Senate to complete a bicameral Legislative Assembly , as well as a bill of rights . It authorized the popular election of the Resident Commissioner to a four - year term . Soldiers of the 65th Infantry training in Salinas , Puerto Rico ( August 1941 ) Natural disasters , including a major earthquake and tsunami in 1918 , and several hurricanes , and the Great Depression impoverished the island during the first few decades under U.S. rule . Some political leaders , such as Pedro Albizu Campos , who led the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party , demanded change in relations with the United States . He organized a protest at the University of Puerto Rico in 1935 , in which four were killed by police . In 1936 , U.S. Senator Millard Tydings introduced a bill supporting independence for Puerto Rico , but it was opposed by Luis Muñoz Marín of the Liberal Party of Puerto Rico . ( Tydings had co-sponsored the Tydings -- McDuffie Act , which provided independence to the Philippines after a 10 - year transition under a limited autonomy . ) All the Puerto Rican parties supported the bill , but Muñoz Marín opposed it . Tydings did not gain passage of the bill . In 1937 , Albizu Campos ' party organized a protest in which numerous people were killed by police in Ponce . The Insular Police , resembling the National Guard , opened fire upon unarmed cadets and bystanders alike . The attack on unarmed protesters was reported by the U.S. Congressman Vito Marcantonio and confirmed by the report of the Hays Commission , which investigated the events . The commission was led by Arthur Garfield Hays , counsel to the American Civil Liberties Union . Nineteen people were killed and over 200 were badly wounded , many in their backs while running away . The Hays Commission declared it a massacre and police mob action , and it has since been known as the Ponce massacre . In the aftermath , on April 2 , 1943 , Tydings introduced a bill in Congress calling for independence for Puerto Rico . This bill ultimately was defeated . During the latter years of the Roosevelt -- Truman administrations , the internal governance was changed in a compromise reached with Luis Muñoz Marín and other Puerto Rican leaders . In 1946 , President Truman appointed the first Puerto Rican - born governor , Jesús T. Piñero . Since 2007 , the Puerto Rico State Department has developed a protocol to issue certificates of Puerto Rican citizenship to Puerto Ricans . In order to be eligible , applicants must have been born in Puerto Rico ; born outside of Puerto Rico to a Puerto Rican -- born parent ; or be an American citizen with at least one year of residence in Puerto Rico . United States unincorporated organized territory with Commonwealth Constitution ( 1952 -- present ) In 1947 , the U.S. granted Puerto Ricans the right to democratically elect their own governor . In 1948 , Luis Muñoz Marín became the first popularly elected governor of Puerto Rico . Painting of bayonet charge by the U.S. 65th Infantry Regiment , made up of Puerto Rican troops , against a Chinese division during the Korean War A bill was introduced before the Puerto Rican Senate which would restrain the rights of the independence and nationalist movements in the island . The Senate at the time was controlled by the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) , and was presided over by Luis Muñoz Marín . The bill , also known as the Gag Law ( Spanish : Ley de la Mordaza ) , was approved by the legislature on May 21 , 1948 . It made it illegal to display a Puerto Rican flag , to sing a pro-independence tune , to talk of independence , or to campaign for independence . The bill , which resembled the Smith Act passed in the United States , was signed and made into law on June 10 , 1948 , by the U.S. appointed governor of Puerto Rico , Jesús T. Piñero , and became known as `` Law 53 '' ( Spanish : Ley 53 ) . In accordance with this law , it would be a crime to print , publish , sell , exhibit , organize or help anyone organize any society , group or assembly of people whose intentions are to paralyze or destroy the insular government . Anyone accused and found guilty of disobeying the law could be sentenced to ten years of prison , be fined $10,000 ( U.S. ) , or both . According to Dr. Leopoldo Figueroa , a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives , the law was repressive and in violation of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution , which guarantees Freedom of Speech . He asserted that the law as such was a violation of the civil rights of the people of Puerto Rico . The law was repealed in 1957 . Estado Libre Asociado In 1950 , the U.S. Congress granted Puerto Ricans the right to organize a constitutional convention via a referendum that gave them the option of voting their preference , `` yes '' or `` no '' , on a proposed U.S. law that would organize Puerto Rico as a `` commonwealth '' that would continue United States sovereignty over Puerto Rico and its people . Puerto Rico 's electorate expressed its support for this measure in 1951 with a second referendum to ratify the constitution . The Constitution of Puerto Rico was formally adopted on July 3 , 1952 . The Constitutional Convention specified the name by which the body politic would be known . On February 4 , 1952 , the convention approved Resolution 22 which chose in English the word Commonwealth , meaning a `` politically organized community '' or `` state '' , which is simultaneously connected by a compact or treaty to another political system . Puerto Rico officially designates itself with the term `` Commonwealth of Puerto Rico '' in its constitution , as a translation into English of the term to `` Estado Libre Asociado '' ( ELA ) . In 1967 Puerto Rico 's Legislative Assembly polled the political preferences of the Puerto Rican electorate by passing a plebiscite act that provided for a vote on the status of Puerto Rico . This constituted the first plebiscite by the Legislature for a choice among three status options ( commonwealth , statehood , and independence ) . In subsequent plebiscites organized by Puerto Rico held in 1993 and 1998 ( without any formal commitment on the part of the U.S. Government to honor the results ) , the current political status failed to receive majority support . In 1993 , Commonwealth status won by a plurality of votes ( 48.6 % versus 46.3 % for statehood ) , while the `` none of the above '' option , which was the Popular Democratic Party - sponsored choice , won in 1998 with 50.3 % of the votes ( versus 46.5 % for statehood ) . Disputes arose as to the definition of each of the ballot alternatives , and Commonwealth advocates , among others , reportedly urged a vote for `` none of the above '' . In 1950 , the U.S. Congress approved Public Law 600 ( P.L. 81 - 600 ) , which allowed for a democratic referendum in Puerto Rico to determine whether Puerto Ricans desired to draft their own local constitution . This Act was meant to be adopted in the `` nature of a compact '' . It required congressional approval of the Puerto Rico Constitution before it could go into effect , and repealed certain sections of the Organic Act of 1917 . The sections of this statute left in force were entitled the Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act . U.S. Secretary of the Interior Oscar L. Chapman , under whose Department resided responsibility of Puerto Rican affairs , clarified the new commonwealth status in this manner : `` The bill ( to permit Puerto Rico to write its own constitution ) merely authorizes the people of Puerto Rico to adopt their own constitution and to organize a local government ... The bill under consideration would not change Puerto Rico 's political , social , and economic relationship to the United States . '' External video Puerto Rico , U.S. Embassy in Vienna , October 24 , 2014 View newsreel scenes in Spanish of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s on YouTube On October 30 , 1950 , Pedro Albizu Campos and other nationalists led a three - day revolt against the United States in various cities and towns of Puerto Rico , in what is known as the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s . The most notable occurred in Jayuya and Utuado . In the Jayuya revolt , known as the Jayuya Uprising , the Puerto Rican governor declared martial law , and attacked the insurgents in Jayuya with infantry , artillery and bombers under control of the Puerto Rican commander . The Utuado uprising culminated in what is known as the Utuado massacre . On November 1 , 1950 , Puerto Rican nationalists from New York City , Griselio Torresola and Oscar Collazo , attempted to assassinate President Harry S. Truman at his temporary residence of Blair House . Torresola was killed during the attack , but Collazo was wounded and captured . He was convicted of murder and sentenced to death , but President Truman commuted his sentence to life . After Collazo served 29 years in a federal prison , President Jimmy Carter commuted his sentence to times served and he was released in 1979 . Pedro Albizu Campos served many years in a federal prison in Atlanta , for seditious conspiracy to overthrow the U.S. government in Puerto Rico . The Constitution of Puerto Rico was approved by a Constitutional Convention on February 6 , 1952 , and 82 % of the voters in a March referendum . It was modified and ratified by the U.S. Congress , approved by President Truman on July 3 of that year , and proclaimed by Gov. Muñoz Marín on July 25 , 1952 . This was the anniversary of July 25 , 1898 , landing of U.S. troops in the Puerto Rican Campaign of the Spanish -- American War , until then celebrated as an annual Puerto Rico holiday . A shantytown along the Martin Peña Channel ( 1973 ) Puerto Rico adopted the name of Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico ( literally `` Associated Free State of Puerto Rico '' ) , officially translated into English as Commonwealth , for its body politic . `` The United States Congress legislates over many fundamental aspects of Puerto Rican life , including citizenship , the currency , the postal service , foreign policy , military defense , communications , labor relations , the environment , commerce , finance , health and welfare , and many others . '' During the 1950s and 1960s , Puerto Rico experienced rapid industrialization , due in large part to Operación Manos a la Obra ( `` Operation Bootstrap '' ) , an offshoot of FDR 's New Deal . It was intended to transform Puerto Rico 's economy from agriculture - based to manufacturing - based to provide more jobs . Puerto Rico has become a major tourist destination , as well as a global center for pharmaceutical manufacturing . Referendums on statehood or independence Four referendums have been held since the late 20th century to resolve the political status . The 2012 referendum showed a majority ( 54 % of the voters ) in favor of a change in status , with full statehood the preferred option of those who wanted a change . Because there were almost 500,000 blank ballots in the 2012 referendum , creating confusion as to the voters ' true desire , Congress decided to ignore the vote . The first three plebiscites provided voters with three options : statehood , free association , and independence . The Puerto Rican status referendum , 2017 in June 2017 was going to offer only two options : Statehood and Independence / Free Association . However , a letter from the Donald Trump administration recommended adding the Commonwealth , the current status , in the plebiscite . The option had been removed from this plebiscite in response to the results of the plebiscite in 2012 which asked whether to remain in the current status and No had won . The Trump administration cited changes in demographics during the past 5 years to add the option once again . Amendments to the plebiscite bill were adopted making ballot wording changes requested by the Department of Justice , as well as adding a `` current territorial status '' option . While 97 percent voted in favor of statehood , the turnout was low ; only some 23 percent voted . After the ballots were counted the Justice Department was non-committal . The Justice Department had asked for the 2017 plebiscite to be postponed but the Rosselló government chose not to do so . After the outcome was announced , the department told the Associated Press that it had `` not reviewed or approved the ballot 's language '' . Former Governor Aníbal Acevedo Vilá ( 2005 -- 2009 ) is convinced that statehood is not the solution for either the U.S. or for Puerto Rico `` for economic , identity and cultural reasons '' . He pointed out that voter turnout for the 2017 referendum was extremely low , and suggests that a different type of mutually - beneficial relationship should be found . If the federal government agrees to discuss an association agreement , the conditions would be negotiated between the two entities . The agreement might cover topics such as the role of the U.S. military in Puerto Rico , the use of the U.S. currency , free trade between the two entities , and whether Puerto Ricans would be U.S. citizens . The three current Free Associated States ( Marshall Islands , Micronesia and Palau ) use the American dollar , receive some financial support and the promise of military defense if they refuse military access to any other country . Their citizens are allowed to work in the U.S. and serve in its military . Governor Ricardo Rosselló is strongly in favor of statehood to help develop the economy and help to `` solve our 500 - year - old colonial dilemma ... Colonialism is not an option ... It 's a civil rights issue ... 3.5 million citizens seeking an absolute democracy , '' he told the news media . Benefits of statehood include an additional $10 billion per year in federal funds , the right to vote in presidential elections , higher Social Security and Medicare benefits , and a right for its government agencies and municipalities to file for bankruptcy . The latter is currently prohibited . Statehood might be useful as a means of dealing with the financial crisis , since it would allow for bankruptcy and the relevant protection . According to the Government Development Bank , this might be the only solution to the debt crisis . Congress has the power to vote to allow Chapter 9 protection without the need for statehood , but in late 2015 there was very little support in the House for this concept . Other benefits to statehood include increased disability benefits and Medicaid funding , the right to vote in Presidential elections and the higher ( federal ) minimum wage . Subsequent to the 2017 referendum , Puerto Rico 's legislators are also expected to vote on a bill that would allow the Governor to draft a state constitution and hold elections to choose senators and representatives to the federal Congress . In spite of the outcome of the referendum , and the so - called Tennessee Plan ( above ) , action by the United States Congress would be necessary to implement changes to the status of Puerto Rico under the Territorial Clause of the United States Constitution . United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization Since 1953 , the UN has been considering the political status of Puerto Rico and how to assist it in achieving `` independence '' or `` decolonization '' . In 1978 , the Special Committee determined that a `` colonial relationship '' existed between the U.S. and Puerto Rico . The UN 's Special Committee on Decolonization has often referred to Puerto Rico as a `` nation '' in its reports , because , internationally , the people of Puerto Rico are often considered to be a Caribbean nation with their own national identity . Most recently , in a June 2016 report , the Special Committee called for the United States to expedite the process to allow self - determination in Puerto Rico . More specifically , the group called on the United States to expedite a process that would allow the people of Puerto Rico to exercise fully their right to self - determination and independence ... allow the Puerto Rican people to take decisions in a sovereign manner , and to address their urgent economic and social needs , including unemployment , marginalization , insolvency and poverty `` . International status On November 27 , 1953 , shortly after the establishment of the Commonwealth , the General Assembly of the United Nations approved Resolution 748 , removing Puerto Rico 's classification as a non-self - governing territory . The General Assembly did not apply the full list of criteria which was enunciated in 1960 when it took favorable note of the cessation of transmission of information regarding the non-self - governing status of Puerto Rico . According to the White House Task Force on Puerto Rico 's Political Status in its December 21 , 2007 report , the U.S. , in its written submission to the UN in 1953 , never represented that Congress could not change its relationship with Puerto Rico without the territory 's consent . It stated that the U.S. Justice Department in 1959 reiterated that Congress held power over Puerto Rico pursuant to the Territorial Clause of the U.S. Constitution . In 1993 the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit stated that Congress may unilaterally repeal the Puerto Rican Constitution or the Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act and replace them with any rules or regulations of its choice . In a 1996 report on a Puerto Rico status political bill , the U.S. House Committee on Resources stated , `` Puerto Rico 's current status does not meet the criteria for any of the options for full self - government under Resolution 1541 '' ( the three established forms of full self - government being stated in the report as ( 1 ) national independence , ( 2 ) free association based on separate sovereignty , or ( 3 ) full integration with another nation on the basis of equality ) . The report concluded that Puerto Rico `` ... remains an unincorporated colony and does not have the status of ' free association ' with the United States as that status is defined under United States law or international practice '' , that the establishment of local self - government with the consent of the people can be unilaterally revoked by the U.S. Congress , and that U.S. Congress can also withdraw the U.S. citizenship of Puerto Rican residents of Puerto Rico at any time , for a legitimate Federal purpose . The application of the U.S. Constitution to Puerto Rico is limited by the Insular Cases . In 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , and 2011 the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization passed resolutions calling on the United States to expedite a process `` that would allow Puerto Ricans to fully exercise their inalienable right to self - determination and independence '' , and to release all Puerto Rican political prisoners in U.S. prisons , to clean up , decontaminate and return the lands in the islands of Vieques and Culebra to the people of Puerto Rico , to perform a probe into U.S. human rights violations on the island and a probe into the killing by the FBI of pro-independence leader Filiberto Ojeda Rios . 21st century Further information : Proposed political status for Puerto Rico ; Puerto Rican status referendum , 2012 ; and President 's Task Force on Puerto Rico 's Status Puerto Rican status referendum , 2012 Location Puerto Rico Date November 6 , 2012 ; 5 years ago ( 2012 - 11 - 06 ) Voting system simple majority for the first question first - past - the - post for the second question Should Puerto Rico continue its current territorial status ? Yes 46.00 % No 54.00 % Which non-territorial option do you prefer ? Statehood 61.16 % Sovereign Free Associated State 33.34 % Independence 5.49 % There were 515,348 blank and invalidated ballots counted alongside the 1,363,854 ballots which indicated a choice for one of the non-territorial alternatives . Under Puerto Rico Law , these ballots are not considered cast votes and are therefore not reflected in the final tally . On July 15 , 2009 , the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization approved a draft resolution calling on the Government of the United States to expedite a process that would allow the Puerto Rican people to exercise fully their inalienable right to self - determination and independence . On April 29 , 2010 , the U.S. House voted 223 -- 169 to approve a measure for a federally sanctioned process for Puerto Rico 's self - determination , allowing Puerto Rico to set a new referendum on whether to continue its present form of commonwealth , or to have a different political status . If Puerto Ricans voted to continue as a commonwealth , the Government of Puerto Rico was authorized to conduct additional plebiscites at intervals of every eight years from the date on which the results of the prior plebiscite were certified ; if Puerto Ricans voted to have a different political status , a second referendum would determine whether Puerto Rico would become a U.S. state , an independent country , or a sovereign nation associated with the U.S. that would not be subject to the Territorial Clause of the United States Constitution . During the House debate , a fourth option , to retain its present form of commonwealth ( sometimes referred to as `` the status quo '' ) political status , was added as an option in the second plebiscite . Immediately following U.S. House passage , H.R. 2499 was sent to the U.S. Senate , where it was given two formal readings and referred to the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources . On December 22 , 2010 , the 111th United States Congress adjourned without any Senate vote on H.R. 2499 , killing the bill . The latest Task Force report was released on March 11 , 2011 . The report suggested a two - plebiscite process , including a `` first plebiscite that requires the people of Puerto Rico to choose whether they wish to be part of the United States ( either via Statehood or Commonwealth ) or wish to be independent ( via Independence or Free Association ) . If continuing to be part of the United States were chosen in the first plebiscite , a second vote would be taken between Statehood and Commonwealth . '' On June 14 , 2011 , President Barack Obama `` promised to support ' a clear decision ' by the people of Puerto Rico on statehood '' . That same month , the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization passed a resolution and adopted a consensus text introduced by Cuba 's delegate on June 20 , 2011 , calling on the United States to expedite a process `` that would allow Puerto Ricans to fully exercise their inalienable right to self - determination and independence '' . On November 6 , 2012 , a two - question referendum took place , simultaneous with the general elections . The first question asked voters whether they wanted to maintain the current status under the territorial clause of the U.S. Constitution . The second question posed three alternate status options if the first question was approved : statehood , independence or free association . For the first question , 54 percent voted against the current Commonwealth status . For the second question , 61.16 % voted for statehood , 33.34 % for a sovereign free associated state , and 5.49 % for independence . There were also 515,348 blank and invalidated ballots , which are not reflected in the final tally , as they are not considered cast votes under Puerto Rico law . On December 11 , 2012 , Puerto Rico 's Legislature passed a concurrent resolution to request to the President and the U.S. Congress action on November 6 , 2012 plebiscite results . But on April 10 , 2013 , with the issue still being widely debated , the White House announced that it will seek $2.5 million to hold another referendum , this next one being the first Puerto Rican status referendum to be financed by the U.S. Federal government . In December 2015 , the U.S. Government submitted a brief as Amicus Curiae to the U.S. Supreme Court related to the case Commonwealth of Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle . The U.S. Government official position is that the U.S. Constitution does not contemplate `` sovereign territories '' . That the Court has consistently recognized that `` there is no sovereignty in a Territory of the United States but that of the United States itself '' . and a U.S. territory has `` no independent sovereignty comparable to that of a state . That is because `` the Government of a territory owes its existence wholly to the United States '' . Congress 's plenary authority over federal territories includes the authority to permit self - government , whereby local officials administer a territory 's internal affairs . On June 9 , 2016 , in Commonwealth of Puerto Rico vs Sanchez Valle , a 6 -- 2 majority of the Supreme Court of the United States determined that Puerto Rico is a territory and lacks Sovereignty . On June 30 , 2016 , the President of the United States of America signed a new law approved by U.S. Congress , H.R. 5278 : PROMESA , establishing a Control Board over the Puerto Rico Government . This board will have a significant degree of federal control involved in its establishment and operations . In particular , the authority to establish the control board derives from the federal government 's constitutional power to `` make all needful rules and regulations '' regarding U.S. territories ; The President would appoint all seven voting members of the board ; and the board would have broad sovereign powers to effectively overrule decisions by Puerto Rico 's legislature , governor , and other public authorities . Political status The latest referendum on statehood , independence , or an associated republic was held on November 6 , 2012 . The people of Puerto Rico made history by requesting , for the first time ever , the conclusion of the island 's current territorial status . Almost 78 % of registered voters participated in a plebiscite held to resolve Puerto Rico 's status , and a slim but clear majority ( 54 % ) disagreed with Puerto Rico maintaining its present territorial status . Furthermore , among the possible alternatives , sixty - one percent ( 61 % ) of voters chose the statehood option , while one third of the ballots were submitted blank . On December 11 , 2012 , the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico enacted a concurrent resolution requesting the President and the Congress of the United States to respond to the referendum of the people of Puerto Rico , held on November 6 , 2012 , to end its current form of territorial status and to begin the process to admit Puerto Rico as a State . The initiative has not made Puerto Rico into a state . Hurricane Maria A neighborhood in Puerto Rico heavily damaged by the storm . In late September 2017 , Hurricane Maria hit the island as a Category 4 storm causing severe damage to homes , other buildings and infrastructure . The recovery as of late November was slow but progress had been made . Electricity was restored to two - thirds of the island , although there was some doubt as to the number of residents getting reliable power . In January 2018 , it was reported that close to 40 percent of the island 's customers still did not have electricity . The vast majority had access to water but were still required to boil it . The number still living in shelters had dropped to 982 with thousands of others living with relatives . The official death toll at the time was 58 but some sources indicated that the actual number is much higher . A dam on the island was close to failure and officials were concerned about additional flooding from this source . Thousands had left Puerto Rico , with close to 200,000 having arrived in Florida alone . Those who were then living on the mainland experienced difficulty in getting health care benefits . A The New York Times report on November 27 said it was understandable that Puerto Ricans wanted to leave the island . `` Basic essentials are hard to find and electricity and other utilities are unreliable or entirely inaccessible . Much of the population has been unable to return to jobs or to school and access to health care has been severely limited . '' The Center for Puerto Rican Studies at New York 's Hunter College estimated that some half million people , about 14 % of the population , may permanently leave by 2019 . The total damage on the island was estimated as up to $95 billion . By the end of November , FEMA had received over a million applications for aid and had approved about a quarter of those . The US government had agreed in October to provide funding to rebuild and up to $4.9 billion in loans to help the island 's government . FEMA had $464 million earmarked to help local governments rebuild public buildings and infrastructure . Bills for other funding were being considered in Washington but little progress had been made on those . A November 28 , 2017 report by the Sierra Club included this comment : `` It will take years to rebuild Puerto Rico , not just from the worst hurricane to make landfall since 1932 , but to sustainably overcome environmental injustices which made Maria 's devastation even more catastrophic '' . In May , 2017 , the Natural Resources Defense Council reported that Puerto Rico 's water system was the worst as measured by the Clean Water Act . 70 % of the population drank water that violated U.S. law . Rebuilding efforts A tourism web site report in March 2018 indicated that all airports were operating , although Luis Munoz Marin Airport would not be back to handling the full number of flights until July 2018 . Some 90 % of the island was receiving electricity , although the power structure would require another $17.6 billion for full rebuilding , according to the United States Department of Energy . Nearly all residents had access to telecommunications service and running water . All hospitals were operating . Some 83 % of hotel rooms were available for use and the cruise ship port was receiving ships ; 58 arrived in San Juan in February . The island was encouraging operators to increase the number of tourists . Reports in April 2018 stated that Puerto Rico will receive $18.5 billion from the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development to help rebuild homes and infrastructure . This was substantially less than the $46 billion requested by the governor . However , the island was expecting to receive approximately $50 billion for disaster relief over the subsequent six years mostly via the Federal Emergency Management Agency . At that time , nearly 2800 families were living in FEMA - sponsored short - term housing across 34 states and Puerto Rico . Nearly half of the schools are operating at only 60 % classroom capacity . Over 280 public schools would not reopen in the fall ; 827 were expected to be operational . Almost 40,000 students left the island 's schools since May 2017 ; some of these were in schools in the mainland U.S. ( Before the hurricanes , Puerto Rico had planned to close 179 schools due to inadequate numbers of students . ) Death toll The official number of Hurricane Maria - related deaths as reported by the government of Puerto Rico is 64 . The Commonwealth has commissioned George Washington University to assess the death toll and is awaiting that report . An academic study based on household surveys and reported in the New England Journal of Medicine estimated that the number of hurricane - related deaths during the period September 20 , 2017 to December 31 , 2017 was around 4,600 ( range 793 - 8,498 ) Geography Main articles : Geography of Puerto Rico and Geology of Puerto Rico A map of Puerto Rico Puerto Rico consists of the main island of Puerto Rico and various smaller islands , including Vieques , Culebra , Mona , Desecheo , and Caja de Muertos . Of these five , only Culebra and Vieques are inhabited year - round . Mona , which has played a key role in maritime history , is uninhabited most of the year except for employees of the Puerto Rico Department of Natural Resources . There are many other even smaller islets , like Monito , which is near to Mona , Isla de Cabras and La Isleta de San Juan , both located on the San Juan Bay . The latter is the only inhabited islet with communities like Old San Juan and Puerta de Tierra , and connected to the main island by bridges . The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has an area of 13,790 square kilometers ( 5,320 sq mi ) , of which 8,870 km ( 3,420 sq mi ) is land and 4,921 km ( 1,900 sq mi ) is water . Puerto Rico is larger than two U.S. states , Delaware and Rhode Island . The maximum length of the main island from east to west is 180 km ( 110 mi ) , and the maximum width from north to south is 65 km ( 40 mi ) . Puerto Rico is the smallest of the Greater Antilles . It is 80 % of the size of Jamaica , just over 18 % of the size of Hispaniola and 8 % of the size of Cuba , the largest of the Greater Antilles . The island is mostly mountainous with large coastal areas in the north and south . The main mountain range is called `` La Cordillera Central '' ( The Central Range ) . The highest elevation in Puerto Rico , Cerro de Punta 1,338 meters ( 4,390 ft ) , is located in this range . Another important peak is El Yunque , one of the highest in the Sierra de Luquillo at the El Yunque National Forest , with an elevation of 1,065 m ( 3,494 ft ) . The coast at Patillas , Puerto Rico Puerto Rico has 17 lakes , all man - made , and more than 50 rivers , most originating in the Cordillera Central . Rivers in the northern region of the island are typically longer and of higher water flow rates than those of the south , since the south receives less rain than the central and northern regions . Puerto Rico is composed of Cretaceous to Eocene volcanic and plutonic rocks , overlain by younger Oligocene and more recent carbonates and other sedimentary rocks . Most of the caverns and karst topography on the island occurs in the northern region in the carbonates . The oldest rocks are approximately 190 million years old ( Jurassic ) and are located at Sierra Bermeja in the southwest part of the island . They may represent part of the oceanic crust and are believed to come from the Pacific Ocean realm . Puerto Rico lies at the boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates and is being deformed by the tectonic stresses caused by their interaction . These stresses may cause earthquakes and tsunamis . These seismic events , along with landslides , represent some of the most dangerous geologic hazards in the island and in the northeastern Caribbean . The most recent major earthquake occurred on October 11 , 1918 , and had an estimated magnitude of 7.5 on the Richter scale . It originated off the coast of Aguadilla , several kilometers off the northern coast , and was accompanied by a tsunami . It caused extensive property damage and widespread losses , damaging infrastructure , especially bridges . It resulted in an estimated 116 deaths and $4 million in property damage . The failure of the government to move rapidly to provide for the general welfare contributed to political activism by opponents and eventually to the rise of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party . The Puerto Rico Trench , the largest and deepest trench in the Atlantic , is located about 115 km ( 71 mi ) north of Puerto Rico at the boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates . It is 280 km ( 170 mi ) long . At its deepest point , named the Milwaukee Deep , it is almost 8,400 m ( 27,600 ft ) deep . Climate Puerto Rico seen from space ( STS - 34 mission ) Main article : Climate of Puerto Rico The climate of Puerto Rico in the Köppen climate classification is tropical rainforest . Temperatures are warm to hot year round , averaging near 85 ° F ( 29 ° C ) in lower elevations and 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ) in the mountains . Easterly trade winds pass across the island year round . Puerto Rico has a rainy season which stretches from April into November . The mountains of the Cordillera Central are the main cause of the variations in the temperature and rainfall that occur over very short distances . The mountains can also cause wide variation in local wind speed and direction due to their sheltering and channeling effects adding to the climatic variation . The island has an average temperature of 82.4 ° F ( 28 ° C ) throughout the year , with an average minimum temperature of 66.9 ° F ( 19 ° C ) and maximum of 85.4 ° F ( 30 ° C ) . Daily temperature changes seasonally are quite small in the lowlands and coastal areas . The temperature in the south is usually a few degrees higher than the north and temperatures in the central interior mountains are always cooler than those on the rest of the island . Between the dry and wet season , there is a temperature change of around 6 ° F ( 3.3 ° C ) . This is mainly due to the warm waters of the tropical Atlantic Ocean , which significantly modify cooler air moving in from the north and northwest . Coastal waters temperatures around the years are about 75 ° F ( 24 ° C ) in February to 85 ° F ( 29 ° C ) in August . The highest temperature ever recorded was 99 ° F ( 37 ° C ) at Arecibo , while the lowest temperature ever recorded was 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) in the mountains at Adjuntas , Aibonito , and Corozal . The average yearly precipitation is 1,687 mm ( 66 in ) . hide Climate data for San Juan Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 28 ( 83 ) 29 ( 84 ) 29 ( 85 ) 30 ( 86 ) 31 ( 88 ) 32 ( 89 ) 32 ( 89 ) 32 ( 89 ) 32 ( 89 ) 32 ( 89 ) 30 ( 86 ) 29 ( 84 ) 31 ( 87 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 22 ( 72 ) 22 ( 72 ) 23 ( 73 ) 23 ( 74 ) 24 ( 76 ) 26 ( 78 ) 26 ( 78 ) 26 ( 78 ) 26 ( 78 ) 25 ( 77 ) 24 ( 75 ) 23 ( 73 ) 24 ( 75 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 95.5 ( 3.76 ) 62.7 ( 2.47 ) 49.5 ( 1.95 ) 118.9 ( 4.68 ) 149.9 ( 5.90 ) 112 ( 4.41 ) 128.8 ( 5.07 ) 138.7 ( 5.46 ) 146.6 ( 5.77 ) 142 ( 5.59 ) 161.3 ( 6.35 ) 127.5 ( 5.02 ) 1,433.4 ( 56.43 ) Average rainy days 17 13 12 13 17 15 19 18 17 17 18 19 196 Average relative humidity ( % ) 78.0 75.5 73.9 75.0 77.2 77.0 78.0 77.6 77.7 78.2 78.6 78.3 77.1 Mean daily sunshine hours 8 8 9 9 8 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8.6 Source : `` Average Weather for San Juan , PR '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Puerto Rico experiences the Atlantic hurricane season , similar to the remainder of the Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic oceans . On average , a quarter of its annual rainfall is contributed from tropical cyclones , which are more prevalent during periods of La Niña than El Niño . A cyclone of tropical storm strength passes near Puerto Rico , on average , every five years . A hurricane passes in the vicinity of the island , on average , every seven years . Since 1851 , the Lake Okeechobee Hurricane of September 1928 is the only hurricane to make landfall as a Category 5 hurricane . In the busy 2017 Atlantic hurricane season , Puerto Rico avoided a direct hit by the Category 5 Hurricane Irma on September 8 , 2017 , but high winds caused a loss of electrical power to some one million residents . Almost 50 % of hospitals were operating with power provided by generators . The Category 4 Hurricane Jose , as expected , veered away from Puerto Rico . A short time later , the devastating Hurricane Maria made landfall in Puerto Rico as a Category 4 hurricane , with sustained 155 mph ( 249 km / h ) winds , powerful rains and widespread flooding causing tremendous destruction , including the electrical grid , which could remain out for 4 -- 6 months . With such widespread destruction and a great need for supplies -- everything from drinking water , food , medicine and personal care items to fuel for generators and construction materials for rebuilding the island -- Gov. Rossello and several Congressmen called on the federal government to waive the WWI - era Jones Act ( protectionist provisions : ships made and owned in U.S. , and with U.S. crews ) , which essentially double Puerto Rico 's cost for shipped goods relative to neighboring islands . On September 28 , U.S. President Donald Trump waived the Act for ten days . Biodiversity Main articles : Fauna of Puerto Rico and Flora of Puerto Rico Common Coquí Species endemic to the archipelago number 239 plants , 16 birds and 39 amphibians / reptiles , recognized as of 1998 . Most of these ( 234 , 12 and 33 respectively ) are found on the main island . The most recognizable endemic species and a symbol of Puerto Rican pride is the coquí , a small frog easily identified by the sound of its call , from which it gets its name . Most coquí species ( 13 of 17 ) live in the El Yunque National Forest , a tropical rainforest in the northeast of the island previously known as the Caribbean National Forest . El Yunque is home to more than 240 plants , 26 of which are endemic to the island . It is also home to 50 bird species , including the critically endangered Puerto Rican amazon . Across the island in the southwest , the 40 km ( 15 sq mi ) of dry land at the Guánica Commonwealth Forest Reserve contain over 600 uncommon species of plants and animals , including 48 endangered species and 16 endemic to Puerto Rico . Demographics Main articles : Demographics of Puerto Rico and Cultural diversity in Puerto Rico Population density , Census 2000 The population of Puerto Rico has been shaped by Amerindian settlement , European colonization , slavery , economic migration , and Puerto Rico 's status as unincorporated territory of the United States . Population makeup Main article : Puerto Rican people Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1765 44,883 -- 1775 70,250 + 56.5 % 1800 155,426 + 121.2 % 1815 220,892 + 42.1 % 1832 350,051 + 58.5 % 1846 447,914 + 28.0 % 1860 583,308 + 30.2 % 1877 731,648 + 25.4 % 1887 798,565 + 9.1 % 1899 953,243 + 19.4 % 1910 1,118,012 + 17.3 % 1920 1,299,809 + 16.3 % 1930 1,543,913 + 18.8 % 1940 1,869,255 + 21.1 % 1950 2,210,703 + 18.3 % 1960 2,349,544 + 6.3 % 1970 2,712,033 + 15.4 % 1980 3,196,520 + 17.9 % 3,522,037 + 10.2 % 2000 3,808,610 + 8.1 % 3,725,789 − 2.2 % 2016 3,411,307 − 8.4 % 1765 -- 2010 2016 Estimate The estimated population of Puerto Rico as of July 1 , 2015 , was 3,474,182 , a 6.75 % decrease since the 2010 United States Census . From 2000 to 2010 , the population decreased , the first such decrease in census history for Puerto Rico . It went from the 3,808,610 residents registered in the 2000 Census to 3,725,789 in the 2010 Census . A declining and aging population presents additional problems for the society . The U.S. Census Bureau 's estimate for July 1 , 2016 was 3,411,307 people , down substantially from the 2010 data which had indicated 3,725,789 people . Continuous European immigration and high natural increase helped the population of Puerto Rico grow from 155,426 in 1800 , to almost a million by the close of the 19th century . A census conducted by royal decree on September 30 , 1858 , gave the following totals of the Puerto Rican population at that time : 341,015 were Free colored ; 300,430 identified as Whites ; and 41,736 were slaves . During the 19th century hundreds of families arrived in Puerto Rico , primarily from the Canary Islands and Andalusia , but also from other parts of Spain such as Catalonia , Asturias , Galicia and the Balearic Islands and numerous Spanish loyalists from Spain 's former colonies in South America . Settlers from outside Spain also arrived in the islands , including from Corsica , France , Lebanon , China , Portugal , Ireland , Scotland , Germany and Italy . This immigration from non-Hispanic countries was the result of the Real Cedula de Gracias de 1815 ( `` Royal Decree of Graces of 1815 '' ) , which allowed European Catholics to settle in the island with land allotments in the interior of the island , provided they paid taxes and continued to support the Catholic Church . Racial and Ethnic Composition in Puerto Rico ( 2015 Census est . ) Ethnicity White 75.8 % Black or African American 12.4 % Asian 0.2 % Two or more races 3.3 % American Indian 0.5 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 0.1 % Other races 7.8 % Between 1960 and 1990 the census questionnaire in Puerto Rico did not ask about race or ethnicity . The 2000 United States Census included a racial self - identification question in Puerto Rico . According to the census , most Puerto Ricans identified as White and Hispanic ; few identified as Black or some other race . Population genetics A recent population genetics study conducted in Puerto Rico suggests that between 52.6 % and 84 % of the population possess some degree of Amerindian mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) in their maternal ancestry , usually in a combination with other ancestries such as aboriginal Guanche North - West African ancestry brought by Spanish settlers from the Canary Islands . In addition , these DNA studies show Amerindian ancestry in addition to the Taíno . One genetic study on the racial makeup of Puerto Ricans ( including all races ) found them to be roughly around 61 % West Eurasian / North African ( overwhelmingly of Spanish provenance ) , 27 % Sub-Saharan African and 11 % Native American . Another genetic study from 2007 , claimed that `` the average genomewide individual ( ie . Puerto Rican ) ancestry proportions have been estimated as 66 % , 18 % , and 16 % , for European , West African , and Native American , respectively . '' Other study estimates 63.7 % European , 21.2 % ( Sub-Saharan ) African , and 15.2 % Native American ; European ancestry is more prevalent in the West and in Central Puerto Rico , African in Eastern Puerto Rico , and Native American in Northern Puerto Rico . A Pew Research survey indicated a literacy rate of 90.4 % ( adult population ) in 2012 based on data from the United Nations and a life expectancy of 79.3 years . Immigration and emigration Racial groups Year Population White Mixed ( mainly biracial white European and black African ) Black Asian Other 2000 3,808,610 80.5 % ( 3 064 862 ) 11.0 % ( 418 426 ) 8.0 % ( 302 933 ) 0.2 % ( 7 960 ) 0.4 % ( 14 429 ) 3,725,789 75.8 % ( ' 2 824 148 ) 11.1 % ( ' 413 563 ) 12.4 % ( ' 461 998 ) 0.2 % ( ' 7 452 ) 0.6 % ( ' 22 355 ) Puerto Rico has recently become the permanent home of over 100,000 legal residents . The vast majority of recent immigrants , both legal and illegal , come from the Dominican Republic and Haiti . Other sources sending in significant numbers of recent immigrants include Cuba , Mexico , Colombia , Panama , Jamaica , Venezuela , Spain , and Nigeria . Also , there are many non-Puerto Rican U.S. citizens settling in Puerto Rico , from the mainland United States and the U.S. Virgin Islands , as well as Nuyoricans ( stateside Puerto Ricans ) coming back to Puerto Rico . Most recent immigrants settle in and around San Juan . Emigration is a major part of contemporary Puerto Rican history . Starting soon after World War II , poverty , cheap airfares , and promotion by the island government caused waves of Puerto Ricans to move to the United States , particularly to the Northeastern states , and Florida . This trend continued even as Puerto Rico 's economy improved and its birth rate declined . Puerto Ricans continue to follow a pattern of `` circular migration '' , with some migrants returning to the island . In recent years , the population has declined markedly , falling nearly 1 % in 2012 and an additional 1 % ( 36,000 people ) in 2013 due to a falling birthrate and emigration . According to the 2010 Census , the number of Puerto Ricans living in the United States outside of Puerto Rico far exceeds those living in Puerto Rico . Emigration exceeds immigration . As those who leave tend to be better educated than those that remain , this accentuates the drain on Puerto Rico 's economy . Based on the July 1 , 2016 estimate by the U.S. Census Bureau , the population of the Commonwealth had declined by 314,482 people since the 2010 Census data had been tabulated . Population distribution The most populous city is the capital , San Juan , with approximately 371,400 people based on a 2015 estimate by the Census Bureau . Other major cities include Bayamón , Carolina , Ponce , and Caguas . Of the ten most populous cities on the island , eight are located within what is considered San Juan 's metropolitan area , while the other two are located in the south ( Ponce ) and west ( Mayagüez ) of the island . Largest cities or towns in Puerto Rico 2010 Census Rank Name Metropolitan Statistical Area Pop . San Juan Bayamón San Juan San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 395,326 Carolina Ponce Bayamón San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 208,116 Carolina San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 176,762 Ponce Ponce 166,327 5 Caguas San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 142,893 6 Guaynabo San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 97,924 7 Arecibo San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 96,440 8 Toa Baja San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 89,609 9 Mayagüez Mayagüez 89,080 10 Trujillo Alto San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 74,842 Languages The official languages of the executive branch of government of Puerto Rico are Spanish and English , with Spanish being the primary language . Spanish is , and has been , the only official language of the entire Commonwealth judiciary system , despite a 1902 English - only language law . However , all official business of the U.S. District Court for the District of Puerto Rico is conducted in English . English is the primary language of less than 10 % of the population . Spanish is the dominant language of business , education and daily life on the island , spoken by nearly 95 % of the population . The U.S. Census Bureau 's 2015 update provides the following facts : 94.1 % of adults speak Spanish , 5.8 % speak only English , 78.3 % do not speak English `` very well '' . In Puerto Rico , public school instruction is conducted almost entirely in Spanish . There have been pilot programs in about a dozen of the over 1,400 public schools aimed at conducting instruction in English only . Objections from teaching staff are common , perhaps because many of them are not fully fluent in English . English is taught as a second language and is a compulsory subject from elementary levels to high school . The languages of the deaf community are American Sign Language and its local variant , Puerto Rican Sign Language . The Spanish of Puerto Rico has evolved into having many idiosyncrasies in vocabulary and syntax that differentiate it from the Spanish spoken elsewhere . As a product of Puerto Rican history , the island possesses a unique Spanish dialect . Puerto Rican Spanish utilizes many Taíno words , as well as English words . The largest influence on the Spanish spoken in Puerto Rico is that of the Canary Islands . Taíno loanwords are most often used in the context of vegetation , natural phenomena , and native musical instruments . Similarly , words attributed to primarily West African languages were adopted in the contexts of foods , music , and dances , particularly in coastal towns with concentrations of descendants of Sub-Saharan Africans . Religion Religious affiliation in Puerto Rico ( 2014 ) Roman Catholic ( 56 % ) Protestant ( 33 % ) Other ( 3 % ) Irreligious ( 8 % ) The Roman Catholic Church was brought by Spanish colonists and gradually became the dominant religion in Puerto Rico . The first dioceses in the Americas , including that of Puerto Rico , were authorized by Pope Julius II in 1511 . One Pope , John Paul II , visited Puerto Rico in October 1984 . All municipalities in Puerto Rico have at least one Catholic church , most of which are located at the town center , or plaza . African slaves brought and maintained various ethnic African religious practices associated with different peoples ; in particular , the Yoruba beliefs of Santería and / or Ifá , and the Kongo - derived Palo Mayombe . Some aspects were absorbed into syncretic Christianity . Protestantism , which was suppressed under the Spanish Catholic regime , has slightly reemerged under United States rule , making contemporary Puerto Rico more interconfessional than in previous centuries , although Catholicism continues to be the dominant religion . The first Protestant church , Iglesia de la Santísima Trinidad , was established in Ponce by the Anglican Diocese of Antigua in 1872 . It was the first non-Roman Catholic Church in the entire Spanish Empire in the Americas . Pollster Pablo Ramos stated in 1998 that the population was 38 % Roman Catholic , 28 % Pentecostal , and 18 % were members of independent churches , which would give a Protestant percentage of 46 % if the last two populations are combined . Protestants collectively added up to almost two million people . Another researcher gave a more conservative assessment of the proportion of Protestants : Puerto Rico , by virtue of its long political association with the United States , is the most Protestant of Latin American countries , with a Protestant population of approximately 33 to 38 percent , the majority of whom are Pentecostal . David Stoll calculates that if we extrapolate the growth rates of evangelical churches from 1960 -- 1985 for another twenty - five years Puerto Rico will become 75 percent evangelical . ( Ana Adams : `` Brincando el Charco ... '' in Power , Politics and Pentecostals in Latin America , Edward Cleary , ed. , 1997 . p. 164 ) . The data provided for 2014 by Pew Research Center , is summarized in the chart to the right . An Associated Press article in March 2014 stated that `` more than 70 percent of whom identify themselves as Catholic '' but provided no source for this information . The CIA World Factbook reports that 85 % of the population of Puerto Rico identifies as Roman Catholic , while 15 % identify as Protestant and Other . Neither a date or a source for that information is provided and may not be recent . A 2013 Pew Research survey found that only about 45 % of Puerto Rican adults identified themselves as Catholic , 29 % as Protestant and 20 % as unaffiliated with a religion . The people surveyed by Pew consisted of Puerto Ricans living in the 50 states and DC and may not be indicative of those living in the Commonwealth . By 2014 , a Pew Research report , with the sub-title Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region , indicated that only 56 % of Puerto Ricans were Catholic and that 33 % were Protestant ; this survey was completed between October 2013 and February 2014 . An Eastern Orthodox community , the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos / St. Spyridon 's Church is located in Trujillo Alto , and serves the small Orthodox community . This affiliation accounted for under 1 % of the population in 2010 according to the Pew Research report . In 1940 , Juanita García Peraza founded the Mita Congregation , the first religion of Puerto Rican origin . Taíno religious practices have been rediscovered / reinvented to a degree by a handful of advocates . Similarly , some aspects of African religious traditions have been kept by some adherents . In 1952 , a handful of American Jews established the island 's first synagogue ; this religion accounts for under 1 % of the population in 2010 according to the Pew Research report . The synagogue , called Sha'are Zedeck , hired its first rabbi in 1954 . Puerto Rico has the largest Jewish community in the Caribbean , numbering 3000 people ( date not stated ) , and is the only Caribbean island in which the Conservative , Reform and Orthodox Jewish movements all are represented . In 2007 , there were about 5,000 Muslims in Puerto Rico , representing about 0.13 % of the population . Eight mosques are located throughout the island , with most Muslims living in Río Piedras and Caguas , most of these Muslims are of Palestinian and Jordanian descent . There is also a Bahá'í community on the island . In 2015 , the 25,832 Jehovah 's Witnesses represented about 0.70 % of the population , with 324 congregations . The Padmasambhava Buddhist Center , whose followers practice Tibetan Buddhism , as well as Nichiren Buddhism have branches in Puerto Rico . There are several atheist activist and educational organizations , and an atheistic parody religion called the Pastafarian Church of Puerto Rico . Roman Catholic Cathedral of San Juan Bautista . Anglican Iglesia Santísima Trinidad in Ponce Islamic Center at Ponce Inside Sha'are Zedeck in San Juan Government Main articles : Government of Puerto Rico and Politics of Puerto Rico Governor of Puerto Rico , Ricardo Rosselló Puerto Rico has 8 senatorial districts , 40 representative districts and 78 municipalities . It has a republican form of government with separation of powers subject to the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the United States . Its current powers are all delegated by the United States Congress and lack full protection under the United States Constitution . Puerto Rico 's head of state is the President of the United States . The government of Puerto Rico , based on the formal republican system , is composed of three branches : the executive , legislative , and judicial branch . The executive branch is headed by the governor , currently Ricky Rosselló . The legislative branch consists of a bicameral legislature called the Legislative Assembly , made up of a Senate as its upper chamber and a House of Representatives as its lower chamber . The Senate is headed by the President of the Senate , currently Thomas Rivera Schatz , while the House of Representatives is headed by the Speaker of the House , currently Johnny Méndez . The governor and legislators are elected by popular vote every four years with the last election held in November 2016 . The judicial branch is headed by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico , currently Maite Oronoz Rodríguez . Members of the judicial branch are appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of the Senate . Puerto Rico is represented in the United States Congress by a nonvoting delegate , the Resident Commissioner , currently Jenniffer González . Current congressional rules have removed the Commissioner 's power to vote in the Committee of the Whole , but the Commissioner can vote in committee . Puerto Rican elections are governed by the Federal Election Commission and the State Elections Commission of Puerto Rico . While residing in Puerto Rico , Puerto Ricans can not vote in U.S. presidential elections , but they can vote in primaries . Puerto Ricans who become residents of a U.S. state can vote in presidential elections . Puerto Rico hosts consulates from 41 countries , mainly from the Americas and Europe , with most located in San Juan . As an unincorporated territory of the United States , Puerto Rico does not have any first - order administrative divisions as defined by the U.S. government , but has 78 municipalities at the second level . Mona Island is not a municipality , but part of the municipality of Mayagüez . Municipalities are subdivided into wards or barrios , and those into sectors . Each municipality has a mayor and a municipal legislature elected for a four - year term . The municipality of San Juan ( previously called `` town '' ) , was founded first , in 1521 , San Germán in 1570 , Coamo in 1579 , Arecibo in 1614 , Aguada in 1692 and Ponce in 1692 . An increase of settlement saw the founding of 30 municipalities in the 18th century and 34 in the 19th . Six were founded in the 20th century ; the last was Florida in 1971 . Political parties and elections Main article : Political party strength in Puerto Rico The difference between the incumbent party , the PPD , and its opponent , the PNP , was a mere 0.6 % in the last election . This difference is common as the political landscape experiences political cycles between both parties , with the PPD ruling all branches of government for 36 of the past 64 years . The PNP , on the other hand , has ruled both the executive and legislative branch concurrently for 16 years . The other 12 years experienced a divided government . Since 1952 , Puerto Rico has had three main political parties : the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD in Spanish ) , the New Progressive Party ( PNP in Spanish ) and the Puerto Rican Independence Party ( PIP ) . The three parties stand for different political status . The PPD , for example , seeks to maintain the island 's status with the U.S. as a commonwealth , while the PNP , on the other hand , seeks to make Puerto Rico a state of the United States . The PIP , in contrast , seeks a complete separation from the United States by seeking to make Puerto Rico a sovereign nation . In terms of party strength , the PPD and PNP usually hold about 47 % of the vote each while the PIP holds only about 5 % . After 2007 , other parties emerged on the island . The first , the Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico Party ( PPR in Spanish ) was registered that same year . The party claims that it seeks to address the islands ' problems from a status - neutral platform . But it ceased to remain as a registered party when it failed to obtain the required number of votes in the 2008 general election . Four years later , the 2012 election saw the emergence of the Movimiento Unión Soberanista ( MUS ; English : Sovereign Union Movement ) and the Partido del Pueblo Trabajador ( PPT ; English : Working People 's Party ) but none obtained more than 1 % of the vote . Other non-registered parties include the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party , the Socialist Workers Movement , and the Hostosian National Independence Movement . Law Main articles : Constitution of Puerto Rico and Law of Puerto Rico The insular legal system is a blend of civil law and the common law systems . Puerto Rico is the only current U.S. possession whose legal system operates primarily in a language other than American English : namely , Spanish . Because the U.S. federal government operates primarily in English , all Puerto Rican attorneys must be bilingual in order to litigate in English in U.S. federal courts , and litigate federal preemption issues in Puerto Rican courts . Title 48 of the United States Code outlines the role of the United States Code to United States territories and insular areas such as Puerto Rico . After the U.S. government assumed control of Puerto Rico in 1901 , it initiated legal reforms resulting in the adoption of codes of criminal law , criminal procedure , and civil procedure modeled after those then in effect in California . Although Puerto Rico has since followed the federal example of transferring criminal and civil procedure from statutory law to rules promulgated by the judiciary , several portions of its criminal law still reflect the influence of the California Penal Code . The judicial branch is headed by the Chief Justice of the Puerto Rico Supreme Court , which is the only appellate court required by the Constitution . All other courts are created by the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico . There is also a Federal District Court for Puerto Rico . Someone accused of a criminal act at the federal level may not be accused for the same act in a Commonwealth court , unlike a state court , since Puerto Rico as a territory lacks sovereignty separate from Congress as a state does . Such a parallel accusation would constitute double jeopardy . Political status Main articles : Political status of Puerto Rico and Proposed political status for Puerto Rico The nature of Puerto Rico 's political relationship with the U.S. is the subject of ongoing debate in Puerto Rico , the United States Congress , and the United Nations . Specifically , the basic question is whether Puerto Rico should remain a U.S. territory , become a U.S. state , or become an independent country . Within the United States The Capitol of Puerto Rico , home of the Legislative Assembly in Puerto Rico Constitutionally , Puerto Rico is subject to the plenary powers of the United States Congress under the territorial clause of Article IV of the U.S. Constitution . Laws enacted at the federal level in the United States apply to Puerto Rico as well , regardless of its political status . Their residents do not have voting representation in the U.S. Congress . Like the different states of the United States , Puerto Rico lacks `` the full sovereignty of an independent nation '' , for example , the power to manage its `` external relations with other nations '' , which is held by the U.S. federal government . The Supreme Court of the United States has indicated that once the U.S. Constitution has been extended to an area ( by Congress or the courts ) , its coverage is irrevocable . To hold that the political branches may switch the Constitution on or off at will would lead to a regime in which they , not this Court , say `` what the law is '' . Puerto Ricans `` were collectively made U.S. citizens '' in 1917 as a result of the Jones - Shafroth Act . U.S. citizens residing in Puerto Rico can not vote for the U.S. president , though both major parties , Republican and Democratic , run primary elections in Puerto Rico to send delegates to vote on a presidential candidate . Since Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory ( see above ) and not a U.S. state , the United States Constitution does not fully enfranchise U.S. citizens residing in Puerto Rico . Only fundamental rights under the American federal constitution and adjudications are applied to Puerto Ricans . Various other U.S. Supreme Court decisions have held which rights apply in Puerto Rico and which ones do not . Puerto Ricans have a long history of service in the U.S. Armed Forces and , since 1917 , they have been included in the U.S. compulsory draft whensoever it has been in effect . Though the Commonwealth government has its own tax laws , Puerto Ricans are also required to pay many kinds of U.S. federal taxes , not including the federal personal income tax for Puerto Rico - sourced income , but only under certain circumstances . In 2009 , Puerto Rico paid $3.742 billion into the U.S. Treasury . Residents of Puerto Rico pay into Social Security , and are thus eligible for Social Security benefits upon retirement . They are excluded from the Supplemental Security Income ( SSI ) , and the island actually receives a smaller fraction of the Medicaid funding it would receive if it were a U.S. state . Also , Medicare providers receive less - than - full state - like reimbursements for services rendered to beneficiaries in Puerto Rico , even though the latter paid fully into the system . While a state may try an individual for the same crime he / she was tried in federal court , this is not the case in Puerto Rico . Being a U.S. territory , Puerto Rico 's authority to enact a criminal code derives from Congress and not from local sovereignty as with the states . Thus , such a parallel accusation would constitute double jeopardy and is constitutionally impermissible . In 1992 , President George H.W. Bush issued a memorandum to heads of executive departments and agencies establishing the current administrative relationship between the federal government and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico . This memorandum directs all federal departments , agencies , and officials to treat Puerto Rico administratively as if it were a state , insofar as doing so would not disrupt federal programs or operations . Many federal executive branch agencies have significant presence in Puerto Rico , just as in any state , including the Federal Bureau of Investigation , Federal Emergency Management Agency , Transportation Security Administration , Social Security Administration , and others . While Puerto Rico has its own Commonwealth judicial system similar to that of a U.S. state , there is also a U.S. federal district court in Puerto Rico , and Puerto Ricans have served as judges in that Court and in other federal courts on the U.S. mainland regardless of their residency status at the time of their appointment . Sonia Sotomayor , a New Yorker of Puerto Rican descent , serves as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . Puerto Ricans have also been frequently appointed to high - level federal positions , including serving as United States Ambassadors to other nations . Foreign and intergovernmental relations This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Foreign and intergovernmental relations of Puerto Rico Puerto Rico is subject to the Commerce and Territorial Clause of the Constitution of the United States and , therefore , is restricted on how it can engage with other nations , sharing the opportunities and limitations that state governments have albeit not being one . As is the case with state governments , regardless , it has established several trade agreements with other nations , particularly with Hispanic American countries such as Colombia and Panamá . It has also established trade promotion offices in many foreign countries , all Spanish - speaking , and within the United States itself , which now include Spain , the Dominican Republic , Panama , Colombia , Washington , D.C. , New York City and Florida , and has included in the past offices in Chile , Costa Rica , and Mexico . Such agreements require permission from the U.S. Department of State ; most , are simply allowed by existing laws or trade treaties between the United States and other nations which supersede trade agreements pursued by Puerto Rico and different U.S. states . At the local level , Puerto Rico established by law that the international relations which states and territories are allowed to engage must be handled by the Department of State of Puerto Rico , an executive department , headed by the Secretary of State of Puerto Rico , who also serves as the territory 's lieutenant governor . It is also charged to liaise with general consuls and honorary consuls based in Puerto Rico . The Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration , along with the Office of the Resident Commissioner , manage all its intergovernmental affairs before entities of or in the United States ( including the federal government of the United States , local and state governments of the United States , and public or private entities in the United States ) . Both entities frequently assist the Department of State of Puerto Rico in engaging with Washington , D.C. - based ambassadors and federal agencies that handle Puerto Rico 's foreign affairs , such as the U.S. Department of State , the Agency for International Development , and others . The current Secretary of State is Víctor Suárez Meléndez from the Popular Democratic Party and member of the Democratic Party of the United States , while the current Director of the Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration is Juan Eugenio Hernández Mayoral also from the Popular Democratic and member of the Democratic Party . The Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico , the delegate elected by Puerto Ricans to represent them before the federal government , including the U.S. Congress , sits in the United States House of Representatives , serves and votes on congressional committees , and functions in every respect as a legislator except being denied a vote on the final disposition of legislation on the House floor , also engages in foreign affairs to the same extent as other members of Congress . The current Resident Commissioner is Pedro Pierluisi from the New Progressive Party and member of the Democratic Party of the United States . Many Puerto Ricans have served as United States ambassadors to different nations and international organizations , such as the Organization of American States , mostly but not exclusively in Latin America . For example , Maricarmen Aponte , a Puerto Rican and now an Acting Assistant Secretary of State , previously served as U.S. ambassador to El Salvador . Military Main article : Military of Puerto Rico As it is a territory of the United States of America , the defense of Puerto Rico is provided by the United States as part of the Treaty of Paris with the President of the United States as its commander - in - chief . Puerto Rico has its own Puerto Rico National Guard , and its own state defense force , the Puerto Rico State Guard , which by local law is under the authority of the Puerto Rico National Guard . The commander - in - chief of both local forces is the governor of Puerto Rico who delegates his authority to the Puerto Rico Adjutant General , currently Brigadier General Isabelo Rivera . The Adjutant General , in turn , delegates the authority over the State Guard to another officer but retains the authority over the Puerto Rico National Guard as a whole . U.S. military installations in Puerto Rico ( including the United States Virgin Islands ) throughout the 20th century U.S. military installations in Puerto Rico were part of the U.S. Atlantic Command ( LANTCOM after 1993 USACOM ) , which had authority over all U.S. military operations that took place throughout the Atlantic . Puerto Rico had been seen as crucial in supporting LANTCOM 's mission until 1999 , when U.S. Atlantic Command was renamed and given a new mission as United States Joint Forces Command . Puerto Rico is currently under the responsibility of United States Northern Command . Both the Naval Forces Caribbean ( NFC ) and the Fleet Air Caribbean ( FAIR ) were formerly based at the Roosevelt Roads Naval Station . The NFC had authority over all U.S. Naval activity in the waters of the Caribbean while FAIR had authority over all U.S. military flights and air operations over the Caribbean . With the closing of the Roosevelt Roads and Vieques Island training facilities , the U.S. Navy has basically exited from Puerto Rico , except for the ships that steam by , and the only significant military presence in the island is the U.S. Army at Ft Buchanan , the Puerto Rican Army and Air National Guards , and the U.S. Coast Guard . Protests over the noise of bombing practice forced the closure of the naval base . This resulted in a loss of 6,000 jobs and an annual decrease in local income of $300 million . A branch of the U.S. Army National Guard is stationed in Puerto Rico -- known as the Puerto Rico Army National Guard -- which performs missions equivalent to those of the Army National Guards of the different states of the United States , including ground defense , disaster relief , and control of civil unrest . The local National Guard also incorporates a branch of the U.S. Air National Guard -- known as the Puerto Rico Air National Guard -- which performs missions equivalent to those of the Air National Guards of each one of the U.S. states . Ohio - class ballistic missile submarine USS Maryland , Roosevelt Roads Naval Station , 1997 At different times in the 20th century , the U.S. had about 25 military or naval installations in Puerto Rico , some very small ones , as well as large installations . The largest of these installations were the former Roosevelt Roads Naval Station in Ceiba , the Atlantic Fleet Weapons Training Facility ( AFWTF ) on Vieques , the National Guard training facility at Camp Santiago in Salinas , Fort Allen in Juana Diaz , the Army 's Fort Buchanan in San Juan , the former U.S. Air Force Ramey Air Force Base in Aguadilla , and the Puerto Rico Air National Guard at Muñiz Air Force base in San Juan . The former U.S. Navy facilities at Roosevelt Roads , Vieques , and Sabana Seca have been deactivated and partially turned over to the local government . Other than U.S. Coast Guard and Puerto Rico National Guard facilities , there are only two remaining military installations in Puerto Rico : the U.S. Army 's small Ft. Buchanan ( supporting local veterans and reserve units ) and the PRANG ( Puerto Rico Air National Guard ) Muñiz Air Base ( the C - 130 Fleet ) . In recent years , the U.S. Congress has considered their deactivations , but these have been opposed by diverse public and private entities in Puerto Rico -- such as retired military who rely on Ft. Buchanan for the services available there . Puerto Ricans have participated in many of the military conflicts in which the United States has been involved . For example , they participated in the American Revolution , when volunteers from Puerto Rico , Cuba , and Mexico fought the British in 1779 under the command of General Bernardo de Gálvez ( 1746 -- 1786 ) , and have continued to participate up to the present - day conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan . A significant number of Puerto Ricans participate as members and work for the U.S. Armed Services , largely as National Guard members and civilian employees . The size of the overall military - related community in Puerto Rico is estimated to be 100,000 individuals . This includes retired personnel . Fort Buchanan has about 4,000 military and civilian personnel . In addition , approximately 17,000 people are members of the Puerto Rico Army and Air National Guards , or the U.S. Reserve forces . Puerto Rican soldiers have served in every U.S. military conflict from World War I to the current military engagement known by the United States and its allies as the War against Terrorism . The 65th Infantry Regiment , nicknamed `` The Borinqueneers '' from the original Taíno name of the island ( Borinquen ) , is a Puerto Rican regiment of the United States Army . The regiment 's motto is Honor et Fidelitas , Latin for Honor and Fidelity . The 65th Infantry Regiment participated in World War I , World War II , the Korean War , and the War on Terror and in 2014 was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal , presented by President Barack Obama , for its heroism during the Korean War . Administrative divisions Main article : Municipalities of Puerto Rico There are no counties , as there are in 48 of the 50 United States . There are 78 municipalities . Municipalities are subdivided into barrios , and those into sectors . Each municipality has a mayor and a municipal legislature elected to four - year terms . A map of Puerto Rico showing its municipalities Economy Main articles : Economy of Puerto Rico and Puerto Rico government - debt crisis Puerto Rico 's gross domestic product ( GDP ) by economic sector The economy of Puerto Rico is classified as a high income economy by the World Bank and as the most competitive economy in Latin America by the World Economic Forum but Puerto Rico currently has a public debt of $72.204 billion ( equivalent to 103 % of GNP ) , and a government deficit of $2.5 billion . According to World Bank , gross national income per capita of Puerto Rico in 2013 is $23,830 ( PPP , International Dollars ) , ranked as 63rd among all sovereign and dependent territories entities in the world . Its economy is mainly driven by manufacturing ( primarily pharmaceuticals , textiles , petrochemicals and electronics ) followed by the service industry ( primarily finance , insurance , real estate and tourism ) . In recent years , the territory has also become a popular destination for MICE ( meetings , incentives , conferencing , exhibitions ) , with a modern convention centre district overlooking the Port of San Juan . The geography of Puerto Rico and its political status are both determining factors on its economic prosperity , primarily due to its relatively small size as an island ; its lack of natural resources used to produce raw materials , and , consequently , its dependence on imports ; as well as its territorial status with the United States , which controls its foreign policy while exerting trading restrictions , particularly in its shipping industry . Puerto Rico experienced a recession from 2006 to 2011 , interrupted by 4 quarters of economic growth , and entered into recession again in 2013 , following growing fiscal imbalance and the expiration of the IRS Section 936 corporate incentives that the U.S. Internal Revenue Code had applied to Puerto Rico . This IRS section was critical to the economy , as it established tax exemptions for U.S. corporations that settled in Puerto Rico , and allowed their insular subsidiaries to send their earnings to the parent corporation at any time , without paying federal tax on corporate income . Puerto Rico has surprisingly been able to maintain a relatively low inflation in the past decade while maintaining a purchasing power parity per capita higher than 80 % of the rest of the world . Academically , most of Puerto Rico 's economic woes stem from federal regulations that expired , have been repealed , or no longer apply to Puerto Rico ; its inability to become self - sufficient and self - sustainable throughout history ; its highly politicized public policy which tends to change whenever a political party gains power ; as well as its highly inefficient local government which has accrued a public debt equal to 68 % of its gross domestic product throughout time . In comparison to the different states of the United States , Puerto Rico is poorer than Mississippi ( the poorest state of the U.S. ) with 41 % of its population below the poverty line . When compared to Latin America , Puerto Rico has the highest GDP per capita in the region . Its main trading partners are the United States itself , Ireland , and Japan , with most products coming from East Asia , mainly from China , Hong Kong , and Taiwan . At a global scale , Puerto Rico 's dependency on oil for transportation and electricity generation , as well as its dependency on food imports and raw materials , makes Puerto Rico volatile and highly reactive to changes in the world economy and climate . Puerto Rico 's agricultural sector represents less than 1 % of GNP . Heavy debt load In early 2017 , the Puerto Rican government - debt crisis posed serious problems for the government which was saddled with outstanding bond debt that had climbed to $70 billion at a time with a 45 percent poverty rate and 12.4 % unemployment that is more than twice the mainland U.S. average . The debt had been increasing during a decade long recession . The Commonwealth had been defaulting on many debts , including bonds , since 2015 . With debt payments due , the Governor was facing the risk of a government shutdown and failure to fund the managed health care system . `` Without action before April , Puerto Rico 's ability to execute contracts for Fiscal Year 2018 with its managed care organizations will be threatened , thereby putting at risk beginning July 1 , 2017 the health care of up to 900,000 poor U.S. citizens living in Puerto Rico '' , according to a letter sent to Congress by the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of Health and Human Services . They also said that `` Congress must enact measures recommended by both Republicans and Democrats that fix Puerto Rico 's inequitable health care financing structure and promote sustained economic growth . '' Initially , the oversight board created under PROMESA called for Puerto Rico 's governor Ricardo Rosselló to deliver a fiscal turnaround plan by January 28 . Just before that deadline , the control board gave the Commonwealth government until February 28 to present a fiscal plan ( including negotiations with creditors for restructuring debt ) to solve the problems . A moratorium on lawsuits by debtors was extended to May 31 . It is essential for Puerto Rico to reach restructuring deals to avoid a bankruptcy - like process under PROMESA . An internal survey conducted by the Puerto Rican Economists Association revealed that the majority of Puerto Rican economists reject the policy recommendations of the Board and the Rosselló government , with more than 80 % of economists arguing in favor of auditing the debt . In early August 2017 , the island 's financial oversight board ( created by PROMESA ) planned to institute two days off without pay per month for government employees , down from the original plan of four days per month ; the latter had been expected to achieve $218 million in savings . Governor Rossello rejected this plan as unjustified and unnecessary . Pension reforms were also discussed including a proposal for a 10 % reduction in benefits to begin addressing the $50 billion in unfunded pension liabilities . Public finances Main articles : Puerto Rico government - debt crisis , Budget of the Government of Puerto Rico , and public debt of Puerto Rico Puerto Rico has an operating budget of about U.S. $9.8 billion with expenses at about $10.4 billion , creating a structural deficit of $775 million ( about 7.9 % of the budget ) . The practice of approving budgets with a structural deficit has been done for 18 consecutive years starting in 2000 . Throughout those years , including present time , all budgets contemplated issuing bonds to cover these projected deficits rather than making structural adjustments . This practice increased Puerto Rico 's cumulative debt , as the government had already been issuing bonds to balance its actual budget for four decades since 1973 . The 2012 Budget of the Government of Puerto Rico Projected deficits added substantial burdens to an already indebted nation which accrued a public debt of $71 B or about 70 % of Puerto Rico 's gross domestic product . This sparked an ongoing government - debt crisis after Puerto Rico 's general obligation bonds were downgraded to speculative non-investment grade ( `` junk status '' ) by three credit rating agencies . In terms of financial control , almost 9.6 % -- or about $1.5 billion -- of Puerto Rico 's central government budget expenses for FY2014 is expected to be spent on debt service . Harsher budget cuts are expected as Puerto Rico must now repay larger chunks of debts in the following years . For practical reasons the budget is divided into two aspects : a `` general budget '' which comprises the assignments funded exclusively by the Department of Treasury of Puerto Rico , and the `` consolidated budget '' which comprises the assignments funded by the general budget , by Puerto Rico 's government - owned corporations , by revenue expected from loans , by the sale of government bonds , by subsidies extended by the federal government of the United States , and by other funds . Both budgets contrast each other drastically , with the consolidated budget being usually thrice the size of the general budget ; currently $29 B and $9.0 B respectively . Almost one out of every four dollars in the consolidated budget comes from U.S. federal subsidies while government - owned corporations compose more than 31 % of the consolidated budget . The critical aspects come from the sale of bonds , which comprise 7 % of the consolidated budget -- a ratio that increased annually due to the government 's inability to prepare a balanced budget in addition to being incapable of generating enough income to cover all its expenses . In particular , the government - owned corporations add a heavy burden to the overall budget and public debt , as none is self - sufficient . For example , in FY2011 the government - owned corporations reported aggregated losses of more than $1.3 B with the Puerto Rico Highways and Transportation Authority ( PRHTA ) reporting losses of $409 M , the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority ( PREPA ; the government monopoly that controls all electricity on the island ) reporting losses of $272 M , while the Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority ( PRASA ; the government monopoly that controls all water utilities on the island ) reported losses of $112 M . Losses by government - owned corporations have been defrayed through the issuance of bonds compounding more than 40 % of Puerto Rico 's entire public debt today . Holistically , from FY2000 -- FY2010 Puerto Rico 's debt grew at a compound annual growth rate ( CAGR ) of 9 % while GDP remained stagnant . This has not always provided a long - term solution . In early July 2017 for example , the PREPA power authority was effectively bankrupt after defaulting in a plan to restructure $9 billion in bond debt ; the agency planned to seek Court protection . In terms of protocol , the governor , together with the Puerto Rico Office of Management and Budget ( OGP in Spanish ) , formulates the budget he believes is required to operate all government branches for the ensuing fiscal year . He then submits this formulation as a budget request to the Puerto Rican legislature before July 1 , the date established by law as the beginning of Puerto Rico 's fiscal year . While the constitution establishes that the request must be submitted `` at the beginning of each regular session '' , the request is typically submitted during the first week of May as the regular sessions of the legislature begin in January and it would be impractical to submit a request so far in advance . Once submitted , the budget is then approved by the legislature , typically with amendments , through a joint resolution and is referred back to the governor for his approval . The governor then either approves it or vetoes it . If vetoed the legislature can then either refer it back with amendments for the governor 's approval , or approve it without the governor 's consent by two - thirds of the bodies of each chamber . Once the budget is approved , the Department of Treasury disburses funds to the Office of Management and Budget which in turn disburses the funds to the respective agencies , while the Puerto Rico Government Development Bank ( the government 's intergovernmental bank ) manages all related banking affairs including those related to the government - owned corporations . Cost of living A map of Jones Act carrier routes for Puerto Rico The cost of living in Puerto Rico is high and has increased over the past decade . San Juan 's in particular is higher than Atlanta , Dallas , and Seattle but lower than Boston , Chicago , and New York City . One factor is housing prices which are comparable to Miami and Los Angeles , although property taxes are considerably lower than most places in the United States . Statistics used for cost of living sometimes do not take into account certain costs , such as the high cost of electricity , which has hovered in the 24 ¢ to 30 ¢ range per kilowatt / hour , two to three times the national average , increased travel costs for longer flights , additional shipping fees , and the loss of promotional participation opportunities for customers `` outside the continental United States '' . While some online stores do offer free shipping on orders to Puerto Rico , many merchants exclude Hawaii , Alaska , Puerto Rico and other United States territories . The household median income is stated as $19,350 and the mean income as $30,463 in the U.S. Census Bureau 's 2015 update . The report also indicates that 45.5 % of individuals are below the poverty level . The median home value in Puerto Rico ranges from U.S. $100,000 to U.S. $214,000 , while the national median home value sits at $119,600 . Flying into the capital San Juan . One of the most cited contributors to the high cost of living in Puerto Rico is the Merchant Marine Act of 1920 , also known as the Jones Act , which prevents foreign - flagged ships from carrying cargo between two American ports , a practice known as cabotage . Because of the Jones Act , foreign ships inbound with goods from Central and South America , Western Europe , and Africa can not stop in Puerto Rico , offload Puerto Rico - bound goods , load mainland - bound Puerto Rico - manufactured goods , and continue to U.S. ports . Instead , they must proceed directly to U.S. ports , where distributors break bulk and send Puerto Rico - bound manufactured goods to Puerto Rico across the ocean by U.S. - flagged ships . The local government of Puerto Rico has requested several times to the U.S. Congress to exclude Puerto Rico from the Jones Act restrictions without success . The most recent measure has been taken by the 17th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico through R. Conc . del S. 21 . These measures have always received support from all the major local political parties . In 2013 the Government Accountability Office published a report which concluded that `` repealing or amending the Jones Act cabotage law might cut Puerto Rico shipping costs '' and that `` shippers believed that opening the trade to non-U.S. - flag competition could lower costs '' . However , the same GAO report also found that `` ( shippers ) doing business in Puerto Rico that GAO contacted reported that the freight rates are often -- although not always -- lower for foreign carriers going to and from Puerto Rico and foreign locations than the rates shippers pay to ship similar cargo to and from the United States , despite longer distances . Data were not available to allow us to validate the examples given or verify the extent to which this difference occurred . '' Ultimately , the report concluded that `` ( the ) effects of modifying the application of the Jones Act for Puerto Rico are highly uncertain '' for both Puerto Rico and the United States , particularly for the U.S. shipping industry and the military preparedness of the United States . Education Main article : Education in Puerto Rico The first school in Puerto Rico was the Escuela de Gramática ( Grammar School ) . It was established by Bishop Alonso Manso in 1513 , in the area where the Cathedral of San Juan was to be constructed . The school was free of charge and the courses taught were Latin language , literature , history , science , art , philosophy and theology . Education in Puerto Rico is divided in three levels -- Primary ( elementary school grades 1 -- 6 ) , Secondary ( intermediate and high school grades 7 -- 12 ) , and Higher Level ( undergraduate and graduate studies ) . As of 2002 , the literacy rate of the Puerto Rican population was 94.1 % ; by gender , it was 93.9 % for males and 94.4 % for females . According to the 2000 Census , 60.0 % of the population attained a high school degree or higher level of education , and 18.3 % has a bachelor 's degree or higher . Instruction at the primary school level is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 18 . As of 2010 , there are 1539 public schools and 806 private schools . The largest and oldest university system is the public University of Puerto Rico ( UPR ) with 11 campuses . The largest private university systems on the island are the Sistema Universitario Ana G. Mendez which operates the Universidad del Turabo , Metropolitan University and Universidad del Este . Other private universities include the multi-campus Inter American University , the Pontifical Catholic University , Universidad Politécnica de Puerto Rico , and the Universidad del Sagrado Corazón . Puerto Rico has four schools of Medicine and three ABA - approved Law Schools . Public health and safety As of 2015 , medical care in Puerto Rico had been heavily impacted by emigration of doctors to the mainland and underfunding of the Medicare and Medicaid programs which serve 60 % of the island 's population . Affordable medical insurance under the Affordable Care Act is not available in Puerto Rico as , since Puerto Ricans pay no income tax , no subsidies are available . The city of San Juan has a system of triage , hospital , and preventive care health services . The municipal government sponsors regular health fairs in different areas of the city focusing on health care for the elderly and the disabled . In 2017 , there were 69 hospitals in Puerto Rico . There are twenty hospitals in San Juan , half of which are operated by the government . The largest hospital is the Centro Médico de Río Piedras ( the Río Piedras Medical Center ) . Founded in 1956 , it is operated by the Medical Services Administration of the Department of Health of Puerto Rico , and is actually a network of eight hospitals : San Juan Municipal Hospital : This hospital is operated by the San Juan municipal government . Industrial Hospital : This is the hospital for Puerto Rico government employees , whether municipal or Commonwealth government employees . Normally , injured police officers and firefighters are cared for here . San Juan Pediatric Hospital -- Also operated by the San Juan municipal government . Pediatric Hospital : Operated by the government of the Commonwealth , this is the main trauma hospital for pediatric cases . Centro Medico Emergency Room : This is the main hospital for trauma cases for Puerto Rico and the Caribbean . Centro Cardiovascular del Caribe ( Caribbean Cardiovascular Center ) : This is the main hospital for open heart surgery in the Caribbean . It features a hotel for the patients ' families . Psychiatric Hospital : The main psychiatric hospital in Puerto Rico . Operated by the government of Puerto Rico . Psychiatric Correctional Hospital : It is both a hospital and correctional facility . It is operated jointly by the Puerto Rico Department of Corrections and the Medical Services Administration . The city of San Juan operates nine other hospitals . Of these , eight are Diagnostic and Treatment Centers located in communities throughout San Juan . These nine hospitals are : La Perla Puerta de Tierra Llorens Torres Puerto Nuevo San José Río Piedras Sabana Llana Hoare Santurce Parada 19 There are also ten private hospitals in San Juan . These are : Hospital Metropilitano Hospital Auxilio Mutuo Hospital Auxilio Mutuo Expreso Hospital de Veteranos : The main Veterans hospital in the Caribbean . Operated by the U.S. Veteran Healthcare System . Ashford Presbyterian Hospital Hospital Pavia Hato Rey Hospital Pavia Santurce San Jorge Children 's Hospital : The most well known children 's hospital in the San Juan Metropolitan Area . Hospital San Gerardo : Located at the Cupey neighborhood , is a small hospital but is also specialized in psychiatry and elderly . Hospital del Maestro ( Teachers Hospital ) : Located in Hato Rey , this hospital is operated by the Puerto Rico Teachers Association . The city of Ponce is served by several clinics and hospitals . There are four comprehensive care hospitals : Hospital Dr. Pila , Hospital San Cristobal , Hospital San Lucas , and Hospital de Damas . In addition , Hospital Oncológico Andrés Grillasca specializes in the treatment of cancer , and Hospital Siquiátrico specializes in mental disorders . There is also a U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Outpatient Clinic that provides health services to U.S. veterans . The U.S. Veterans Administration will build a new hospital in the city to satisfy regional needs . Hospital de Damas is listed in the U.S. News & World Report as one of the best hospitals under the U.S. flag . Ponce has the highest concentration of medical infrastructure per inhabitant of any municipality in Puerto Rico . On the island of Culebra , there is a small hospital in the island called Hospital de Culebra . It also offers pharmacy services to residents and visitors . For emergencies , patients are transported by plane to Fajardo on the main island . The town of Caguas has three hospitals : Hospital Hima San Pablo , Menonita Caguas Regional Hospital , and the San Juan Bautista Medical Center . The town of Cayey is served by the Hospital Menonita de Cayey , and the Hospital Municipal de Cayey . Reforma de Salud de Puerto Rico ( Puerto Rico Health Reform ) -- locally referred to as La Reforma ( The Reform ) -- is a government - run program which provides medical and health care services to the indigent and impoverished , by means of contracting private health insurance companies , rather than employing government - owned hospitals and emergency centers . The Reform is administered by the Puerto Rico Health Insurance Administration . Crime See also : Illegal drugs in Puerto Rico The overall rate of crime is low in Puerto Rico . The territory has a high firearm homicide rate . The homicide rate of 19.2 per 100,000 inhabitants was significantly higher than any U.S. state in 2014 . Most homicide victims are gang members and drug traffickers with about 80 % of homicides in Puerto Rico being drug related . Culture Main article : Culture of Puerto Rico Modern Puerto Rican culture is a unique mix of cultural antecedents : including European ( predominantly Spanish , Italian , French , German and Irish ) , African , and , more recently , some North American and lots of South Americans . A large number of Cubans and Dominicans have relocated to the island in the past few decades . From the Spanish , Puerto Rico received the Spanish language , the Catholic religion and the vast majority of their cultural and moral values and traditions . The United States added English - language influence , the university system and the adoption of some holidays and practices . On March 12 , 1903 , the University of Puerto Rico was officially founded , branching out from the `` Escuela Normal Industrial '' , a smaller organization that was founded in Fajardo three years before . Much of Puerto Rican culture centers on the influence of music and has been shaped by other cultures combining with local and traditional rhythms . Early in the history of Puerto Rican music , the influences of Spanish and African traditions were most noticeable . The cultural movements across the Caribbean and North America have played a vital role in the more recent musical influences which have reached Puerto Rico . The official symbols of Puerto Rico are the reinita mora or Puerto Rican spindalis ( a type of bird ) , the flor de maga ( a type of flower ) , and the ceiba or kapok ( a type of tree ) . The unofficial animal and a symbol of Puerto Rican pride is the coquí , a small frog . Other popular symbols of Puerto Rico are the jíbaro ( the `` countryman '' ) , and the carite . Architecture Main article : Architecture of Puerto Rico The architecture of Puerto Rico demonstrates a broad variety of traditions , styles and national influences accumulated over four centuries of Spanish rule , and a century of American rule . Spanish colonial architecture , Ibero - Islamic , art deco , post-modern , and many other architectural forms are visible throughout the island . From town to town , there are also many regional distinctions . Old San Juan Old San Juan is one of the two barrios , in addition to Santurce , that made up the municipality of San Juan from 1864 to 1951 , at which time the former independent municipality of Río Piedras was annexed . With its abundance of shops , historic places , museums , open air cafés , restaurants , gracious homes , tree - shaded plazas , and its old beauty and architectonical peculiarity , Old San Juan is a main spot for local and internal tourism . The district is also characterized by numerous public plazas and churches including San José Church and the Cathedral of San Juan Bautista , which contains the tomb of the Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León . It also houses the oldest Catholic school for elementary education in Puerto Rico , the Colegio de Párvulos , built in 1865 . The oldest parts of the district of Old San Juan remain partly enclosed by massive walls . Several defensive structures and notable forts , such as the emblematic Fort San Felipe del Morro , Fort San Cristóbal , and El Palacio de Santa Catalina , also known as La Fortaleza , acted as the primary defenses of the settlement which was subjected to numerous attacks . La Fortaleza continues to serve also as the executive mansion for the Governor of Puerto Rico . Many of the historic fortifications are part of San Juan National Historic Site . During the 1940s , sections of Old San Juan fell into disrepair , and many renovation plans were suggested . There was even a strong push to develop Old San Juan as a `` small Manhattan '' . Strict remodeling codes were implemented to prevent new constructions from affecting the common colonial Spanish architectural themes of the old city . When a project proposal suggested that the old Carmelite Convent in San Juan be demolished to erect a new hotel , the Institute had the building declared as a historic building , and then asked that it be converted to a hotel in a renewed facility . This was what became the Hotel El Convento in Old San Juan . The paradigm to reconstruct and renovate the old city and revitalize it has been followed by other cities in the Americas , particularly Havana , Lima and Cartagena de Indias . Ponce Creole is an architectural style created in Ponce , Puerto Rico , in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . This style of Puerto Rican buildings is found predominantly in residential homes in Ponce that developed between 1895 and 1920 . Ponce Creole architecture borrows heavily from the traditions of the French , the Spaniards , and the Caribbean to create houses that were especially built to withstand the hot and dry climate of the region , and to take advantage of the sun and sea breezes characteristic of the southern Puerto Rico 's Caribbean Sea coast . It is a blend of wood and masonry , incorporating architectural elements of other styles , from Classical revival and Spanish Revival to Victorian . Arts Main article : Puerto Rican art Puerto Rican art reflects many influences , much from its ethnically diverse background . A form of folk art , called santos evolved from the Catholic Church 's use of sculptures to convert indigenous Puerto Ricans to Christianity . Santos depict figures of saints and other religious icons and are made from native wood , clay , and stone . After shaping simple , they are often finished by painting them in vivid colors . Santos vary in size , with the smallest examples around eight inches tall and the largest about twenty inches tall . Traditionally , santos were seen as messengers between the earth and Heaven . As such , they occupied a special place on household altars , where people prayed to them , asked for help , or tried to summon their protection . Also popular , caretas or vejigantes are masks worn during carnivals . Similar masks signifying evil spirits were used in both Spain and Africa , though for different purposes . The Spanish used their masks to frighten lapsed Christians into returning to the church , while tribal Africans used them as protection from the evil spirits they represented . True to their historic origins Puerto Rican caretas always bear at least several horns and fangs . While usually constructed of papier - mâché , coconut shells and fine metal screening are sometimes used as well . Red and black were the typical colors for caretas but their palette has expanded to include a wide variety of bright hues and patterns . Literature Main article : Puerto Rican literature Eugenio María de Hostos Puerto Rican literature evolved from the art of oral story telling to its present - day status . Written works by the native islanders of Puerto Rico were prohibited and repressed by the Spanish colonial government . Only those who were commissioned by the Spanish Crown to document the chronological history of the island were allowed to write . Diego de Torres Vargas was allowed to circumvent this strict prohibition for three reasons : he was a priest , he came from a prosperous Spanish family , and his father was a Sergeant Major in the Spanish Army , who died while defending Puerto Rico from an invasion by the Dutch armada . In 1647 , Torres Vargas wrote Descripción de la Ciudad e Isla de Puerto Rico ( `` Description of the Island and City of Puerto Rico '' ) . This historical book was the first to make a detailed geographic description of the island . The book described all the fruits and commercial establishments of the time , mostly centered in the towns of San Juan and Ponce . The book also listed and described every mine , church , and hospital in the island at the time . The book contained notices on the State and Capital , plus an extensive and erudite bibliography . Descripción de la Ciudad e Isla de Puerto Rico was the first successful attempt at writing a comprehensive history of Puerto Rico . Some of Puerto Rico 's earliest writers were influenced by the teachings of Rafael Cordero . Among these was Dr. Manuel A. Alonso , the first Puerto Rican writer of notable importance . In 1849 he published El Gíbaro , a collection of verses whose main themes were the poor Puerto Rican country farmer . Eugenio María de Hostos wrote La peregrinación de Bayoán in 1863 , which used Bartolomé de las Casas as a spring board to reflect on Caribbean identity . After this first novel , Hostos abandoned fiction in favor of the essay which he saw as offering greater possibilities for inspiring social change . In the late 19th century , with the arrival of the first printing press and the founding of the Royal Academy of Belles Letters , Puerto Rican literature began to flourish . The first writers to express their political views in regard to Spanish colonial rule of the island were journalists . After the United States invaded Puerto Rico during the Spanish -- American War and the island was ceded to the Americans as a condition of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 , writers and poets began to express their opposition to the new colonial rule by writing about patriotic themes . Alejandro Tapia y Rivera , also known as the Father of Puerto Rican Literature , ushered in a new age of historiography with the publication of The Historical Library of Puerto Rico . Cayetano Coll y Toste was another Puerto Rican historian and writer . His work The Indo - Antillano Vocabulary is valuable in understanding the way the Taínos lived . Dr. Manuel Zeno Gandía in 1894 wrote La Charca and told about the harsh life in the remote and mountainous coffee regions in Puerto Rico . Dr. Antonio S. Pedreira , described in his work Insularismo the cultural survival of the Puerto Rican identity after the American invasion . With the Puerto Rican diaspora of the 1940s , Puerto Rican literature was greatly influenced by a phenomenon known as the Nuyorican Movement . Puerto Rican literature continued to flourish and many Puerto Ricans have since distinguished themselves as authors , journalists , poets , novelists , playwrights , screenwriters , essayists and have also stood out in other literary fields . The influence of Puerto Rican literature has transcended the boundaries of the island to the United States and the rest of the world . Over the past fifty years , significant writers include Ed Vega , Luis Rafael Sánchez , Piri Thomas , Giannina Braschi , and Miguel Piñero . Esmeralda Santiago has written an autobiographical trilogy about growing up in modern Puerto Rico as well as an historical novel , Conquistadora , about life on a sugar plantation during the mid-19th century . Media Main article : Media in Puerto Rico The media in Puerto Rico includes local radio stations , television stations and newspapers , the majority of which are conducted in Spanish . There are also three stations of the U.S. Armed Forces Radio and Television Service . Newspapers with daily distribution are El Nuevo Dia , El Vocero and Indice , Metro , and Primera Hora . El Vocero is distributed free of charge as well as Indice and Metro . Newspapers distributed on a weekly or regional basis include Claridad , La Perla del Sur , La Opinion , Vision , and La Estrella del Norte , among others . Several television channels provide local content in the island . These include WIPR - TV , Telemundo , Univision Puerto Rico , WAPA - TV , and WKAQ - TV . Music Main article : Music of Puerto Rico Play media A dancer performs typical bomba choreography . The music of Puerto Rico has evolved as a heterogeneous and dynamic product of diverse cultural resources . The most conspicuous musical sources have been Spain and West Africa , although many aspects of Puerto Rican music reflect origins elsewhere in Europe and the Caribbean and , over the last century , from the U.S. Puerto Rican music culture today comprises a wide and rich variety of genres , ranging from indigenous genres like bomba , plena , aguinaldo , danza and salsa to recent hybrids like reggaeton . Puerto Rico has some national instruments , like the cuatro ( Spanish for `` four '' ) . The cuatro is a local instrument that was made by the `` Jibaro '' or people from the mountains . Originally , the Cuatro consisted of four steel strings , hence its name , but currently the Cuatro consists of five double steel strings . It is easily confused with a guitar , even by locals . When held upright , from right to left , the strings are G , D , A , E , B . In the realm of classical music , the island hosts two main orchestras , the Orquesta Sinfónica de Puerto Rico and the Orquesta Filarmónica de Puerto Rico . The Casals Festival takes place annually in San Juan , drawing in classical musicians from around the world . With respect to opera , the legendary Puerto Rican tenor Antonio Paoli was so celebrated , that he performed private recitals for Pope Pius X and the Czar Nicholas II of Russia . In 1907 , Paoli was the first operatic artist in world history to record an entire opera -- when he participated in a performance of Pagliacci by Ruggiero Leoncavallo in Milan , Italy . Over the past fifty years , Puerto Rican artists such as Jorge Emmanuelli , Yomo Toro , Ramito , Jose Feliciano , Bobby Capo , Rafael Cortijo , Ismael Rivera , Chayanne , Tito Puente , Eddie Palmieri , Ray Barreto , Dave Valentin , Omar Rodríguez - López , Hector Lavoe , Ricky Martin , Marc Anthony and Luis Fonsi have gained fame internationally . Cuisine Main article : Puerto Rican cuisine Cuchifritos ( Carnitas ) in New York Puerto Rican cuisine has its roots in the cooking traditions and practices of Europe ( Spain ) , Africa and the native Taínos . In the latter part of the 19th century , the cuisine of Puerto Rico was greatly influenced by the United States in the ingredients used in its preparation . Puerto Rican cuisine has transcended the boundaries of the island , and can be found in several countries outside the archipelago . Basic ingredients include grains and legumes , herbs and spices , starchy tropical tubers , vegetables , meat and poultry , seafood and shellfish , and fruits . Main dishes include mofongo , arroz con gandules , pasteles , alcapurrias and pig roast ( or lechón ) . Beverages include maví and piña colada . Desserts include flan , arroz con dulce ( sweet rice pudding ) , piraguas , brazo gitanos , tembleque , polvorones , and dulce de leche . Locals call their cuisine cocina criolla . The traditional Puerto Rican cuisine was well established by the end of the 19th century . By 1848 the first restaurant , La Mallorquina , opened in Old San Juan . El Cocinero Puertorriqueño , the island 's first cookbook was published in 1849 . Plantain `` arañitas '' and `` tostones rellenos '' From the diet of the Taíno people come many tropical roots and tubers like yautía ( taro ) and especially Yuca ( cassava ) , from which thin cracker - like casabe bread is made . Ajicito or cachucha pepper , a slightly hot habanero pepper , recao / culantro ( spiny leaf ) , achiote ( annatto ) , peppers , ají caballero ( the hottest pepper native to Puerto Rico ) , peanuts , guavas , pineapples , jicacos ( cocoplum ) , quenepas ( mamoncillo ) , lerenes ( Guinea arrowroot ) , calabazas ( tropical pumpkins ) , and guanabanas ( soursops ) are all Taíno foods . The Taínos also grew varieties of beans and some maize / corn , but maize was not as dominant in their cooking as it was for the peoples living on the mainland of Mesoamerica . This is due to the frequent hurricanes that Puerto Rico experiences , which destroy crops of maize , leaving more safeguarded plants like conucos ( hills of yuca grown together ) . Spanish / European influence is also seen in Puerto Rican cuisine . Wheat , chickpeas ( garbanzos ) , capers , olives , olive oil , black pepper , onions , garlic , cilantrillo ( cilantro ) , oregano , basil , sugarcane , citrus fruit , eggplant , ham , lard , chicken , beef , pork , and cheese all came to Borikén ( Puerto Rico 's native Taino name ) from Spain . The tradition of cooking complex stews and rice dishes in pots such as rice and beans are also thought to be originally European ( much like Italians , Spaniards , and the British ) . Early Dutch , French , Italian , and Chinese immigrants influenced not only the culture but Puerto Rican cooking as well . This great variety of traditions came together to form La Cocina Criolla . Coconuts , coffee ( brought by the Arabs and Corsos to Yauco from Kafa , Ethiopia ) , okra , yams , sesame seeds , gandules ( pigeon peas in English ) sweet bananas , plantains , other root vegetables and Guinea hen , all come to Puerto Rico from Africa . Philately Main article : Puerto Rico on stamps San Juan 450th 1971 issue Puerto Rico has been commemorated on four U.S. postal stamps and four personalities have been featured . Insular Territories were commemorated in 1937 , the third stamp honored Puerto Rico featuring ' La Fortaleza ' , the Spanish Governor 's Palace . The first free election for governor of the U.S. colony of Puerto Rico was honored on April 27 , 1949 , at San Juan , Puerto Rico . ' Inauguration ' on the 3 - cent stamp refers to the election of Luis Munoz Marin , the first democratically elected governor of Puerto Rico . San Juan , Puerto Rico was commemorated with an 8 - cent stamp on its 450th anniversary issued September 12 , 1971 , featuring a sentry box from Castillo San Felipe del Morro . In the `` Flags of our nation series '' 2008 -- 2012 , of the fifty - five , five territorial flags were featured . Forever stamps included the Puerto Rico Flag illustrated by a bird issued 2011 . Four Puerto Rican personalities have been featured on U.S. postage stamps . These include Roberto Clemente in 1984 as an individual and in the Legends of Baseball series issued in 2000 . Luis Muñoz Marín in the Great Americans series , on February 18 , 1990 , Julia de Burgos in the Literary Arts series , issued 2010 , and José Ferrer in the Distinguished American series , issued 2012 . Sports Main article : Sports in Puerto Rico Baseball was one of the first sports to gain widespread popularity in Puerto Rico . The Puerto Rico Baseball League serves as the only active professional league , operating as a winter league . No Major League Baseball franchise or affiliate plays in Puerto Rico , however , San Juan hosted the Montreal Expos for several series in 2003 and 2004 before they moved to Washington , D.C. and became the Washington Nationals . The Puerto Rico national baseball team has participated in the World Cup of Baseball winning one gold ( 1951 ) , four silver and four bronze medals , the Caribbean Series ( winning fourteen times ) and the World Baseball Classic . On March 2006 , San Juan 's Hiram Bithorn Stadium hosted the opening round as well as the second round of the newly formed World Baseball Classic . Puerto Rican baseball players include Hall of Famers Roberto Clemente , Orlando Cepeda and Roberto Alomar , enshrined in 1973 , 1999 , and 2011 respectively . Boxing , basketball , and volleyball are considered popular sports as well . Wilfredo Gómez and McWilliams Arroyo have won their respective divisions at the World Amateur Boxing Championships . Other medalists include José Pedraza , who holds a silver medal , and three boxers who finished in third place , José Luis Vellón , Nelson Dieppa and McJoe Arroyo . In the professional circuit , Puerto Rico has the third-most boxing world champions and it is the global leader in champions per capita . These include Miguel Cotto , Félix Trinidad , Wilfred Benítez and Gómez among others . The Puerto Rico national basketball team joined the International Basketball Federation in 1957 . Since then , it has won more than 30 medals in international competitions , including gold in three FIBA Americas Championships and the 1994 Goodwill Games August 8 , 2004 , became a landmark date for the team when it became the first team to defeat the United States in an Olympic tournament since the integration of National Basketball Association players . Winning the inaugural game with scores of 92 -- 73 as part of the 2004 Summer Olympics organized in Athens , Greece . Baloncesto Superior Nacional acts as the top - level professional basketball league in Puerto Rico , and has experienced success since its beginning in 1930 . Puerto Rico Islanders fans at a soccer game . Puerto Rico is also a member of FIFA and CONCACAF . In 2008 , the archipelago 's first unified league , the Puerto Rico Soccer League , was established . Other sports include professional wrestling and road running . The World Wrestling Council and International Wrestling Association are the largest wrestling promotions in the main island . The World 's Best 10K , held annually in San Juan , has been ranked among the 20 most competitive races globally . The `` Puerto Rico All Stars '' team , which has won twelve world championships in unicycle basketball . Organized Streetball has gathered some exposition , with teams like `` Puerto Rico Street Ball '' competing against established organizations including the Capitanes de Arecibo and AND1 's Mixtape Tour Team . Six years after the first visit , AND1 returned as part of their renamed Live Tour , losing to the Puerto Rico Streetballers . Consequently , practitioners of this style have earned participation in international teams , including Orlando `` El Gato '' Meléndez , who became the first Puerto Rican born athlete to play for the Harlem Globetrotters . Orlando Antigua , whose mother is Puerto Rican , in 1995 became the first Hispanic and the first non-black in 52 years to play for the Harlem Globetrotters . Puerto Rico has representation in all international competitions including the Summer and Winter Olympics , the Pan American Games , the Caribbean World Series , and the Central American and Caribbean Games . Puerto Rico hosted the Pan Am Games in 1979 ( officially in San Juan ) , and The Central American and Caribbean Games were hosted in 1993 in Ponce and in 2010 in Mayagüez . Puerto Rican athletes have won nine medals in Olympic competition ( one gold , two silver , six bronze ) , the first one in 1948 by boxer Juan Evangelista Venegas . Monica Puig won the first gold medal for Puerto Rico in the Olympic Games by winning the Women 's Tennis singles title in Rio 2016 . Infrastructure Main articles : Transportation in Puerto Rico , Communications in Puerto Rico , Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority , and Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority Puerto Rico interstate highways Cities and towns in Puerto Rico are interconnected by a system of roads , freeways , expressways , and highways maintained by the Highways and Transportation Authority under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of Transportation , and patrolled by the Puerto Rico Police Department . The island 's metropolitan area is served by a public bus transit system and a metro system called Tren Urbano ( in English : Urban Train ) . Other forms of public transportation include seaborne ferries ( that serve Puerto Rico 's archipelago ) as well as Carros Públicos ( private mini buses ) . Puerto Rico has three international airports , the Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport in Carolina , Mercedita Airport in Ponce , and the Rafael Hernández Airport in Aguadilla , and 27 local airports . The Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport is the largest aerial transportation hub in the Caribbean . The Tren Urbano system at Bayamón Station Puerto Rico has nine ports in different cities across the main island . The San Juan Port is the largest in Puerto Rico , and the busiest port in the Caribbean and the 10th busiest in the United States in terms of commercial activity and cargo movement , respectively . The second largest port is the Port of the Americas in Ponce , currently under expansion to increase cargo capacity to 1.5 million twenty - foot containers ( TEUs ) per year . The Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority ( PREPA ) -- Spanish : Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica ( AEE ) -- is an electric power company and the government - owned corporation of Puerto Rico responsible for electricity generation , power transmission , and power distribution in Puerto Rico . PREPA is the only entity authorized to conduct such business in Puerto Rico , effectively making it a government monopoly . The Authority is ruled by a Governing Board appointed by the Governor with the advice and consent of the Senate of Puerto Rico , and is run by an Executive Director . Telecommunications in Puerto Rico includes radio , television , fixed and mobile telephones , and the Internet . Broadcasting in Puerto Rico is regulated by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) . As of 2007 , there were 30 TV stations , 125 radio stations and roughly 1 million TV sets on the island . Cable TV subscription services are available and the U.S. Armed Forces Radio and Television Service also broadcast on the island . See also Puerto Rico portal United States portal New Spain portal Caribbean portal Book : Puerto Rico Outline of Puerto Rico Index of Puerto Rico - related articles Military history of Puerto Rico Privileges and Immunities Clause * Puerto Rico ( proposed state ) Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007 ( H.R. 900 & S. 1936 ) Sovereigntism ( Puerto Rico ) Voting rights in Puerto Rico Notes Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico '' pronunciations : English : / ˌpɔːrtə ˈriːkoʊ / or / ˌpwɛərtə ˈriːkoʊ / ; Spanish : ( ˈpweɾto ˈriko ) , rural , locally also ( ˈpwelto ˈχiko ; ˈʀ̥iko ) . Jump up ^ The Spanish word for commonwealth is typically mancomunidad . Jump up ^ In 1932 , the U.S. Congress officially back - corrected the former Anglicization of Porto Rico into the Spanish name Puerto Rico . It had been using the former spelling in its legislative and judicial records since it acquired the territory . Patricia Gherovici states that both `` Porto Rico '' and `` Puerto Rico '' were used interchangeably in the news media and documentation before , during , and after the U.S. conquest of the island in 1898 . The `` Porto '' spelling , for instance , was used in the Treaty of Paris , but `` Puerto '' was used by The New York Times that same year . Nancy Morris clarifies that `` a curious oversight in the drafting of the Foraker Act caused the name of the island to be officially misspelled '' . However , Gervasio Luis Garcia traces the Anglicized spelling to a National Geographic article from 1899 , after which the spelling was kept by many agencies and entities because of the ethnic and linguistic pride of the English - speaking citizens of the American mainland . Jump up ^ Proyecto Salón Hogar ( in Spanish ) `` Los españoles le cambiaron el nombre de Borikén a San Juan Bautista ya la capital le llamaron Ciudad de Puerto Rico . Con los años , Ciudad de Puerto Rico pasó a ser San Juan , y San Juan Bautista pasó a ser Puerto Rico . '' Jump up ^ Today , Puerto Ricans are also known as Boricuas , or people from Borinquen . Jump up ^ Vicente Yañez Pinzón is considered the first appointed governor of Puerto Rico , but he never arrived from Spain . Jump up ^ PBS , to which they had no natural immunity . For example , a smallpox outbreak in 1518 -- 1519 killed much of the Island 's indigenous population . `` The first repartimiento in Puerto Rico is established , allowing colonists fixed numbers of Tainos for wage - free and forced labor in the gold mines . When several priests protest , the crown requires Spaniards to pay native laborers and to teach them the Christian religion ; the colonists continue to treat the natives as slaves . '' Jump up ^ Tavenner ( 2010 ) `` The Taíno people living ( in Puerto Rico ) at the time ( ... ) were forced into slavery . '' Jump up ^ Poole ( 2011 ) `` ( The Taíno ) began to starve ; many thousands fell prey to smallpox , measles and other European diseases for which they had no immunity ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ PBS `` ( The Taíno ) eventually succumbed to the Spanish soldiers and European diseases that followed Columbus 's arrival in the New World in 1492 . '' Jump up ^ Yale University `` ( ... ) the high death rate among the Taíno due to enslavement and European diseases ( smallpox , influenza , measles , and typhus ) persisted . '' Jump up ^ Cockcroft ( 2001 ; in Spanish ) `` ( La Ley 53 ) fué llamada la ' pequeña ley Smith ' , debido a la semejanza con la Ley Smith de Estados Unidos ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ However , as Robert William Anderson states on page 14 of his book `` Party Politics in Puerto Rico '' ( Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . 1965 . ) , No one disputes the ambiguous status of the current Commonwealth . It is illustrated in the very different images conjured up by the English term `` commonwealth '' and the Spanish version , Estado Libre Asociado ( literally , free associated state ) . The issue seems to be whether this ambiguity is a purposeful virtue or a disguised colonial vice . Jump up ^ pr.gov ( in Spanish ) `` La manufactura es el sector principal de la economía de Puerto Rico . '' Jump up ^ pr.gov ( in Spanish ) `` Algunas de las industrias más destacadas dentro del sector de la manufactura son : las farmacéuticas , los textiles , los petroquímicos , las computadoras , la electrónica y las compañías dedicadas a la manufactura de instrumentos médicos y científicos , entre otros . '' Jump up ^ Torrech San Inocencio ( 2011 ; in Spanish ) `` Con los más de $1,500 millones anuales que recibimos en asistencia federal para alimentos podríamos desarrollar una industria alimentaria autosuficiente en Puerto Rico . '' Jump up ^ Millán Rodriguez ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` Los representantes del Pueblo en la Junta de Gobierno de la Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica ( ... ) denunciaron ayer que la propuesta del Gobernador para hacer cambios en la composición del organismo institucionaliza la intervención político partidista en la corporación pública y la convierte en una agencia del Ejecutivo ... '' Jump up ^ Vera Rosa ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` Aunque Puerto Rico mueve entre el sector público y privado $15 billones en el área de salud , las deficiencias en el sistema todavía no alcanzan un nivel de eficiencia óptimo . '' Jump up ^ Vera Rosado ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` Para mejorar la calidad de servicio , que se impacta principalmente por deficiencias administrativas y no por falta de dinero ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ González ( 2012 ; in Spanish ) `` ( ... ) al analizarse la deuda pública de la Isla contra el Producto Interno Bruto ( PIB ) , se ubicaría en una relación deuda / PIB de 68 % aproximadamente . '' Jump up ^ Bauzá ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` La realidad de nuestra situación económica y fiscal es resultado de años de falta de acción . Al Gobierno le faltó creatividad , innovación y rapidez en la creación de un nuevo modelo económico que sustentara nuestra economía . Tras la eliminación de la Sección 936 , debimos ser proactivos , y no lo fuimos . '' Jump up ^ Quintero ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` Los indicadores de una economía débil son muchos , y la economía en Puerto Rico está sumamente debilitada , según lo evidencian la tasa de desempleo ( 13.5 % ) , los altos niveles de pobreza ( 41.7 % ) , los altos niveles de quiebra y la pérdida poblacional . '' Jump up ^ Walsh ( 2013 ) `` In each of the last six years , Puerto Rico sold hundreds of millions of dollars of new bonds just to meet payments on its older , outstanding bonds -- a red flag . It also sold $2.5 billion worth of bonds to raise cash for its troubled pension system -- a risky practice -- and it sold still more long - term bonds to cover its yearly budget deficits . '' Jump up ^ PRGDB `` Financial Information and Operating Data Report to October 18 , 2013 '' p. 142 Jump up ^ MRGI ( 2008 ) `` Many female migrants leave their families behind due to the risk of illegal travel and the high cost of living in Puerto Rico . '' Jump up ^ Rivera . `` Housing prices in Puerto Rico are comparable to Miami or Los Angeles , but property taxes are considerably lower than most places in the US . '' Jump up ^ FRBNY ( 2011 ) `` ... home values vary considerably across municipios : for the metro area overall , the median value of owner - occupied homes was estimated at $126,000 ( based on data for 2007 -- 09 ) , but these medians ranged from $214,000 in Guaynabo to around $100,000 in some of the outlying municipios . The median value in the San Juan municipio was estimated at $170,000 . '' Jump up ^ Santiago ( 2021 ) `` Local detractors of the Jones Act ( ... ) for many years have unsuccessfully tried to have Puerto Rico excluded from the law 's provisions ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ JOC ( 2013 ) `` Repealing or amending the Jones Act cabotage law might cut Puerto Rico shipping costs '' Jump up ^ JOC ( 2013 ) `` The GAO report said its interviews with shippers indicated they ( ... ) believed that opening the trade to non-U.S. - flag competition could lower costs . '' References Jump up ^ `` P. Rico Senate declares Spanish over English as first official language '' . News Report . San Juan , Puerto Rico . Agencia EFE . September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Puerto Rico 2011 -- 2015 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates '' . US Census . Department of Commerce . 2016 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census : Puerto Rico Profile '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.easternct.edu/inthenews/files/2016/01/Eastern-Talk-Explains-Puerto-Ricos-Status-Chronicle_20170925_03_1.pdf Puerto Rico 's Status Explained . ECSU Takes A Look At Island 's History . Michelle Firestone . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cumulative Population Change : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2017 for Puerto Rico '' . United States Census Bureau . July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` GDP , PPP ( current international $ ) '' . Jump up ^ `` GDP per capita , PPP ( current international $ ) '' , World Development Indicators database , World Bank . Database updated on May 8 , 2014 . Accessed on May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Bank World Development Indicators , July 2013 '' . World Bank . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Global Competitiveness Report 2014 -- 2015 ( Puerto Rico ) '' ( PDF ) . World Economic Forum . Jump up ^ `` Household Income for States : 2010 and 2011 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . September 2012 . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fuentes - Ramírez , Ricardo R. ( 2017 ) . `` Human Development Index Trends and Inequality in Puerto Rico 2010 -- 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Ceteris Paribus : Journal of Socio - Economic Research . 7 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of Terms -- 1120 Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7 -- Consular Affairs . U.S. Department of State . Jump up ^ Amaral , Patrícia & Ana Maria Carvalho ( 2014 ) . Portuguese - Spanish Interfaces : Diachrony , synchrony , and contact . Philadelphia : John Benjamins Publishing Company . p. 130 . ISBN 9789027258007 . Jump up ^ Pedro A. Malavet ( 2004 ) . America 's colony : the political and cultural conflict between the United States and Puerto Rico . NYU Press . pp. 43 , 181 note 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 5680 - 5 . Jump up ^ To change the name of the island of `` Porto Rico '' to `` Puerto Rico , '' S.J. Res 36 , 72nd Congress , enacted 1932 . ( 47 Stat. 158 ) Jump up ^ Patricia Gherovici ( 2003 ) . The Puerto Rican syndrome . Other Press , LLC . pp. 140 -- 141 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 892746 - 75 - 7 . Jump up ^ Historian , Office of the ( January 1 , 2013 ) . Hispanic Americans in Congress , 1822 -- 2012 . Government Printing Office . ISBN 9780160920684 . Jump up ^ Secretary 's , Puerto Rico ; Office , Puerto Rico Secretary 's ( January 1 , 1903 ) . Register of Porto Rico . Office of the Secretary . Jump up ^ Deusen , Richard James Van ; Deusen , Elizabeth Kneipple Van ( 1931 ) . Porto Rico : A Caribbean Isle . Henry Holt . Jump up ^ Sciences , New York Academy of ( 1922 ) . Scientific survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands . New York Academy of Sciences . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2015 . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caban , Pedro A. ( 2009 ) . Constructing A Colonial People : Puerto Rico And The United States , 1898 -- 1932 . Westview Press . p. 10 . ISBN 0786748176 . Jump up ^ Santiago - Valles , Kelvin A. ( 1994 ) . Subject People and Colonial Discourses : Economic Transformation and Social Disorder in Puerto Rico , 1898 -- 1947 . SUNY Press . p. ix . ISBN 0791415899 . Jump up ^ Lipski , John M. ( 2005 ) . A History of Afro - Hispanic Language : Five Centuries , Five Continents . Cambridge University Press . p. 37 . ISBN 1107320372 . Jump up ^ 8 U.S. Code § 1402 -- Persons born in Puerto Rico on or after April 11 , 1899 ( 1941 ) Retrieved : January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Igartúa -- de la Rosa v. United States ( Igartúa III ) Archived March 16 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , 417 F. 3d 145 ( 1st Cir. 2005 ) ( en banc ) , GREGORIO IGARTÚA , ET AL. , Plaintiffs , Appellants , v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA , ET AL. , Defendants , Appellees . No. 09 - 2186 ( November 24 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 's Political Status and the 2012 Plebiscite : Background and Key Questions '' ( PDF ) . fas.org . Congressional Research Service . June 25 , 2013 . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` El Nuevo Día '' . Elnuevodia.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Puerto Rico Gets More Time '' . Star Herald . Scottsbluff , ME . Associated Press . January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dietz , James ( 1986 ) . Economic History of Puerto Rico . Princeton : Princeton University Press . p. 154 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico files for biggest ever U.S. local government bankruptcy '' . Reuters . May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Puerto Rico oversight board orders furloughs , governor defiant '' . Reuters . August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Maria heads away from P.R. ahead of expected turn to the north far off U.S. coast '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Rhodium Group '' America 's Biggest Blackout `` . rhg.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's been 10 weeks since Hurricane Maria hit Puerto Rico . Here 's where recovery stands PBS NewsHour '' . Pbs.org. 2017 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Allatson , Paul ( 2007 ) . Key Terms in Latino / a Cultural and Literary Studies . Malden , Mass. : Blackwell Publishing . p. 47 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 0250 - 0 . Jump up ^ Cayetano Coll y Toste , ed. ( 1972 ) . `` Taino Indigenous Peoples of the Caribbean '' . Clásicos de Puerto Rico ( 2nd ed . ) . Ediciones Latinoamericanas , S.A. Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grose , Howard Benjamin ( August 8 , 2006 ) . H.B. Grose , Advance in the Antilles : the new era in Cuba and Porto Rico , Presbyterian Home Missions , 1910 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schechter , Patricia A. ( 2012 ) . `` ¡ Adelante Hermanas de la Raza ! , Josefina Silva de Cintron and Puerto Rican Women 's Feminismo . -- The New York 's World Fair : 1939 -- 1940 '' . Exploring the Decolonial Imaginary : Four Transnational Lives . New York : MacMillan . ISBN 9781137012845 . Note : The phase `` The Island of Enchantment '' has been traced back to a travel guide by that title that Theodore Roosevelt , Jr. offered in House & Garden magazine in 1938 Jump up ^ `` Historia de Puerto Rico '' . Proyectosalonhogar.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain ; December 10 , 1898 '' . The Avalon Project . Yale Law School . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crafting an Identity '' . History , Art & Archives . Office of the Historian and the Clerk of the House 's Office of Art and Archives . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abbad y Lasierra , Iñigo . Historia Geográfica , Civil y Natural de la Isla de San Juan Bautista de Puerto Rico . ^ Jump up to : Rouse , Irving . The Tainos : Rise and Decline of the People Who Greeted Columbus ISBN 0 - 300 - 05696 - 6 . Jump up ^ Mahaffy , Cheryl ( January 28 , 2006 ) . `` Vieques Island -- What lies beneath '' . Edmonton Journal . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved February 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Pedro Torres . `` The Dictionary of the Taíno Language '' . Taíno Inter-Tribal Council Inc . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2006 . Retrieved February 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Cheryl Mahaffy ( January 30 , 2006 ) . `` Vieques Island : What lies beneath '' . Edmonton Journal . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Years of Puerto Rican History through the Eyes of Others '' . Newberry.org . The Newberry Library . July 12 , 2008 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` King Ferdinand 's letter to the Taino - Arawak Indians '' . University of Groningen . Jump up ^ Arthur C. Aufderheide ; Conrado Rodríguez - Martín ; Odin Langsjoen ( 1998 ) . The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology . Cambridge University Press . p. 204 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 55203 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kohn , George C. ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence : From Ancient Times to the Present . Infobase Publishing . p. 160 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 6935 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Masterpiece Theatre American Collection Almost a Woman Puerto Rico : A Timeline '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mary Hilaire Tavenner ( 2010 ) . Puerto Rico , 2006 : Memoirs of A Writer in Puerto Rico . Xlibris Corporation . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4568 - 1004 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` History , Travel , Arts , Science , People , Places Smithsonian '' . Smithsonianmag.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` taino '' . Pbs.org . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Colonial Genocides Genocide Studies Program Yale University '' . Yale.edu . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Colonial Genocides Genocide Studies Program '' . Yale University . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stark , David , M. ( 2009 ) . `` A New Look at the African Slave Trade in Puerto Rico Through the Use of Parish Registers : 1660 -- 1815 '' . Slavery & Abolition a Journal of Slave and Post-Slave Studies . 30 ( 4 ) : 491 -- 520 . doi : 10.1080 / 01440390903245083 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Confirmation of troop count is unattainable , only Spanish and Puerto Rican sources are available regarding troop count . Jump up ^ Guillermo A. Baralt , Slave revolts in Puerto Rico : conspiracies and uprisings , 1795 -- 1873 ; Markus Wiener Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55876 - 463 - 7 Jump up ^ `` María de las Mercedes Barbudo ; Primera mujer independentista de Puerto Rico ; CLARIDAD ; December 1994 ; p. 19 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Real Cédula de 1789 `` para el comercio de Negros '' '' ( in Spanish ) . Ensayistas.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ways of ending slavery '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Negroni , Héctor Andrés ( 1992 ) . Historia militar de Puerto Rico ( in Spanish ) . Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario . ISBN 978 - 84 - 7844 - 138 - 9 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Retrieved : January 8 , 2015 . Carta Autonómica de Puerto Rico , 1897 . Jump up ^ `` USA Seizes Puerto Rico '' . History of Puerto Rico . solboricua.com. 2000 . Jump up ^ Magaly Rivera . `` History '' . topuertorico.org . Retrieved October 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chronology of Puerto Rico in the Spanish -- American War '' . The World of 1898 : The Spanish -- American War . Hispanic Division , Library of Congress . ^ Jump up to : Jorge Rodriguez Beruff , Strategy as Politics , Universidad de Puerto Rico : La Editorial ; p. 7 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 8477 - 0160 - 5 Jump up ^ David F. Trask ( 1996 ) . The War with Spain in 1898 . University of Nebraska Press . pp. 72 -- 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 9429 - 5 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jorge Rodriguez Beruff , Strategy as Politics , La Editorial ; Universidad de Puerto Rico ; p. 13 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 8477 - 0160 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain '' . The Avalon Project at the Yale Law School . Yale Law School , Lillian Goldman Law Library . December 10 , 1898 . Jump up ^ Truman R. Clark . Puerto Rico and the United States , 1917 -- 1933 . 1975 . University of Pittsburgh Press . p. 129 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report by the President 's task force on Puerto Rico 's Status '' ( PDF ) . December 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 25 , 2007 . Retrieved October 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Efrén Rivera Ramos ( 2007 ) . American Colonialism in Puerto Rico : The Judicial and Social Legacy . Markus Wiener Publishers . pp. 54 -- 55 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55876 - 410 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Porto Rico En Fete : President 's Auto Tour Amid Shower of Roses : He Promises Citizenship '' . The Washington Post . November 22 , 1906 . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Juan Gonzalez ; Harvest of Empire , pp. 60 -- 63 ; Penguin Press , 2001 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 311928 - 9 Jump up ^ Levinson , Sanford ; Sparrow , Bartholomew H. ( 2005 ) . The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion : 1803 -- 1898 . New York : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . pp. 166 , 178 . U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico by virtue of the Jones Act , chap. 190 , 39 Stat. 951 ( 1971 ) ( codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731 ( 1987 ) ) Jump up ^ `` Sistema de Alerta de Tsunamis de Puerto Rico y el Caribe '' ( in Spanish ) . Red Sísmica de Puerto Rico . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Frank Otto Gatell , `` Independence Rejected : Puerto Rico and the Tydings Bill of 1936 '' , Hispanic American Historical Review , Vol. 38 , No. 1 ( Feb. 1958 ) , pp. 25 -- 44 , accessed December 15 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Civil Rights in Puerto Rico . The Commission , 70p , np , May 22 , 1937 '' . Llmc.com . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Five Years of Tyranny '' , Speech before the U.S. House of Representatives . Archived January 12 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . The entire speech is contained in the Congressional Record of August 14 , 1939 . It is reported in the Congressional record , and various other publications elsewhere , that among those shot in the back was a 7 - year - old girl , Georgina Maldonado , who `` was killed through the back while running to a nearby church '' Jump up ^ Antonio de la Cova . `` Photos of police shooting with rifles ( from positions previously occupied by marchers and bystanders ) at bystanders running away '' . Latinamericanstudies.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` La obra jurídica del Profesor David M. Helfeld ( 1948 -- 2008 ) ' ; by : Dr. Carmelo Delgado Cintrón Archived March 27 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Cockcroft , James ( 2001 ) . América Latina y Estados Unidos : historia y política país por país ( in Spanish ) . Siglo XXI Editores . ISBN 9682323320 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rican History '' . Topuertorico.org . January 13 , 1941 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` La Gobernación de Jesús T. Piñero y la Guerra Fría '' . Issuu.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Political Status of Puerto Rico : Options for Congress . Report RL32933 . By Keith Bea and R. Sam Garrett , Congressional Research Service . Dated June 19 , 2009 . p. 29 . Table B - 1 : Puerto Rico Status Votes in Plebiscites and Referenda , 1967 -- 1998 . p. 29 ... Retrieved December 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 Status Plebiscite Vote Summary '' . Electionspuertorico.org . November 14 , 1993 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Status Plebiscite Vote Summary '' . Electionspuertorico.org . December 13 , 1998 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Act of July 3 , 1950 , Ch. 446 , 64 Stat. 319 . Jump up ^ `` View of Congress , the Courts and the Federal Government '' . Puertoricousa.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` On The Nature of Commonwealth V '' . Puertorico-herald.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Let Puerto Rico Decide How to end its Colony Status : True Nationhood Stands on the Pillar of Independence '' . Rosalinda de Jesus . The Allentown Morning Call . Republished by the Puerto Rico Herald . July 21 , 2002 . San Juan , Puerto Rico . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Let Puerto Rico Decide How To End Its Colony Status '' . Rosalinda De Jesus . The Morning Call . July 21 , 2002 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ García , Marvin . `` Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos '' . National - Louis University . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2005 . Retrieved April 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Responses from Hon . Luis G. Fortuño to questions from Senator Domenici . Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on the Report by the President 's Task Force on Puerto Rico 's Status . United States Senate . One Hundredth Ninth Congress . Second Session . U.S. Senate 109 -- 796 . November 15 , 2006 . ( Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . 2007 . p. 56 . ) Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico -- in Spanish '' . Lexjuris.com . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico -- ( English translation ) '' . Topuertorico.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Sanford ; Sparrow , Bartholomew H ( 2005 ) . The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion , 1803 -- 1898 . Ed. by Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow . ( Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield , 2005 . Cloth , ISBN 0 - 7425 - 4983 - 6 . Paper , ISBN 0 - 7425 - 4984 - 4 . ) pp. 166 -- 67 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 4984 - 5 . Retrieved November 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 's Pharmaceutical Industry '' . September 20 , 2006 . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wyss , Jim ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Will Puerto Rico become the newest star on the American flag ? '' . Miami Herald . Miami Herald . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Willie , Santana , ( January 1 , 2016 ) . `` Incorporating the Lonely Star : How Puerto Rico Became Incorporated and Earned a Place in the Sisterhood of States '' . Tennessee Journal of Law & Policy . 9 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ `` El Senado aprueba enmiendas a la ley del plebiscito '' . Elnuevodia.com. April 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pilkington , Ed ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico governor to take statehood case to Washington but faces US snub '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` - The Washington Post '' . Washington Post . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clash looms as Puerto Rico prepares to send reps to Washington , after statehood vote '' . Foxnews.com . July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` What 's a Free Associated State ? '' . Puerto Rico Report . Puerto Rico Report . February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Statehood , Independence , or Free Association Referendum ( 2017 ) '' . Ballotpedia . BALLOTPEDIA . February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . With my vote , I make the initial request to the Federal Government to begin the process of the decolonization through : ( 1 ) Free Association : Puerto Rico should adopt a status outside of the Territory Clause of the Constitution of the United States that recognizes the sovereignty of the People of Puerto Rico . The Free Association would be based on a free and voluntary political association , the specific terms of which shall be agreed upon between the United States and Puerto Rico as sovereign nations . Such agreement would provide the scope of the jurisdictional powers that the People of Puerto Rico agree to confer to the United States and retain all other jurisdictional powers and authorities . Under this option the American citizenship would be subject to negotiation with the United States Government ; ( 2 ) Proclamation of Independence , I demand that the United States Government , in the exercise of its power to dispose of territory , recognize the national sovereignty of Puerto Rico as a completely independent nation and that the United States Congress enact the necessary legislation to initiate the negotiation and transition to the independent nation of Puerto Rico . My vote for Independence also represents my claim to the rights , duties , powers , and prerogatives of independent and democratic republics , my support of Puerto Rican citizenship , and a `` Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation '' between Puerto Rico and the United States after the transition process Jump up ^ Wyss , Jim . `` Will Puerto Rico become the newest star on the American flag ? '' . Miami Herald . Miami . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Coto , Danica ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico gov approves referendum in quest for statehood '' . The Washington Post . DC . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Gillian B. ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Why Puerto Rican Statehood Matters So Much Right Now '' . The Atlantic . The Atlantic Monthly Group . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Six words : the ability to file for bankruptcy Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico goes to polls Sunday on statehood issue despite criticism over costs , timing '' . Nbcnews.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico governor approves Tennessee Plan -- Caribbean Business '' . caribbeanbusiness.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ López , Ana M. ( 2014 ) . `` Puerto Rico at the United Nations '' . The North American Congress on Latin America . The North American Congress on Latin America . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peoples , United Nations : Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and ( November 22 , 2005 ) . `` Report of the Special Committee on the Situation With Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries & Peoples : 60th Session Supplement '' . United Nations Publications -- via Google Books . 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( November 27 , 1953 ) , `` Cessation of transmission o the information under article 73 e of the Charter in respect of Puerto Rico '' . Jump up ^ GA Resolution 1541 Archived May 14 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ( December 15 1960 ) , `` Principles which should guide Members in determining whether or not an obligation exists to transmit the information called for in article 73 e of the Charter . ( See ANNEX ) . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Report by the President 's task force on Puerto Rico 's Status '' ( PDF ) . December 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 16 , 2008 . Retrieved December 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Art . IV , Sec. 3 , clause 2 , U.S. Constitution . Jump up ^ `` United States v. Sanchez , 992 F. 2D 1143 ( 1993 ) United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit ( Paragraphs 44 -- 46 ) '' . ftp.resources.com . June 4 , 1993 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2011 . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Status Field Hearing '' . Committee on Resources , U.S. House of Representatives , 105th Congress . April 19 , 1997 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2011 . Retrieved October 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1541 ( XV ) . Principles which should guide Members in determining whether or not an obligation exists to transmit the information called for under Article 73 e of the Charter '' . United Nations General Assembly . December 15 , 1960 . Jump up ^ June 13 , 2006 . Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling on United States to Expedite Puerto Rican Self - determination Process . Draft Resolution Urges Probe of Pro-Independence Leader 's Killing , Human Rights Abuses ; Calls for Clean - up , Decontamination of Vieques . ( June 13 , 2006 ) Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 14 June 2007 . Special Committee on Decolonization Calls on United States to Expedite Puerto Rico 's Self - Determination Process : Text Also Requests General Assembly to Consider Question ; Urges Clean Up of Vieques Island , Release of Puerto Rican Political Prisoners . ( June 14 , 2007 ) Archived January 18 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ June 15 , 2009 . Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling on United States to Expedite Self - determination Process for Puerto Rico . Members Hear Petitioners Speak up for Independence , Statehood , Free Association . ( June 15 , 2009 ) Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ June 21 , 2010 . Special Committee on Decolonization Passes Text Urging General Assembly to Consider Formally Situation Concerning Puerto Rico : Draft Resolution Calls on United States to Expedite Island 's Self - Determination . ( June 21 , 2010 ) Archived January 18 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ June 20 , 2011 . Special Committee on Decolonization Calls on United States , in Consensus Text , to Speed up Process Allowing Puerto Rico to Exercise Self - Determination : Nearly 25 Petitioners Underscore Gravity of Situation on Island , Buckling Under Economic Strain ; Vigorous Opposition to Death Penalty Also Expressed . ( June 20 , 2011 ) Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : casiano communications ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` UN decolonization committee eyes PR '' . Caribbeanbusinesspr.com . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Article 2.003 ( 54 ) , Puerto Rico Election Code for the 21st Century , Act No. 78 of 2011 ( in English ) . Retrieved on August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Members Hear Petitioners Speak up for Independence , Statehood , Free Association '' . General Assembly of the United Nations . June 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` US lawmakers clear path for new Puerto Rico referendum '' . Agence France - Presse. April 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Text of H.R. 2499 : Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2010 '' . govtrack.us. April 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 2499 : Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2010 -- Bill Overview '' . Jump up ^ `` REPORT BY THE PRESIDENT 'S TASK FORCE ON PUERTO RICO 'S STATUS '' ( PDF ) . The White House . March 11 , 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 5 , 2015 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ In Visit to Puerto Rico , Obama Offers ( and Seeks Out ) Support . Helene Cooper . New York Times . June 14 , 2011 . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ley Numero 283 del 28 de diciembre de 2011 . Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico . December 28 , 2011 . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fortuño calls for status vote next August . Archived November 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . John Marino . Caribbean Business . Released on October 4 , 2011 . Retrieved December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ casiano communications ( October 4 , 2011 ) . `` Fortuño calls for status , legislative reform votes on 12 August 2012 '' . Caribbeanbusinesspr.com . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico votes on whether to change relationship with US , elects governor and legislators '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2012 . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Senate and the House of Representative of Puerto Rico : Concurrent Resolution . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Coto , Danica ( April 11 , 2013 ) . `` US Seeks to Fund New Puerto Rico Status Plebiscite '' . Associated Press . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , Petitioner v. Luis M. Sanchez Valle , et al '' ( PDF ) . Scotusblog.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 5278 , Puerto Rico Oversight , Management and Economic Stability Act Of 2016 ( PROMESA ) '' . Policy.house.gov . June 6 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Ricans favor statehood for first time '' . CNN . November 7 , 2012 . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Ricans opt for statehood '' . Fox News . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sutter , John D. ( 2017 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Puerto Rico updates Hurricane Maria death toll '' . CNN . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Governor Asks DOJ To Investigate Island 's Public Power Utility '' . NPR . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico : This is not how the island usually does Christmas '' . CNN . 2017 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Puerto Rico After Hurricane Maria '' . Sierra Club . 2017 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Displaced Puerto Ricans face obstacles getting health care '' . Salon.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ By RICK ROJASNOV. 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) . `` Added to the Storm 's Toll , Guilt and Heartache for Puerto Ricans Who Fled - The New York Times '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ by Creede Newton29 Nov 2017 20 : 18 GMT ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) . `` Puerto Rico crisis ongoing months after Hurricane Maria News '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Doreli , Oren ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico 's water woes raise fears of health crisis '' . USA Today . New York City . pp. 1A , 2A . 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CIA . Retrieved April 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Caribbean National Forest -- El Yunque Trail # 15 '' . GORP.com . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2010 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Lagos de Puerto Rico '' . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2004 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 29 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( archived from on June 29 , 2007 ) . ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Andrzej Pisera ; Michael Martínez ; Hernan Santos ( May 2006 ) . `` Late Cretaceous Siliceous Sponges From El Rayo Formation , Puerto Rico '' . Journal of Paleontology . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2009 . Retrieved May 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Earthquake History of Puerto Rico '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2007 . Retrieved September 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Uri ten Brink . `` Explorations : Puerto Rico Trench 2003 -- Cruise Summary and Results '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 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Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Martínez - Cruzado , J.C. ; Toro - Labrador , G. ; Ho - Fung , V. ; Estévez - Montero , M.A. ; Lobaina - Manzanet , A. ; Padovani - Claudio , D.A. ; Sánchez - Cruz , H. ; Ortiz - Bermúdez , P. ; Sánchez - Crespo , A. ( 2001 ) . `` Mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals substantial Native American ancestry in Puerto Rico '' . Human Biology . 73 ( 4 ) : 491 -- 511 . doi : 10.1353 / hub. 2001.0056 . PMID 11512677 . Jump up ^ Lorena Madrigal , Madrigal ( 2006 ) . Human biology of Afro - Caribbean populations . Cambridge University Press , 2006 . p. 121 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 81931 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bonilla ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Ancestral proportions and their association with skin pigmentation and bone mineral density in Puerto Rican women from New York City '' . Hum Genet. 115 ( 1 ) : 57 -- 58 . doi : 10.1007 / s00439 - 004 - 1125 - 7 . PMID 15118905 . Jump up ^ Martinez - Cruzado ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Reconstructing the population history of Puerto Rico by means of mtDNA phylogeographic analysis '' . Am J Phys Anthropol. 128 ( 1 ) : 131 -- 55 . doi : 10.1002 / ajpa. 20108 . PMID 15693025 . Jump up ^ `` Your Regional Ancestry : Reference Populations '' . The Genographic Project . Jump up ^ Tang , Hua ; Choudhry , Shweta ; Mei , Rui ; Morgan , Martin ; Rodríguez - Clintron , William ; González Burchard , Esteban ; Risch , Neil ( August 1 , 2007 ) . `` Recent Genetic Selection in the Ancestral Admixture of Puerto Ricans '' . The American Journal of Human Genetics . 81 ( 3 ) : 626 -- 633 . doi : 10.1086 / 520769 . PMC 1950843 . PMID 17701908 . Jump up ^ Via , Mark ; Gignoux , Christopher R. ; Roth , Lindsey ; Fejerman , Laura ; Galander , Joshua ; Choudhry , Shweta ; Toro - Labrador , Gladys ; Viera - Vera , Jorge ; Oleksyk , Taras K. ; Beckman , Kenneth ; Ziv , Elad ; Risch , Neil ; González Burchard , Esteban ; Nartínez - Cruzado , Juan Carlos ( 2011 ) . `` History Shaped the Geographic Distribution of Genomic Admixture on the Island of Puerto Rico '' . PLoS ONE . 6 ( 1 ) : e16513 . Bibcode : 2011PLoSO ... 616513V . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0016513 . PMC 3031579 . PMID 21304981 . ^ Jump up to : `` Demography -- Puerto Rico '' . Pew Research . Pew Research , DC . January 2017 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples -- Puerto Rico : Dominicans '' . Minority Rights Group International . 2008 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Other Border : Puerto Rico 's Seas '' . Latino USA . 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Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . 2015 ACS 5 - Year Population Estimate Jump up ^ `` Población de Puerto Rico por Municipios 2010 y 2000 '' . Elections Puerto Rico . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Language '' , Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language , Ed . Tom McArthur , Oxford University Press , 1998 . Jump up ^ Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior , 92 D.P.R. 596 ( 1965 ) . Translation taken from the English text , 92 P.R.R. 580 ( 1965 ) , pp. 588 -- 89 . See also LOPEZ - BARALT NEGRON , `` Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior : Espanol : Idioma del proceso judicial '' , 36 Revista Juridica de la Universidad de Puerto Rico . 396 ( 1967 ) , and VIENTOS - GASTON , `` Informe del Procurador General sobre el idioma '' , 36 Rev. Col. Ab . ( P.R. ) 843 ( 1975 ) . Jump up ^ The Status of Languages in Puerto Rico . Muniz - Arguelles , Luis . University of Puerto Rico . c. 1988 . Page 466 . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Census Annual Population Estimates 2007 '' . Factfinder.census.gov . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Puerto Rico Governor Luis Fortuño Proposes Plan For Island 's Public Schools To Teach In English Instead Of Spanish . Archived August 31 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Danica Coto . Huffington Latino Voices. 05 / 08 / 12 ( May 8 , 2012 ) . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Language Education Policy in Puerto Rico '' . Language Education Policy Studies . International Association for Language Education Policy Studies . 2013 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Key findings about Puerto Rico '' . March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Religion in Latin America '' . November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Porto Rico '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ `` Sobre Nosotros '' . Episcopalpr.org . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2010 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . 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Puerto Ricans in this statistical profile are people who self - identified as Hispanics of Puerto Rican origin ; this means either they themselves were born in Puerto Rico1 or they were born in the 50 U.S. states , the District of Columbia or elsewhere , but trace their family ancestry to Puerto Rico . Jump up ^ `` Religion in Latin America '' . Pew Research . Pew Research Center . November 13 , 2014 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome '' . Parish.orthodoxtheologicalinstitute.org . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2011 . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Latin American issues Vol. 3 '' . Webpub.allegheny.edu . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2010 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eduardo Giorgetti Y Su Mundo : La Aparente Paradoja De Un Millonario Genio Empresarial Y Su Noble Humanismo ; by Delma S. Arrigoitia ; Publisher : Ediciones Puerto ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 942347 - 52 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Korber House '' . Prairieschooltraveler.com . 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United States , 197 U.S. 516 , 529 -- 530 , 536 ( 1905 ) ( concurring opinions of Justices Harlan and Brown ) , that once the Constitution has been extended to an area , its coverage is irrevocable ; Boumediene v. Bush -- That where the Constitution has been once formally extended by Congress to territories , neither Congress nor the territorial legislature can enact laws inconsistent therewith . The Constitution grants Congress and the President the power to acquire , dispose of , and govern territory , not the power to decide when and where its terms apply . Jump up ^ The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion : 1803 -- 1898 . By Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow . New York : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . 2005 . pp. 166 , 178 . `` U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico by virtue of the Jones Act , chap. 190 , 39 Stat. 951 ( 1971 ) ( codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731 ( 1987 ) '' ) Jump up ^ `` Constitutional Topic : Citizenship '' . U.S. Constitution Online . Retrieved June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Ricans pay import / export taxes '' . Stanford.wellsphere.com . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2010 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Ricans pay federal commodity taxes '' . Stanford.wellsphere.com . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Internal Revenue Service . ' , Topic 903 -- Federal Employment Tax in Puerto Rico ' , '' . Irs.gov . December 18 , 2009 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reuters , ' Puerto Rico hopes to gain from U.S. healthcare reform ' , 24 September 2009 '' . Reuters . September 24 , 2009 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Brett . `` The Heritage Foundation , 11 March 2009 . `` D.C. Voting Rights : No Representation ? No Taxation ! '' , By Robert A. Book , PhD `` . Heritage.org . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Manufacturers Association , CEO Summit , Federal and Local Incentives : Where we are , Where We Want to be . Amaya Iraolagoitia , Partner , Tax Dept '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 16 , 2010 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joint Committee on Taxation . An Overview of the Special Tax Rules Related to Puerto Rico and an Analysis of the Tax and Economic Policy Implications of Recent Legislative Options '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Members of the military must pay federal income tax Jump up ^ `` Table 5 . Internal Revenue Gross Collections , by Type of Tax and State , Fiscal year 2009 '' ( XLS ) . Internal Revenue Service . Jump up ^ Puerto Rico hopes to gain from U.S. healthcare reform . Reuters . September 24 , 2009 . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` News & Media '' . PRFAA . July 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Colombia y Puerto Rico se dan la mano '' . El Nuevo Día ( in Spanish ) . July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Relaciones comerciales entre Colombia y Puerto Rico '' ( in Spanish ) . Universidad ICESI . July 23 , 2013 . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mari Carmen Aponte '' . State.gov . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` After Closing of Navy Base , Hard Times in Puerto Rico '' . The New York Times . April 3 , 2005 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ OSD , Washington Headquarters Services , Directorate for Information Operations and Reports ( DIOR ) ; `` Atlas / Data Abstract for the United States and Selected Areas -- Fiscal Year 1997 ; '' Department of Defense ; 1998 . Note : The count of 25 military installations included the branch component of the Roosevelt Roads Naval facility on the island of Vieques , as distinct from the Roosevelt Roads Naval station in Cieba ^ Jump up to : Meléndez , Edwin ; Meléndez , Edgardo ; Colonial Dilemma ; South End Press ; Boston ; 1993 Jump up ^ Maryland General Assembly ( April 8 , 1997 ) . `` Participation of Hispanics in the American Revolution '' . SJR2 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Danny Nieves . `` Special Announcements '' . Valerosos.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense , Reserve Affairs ; `` Official Guard and Reserve Manpower Strengths and Statistics -- Summary End Fiscal Year 1996 ; '' 1996 Jump up ^ World Bank Indicators ; World Bank . `` World Bank Indicators 2012 : Puerto Rico '' . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwab , Klaus ( 2013 ) . `` The Global Competitiveness Report 2013 -- 2014 '' ( PDF ) . World Economic Forum . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ World Bank Indicators ; World Bank . `` Gross national income per capita 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Manufactura '' ( in Spanish ) . Government of Puerto Rico . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 's tourism industry continues to expand '' . Business Destinations . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alan Heston , Robert Summers and Bettina Aten , Penn World Table Version 7.1 , Center for International Comparisons of Production , Income and Prices at the University of Pennsylvania , July 2012 . Accessed on August 19 , 2012 . Note : GDP per capita data are `` PPP Converted GDP Per Capita , average GEKS - CPDW , at current prices ( in I $ ) '' , labeled as variable `` cgdp2 '' . Jump up ^ Torrcech San Inocencio , Rafael ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` La autosuficiencia alimentaria '' . El Nuevo Día ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Millán Rodríguez , Yamilet ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Denuncian politización de Junta AEE '' . El Vocero ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2013 . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Vera Rosado , Ileanexis ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Ineficiencia arropa a los recursos económicos de salud '' . El Vocero ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2013 . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ González , Jenisabel ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Debemos más de lo que producimos '' . El Nuevo Día ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bauzá , Nydia ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` García Padilla insiste en que heredó un país `` en cantos '' `` . El Nuevo Día ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Quintero , Laura ( September 14 , 2013 ) . `` Las estadísticas hablan : Puerto Rico camino a ser el `` Detroit del Caribe '' `` . NotiCel ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PUERTO RICO FACT SHEET '' ( PDF ) . Gdb-pur.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Nick Brown , Reuters ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico oversight board favors more time for restructuring talks '' . Fiscal Times . The Fiscal Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Platt , Eric ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` New Puerto Rico governor seeks amicable debt crisis resolution '' . Financial Times . New York . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Watson , Dan ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Secretary Lew Sends Letter to 115th Congress on Puerto Rico '' . Department of the Treasury . Department of the Treasury . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nick Brown , Reuters ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico oversight board favors more time for restructuring talks '' . Fiscal Times . The Fiscal Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . The bipartisan , seven - member oversight board was created under the federal Puerto Rico rescue law known as PROMESA , passed by the U.S. Congress last year . It is charged with helping the island manage its finances and navigate its way out of the economic jam , including by negotiating restructuring deals with creditors . Jump up ^ `` '' Economistas se Oponen a las Reformas para `` estimular la economía '' `` . El Nuevo Día. 20 February 2017 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bases , Daniel ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico to furlough workers , proposes pension plan reform '' . Cnbc.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Castrodad , José ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` La Estadidad es una , única , uniforme e irreversible '' . El Vocero . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2014 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Mary ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` Worsening Debt Crisis Threatens Puerto Rico '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ¿ Cómo Puerto Rico llegó a tener crédito chatarra ? '' . El Nuevo Día ( in Spanish ) . February 4 , 2014 . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Information and Operating Data Report to October 18 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Puerto Rico Government Development Bank . October 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` San Juan 2023 o la decadencia de un País '' . Centro Para Una Nueva Economía . Center for a New Economy . Jump up ^ `` SERVICIO DE LA DEUDA '' ( PDF ) . ``. pr.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Reporte General sobre Deuda Pública '' ( PDF ) . ``. pr.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Mary Williams ( July 2 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico 's Power Authority Effectively Files for Bankruptcy '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PROCESO PRESUPUESTARIO '' ( PDF ) . 2.pr.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Buchanan , Puerto Rico '' . Military Installations . Department of Defense . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 's Cost of Living Skyrockets '' . Huffingtonpost.com . September 29 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alvarez , Lizette ( February 8 , 2014 ) . `` Economy and Crime Spur New Puerto Rican Exodus '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Home -- El Nuevo Día '' . Elnuevodia.com . August 31 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MIDA concluye alto costo de vida es la preocupación mayor del boricua '' . Primerahora.com . February 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dougherty , Conor ( August 14 , 2007 ) . `` Puerto Rico 's Economic Slump Weighs Hard on Consumers '' . Online.wsj.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coto , Danica ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` Life in Puerto Rico becomes costlier amid crisis '' . Nbclatino.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Cost of Living Survey 2011 '' . Mercer.com . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rivera , Magaly . `` Moving to Puerto Rico '' . Welcome to Puerto Rico ! . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico '' . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . August 2011 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gutierrez , Elías . `` Impact of the Coastwise Trade Laws on the Transportation System of the United States of America '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Santiago , Jaime ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Jones Act requirement comes under new light '' . Caribbean Business . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` R. Conc . del S. 21 '' ( Microsoft Word ) ( in Spanish ) . Puerto Rico Office of Legislative Services . May 6 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Senado aprueba proyecto para pedir trato preferencial en leyes de cabotaje '' . NotiCel ( in Spanish ) . June 5 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` GAO 's Jones Act Report Is Inconclusive '' . The Journal of Commerce . March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` GAO - 13 - 260 , Puerto Rico : Characteristics of the Island 's Maritime Trade and Potential Effects of Modifying the Jones Act '' ( PDF ) . United States Government Accountability Office . March 2013 . Jump up ^ Nicolas Kanellos , `` Hispanic Firsts '' , Visible Ink Press ( ISBN 0 - 7876 - 0519 - 0 ) , p. 40 . Jump up ^ `` CIA FactBook '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Perfil del Sistema Educativo -- Año Escolar 2010 -- 2011 '' . estadisticas.gobierno.pr . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lizette Alvarez ; Abby Goodnough ( August 2 , 2015 ) . `` Puerto Ricans Brace for Crisis in Health Care '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 ... more than 60 percent of residents receive Medicare or Medicaid ... Jump up ^ Dorell , Oren ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico 's health system ' on life support ' after blow '' . USA Today . Melbourne , Florida . pp. 1B , 2B . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hospital San Lucas Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Resolucion Conjunta . Hon . Seilhamer Rodríguez . 16th Assembly -- 3rd Session . Senate of Puerto Rico . Joint Resolution Number 402 . March 3 , 2010 . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Denuncian crisis en hospital siquiátrico . Archived March 22 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Reinaldo Millán . La Perla del Sur . Ponce , Puerto Rico . November 9 , 2011 . Year 30 . No. 1458 . Page 14 . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ VA Clinic Archived January 7 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ponce tendrá su Hospital de Veteranos . Archived March 22 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jason Rodríguez Grafal . La Perla del Sur . Ponce , Puerto Rico . October 10 , 2012 . Year 30 . Issue 1506 . Page 11 . ( Title in printed version : `` Sera en Ponce : Con luz verde federal el nuevo Hospital de Veteranos '' . ) Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ U.S. News and World Report . Archived April 12 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Hospital de Damas : among the best . Retrieved July 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Culebra Overview Archived June 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . on Let 's Go Jump up ^ Triple - S Management Corporation Annual Report ( Form 10 - K ) for the fiscal year ended on December 31 , 2005 , pursuant to Section 13 or 15 ( d ) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 , accessed on November 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Table 5 '' . Jump up ^ Chalabi , Mona ( July 22 , 2012 ) . `` Gun homicides and gun ownership listed by country '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Latin American Herald Tribune -- 80 % of Puerto Rico Murders Called Drug - Related '' . Laht.com . Jump up ^ Giovannetti , Jorge L. `` Popular Music and Culture in Puerto Rico : Jamaican and Rap Music as Cross-Cultural Symbols '' , in Musical Migrations : Transnationalism and Cultural Hybridity in the Americas , ed . Frances R. Aparicio and Cándida F. Jáquez , 81 -- 98 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rican Music TV '' . Puerto Rican Music TV . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Randall Peffer ( 2002 ) . Puerto Rico , a Travel Guide . Lonely Planet . p. 225 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74059 - 274 - 1 . Jump up ^ National Geographic Archived March 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Puerto Rico in the Great Depression '' . Newdeal.feri.org . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Yvonne . A Taste of Puerto Rico : Traditional and New Dishes from the Puerto Rican Community . Penguin group , 1997 . p. 3 Jump up ^ 3 - cent Puerto Rico Issue Arago : people , postage & the post . Viewed March 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rod , Steven J. Puerto Rico Election Issue Arago : people , postage & the post . Viewed March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ San Juan Issue Arago : people , postage & the post . Viewed March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Flags of our nation series 2008 -- 2012 , Arago : people , postage & the post '' , National Postal Museum . Viewed March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Roberto Clemente ( 1934 -- 1972 ) '' p. 178 , `` Legends of Baseball '' p. 254 , Scott 's Specialized Catalogue , 2013 , ISBN 0 - 89487 - 475 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Great Americans Issue '' Scott 's Specialized Catalogue , 2013 , ISBN 0 - 89487 - 475 - 6 , p. 183 Jump up ^ `` Literary Arts '' Scott 's Specialized Catalogue , 2013 , ISBN 0 - 89487 - 475 - 6 , p. 308 Jump up ^ `` Distinguished Americans '' Scott 's Specialized Catalogue , 2013 , ISBN 0 - 89487 - 475 - 6 , p. 317 Jump up ^ `` Baseball Hall of Fame entry for Roberto Clemente '' . Baseballhall.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Hall of Fame entry for Orlando Cepeda '' . Baseballhall.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Hall of Fame entry for Roberto Alomar '' . Baseballhall.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics 2004 Basketball Shock defeat for USA '' . BBC News . August 15 , 2004 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jesús Omar Rivera ( October 29 , 2008 ) . `` Boricuas lucíos en una rueda '' ( in Spanish ) . Primera Hora . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Raul Sosa ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` AND1 & PR Streetball Put on a Show ! '' . BoricuaBallers.com . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Joshua Hammann ( October 14 , 2008 ) . `` Melendez adds a new country to Globetrotters ' resume '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A Non-Black Player Joins Globetrotters '' . New York Times . Antigua &Amp ; Barbuda . December 28 , 1995 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Mónica Puig the Puerto Rico player who won the gold medal in the Rio 2016 Olympic Games women 's tennis final ? '' . Rio2016.com . August 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2016 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Waldstein , David ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Monica Puig , Puerto Rico 's Favorite Daughter ( and Only Gold Medalist ) '' . NYTimes.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Aeropuertos Internacionales y Regionales ( Spanish ) '' . Puerto Rico Ports Authority . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About the Project -- Overview '' . Port of the Americas Authority . Retrieved July 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ley de la Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica de Puerto Rico '' ( PDF ) . Presupuesto.gobierno.pr . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico profile '' , BBC News , May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Communications : Puerto Rico '' , World Factbook , U.S. Central Intelligence Agency , December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Further reading Isar P. Godreau , Scripts of Blackness : Race , Cultural nationalism , and U.S. Colonialism in Puerto Rico . Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press , 2015 . External links Find more aboutPuerto Ricoat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website ( in Spanish ) Investment Tourism Department Of Economic Development and Commerce `` Puerto Rico '' . Country profiles . BBC . `` Puerto Rico '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . `` Datos y Estadisticas de Puerto Rico y sus Municipios '' ( Data and Statistics about Puerto Rico and It 's Municipalities ) . Tendencias PR ( in Spanish ) . `` Puerto Rico '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Puerto Rico at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Geography Wikimedia Atlas of Puerto Rico Geographic data related to Puerto Rico at OpenStreetMap United States government `` Application of the U.S. Constitution in U.S. Insular Areas '' ( PDF ) . November 1997 . `` Puerto Rico State Guide '' . LOC . United Nations ( U.N. ) Declaration on Puerto Rico `` Special Committee on Decolonization Calls Upon United States to Expedite Puerto Rico 's Self - Determination Process '' . Special Committee on Decolonization . Press release . U.N. General Assembly . June 14 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2007 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did puerto rico become a us territory	[ "Puerto Ricans are by law citizens of the United States and may move freely between the island and the mainland.[25] As it is not a state, Puerto Rico does not have a vote in the United States Congress, which governs the territory with full jurisdiction under the Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950. However, Puerto Rico does have one non-voting member of the House called a Resident Commissioner. As residents of a U.S. territory, American citizens in Puerto Rico are disenfranchised at the national level and do not vote for president and vice president of the United States,[26] and do not pay federal income tax on Puerto Rican income. Like other territories and the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico does not have U.S. senators. Congress approved a local constitution in 1952, allowing U.S. citizens on the territory to elect a governor. A 2012 referendum showed a majority (54% of those who voted) disagreed with \"the present form of territorial status\". A second question asking about a new model, had full statehood the preferred option among those who voted for a change of status, although a significant number of people did not answer the second question of the referendum.[27] A fifth referendum was held on June 11, 2017, with \"Statehood\" and \"Independence/Free Association\" initially as the only available choices. At the recommendation of the Department of Justice, an option for the \"current territorial status\" was added.[28] The referendum showed an overwhelming support for statehood, with 97.18% voting for it, although the voter turnout had a historically low figure of only 22.99% of the registered voters casting their ballots.\n" ]	[ "1950" ]
-8300238473262476640	Nichols (surname)	Nichols ( surname ) - wikipedia Nichols ( surname ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Nichols . Not to be confused with Nicholls ( name ) , Nicols , or Nicolls . Nichols is an anglicised form of the Scottish surname relating to Clan MacNeacail , and may refer to : Contents : Top 0 -- 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Adam Nichols , British musician Al Nichols , American baseball player Allen Nichols , American football player Anne Nichols , American playwright Arthur Nichols , Australian politician Arthur R. Nichols , Minnesota landscape architect Austin Nichols , American actor Beverley Nichols Bill Nichols , American film historian Billy Nichols , American musician , member of B.T. Express Brian Nichols ( 1971 -- present ) , accused Atlanta courthouse murderer Charles Archibald Nichols ( 1876 -- 1920 ) , politician from the U.S. state of Michigan Charles August Nichols ( 1910 -- 1992 ) , American animator and film director Charles Augustus Nichols ( 1869 -- 1953 ) , better known as Kid Nichols , Major League Baseball pitcher and Hall of Famer Clarina I.H. Nichols Clement Roy Nichols Scouts Australia Scouting notable , awardee of the Bronze Wolf in 1965 Dan Nichols , American Jewish rock musician . Dandy Nichols ( 1907 -- 1986 ) , actor David E. Nichols , American pharmacologist and medicinal chemist Dave Nichols , musician Dudley Nichols , ( 1895 -- 1960 ) , American screenwriter and director Ernest Fox Nichols , physicist George Nichols ( disambiguation ) George Elwood Nichols ( 1882 -- 1939 ) , American botanist and ecologist George Ward Nichols , American journalist Grace Nichols Herbie Nichols , American jazz composer Horace Elmo Nichols - Chief Justice of the Georgia Supreme Court , from 1975 - 1980 J ( edit ) James Nichols ( convicted murderer ) James P. Nichols Jennifer Nichols Jesse Clyde Nichols Joe Nichols Johanna Nichols John Nichols ( disambiguation ) , one of several people including John Nichols ( journalist ) , American journalist and media activist John Nichols ( musician ) , former member of the indie rock band Low John Nichols ( politician ) , 1800s American politician John Nichols ( printer ) , English printer and author John Nichols ( writer ) John B. Nichols John Bowyer Buchanan Nichols John G. Nichols John Noel Nichols , inventor of Vimto cordial John Treadwell Nichols ( 1883 -- 1958 ) , an American ichthyologist and ornithologist Jonathan Nichols ( Rhode Island ) ( 1681 -- 1727 ) , colonial deputy governor of Rhode Island Joy Nichols , Australian radio and stage performer Kathleen Nichols Kelly Nichols . Kenneth Nichols , District Engineer of the Manhattan Project Kid Nichols Kyra Nichols , former New York City Ballet principal dancer Lawrence T. Nichols , Professor of Sociology at West Virginia University Larry D. Nichols , puzzle enthusiast and inventor Malcolm Nichols Marie Hochmuth Nichols Marisol Nichols Mark Nichols ( disambiguation ) Mary Ann Nichols Mike Nichols , Academy Award - winning film director Mike J. Nichols , film editor Minerva Parker Nichols , an early American female architect Mitch Nichols , Australian footballer Morris Nichols : see Stan Nichols Moses Nichols Nathaniel B. Nichols ( 1914 -- 1997 ) , American control engineer Nichelle Nichols ( 1932 -- present ) , singer and actor Peter Nichols ( 1927 -- present ) , English writer Rachel Nichols ( actress ) Rachel Nichols ( journalist ) Red Nichols ( 1905 -- 1965 ) , jazz cornettist Reid Nichols ( 1958 - ) , American former Major League Baseball outfielder , now Farm Director / Director of Player Development for the Milwaukee Brewers Robert Nichols ( poet ) , English poet Robert Nichols ( Texas politician ) , Texas State Senator Rob Nichols Roger Nichols ( songwriter ) Roger Nichols ( recording engineer ) Roy Nichols Ross Nichols Ruth Nichols , Canadian author Ruth Rowland Nichols ( 1901 -- 1960 ) , aviator Stan Nichols , English cricketer Stephen Nichols , American actor Ted Nichols Terry Nichols ( 1955 -- present ) , convicted Oklahoma City bombing conspirator V ( edit ) Vincent Gerard Nichols William Nichols ( disambiguation ) , several people Z ( edit ) Zach Nichols , a fictional character in the television series Law & Order : Criminal Intent This page lists people with the surname Nichols . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nichols_(surname)&oldid=794785786 '' Categories : Surnames Hidden categories : All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 August 2017 , at 01 : 36 . About Wikipedia	where did the last name nichols come from	[ "Nichols is an anglicised form of the Scottish surname relating to Clan MacNeacail, and may refer to:" ]	[ "Scottish surname" ]
-234602573821659711	Orianthi	Orianthi - Wikipedia Orianthi Jump to : navigation , search Orianthi Orianthi performing in 2017 Background information Birth name Orianthi Panagaris ( 1985 - 01 - 22 ) 22 January 1985 ( age 32 ) Adelaide , South Australia , Australia Genres Rock pop rock hard rock alternative rock pop punk blues rock alternative metal Occupation ( s ) Musician , singer , songwriter Instruments Guitar vocals piano bass drums Years active 1997 -- present Labels Robo Geffen Spinefarm 19 Associated acts Michael Jackson A.R. Rahman Alice Cooper Richie Sambora RSO Website orianthimusic.com Orianthi Panagaris ( born 22 January 1985 ) , known professionally as Orianthi , is an Australian musician , singer and songwriter known principally for rehearsing with Michael Jackson for his ill - fated This Is It concert series , and for performing in Alice Cooper 's touring band . Her debut single `` According to You '' peaked at No. 3 in Japan , No. 8 in Australia and No. 17 in the US ; her second album , Believe , received a worldwide release in late 2009 . In 2009 , Orianthi was named one of the 12 Greatest Female Electric Guitarists by Elle magazine . She also won the award as `` Breakthrough Guitarist of the Year '' 2010 by Guitar International magazine . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 1.1 Early life 1.2 Breakthrough 1.3 Solo career / collaborations 1.4 Touring guitarist 2 Philanthropy 3 Discography 4 Filmography 5 Awards and nominations 6 Equipment 6.1 Guitars 6.2 Amplifiers 7 References 8 External links Life and career ( edit ) Early life ( edit ) Orianthi Panagaris was born in Adelaide , South Australia , and is of Greek descent . She began playing piano at the age of three and , at the encouragement of her father , moved to acoustic guitar at the age of six . When she was eleven , she took up electric guitar and left her school , Mercedes College , enrolling at Cabra Dominican College . She also attended St Peter 's Collegiate Girls ' School for a short period . At the age of 15 , she turned her focus to writing songs and so began her professional career . She has been playing in bands since the age of 14 and performed in her first stage show for Steve Vai at the age of 15 . Orianthi met and jammed with Carlos Santana when she was 18 . He invited Orianthi to get up and jam with him at soundcheck then later asked if she would join him on stage that night to jam at his Adelaide concert , Memorial Drive on 30 March 2003 . Orianthi independently released her debut studio album , Violet Journey in 2005 , composing all the material , contributing guitar , vocals and drums on most cuts . She produced and mixed the final product at her home studio . Carlos Santana brought Orianthi to Paul Reed Smith 's attention which led to her endorsement . Orianthi relocated to Los Angeles , signed with Geffen Records in late 2006 and struck a management deal with 19 Entertainment . Orianthi has made a commercial for Panasonic HD , featured in the song `` Now or Never '' for Bratz : The Movie , played at the Eric Clapton Crossroads Guitar Festival , appeared in The New York Times business section promoting eco-friendly acoustic guitars , and opened for Steve Vai in the US . Breakthrough ( edit ) Orianthi appeared at the 51st annual Grammy Awards in February 2009 as Carrie Underwood 's lead guitarist , with Underwood inviting Orianthi to become a member of her band . Following that performance in addition to recommendations from industry professionals Michael Jackson 's management reached out to Orianthi for an audition for This Is It concerts . Orianthi was hence Michael Jackson 's lead guitarist and was present on all rehearsals for his This Is It concerts before his death . In regard to being handpicked by Jackson , she stated : I do n't know exactly why he picked me , but he watched my YouTube videos and loved them . He had his choice of guitar players , but I came in and played the ' Beat It ' solo for him . Afterward he was so happy he got up and grabbed my arm and started walking up and down the stage area with me . He said , ' Can you play once for me ? ' and hired me that night . I wish he was still around . He made me believe in myself more , and I learned so much . Going into it , I thought it would be all about playing guitar solos . But the majority of it was playing chords and funky rhythms . She played and sang at Jackson 's memorial , globally televised live on 7 July 2009 . She appears in the film Michael Jackson 's This Is It , which chronicles the rehearsals for the tour and shows her and Michael on stage . She presented an award at the 2009 American Music Awards , which Jackson won posthumously . Orianthi also appears on `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' -- with the original co-written and partly performed by Jackson . She plays guitar on the song `` Monster '' by Michael Jackson featuring 50 Cent which was released on Michael on 14 December 2010 . Solo career / collaborations ( edit ) Orianthi started working on her major label debut Believe in 2007 which was released in October 2009 . The album produced the worldwide hit `` According to You '' , which was the Single of the Week on iTunes on 27 October 2009 , reached number 2 on US radio airplay and charted to number eight in Australia , three in Japan , and achieved platinum status in the US and Australia . The charismatic rock instrumental Highly Strung featuring Steve Vai became a popular YouTube video with millions of views and climbing , and her song `` Suffocated '' was featured on Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock as a playable song . Orianthi followed up with a four - song EP including two singles `` Shut Up and Kiss Me '' and `` Courage '' . Orianthi with A.R. Rahman during the recording of `` Sadda Haq '' in 2011 Orianthi appeared on several late night shows most notably on American Idol results show 26 March 2010 . In 2010 she toured extensively with headlining shows in the US , Japan , Australia and Malaysia . She also opened for other artists including : John Mayer , Mika , Kid Rock , Daughtry and over 30 dates for Adam Lambert 's Glam Nation Tour with former Idol contestant Allison Iraheta . Orianthi performed at various music festivals and charity functions most notably at the Stand Up to Cancer telethon . Orianthi has been very prolific in collaborating and being featured by many artists . She is featured on Iraheta 's third single `` Do n't Waste the Pretty '' and on Fefe Dobson 's song `` Ca n't Breathe '' which appears on Fefe Dobson 's album Joy released in November 2010 . She has stated that the people she has collaborated with ( i.e. Allison Iraheta and Lacey Mosley ) are some of her best friends . She recorded for the song `` Sadda Haq '' composed by Academy award - winning composer A.R. Rahman for a Bollywood 2011 film soundtrack Rockstar . The song became very popular and garnered substantial media coverage in India for Orianthi , being cited for her time as Michael Jackson 's lead guitarist . On 12 October 2011 , the 5 track EP Fire , produced by Dave Stewart was released as an iTunes download . Her third studio album , Heaven in This Hell , was released on 12 March 2013 . Orianthi joined supergroup Hollywood Vampires on the track `` Whole Lotta Love '' for the band 's 2015 self - titled debut album . In October 2016 , Orianthi featured in The 2016 NRL Grand Final pre game entertainment alongside Richie Sambora . Their performance was met with mixed reviews with Sambora having to come out and defend their performance the following day online . In September 2017 , Orianthi and Richie Sambora released a five - song EP called Rise under the name RSO . Touring guitarist ( edit ) Orianthi performing with Alice Cooper during Alice Cooper 's Halloween Night of Horror in 2012 On 29 August 2011 , Orianthi was announced as Alice Cooper 's new guitarist . She replaced Damon Johnson , who is now a member of Thin Lizzy . She was the first female member of the Alice Cooper band . Orianthi did two world tours with Alice Cooper , but resigned in June 2014 to be replaced by Nita Strauss . Orianthi has appeared as a guitarist for other stars including shows with Michael Bolton , Dave Stewart and James Durbin . She also appeared on the Top 7 week season 12 of American Idol on 3 April 2013 to play guitar for each of the performances . One month later Orianthi performed Fine China with Chris Brown at the 2013 Billboard Music Awards , and on 8 December of that same year she paid tribute to Carlos Santana , performing in the Kennedy Center Honors Gala . She spent most of 2013 - 2015 touring with Dave Stewart , started BeMyBand , and released a song . In 2014 , she joined Richie Sambora for his solo tour in Australia and Europe . In 2016 , the two toured under the name RSO in Australia , South America and England . The pair released the EP Rise on 29 September 2017 . Philanthropy ( edit ) Orianthi met with Little Kids Rock students at the annual trade show for music merchants ( NAMM ) in 2010 after they opened for her in front of an eager Anaheim crowd . The kids gave her an acoustic guitar they autographed and she joined LKR 's Honorary Board on that special day . Discography ( edit ) Main article : Orianthi discography Violet Journey ( 2007 ) Believe ( 2009 ) Heaven in This Hell ( 2013 ) Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Film Role Notes 2009 Rock Prophecies Herself Brief appearance Michael Jackson 's This Is It Jackson 's guitarist Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Type Award Result 2009 Elle Magazine 12 Best Female Electric Guitar Players Won Nickelodeon Australian Kids Choice Awards 2010 Fresh Aussie Musos Nominated Billboard Japan Music Awards 2010 Top Pop Artist 2010 Nominated Guitar International Magazine Breakthrough Guitarist of the Year 2010 Won 2011 25th Japan Gold Disc Award 2010 The Best 3 New Artists ( International ) Won Tokio Hot 100 Awards 2010 Best New Artist Nominated 2011 BMI Pop Music Awards Award - Winning Songs -- According to You Won Gibson Guitars Guitar Gals : The Top 10 Female Guitar Players of All Time Won 2013 WiMN - She Rocks Awards Inspire Award Won Equipment ( edit ) Guitars ( edit ) PRS Custom 22 PRS Custom 24 PRS SE Custom 24 PRS SE Singlecut Jackson KV2& KV5 ( discontinued ) Jackson DX10 ( Discontinued ) Ibanez RG Series ( discontinued ) Gibson Les Paul ( early ) Gibson SG ( early ) Garrison & Taylor Acoustics Duesenberg Starplayer TV , gift from Dave Stewart PRS SE Orianthi ( her own signature SE model ) She also has a special private stock PRS Custom 24 guitar , nicknamed `` MJ '' , made for the `` This Is It '' concerts . This one of a kind guitar is decorated with Swarovski crystals . Amplifiers ( edit ) ENGL ( This Is It ) EVH 5150III Marshall Mesa Boogie References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Orianthi - Believe Album Review , AllMusic.com Jump up ^ 19 Entertainment . `` Orianthi at 19 Entertainment '' . 19 Entertainment . Retrieved 15 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 12 Greatest Female Electric Guitarists '' . Elle. 21 August 2009 . Retrieved 22 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guitar Awards 2010 : Guitar News '' . Guitarinternational.com. 10 October 2011 . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : The Age Article : `` Lady plays the blues : Santana among fans '' Patrick Donovan 7 July 2007 '' Jump up ^ Crawford , Carly ; Kyriacou , Kate ( 5 July 2009 ) . `` Adelaide musician Orianthi was Michael Jackson 's guitarist '' . Sunday Mail . SA . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blog Archive -- Michael Jackson and that blond guitarist '' . Anderson Cooper 360 . CNN.com Blogs . Retrieved 25 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jackson rehearsal video guitarist discovered by LI 's Vai '' . Newsday.com. 10 July 2009 . Retrieved 25 December 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 8 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` CarrieNEWS : Carrie Underwood 's Grammys guitarist : Who was that ? '' . Newsfeed.carrienews.com. 8 February 2009 . Retrieved 25 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` News : Rating the Grammys : Alison Krauss and Robert Plant Rule '' . CMT. 9 February 2009 . Retrieved 25 December 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 13 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Michael Jackson 's guitarist ? Meet Orianthi Panagaris '' . MusicRadar.com. 3 July 2009 . Retrieved 25 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Guitarist Orianthi Panagaris gets screen time in ' This is It ' Boston Herald article by Jed Gottlieb Friday , 23 October 2009 Jump up ^ `` Orianthi gets We Are The World call - up '' . Herald Sun . 2 February 2010 . Retrieved 25 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Allison Iraheta `` Do n't Waste the Pretty '' feat . Orianthi -- New Song `` '' . aolradioblog.com. 4 June 2010 . Retrieved 6 June 2010 . Jump up ^ BestFan.com `` BestFan.com '' Check url = value ( help ) . Retrieved 25 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MJ 's lead guitarist plays for Ranbir ! '' . The Times of India . 30 September 2011 . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MJ 's female guitarist strums for Rockstar '' . Hindustan Times . 30 September 2011 . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Orianthi Announces Release Date for New Solo CD , ' Heaven in This Hell ' '' . Guitar World . 28 January 2013 . Retrieved 2 February 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/sport/nrl/nrl-grand-final-entertainment-keith-urban-richie-sambora-orianthi/news-story/0a328bc4e400bfda6c54f0c67fcbb640 Jump up ^ http://www.9news.com.au/national/2016/10/02/20/13/nrl-fans-left-underwhelmed-by-samboras-grand-final-performance Jump up ^ `` MY ROOTS : Guitarists Orianthi & Richie Sambora Celebrate New Musical Adventure With RSO ( INTERVIEW ) - Glide Magazine '' . Glide Magazine . 2017 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Orianthi Joins Alice Cooper 's Band '' . Gibson.com . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Awesome 2013 Billboard Music Awards Performances : Watch '' . Billboard. 23 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Kennedy Center Honors '' . Kennedy-center.org . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Orianthi and Dave Stewart Discuss BeMyBand , Where Winners Share the Stage for the Gig of a Lifetime '' . 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RSO feat . Richie Sambora & Orianthi Concert Setlists '' . setlist.fm . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Orianthi '' . Little Kids Rock . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Elle '' . Retrieved 5 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 16 August 2010 ). Kids ' Choice Awards : 2010 Nominees . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 16 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 25th Japan Gold Disc Award 2010 '' . Tokyo Hive . Retrieved 28 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tokio Hot 100 Awards 2010 '' . Tokyo Hive . Retrieved 28 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 BMI Pop Music Awards Award - Winning Songs '' . BMI . Retrieved 20 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gibson Guitars '' . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` WiMN '' . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . Jump up ^ www.prsguitars.com Quote : `` Orianthi posed for the cover of `` Believe '' holding a whale blue Custom 24 completely covered in Swarovski crystals . The guitar was custom made for the Michael Jackson tour and was nicknamed `` MJ '' by Orianthi . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orianthi . Official website Orianthi on IMDb Orianthi 's page at 19 Entertainment Orianthi Studio albums Violet Journey Believe Heaven in this Hell Singles `` According to You '' `` Shut Up and Kiss Me '' `` Courage '' Featured singles `` Do n't Waste the Pretty '' `` Ca n't Breathe '' Related articles Geffen Records `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` Monster '' Michael Jackson 's This Is It Alice Cooper Alice Cooper Ryan Roxie Chuck Garric Tommy Henriksen Glen Sobel Nita Strauss Original band members Former solo band members Studio albums Pretties for You ( 1969 ) Easy Action ( 1970 ) Love It to Death ( 1971 ) Killer ( 1971 ) School 's Out ( 1972 ) Billion Dollar Babies ( 1973 ) Muscle of Love ( 1973 ) Welcome to My Nightmare ( 1975 ) Alice Cooper Goes to Hell ( 1976 ) Lace and Whiskey ( 1977 ) From the Inside ( 1978 ) Flush the Fashion ( 1980 ) Special Forces ( 1981 ) Zipper Catches Skin ( 1982 ) DaDa ( 1983 ) Constrictor ( 1986 ) Raise Your Fist and Yell ( 1987 ) Trash ( 1989 ) Hey Stoopid ( 1991 ) The Last Temptation ( 1994 ) Brutal Planet ( 2000 ) Dragontown ( 2001 ) The Eyes of Alice Cooper ( 2003 ) Dirty Diamonds ( 2005 ) Along Came a Spider ( 2008 ) Welcome 2 My Nightmare ( 2011 ) Hollywood Vampires ( 2015 , Hollywood Vampires album ) Paranormal ( 2017 ) Live albums The Alice Cooper Show ( 1977 ) Live at the Whiskey a Go - Go , 1969 ( 1987 , recorded 1969 ) A Fistful of Alice ( 1997 ) Brutally Live ( 2000 ) Live at Montreux 2005 ( 2006 ) Singles `` Reflected '' `` I 'm Eighteen '' `` Caught in a Dream '' `` Under My Wheels '' `` Be My Lover '' `` School 's Out '' `` Elected '' `` Hello Hooray '' `` No More Mr. Nice Guy '' `` Billion Dollar Babies '' `` Halo of Flies '' `` Teenage Lament ' 74 '' `` Only Women Bleed '' `` Department of Youth '' `` Welcome to My Nightmare '' `` I Never Cry '' `` You and Me '' `` How You Gonna See Me Now '' `` Clones ( We 're All ) '' `` 7 and 7 Is '' `` I Am the Future '' `` He 's Back ( The Man Behind the Mask ) '' `` Teenage Frankenstein '' `` Freedom '' `` Poison '' `` Bed of Nails '' `` House of Fire '' `` Only My Heart Talkin ' '' `` Hey Stoopid '' `` Love 's a Loaded Gun '' `` Feed My Frankenstein '' `` Lost in America '' `` It 's Me '' `` Brutal Planet '' `` Gimme '' `` Keepin ' Halloween Alive '' Compilations and box sets School Days : The Early Recordings ( 1973 ) Greatest Hits ( 1974 ) Prince of Darkness ( 1989 ) The Beast of Alice Cooper ( 1989 ) Science Fiction Classicks ( 1995 ) The Life and Crimes of Alice Cooper ( 1999 ) Mascara and Monsters : The Best of Alice Cooper ( 2001 ) The Definitive Alice Cooper ( 2001 ) The Essentials : Alice Cooper ( 2002 ) Hell Is ( 2002 ) School 's Out and Other Hits ( 2004 ) Videography Good to See You Again , Alice Cooper ( 1974 ) The Nightmare ( 1975 ) Welcome to My Nightmare ( 1976 , filmed 1975 ) Alice Cooper and Friends ( 1978 , filmed 1977 ) The Strange Case of Alice Cooper ( 1979 ) The Nightmare Returns ( 1987 , filmed 1986 ) Alice Cooper Trashes the World ( 1990 , filmed 1989 ) Brutally Live ( 2000 ) Live at Montreux 2005 ( 2006 , filmed 2005 ) Super Duper Alice Cooper ( 2014 , documentary ) Tours Welcome to My Nightmare Tour ( 21.3. 1975 -- 4.4. 1977 ) Theatre of Death Tour ( 31.7. 2009 -- 27.11. 2010 ) Masters of Madness Tour ( 1.6. 2013 -- 21.7. 2013 ) Related articles Discography Filmography Steven Nights with Alice Cooper Solid Rock Foundation The Hollywood Vampires Hollywood Vampires ( band ) Book VIAF : 68145970347632252788 LCCN : no2009043945 ISNI : 0000 0001 0802 3408 GND : 142810487 MusicBrainz : 15674cab - ca9c - 4704 - b15f - c601d2f4409b Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orianthi&oldid=815574698 '' Categories : 1985 births Australian people of Greek descent Australian female guitarists Australian rock guitarists Australian rock singers Alice Cooper members Geffen Records artists Musicians from Adelaide 19 Recordings artists Australian heavy metal guitarists Living people Lead guitarists Australian expatriates in the United States Australian female pop singers Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with URL errors Use Australian English from June 2011 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Articles with hCards Use dmy dates from March 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 17 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the blonde guitarist in this is it	[ "Orianthi Panagaris (born 22 January 1985), known professionally as Orianthi, is an Australian musician, singer and songwriter known principally for rehearsing with Michael Jackson for his ill-fated This Is It concert series, and for performing in Alice Cooper's touring band. Her debut single \"According to You\" peaked at No. 3 in Japan, No. 8 in Australia and No. 17 in the US; her second album, Believe, received a worldwide release in late 2009. In 2009, Orianthi was named one of the 12 Greatest Female Electric Guitarists by Elle magazine.[3] She also won the award as \"Breakthrough Guitarist of the Year\" 2010 by Guitar International magazine.[4]" ]	[ "Orianthi Panagaris" ]
-1167576504485049804	Total Divas	Total Divas - wikipedia Total Divas Total Divas The title card of the show ( season 6 -- present ) Genre Reality television Starring Brie Bella Nikki Bella Natalya Naomi Cameron Eva Marie JoJo Summer Rae Rosa Mendes Alicia Fox Paige Mandy Rose Renee Young Lana Maryse Alexa Bliss Carmella Nia Jax Opening theme `` Top of the World '' by CFO $ Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 100 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Gil Goldshein Jeff Jenkins Jon Murray Russell Jay Nikki Bella Camera setup Multiple Running time 39 -- 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Bunim / Murray Productions WWE Distributor NBCUniversal International Television Production Release Original network E ! Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release July 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 28 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Total Bellas Miz & Mrs . External links Website Total Divas is an American reality television series that premiered on July 28 , 2013 , on E !. The series gives viewers an inside look into the lives of female WWE wrestlers from their work within WWE to their personal lives with the inclusion of behind the scenes footage . Seasons one through six are available on WWE 's on - demand streaming service , WWE Network and Hulu . Contents 1 Production 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Awards and nominations 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Production ( edit ) Total Divas was revealed in May 2013 , as a part of a partnership with E !. It was announced on August 14 , 2013 , that E ! had ordered an additional six episodes to the already eight episode first season , bringing the total episode number up to fourteen episodes . The mid-season finale aired on September 15 , 2013 , with the season continuing on November 10 , 2013 . WWE commentator Josh Mathews revealed on November 20 , 2013 , that Total Divas had been renewed for a second season . The second season premiered on March 16 , 2014 , with Summer Rae joining the cast , replacing JoJo Offerman as she decided to focus more on wrestling . Unlike other WWE programs , most of the performers use their real names instead of their ring names , leading to Cameron , Naomi , Natalya , Jimmy Uso , and Tyson Kidd being referred to as Ariane , Trinity , Nattie , Jon , and TJ respectively . During the first season , Daniel Bryan was similarly credited as Bryan Danielson . Beginning with the second season , performers are credited with both their ring name and real name on lower third graphics where applicable ( exceptions include Daniel Bryan now being credited with his ring name even though he is still usually addressed as `` Bryan '' , and Natalya still being credited as just `` Nattie '' ) . Summer Rae , Paige , and Alicia Fox along with other performers mentioned or rarely appearing ( such as Brodus Clay , Fandango , and Titus O'Neil ) are referred to solely by their ring names . On May 19 , 2014 , E ! announced that the third season of Total Divas would premiere on September 7 , 2014 , with Rosa Mendes joining the cast . On February 24 , 2015 , Paige announced Total Divas was renewed for a fourth season , with filming commencing at the end of the month . It was then announced at the end of season three , that the fourth season would premiere on July 7 , 2015 , moving from Sunday to Tuesday nights . On April 1 , 2015 , E ! announced the show had been renewed for a fourth season via a press release . In the press release , it was confirmed that Naomi would return as a series regular with Cameron and Rosa Mendes being removed from the main cast . All of the other Divas would return as series regulars . On September 5 , 2015 , an online article stated that there could be a strong possibility Total Divas will be renewed for a fifth season . It read that season four will `` wrap up this fall '' and the new season `` wo n't air till 2016 some time '' . After the September 22 episode of Total Divas aired , it was announced that the following week 's episode would serve as the season finale , rather than a mid-season finale . On September 9 , 2015 , Naomi revealed on Twitter that she had been taken off the main cast after the season four finale , which aired on September 29 . WWE Tough Enough runner - up Mandy Rose joined the cast for season five . Season 5 was announced on October 6 , 2015 , which started airing on January 19 , 2016 with majority of last season 's cast returning . Naomi was officially removed from the main cast with Mandy taking her place and Rosa Mendes returning as a series regular . Season 6 was officially confirmed on April 18 , 2016 , by the E ! Network with a fall premiere date and the majority of last season 's cast returning , along with Naomi returning as a series regular and Renee Young , Lana , and Maryse replacing Rosa Mendes , Alicia Fox , and Mandy Rose . Additionally , the E ! Network announced that the Bella Twins ( Brie and Nikki ) would be getting their own spinoff show also with a fall premiere date , titled Total Bellas , that will be following the lives of the twins and their family . On July 7 , TJ , Natalya 's husband , confirmed via Twitter that he would not be appearing on the upcoming season of Total Divas , making him the first partner of a current cast member to not be featured on the show in a recurring capacity . On January 28 , 2017 , it was announced that Nikki Bella will serve as an executive producer of the show when the series returns in April 2017 . In speculation of the seventh season of Total Divas , on May 16 , 2017 , it was announced that Eva Marie would not be returning as a series regular , and questions have been raised in regards to Paige remaining on the show . However , Brie , Nikki , Naomi , and Natalya will definitely return as series regulars for the upcoming season . Filming began in June 2017 . On June 9 , 2017 , it was reported that Alexa Bliss and Nia Jax would be joining the upcoming season of Total Divas . However , the rest of the seventh - season cast is still to be announced . On June 10 , 2017 , Renee Young confirmed via Twitter that she will not be returning for the seventh season . In a recent interview , it was confirmed Lana would be returning to the show for the upcoming season , along with her storyline of becoming an independent superstar on the SmackDown Live brand . On June 29 , 2017 , it was reported that Carmella would be joining the cast and that Paige would n't be returning for the upcoming season . On September 20 , 2017 , E ! revealed that the seventh season will premiere on November 1 , 2017 . On January 8 , 2018 , WWE announced that The Miz and Maryse would be getting their own spinoff show , set to premiere in 2018 on the USA Network , titled Miz & Mrs. , that will be following the personal lives of the couple . On April 4 , 2018 , speculations arose about the upcoming eighth season of Total Divas , as reports stated that E ! cameras had been filming a handful of WWE female superstars in New Orleans during the WrestleMania weekend . Paige , who was a part of the main cast from seasons 3 to 6 , was also seen being followed by E ! cameras , speculating her possible return to the series . On April 13 , it was confirmed that Paige would be returning to the series for the eighth season . With these reports , the status of the remaining cast members are left unknown . On May 15 , 2018 , it was announced that Carmella would not be returning for the show 's eighth season . On May 25 , Paige and Nia Jax posted a video together using a hash tag indicating they were filming for the show , confirming Nia Jax as a cast member for the upcoming season . On May 31 , it was reported that Brie and Nikki Bella were seen filming an episode of the upcoming season with cast members Lana , Natalya , and Paige , confirming their involvement with the eighth season . On May 7 , 2018 , E ! and WWE announced that Total Divas had been renewed for seasons 8 and 9 . Season 8 is expected to air in fall 2018 . On July 26 , 2018 , it was announced that season 8 would premiere on September 19 , 2018 , and the cast for the season was confirmed to be Brie and Nikki Bella , Natalya , Naomi , Lana , Nia Jax and Paige , while Alexa Bliss and Maryse were confirmed not to be returning . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Cast member ( real name ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 Brie Bella ( Brianna Danielson ) Main Nikki Bella ( Stephanie Nicole Garcia - Colace ) Main Natalya ( Natalie Neidhart - Wilson ) Main Naomi ( Trinity Fatu ) Main Guest Main Cameron ( Ariane Andrew ) Main Recurring Eva Marie ( Natalie Coyle ) Main JoJo ( Joseann Offerman ) Main Guest Alicia Fox ( Victoria Crawford ) Guest Main Recurring Guest Renee Young ( Renee Paquette ) Guest Recurring Main Guest Summer Rae ( Danielle Moinet ) Main Recurring Rosa Mendes ( Milena Roucka ) Guest Main Recurring Main Guest Paige ( Saraya - Jade Bevis ) Main Main Lana ( Catherine Perry ) Guest Main Alexa Bliss ( Alexis Kaufman ) Guest Guest Main Carmella ( Leah Van Dale ) Guest Guest Main Nia Jax ( Savelina Fanene ) Guest Guest Main Mandy Rose ( Amanda Saccomanno ) Main Maryse ( Maryse Mizanin ) Main Recurring ( edit ) Cast member Seasons 5 6 7 8 Daniel Bryan ( Brie 's husband ) Recurring TBD John Cena ( Nikki 's ex-fiancé ) Recurring Guest TBD Tyson Kidd ( Natalya 's husband ) Recurring Recurring TBD Jimmy Uso ( Naomi 's husband ) Recurring Guest Recurring Guest Recurring TBD Vincent Isayan ( Cameron 's boyfriend ) Recurring Guest Jonathan Coyle ( Eva Marie 's husband ) Recurring Guest Mark Carrano ( WWE Senior Director of Talent Relations ) Recurring TBD Jane Geddes ( WWE 's former Vice President of Talent Relations ) Recurring Sandra Gray ( WWE 's former seamstress ) Recurring Guest Kathy Colace - Laurinaitis ( Brie & Nikki 's mother ) Guest Recurring Guest TBD Ellie Neidhart ( Nattie 's mother ) Guest Recurring Guest Recurring TBD Jim Neidhart ( Nattie 's father ) Guest Recurring Guest Recurring J.J. Garcia ( Brie & Nikki 's brother ) Guest Recurring Guest TBD Dolph Ziggler ( WWE Superstar ) Guest Recurring Guest Tamina ( WWE Superstar ) Guest Recurring Guest Dean Ambrose ( Renee 's husband ) Guest Guest Recurring Guest Emma ( WWE Superstar ) Guest Recurring Guest Brian Kendrick ( Eva 's personal trainer & WWE Superstar ) Recurring Kevin Skaff ( Paige 's ex-boyfriend ) Recurring Bobby Schubenski ( Rosa 's fiancé ) Recurring Guest Rusev ( Lana 's husband ) Recurring TBD The Miz ( Maryse 's husband ) Recurring Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Total Divas episodes As of January 31 , 2018 , 100 episodes of Total Divas have aired . Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 14 July 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 28 ) December 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 15 ) 11 March 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 16 ) June 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 01 ) 20 September 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 07 ) March 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 08 ) 13 July 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 07 ) September 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) 5 14 January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) April 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) 6 16 November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) 7 12 November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) 8 TBD September 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 19 ) TBA ( TBA ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref 2014 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Reality Show Total Divas Nominated 2014 PopSugar Best of 2014 Awards Best Reality Show Total Divas Won 2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice Female Athlete The Bella Twins Won 2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Reality Show Total Divas Nominated 2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice Female Athlete The Bella Twins Nominated Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) The series premiered on July 28 , 2013 , drawing 1.34 million viewers , as well as becoming the series ' highest rated premiere to date . The highest rated episode is `` Planet Funk is Funked Up '' garnering 1.67 million viewers . The lowest rated episode of season one is `` Seeing Red '' garnering 0.92 million viewers . The season two premiere episode `` New Diva On The Block '' received 1.07 million viewers . The following episode `` The Braniel Bus '' had a strong rise in viewers garnering 1.28 million viewers . The lowest rated episode of season two is `` Red and Gold '' garnering 0.75 million viewers . The season three premiere attracted over 1.2 million viewers and 821K Adults 18 - 49 , the series was up + 15 % and + 17 % respectively versus the season 2 premiere , as well as garnered 26,000 tweets and ranked as the # 1 ad - supported cable program of the night . The third - season premiere of Total Divas did not post spectacular ratings . It did , however , outdraw last season 's opener . Critical response ( edit ) Melissa Camacho of Common Sense Media gave the show 2 stars out of 5 . Tom Conroy of Media Life Magazine said the show is uninteresting . Tom Conroy of Media Life Magazine said of the show , `` Total Divas feels real - ish . If the stars are doing any damage to their reputations , it 's that they appear to be too nice . That might make their fans happy , but viewers expecting a smackdown can and will go elsewhere . '' Diva-Dirt.com stated `` Meet Your New Guilty Pleasure ! '' . Eric Gargiulo of Camel Clutch Blog said `` I tuned in to WWE Total Divas expecting to see a scripted reality show in the vein of Hogan Knows Best . Instead I got an interesting look behind the scenes of the WWE and its superstars more in the same vein as Beyond the Mat . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Total Divas has a return date and a new role for Nikki Bella '' . WWE.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Masked Man ( September 13 , 2013 ) . `` Where Reality Television Meets Professional Wrestling '' . Grantland . United States : ESPN . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` E ! Unveils Dynamic Slate of Original Programming Including New Series ' The Wanted Life ' , ' The Trend ' , ' Holly Has a Baby ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kristin Dos Santos ; Alexis L. Loinaz ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` WWE Divas , Nick Cannon , Jack Osbourne , Ashley Tisdale , Josh Schwartz and More Bring New Series to E ! '' . E !. Los Angeles : NBCUniversal Cable . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` E ! Announces New Series Revealing the Real Women Behind the WWE Divas '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Gerry ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` Total Divas on E ! features sexy women of WWE '' . Channel Guide Magazine . United States . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Neuenschwander , Andy ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` WWE Superstars Nikki Bella and Tyson Kidd Married , Daniel Bryan and Others in Attendance -- Get the Exclusive Wedding Details ! '' . E !. Los Angeles : NBCUniversal Cable . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New ' Total Divas ' cast members revealed ! '' . WWE.com . Stamford , Connecticut : WWE . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Total Divas '' . WWE Network . Jump up ^ `` Total Divas Episodes - Hulu '' . Hulu . Jump up ^ Konuwa , Alfred ( May 5 , 2013 ) . `` WWE Content on Yahoo ! and E ! What Does This Mean for WWE Network ? '' . Bleacher Report . United States : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 14 , 2013 ) . `` E ! Orders Six Additional Episodes of ' Total Divas ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` E ! Sets Premiere Dates for the Return of ' Total Divas ' on Sunday November 10 and ' The Drama Queen ' on November 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` WWE NEWS : `` Total Divas '' renewed for Season 2 `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . United States . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Allen , Brian ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` E ! Orders Another Season of WWE Total Divas '' . Technology Tell . United States . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' Total Divas ' , ' Hello Ross ' & ' Eric & Jessie : Game On ' Renewed for Season 2 by E ! '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` E ! Pushes WWE 's `` Total Divas '' as its Second Biggest Series `` . Headline Planet . United States : Cantortainment Company . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gray , Richard ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Total Divas Returning For Season 2 In March 2014 '' . Wrestling News World . United States . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Total Divas ' Season Two Premiere Set for March 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2014 ) . `` E ! Returns With Season Three of ' Total Divas ' Sunday September 7th at 9PM '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Paige Wiki On AJ Lee 's Status , Total Divas Season 4 '' CBS Pittsburgh `` . KDKA - TV . Pittsburgh : CBS Corporation . February 24 , 2015 . Retrieved August 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Middleton , Marc ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` WWE Total Divas Moving To Tuesday Nights , Cast Changes , More '' . Wrestling Inc . United States . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bobby ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` E ! Renews ' Total Divas ' ; Announces Rumored Former Diva - Lead Show ? '' . Diva Dirt . United States . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Acknowledges Engagement , Update On Status Of WWE Total Divas , Daniel Bryan Going Overseas '' . Wrestling Inc . United States . September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fishman , Scott ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Total Divas Season 4 Episode 12 : Some Like It Hot '' . Channel Guide Magazine . United States . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Erin ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Naomi Dropped from ' Total Divas ' Cast '' . Diva Dirt . United States . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pritchard , Bill ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` New Total Divas Cast Member Confirmed '' . Wrestlezone . United States . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` E ! 'S `` TOTAL DIVAS '' HAS BEEN RENEWED FOR SEASON 5 ; TOUGH ENOUGH 'S MANDY JOINING THE CAST `` . Headline Planet . United States : Cantortainment Company . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ WWE Staff ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Total Divas ' Season 5 to premiere in early 2016 '' . WWE.com . Stamford , Connecticut : WWE . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ WWE Staff ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Total Bellas ' coming to E ! , new ' Total Divas ' cast announced '' . WWE.com . Stamford , Connecticut : WWE . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Total Divas ' Spinoff Starring The Bella Twins Set At E ! '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pritchard , Bill ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Tyson Kidd Confirms Total Divas Status , American Alpha vs The Revival , More NXT Highlights ( Videos ) '' . Wrestlezone . United States . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nikki Bella Is Honored to Be an Executive Producer on Total Divas When the Show Returns in April : See What 's Ahead ! on Total Divas '' . E ! Online . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eva Marie Not Returning to Total Divas Next Season , Producers Interviewing Potential Replacements '' . May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Two Raw stars reportedly joining Total Divas next season '' . Jump up ^ `` Two Raw Stars Reportedly Joining Total Divas Cast , Update on Ric Flair ESPN Special , Backstage News on David Otunga 's WWE Raw Status '' . June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Young , Renee ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` Nope I am not , but the new cast will crush it ! ! https://twitter.com/itsgracelynnb/status/873686574151553026 ... '' . Jump up ^ `` Lana ' excited about showing my in - ring journey ' on Total Divas , SmackDown '' . Jump up ^ `` Carmella in , Paige Out of Total Divas '' . Wrestling Observer Newsletter . Jump up ^ `` Total Divas Returns November 1 ! See the First Season 7 Cast Photo & Promo on Total Divas '' . Jump up ^ `` The Miz & Maryse to star in new USA Network unscripted show `` Miz & Mrs . '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Spoiler for Next Season of WWE Total Divas '' . Ringside News Wrestling News & WWE News , Rumors & Spoilers. April 4 , 2018 . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Total Divas Cast Almost Eaten By Wild Louisiana Water Pigs '' . Ringside News Wrestling News & WWE News , Rumors & Spoilers. April 4 , 2018 . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Paige May Be Rejoining ' Total Divas ' for the Upcoming Season '' . WrestlingRumors.net. April 8 , 2018 . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Update On Total Divas Cast Changes '' . Ringside News Wrestling News & WWE News , Rumors & Spoilers. April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top WWE Superstar Not Returning for Total Divas '' . Ringside News Wrestling News & WWE News , Rumors & Spoilers . May 15 , 2018 . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` WWE Star Paige Back Filming New Season Of ' Total Divas ' '' . May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Paige & Nia Jax Are Working At A Bowling Alley Today '' . May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Malec , Brett . `` Total Divas Renewed for Two More Seasons ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Total Divas to return for Seasons 8 & 9 '' . WWE.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Season 8 of E ! 's Total Divas premieres Sept. 19 '' . WWE . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.wrestlinginc.com/wi/news/2018/0726/644166/wwe-announces-season-8-of-total-divas/ Jump up ^ Malec , Brett . `` Total Divas Renewed for Two More Seasons ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Total Divas to return for Seasons 8 & 9 '' . WWE.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( August 10 , 2014 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles : Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Total Divas ' named ' Best Reality Show ' '' . PopSugar . Jump up ^ `` The Bella Twins win Choice Female Athlete at Teen Choice 2016 '' . WWE . Jump up ^ Goodman , Jessica ( July 31 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 : See the full list of winners '' . Entertainment Weekly . United States : Time Inc . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards : Pretty Little Liars , The Flash Lead 2017 Nominations '' . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night + ' Naked and Afraid ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , NASCAR , ' Dexter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Breaking Bad ' Wins Night , ' True Blood ' , ' Low Winter Sun ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Dexter ' , ' The Newsroom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Talking Dead ' , ' Homeland ' , ' Boardwalk Empire ' , ' Witches of East End ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` The Walking Dead '' Claims Top Honors in Viewers , Demos `` . The Futon Critic . United States : Futon Media . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Mike . `` TOTAL DIVAS VIEWERSHIP '' . PWInsider . United States . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` Good Wife , '' `` Game of Thrones '' Top Viewers , Demos `` . The Futon Critic . United States : Futon Media . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings : ' Total Divas ' Improves Over Season 2 Premiere '' . Headline Planet . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` E ! 's ' Total Divas ' Season Three Premiere Delivers Over 1.2 Million Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Chicago : Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Total Divas '' . Common Sense Media . San Francisco . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Total Divas , ' totally not very interesting '' . Media Life Magazine . United States . July 26 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Conroy , Tom ( July 26 , 2013 ) . `` ' Total Divas , ' totally not very interesting '' . Media Life Magazine . United States . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Melanie ( July 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' Total Divas ' Review : Meet Your New Guilty Pleasure ! '' . Diva Dirt . United States . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eric G. ( July 31 , 2013 ) . `` WWE Total Divas Show Review '' . Camel Clutch . United States : Blogger . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Professional wrestling portal Television portal Television in the United States portal 2010s portal Official website Total Divas on IMDb Women in WWE Championships and accomplishments Current NXT Reigns NXT UK Reigns Raw Reigns SmackDown Reigns Former Divas Reigns Tag Team Reigns Women 's Reigns Other accomplishments Diva Search Mae Young Classic 2017 2018 Money in the Bank Royal Rumble WrestleMania Women 's Battle Royal Events and shows Evolution Mixed Match Challenge Miz & Mrs . 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Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is season 8 of total divas coming out	[ "On May 7, 2018, E! and WWE announced that Total Divas had been renewed for seasons 8 and 9. Season 8 is expected to air in fall 2018.[49][50]\n" ]	[ "fall 2018" ]
-1037297718712194422	Bebe Rexha	Bebe Rexha - wikipedia Bebe Rexha Jump to : navigation , search Bebe Rexha Bebe Rexha performing live at Staples Center in Los Angeles , California , on April 8 , 2016 Background information Birth name Bleta Rexha ( 1989 - 08 - 30 ) August 30 , 1989 ( age 28 ) Brooklyn , New York , U.S. Genres Pop R&B hip hop dance - pop Occupation ( s ) Singer songwriter record producer Instruments Vocals Years active 2010 -- present Labels Warner Bros . DCD2 Island Def Jam Associated acts G - Eazy Black Cards Lauren Christy Website beberexha.com Bleta `` Bebe '' Rexha ( / ˈbiːbi ˈrɛksə / ; born August 30 , 1989 ) is an American singer , songwriter , and record producer . She is best known for her collaborations with other artists , such as `` Me , Myself & I '' with G - Eazy , David Guetta 's `` Hey Mama '' , `` In the Name of Love '' with Martin Garrix , `` Meant to Be '' with Florida Georgia Line , and featuring on songs by Cash Cash and Louis Tomlinson . Songs of hers performed by artists include Eminem 's and Rihanna 's single `` The Monster '' which won a Grammy Award for Best Rap / Sung Performance at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards ceremony , and songs for Selena Gomez and Nick Jonas . In 2015 she released her first solo EP , I Do n't Wanna Grow Up . In October 2016 , `` I Got You '' was released as the lead single from her EP All Your Fault : Pt. 1 . In August 2017 , her third EP All Your Fault : Pt. 2 was released , which spawned the hit single `` Meant to Be '' with country duo Florida Georgia Line , which peaked at two on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song is also included on her debut studio album , Expectations , which will be released on June 22 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 2010 -- 2015 : Career beginnings 2.2 2015 -- 2017 : Collaborations and All Your Fault series 2.3 2017 -- present : Expectations 3 Discography 4 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 Tours 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Rexha was born on August 30 , 1989 , in Brooklyn , New York , to ethnic Albanian parents . Her father , Flamur Rexha , is an ethnic Albanian born in Dibër County when it was part of the Yugoslavia . He immigrated to the U.S. at the age of 21 , and her mother , Bukurije Rexha , was born in the U.S. to an Albanian family with roots in Gostivar ( which , like Debar , is now part of the Republic of Macedonia ) . In the Albanian language , Bleta means `` bee '' ; derived from it , Rexha gave herself the nickname `` Bebe '' as part of her stage name . Bleta and her family moved to Staten Island , New York , when she was six . Rexha played trumpet and taught herself to play guitar and piano . Rexha attended Tottenville High School on Staten Island , where she took part in a variety of musicals . She also joined the choir , while still in high school . After joining the choir , she discovered that her voice was a coloratura soprano . Rexha lists Coldplay , the Cranberries , Lauryn Hill , Alanis Morissette , and Kanye West as musical influences . As a teenager , Rexha submitted a song to be performed at the National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences ' annual `` Grammy Day '' event . Rexha earned the `` Best Teen Songwriter '' award , beating around 700 other entrants . As a result , she signed a contract with talent scout Samantha Cox , who encouraged Rexha to enroll in songwriting classes in New York City . Career ( edit ) 2010 -- 2015 : career beginnings ( edit ) In 2010 , Rexha met Fall Out Boy 's bassist Pete Wentz with whom she began working at a recording studio in New York City . She became a member and a lead vocalist of Wentz 's new experimental project of a band , called Black Cards . The band played a variety of live shows and released several singles and remixes . However , in January 2012 , Wentz announced that Rexha had left the band to pursue other endeavors . Rexha with Pete Wentz on September 1 , 2011 at the Rumsey Playfield . In 2013 , Rexha signed with Warner Bros. Records as a solo artist . Rexha had begun writing several songs , including Selena Gomez 's `` Like a Champion '' and Nikki Williams 's `` Glowing '' . Her most prominent songwriting effort of 2013 was Eminem 's and Rihanna 's `` The Monster '' , which was released as the fourth single from Eminem 's album The Marshall Mathers LP 2 . The song went on to top the charts for the US Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard 's Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs and won a Grammy Award for Best Rap / Sung Performance at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards ceremony . That same year , Rexha also wrote and was featured on Cash Cash 's single `` Take Me Home '' . On March 21 , 2014 , Rexha released her debut single , `` I Ca n't Stop Drinking About You '' . The song peaked at number 22 on Billboard 's Top Heatseekers chart . The music video was released on August 12 , 2014 . The video was inspired by imagery from films such as Girl , Interrupted and Melancholia . In November 2014 , Rexha was featured on rapper Pitbull 's song `` This Is Not a Drill '' . and in September 2014 , she was picked as Elvis Duran 's Artist of the Month and was featured on NBC 's Today show hosted by Kathie Lee Gifford and Hoda Kotb , where she performed live her single `` I Ca n't Stop Drinking About You '' . In December 2014 , Rexha released two more singles , `` I 'm Gonna Show You Crazy '' and `` Gone '' . On May 12 , 2015 , she released her debut EP , I Do n't Wanna Grow Up , through Warner Bros. Records . She also co-wrote and was featured on David Guetta 's single `` Hey Mama '' , alongside Nicki Minaj and Afrojack . The song peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 and received 1.1 million downloads as of June 2015 . The song did not originally credit Rexha , despite the fact that she sings the chorus and is featured on background vocals . In June 2015 , she was eventually given a credit for her work . 2015 -- 2017 : collaborations and All Your Fault series ( edit ) Main articles : All Your Fault : Pt. 1 and All Your Fault : Pt. 2 In January 2015 , Rexha co-wrote and was featured on G - Eazy 's `` Me , Myself & I '' . The song peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 and at number one on Billboard Pop Songs . The song was originally titled `` I Do n't Need Anything '' and was intended as a song for Rexha herself . Instead , she brought the song idea to G - Eazy and was featured during the chorus . Rexha met Nicki Minaj 's manager , Gee Roberson , and asked if Minaj would contribute to a new song . In March 2016 , Rexha released her single , called `` No Broken Hearts '' featuring Nicki Minaj . In April 2016 , the music video was released , directed by Dave Meyer . The video accumulated over 220 million views on YouTube . On July 29 , 2016 , Rexha and Dutch DJ and record producer Martin Garrix released their single , `` In the Name of Love '' . It peaked at number 24 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , at number four on US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs and entered the top 10 in several countries , including the United Kingdom , Canada , Australia , Italy , and New Zealand . The music video was released on August 23 , 2016 , on Martin Garrix 's YouTube channel . On November 6 , 2016 , Rexha hosted the 2016 's MTV Europe Music Awards , at Rotterdam , Netherlands and performed multiple songs throughout the night , such as her single , `` I Got You '' . On October 28 , 2016 , Rexha released `` I Got You '' . Both `` No Broken Hearts '' and `` I Got You '' were originally intended for the All Your Fault album . The latter peaked at number 17 on US Billboard Pop Songs and at number 43 on US Billboard Hot 100 . The music video was released on January 6 , 2017 and reached over 50 million views in four weeks , and accumulated 200 million views on YouTube . Direction changed from a full studio album to a multi EP project and `` No Broken Hearts '' was scrapped , making `` I Got You '' the first and only single from All Your Fault : Pt. 1 , released on February 17 , 2017 . The EP peaked at number 51 on the Billboard 200 . In March 2017 in Dallas , Rexha began her first solo headlining tour , promoting the EP across North America and Europe , named the All Your Fault Tour , with a total of 29 dates . In May 2017 , Bebe Rexha : The Ride aired on MTV -- a documentary which explores the moments which changed Rexha 's life and journey to stardom . On July 21 , 2017 , One Direction member Louis Tomlinson released the single `` Back to You '' , with Rexha and Digital Farm Animals as featured artists . The song peaked at number 40 on Billboard Hot 100 . `` The Way I Are ( Dance with Somebody ) '' featuring Lil Wayne was released as the first single from All Your Fault : Pt. 2 on May 19 , 2017 . On June 12 , Rexha performed the song at the Ubisoft E3 press conference , before announcing Just Dance 2018 , on which the song appears . The second EP as part of the project was released on August 11 , 2017 . In support of the EP and American singer and songwriter Marc E. Bassy 's debut album , Rexha planned to go on a co-headlining tour across the United States : the Bebe & Bassy Tour , in October 2017 . The tour was short - lived due to an infection putting Rexha on strict vocal rest , with Marc E. Bassy eventually going on a solo US tour in March 2018 . On October 24 , 2017 , `` Meant to Be '' was released as the second single from Pt. 2 , with the music video premiering a day earlier . The song peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 and spent 26 weeks at number one on Billboard 's Hot Country Songs , the most for a female act . 2017 -- present : Expectations ( edit ) Main article : Expectations ( Bebe Rexha album ) In September 2017 , Rexha began teasing new songs for a third installment in the All Your Fault series , with her manager going on record about its release . However , it appeared plans had changed , as Bebe revealed through a tweet in November 2017 that her next project would be called Expectations . Rexha revealed the cover art for this debut studio album on April 8 , 2018 , with it being scheduled for release on June 22 , 2018 . Previous singles from All Your Fault , `` I Got You '' and `` Meant to Be '' appear on Expectations as well . On April 13 , 2018 , `` Ferrari '' and `` 2 Souls on Fire '' , the latter of which features Quavo of Migos , were released as promotional singles along with the pre-order . Discography ( edit ) Main article : Bebe Rexha discography Studio albums Expectations ( 2018 ) Extended plays I Do n't Wanna Grow Up ( 2015 ) All Your Fault : Pt. 1 ( 2017 ) All Your Fault : Pt. 2 ( 2017 ) Television ( edit ) Television show Year Role Notes MTV Europe Music Awards 2016 Host Event presented by MTV Networks Europe which awards prizes to musicians and performers Bebe Rexha : The Ride 2017 Herself Documentary which explores the moments that changed Rexha 's life Pitch Battle Guest Judge Contest show which sees musical groups facing - off against each other , inspired by Pitch Perfect A Christmas Story Live ! Performer A live musical television program inspired by the film of the same name and A Christmas Story : The Musical ( 2012 ) American Idol 2018 Herself Season 16 ( top 24 ) : Contestant mentor and celebrity duet singer Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Event Prize Nominated work Result 2012 Songwriters Hall of Fame Abe Olman Scholarship Award Bebe Rexha Won 2015 Teen Choice Awards Best Collaboration `` Hey Mama '' ( with David Guetta , Nicki Minaj and Afrojack ) Nominated MTV Europe Music Awards Best Collaboration MTV Video Music Awards Song of Summer NRJ Music Award Video of the Year 2016 iHeartRadio Music Awards Dance Song of the Year Billboard Music Award Top Dance / Electronic Song BMI London Awards Award - Winning Songs Won Dance Song Award BMI Pop Awards Award - Winning Songs International Dance Music Awards Best Rap / Hip Hop / Trap Dance Track MTV Europe Music Awards Best New Act Bebe Rexha Nominated Best Push Act Best Look Bravo Otto Super Female Singer 2017 Victoria 's Secret Sexiest Rising Songstress Won Edison Pop Awards Best Pop Song `` In the Name of Love '' ( with Martin Garrix ) WDM Radio Awards Best Global Track Nominated BMI R&B / Hip - Hop Songwriting Awards Song of the Year `` Me , Myself & I '' ( with G - Eazy ) Won Most Performed R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ASCAP Awards Pop Music Awards Winning Song ASCAP Awards London Music Awards Winning Hot 100 Song Winning Digital Song 2018 iHeartRadio Music Awards Cutest Musician 's Pet Bebe Rexha Nominated WDM Radio Awards Best Electronic Vocalist Billboard Music Awards Top Country Song `` Meant to Be '' ( with Florida Georgia Line ) Radio Disney Music Awards Best Collaboration Pending Country Favorite Song Best New Artist Bebe Rexha CMT Music Awards Video of the Year `` Meant to Be '' ( with Florida Georgia Line ) Collaborative Video of the Year Tours ( edit ) Headlining All Your Fault Tour ( 2017 ) Co-headlining Warped Tour ( 2015 ) Bebe & Bassy Tour ( 2017 ) Opening act Nick Jonas -- Nick Jonas : Live in Concert ( 2015 ) Ellie Goulding -- Delirium World Tour ( 2016 ) Bruno Mars -- 24K Magic World Tour ( 2018 ) Katy Perry -- Witness : The Tour ( 2018 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` On the Charts : Bebe Rexha , Florida Georgia Line Achieve Rare Country Feat '' . Rolling Stone . December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Macas , Trisha ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Bebe Rexha : Music is about making people know they 're not alone '' . GMA Network . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lange , Maggie ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Meet Bebe Rexha , the Woman Who 's Been Making All Those Top 40 Songs So Catchy '' . GQ . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goodman , William ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Bebe Rexha Plays Hits & New Tracks at Acoustic ' Next Up ' Seattle Show '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 7 Songs You Did n't Know Bebe Rexha Wrote '' . Yahoo ! Music . August 9 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Expectations by Bebe Rexha '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` QUEEN BEBE 2017 's hottest new talent Bebe Rexha opens up about songwriting for big artists and fighting to survive in the ' cut - throat ' music industry '' . The Sun . January 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ebro Darden ( host ) , Bebe Rexha ( guest ) ( April 17 , 2016 ) . Bebe Rexha talking about being Albanian and songwriting ( Ebro Darden Interview ) . YouTube . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zyla , Julian ( April 17 , 2014 ) . `` Bebe Rexha , bashkautorja e këngës `` The Monster '' `` . Voice of America in Albanian . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rama , Albana ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` Singer Bebe Rexha wrote song for Eminem '' . Kosovo Diaspora . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Vincentelli , Elisabeth ( July 4 , 2015 ) . `` Rihanna dissed me , so I wrote her a hit song '' . New York Post . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Jeff ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` 5 Things to Know About Bebe Rexha , the Breakout Singer - Songwriter You Need to Know ( But Have Already Heard ! ) '' . People . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Geisler , Conan ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Eminem 's ' The Monster ' co-writer Bebe Rexha visits Philippines , hates to fly '' . Yibada . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nunn , Jerry ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` NUNN ON ONE : MUSIC Singer Bebe Rexha : ' Hearts ' and soul '' . Windy City Times . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bebe Rexha ( guest ) ( January 21 , 2016 ) . Bebe Rexha : `` Classical Songs Make Me Cry '' . Fuse . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Yotka , Steff ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` Song Premiere : Bebe Rexha '' . Nylon . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bebe Rexha ( guest ) ( February 9 , 2018 ) . Bebe Rexha on How No Doubt , Lauryn Hill & Destiny 's Child Shaped Her Sound Soundtracked TRL . YouTube . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McGahan , Michelle ( August 27 , 2014 ) . `` Bebe Rexha Talks Writing Eminem and Rihanna 's ' The Monster , ' Her Single ' I Ca n't Stop Drinking About You ' + More ( EXCLUSIVE VIDEO ) '' . PopCrush . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tanasă , Raluca ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` Bebe Rexha pune Albania pe harta starurilor pop internaționale -- VIDEO '' ( in Romanian ) . INFOMUSIC . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Feeney , Nolan ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Bebe Rexha 's 7 - step guide to breaking into the music industry '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Song , Sandra ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` It 's Bebe Rexha 's Time to Shine '' . Paper . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( January 13 , 2012 ) . `` Pete Wentz Talks Future Of Black Cards '' . MTV . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , John ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` Singer Bebe Rexha Talks Co-Writing Eminem And Rihanna 's ' MMLP2 ' Collaboration ' The Monster ' '' . Vibe . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tanners , Jon ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Creating a Monster : How Bebe Rexha 's Song Became Eminem 's Chart - Topping Hit '' . Pigeons and Planes . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha -- Chart History -- Heatseekers Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Midgarden , Cory ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` Meet Bebe Rexha : The Anti-Katy Perry Of Pop '' . MTV . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( November 21 , 2014 ) . `` Bebe Rexha Teams Up With Pitbull On `` This Is Not A Drill '' : Listen To The ' Globalization ' Trap - Pop Anthem `` . Idolator . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Bebe Rexha Unveils Her `` I 'm Gonna Show You Crazy '' Cover Art And Shares Two New Snippets : Listen `` . Idolator . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stern , Bradley ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` Bebe Rexha Debuts Powerful Ballad , `` Gone '' : Idolator Premiere `` . Idolator . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lipshutz , Jason ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Bebe Rexha Explains Why She Is n't ( Officially ) Featured on David Guetta 's ' Hey Mama ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Patrick ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hey , ' Bebe ! ' Mama ' singer gets due credit '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Patrick ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Q&A : G - Eazy on ' terrifying ' Donald Trump , working with Britney Spears '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` G - Eazy & Bebe Rexha Rule Pop Songs Chart With ' Me , Myself & I ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Bebe Rexha Tells Origin Story of G - Eazy 's `` Me , Myself & I '' : Interview `` . Fuse . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Riotta , Chris ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Nicki Minaj and Bebe Rexha 's New Song `` No Broken Hearts '' Is the Breakup Anthem You Needed `` . Mic . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Bebe Rexha On `` No Broken Hearts , '' Songwriting & Her Debut LP : Interview `` . Idolator . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Levine , Nick ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` '' Respect My Grind `` : Bebe Rexha Steps Up '' . Noisey . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Martin Garrix Talk His Collaboration with Bebe Rexha at Lollapalooza '' . Fuse . July 30 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Katie ( November 6 , 2016 ) . `` Watch Bebe Rexha Perform ' I Got You ' at 2016 MTV EMAs '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha on Twitter : I have some dope news . So my album got pushed because of it . But you will be getting new music . I promise you this . October '' . Jump up ^ `` '' Billboard Pop Songs `` '' . January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Billboard Hit 100 `` '' . January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha on Twitter : My album is coming out in two parts . 1st part is moodier / rhythmic / urban '' . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Announces First Headlining Tour '' . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha 's Journey To Stardom Explored In ' The Ride ' Documentary '' . Contact Music . Jump up ^ `` The Way I Are ( Dance With Somebody ) ( feat . Lil Wayne ) '' . Google Play . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha at Ubisoft Conference 2017 '' . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rexha , Bebe ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` After another appointment with my doctor today , I am on strict vocal rest until Thursday night due to an infection . I 'm so sorry Texas '' . @ BebeRexha . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marc E. Bassy announces Spring 2018 tour in support of ' Gossip Columns ' '' . AXS . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha and Florida Georgia Line Drop Music Video For `` Meant to Be '' `` . CBS . October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Meant To Be Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andy Gensler ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` Bebe Rexha 's Template For Artist Development In the Age of Streaming '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bebe Rexha . `` Bebe Rexha on Twitter : `` Current Updates : New project coming in New year # Expectations . New record with Machine Gun X Ambassadors called `` Home '' coming soon. `` '' . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Apaza , Kevin ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` Bebe Rexha Reveals Cover Art For `` Expectations '' Album , Pre-Order Launches This Week ! `` . DirectLyrics . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Is Your Host For The 2016 MTV EMAs ! MTV UK '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bebe Rexha : The Ride Episode Highlights MTV UK , retrieved December 14 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` BBC - Let Pitch Battle commence ! - Media Centre '' . www.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Live , A. Christmas Story ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` We 're so excited to see @ BebeRexha perform the opening number `` Count on Christmas , '' written by @ pasekandpaul , this Sunday on # AChristmasStoryLive ! pic.twitter.com/YHPKoiq8GR `` . @ ChristmasonFOX . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rexha , Bebe ( March 3 , 2018 ) . `` 10 years ago my mother and I waited 10 hours on line to audition for American Idol . I did n't make it through . This year I 'm mentoring ! pic.twitter.com/VvgmBWmYpx '' . @ BebeRexha . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ DISNEY , RADIO ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` The all - star celebrity lineup for duets this season on @ AmericanIdol were just announced ! We ca n't wait for @ BebeRexha @ andygrammer @ RachelPlatten @ train & @ ColbieCaillat ! pic.twitter.com/hpzdqgxt5V '' . @ radiodisney . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SHOF Songwriters - In - The - Round and Scholarship Presentations Kick - Off New Music Seminar Songwriters Hall of Fame '' . www.songhall.org . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2015 Winners : Full List '' . Variety . August 16 , 2015 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sartore - Bodo , Dina ( October 25 , 2015 ) . `` MTV Europe Music Awards 2015 Winners List : Justin Bieber , Nicki Minaj & More '' . Hollywoodlife.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Seconds of Summer wins 2015 Song of the Summer VMA for ' She 's Kinda Hot ' '' . EW.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NRJ Music Awards 2015 : Les pré - nominations '' . ozap.com ( in French ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iHeartRadio Music Awards 2016 : See the Full Winners List '' . Billboard. April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Music Awards 2016 : Complete Winners List '' . Billboard . May 22 , 2016 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sting and Top Songwriters Honored at 2016 BMI London Awards '' . BMI.com . October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BMI Honors Taylor Swift and Legendary Songwriting Duo Mann & Weil at the 64th Annual BMI Pop Awards '' . BMI.com . May 11 , 2016 . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 31st Annual International Dance Music Awards - Winter Music Conference 2017 - WMC 2017 '' . Winter Music Conference . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MTV EMAs 2016 : Beyoncé & Justin Bieber Lead Nominations List '' . Capital . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BRAVO Otto Wahl 2016 - Kategorie Super-Sängerin BRAVO '' . Bravo.de . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What is Sexy 2017 - Victoria 's Secret '' . Victoria 's Secret . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winnaars Edison Pop 2017 bekend - Edison Pop '' . Edison Pop ( in Dutch ) . February 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WDM Radio Awards 2017 by LOS40 '' . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Patti LaBelle Named BMI Icon at the 2017 BMI R&B / Hip - Hop Awards '' . BMI.com . September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 ASCAP Pop Music Awards Winners List '' . ASCAP . May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ASCAP Pop Awards 2017 '' . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna , Ed Sheeran & Bruno Mars Lead iHeartRadio Music Awards 2018 Nominees '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WDM Radio Awards '' . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Music Awards 2018 Nominations : See the Full List '' . Billboard. April 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Disney Music Awards 2018 : Complete List of Nominations '' . E ! Online . Retrieved April 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CMT Music Awards 2018 : See the Full List of Nominees '' . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Graham , Adam ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` Bebe Rexha breaks out on Warped Tour '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` Nick Jonas Announces ' Live In Concert ' Tour : See the Dates ! '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Photos : Ellie Goulding Brings Her Delirium World Tour to Chicago '' . The Early Registration . May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rexha , Bebe ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Also . I get to open for @ BrunoMars # dopepic.twitter.com/tU4Al5OCIj '' . @ beberexha . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ PERRY , KATY ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` To bring U more , the March 15 Curitiba show is moving to Porto Alegre at Arena Do Gremio on March 14 . for all 3 shows , São Paulo , Rio de Janeiro , and Porto Alegre WITH SPECIAL GUEST @ BebeRexha go on sale Monday , Dec 18 at http://katyperry.com/tour pic.twitter.com/hOuUbeNaWO '' . @ katyperry . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . External link in title = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Bebe Rexha Studio albums Expectations Extended plays I Do n't Wanna Grow Up All Your Fault : Pt. 1 All Your Fault : Pt. 2 Singles `` I Ca n't Stop Drinking About You '' `` I 'm Gonna Show You Crazy '' `` Gone '' `` Me , Myself & I '' `` No Broken Hearts '' `` In the Name of Love '' `` I Got You '' `` The Way I Are ( Dance with Somebody ) '' `` Meant to Be '' `` Home '' `` Push Back '' Featured singles `` Take Me Home '' `` Hey Mama '' `` All the Way '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` Battle Cry '' `` Back to You '' `` Girls '' Concert tours All Your Fault Tour Related articles Discography Black Cards GND : 1050811844 LCCN : no2015004450 MusicBrainz : db8fad3a - e131 - 47a1 - 8782 - c2ee93708cdd VIAF : 308694869 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bebe_Rexha&oldid=843663863 '' Categories : Bebe Rexha 1989 births Living people American female singers American people of Albanian descent Musicians from Brooklyn Singers from New York City Songwriters from New York ( state ) Hidden categories : CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 errors : external links Use mdy dates from May 2018 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 16 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is bebe rexha new album coming out	[ "Songs of hers performed by artists include Eminem's and Rihanna's single \"The Monster\" which won a Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Performance at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards ceremony, and songs for Selena Gomez and Nick Jonas.[2][5] In 2015 she released her first solo EP, I Don't Wanna Grow Up. In October 2016, \"I Got You\" was released as the lead single from her EP All Your Fault: Pt. 1. In August 2017, her third EP All Your Fault: Pt. 2 was released, which spawned the hit single \"Meant to Be\" with country duo Florida Georgia Line, which peaked at two on the Billboard Hot 100. The song is also included on her debut studio album, Expectations, which will be released on June 22, 2018.[6]" ]	[ "June 22, 2018" ]
3633060254097939809	2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament	2018 NCAA Division I men 's basketball tournament - wikipedia 2018 NCAA Division I men 's basketball tournament 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Season 2017 -- 18 Teams 68 Finals site Alamodome San Antonio , Texas Champions Villanova Wildcats ( 3rd title , 4th title game , 6th Final Four ) Runner - up Michigan Wolverines ( 7th title game , 8th Final Four ) Semifinalists Kansas Jayhawks ( 15th Final Four ) Loyola - Chicago Ramblers ( 2nd Final Four ) Winning coach Jay Wright ( 2nd title ) MOP Donte DiVincenzo ( Villanova ) NCAA Division I Men 's Tournaments `` 2017 2019 '' The 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament was a 68 - team single - elimination tournament to determine the men 's National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college basketball national champion for the 2017 -- 18 season . The 80th edition of the tournament began on March 13 , 2018 , and concluded with the championship game on April 2 at the Alamodome in San Antonio , Texas . During the first round , UMBC became the first 16 - seed to defeat a 1 - seed in the men 's tournament by defeating Virginia 74 -- 54 . For the first time in tournament history , none of the four top seeded teams in a single region ( the South ) advanced to the Sweet 16 . Also , the tournament featured the first regional final matchup of a 9 - seed ( Kansas State ) and an 11 - seed ( Loyola - Chicago ) . Villanova , Michigan , Kansas , and Loyola - Chicago , the `` Cinderella team '' of the tournament , reached the Final Four . Villanova defeated Michigan in the championship game , 79 -- 62 . Atlantic Sun Conference champion Lipscomb made its NCAA tournament debut . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tournament procedure 2 2018 NCAA Tournament schedule and venues 3 Qualification and selection 3.1 Automatic qualifiers 3.2 Tournament seeds 4 Regional brackets 4.1 First Four -- Dayton , Ohio 4.2 South Regional -- Atlanta , Georgia 4.2. 1 South Regional Final 4.2. 2 South Regional all tournament team 4.3 West Regional -- Los Angeles , California 4.3. 1 West Regional Final 4.3. 2 West Regional all tournament team 4.4 East Regional -- Boston , Massachusetts 4.4. 1 East Regional Final 4.4. 2 East Regional all tournament team 4.5 Midwest Regional -- Omaha , Nebraska 4.5. 1 Midwest Regional Final 4.5. 2 Midwest Regional all tournament team 5 Final Four 5.1 Alamodome -- San Antonio , Texas 5.1. 1 National Semifinals 5.1. 2 National Championship 5.1. 3 Final Four all - tournament team 6 Record by conference 7 Media coverage 7.1 Television 7.1. 1 Television channels 7.1. 2 Studio hosts 7.1. 3 Studio analysts 7.1. 4 Commentary teams 7.1. 4.1 Team Stream broadcasts 7.2 Radio 7.2. 1 First Four 7.2. 2 First and Second rounds 7.2. 3 Regionals 7.2. 4 Final four 7.3 Internet 7.3. 1 Video 7.3. 2 Audio 8 See also 9 References Tournament procedure ( edit ) Further information : NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament § Current tournament format A total of 68 teams entered the 2018 tournament . 32 automatic bids were awarded , one to each program that won their conference tournament . The remaining 36 bids were `` at - large '' , with selections extended by the NCAA Selection Committee . Eight teams ( the four lowest - seeded automatic qualifiers and the four lowest - seeded at - large teams ) played in the First Four ( the successor to what had been popularly known as `` play - in games '' through the 2010 tournament ) . The winners of these games advanced to the main draw of the tournament . The Selection Committee seeded the entire field from 1 to 68 . 2018 NCAA tournament schedule and venues ( edit ) Dayton Pittsburgh Charlotte Wichita Boise Detroit Nashville San Diego Dallas 2018 First Four ( orange ) and first and second rounds ( green ) Atlanta Los Angeles Boston Omaha San Antonio 2018 Regionals ( blue ) and Final Four ( red ) The following sites were selected to host each round of the 2018 tournament : First Four March 13 and 14 University of Dayton Arena , Dayton , Ohio ( Host : University of Dayton ) First and Second Rounds March 15 and 17 PPG Paints Arena , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( Host : Duquesne University ) Intrust Bank Arena , Wichita , Kansas ( Host : Wichita State University ) American Airlines Center , Dallas , Texas ( Host : Big 12 Conference ) Taco Bell Arena , Boise , Idaho ( Host : Boise State University ) March 16 and 18 Spectrum Center , Charlotte , North Carolina ( Host : University of North Carolina at Charlotte ) Little Caesars Arena , Detroit , Michigan ( Host : University of Detroit Mercy ) Bridgestone Arena , Nashville , Tennessee ( Host : Ohio Valley Conference ) Viejas Arena , San Diego , California ( Host : San Diego State University ) Regional Semifinals and Finals ( Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight ) March 22 and 24 West Regional , Staples Center , Los Angeles , California ( Host : Pepperdine University ) South Regional , Philips Arena , Atlanta , Georgia ( Host : Georgia Institute of Technology ) March 23 and 25 East Regional , TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts ( Host : Boston College ) Midwest Regional , CenturyLink Center Omaha , Omaha , Nebraska ( Host : Creighton University ) National Semifinals and Championship ( Final Four and Championship ) March 31 and April 2 Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas ( Host : University of Texas at San Antonio ) For the fourth time , the Alamodome and city of San Antonio are hosting the Final Four . This is the first tournament since 1994 in which no games were played in an NFL stadium , as the Alamodome is a college football stadium , although the Alamodome hosted some home games for the New Orleans Saints during their 2005 season . The 2018 tournament featured three new arenas in previous host cities . Philips Arena , the home of the Atlanta Hawks and replacement for the previously used Omni Coliseum , hosted the South regional games , and the new Little Caesars Arena , home of the Detroit Pistons and Detroit Red Wings , hosted games . And for the first time since 1994 , the tournament returned to Wichita and the state of Kansas where Intrust Bank Arena hosted first round games . The state of North Carolina was threatened with a 2018 - 2022 championship venue boycott by the NCAA , due to the HB2 law passed in 2016 . However , the law was repealed ( but with provisos ) days before the NCAA met to make decisions on venues in April 2017 . At that time , the NCAA board of governors `` reluctantly voted to allow consideration of championship bids in North Carolina by our committees that are presently meeting '' . Therefore , Charlotte was eligible and served as a first weekend venue for the 2018 tournament . Qualification and Selection ( edit ) Further information : 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament : qualifying teams Four teams , out of 351 in Division I , were ineligible to participate in the 2018 tournament due to failing to meet APR requirements : Alabama A&M , Grambling State , Savannah State , and Southeast Missouri State . However , the NCAA granted the Savannah State Tigers a waiver which would have allowed the team to participate in the tournament , but the team failed to qualify . Automatic qualifiers ( edit ) The following 32 teams were automatic qualifiers for the 2018 NCAA field by virtue of winning their conference 's automatic bid . Conference Team Record Appearance Last bid America East UMBC 24 -- 10 2nd 2008 American Cincinnati 30 -- 4 32nd 2017 Atlantic 10 Davidson 21 -- 11 14th 2015 ACC Virginia 31 -- 2 22nd 2017 Atlantic Sun Lipscomb 23 -- 9 1st Never Big 12 Kansas 27 -- 7 47th 2017 Big East Villanova 30 -- 4 38th 2017 Big Sky Montana 26 -- 7 11th 2013 Big South Radford 22 -- 12 3rd 2009 Big Ten Michigan 28 -- 7 28th 2017 Big West Cal State Fullerton 20 -- 11 3rd 2008 CAA College of Charleston 26 -- 7 5th 1999 Conference USA Marshall 24 -- 10 6th Horizon League Wright State 25 -- 9 3rd 2007 Ivy League Penn 24 -- 8 24th 2007 MAAC Iona 20 -- 13 13th 2017 MAC Buffalo 25 -- 8 3rd 2016 MEAC North Carolina Central 19 -- 15 3rd 2017 Missouri Valley Loyola -- Chicago 28 -- 5 6th 1985 Mountain West San Diego State 22 -- 10 12th 2015 Northeast LIU Brooklyn 18 -- 16 7th 2013 Ohio Valley Murray State 26 -- 5 16th 2012 Pac - 12 Arizona 27 -- 7 35th 2017 Patriot League Bucknell 25 -- 9 8th 2017 SEC Kentucky 24 -- 10 58th 2017 Southern UNC Greensboro 27 -- 7 3rd 2001 Southland Stephen F. Austin 28 -- 6 5th 2016 SWAC Texas Southern 15 -- 19 8th 2017 Summit League South Dakota State 28 -- 6 5th 2017 Sun Belt Georgia State 24 -- 10 4th 2015 West Coast Gonzaga 30 -- 4 21st 2017 WAC New Mexico State 28 -- 5 24th 2017 Tournament seeds ( edit ) The tournament seeds were determined through the NCAA basketball tournament selection process . The seeds and regions were determined as follows : South Regional , Philips Arena , Atlanta , Georgia Seed School Conference Record Berth type Overall rank Virginia ACC 31 -- 2 Auto Cincinnati American 30 -- 4 Auto 8 Tennessee SEC 25 -- 8 At - large 10 Arizona Pac - 12 27 -- 7 Auto 16 5 Kentucky SEC 24 -- 10 Auto 17 6 Miami ( FL ) ACC 22 -- 9 At - large 22 7 Nevada Mountain West 27 -- 7 At - large 27 8 Creighton Big East 21 -- 11 At - large 30 9 Kansas State Big 12 22 -- 11 At - large 34 10 Texas Big 12 19 -- 14 At - large 39 11 Loyola -- Chicago Missouri Valley 28 -- 5 Auto 46 12 Davidson Atlantic 10 21 -- 11 Auto 48 13 Buffalo MAC 26 -- 8 Auto 51 14 Wright State Horizon 25 -- 9 Auto 57 15 Georgia State Sun Belt 24 -- 10 Auto 60 16 UMBC America East 24 -- 10 Auto 63 West Regional , Staples Center , Los Angeles , California Seed School Conference Record Berth type Overall rank Xavier Big East 28 -- 5 At - large North Carolina ACC 25 -- 10 At - large 5 Michigan Big Ten 28 -- 7 Auto 11 Gonzaga WCC 30 -- 4 Auto 15 5 Ohio State Big Ten 24 -- 8 At - large 20 6 Houston American 26 -- 7 At - large 23 7 Texas A&M SEC 20 -- 12 At - large 25 8 Missouri SEC 20 -- 12 At - large 32 9 Florida State ACC 20 -- 11 At - large 33 10 Providence Big East 21 -- 13 At - large 37 11 San Diego State Mountain West 22 -- 10 Auto 45 12 South Dakota State Summit League 28 -- 6 Auto 49 13 UNC Greensboro Southern 27 -- 7 Auto 52 14 Montana Big Sky 26 -- 7 Auto 56 15 Lipscomb Atlantic Sun 23 -- 9 Auto 59 16 * North Carolina Central MEAC 19 -- 15 Auto 67 Texas Southern SWAC 15 -- 19 Auto 68 East Regional , TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Seed School Conference Record Berth type Overall rank Villanova Big East 30 -- 4 Auto Purdue Big Ten 28 -- 6 At - large 7 Texas Tech Big 12 24 -- 9 At - large 12 Wichita State American 25 -- 7 At - large 14 5 West Virginia Big 12 24 -- 10 At - large 18 6 Florida SEC 20 -- 12 At - large 21 7 Arkansas SEC 23 -- 11 At - large 26 8 Virginia Tech ACC 21 -- 11 At - large 31 9 Alabama SEC 19 -- 15 At - large 36 10 Butler Big East 20 -- 13 At - large 38 11 * St. Bonaventure Atlantic 10 25 -- 7 At - large 42 UCLA Pac - 12 21 -- 11 At - large 41 12 Murray State Ohio Valley 26 -- 5 Auto 50 13 Marshall Conference USA 24 -- 10 Auto 54 14 Stephen F. Austin Southland 28 -- 6 Auto 58 15 Cal State Fullerton Big West 20 -- 11 Auto 61 16 * LIU Brooklyn NEC 18 -- 16 Auto 66 Radford Big South 22 -- 12 Auto 65 Midwest Regional , CenturyLink Center Omaha , Omaha , Nebraska Seed School Conference Record Berth type Overall rank Kansas Big 12 27 -- 7 Auto Duke ACC 26 -- 7 At - large 6 Michigan State Big Ten 29 -- 4 At - large 9 Auburn SEC 25 -- 7 At - large 13 5 Clemson ACC 23 -- 9 At - large 19 6 TCU Big 12 21 -- 11 At - large 24 7 Rhode Island Atlantic 10 25 -- 7 At - large 28 8 Seton Hall Big East 21 -- 11 At - large 29 9 NC State ACC 21 -- 11 At - large 35 10 Oklahoma Big 12 18 -- 13 At - large 40 11 * Arizona State Pac - 12 20 -- 11 At - large 43 Syracuse ACC 20 -- 13 At - large 44 12 New Mexico State WAC 28 -- 5 Auto 47 13 College of Charleston CAA 26 -- 7 Auto 53 14 Bucknell Patriot 25 -- 9 Auto 55 15 Iona MAAC 20 -- 13 Auto 62 16 Penn Ivy League 24 -- 8 Auto 64 * See First Four The 2018 tournament was the first time since the 1978 tournament that the six Division I college basketball - playing schools based in the Washington , DC metropolitan area -- American , Georgetown , George Mason , George Washington , Howard , and Maryland -- were collectively shut out of the NCAA Tournament . Regional brackets ( edit ) All times are listed as Eastern Daylight Time ( UTC − 4 ) * -- Denotes overtime period First Four -- Dayton , Ohio ( edit ) March 13 -- East Region 16 LIU Brooklyn 61 16 Radford 71 March 13 -- East Region 11 St. Bonaventure 65 11 UCLA 58 March 14 -- West Region 16 Texas Southern 64 16 North Carolina Central 46 March 14 -- Midwest Region 11 Syracuse 60 11 Arizona State 56 South Regional -- Atlanta , Georgia ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 15 -- 16 Second Round Round of 32 March 17 -- 18 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 22 Regional Final Elite 8 March 24 Virginia 54 16 UMBC 74 16 UMBC 43 Charlotte -- Fri / Sun 9 Kansas State 50 8 Creighton 59 9 Kansas State 69 9 Kansas State 61 5 Kentucky 58 5 Kentucky 78 12 Davidson 73 5 Kentucky 95 Boise -- Thu / Sat 13 Buffalo 75 Arizona 68 13 Buffalo 89 9 Kansas State 62 11 Loyola -- Chicago 78 6 Miami ( FL ) 62 11 Loyola -- Chicago 64 11 Loyola -- Chicago 63 Dallas -- Thu / Sat Tennessee 62 Tennessee 73 14 Wright State 47 11 Loyola -- Chicago 69 7 Nevada 68 7 Nevada 87 * 10 Texas 83 7 Nevada 75 Nashville -- Fri / Sun Cincinnati 73 Cincinnati 68 15 Georgia State 53 South Regional Final ( edit ) TBS March 24 6 : 09 pm EDT Box score # 11 Loyola -- Chicago Ramblers 78 , # 9 Kansas State Wildcats 62 Scoring by half : 36 -- 24 , 42 -- 38 Pts : B. Richardson -- 23 Rebs : D. Ingram -- 8 Asts : C. Custer -- 5 Pts : X . Sneed -- 16 Rebs : X . Sneed -- 6 Asts : K. Stokes -- 4 Philips Arena -- Atlanta , GA Attendance : 15,477 Referees : Gerry Pollard , Terry Wymer , Bert Smith South Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Ben Richardson ( Sr , Loyola - Chicago ) -- South Regional most outstanding player Clayton Custer ( Jr , Loyola - Chicago ) Donte Ingram ( Sr , Loyola - Chicago ) Xavier Sneed ( So , Kansas State ) Barry Brown Jr . ( Jr , Kansas State ) West Regional -- Los Angeles , California ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 15 -- 16 Second Round Round of 32 March 17 -- 18 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 22 Regional Final Elite 8 March 24 Xavier 102 16 Texas Southern 83 Xavier 70 Nashville -- Fri / Sun 9 Florida State 75 8 Missouri 54 9 Florida State 67 9 Florida State 75 Gonzaga 60 5 Ohio State 81 12 South Dakota State 73 5 Ohio State 84 Boise -- Thu / Sat Gonzaga 90 Gonzaga 68 13 UNC Greensboro 64 9 Florida State 54 Michigan 58 6 Houston 67 11 San Diego State 65 6 Houston 63 Wichita -- Thu / Sat Michigan 64 Michigan 61 14 Montana 47 Michigan 99 7 Texas A&M 72 7 Texas A&M 73 10 Providence 69 7 Texas A&M 86 Charlotte -- Fri / Sun North Carolina 65 North Carolina 84 15 Lipscomb 66 West Regional Final ( edit ) TBS March 24 5 : 49 pm PDT Box score # 9 Florida State Seminoles 54 , # 3 Michigan Wolverines 58 Scoring by half : 26 -- 27 , 28 -- 31 Pts : P. Cofer - 16 Rebs : P. Cofer - 11 Asts : B. Angola , T. Mann , T. Forrest - 2 Pts : C. Matthews -- 17 Rebs : C. Matthews -- 8 Asts : Z . Simpson -- 5 Staples Center -- Los Angeles , CA Attendance : 19,665 Referees : Randy McCall , Keith Kimble , John Gaffney West Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Charles Matthews ( So , Michigan ) -- West Regional most outstanding player Moritz Wagner ( Jr , Michigan ) Muhammad - Ali Abdur - Rahkman ( Sr , Michigan ) Phil Cofer ( Sr , Florida State ) Terance Mann ( Jr , Florida State ) East Regional -- Boston , Massachusetts ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 15 -- 16 Second Round Round of 32 March 17 -- 18 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 23 Regional Final Elite 8 March 25 Villanova 87 16 Radford 61 Villanova 81 Pittsburgh -- Thu / Sat 9 Alabama 58 8 Virginia Tech 83 9 Alabama 86 Villanova 90 5 West Virginia 78 5 West Virginia 85 12 Murray State 68 5 West Virginia 94 San Diego -- Fri / Sun 13 Marshall 71 Wichita State 75 13 Marshall 81 Villanova 71 Texas Tech 59 6 Florida 77 11 St. Bonaventure 62 6 Florida 66 Dallas -- Thu / Sat Texas Tech 69 Texas Tech 70 14 Stephen F. Austin 60 Texas Tech 78 Purdue 65 7 Arkansas 62 10 Butler 79 10 Butler 73 Detroit -- Fri / Sun Purdue 76 Purdue 74 15 Cal State Fullerton 48 East Regional Final ( edit ) CBS March 25 2 : 20 pm EDT Box score # 3 Texas Tech Red Raiders 59 , # 1 Villanova Wildcats 71 Scoring by half : 23 -- 36 , 36 -- 35 Pts : K. Evans -- 12 Rebs : J. Gray -- 9 Asts : K. Evans - 4 Pts : J. Brunson -- 15 Rebs : E. Paschall -- 14 Asts : J. Brunson -- 4 TD Garden -- Boston , MA Attendance : 19,169 Referees : Terry Oglesby , Mike Reed , Michael Stephens East Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Jalen Brunson ( Jr , Villanova ) -- East Regional most outstanding player Omari Spellman ( Fr , Villanova ) Eric Paschall ( Jr , Villanova ) Carsen Edwards ( So , Purdue ) Keenan Evans ( Sr , Texas Tech ) Midwest Regional -- Omaha , Nebraska ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 15 -- 16 Second Round Round of 32 March 17 -- 18 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 23 Regional Final Elite 8 March 25 Kansas 76 16 Penn 60 Kansas 83 Wichita -- Thu / Sat 8 Seton Hall 79 8 Seton Hall 94 9 NC State 83 Kansas 80 5 Clemson 76 5 Clemson 79 12 New Mexico State 68 5 Clemson 84 San Diego -- Fri / Sun Auburn 53 Auburn 62 13 College of Charleston 58 Kansas 85 * Duke 81 6 TCU 52 11 Syracuse 57 11 Syracuse 55 Detroit -- Fri / Sun Michigan State 53 Michigan State 82 14 Bucknell 78 11 Syracuse 65 Duke 69 7 Rhode Island 83 * 10 Oklahoma 78 7 Rhode Island 62 Pittsburgh -- Thu / Sat Duke 87 Duke 89 15 Iona 67 Midwest Regional Final ( edit ) CBS March 25 4 : 05 pm CDT Box score # 2 Duke Blue Devils 81 , # 1 Kansas Jayhawks 85 ( OT ) Scoring by half : 36 -- 33 , 36 -- 39 Overtime : 9 -- 13 Pts : T. Duval -- 20 Rebs : M. Bagley III -- 10 Asts : T. Duval -- 6 Pts : M. Newman -- 32 Rebs : S. Mykhailiuk , S. De Sousa -- 10 Asts : D. Graham - 6 CenturyLink Center Omaha -- Omaha , NE Attendance : 17,579 Referees : Roger Ayers , Doug Sirmons , Jeffrey Anderson Midwest Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Malik Newman ( So , Kansas ) -- Midwest Regional most outstanding player Trevon Duval ( Fr , Duke ) Gabe DeVoe ( Sr , Clemson ) Marvin Bagley III ( Fr , Duke ) Devonte ' Graham ( Sr , Kansas ) Gary Trent Jr . ( Fr , Duke ) Final Four ( edit ) During the Final Four round , regardless of the seeds of the participating teams , the champion of the top overall top seed 's region ( Virginia 's South Region ) plays against the champion of the fourth - ranked top seed 's region ( Xavier 's West Region ) , and the champion of the second overall top seed 's region ( Villanova 's East Region ) plays against the champion of the third - ranked top seed 's region ( Kansas 's Midwest Region ) . Alamodome -- San Antonio , Texas ( edit ) National Semifinals March 31 National Championship Game April 2 S11 Loyola -- Chicago 57 W3 Michigan 69 W3 Michigan 62 E1 Villanova 79 E1 Villanova 95 MW1 Kansas 79 National Semifinals ( edit ) TBS March 31 5 : 09 pm CDT Box score # 11 Loyola - Chicago Ramblers 57 , # 3 Michigan Wolverines 69 Scoring by half : 29 -- 22 , 28 -- 47 Pts : C. Krutwig -- 17 Rebs : D. Ingram -- 9 Asts : D. Ingram -- 2 Pts : M. Wagner -- 24 Rebs : M. Wagner -- 15 Asts : Z . Simpson -- 3 Alamodome -- San Antonio Attendance : 68,257 Referees : Roger Ayers , Mike Roberts , Terry Oglesby TBS March 31 7 : 49 pm CDT Box score # 1 Kansas Jayhawks 79 , # 1 Villanova Wildcats 95 Scoring by half : 32 -- 47 , 47 -- 48 Pts : D. Graham -- 23 Rebs : M. Newman -- 8 Asts : D. Graham , S. Mykhailiuk -- 3 Pts : E. Paschall -- 24 Rebs : O. Spellman -- 13 Asts : P. Booth , J. Brunson -- 6 Alamodome -- San Antonio Attendance : 68,257 Referees : Randy McCall , Michael Stephens , Kipp Kissinger National Championship ( edit ) Main article : 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship Game TBS April 2 8 : 20 pm CDT Box score # 3 Michigan Wolverines 62 , # 1 Villanova Wildcats 79 Scoring by half : 28 -- 37 , 34 -- 42 Pts : M. Abdur - Rahkman -- 23 Rebs : M. Wagner -- 7 Asts : Z . Simpson -- 2 Pts : D. DiVincenzo -- 31 Rebs : O. Spellman -- 11 Asts : D. DiVincenzo -- 3 Alamodome -- San Antonio Attendance : 67,831 Referees : Doug Sirmons , Terry Wymer , Jeffrey Anderson Final Four all - tournament team ( edit ) Donte DiVincenzo ( So , Villanova ) -- Final Four Most Outstanding Player Mikal Bridges ( Jr , Villanova ) Jalen Brunson ( Jr , Villanova ) Eric Paschall ( Jr , Villanova ) Moritz Wagner ( Jr , Michigan ) Record by conference ( edit ) Conference Bids Record Win % R64 R32 S16 E8 F4 CG NC Big East 6 9 -- 5 . 643 6 Big Ten 9 -- 4 . 692 - 1 ! -- Big 12 7 12 -- 7 . 632 7 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Missouri Valley 4 -- 1 . 800 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- ACC 9 12 -- 9 . 571 9 5 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- WCC 2 -- 1 . 667 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- SEC 8 8 -- 8 . 500 8 6 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Mountain West 2 -- 2 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- American 2 -- 3 . 400 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Atlantic 10 2 -- 3 . 400 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- America East 1 -- 1 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- C - USA 1 -- 1 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- MAC 1 -- 1 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Big South 1 -- 1 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- SWAC 1 -- 1 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Pac - 12 0 -- 3 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- The R64 , R32 , S16 , E8 , F4 , CG , and NC columns indicate how many teams from each conference were in the round of 64 ( first round ) , round of 32 ( second round ) , Sweet 16 , Elite Eight , Final Four , championship game , and national champion , respectively . The `` Record '' column includes wins in the First Four for the ACC , Atlantic 10 , Big South , and SWAC conferences and two losses in the First Four for the Pac - 12 conference . The MEAC and NEC conferences each had one representative , eliminated in the First Four with a record of 0 -- 1 . The Atlantic Sun , Big Sky , Big West , CAA , Horizon , Ivy League , MAAC , Ohio Valley , Patriot , Southern , Southland , Summit , Sun Belt and WAC conferences each had one representative , eliminated in the First Round with a record of 0 -- 1 . The Pac - 12 lost all of its teams after the first day of the main tournament draw , marking the first time since the Big 12 began play in 1996 that one of the six major conferences -- defined as the ACC , Big Ten , Big 12 , Pac - 12 , SEC , and both versions of the Big East -- failed to have a team advance to the tournament 's round of 32 . Media coverage ( edit ) Television ( edit ) CBS Sports and Turner Sports had U.S. television rights to the Tournament under the NCAA March Madness brand . As part of a cycle beginning in 2016 , TBS held the rights to the Final Four and to the championship game . Additionally , TBS held the rights to the 2018 Selection Show , which returned to a two - hour format , was presented in front of a studio audience , and promoted that the entire field of the tournament would be unveiled within the first ten minutes of the broadcast . The broadcast was heavily criticized for its quality ( including technical problems and an embedded product placement segment for Pizza Hut ) , as well as initially unveiling the 68 - team field in alphabetical order ( beginning with automatic qualifiers , followed by the at - large teams ) rather than unveiling the matchups region - by - region ( which was criticized for having less suspense than the traditional format ) . Television channels ( edit ) First Four -- TruTV First and Second Rounds -- CBS , TBS , TNT , and TruTV Regional Semifinals and Finals ( Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight ) -- CBS and TBS National Semifinals ( Final Four ) -- TBS National Championship -- TBS Studio hosts ( edit ) Greg Gumbel ( New York City and San Antonio ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regionals , Final Four and National Championship Game Ernie Johnson Jr . ( New York City , Atlanta , and San Antonio ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regional Semi-Finals , Final Four and National Championship Game Casey Stern ( Atlanta ) -- First Four , First Round and Second Round Studio analysts ( edit ) Charles Barkley ( New York City and San Antonio ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regionals , Final Four and National Championship Game Seth Davis ( Atlanta and San Antonio ) -- First Four , First Round , Second Round , Regional Semi-Finals , Final Four and National Championship Game Brendan Haywood ( Atlanta ) -- First Four , First Round , Second Round , Regional Semi-Finals and Final Four Clark Kellogg ( New York City and San Antonio ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regionals , Final Four and National Championship Game Gregg Marshall ( Atlanta ) -- Regional Semi-Finals Frank Martin ( Atlanta ) -- Second Round Candace Parker ( Atlanta ) -- First Four , First Round , Second Round , Regional Semi-Finals and Final Four Kenny Smith ( New York City and San Antonio ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regionals , Final Four and National Championship Game Wally Szczerbiak ( New York City ) -- Second Round Brad Underwood ( Atlanta ) -- First Round Christian Laettner ( San Antonio ) -- Final Four Danny Manning ( San Antonio ) -- Final Four Kris Jenkins ( San Antonio ) -- Final Four Commentary teams ( edit ) Jim Nantz / Bill Raftery / Grant Hill / Tracy Wolfson -- First and Second Rounds at Charlotte , North Carolina ; Midwest Regional at Omaha , Nebraska ; Final Four and National Championship at San Antonio , Texas Brian Anderson / Chris Webber / Lisa Byington -- First and Second Rounds at Boise , Idaho ; South Regional at Atlanta , Georgia Ian Eagle / Jim Spanarkel / Allie LaForce -- First Four at Dayton , Ohio ( Wednesday ) ; First and Second Rounds at Detroit , Michigan ; East Regional at Boston , Massachusetts Kevin Harlan / Reggie Miller / Dan Bonner / Dana Jacobson -- First and Second Rounds at Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ; West Regional at Los Angeles , California Brad Nessler / Steve Lavin / Evan Washburn -- First and Second Rounds at Wichita , Kansas Spero Dedes / Steve Smith / Len Elmore / Rosalyn Gold - Onwude -- First Four at Dayton , Ohio ( Tuesday ) ; First and Second Rounds at Dallas , Texas Andrew Catalon / Steve Lappas / Jamie Erdahl -- First and Second Rounds at Nashville , Tennessee Carter Blackburn / Debbie Antonelli / John Schriffen -- First and Second Rounds at San Diego , California Team Stream broadcasts ( edit ) Final Four Matt Park / Jay Feely / Dr. Sanjay Gupta -- Michigan Team Stream on TNT Jeff Hagedorn / Jerry Harkness / Shams Charania -- Loyola -- Chicago Team Stream on truTV Dave Armstrong / Scot Pollard / Rob Riggle -- Kansas Team Stream on TNT Scott Graham / Randy Foye / Kacie McDonnell -- Villanova Team Stream on truTV National Championship Game Matt Park / Jay Feely / Dr. Sanjay Gupta -- Michigan Team Stream on TNT Scott Graham / Randy Foye / Kacie McDonnell -- Villanova Team Stream on truTV Radio ( edit ) Westwood One had exclusive radio rights to the entire tournament . First Four ( edit ) Ted Emrich and Austin Croshere -- at Dayton , Ohio First and Second rounds ( edit ) Scott Graham and Kelly Tripucka -- Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Brandon Gaudin and Donny Marshall -- Wichita , Kansas Ryan Radtke and Jim Jackson -- Dallas , Texas Jason Benetti and Dan Dickau -- Boise , Idaho Kevin Kugler and Eric Montross / John Thompson -- Charlotte , North Carolina ( Montross -- Friday night ; Thompson -- Friday Afternoon & Sunday ) Chris Carrino and P.J. Carlesimo -- Detroit , Michigan Ted Emrich -- Friday Afternoon / Craig Way -- Friday Night & Sunday and Will Perdue -- Nashville , Tennessee John Sadak and Mike Montgomery -- San Diego , California Regionals ( edit ) Gary Cohen and P.J. Carlesimo -- East Regional at Boston , Massachusetts Kevin Kugler and Donny Marshall -- Midwest Regional at Omaha , Nebraska Brandon Gaudin and John Thompson -- South Regional at Atlanta , Georgia Tom McCarthy and Jim Jackson -- West Regional at Los Angeles , California Final four ( edit ) Kevin Kugler , John Thompson , Clark Kellogg , and Jim Gray -- San Antonio , Texas Internet ( edit ) Video ( edit ) Live video of games was available for streaming through the following means : NCAA March Madness Live ( website and app , no CBS games on digital media players ; access to games on Turner channels requires TV Everywhere authentication through provider ; 3 hour preview for Turner games is provided before authentication is required ) CBS All Access ( only CBS games , service subscription required ) CBS Sports website and app ( only CBS games ) Bleacher Report website and Team Stream app ( only Turner games , access requires subscription ) Watch TBS website and app ( only TBS games , requires TV Everywhere authentication ) Watch TNT website and app ( only TNT games , requires TV Everywhere authentication ) Watch truTV website and app ( only truTV games , requires TV Everywhere authentication ) Websites and apps of cable , satellite , and OTT providers of CBS & Turner ( access requires subscription ) Audio ( edit ) Live audio of games was available for streaming through the following means : NCAA March Madness Live ( website and app ) Westwood One Sports website TuneIn ( website and app ) Websites and apps of Westwood One Sports affiliates See also ( edit ) College basketball portal 2018 NCAA Division II Men 's Basketball Tournament 2018 NCAA Division III Men 's Basketball Tournament 2018 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament 2018 NCAA Division II Women 's Basketball Tournament 2018 National Invitation Tournament 2018 Women 's National Invitation Tournament 2018 Women 's Basketball Invitational 2018 College Basketball Invitational 2018 CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament 2018 NAIA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament 2018 U Sports Men 's Basketball Championship 2018 UMBC vs. Virginia men 's basketball game References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wilco , Daniel ( March 17 , 2018 ) . `` Last perfect bracket busts after UMBC pulls off biggest upset in NCAA tournament history '' . NCAA.com . National Collegiate Athletic Association . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . UMBC ( The University of Maryland Baltimore County ) scored the biggest upset in the history of the NCAA tournament , beating top overall seed Virginia 74 - 54 Friday night , and becoming the first 16 seed to win a game in 136 tries . Jump up ^ Bushnell , Henry ( March 17 , 2018 ) . `` UMBC shocks Virginia , first 16 - seed ever to beat a 1 '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 - 18 preliminary rounds '' . NCAA . November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA gives North Carolina a deadline to repeal HB2 or lose events until 2022 '' . newsobserver . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` N.C. gets NCAA tourney sites after HB2 repeal '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Division I teams face penalties , lose postseason '' . NCAA . May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA conference tournament schedule : Tracking March Madness automatic bids '' . NCAA . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexkay/2018/03/11/selection-sunday-2018-schedule-official-ncaa-tournament-bracket-and-more-after-march-madness-show/#7106472abf90 Jump up ^ `` DC colleges will have a season without March Madness for the first time since 1978 '' . Washington Post . March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : @ marchmadness ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` South Region All - Tournament Team '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : @ marchmadness ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` West Region All - Tournament Team '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : @ marchmadness ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` East Region All - Tournament Team '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : @ marchmadness ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Midwest Region All - Tournament Team '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Villanova Wins National Championship For Second Time in Three Years '' . villanova.com. April 3 , 2018 . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Medcalf , Myron ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` The fast and unprecedented fall of the Pac - 12 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship commentator teams announced '' . NCAA . February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Russo , Ralph D. ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Selection show : Tournament teams revealed in 1st 10 minutes '' . Washington Post . Associated Press . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TBS really made a mess of the NCAA selection show '' . Boston.com . March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 6 ways the NCAA bracket selection show was pretty odd '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caesar , Dan . `` Media Views : NCAA tourney ' Selection Show ' loses suspense , adds immediacy '' . stltoday.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maiman , Beth ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` March Madness TV schedule : How to watch and live stream every game in the NCAA men 's basketball tournament '' . NCAA . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Tournaments 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1994 1995 2001 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Structure Selection process Venues # 1 seeds Opening Round Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Game Champions & awards Champions Most Outstanding Player Media & culture Bracketology Broadcasting Tournament Final Four March Madness pools `` One Shining Moment '' Records & statistics All - time team records Bids by school Bids by school and conference Consecutive appearances Final Four appearances by school Final Four participants Final Four appearances by coach Upsets 2018 NCAA Division I men 's basketball tournaments Conference ACC America East American Atlantic 10 Atlantic Sun Big 12 Big East Big Sky Big South Big Ten Big West CAA Conference USA Horizon Ivy MAAC MEAC Mid-American Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Pac - 12 Patriot SEC Southern Southland Summit Sun Belt SWAC WAC West Coast Postseason NCAA NIT CBI CIT 2017 -- 18 NCAA Division I championships Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Beach volleyball Bowling Cross country Fencing Field hockey Football ( FBS ) † Football ( FCS ) Men 's golf Women 's golf Men 's gymnastics Women 's gymnastics Men 's ice hockey Women 's ice hockey Indoor track and field Men 's lacrosse Women 's lacrosse Outdoor track and field Rifle Rowing Skiing Men 's soccer Women 's soccer Softball Men 's swimming and diving Women 's swimming and diving Tennis Men 's volleyball Women 's volleyball Men 's water polo Women 's water polo Wrestling † Not an officially sanctioned NCAA championship Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Basketball_Tournament&oldid=846015626 '' Categories : 2017 -- 18 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Basketball in San Antonio 2018 in sports in Texas 21st century in San Antonio Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 18 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the national championship in 2018 basketball	[ "\n\n2018 NCAA Division I\nMen's Basketball Tournament\n\n\n\n\n\nSeason\n2017–18\n\n\nTeams\n68\n\n\nFinals site\nAlamodome\nSan Antonio, Texas\n\n\nChampions\nVillanova Wildcats (3rd title, 4th title game,\n6th Final Four)\n\n\nRunner-up\nMichigan Wolverines (7th title game,\n8th Final Four)\n\n\nSemifinalists\n\n\n\nKansas Jayhawks (15th Final Four)\nLoyola-Chicago Ramblers (2nd Final Four)\n\n\n\n\n\nWinning coach\nJay Wright (2nd title)\n\n\nMOP\nDonte DiVincenzo (Villanova)\n\n\n\n\n\nNCAA Division I Men's Tournaments\n\n\n«2017\n2019»\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Villanova Wildcats" ]
7459158929364418420	Rock and Roll Hall of Fame	Rock and Roll Hall of Fame - Wikipedia Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Jump to : navigation , search Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Established Location 1100 Rock and Roll Boulevard ( East Ninth Street at Lake Erie ) Cleveland , Ohio 44114 United States 41 ° 30 ′ 30.2 '' N 81 ° 41 ′ 43.8 '' W / 41.508389 ° N 81.695500 ° W / 41.508389 ; - 81.695500 Visitors 441,290 ( 2013 ) President Greg Harris Public transit access North Coast station ( RTA Rapid Transit ) Website rockhall.com The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland , Ohio , recognizes and archives the history of the best - known and most influential artists , producers , engineers , and other notable figures who have had some major influence on the development of rock and roll . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation was established on April 20 , 1983 , by Atlantic Records founder and chairman Ahmet Ertegun . In 1986 , Cleveland was chosen as the Hall of Fame 's permanent home . Since opening in September 1995 , the `` Rock Hall '' -- part of the city 's redeveloped North Coast Harbor -- has hosted more than 10 million visitors and had a cumulative economic impact estimated at more than $1.8 billion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Foundation and museum 1.1 Economic impact 1.2 Layout 1.3 Architecture 2 Exhibit history 2.1 Public programs 2.2 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll 2.2. 1 Artists with four or more songs 2.3 25th anniversary concert 3 Inductees 3.1 Performers 3.2 Early Influences 3.3 Ahmet Ertegun Award for Lifetime Achievement 3.4 Award for Musical Excellence 4 Library and archives 5 Criticism 5.1 2007 vote controversy 5.2 The Monkees controversy 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Foundation and museum ( edit ) Founder Ahmet Ertegun assembled a team that included attorney Suzan Evans , Rolling Stone magazine editor and publisher Jann S. Wenner , attorney Allen Grubman , and record executives Seymour Stein , Bob Krasnow , and Noreen Woods . The Foundation began inducting artists in 1986 , but the Hall of Fame still had no home . The search committee considered several cities , including Philadelphia ( home of Bill Haley and American Bandstand ) , Memphis ( home of Sun Studios and Stax Records ) , Detroit ( home of Motown Records ) , Cincinnati ( home of King Records ) , New York City , and Cleveland . Cleveland lobbied for the museum , citing that WJW disc jockey Alan Freed both coined the term `` rock and roll '' and heavily promoted the new genre -- and that Cleveland was the location of Freed 's Moondog Coronation Ball , the first major rock and roll concert . In addition , Cleveland cited radio station WMMS , which played a key role in breaking several major acts in the U.S. during the 1970s and 80s , including artist David Bowie , who began his first U.S. tour in the city , Bruce Springsteen , Roxy Music , and Rush among many others . Cleveland was also one of the premier tour stops for most rock bands . Civic leaders in Cleveland pledged $65 million in public money to fund the construction . A petition drive was signed by 600,000 fans favoring Cleveland over Memphis , and Cleveland ranked first in a 1986 USA Today poll asking where the Hall of Fame should be located . On May 5 , 1986 , the Hall of Fame Foundation chose Cleveland as the permanent home of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . Sam Phillips of Sun Studios fame and many others were stunned and disappointed that it ended up in Cleveland . `` The hall of fame should 've been in Memphis , certainly , '' wrote Peter Guralnick , author of an acclaimed two - volume Elvis Presley biography . Cleveland may also have been chosen as the organization 's site because the city offered the best financial package . As The Plain Dealer music critic Michael Norman noted , `` It was $65 million ... Cleveland wanted it here and put up the money . '' Co-founder Jann Wenner later said , `` One of the small sad things is we did n't do it in New York in the first place , '' but then added , `` I am absolutely delighted that the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is in Cleveland . '' During early discussions on where to build the Hall of Fame and Museum , the Foundation 's board considered the Cuyahoga River . Ultimately , the chosen location was along East Ninth Street in downtown Cleveland by Lake Erie , east of Cleveland Stadium . At one point in the planning phase when a financing gap existed , planners proposed locating the Rock Hall in the then - vacant May Company Building , but finally decided to commission architect I.M. Pei to design a new building . Initial CEO Dr. Larry R. Thompson facilitated I.M. Pei in designs for the site . Pei came up with the idea of a tower with a glass pyramid protruding from it . The museum tower was initially planned to stand 200 ft ( 61 m ) high , but had to be cut down to 162 ft ( 49 m ) due to its proximity to Burke Lakefront Airport . The building 's base is approximately 150,000 square feet ( 14,000 m2 ) . The groundbreaking ceremony took place on June 7 , 1993 . Pete Townshend , Chuck Berry , Billy Joel , Sam Phillips , Ruth Brown , Sam Moore of Sam and Dave , Carl Gardner of the Coasters and Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum all appeared at the groundbreaking . The museum was dedicated on September 1 , 1995 , with the ribbon being cut by an ensemble that included Yoko Ono and Little Richard , among others , before a crowd of more than 10,000 people . The following night an all - star concert was held at the stadium . It featured Chuck Berry , Bob Dylan , Al Green , Jerry Lee Lewis , Aretha Franklin , Bruce Springsteen , Iggy Pop , John Fogerty , John Mellencamp , and many others . In addition to the Hall of Fame inductees , the museum documents the entire history of rock and roll , regardless of induction status . Hall of Fame inductees are honored in a special exhibit located in a wing that juts out over Lake Erie . Economic impact ( edit ) Since 1986 , the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has selected new inductees . The formal induction ceremony has been held in New York City 26 times ( 1986 -- 92 , 1994 -- 96 , 1998 -- 2008 , 2010 -- 11 , 2014 , 2016 and 2017 ) ; twice in Los Angeles ( 1993 and 2013 ) ; and four times in the Hall of Fame 's home in Cleveland ( 1997 , 2009 , 2012 and 2015 ) . Beginning in 2018 , the induction ceremonies will alternate each year between Cleveland and New York . The 2009 and 2012 induction weeks were made possible by a public -- private partnership between the City of Cleveland , the State of Ohio , the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , and local foundations , corporations , civic organizations and individuals . Collectively these entities invested $5.8 million in 2009 and $7.9 million in 2012 to produce a week of events , including free concerts , a gospel celebration , exhibition openings , free admission to the museum , and induction ceremonies filled with both fans and VIPs at Public Hall . Millions viewed the television broadcast of the Cleveland inductions ; tens of thousands traveled to Ohio during induction week to participate in Induction - related events . The economic impact of the 2009 induction week activities was more than $13 million , and it provided an additional $20 million in media exposure for the region . The 2012 induction week yielded similar results . Layout ( edit ) The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ( left ) sits on the Lake Erie shore next to the Great Lakes Science Center ( right ) in Cleveland 's North Coast Harbor . There are seven levels in the building . On the lower level is the Ahmet M. Ertegun Exhibition Hall , the museum 's main gallery . It includes exhibits on the roots of rock and roll ( gospel , blues , rhythm & blues and folk , country and bluegrass ) . It also features exhibits on cities that have had a major impact on rock and roll : Memphis , Detroit , London and Liverpool , San Francisco , Los Angeles , New York and Seattle . There are exhibits about soul music , the Fifties , Sun Records , Atlantic Records , hip hop music , Cleveland 's rock and roll legacy , the music of the Midwest , rock and roll radio and dee - jays , and the many protests against rock and roll . This gallery also has exhibits that focus on individual artists , including the Beatles , the Rolling Stones , Jimi Hendrix and others . Finally , the Ahmet M. Ertegun Exhibition Hall includes two theaters , one of which features a film about the roots of rock and roll and one that features films on various subjects . The first floor of the museum is the entrance level . It includes a cafe , a stage that the museum uses for various special performances and events throughout the year , and a section called `` Backstage Stories . '' The second floor includes several interactive kiosks that feature programs on one - hit wonders and the Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll . This level also includes a gallery with artifact - filled exhibits about Les Paul , Alan Freed , Sam Phillips and the evolution of audio technology . Visitors enter the Hall of Fame section of the museum on the third floor . This section includes `` The Power of Rock Experience , '' which includes one of Jonathan Demme 's final works , a film shown in the Connor Theater . The film includes musical highlights from some of the Hall 's induction ceremonies . Visitors exit the Hall of Fame section on the fourth floor . That level features the Foster Theater , a state - of - the - art 3 - D theater that is used for special events and programs . Finally , the top two levels of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame feature large , temporary exhibits . Over the years , numerous exhibits have been installed on these two levels , including exhibits about Elvis Presley , hip - hop , the Supremes , the Who , U2 , John Lennon , the Clash , Bruce Springsteen , Women Who Rock , and the Rolling Stones . Architecture ( edit ) The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , showing Lake Erie in the foreground Designed by I.M. Pei and structurally engineered by Leslie E. Robertson Associates , the building rises above the shores of Lake Erie . It is a combination of bold geometric forms and dynamic cantilevered spaces that are anchored by a 162 - foot tower . The tower supports a dual - triangular - shaped glass `` tent '' that extends ( at its base ) onto a 65,000 - square - foot plaza that provides a main entry facade . The building houses more than 55,000 square feet of exhibition space , as well as administrative offices , a store , and a café . `` In designing this building , '' Pei said , `` it was my intention to echo the energy of rock and roll . I have consciously used an architectural vocabulary that is bold and new , and I hope the building will become a dramatic landmark for the city of Cleveland and for fans of rock and roll around the world . '' Exhibit history ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Since 1997 , the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has featured numerous temporary exhibits that range in size from major exhibits that fill the top two floors of the museum to smaller exhibits that are often installed in the main exhibition hall on the lower level . The museum 's first major exhibit opened on May 10 , 1997 . It was called I Want to Take You Higher : The Psychedelic Era , 1965 -- 1969 . It included artifacts from numerous artists , including John Lennon , Eric Clapton , John Sebastian , the Jefferson Airplane , and Janis Joplin , as well as artifacts related to the Monterey International Pop Festival and Woodstock . That exhibit was followed by Elvis is in the Building , an exhibit about the `` King of Rock and Roll '' , which ran from August 8 , 1998 , to September 5 , 1999 . This year - long tribute was the first ever special exhibit devoted to a single artist , Elvis Presley , the first inductee into the RRHOF in 1986 . Graceland supplied a significant selection of representative artifacts for this special tribute spanning Elvis ' life and legendary career . Next , the museum curated Roots , Rhymes and Rage : The Hip - Hop Story . That was the first major museum exhibit to focus on hip - hop . It ran from November 11 , 1999 , to August 6 , 2000 . It was followed by Rock Style , an exhibit that focused on rock and roll and fashion . It featured clothing from Buddy Holly to Alice Cooper , from Ray Charles to David Bowie and from Smokey Robinson to Sly Stone . After it closed in Cleveland , Rock Style traveled to other museums in the U.S. The former Annex in Soho in New York City ( now closed ) Other temporary exhibits have included Lennon : His Life and Work , which ran from October 20 , 2000 , to January 1 , 2003 . It was followed by In the Name of Love : Two Decades of U2 and then Reflections : The Mary Wilson Supreme Legacy Collection . A major exhibition on display during the Republican National Convention in Cleveland in 2016 was Louder than Words : Rock , Power , Politics . Other large temporary exhibits have focused on the Clash ( Revolution Rock : The Story of the Clash ) , the Doors ( Break on Through : The Lasting Legacy of the Doors ) , the Who 's Tommy ( Tommy : The Amazing Journey ) , and Bruce Springsteen ( From Asbury Park to the Promised Land : The Life and Music of Bruce Springsteen ) . Another thematic temporary exhibit focused on the role of women in rock and roll ( Women Who Rock : Vision , Passion , Power ) . Many of these exhibits travel to other museums after closing in Cleveland . The museum 's current major temporary exhibit is about the history of the magazine Rolling Stone . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame also curates many smaller temporary exhibits . Over the years , these exhibits have focused on such topics as the Vans Warped Tour , the Concert for Bangladesh , Woodstock 's 40th anniversary , Austin City Limits , the Monterey International Pop Festival , Roy Orbison , Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers , Marty Stuart , Paul Simon , Graham Nash , and John Mellencamp . The museum also devotes exhibits to photography and artwork related to rock and roll . Among the photographers whose work has been featured at the Hall of Fame are George Kalinsky , Alfred Wertheimer , Tommy Edwards , Kevin Mazur , Janet Macoska , Lynn Goldsmith , Mike McCartney , Robert Alford , and George Shuba . The museum also featured the artwork of Philip Burke in one of its temporary exhibits , and a later exhibit featured Herb Ritts . Public programs ( edit ) The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum produces numerous public programs , including concerts , interviews , lectures , film screenings , and other events that help tell the story of rock and roll . Every February , the museum celebrates Black History Month by hosting concerts , film screenings and lectures that illustrate the important role African - Americans have played in the history of rock and roll . Since the program began in 1996 , such artists as Robert Lockwood , Jr. , the Temptations , Charles Brown , Ruth Brown , the Ohio Players , Lloyd Price , Little Anthony and the Imperials , and Al Green have appeared at the museum during Black History Month . Another program is the Hall of Fame Series . This series began in April 1996 and features interviews with Hall of Fame inductees in a rare and intimate settings , most often in the Museum 's Foster Theater . The interviews are usually followed by a question - and - answer session with the audience and , often , a performance by the inductee . Among the inductees who have taken part in this series are Darryl `` DMC '' McDaniels of Run - D.M.C. , Lloyd Price , Marky Ramone , Seymour Stein , Ray Manzarek of the Doors , Ronnie Spector , Bootsy Collins , Ann and Nancy Wilson of Heart , and Jorma Kaukonen of the Jefferson Airplane . A similar program is the Legends Series . The only real difference between this program and the Hall of Fame Series is that it features artists who have not yet been inducted into the Hall of Fame . Peter Hook of Joy Division , Spinderella of Salt n Pepa , Tommy James , and the Chi - Lites are among the artists who have participated in the Legends Series . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum 's most acclaimed program is the annual American Music Masters series . Each year the museum celebrates one of the Hall 's inductees with a week - long series of programs that include interviews , film screenings , and , often , a special exhibit . The celebration ends with an all - star concert held at a Cleveland theater . The concerts include a diverse mix of artists , from Hall of Fame inductees to contemporary musicians . The American Music Masters series began in 1996 with Hard Travelin ' : The Life and Legacy of Pete Seeger . Since then , the programs have honored the following inductees : Jimmie Rodgers ( 1997 ) , Robert Johnson ( 1998 ) , Louis Jordan ( 1999 ) , Muddy Waters ( 2000 ) , Bessie Smith ( 2001 ) , Hank Williams ( 2002 ) , Buddy Holly ( 2003 ) , Lead Belly ( 2004 ) , Sam Cooke ( 2005 ) , Roy Orbison ( 2006 ) , Jerry Lee Lewis ( 2007 ) , Les Paul ( 2008 ) , Janis Joplin ( 2009 ) , Fats Domino and Dave Bartholomew ( 2010 ) , Aretha Franklin ( 2011 ) , and Chuck Berry ( 2012 ) . Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll ( edit ) Hall of Fame museum curator James Henke , along with `` the museum 's curatorial staff and numerous rock critics and music experts '' , created an unordered list of `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . The list is part of a permanent exhibit at the museum , and was envisioned as part of the museum from its opening in 1995 . It contains songs recorded from the 1920s through the 1990s . The Beatles with seven songs was the most represented on the 500 -- song list . The oldest song on the list is `` Wabash Cannonball '' , written circa 1882 and credited to J.A. Roff . Since then , however , an additional 155 songs have been added , and the list is now simply referred to as `` The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . The most recent songs on the list are Gnarls Barkley 's `` Crazy '' and My Chemical Romance 's `` Welcome to the Black Parade '' , both released in 2006 . The Beatles and the Rolling Stones are the most represented on the 655 -- song list , with eight songs each . Artists with four or more songs ( edit ) 8 The Beatles 8 The Rolling Stones 7 Elvis Presley 5 The Beach Boys 5 Chuck Berry 5 Bob Dylan 5 Led Zeppelin 5 Bruce Springsteen 5 Stevie Wonder 4 David Bowie 4 James Brown 4 Ray Charles 4 The Drifters 4 Aretha Franklin 4 Jimi Hendrix 4 Robert Johnson 4 The Kinks 4 Bob Marley 4 The Miracles 4 Prince 4 U2 4 Muddy Waters 4 Michael Jackson 25th anniversary concert ( edit ) The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame celebrated its 25th anniversary with a concert series over two days on October 29 and 30 , 2009 at Madison Square Garden in New York . The celebration included performances by Jerry Lee Lewis , U2 , Patti Smith , Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band , Simon & Garfunkel , Dion DiMucci , Metallica , James Taylor , Bonnie Raitt , Fergie , Mick Jagger , Lou Reed , Ray Davies , Ozzy Osbourne , Paul Simon , Jeff Beck , Buddy Guy , Aretha Franklin , Stevie Wonder , Sting , Little Anthony & the Imperials , and Crosby , Stills and Nash . The first night ran almost six hours with Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band closing the concert with special guests John Fogerty , Darlene Love , Tom Morello , Sam Moore , Jackson Browne , Peter Wolf , and Billy Joel . Inductees ( edit ) English guitarist , singer , and songwriter Eric Clapton is the only three - time inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame See also : List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Artists are inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame at an annual induction ceremony . Over the years , the majority of the ceremonies have been held at the Waldorf - Astoria Hotel in New York City . However , on January 12 , 1993 , the ceremony was held in Los Angeles , and was held there again in 2013 . On May 6 , 1997 , about a year and a half after the opening of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum , the ceremony was held in Cleveland . It returned to Cleveland in 2009 and again in 2012 . Current plans call for the ceremony to be in Cleveland every three years . Generally , the number of inductees ranges from about a half - dozen to a dozen . Virtually all living inductees have attended the ceremonies , and they are presented with their Hall of Fame award by an artist who was influenced by that inductee 's music . Both the presenter and the inductee speak at the ceremonies , which also include numerous musical performances , by both the inductees and the presenters . The first group of inductees , inducted on January 23 , 1986 , included Elvis Presley , James Brown , Little Richard , Fats Domino , Ray Charles , Chuck Berry , Sam Cooke , the Everly Brothers , Buddy Holly , and Jerry Lee Lewis . Robert Johnson , Jimmie Rodgers , and Jimmy Yancey were inducted as Early Influences , John Hammond received the Lifetime Achievement Award and Alan Freed and Sam Phillips were inducted as Non-Performers . Performers ( edit ) A nominating committee composed of rock and roll historians selects names for the `` Performers '' category ( singers , vocal groups , bands , and instrumentalists of all kinds ) , which are then voted on by roughly five hundred experts across the world . Those selected to vote include academics , journalists , producers , and others with music industry experience . Artists become eligible for induction 25 years after the release of their first record . Criteria include the influence and significance of the artists ' contributions to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll . To be selected for induction , performers must receive the highest number of votes , and also greater than 50 % of the votes . Around five to seven performers are inducted each year . In 2012 , six additional groups , the Miracles , the Famous Flames , the Comets , the Blue Caps , the Midnighters , and the Crickets , were inducted as performers by a special committee due to the controversial exclusions when their lead singer was inducted . `` There was a lot of discussion about this , '' said Terry Stewart , a member of the nominating committee . `` There had always been conversations about why the groups were n't included when the lead singers were inducted . Very honestly , nobody could really answer that question -- it was so long ago ... We decided we 'd sit down as an organization and look at that . This is the result . '' Early Influences ( edit ) Early Influences includes artists from earlier eras , primarily country , folk , jazz , and blues , whose music inspired and influenced rock and roll artists . Other notable artists that have been inducted as Early Influences include Bill Kenny & The Ink Spots , country musicians Jimmie Rodgers and Hank Williams , blues musicians Howlin ' Wolf and Muddy Waters , and jazz musicians Jelly Roll Morton and Louis Armstrong . After Nat King Cole and Billie Holiday in 2000 , no one was inducted in this category until 2009 , when rockabilly singer Wanda Jackson was selected . Unlike earlier inductees in this category , Jackson 's career almost entirely took place after the traditional 1955 start of the `` rock era '' . Ahmet Ertegun award for Lifetime Achievement ( edit ) Formerly the `` Non-Performers '' award , this category encompasses those who primarily work behind the scenes in the music industry , including record label executives , songwriters , record producers , disc jockeys , concert promoters and music journalists . This category has had at least one inductee every year except 2007 and 2009 . Following the death of the Hall of Fame 's co-founder Ahmet Ertegun , this award was renamed in his honor in 2008 . Award for musical Excellence ( edit ) Formerly the `` Sidemen '' award , this category was introduced in 2000 and honors veteran session and concert players who are selected by a committee composed primarily of producers . The category was dormant from 2004 through 2007 and re-activated in 2008 . This honor was renamed the `` Award for Musical Excellence '' in 2010 . According to Joel Peresman , the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation , `` This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized . '' Library and Archives ( edit ) The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland , Ohio November 2015 The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum 's Library and Archives is the world 's most comprehensive repository of materials related to the history of rock and roll . The Library and Archives is located in a new building on the Metro Campus of Cuyahoga Community College in Cleveland 's Campus District . The Library and Archives ' mission is to collect , preserve and provide access to these materials . The Library and Archives operates on two levels : people may come into the library and read the books and magazines , listen to music and other recordings , and watch videos and films . More serious scholars , historians and journalists may also make an appointment for access to the archival collections under the supervision of the staff archivists . The library is composed of books , academic dissertations , and other references . It also includes popular magazines , scholarly journals and trade publications ; commercial audio and video recordings , and research databases . The archival collections include music - business records from record executives , artist managers , labels , historic venues , recording studios , specialists in stage design and lighting , and long - running concert tours . The collections also contain important individual items , such as personal letters penned by Aretha Franklin and Madonna , handwritten working lyrics by Jimi Hendrix and LL Cool J , papers from music journalists such as Sue Cassidy Clark , and rare concert recordings from CBGB in the 1970s . Criticism ( edit ) The most frequent criticism of the Hall of Fame is that the nomination process is controlled by a few individuals who are not themselves musicians , such as founder Jann Wenner ( co-founder and editor - in - chief of Rolling Stone magazine ) , former foundation director Suzan Evans , and writer Dave Marsh , reflecting their personal tastes rather than the views of the rock world as a whole . A former member of the nominations board once commented that `` At one point Suzan Evans lamented the choices being made because there were n't enough big names that would sell tickets to the dinner . That was quickly remedied by dropping one of the doo - wop groups being considered in favor of a ' name ' artist ... I saw how certain pioneering artists of the ' 50s and early ' 60s were shunned because there needed to be more name power on the list , resulting in ' 70s superstars getting in before the people who made it possible for them . Some of those pioneers still are n't in today . '' Sister Rosetta Tharpe is often considered `` The Godmother / Grandmother of Rock & Roll '' , but was not chosen for induction until 2017 . Also , the influential soul / funk group Tower of Power has not yet been honored . Velvet Underground drummer Maureen Tucker has dismissed the Hall of Fame as the `` Hall of Lame '' . There is also controversy in the lack of transparency in the selection process . Janet Morrissey of The New York Times wrote : `` With fame and money at stake , it 's no surprise that a lot of backstage lobbying goes on . Why any particular act is chosen in any particular year is a mystery to performers as well as outsiders -- and committee members say they want to keep it that way . '' Jon Landau , the chairman of the nominating committee , says they prefer it that way . `` We 've done a good job of keeping the proceedings nontransparent . It all dies in the room . '' According to Fox News , petitions with tens of thousands of signatures were also being ignored , and some groups that were signed with certain labels or companies or were affiliated with various committee members have even been put up for nomination with no discussion at all . The committee has also been accused of largely ignoring certain genres . According to author Brett Milano , `` entire genres get passed over , particularly progressive rock , ' 60s Top 40 , New Orleans funk and a whole lot of black music . '' In contrast , since the mid-2000s ( decade ) , numerous hip hop artists have been inducted , including Tupac Shakur ( class of 2017 ) , N.W.A ( class of 2016 ) and Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five ( class of 2007 ) . Another criticism is that too many artists are inducted . In fifteen years , 97 different artists were inducted . A minimum of 50 % of the vote is needed to be inducted ; although , the final percentages are not announced and a certain number of inductees ( five in 2011 ) is set before the ballots are shipped . The committee usually nominates a small number of artists ( 12 in 2010 ) from an increasing number of different genres . Several voters , including Joel Selvin , himself a former member of the nominating committee , did not submit their ballots in 2007 because they did not feel that any of the candidates were truly worthy . Members of the British punk rock band The Sex Pistols , inducted in 2006 , refused to attend the ceremony , calling the museum `` a piss stain '' and `` urine in wine '' . In BBC Radio 6 Music 's Annual John Peel Lecture in 2013 , the singer Charlotte Church accused the museum of gender bias , stating , `` Out of 295 acts and artists in the Rock n ' Roll Hall of Fame , 259 are entirely male , meaning that Tina Weymouth 's part in Talking Heads makes them one of the 36 female acts . '' In fact , the actual percentage of woman inductees is 8.5 % . Combining all the categories , there have been 719 inductees , out of which only 61 have been women , none of which has been inducted more than once or awarded the Lifetime Achievement . 2016 inductee Steve Miller voiced a litany of criticisms directed at the hall , both during his induction speech and , especially , in interviews after it . His complaints included a lack of female inductees , not enough support by the hall for music education , and treatment of inductees at the award ceremony . 2007 vote controversy ( edit ) On March 14 , 2007 , two days after that year 's induction ceremony , Roger Friedman of Fox News published an article claiming that the Dave Clark Five should have been the fifth inductee , as they had more votes than inductee Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five . The article went on to say `` Jann Wenner used a technicality about the day votes were due in . In reality , The Dave Clark Five got six more votes than Grandmaster Flash . But he felt we could n't go another year without a rap act . '' The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation would later deny fixing the vote , although they did not deny that late votes were received , saying , `` No . There is a format and rules and procedure . There is a specific time when the votes have to be in , and then they are counted . The bands with the top five votes got in . '' The Dave Clark Five was subsequently nominated again and then inducted the following year . The Monkees controversy ( edit ) In June 2007 , Monkee Peter Tork complained to the New York Post that Wenner had blackballed the Monkees , commenting : ( Wenner ) does n't care what the rules are and just operates how he sees fit . It is an abuse of power . I do n't know whether the Monkees belong in the Hall of Fame , but it 's pretty clear that we 're not in there because of a personal whim . Jann seems to have taken it harder than everyone else , and now , 40 years later , everybody says , ' What 's the big deal ? Everybody else does it . ' ( Uses studio artists or backing bands . ) Nobody cares now except him . He feels his moral judgment in 1967 and 1968 is supposed to serve in 2007 . In a Facebook post , fellow Monkee Michael Nesmith stated that he does not know if the Monkees belong in the Hall of Fame because he can only see the impact of the Monkees from the inside , and further stated : `` I can see the HOF ( Hall of Fame ) is a private enterprise . It seems to operate as a business , and the inductees are there by some action of the owners of the Enterprise . The inductees appear to be chosen at the owner 's pleasure . This seems proper to me . It is their business in any case . It does not seem to me that the HOF carries a public mandate , nor should it be compelled to conform to one . '' Various magazines and news outlets , such as Time , NPR radio , The Christian Science Monitor , Goldmine magazine , Yahoo Music and MSNBC have argued that the Monkees belong in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . See also ( edit ) Rock and Roll portal Cleveland portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2013 -- 14 Annual Report to the Community '' ( PDF ) . RockHall.com . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . 2014 . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Lee . `` The house the rock built celebrates 15 years with a redesign of exhibit galleries and new library '' . Article . WEWS TV / ABC . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heaton , Michael ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame welcomes 10 millionth visitor '' . The Plain Dealer via Cleveland.com . Plain Dealer Publishing Co. and Northeast Ohio Media Group . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ WMMS : A Cleveland Legend Turns 40 The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . Rockhall.com . Retrieved on July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peter Guralnick ( author of Sam Phillips : The Man Who Invented Rock ' n ' Roll ) , an interview , `` Bostonia , '' Winter - Spring 2016 , pp. 52 - 54 . Jump up ^ Plain Dealer Staff . `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum Timeline : 1995 -- 2010 '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grzegorek , Vince ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Rock Hall President : Induction to Take Place in Cleveland Every Other Year Beginning in 2018 '' . CleveScene.com . Cleveland Scene . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is going strong , 15 years after opening '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductions , done ' the Cleveland way , ' are a hit '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Plain Dealer Staff . `` A look inside the redesign of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum : Interactive Graphic '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Swank , Niki . `` Rock & Roll Hall of Fame : the heart of rock and roll '' . Builders Exchange Magazine . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Troy L. ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Rock Hall premieres its spellbinding ' The Power of Rock Experience ' '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McGregor , Ellen ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` First Major redesign of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum nears completion '' . Scripps Media / News Net 5 / ABC News ( Cleveland ) . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` Redesigned Rock Hall opens exhibit on The Beatles '' . Article . NBC News / AP . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ AISC Marketing , Inc . `` The House That Steel Built : A Showcase of Interesting and Aesthetic Projects '' ( PDF ) . Business Literature . American Institute of Steel Construction . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( see Larry G. Keeter , `` Elvis Is In the Building , '' `` Elvis International Forum , '' Summer 2000 , pp. 28 -- 29 ) Jump up ^ Smith , Troy . `` Rock Hall announces ' Rock , Power and Politics ' exhibit to coincide with Republican National Convention '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Troy . `` Rock Hall exhibit lays out Rolling Stone magazine 's remarkable impact '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yarborough , Chuck . `` '' Just Ca n't Get Enough : The Photography of Robert Alford '' opens Sept. 19 at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum `` . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum / Past Exhibits '' . Official Website . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yarborough , Chuck . `` ' Herb Ritts : The Rock Portraits ' : Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's captivating exhibit spotlights photographer 's skill at capturing stars ' essence ( review ) '' . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hake , A. `` Rock Hall Announces Black History Month Events '' . Article . WOIO / 19 Action News . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ D.X. , Ferris . `` Slash , Billy Gibbons Jam for Les Paul at Rock Hall 's American Music Master 's Concert '' . Article . Rolling Stone Magazine . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DeMarco , Laura . `` Rock Hall to honor Janis Joplin in American Music Masters series '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` Aretha Franklin Honored in Rock and Roll Hall of Fame American Music Masters Tribute '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Patrick . `` Chuck Berry Praises Obama , Laments Fading Health '' . Article . Rolling Stones Magazine . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ - The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum '' . Jump up ^ `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock '' . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Artcom Museums Tour : Rock and Roll Hall of Fame & Museum , Cleveland , OH - Moving Companies '' . Jump up ^ `` Experience The Music : One Hit Wonders and The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Joel is surprise guest at Rock and Roll Hall of Fame concert '' . NJ.com . Jump up ^ Henry Ray Abrams / Ap . `` Jagger , Springsteen , Black Eyed Peas jam with U2 at rock hall concert '' . NJ.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Henry Ray Abrams / AP . `` Songs for HBO 's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame special announced '' . NJ.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame -- Induction Process . Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Crickets , Famous Flames , Comets , Miracles , Midnighters and Blue Caps added to Rock Hall induction ceremony '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ WENN . `` Late Ertegun Honoured With New Hall Of Fame Award '' . Contactmusic.com . Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Neil Diamond , Alice Cooper , Dr. John , Darlene Love and Tom Waits headed into Rock Hall '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Opens Archives to the Public '' . Rolling Stone Magazine . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary . `` Rock Hall Opening Library and Archives This Week '' . Article . Billboard Magazine . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` Rock Hall Library and Archives set to open Tuesday '' . article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Roger ( April 4 , 2001 ) . `` Rock Hall of Fame Fallout : ' There Is Resentment Building Up ' '' . Fox News . Retrieved April 4 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` The Godmother of Rock & Roll : Sister Rosetta Tharpe '' . BBC Four . May 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Godmother of Rock and Roll : Sister Rosetta Tharpe '' . PBS . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Doug Yule - Story '' . ^ Jump up to : Morrissey , Janet ( December 3 , 2011 ) . `` Battle of the Bands ( and Egos ) for the Rock Hall of Fame '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boehm , Mike ( December 29 , 2009 ) . `` Getting progressive : The Rock Hall votes in Genesis . Is Yes or Procol Harum next ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gundersen , Edna ( March 12 , 2007 ) . `` Dispute rocks the hall '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Roger ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Hall Voting Scandal : Rock Group Actually Won '' . Fox News . Retrieved April 6 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Roger ( January 12 , 2007 ) . `` Three strikes , they 're in '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2007 . Retrieved January 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Selvin , Joel ( November 14 , 2007 ) . `` View : Rock and Roll Hall offers lackluster candidates '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved December 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Official announcement from the Sex Pistols regarding the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame '' . Sex Pistols -- The Filth and the Fury . February 24 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Transcript : Paul Resnikoff , `` I 'm Charlotte Church . And This Is How Women Are Routinely Demoralized by the Music Industry ... , '' Digital Media News , October 15 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 6 Music - The John Peel Lecture - Downloads '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Chapa , Yuridia , `` Misogyny in Rock '' Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame : Inductees '' . Jump up ^ https://pitchfork.com/news/64693-steve-miller-rips-the-rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame/ Jump up ^ Heaton , Michael ( March 17 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Hall denies vote fix report '' . The Plain Dealer . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2007 . Retrieved April 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna leads list of Rock Hall inductees '' . CNN . Associated Press . 2007 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2007 . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nesmith , Michael . `` '' Should The Monkees be included in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ? `` , you ask '' . Facebook . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McCombs , Joseph ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` Hey , Hey Let Them In : 10 Reasons The Monkees Should Be in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hirsh , Marc . `` NOW Can We Induct The Monkees Into The Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame ? '' . NPR Radio . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame : The top 5 biggest omissions '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marder , Phill . `` No Monkee business allowed in the Rock Hall of Fame ? '' . Goldmine Magazine . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marder , Phill. `` 10 more bands snubbed by the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame '' . Goldmine Magazine . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hoskyns , Barney . `` Why Are n't the Monkees In the Rock and Roll of Fame ? '' . Yahoo Music . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sclafani , Tony . `` Hey hey , it 's the fans who want the Monkees in the Rock Hall '' . MSNBC . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who started the rock and roll hall of fame	[ "Founder Ahmet Ertegun assembled a team that included attorney Suzan Evans, Rolling Stone magazine editor and publisher Jann S. Wenner, attorney Allen Grubman, and record executives Seymour Stein, Bob Krasnow, and Noreen Woods. The Foundation began inducting artists in 1986, but the Hall of Fame still had no home. The search committee considered several cities, including Philadelphia (home of Bill Haley and American Bandstand), Memphis (home of Sun Studios and Stax Records), Detroit (home of Motown Records), Cincinnati (home of King Records), New York City, and Cleveland.[citation needed]" ]	[ "Ahmet Ertegun" ]
-4289464126022449845	MacBook Pro	MacBook Pro - Wikipedia MacBook Pro This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 13 August 2018 . Not to be confused with Mac Pro . MacBook Pro 15 - inch MacBook Pro space gray late 2017 Developer Apple Inc . Manufacturer Foxconn Pegatron Product family MacBook family Type Laptop Release date January 10 , 2006 ; 12 years ago ( 2006 - 01 - 10 ) ( Original ) July 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 12 ) ( Current ) Operating system macOS Predecessor PowerBook G4 Related articles MacBook , MacBook Air , iMac Website www.apple.com/macbook-pro/ The MacBook Pro ( sometimes abbreviated as MBP ) is a line of Macintosh portable computers introduced in January 2006 by Apple Inc . It is the high - end model of the MacBook family and is currently available in 13 - and 15 - inch screen sizes . A 17 - inch version was available between April 2006 and June 2012 . The first generation MacBook Pro is externally similar to the PowerBook G4 it replaces , but uses Intel Core processors instead of PowerPC G4 chips . The 15 - inch model was introduced first , in January 2006 ; the 17 - inch model followed in April . Both received several updates and Core 2 Duo processors later that year . The product 's second iteration , known as the `` unibody '' model , has a casing made from a single piece of aluminum . It debuted in October 2008 in 13 - and 15 - inch screen sizes . In January 2009 , the 17 - inch model was updated with the same unibody design . Subsequent updates brought upgraded Intel Core i5 and i7 processors and introduced Intel 's Thunderbolt technology . Apple released the third generation of MacBook Pro with a 15 - inch screen during WWDC 2012 and discontinued the 17 - inch variant . The previous generation 13 - and 15 - inch unibody models continued to sell with updated processors . The third generation model is thinner than its predecessor and is the first to include a high - resolution Retina Display . A 13 - inch variant was released in October 2012 . The fourth generation MacBook Pro was announced on October 27 , 2016 . It replaces the function keys with an interactive , multi-touch `` Touch Bar '' and a Touch ID sensor integrated into the Power button . Contents 1 First generation ( Metallic Polycarbonate ) 1.1 Updates 1.2 Reception 1.3 Technical specifications 2 Second generation ( Unibody ) 2.1 Design 2.2 Updates 2.3 Reception 2.4 Technical specifications 2.5 Early and Late 2011 model GPU Issues 3 Third generation ( Retina ) 3.1 Design 3.2 Reception 3.3 Repairability and environmental concerns 3.4 Technical specifications 4 Fourth generation ( Touch Bar and USB - C ) 4.1 Design and usability 4.2 Battery life 4.3 Reliability and repairability 4.4 Battery swelling issues 4.5 Other issues 4.6 Technical specifications 5 Software and operating systems 6 Timeline of the MacBook family 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links First generation ( metallic polycarbonate ) ( edit ) The MacBook Pro 15 inch The original 15 - inch MacBook Pro was announced on January 10 , 2006 by Steve Jobs at the Macworld Conference & Expo . The 17 - inch model was unveiled on April 24 , 2006 . The first design was largely a carryover from the PowerBook G4 , but uses Intel Core CPUs instead of PowerPC G4 chips . The 15 - inch MacBook Pro weighs the same as the 15 - inch aluminum PowerBook G4 , but is 0.1 inches ( 0.25 cm ) deeper , 0.4 inches ( 1.0 cm ) wider , and 0.1 inches ( 0.25 cm ) thinner . Other changes from the PowerBook include a built - in iSight webcam and the inclusion of MagSafe , a magnetic power connector designed to detach easily when yanked . These features were later brought over to the MacBook . The optical drive was reduced in size in order to fit into the slimmer MacBook Pro , hence it runs slower than the optical drive in the PowerBook G4 and can not write to dual layer DVDs . Both the original 15 - and 17 - inch model MacBook Pros come with ExpressCard / 34 slots , which replace the PC Card slots found in the PowerBook G4 . All first generation 15 - inch models have two USB 2.0 ports and one FireWire 400 port , while the 17 - inch models have three USB 2.0 ports as well as one FireWire 400 port . When first introduced , the MacBook Pro did not come with FireWire 800 or S - Video ports , although FireWire 800 was added in the next 15 - inch model revision and is present in every version of the 17 - inch design . S - Video capability can be attained through the use of a DVI to S - Video adapter . External displays with up to a 2,560 × 1,600 pixel resolution are supported through a dual - link DVI port . All models include a built - in Gigabit Ethernet port , Bluetooth 2.0 , and 802.11 a / b / g . Later models include support for the draft 2.0 specification of 802.11 n and Bluetooth 2.1 . Updates ( edit ) Apple refreshed the entire MacBook Pro line on October 24 , 2006 to include Intel Core 2 Duo processors . Memory capacity was doubled for each model , to 1 GB on the low - end 15 - inch and 2 GB for the high - end 15 - and 17 - inch models . FireWire 800 was added to the 15 - inch models . Hard drive capacity was increased , although video card options stayed the same . The MacBook Pro line received a second update on June 5 , 2007 with new Nvidia Geforce 8600M GT video cards and faster processor options . LED backlighting was added to the 15 - inch model 's screen , and its weight was reduced from 5.6 pounds ( 2.5 kg ) to 5.4 pounds ( 2.4 kg ) . Furthermore , the speed of the front - side bus was increased from 667 MHz to 800 MHz . On November 1 , 2007 , Apple added the option of a 2.6 GHz Santa Rosa platform Core 2 Duo CPU as well as reconfigured hard drive options . First - generation 17 - inch MacBook Pro On February 26 , 2008 , the MacBook Pro line was again updated . LED backlighting was added as an option for the 17 - inch model . Processors were updated to `` Penryn '' cores , which are built on the 45 nanometer process ( 65 nanometer `` Merom '' cores were previously used ) , and hard drive and memory capacities were increased . Multi-touch capabilities , first introduced with the MacBook Air earlier that year , were brought over to the MacBook Pro 's trackpad . When the 15 - inch unibody MacBook Pro was introduced on October 14 , 2008 , the pre-unibody model with the same screen size was discontinued , while the 17 - inch pre-unibody model continued to be sold . The original case design was discontinued on January 6 , 2009 , when the 17 - inch MacBook Pro was also updated with unibody construction . Reception ( edit ) Some reviewers applauded the MacBook Pro for its doubling or tripling the speed of the PowerBook G4 in some areas . For example , the 3D rendering program Cinema 4D XL was 3.3 times as fast ( 2.3 times faster ) , and its boot - up time was more than twice as quick . The MacBook Pro generally outperformed the PowerBook G4 in performance analyzer utility tests XBench and Cinebench . Reviewers lauded the screen 's maximum brightness , 67 percent higher than the PowerBook G4 ; the excellent horizontal viewing angles ; the matte options ; and the bright , crisp , and true colors . Although the screen offered fewer vertical pixels ( 1,440 × 900 in the MacBook Pro instead of 1,440 × 960 in the PowerBook ) , one reviewer called the screen `` nothing less than stellar '' . Reviewers praised the new MagSafe power adapter , although one reviewer said it disconnected too easily in some instances . They also praised the backlit keyboard , large trackpad , and the virtually silent operation of the machine . The new laptop also offered better wireless performance . One reviewer criticized the decision to underclock the ATI Mobility Radeon X1600 graphics card by about 30 percent its original speed . The notebook was also noted for running hot . Users complained that upgrading system memory was harder than in older Apple notebooks . Since the dimensions for the 15 - inch MacBook Pro were tweaked slightly from the 15 - inch PowerBook G4 , older accessories such as notebook sleeves did not work with the new models . Some users noted a slight flickering when the screen was on lower brightness settings . Apple increased the battery capacity by 10 Wh , going from 50 in the PowerBook G4 to 60 , but the more powerful Core Duo CPU required more power . Battery life therefore remained about the same as in previous models , at three - plus hours . Technical Specifications ( edit ) Archaic show Table of first generation MacBook Pro models Component Intel Core Duo Intel Core 2 Duo Model Early 2006 Late 2006 Mid 2007 Late 2007 Early 2008 Late 2008 Release date ( s ) January 10 , 2006 ( 15 `` ) , April 24 , 2006 ( 17 '' ) October 24 , 2006 June 5 , 2007 November 1 , 2007 February 26 , 2008 October 14 , 2008 Apple order number ( s ) MA463 * / A or MA464 * / A ; MA600 * or MA601 * ; MA092 * / A MA609 * , MA610 * , or MA611 * / A MA895 * , MA896 * , or MA897 * MA895 * / A , MA896 * / A , or MA897 * / A MB133 * / A , MB134 * / A , or MB166 * / A MB766 * / A Model number ( s ) A1150 ( 15 `` ) , A1151 ( 17 '' ) A1211 ( 15 `` ) , A1212 ( 17 '' ) A1226 ( 15 `` ) , A1229 ( 17 '' ) A1260 ( 15 `` ) , A1261 ( 17 '' ) A1261 Model Identifier ( s ) MacBookPro1 , 1 , MacBookPro1 , 2 MacBookPro2 , 1 , MacBookPro2 , 2 MacBookPro3 , 1 MacBookPro4 , 1 MacBookPro4 , 1 ( re-listed ) Widescreen Display ( matte or glossy ) 15.4 `` , LCD , 1,440 × 900 15.4 `` , LCD , 1,440 × 900 , with LED backlighting N / A 17 `` , LCD , 1,680 × 1,050 17 `` , LCD , 1,680 × 1,050 Optional 1,920 × 1,200 17 `` , LCD , 1,680 × 1,050 Optional 1,920 × 1,200 , with LED backlighting 17 `` , LCD , 1,920 × 1,200 , with LED backlighting Processor 1.83 GHz ( T2400 ) , 2.0 GHz ( T2500 ) or 2.16 GHz ( T2600 ) Intel Core Duo Yonah with 2 MB on - chip L2 cache 2.16 GHz ( T7400 ) or 2.33 GHz ( T7600 ) Intel Core 2 Duo Merom with 4 MB on - chip L2 cache 2.2 GHz ( T7500 ) or 2.4 GHz ( T7700 ) Intel Core 2 Duo Merom with 4 MB on - chip L2 cache 2.2 GHz ( T7500 ) or 2.4 GHz ( T7700 ) Intel Core 2 Duo Merom with 4 MB on - chip L2 cache Optional 2.6 GHz ( T7800 ) with 4 MB on - chip L2 cache 2.4 GHz ( T8300 ) Intel Core 2 Duo Penryn with 3 MB on - chip L2 cache , or 2.5 GHz ( T9300 ) with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache Optional 2.6 GHz ( T9500 ) with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache 2.5 GHz ( T9300 ) Intel Core 2 Duo Penryn with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache Optional 2.6 GHz ( T9500 ) with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache Front - side bus 667 MHz 800 MHz Memory Two slots for PC2 - 5300 DDR2 SDRAM ( 667 MHz ) 512 MB ( two 256 MB ) or 1 GB ( two 512 MB ) Expandable to 2 GB 1 GB ( two 512 MB ) or 2 GB ( two 1 GB ) Expandable to 4 GB , but only 3 GB addressable 2 GB ( two 1 GB ) Expandable to 6 GB 4 GB ( two 2 GB ) Expandable to 6 GB Graphics with dual - link DVI ATI Mobility Radeon X1600 with 128 MB or 256 MB of GDDR3 SDRAM Nvidia Geforce 8600M GT with 128 MB or 256 MB of GDDR3 SDRAM Nvidia Geforce 8600M GT with 256 MB , or 512 MB of GDDR3 SDRAM Nvidia Geforce 8600M GT with 512 MB of GDDR3 SDRAM Hard drive 80 GB , 100 GB , or 120 GB serial ATA , 5,400 - rpm Optional 100 GB 7,200 - rpm or 120 GB 5,400 - rpm . 120 GB , 160 GB , or 200 GB serial ATA , 5,400 - rpm Optional 100 GB , 7,200 - rpm . 120 GB or 160 GB serial ATA , 5,400 - rpm Optional 250 GB , 4,200 - rpm or 160 GB , 7,200 - rpm . 120 GB or 160 GB serial ATA , 5,400 - rpm Optional 250 GB , 5,400 - rpm or 200 GB , 7,200 - rpm . 200 GB or 250 GB serial ATA , 5,400 - rpm Optional 200 GB 7,200 - rpm or 300 GB 4,200 - rpm . 250 GB serial ATA , 5,400 - rpm Optional 320 GB , 7,200 - rpm or 128 GB SSD . SATA I ( 1.5 Gbit / s ) Optical disc drive Combo drive : 8 × DVD read , 24 × CD - R and 10 × CD - RW recording SuperDrive : 8 × DVD - DL discs reads . 4 × DVD+ / - R & RW recording . 24 × CD - R and 10 × CD - RW recording ( optional for 15 - inch ) SuperDrive : 4 × DVD + R writes , 8 × DVD+ / - R read , 4 × DVD+ / - RW writes , 24 × CD - R , and 10 × CD - RW recording ( 17 - inch ) SuperDrive : 2.4 × DVD + R DL writes , 6 × DVD+ / - R read , 4 × DVD+ / - RW writes , 24 × CD - R , and 10 × CD - RW recording or 4 × DVD + R DL writes , 8 × DVD+ / - R read / write , 4 × DVD+ / - RW writes , 24 × CD - R , and 10 × CD - RW recording SuperDrive : 4 × DVD + R DL writes , 8 × DVD+ / - R read / write , 4 × DVD+ / - RW writes , 24 × CD - R , and 10 × CD - RW recording SuperDrive : 4 × DVD + R DL writes , 8 × DVD+ / - R read / write , 8 × DVD + RW writes , 6 × DVD - RW writes , 24 × CD - R , and 16 × CD - RW recording AirPort Extreme Integrated 802.11 a / b / g ( Qualcomm Atheros AR5007 chipset ) Integrated 802.11 a / b / g and draft - n ( n disabled by default ) ( Qualcomm Atheros AR5008 chipset ) Integrated 802.11 a / b / g and draft - n ( n enabled ) ( Qualcomm Atheros AR5008 or Broadcom BCM4322 chipset , depending on revision ) Peripheral connections 2x USB 2.0 ( 15 `` ) or 3x USB 2.0 ( 17 '' ) 3x USB 2.0 1x FireWire 400 ( 15 `` ) or 1x FireWire 400 and 1x FireWire 800 ( 17 '' ) 1x FireWire 400 and 1x FireWire 800 ExpressCard / 34 , Gigabit Ethernet , DVI , Audio line in / out Latest possible operating system OS X 10.6 `` Snow Leopard '' OS X 10.7 `` Lion '' OS X 10.11 `` El Capitan '' ( Unofficially , can run macOS 10.12 `` Sierra '' with Sierra Patcher . Requires additional patching or hardware for Wi - Fi ) OS X 10.11 `` El Capitan '' ( Unofficially , can run macOS 10.13 `` High Sierra '' with High Sierra Patcher . Requires additional patching or hardware for Wi - Fi Battery ( lithium - polymer , removable ) 60 Wh ( 15 `` ) N / A 68 Wh ( 17 `` ) Weight 5.6 lb ( 2.5 kg ) ( 15 `` ) 5.4 lb ( 2.4 kg ) ( 15 `` ) N / A 6.8 lb ( 3.1 kg ) ( 17 `` ) Dimensions 14.1 in ( 36 cm ) wide × 9.6 in ( 24 cm ) deep × 1.0 in ( 2.5 cm ) ( 15 `` ) N / A 15.4 in ( 39 cm ) wide × 10.4 in ( 26 cm ) deep × 1.0 in ( 2.5 cm ) ( 17 `` ) Second generation ( unibody ) ( edit ) MacBook Pro Unibody 15 inch On October 14 , 2008 , in a press event at company headquarters , Apple officials announced a new 15 - inch MacBook Pro featuring a `` precision aluminum unibody enclosure '' and tapered sides similar to those of the MacBook Air . Designers shifted the MacBook Pro 's ports to the left side of the case , and moved the optical disc drive slot from the front to the right side , similar to the MacBook . The new MacBook Pros had two video cards , which the user could switch between : the Nvidia GeForce 9600M GT with either 256 or 512 MB of dedicated memory and a GeForce 9400M with 256 MB of shared system memory . Although the FireWire 400 port was removed , the FireWire 800 port was retained . The DVI port was replaced with a Mini DisplayPort receptacle . The original unibody MacBook Pro came with a user - removable battery ; Apple claimed five hours of use , with one reviewer reporting results closer to four on a continuous video battery stress test . Apple said that the battery would hold 80 percent of its charge after 300 recharges . Design ( edit ) The unibody - construction MacBook Pro largely follows the styling of the original aluminum iMac and the MacBook Air and is slightly thinner than its predecessor , albeit wider and deeper due to the widescreen display . The screen is high - gloss , covered by an edge - to - edge reflective glass finish , while an anti-glare matte option is available in the 15 - and 17 - inch models in which the glass panel is removed . The entire trackpad is usable and acts as a clickable button . The trackpad is also larger than the first generation model 's , giving more room for scrolling and multi-touch gestures . When the line was updated in April 2010 , inertial scrolling was added , making the scrolling experience much like that of the iPhone and iPad . The keys , still backlit , are now that of Apple 's now - standard sunken keyboard with separated black keys . Updates ( edit ) A size comparison of the unibody line of MacBook Pro laptops During the MacWorld Expo keynote on January 6 , 2009 , Phil Schiller announced a 17 - inch MacBook Pro with unibody construction . This version diverged from its 15 - inch sibling with an anti-glare `` matte '' screen option ( with the glossy finish standard ) and a non user - removable lithium polymer battery . Instead of traditional round cells inside the casing , the lithium - ion polymer batteries are shaped and fitted into each laptop to maximally utilize space . Adaptive charging , which uses a chip to optimize the charge flow to reduce wear and tear , extends the battery 's overall life . Battery life for the 17 '' version is quoted at eight hours , with 80 percent of this charge remaining after 1,000 charge - discharge cycles . At Apple 's Worldwide Developers Conference ( WWDC ) on June 8 , 2009 , it was announced that the 13 - inch unibody MacBook would be upgraded and re-branded as a MacBook Pro , leaving only the white polycarbonate MacBook in the MacBook line . It was also announced that the entire MacBook Pro line would use the non user - removable battery first introduced in the 17 - inch MacBook Pro . The updated MacBook Pro 13 - and the 15 - inch would each have up to a claimed seven hours of battery life , while the 17 - inch would keep its eight - hour capacity . Some sources even reported up to eight hours of battery life for the 13 - and 15 - inch MacBook Pros during casual use , while others reported around six hours . Like the 17 - inch MacBook Pro , Apple claims that they will last around 1,000 charge cycles while still containing 80 percent of their capacity . Graphics card options stayed the same from the previous release , although the 13 - inch and the base model 15 - inch , came with only the GeForce 9400M GPU . The screens were also improved , gaining a claimed 60 percent greater color gamut . All of these mid 2009 models also included a FireWire 800 port and all except the 17 - inch models would receive an SD card slot . The 17 - inch model would retain its ExpressCard / 34 slot . For the 13 - inch MacBook Pro , the Kensington lock slot was moved to the right side of the chassis . In August 2009 , Apple extended the `` matte '' anti-glare display option to the 15 - inch MacBook Pro . On April 13 , 2010 , Intel Core i5 and Core i7 CPUs were introduced in the 15 - and 17 - inch models , while the 13 - inch retained the Core 2 Duo with a speed increase . The power brick was redesigned and a high - resolution display ( of 1,680 × 1,050 ) was announced as an option for the 15 - inch models . The 13 - inch gained an integrated Nvidia GeForce 320M graphics processing unit ( GPU ) with 256 MB of shared memory , while the 15 - and 17 - inch models were upgraded to the GeForce GT 330M , with either 256 or 512 MB of dedicated memory . The 15 - and 17 - inch models also have an integrated Intel GPU that is built into the Core i5 and i7 processors . The 15 - inch model also gained 0.1 pounds ( 0.045 kg ) . Save for a third USB 2.0 slot , all the ports on the 17 - inch MacBook Pro are the same in type and number as on the 15 - inch version . All models come with 4 GB of system memory that is upgradeable to 8 GB . Battery life was also extended further in this update , to an estimated ten hours for the 13 - inch and 8 -- 9 hours on the 15 - and 17 - inch MacBook Pros . This was achieved through both greater power efficiency and adding more battery capacity . One reviewer reported about six hours of battery life through a continuous video battery stress test in the 15 - inch and another , who called the battery life `` unbeatable '' , reported nearer to eight in the 13 - inch through their `` highly demanding battery drain test '' . Thunderbolt technology , Sandy Bridge dual core Intel Core i5 and i7 ( on the 13 - inch model ) or quad - core i7 ( on the 15 - and 17 - inch models ) processors , and a high definition FaceTime camera were added on February 24 , 2011 . Intel HD Graphics 3000 come integrated with the CPU , while the 15 - and 17 - inch models also utilize AMD Radeon HD 6490M and Radeon HD 6750M graphics cards . Later editions of these models , following the release of OS X Lion , replaced the dashboard ( F4 ) key with a launchpad key . The chassis bottoms are also engraved differently from the 2010 models . The Thunderbolt serial bus platform can achieve speeds of up to 10 Gbit / s , which is up to twice as fast as the USB 3.0 specification , 20 times faster than the USB 2.0 specification , and up to 12 times faster than FireWire 800 . Apple says that Thunderbolt can be used to drive displays or to transfer large quantities of data in a short amount of time . On June 11 , 2012 , Apple showcased its upgraded Mac notebooks , OS X Mountain Lion , and iOS 6 at the Worldwide Developers Conference ( WWDC ) in San Francisco . The new MacBook Pro models were updated with Ivy Bridge processors and USB 3.0 ports , and the default RAM on premium models was increased to 8 GB . Following this announcement , the 17 - inch model was discontinued . After a media event on October 22 , 2013 Apple discontinued all second generation MacBook Pros except for the entry - level 2.5 GHz 13 - inch model . Apple discontinued the 13 - inch 2nd generation MacBook Pro on October 27 , 2016 . Prior to its discontinuation it was Apple 's only product to still include an optical drive and a Firewire port , and only laptop with a hard disk drive and Ethernet port . Reception ( edit ) Some reviewers praised the new laptop 's performance and compact size , the quality of the screen , and sturdy unibody build , which allowed easier upgrading of internal components as compared to the original models . Some reviewers also noted that the new MacBook Pro ran more quietly and at cooler temperatures than first generation machines . Others , however , criticized the amount of heat generated by the new design . Reviewers lamented the loss of a matte screen option for the 2008 unibody MacBook Pro , noting the reflectiveness of the screen in sunlight , even when its brightness was turned all the way up . CNET 's Dan Ackerman commented of the mid-2009 models : `` According to Apple , the new display offers a wider color gamut , and the screen certainly looks bright and colorful , but we wish the same matte - screen option offered on the 17 - inch MacBook Pro was available across the line ... While the LED screen means a thinner lid and some battery life benefits , the edge - to - edge glass covering the entire display panel grabs stray light rays with ease , making the glossy screen hard to see in some lighting conditions . '' By 2011 , matte screens were offered for both the 15 '' and 17 '' models . Furthermore , the addition of Mini DisplayPort instead of the more popular HDMI was criticized . The relatively low number of ports and lower end technical specifications when compared to similarly priced laptops from other brands were also bemoaned . Laptop Magazine 's Michael Prospero praised the 2010 15 - inch model 's display , calling it `` bright and crisp '' . He further commented , `` While reflections from the glossy display were n't overwhelming , it 's also nice to know there 's an antiglare option -- though only for the higher resolution display . Still , colors were bright , blacks were deep and dark , and viewing angles were excellent both vertically and horizontally . '' He also lauded the quality of the iSight webcam , the responsiveness of the touchpad , the microphone and speakers , as well as the performance of the new CPUs for the 15 '' model and the long battery life . Complaints included the price of the laptop , the low number of USB ports , and the lack of HDMI . CNET praised the automatic graphics switching features of the 15 - and 17 - inch 2010 models as well as the graphics cards themselves . Acclaim was also given to the Core i5 and i7 CPUs , the multi-touch trackpad , and the addition of audio capabilities to the Mini DisplayPort video output . They also called for the addition of HDMI and the Blu - ray optical disc format , saying that most other computers in the MacBook Pro 's price range possessed these features . CNET also criticized the option of a higher resolution screen in the 15 - inch model , saying that `` the higher - resolution screen should be included by default . '' Technical Specifications ( edit ) Archaic Obsolete Vintage Discontinued show Table of second generation MacBook Pro models Component Intel Core 2 Duo Intel Core 2 Duo , Core i5 , Core i7 Intel Core i5 , Core i7 Model Late 2008 Early 2009 Mid 2009 Mid 2010 Early 2011 Late 2011 Mid 2012 Release date October 14 , 2008 January 6 , 2009 ( 17 `` ) March 3 , 2009 ( 15 `` ) June 8 , 2009 April 13 , 2010 February 24 , 2011 October 24 , 2011 June 11 , 2012 Apple order number ( s ) MB470 * / A or MB471 * / A MB470 * / A , MC026 * / A or MB604 * / A MB990 * / A , MB991 * / A , MC118 * / A , MB985 * / A , MB986 * / A , or MC226 * / A MC374 * / A , MC375 * / A , MC371 * / A , MC372 * / A , MC373 * / A or MC024 * / A MC700 * / A , MC724 * / A , MC721 * / A , MC723 * / A , or MC725 * / A MD311 * / A , MD313 * / A , MD314 * / A , MD318 * / A , MD322 * / A or MD385 * / A MD101 * / A , MD102 * / A , MD103 * / A or MD104 * / A Model Number ( s ) A1286 ( 15 `` ) A1286 ( 15 `` ) , A1297 ( 17 '' ) A1278 ( 13 `` ) , A1286 ( 15 '' ) , A1297 ( 17 `` ) A1278 ( 13 `` ) , A1286 ( 15 '' ) Model Identifier ( s ) MacBookPro5 , 1 ( 15 `` ) MacBookPro5 , 1 ( 15 `` ) MacBookPro5 , 2 ( 17 `` ) MacBookPro5 , 1 ( 15 `` ) MacBookPro5 , 2 ( 17 `` ) MacBookPro5 , 3 ( 15 `` ) MacBookPro5 , 4 ( 15 `` ) MacBookPro5 , 5 ( 13 `` ) MacBookPro6 , 1 ( 17 `` ) MacBookPro6 , 2 ( 15 `` ) MacBookPro7 , 1 ( 13 `` ) MacBookPro8 , 1 ( 13 `` ) MacBookPro8 , 2 ( 15 `` ) MacBookPro8 , 3 ( 17 `` ) MacBookPro9 , 1 ( 15 `` ) MacBookPro9 , 2 ( 13 `` ) LED - backlit widescreen glossy display ( 16 : 10 ) N / A 13.3 `` , 1,280 × 800 15.4 `` , 1,440 × 900 15.4 `` , 1,440 × 900 Optional matte screen 15.4 `` , 1,440 × 900 Optional 1,680 × 1,050 ( glossy or matte ) N / A 17 `` , 1,920 × 1,200 Optional matte screen N / A Video camera iSight ( 480p ) FaceTime HD ( 720p ) Processor N / A 2.26 GHz ( P8400 ) or 2.53 GHz ( P8700 ) Intel Core 2 Duo Penryn with 3 MB on - chip L2 cache 2.4 GHz ( P8600 ) or 2.66 GHz ( P8800 ) Intel Core 2 Duo Penryn with 3 MB on - chip L2 cache 2.3 GHz ( 2415M ) Intel Core i5 Sandy Bridge with 3 MB on - chip L3 cache or 2.7 GHz ( 2620M ) Intel Core i7 Sandy Bridge with 4 MB on - chip L3 cache 2.4 GHz ( 2435M ) Intel Core i5 Sandy Bridge with 3 MB on - chip L3 cache or 2.8 GHz ( 2640M ) Intel Core i7 Sandy Bridge with 4 MB on - chip L3 cache 2.5 GHz ( 3210M ) Intel Core i5 Ivy Bridge with 3 MB on - chip L3 cache or 2.9 GHz ( 3520M ) Intel Core i7 Ivy Bridge with 4 MB on - chip L3 cache 2.4 GHz ( P8600 ) with 3 MB on - chip L2 cache or 2.53 GHz ( T9400 ) Intel Core 2 Duo Penryn with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache Optional 2.8 GHz ( T9600 ) with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache 2.4 GHz ( P8600 ) with 3 MB on - chip L2 cache ( 15 '' only ) or 2.53 GHz ( T9400 ) with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache ( 15 '' only ) or 2.66 GHz ( T9550 ) ( 17 '' only ) Intel Core 2 Duo Penryn with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache Optional 2.8 GHz ( T9600 ) with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache ( 15 '' only ) or 2.93 GHz ( T9800 ) with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache ( 17 '' only ) 2.53 GHz ( P8700 ) or 2.66 GHz ( P8800 ) ( 15 '' only ) with 3 MB on - chip L2 cache or 2.8 GHz ( T9600 ) ( 15 '' and 17 '' only ) Intel Core 2 Duo Penryn with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache Optional 3.06 GHz ( T9900 ) with 6 MB on - chip L2 cache ( 15 '' and 17 '' only ) 2.4 GHz ( 520M ) ( 15 '' only ) or 2.53 GHz ( 540M ) ( 15 '' and 17 '' only ) with 3 MB on - chip L3 cache or 2.66 GHz ( 620M ) ( 15 '' and 17 '' only ) Intel Core i7 Arrandale with 4 MB on - chip L3 cache Optional 2.8 GHz ( 640M ) with 4 MB on - chip L3 cache ( 15 '' and 17 '' only ) 2.0 GHz quad - core ( 2635QM ) ( 15 '' only ) or 2.2 GHz quad - core ( 2720QM ) ( 15 '' and 17 '' only ) Intel Core i7 Sandy Bridge with 6 MB on - chip L3 cache Optional 2.3 GHz ( 2820QM ) with 8 MB on - chip L3 cache ( 15 '' and 17 '' only ) 2.2 GHz quad - core ( 2675QM ) ( 15 '' only ) or 2.4 GHz quad - core ( 2760QM ) ( 15 '' and 17 '' only ) Intel Core i7 Sandy Bridge with 6 MB on - chip L3 cache Optional 2.5 GHz ( 2860QM ) with 8 MB on - chip L3 cache ( 15 '' and 17 '' only ) 2.3 GHz quad - core ( 3615QM ) ( 15 '' only ) or 2.6 GHz quad - core ( 3720QM ) ( 15 '' only ) Intel Core i7 Ivy Bridge with 6 MB on - chip L3 cache Optional 2.7 GHz ( 3820QM ) with 8 MB on - chip L3 cache ( 15 '' only ) System bus N / A 1,066 MHz front side bus ( 13 `` ) Intel Direct Media Interface 5 GT / s 1,066 MHz front side bus 1,066 MHz front side bus ( 15 '' and 17 `` ) Intel Direct Media Interface 2.5 GT / s ( 15 '' and 17 `` ) Memory ( Two slots ) 2 GB ( two 1 GB ) or 4 GB ( two 2 GB ) Expandable to 4 GB by default , expandable to 8 GB with the latest EFI update 4 GB ( two 2 GB ) Expandable to 8 GB . 2.66 GHz and 2.93 GHz models expandable to 8 GB 2 GB ( two 1 GB ) or 4 GB ( two 2 GB ) Expandable to 8 GB 4 GB ( two 2 GB ) Expandable to 8 GB 16 GB on 13 '' models 4 GB ( two 2 GB ) Expandable to 16 GB 4 GB ( two 2 GB ) or 8 GB ( two 4 GB ) Expandable to 16 GB 1066 MHz PC3 - 8500 DDR3 SDRAM 1333 MHz PC3 - 10600 DDR3 SDRAM Voltage 1.5 V Expandable to 16GB of 1600 MHz PC3 - 12800 DDR3 SDRAM 1600 MHz PC3 - 12800 DDR3 SDRAM Voltage 1.35 V Graphics N / A Nvidia GeForce 9400M with 256 MB of DDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory ( 13 '' and some 15 '' models ) Nvidia GeForce 320M with 256 MB of DDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory ( 13 '' models only ) Intel HD Graphics 3000 with 384 MB ( 512 MB with 8 GB of RAM installed ) DDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory ( 13 '' models only ) Intel HD Graphics 4000 with DDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory ( 13 '' models only ) Nvidia GeForce 9400M with 256 MB of DDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory and Nvidia GeForce 9600M GT with 256 MB or 512 MB of GDDR3 SDRAM Can switch between the two ( but can not use both ) Nvidia GeForce 9400M with 256 MB of DDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory and Nvidia GeForce 9600M GT with 256 MB or 512 MB of GDDR3 SDRAM ( some 15 '' or 17 '' models ) Can switch between the two ( but can not use both ) Intel HD Graphics with 256 MB of DDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory and Nvidia GeForce GT 330M with 256 MB or 512 MB of GDDR3 SDRAM ( 15 '' and 17 '' models ) Automatically switches between graphics hardware when running OS X Intel HD Graphics 3000 with 384 MB DDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory ( 15 '' and 17 '' models ) and AMD Radeon HD 6490M with 256 MB GDDR5 memory ( 15 '' models ) or AMD Radeon HD 6750M with 1 GB GDDR5 memory ( 15 '' and 17 '' models ) Automatically switches between graphics hardware when running OS X Intel HD Graphics 3000 with 384 MB DDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory ( 15 '' and 17 '' models ) and AMD Radeon HD 6750M with 512 MB GDDR5 memory ( 15 '' models ) or AMD Radeon HD 6770M with 1 GB GDDR5 memory ( 15 '' and 17 '' models ) Automatically switches between graphics hardware when running OS X Intel HD Graphics 4000 with DDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory and Nvidia GeForce GT 650M with 512 MB GDDR5 memory ( base 15 '' model ) or 1 GB GDDR5 memory Automatically switches between graphics hardware when running OS X Storage 250 GB or 320 GB serial ATA at 5,400 - rpm Optional 250 GB or 320 GB at 7,200 - rpm , 128 GB SSD 250 GB or 320 GB serial ATA at 5,400 - rpm Optional 250 GB or 320 GB at 7,200 - rpm , 128 GB or 256 GB SSD 160 GB , 250 GB , 320 GB , or 500 GB serial ATA at 5,400 - rpm Optional 320 GB or 500 GB at 5,400 - rpm or 7,200 - rpm ( 15 '' and 17 '' only ) or 128 GB or 256 GB SSD 250 GB , 320 GB , or 500 GB serial ATA at 5,400 - rpm . Optional 320 GB or 500 GB at 5,400 - rpm or 7,200 - rpm or 128 GB , 256 GB , or 512 GB SSD . 320 GB ( 13 '' only ) , 500 GB or 750 GB serial ATA at 5,400 - rpm . Optional 500 GB or 750 GB at 5,400 - rpm or 500 GB at 7,200 - rpm ( 15 '' and 17 '' only ) , or 128 GB , 256 GB , or 512 GB SSD 500 GB or 750 GB serial ATA at 5,400 - rpm ( 13 '' and base 15 '' models ) or 17 '' 750 GB serial ATA at 5,400 - rpm ( high - end 15 '' and 17 '' models ) Optional 750 GB at 5,400 - rpm or 7,200 - rpm ( 15 '' and 17 '' only ) , or 128 GB , 256 GB , or 512 GB SSD 500 GB or 750 GB serial ATA at 5,400 - rpm Optional 750 GB at 5,400 - rpm or 7,200 - rpm or 1 TB at 5,400 - rpm or 128 GB , 256 GB , 512 GB or 1 TB SSD SATA II ( 3 Gbit / s ) SATA III ( 6 Gbit / s ) Optical disc drive SuperDrive : 4 × DVD ± R DL writes , 8 × DVD+ / - R read / write , 8 × DVD + RW writes , 6 × DVD - RW writes , 24 × CD - R , and 16 × CD - RW recording AirPort Extreme Integrated 802.11 a / b / g / draft - n ( n enabled ) ( Broadcom BCM4322 2 × 2 chipset ) Integrated 802.11 a / b / g / n ( Broadcom BCM4331 3 × 3 chipset ) Peripheral connections ExpressCard / 34 SDXC card slot ( 13 '' and 15 `` ) or ExpressCard / 34 ( 17 '' ) SDXC card slot USB 2.0 ( two ports on 13 '' and 15 `` , three ports on 17 '' ) USB 3.0 ( two ports ) Mini DisplayPort ( without audio support ) Mini DisplayPort ( with audio support ) Thunderbolt port Gigabit Ethernet , Firewire 800 , Audio line in / out Latest possible operating system OS X 10.11 `` El Capitan '' ( Unofficially , can run up to macOS 10.13 `` High Sierra '' with High Sierra Patcher ) macOS 10.13 `` High Sierra '' macOS 10.14 `` Mojave '' Battery ( lithium polymer , non-removable except in original 15 `` ) N / A 58 Wh ( 13 `` ) 63.5 Wh ( 13 `` ) 50 Wh removable lithium - polymer ( 15 `` ) 73 Wh ( 15 `` ) 77.5 Wh ( 15 `` ) N / A 95 Wh ( 17 `` ) N / A Weight N / A 4.50 lb ( 2.04 kg ) ( 13 `` ) 5.5 lb ( 2.5 kg ) ( 15 `` ) 5.6 lb ( 2.5 kg ) ( 15 `` ) N / A 6.6 lb ( 3.0 kg ) ( 17 `` ) N / A Dimensions N / A 12.78 in ( 32.5 cm ) wide × 8.94 in ( 22.7 cm ) deep × 0.95 in ( 2.4 cm ) high ( 13 `` ) 14.35 in ( 36.4 cm ) wide × 9.82 in ( 24.9 cm ) deep × 0.95 in ( 2.4 cm ) high ( 15 `` ) N / A 15.47 in ( 39.3 cm ) wide × 10.51 in ( 26.7 cm ) deep × 0.98 in ( 2.5 cm ) high ( 17 `` ) N / A Since the RAM and the hard drive on some generations of MacBook Pro are user serviceable parts , there are aftermarket modifications to enhance the system with up to 16GB of DDR3 - 1600 RAM ( maximum capacity and frequency depend on the hardware in question ) , 7200 - rpm hard drives or third party SSDs . Early and Late 2011 model GPU Issues ( edit ) Early and Late 2011 models reportedly suffer from manufacturing problems leading to overheating , graphical issues , and eventually complete GPU and logic board failure . A similar but nonidentical issue affected iMac GPUs which were later recalled by Apple . The problem was covered by many articles in Mac - focused magazines , starting late 2013 throughout 2014 . In August 2014 the law firm Whitfield Bryson & Mason LLP had begun investigating the problem to determine if any legal claim exists . On October 28 , 2014 , the firm announced that it has filed a class - action lawsuit in a California federal court against Apple . The lawsuit will cover residents residing in both California and Florida who have purchased a 2011 MacBook Pro notebook with an AMD graphics card . The firm is also investigating similar cases across the United States . On February 20 , 2015 , Apple instituted the `` MacBook Pro Repair Extension Program for Video Issues '' . This `` will repair affected MacBook Pro systems , free of charge '' . The program covered affected MacBook Pro models until December 31 , 2016 or four years from original date of sale . Third generation ( Retina ) ( edit ) MacBook Pro Retina 15 inch The MacBook Pro Retina with its two Thunderbolt Ports A MacBook Air ( top ) and a third generation Retina MacBook Pro ( bottom ) . The MacBook Pro has a thinner MagSafe 2 port and two Thunderbolt ports . On June 11 , 2012 at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference in San Francisco , Apple introduced the third generation MacBook Pro , marketed as the `` MacBook Pro with Retina display '' to differentiate it from the predecessor model . The new model includes Intel 's third generation Core i7 processors ( Ivy Bridge microarchitecture ) , USB 3.0 , and a high - resolution 15.4 '' IPS 2880 × 1800 - pixel Retina Display . Other new or changed features include a second Thunderbolt port , a HDMI port , and a thinner MagSafe port , dubbed the `` MagSafe 2 '' . Apple introduced a 13 - inch version on October 23 , 2012 with specifications similar but slightly inferior to the 15 - inch version 's , such as less powerful processors . The new models omit Ethernet and FireWire 800 ports , though Apple offers Thunderbolt adapters for both interfaces . They also omit a SuperDrive , making the 15 - inch model Apple 's first professional notebook since the PowerBook 2400c to ship without a built - in optical drive . Instead of a hard disk drive , the new models ship with a solid state drive housed in a proprietary flash module design rather than a 2.5 '' notebook drive . Apple also claims improved speakers and microphones and a new system for cooling the notebook with improved fans . The new case design does not have a Kensington lock slot , so alternative products are required to physically secure the computer . The Retina models also have fewer user - accessible upgrade or replacement options than previous MacBooks . Unlike in previous generations , the memory is soldered onto the logic board and is therefore not upgradable . The solid state drive is not soldered and can be replaced by users . The battery is glued into place ; attempts to remove it may destroy the battery and / or trackpad . The entire case uses proprietary pentalobe screws and can not be disassembled with standard tools . While the battery is glued in , recycling companies have stated that the design is only `` mildly inconvenient '' and does not hamper the recycling process . On February 13 , 2013 , Apple announced updated prices and processors for the MacBook Pro with Retina Display and increased the RAM of the high - end 15 - inch model to 16 GB . On October 22 , 2013 , Apple updated the line with Intel 's Haswell processors and Iris Graphics , 802.11 ac Wi - Fi , Thunderbolt 2 , and PCIe - based flash storage . The chassis of the 13 - inch version was slightly slimmed to 0.71 inches ( 18 mm ) to match the 15 - inch model . The lower - end 15 - inch model only included integrated graphics while the higher - end model continued to include a discrete Nvidia graphics card in addition to integrated graphics . Support for 4K video output via HDMI was added but limited the maximum number of external displays from three to two . On July 29 , 2014 Apple announced updated prices and processors for the Haswell MacBook Pro with Retina Display . On March 9 , 2015 , the 13 - inch model was updated with Intel Broadwell processors , Iris 6100 graphics , faster flash storage , increased battery life , and a Force Touch trackpad . On May 19 , 2015 , the 15 - inch model was also updated with similarly fast flash storage , increased battery life , the Force Touch trackpad , and an AMD Radeon R9 discrete graphics card on the higher - end model . The higher - end 15 - inch model also added support for dual - cable output to 5120 × 2880 displays . The 15 - inch models were released with the same Intel Haswell processors and Iris Pro graphics as the 2014 models due to a delay in shipment of newer Broadwell quad - core processors . Apple continued to sell the 2015 15 - inch model until July 2018 . Design ( edit ) The Retina Display MacBook Pro largely follows the design of the previous generation with its aluminum enclosure and separated black keys . The most apparent body changes are a thinner chassis and a display with a redesigned hinge and thinner bezel and the removal of the internal optical drive . The power button is moved from the upper right corner of the chassis onto the keyboard , taking the place of the optical disc eject button . At 0.71 inches ( 18 mm ) thick , the 15 - inch model is 25 percent thinner than its predecessor . The model name is no longer placed at the bottom of the screen bezel ; instead , it is found on the underside of the chassis , similar to an iOS device . It is the first Macintosh laptop to not have its model name visible during normal use , as every prior laptop had its model name on the screen bezel or keyboard . Reception ( edit ) The third generation MacBook Pro received positive reviews of the Retina Display , flash storage and power . It was criticized , however , for its high price and lack of an Ethernet port and optical drive . Roman Loyola of Macworld said that the Retina MacBook Pro was `` groundbreaking '' and made people `` rethink how they use technology '' . He praised the inclusion of USB 3.0 and the slimmer body . Dan Ackerman of CNET commented `` I 've previously called the 15 - inch MacBook Pro one of the most universally useful all - around laptops you can buy . This new version adds to that with HDMI , faster ports , and more portability . But it also subtracts from that with its exclusion of an optical drive and Ethernet port , plus its very high starting price . The Pro and Retina Pro are clearly two laptops designed for two different users , and with the exception of all - day commuters who need something closer to a MacBook Air or ultrabook , one of the two branches of the MacBook Pro family tree is still probably the most universally useful laptop you can buy . '' The Retina MacBook line has no internal optical drives . External drives such as Apple 's SuperDrive ( pictured ) must be used instead . Joel Santo Domingo of PC Magazine gave the MacBook Pro an `` Editor 's Choice '' rating . He praised its `` brilliant Retina display '' , the thin design , port selection and speedy storage , and highlighted the expandability via Thunderbolt ports which support up to seven devices each . David Pogue of The New York Times praised the 15 - inch model 's screen , keyboard , sound , start - up time , cosmetics , battery life , storage , and RAM capacity . They criticized the lack of a SuperDrive , pricing , and the MagSafe 2 power connector 's lack of backwards compatibility with the older MagSafe design . The Retina Display on the MacBook Pro have been criticized for `` image retention '' , specifically for displays manufactured by LG . In 2017 , one year after the introduction of the fourth generation of the MacBook Pro , the original lead developer of Tumblr Marco Arment wrote an evocative article in which he declared the third - generation MacBook Pro the best laptop ever made . The sentiment was shared by many users of various social platforms . Repairability and environmental concerns ( edit ) Since the battery is glued in and can not be easily disassembled for recycling ( an EPEAT requirement ) , Apple received criticisms about the machine 's ability to be recycled . Greenpeace spokesman Casey Harrell said Apple `` has pitted design against the environment -- and chosen design . They 're making a big bet that people do n't care , but recycling is a big issue . '' Wired also criticized Apple 's recyclability claims , stating `` ( t ) he design may well be comprised of ' highly recyclable aluminum and glass ' -- but my friends in the electronics recycling industry tell me they have no way of recycling aluminum that has glass glued to it like Apple did with both this machine and the recent iPad . '' Technical specifications ( edit ) Vintage Discontinued Current show Table of third generation MacBook Pro models Component Intel Core i5 , Core i7 Model Mid 2012 Late 2012 Early 2013 Late 2013 Mid 2014 Early 2015 Mid 2015 Release date June 11 , 2012 ( 15 `` ) October 23 , 2012 ( 13 `` ) February 13 , 2013 October 22 , 2013 July 29 , 2014 March 9 , 2015 ( 13 `` ) May 19 , 2015 ( 15 `` ) Model number ( s ) MC975 * / A or MC976 * / A or MD831 * / A MD212 * / A or MD213 * / A ME664 * / A or ME665 * / A or ME698 * / A , ME662 * / A or ME663 * / A or ME697 * / A ME864 * / A or ME865 * / A or ME866 * / A , ME293 * / A or ME294 * / A MGX72 * / A or MGX82 * / A or MGX92 * / A , MGXA2 * / A or MGXC2 * / A MF839 * / A or MF840 * / A or MF841 * / A MJLQ2 * / A or MJLT2 * / A Model Identifier ( s ) MacBookPro10 , 1 ( 15 `` ) ( A1398 ) MacBookPro10 , 2 ( 13 `` ) ( A1425 ) MacBookPro10 , 2 ( 13 `` ) ( A1425 ) MacBookPro11 , 1 ( 13 `` ) ( A1502 ) MacBookPro12 , 1 ( 13 `` ) ( A1502 ) MacBookPro11 , 4 ( 15 `` ) MacBookPro11 , 5 ( 15 `` ) MacBookPro10 , 1 ( 15 `` ) MacBookPro11 , 2 ( 15 `` ) ( A1398 ) MacBookPro11 , 3 ( 15 `` ) LED - backlit widescreen glossy Retina Display 15.4 `` , 2,880 × 1,800 ( 16 : 10 ) , 220 ppi 13.3 `` , 2,560 × 1,600 ( 16 : 10 ) , 227 ppi 13.3 `` , 2,560 × 1,600 ( 16 : 10 ) , 227 ppi 13.3 `` , 2,560 × 1,600 ( 16 : 10 ) , 227 ppi 15.4 `` , 2,880 × 1,800 ( 16 : 10 ) , 220 ppi 15.4 `` , 2,880 × 1,800 ( 16 : 10 ) , 220 ppi Video camera FaceTime HD ( 720p ) Processor 2.3 GHz ( i7 - 3615QM ) quad - core Intel Core i7 Ivy Bridge with 6 MB on - chip L3 cache ( 15 `` ) Optional 2.6 GHz ( i7 - 3720QM ) with 6 MB on - chip L3 cache Optional 2.7 GHz ( i7 - 3820QM ) with 8 MB on - chip L3 cache 2.5 GHz ( i5 - 3210M ) dual - core Intel Core i5 Ivy Bridge processor with 3 MB shared L3 cache ( 13 `` ) Optional 2.9 GHz ( i7 - 3520M ) dual - core Intel Core i7 Ivy Bridge processor with 4 MB shared L3 cache 2.6 GHz ( i5 - 3230M ) dual - core Intel Core i5 Ivy Bridge processor with 3 MB shared L3 cache ( 13 `` ) Optional 3.0 GHz ( i7 - 3540M ) dual - core Intel Core i7 Ivy Bridge with 4 MB shared L3 cache 2.4 GHz ( i5 - 4258U ) dual - core Intel Core i5 Haswell processor with 3 MB shared L3 cache ( 13 `` ) Optional 2.6 GHz ( i5 - 4288U ) dual - core Intel Core i5 Haswell with 3 MB shared L3 cache Optional 2.8 GHz ( i7 - 4558U ) dual - core Intel Core i7 Haswell with 4 MB shared L3 cache 2.6 GHz ( i5 - 4278U ) dual - core Intel Core i5 Haswell processor with 3 MB shared L3 cache ( 13 `` ) Optional 2.8 GHz ( i5 - 4308U ) dual - core Intel Core i5 Haswell with 3 MB shared L3 cache Optional 3.0 GHz ( i7 - 4578U ) dual - core Intel Core i7 Haswell with 4 MB shared L3 cache 2.7 GHz ( i5 - 5257U ) dual - core Intel Core i5 Broadwell processor with 3 MB shared L3 cache ( 13 `` ) Optional 2.9 GHz ( i5 - 5287U ) dual - core Intel Core i5 Broadwell with 3 MB shared L3 cache Optional 3.1 GHz ( i7 - 5557U ) dual - core Intel Core i7 Broadwell with 4 MB shared L3 cache 2.2 GHz ( i7 - 4770HQ ) quad - core Intel Core i7 Broadwell with 6 MB on - chip L3 and 128 MB L4 cache ( Crystalwell ) ( 15 `` ) Optional 2.5 GHz ( i7 - 4870HQ ) with 6 MB on - chip L3 cache and 128 MB L4 cache ( Crystalwell ) Optional 2.8 GHz ( i7 - 4980HQ ) with 6 MB on - chip L3 cache and 128 MB L4 cache ( Crystalwell ) 2.4 GHz ( i7 - 3635QM ) quad - core Intel Core i7 Ivy Bridge with 6 MB on - chip L3 cache ( 15 `` ) Optional 2.7 GHz ( i7 - 3740QM ) with 6 MB on - chip L3 cache Optional 2.8 GHz ( i7 - 3840QM ) with 8 MB on - chip L3 cache 2.0 GHz ( i7 - 4750HQ ) quad - core Intel Core i7 Broadwell with 6 MB on - chip L3 and 128 MB L4 cache ( Crystalwell ) ( 15 `` ) Optional 2.3 GHz ( i7 - 4850HQ ) with 6 MB on - chip L3 cache and 128 MB L4 cache ( Crystalwell ) Optional 2.6 GHz ( i7 - 4960HQ ) with 6 MB on - chip L3 cache and 128 MB L4 cache ( Crystalwell ) 2.2 GHz ( i7 - 4770HQ ) quad - core Intel Core i7 Haswell with 6 MB on - chip L3 and 128 MB L4 cache ( Crystalwell ) ( 15 `` ) Optional 2.5 GHz ( i7 - 4870HQ ) with 6 MB on - chip L3 cache and 128 MB L4 cache ( Crystalwell ) Optional 2.8 GHz ( i7 - 4980HQ ) with 6 MB on - chip L3 cache and 128 MB L4 cache ( Crystalwell ) System bus Intel Direct Media Interface 5 GT / s Memory 8 GB built - in onboard RAM ( not upgradeable ) ( 15 `` ) Optional 16 GB RAM configuration available at time of purchase only 8 GB built - in onboard RAM ( not upgradeable ) ( 13 `` ) 8 GB built - in onboard RAM ( not upgradeable ) ( 13 `` ) 4 GB built - in onboard RAM ( not upgradeable ) ( 13 `` , 128 GB ) Optional 8 GB and 16 GB RAM configuration available at time of purchase only 8 GB built - in onboard RAM ( not upgradeable ) ( 13 `` ) Optional 16 GB RAM configuration available at time of purchase only 8 GB built - in onboard RAM ( not upgradeable ) ( 13 `` ) Optional 16 GB RAM configuration available at time of purchase only 16 GB built - in onboard RAM ( 15 `` ) 8 GB built - in onboard RAM ( not upgradeable ) ( 13 `` , 256 GB and 512 GB ) Optional 16 GB RAM configuration available at time of purchase only 8 GB built - in onboard RAM ( not upgradeable ) ( 15 `` , 2.4 GHz ) Optional 16 GB RAM configuration available at time of purchase only 8 GB built - in onboard RAM ( not upgradeable ) ( 15 `` , 2.0 GHz ) Optional 16 GB RAM configuration available at time of purchase only 16 GB built - in onboard RAM ( 15 `` ) 16 GB built - in onboard RAM ( 15 `` , 2.7 GHz ) 16 GB built - in onboard RAM ( 15 `` , 2.3 GHz ) 1600 MHz PC3 - 12800 DDR3L SDRAM 1866 MHz PC3 - 14900 LPDDR3 SDRAM ( 13 `` ) 1600 MHz PC3 - 12800 DDR3L SDRAM ( 15 `` ) Graphics Intel HD Graphics 4000 with DDR3L SDRAM shared with main memory and Nvidia GeForce GT 650M with 1 GB GDDR5 memory . ( 15 `` ) Automatically switches between graphics hardware when running OS X Intel HD Graphics 4000 with DDR3L SDRAM shared with main memory ( 13 `` ) Intel HD Graphics 4000 with DDR3L SDRAM shared with main memory ( 13 `` ) Intel Iris 5100 Graphics with DDR3L SDRAM shared with main memory ( 13 `` ) Intel Iris 6100 Graphics with LPDDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory ( 13 `` ) Intel Iris Pro 5200 Graphics with DDR3L SDRAM shared with main memory ( 15 `` , 2.2 GHz ) Intel HD Graphics 4000 with DDR3L SDRAM shared with main memory and Nvidia GeForce GT 650M with 1 GB GDDR5 memory . ( 15 `` ) Automatically switches between graphics hardware when running OS X Intel Iris Pro 5200 Graphics with DDR3L SDRAM shared with main memory ( 15 `` , 2.0 GHz ) Intel Iris Pro 5200 Graphics with DDR3L SDRAM shared with main memory ( 15 `` , 2.2 GHz ) Intel Iris Pro 5200 Graphics with DDR3L SDRAM shared with main memory or Intel Iris Pro 5200 Graphics with DDR3L SDRAM shared with main memory and AMD Radeon R9 M370X with 2 GB GDDR5 memory . ( 15 `` , 2.5 and 2.8 GHz ) Automatically switches between graphics hardware when running OS X Intel Iris Pro 5200 Graphics with DDR3L SDRAM shared with main memory and Nvidia GeForce GT 750M with 2 GB GDDR5 memory . ( 15 `` , 2.3 GHz ) Automatically switches between graphics hardware when running OS X Intel Iris Pro 5200 Graphics with DDR3L SDRAM shared with main memory and Nvidia GeForce GT 750M with 2 GB GDDR5 memory . ( 15 `` , 2.5 and 2.8 GHz ) Automatically switches between graphics hardware when running OS X Storage 256 GB , 512 GB , or 768 GB SSD ( 15 `` , 2.3 GHz ) 128 GB , 256 GB , 512 GB , or 768 GB SSD ( 13 `` ) 128 GB , 256 GB , 512 GB , or 768 GB SSD ( 13 `` , 2.5 GHz ) 128 GB or 256 GB ( 13 `` , 2.4 GHz ) 128 GB or 256 GB ( 13 `` , 2.6 GHz ) 128 GB or 256 GB ( 13 `` , 2.7 GHz ) 256 GB , 512 GB , or 1 TB SSD ( 15 `` , 2.2 GHz ) 256 GB , 512 GB , or 768 GB SSD ( 13 `` , 2.6 GHz ) 512 GB or 1 TB SSD ( 13 `` , 2.6 GHz ) 512 GB or 1 TB SSD ( 13 `` , 2.8 GHz ) 512 GB or 768 GB SSD ( 15 `` , 2.6 GHz ) 256 GB , 512 GB , or 768 GB SSD ( 15 `` , 2.4 GHz ) 256 GB , 512 GB , or 1 TB SSD ( 15 `` , 2.0 GHz ) 256 GB , 512 GB , or 1 TB SSD ( 15 `` , 2.2 GHz ) 512 GB or 1 TB SSD ( 13 `` , 2.9 GHz ) 512 GB or 1 TB SSD ( 15 `` , 2.5 and 2.8 GHz ) 512 GB or 768 GB SSD ( 15 `` , 2.7 GHz ) 512 GB or 1 TB SSD ( 15 `` , 2.3 GHz ) 512 GB or 1 TB SSD ( 15 `` , 2.5 GHz ) Mini-SATA III ( 6 Gbit / s ) PCIe 2.0 × 2 5.0 GT / s ( 8 Gbit / s ) PCIe 3.0 × 4 8.0 GT / s ( 31.5 Gbit / s ) AirPort Extreme Integrated 802.11 a / b / g / n ( 2.4 & 5 GHz , up to 450 Mbit / s ) ( Broadcom BCM4331 3 × 3 chipset ) Integrated 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ( 2.4 & 5 GHz , up to 1.3 Gbit / s ) ( Broadcom BCM4360 3 × 3 chipset ) Integrated 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ( 2.4 & 5 GHz , up to 1.3 Gbit / s ) ( Broadcom BCM43602 3 × 3 chipset ) Bluetooth Bluetooth 4.0 wireless technology Peripheral connections SDXC card slot 2 USB 3.0 2 Thunderbolt ports Supports two 2560 × 1600 displays 2 Thunderbolt 2 ports Supports two 2560 × 1600 displays ( 13 `` ) or two 3840x2160 ( 15 '' ) 2 Thunderbolt 2 ports Supports two 3840 × 2160 displays 2 Thunderbolt 2 ports Supports two 3840 × 2160 displays ( Iris Graphics ) or one 5120 × 2880 dual - cable display ( Radeon R9 ) HDMI port Supports 1920x1200 output HDMI port Supports 3840 × 2160 / 30 Hz or 4096 × 2160 / 24 Hz output Audio line out ( analog / optical ) Battery ( lithium polymer , non-removable ) 74 Wh ( 13 `` ) 71.8 Wh ( 13 `` ) 74.9 Wh ( 13 `` ) 95 Wh ( 15 `` ) 99.5 Wh ( 15 `` ) Weight 3.57 lb ( 1.62 kg ) ( 13 `` ) 3.46 lb ( 1.57 kg ) ( 13 `` ) 3.48 lb ( 1.58 kg ) ( 13 `` ) 4.46 lb ( 2.02 kg ) ( 15 `` ) 4.49 lb ( 2.04 kg ) ( 15 `` ) Dimensions 12.35 in ( 31.4 cm ) wide × 8.62 in ( 21.9 cm ) deep × 0.75 in ( 1.9 cm ) high ( 13 `` ) 12.35 in ( 31.4 cm ) wide × 8.62 in ( 21.9 cm ) deep × 0.71 in ( 1.8 cm ) high ( 13 `` ) 14.13 in ( 35.9 cm ) wide × 9.73 in ( 24.7 cm ) deep × 0.71 in ( 1.8 cm ) high ( 15 `` ) Fourth generation ( Touch Bar and USB - C ) ( edit ) The 15 - inch late 2016 MacBook Pro Apple unveiled fourth generation 13 - and 15 - inch MacBook Pro models during a press event at their headquarters on October 27 , 2016 . All models , except the baseline 13 - inch model , introduced the Touch Bar , a multi-touch enabled OLED strip built into the top of the keyboard in place of the function keys . The Touch Bar models also include a sapphire - glass covered Touch ID sensor at the right end of the Touch Bar which doubles as a power button . The models also introduce a `` second - generation '' butterfly mechanism keyboard that provided more travel than the first iteration implemented on the Retina MacBook . The 13 - inch model has a trackpad that is 46 % larger than its predecessor while the 15 - inch model has a trackpad twice as large as the prior generation . All ports have been replaced with either two or four combination USB - C 3.1 ports that support Thunderbolt 3 and dual DisplayPort 1.2 signals , any of which can be used for charging . The MacBook Pro is incompatible with some older Thunderbolt 3 certified peripherals , including Intel 's own reference design for Thunderbolt 3 devices . Furthermore , macOS on MacBook Pro blocks certain classes of Thunderbolt 3 compatible devices from working by blacklisting them . Devices using HDMI , previous generation Thunderbolt , and USB will require an adapter to connect to the MacBook Pro . The models come with a 3.5 mm headphone jack , although TOSLINK functionality of older generation MacBook Pros has been removed . Other updates to the MacBook Pro include dual and quad - core Intel `` Skylake '' Core i5 and i7 processors , improved graphics , and displays that offer a 25 % wider color gamut , 67 % more brightness , and 67 % more contrast . All versions are able to output to a 5K display , with the 15 - inch models capable of two . The 15 - inch models include a discrete Radeon Pro 450 , 455 or 460 graphics card in addition to the integrated Intel graphics . Additionally , Apple introduced a cheaper lower - end 13 - inch model which lacks the Touch Bar in favor of function keys , and has only two USB - C ports . The flash storage in the Touch Bar models is soldered to the logic board and is not upgradeable , while in the 13 - inch model without Touch Bar , it is removable , but not replaceable , as it is a proprietary format of SSD storage . On June 5 , 2017 Apple updated the line with Intel Kaby Lake processors and newer graphics cards . Additionally , the 13 - inch model now comes with a 128GB storage option , down from the base 256GB storage . On July 12 , 2018 Apple updated the Touch Bar models with Intel Coffee Lake quad - core processors in 13 - inch models and six - core processors in 15 - inch models , updated graphics cards , third - generation butterfly keyboards , Bluetooth 5 , T2 SoC Chip , True Tone display technology , and larger capacity batteries . The 15 - inch model can also be configured with up to 4TB of storage , 32GB of DDR4 memory and a Core i9 processor . Design and usability ( edit ) The fourth generation MacBook Pro follows the design of the previous two generations with an all - metal unibody enclosure and separated black keys . A few apparent design changes are a thinner chassis , thinner screen bezel , larger trackpad , the OLED Touch Bar , and shallower butterfly mechanism keyboard with less key separation than the previous models . The speakers grilles have been relocated to the sides of the keyboard on the 13 - inch variant . Tear downs show that the speaker grilles on the 13 - inch model with Touch Bar are `` largely cosmetic '' , and that sound output mostly comes through the side vents . The fourth generation MacBook Pro comes in two finishes , the traditional silver color and a darker `` space gray '' color . The MacBook Pro model name returns to the bottom of the screen bezel in Apple 's San Francisco font after being absent from the third generation . As with the Retina MacBook , the new models replace the backlit white Apple logo on the rear of the screen with a glossy black opaque version . MagSafe , a magnetic charging connector , has been replaced with USB - C charging . Unlike MagSafe , which provided an indicator light within the user 's field of view to indicate the device 's charging status , the USB - C charger has no visual indicator . Instead , the MacBook Pro emits a chime when connected to power . The Macintosh startup chime that has been used since the first Macintosh in 1984 is now disabled by default . The laptop now boots automatically when the lid is opened . Ars Technica noted that the second - generation keyboard with firm keys was a `` drastic departure '' from previous Retina MacBook keyboards . It further noted that resting palms may brush the trackpad occasionally causing inadvertent cursor jumps onscreen as the laptop interprets this as input , without one 's hands or wrists actually resting on it . Also noted was an increase of bandwidth and approximately 40 percent increased read speed of the flash storage . Engadget praised the thinner , lighter design , improved display and audio , and increased speed of the graphics and flash storage , but criticized the lack of ports and price . Wired praised the display , calling it `` the best laptop display I 've ever seen '' , as well as praising the Touch Bar , though it criticized the need of adapters for many common connectors . Likewise , The Verge concluded that `` using ( the new MacBook ) is alienating to anyone living in the present . I agree with Apple 's vision of the future . I 'm just not buying it today . '' Engadget voiced their concerns that `` by doing things like removing full - sized USB ports , the memory card reader and even the Function row , Apple seems to have forgotten how many of us actually work '' . Heavy keyboard users criticized the Touch Bar , noting that command - line tools like Vim rely on keyboard usage , and the Touch Bar does not provide the tactile feedback necessary for `` blind '' usage of Function keys . Miriam Nielsen from the Verge said about the Touch Bar experience : `` When I tried to intentionally use the Touch Bar , I felt like a kid learning how to type again . I had to keep looking down at the bar instead of looking at the images I was actually trying to edit . '' She also pointed out that after learning the Touch Bar one can not work as efficiently on any other computer . Developers have their share of headaches because they can not rely on the Touch Bar being present on every machine that runs their software . Even if Apple makes the Touch Bar an integral part of macOS , it will take `` many years '' for it to become ubiquitous , in the meantime anything in the Bar needs to be available through another part of the interface . Other items of critique were non-compatibility between Thunderbolt 2 and 3 devices , frequently unpleasant fan whine noises in idle CPU states on the larger screen ( 15 `` ) models were reported , where the two integrated fans run all the time by default . The coprocessor powering the touch bar and higher TDP of the stronger CPU models are responsible for this behavior . Battery life ( edit ) The battery life of the new models also received mixed reception , with outlets reporting inconsistent battery life and inaccurate estimates of time remaining on battery by the operating system . Apple addressed the latter by hiding the display of estimated battery time remaining entirely in a macOS update . Consumer Reports did not initially recommend the 2016 MacBook Pro models , citing inconsistent and unpredictable battery life in its lab testing ( which involves the consecutive loading of multiple websites ) . However , Apple and Consumer Reports found that the results had been affected by a bug caused by disabling caching in Safari 's developer tools . Consumer Reports performed the tests again with a patched macOS , and retracted its original assessment . Reliability and repairability ( edit ) iFixit gave the models score of 1 out of 10 for repairability , noting that memory , the processor , and flash storage are soldered to the logic board , while the battery is glued to the case . The entire assembly uses proprietary pentalobe screws and can not be disassembled with standard tools . A report by AppleInsider has claimed that the updated butterfly keyboard fails twice as often as previous models , often due to particles stuck beneath the keys . Repairs for stuck keys have been estimated to cost more than $700 . In May 2018 , two class action lawsuits were filed against Apple regarding the keyboard issue with one alleging a `` constant threat of nonresponsive keys and accompanying keyboard failure '' and accusing Apple of not alerting consumers to the issue . In June 2018 , Apple announced a Service Program to `` service eligible MacBook and MacBook Pro keyboards , free of charge '' . The 2018 models added a membrane underneath keys to prevent malfunction from dust . Testing on the 2018 Core i9 15 - inch model shows thermal throttling slows performance , according to PC Magazine `` the Core i9 processor Apple chose to use inside the MacBook Pro ( i9 - 8950K ) has a base clock frequency of 2.9 GHz , which is capable of bursting up to 4.8 GHz when necessary . However , testing carried out by YouTuber Dave Lee makes it clear the Core i9 ca n't even maintain 2.9 GHz , let alone 4.8 GHz . In fact , it ends up running at 2.2 GHz due to the heat generated inside the chassis forcing it to throttle ... This is n't a problem with Intel 's Core i9 , it 's Apple 's thermal solution . '' On July 24 , Apple released a software fix for the new 2018 Macbook Pros which addressed the thermal throttling issue . Apple said `` there is a missing digital key in the firmware that impacts the thermal management system and could drive clock speeds down under heavy thermal loads on the new MacBook Pro '' . Battery swelling Issues ( edit ) A `` limited number '' of 13 - inch MacBook Pro units without Touch Bar , manufactured between October 2016 and October 2017 , may have the built - in battery expanded , which is also known as `` swelling '' . Apple initiated a free replacement program for eligible units . Other Issues ( edit ) Some users are reporting kernel panics on 2018 MacBook Pro units . The T2 chip may be to blame for this issue . Apple is already aware of the issue and performing an investigation . Technical specifications ( edit ) Discontinued Current hide Table of fourth generation MacBook Pro models Component Intel Core i5 , Core i7 , Core i9 Model Late 2016 Mid 2017 Mid 2017 Mid 2018 Model Name 13 - inch , Two Thunderbolt 3 Ports 13 - inch , with Touch Bar 15 - inch , with Touch Bar 13 - inch , Two Thunderbolt 3 Ports 13 - inch , with Touch Bar 15 - inch , with Touch Bar 13 - inch , with Touch Bar 15 - inch , with Touch Bar Release date October 27 , 2016 November 12 , 2016 June 5 , 2017 July 12 , 2018 Model number ( s ) MLL42LL / A or MLUQ2LL / A MLH12LL / A or MLVP2LL / A or MNQF2LL / A or MNQG2LL / A MLH32LL / A or MLH42LL / A or MLW72LL / A or MLW82LL / A MPXQ2LL / A or MPXR2LL / A or MPXT2LL / A or MPXU2LL / A MPXV2LL / A or MPXW2LL / A or MPXX2LL / A or MPXY2LL / A MPTR2LL / A or MPTT2LL / A or MPTU2LL / A or MPTV2LL / A MR9Q2LL / A or MR9R2LL / A or MR9T2LL / A or MR9U2LL / A or MR9V2LL / A MR932LL / A or MR942LL / A or MR952LL / A or MR962LL / A or MR972LL / A Model Identifier ( s ) MacBookPro13 , 1 ( A1708 ) MacBookPro13 , 2 ( A1706 ) MacBookPro13 , 3 ( A1707 ) MacBookPro14 , 1 ( A1708 ) MacBookPro14 , 2 ( A1706 ) MacBookPro14 , 3 ( A1707 ) MacBookPro15 , 2 ( A1989 ) MacBookPro15 , 1 ( A1990 ) LED - backlit widescreen glossy Retina Display 13.3 '' , 2,560 × 1,600 ( 16 : 10 ) , 227 ppi with Wide colour ( P3 ) gamut , 500 - nits ( 13 `` ) 13.3 '' , 2,560 × 1,600 ( 16 : 10 ) , 227 ppi with Wide colour ( P3 ) gamut , 500 - nits , True Tone display ( 13 `` ) 15.4 '' , 2,880 × 1,800 ( 16 : 10 ) , 220 ppi with Wide colour ( P3 ) gamut , 500 - nits ( 15 '' ) 15.4 '' , 2,880 × 1,800 ( 16 : 10 ) , 220 ppi with Wide colour ( P3 ) gamut , 500 - nits , True Tone display ( 15 '' ) Video camera FaceTime HD ( 720p ) Processor 2.0 GHz dual - core Intel Core i5 Skylake ( 6360U ) , up to 3.1 GHz , 4 MB L3 cache Optional 2.4 GHz i7 - 6660U , up to 3.4 GHz , 4 MB L3 cache 2.9 GHz dual - core Intel Core i5 Skylake ( 6267U ) , up to 3.3 GHz , 4 MB L3 cache Optional 3.1 GHz i5 - 6287U , up to 3.5 GHz , 4 MB L3 cache Optional 3.3 GHz i7 - 6567U , up to 3.6 GHz , 4 MB L3 cache 2.6 GHz quad - core Intel Core i7 Skylake ( 6700HQ ) , up to 3.5 GHz , 6 MB L3 cache 2.7 GHz quad - core Intel Core i7 Skylake ( 6820HQ ) , up to 3.6 GHz , 8MB L3 cache Optional 2.9 GHz i7 - 6920HQ , up to 3.8 GHz , 8 MB L3 cache 2.3 GHz dual - core Intel Core i5 Kaby Lake ( 7360U ) , up to 3.6 GHz , 4 MB L3 cache Optional 2.5 GHz i7 - 7660U , up to 4.0 GHz , 4 MB L3 cache 3.1 GHz dual - core Intel Core i5 Kaby Lake ( 7267U ) , up to 3.5 GHz , 4 MB L3 cache Optional 3.3 GHz i5 - 7287U , up to 3.7 GHz , 4 MB L3 cache Optional 3.5 GHz i7 - 7567U , up to 4.0 GHz , 4 MB L3 cache 2.8 GHz quad - core Intel Core i7 Kaby Lake ( 7700HQ ) , up to 3.8 GHz , 6 MB L3 cache 2.9 GHz quad - core Intel Core i7 Kaby Lake ( 7820HQ ) , up to 3.9 GHz , 8MB L3 cache Optional 3.1 GHz i7 - 7920HQ , up to 4.1 GHz , 8 MB L3 cache 2.3 GHz quad - core Intel Core i5 Coffee Lake ( 8259U ) , up to 3.8 GHz , 6 MB L3 cache Optional 2.7 GHz i7 - 8559U , up to 4.5 GHz , 8 MB L3 cache 2.2 GHz six - core Intel Core i7 Coffee Lake ( 8750H ) , up to 4.1 GHz , 9 MB L3 cache 2.6 GHz six - core Intel Core i7 Coffee Lake ( 8850H ) , up to 4.3 GHz , 9 MB L3 cache Optional 2.9 GHz i9 - 8950HK , up to 4.8 GHz , 12 MB L3 cache System bus 4 GT / s OPI ( On Package DMI 3.0 interconnect Interface ) ( Max . theoretical bandwidth : 4 GB / s ) 8 GT / s DMI 3.0 ( Max . theoretical bandwidth : 3.94 GB / s ) 4 GT / s OPI ( On Package DMI 3.0 interconnect Interface ) ( Max . theoretical bandwidth : 4 GB / s ) 8 GT / s DMI 3.0 ( Max . theoretical bandwidth : 3.94 GB / s ) 4 GT / s OPI ( On Package DMI 3.0 interconnect Interface ) ( Max . theoretical bandwidth : 4 GB / s ) 8 GT / s DMI 3.0 ( Max . theoretical bandwidth : 3.94 GB / s ) Memory 8 GB built - in onboard RAM ( not upgradeable ) Optional 16 GB RAM configuration available at time of purchase only 16 GB built - in onboard RAM ( not upgradeable ) 8 GB built - in onboard RAM ( not upgradeable ) Optional 16 GB RAM configuration available at time of purchase only 16 GB built - in onboard RAM ( not upgradeable ) 8 GB built - in onboard RAM ( not upgradeable ) Optional 16 GB RAM configuration available at time of purchase only 16 GB built - in onboard RAM ( not upgradeable ) Optional 32 GB RAM configuration available at time of purchase only 1866 MHz PC3 - 14900 LPDDR3 SDRAM 2133 MHz PC3 - 17000 LPDDR3 SDRAM 2400 MHz PC4 - 19200 DDR4 SDRAM Graphics Intel Iris Graphics 540 with LPDDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory Intel Iris Graphics 550 with LPDDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory Intel HD Graphics 530 AMD Radeon Pro 450 with 2 GB of GDDR5 memory and automatic graphics switching ( 2.6 GHz ) Configurable to Radeon Pro 455 with 2 GB of GDDR5 memory , or Pro 460 with 4 GB of GDDR5 memory Intel Iris Plus Graphics 640 with LPDDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory Intel Iris Plus Graphics 650 with LPDDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory Intel HD Graphics 630 AMD Radeon Pro 555 with 2 GB of GDDR5 memory and automatic graphics switching ( 2.8 GHz ) Configurable to Radeon Pro 560 with 4 GB of GDDR5 memory Intel Iris Plus Graphics 655 with LPDDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory Intel UHD Graphics 630 AMD Radeon Pro 555X with 4 GB of GDDR5 memory and automatic graphics switching ( 2.2 GHz ) Configurable to Radeon Pro 560X with 4 GB of GDDR5 memory Intel HD Graphics 530 AMD Radeon Pro 455 with 2 GB of GDDR5 memory and automatic graphics switching ( 2.7 GHz ) Configurable to Radeon Pro 460 with 4 GB of GDDR5 memory Intel HD Graphics 630 AMD Radeon Pro 560 with 4 GB of GDDR5 memory and automatic graphics switching ( 2.9 GHz ) Intel UHD Graphics 630 AMD Radeon Pro 560X with 4 GB of GDDR5 memory and automatic graphics switching ( 2.6 GHz ) Storage 256 GB or 512 GB or 1 TB SSD 256 GB built - in SSD ( not upgradeable ) 256 GB SSD . Configurable to 512 GB , 1 TB or 2 TB SSD ( not upgradeable ) ( 2.6 GHz ) 128 GB or 256 GB or 512 GB or 1 TB SSD 256 GB or 512 GB or 1 TB SSD ( not upgradeable ) 256 GB or 512 GB or 1 TB or 2 TB built - in SSD ( not upgradeable ) ( 2.8 GHz ) 256 GB or 512 GB or 1 TB or 2 TB ( not upgradable ) 256 GB or 512 GB or 1 TB or 2 TB or 4 TB built - in SSD ( not upgradeable ) ( 2.2 GHz ) 512 GB or 1 TB built - in SSD ( not upgradeable ) 512 GB SSD . Configurable to 1 TB or 2 TB SSD ( not upgradeable ) ( 2.7 GHz ) 512 GB or 1 TB or 2 TB built - in SSD ( not upgradeable ) ( 2.9 GHz ) 512 GB or 1 TB or 2 TB or 4 TB built - in SSD ( not upgradeable ) ( 2.6 GHz ) NVMe / PCIe 3.0 × 4 8.0 GT / s ( 31.5 Gbit / s ) Wi - Fi Integrated 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac , up to 867 Mbit / s ( 13 '' w / o Touch Bar ) or 1.3 Gbit / s ( 13 '' and 15 '' w / Touch Bar ) Bluetooth Bluetooth 4.2 wireless technology Bluetooth 5.0 wireless technology Peripheral connections Thunderbolt 3 ( USB - C ) Two ports supporting two 4096x2304 displays or one 5120x2880 ( MST ) display ( 13 '' w / o Touch Bar ) Four ports , two left - hand ports for full performance , supporting two 4096x2304 displays or one 5120x2880 ( MST ) display ( 13 '' w / Touch Bar 2016 - 2017 ) Four ports full performance , supporting two 4096x2304 displays or one 5120x2880 ( MST ) display ( 13 '' w / Touch Bar 2018 onwards ) Four ports via two controllers supporting four 4096x2304 displays or two 5120x2880 ( MST ) displays ( 15 `` ) Supports charging , DisplayPort 1.2 , Thunderbolt ( up to 40 Gbit / s ) and USB 3.1 gen 2 ( up to 10 Gbit / s ) 3.5 mm audio line out ( analog ) , multiple microphones , stereo speakers with high dynamic range Battery ( lithium polymer , non-removable ) 54.5 Wh ( 13 '' w / o Touch Bar ) 49.2 Wh ( 13 `` , with Touch Bar ) 58.0 Wh ( 13 `` , with Touch Bar ) 76 Wh ( 15 `` ) 83.6 Wh ( 15 `` ) up to 10 hours use ( wireless web , iTunes film playback ) ; 30 days standby time Weight 3.02 lb ( 1.37 kg ) ( 13 `` ) 4.02 lb ( 1.83 kg ) ( 15 `` ) Dimensions 11.97 in ( 30.41 cm ) wide × 8.36 in ( 21.24 cm ) deep × 0.59 in ( 1.49 cm ) high ( 13 `` ) 13.75 in ( 34.93 cm ) wide × 9.48 in ( 24.07 cm ) deep × 0.61 in ( 1.55 cm ) high ( 15 `` ) Software and operating systems ( edit ) The macOS operating system has been pre-installed on all MacBook Pros since release , starting with version 10.4. 4 ( Tiger ) . Along with OS X , iLife has also shipped with all systems , beginning with iLife ' 06 . The MacBook Pro comes with the successor to BIOS , Extensible Firmware Interface ( EFI ) 1.1 . EFI handles booting differently from BIOS - based computers , but provides backwards compatibility , allowing dual and triple boot configurations . In addition to OS X , the Microsoft Windows operating system is installable on Intel x86 - based Apple computers . Officially , this is limited to both 32 - bit and 64 - bit versions of Windows XP , Vista , 7 , 8 , and 10 with the necessary hardware drivers included with the Boot Camp software . Other x86 operating systems such as Linux are also unofficially supported . This is made possible by the presence of the Intel architecture as provided by the CPU and the BIOS emulation Apple has provided on top of EFI . As the MacBook Pro uses a different hardware platform from earlier PowerPC ( PPC ) - based Macintoshes , versions of OS X prior to Lion can run PPC applications only via the Rosetta emulator , which exacts some performance penalty , can not emulate some lower - level PPC code , and does not support 64 - bit ( G5 specific ) PPC features . Rosetta is not present in Lion and later , so PPC applications can not be run under those versions of OS X . Timeline of the MacBook family See also : Timeline of Macintosh models See also ( edit ) Comparison of Macintosh models MacBook ( 12 - inch ) MacBook Air Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Through use of a second display , all pre-unibody MacBook Pros simultaneously support their native resolution on the internal display and a maximum of 2560 × 1600 on an external display . ^ Jump up to : Existing memory modules may need to be replaced . ^ Jump up to : Some sources reference 6 GB functionality . ^ Jump up to : Hard and solid - state drives listed are configurations available from Apple . ^ Jump up to : Quoted optical drive speeds are the maximum possible for each drive . Jump up ^ Wireless - N functionality requires installing the wireless - N enabler software included with the AirPort Extreme Wireless - N Router or sold as a download on the Apple online store , or by upgrading to OS X 10.5 `` Leopard '' or later . 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About Wikipedia	when did the first macbook pro retina come out	[ "On June 11, 2012 at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference in San Francisco, Apple introduced the third generation MacBook Pro, marketed as the \"MacBook Pro with Retina display\" to differentiate it from the predecessor model.[51] The new model includes Intel's third generation Core i7 processors (Ivy Bridge microarchitecture), USB 3.0, and a high-resolution 15.4\" IPS 2880×1800-pixel Retina Display.[52] Other new or changed features include a second Thunderbolt port, a HDMI port, and a thinner MagSafe port, dubbed the \"MagSafe 2\".[97] Apple introduced a 13-inch version on October 23, 2012 with specifications similar but slightly inferior to the 15-inch version's, such as less powerful processors.[98]\n" ]	[ "October 23, 2012" ]
-1974320672250787172	Life Is Strange: Before the Storm	Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Wikipedia Life is Strange : Before the Storm Jump to : navigation , search Life Is Strange : Before the Storm Developer ( s ) Deck Nine Publisher ( s ) Square Enix Director ( s ) Webb Pickersgill Chris Floyd Producer ( s ) David Lawrence Hein Zoe Brown Designer ( s ) William Beacham Programmer ( s ) Mark Lyons Danielle Cheah Artist ( s ) Andrew Weatherl Writer ( s ) Zak Garriss Ross McCall Composer ( s ) Daughter Engine Unity Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release Episode 1 WW : 31 August 2017 Episode 2 WW : 19 October 2017 Episode 3 WW : TBA Genre ( s ) Graphic adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player Life Is Strange : Before the Storm is an episodic graphic adventure video game developed by Deck Nine and published by Square Enix . The first of three episodes was released for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One on 31 August 2017 . It is the second entry in the Life Is Strange series , set as a prequel to the first game , focusing on sixteen - year - old Chloe Price and her relationship with schoolmate Rachel Amber . Gameplay concerns itself mostly with the use of branching dialogues . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Plot 3 Development 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Awards 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Chloe engages in a conversation with Rachel Amber ( pictured ) Life Is Strange : Before the Storm is a graphic adventure played from a third - person view . The player assumes control of sixteen - year - old Chloe Price , three years prior to Life Is Strange . Unlike its predecessor , the game does not include time travel . Instead , Before the Storm features the ability `` Backtalk '' , with which the player can call upon Chloe to get out of certain precarious situations ; `` Backtalk '' may also make a situation worse . A dialogue tree is used when a conversation or commentary is prompted . Occasional decisions will temporarily or permanently change outcomes . The environment can be interacted with and altered , including marking walls with graffiti . Plot ( edit ) In her hometown of Arcadia Bay , sixteen - year - old Chloe Price sneaks into a house concert at an old mill . Conflict arises with two men inside , whom she evades when schoolmate Rachel Amber causes a distraction . The next day , Chloe and Rachel reunite at Blackwell Academy and decide to ditch class , stowing away on a cargo train and ending up at a lookout point . They people - watch through a viewfinder and see a man and woman kiss in the park , which apparently upsets Rachel . They steal wine from local campers and take a walk to a scrapyard . Chloe confronts Rachel about her change in mood , but is refused an answer . After Rachel leaves , Chloe discovers the wrecked car in which her father was killed . She meets up with Rachel again , who discloses that she witnessed her father cheating on her mother through the viewfinder . Rachel destroys a family photo in a burning trash bin , and in a fit of rage kicks it over , igniting a wildfire . The next day , Chloe and Rachel are reprimanded by Principal Wells for ditching school ; Chloe is either suspended or expelled depending on player actions . Unwilling to return home and face her mother and step - father , Chloe hides out at the scrapyard where she finds an old truck that she decides to repair . She then receives a call from local drug dealer Frank Bowers , who arranges a meeting to discuss setting her debt with him . Chloe agrees to repay him by helping him steal money from her classmate Drew , who owes Frank a large sum . However , Chloe finds out that Drew is being violently extorted by another drug dealer , and she must decide whether to pay off the dealer with the stolen money to protect Drew or keep it . When later a student is unable to participate in school 's theater production of `` The Tempest '' due to road closures from the wildfire , Chloe reluctantly takes on the role opposite Rachel . After the play , they decide to leave Arcadia Bay with the newly repaired truck return to Rachel 's house to pack . There , following a confrontation , Rachel 's father reveals that the woman they saw him kissing was not a mistress , but in fact Rachel 's biological mother . Development ( edit ) Publisher Square Enix chose Deck Nine to develop the prequel to Life Is Strange after the developer 's proprietary StoryForge tools had made an impression . Development started in 2016 with the Unity game engine . Rhianna DeVries , who initially did the game 's motion capture for Chloe Price , voices the character , while the original voice actress Ashly Burch serves as writing consultant . Burch did not reprise her role due to the SAG - AFTRA strike . The music was written and performed by the British indie folk band Daughter , and released as an official soundtrack by Glassnote Records on 1 September 2017 . Instrumentation was employed to represent different sides of the lead character : piano for isolation , electric guitar for rebelliousness , and layered vocals for friendship . Daughter took the script and concept artwork as inspiration . Release ( edit ) Prior to its official announcement , images had leaked online indicating that a prequel to Life Is Strange was in development . Square Enix revealed Life Is Strange : Before the Storm on 11 June during E3 2017 , stating that it would be released over three chapters starting on 31 August for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . The Deluxe Edition includes the bonus chapter `` Farewell '' -- featuring Max Caulfield of the original game as a playable character -- three additional outfits , and Mixtape Mode , allowing players to customise playlists with the game 's soundtrack . Episode Release date `` Episode 1 : Awake '' 31 August 2017 `` Episode 2 : Brave New World '' 19 October 2017 `` Episode 3 : Hell Is Empty '' TBA Reception ( edit ) Aggregate review scores Game Metacritic Episode 1 : Awake ( PC ) 77 / 100 ( PS4 ) 78 / 100 ( XONE ) 80 / 100 Episode 2 : Brave New World ( PC ) 78 / 100 ( PS4 ) 80 / 100 ( XONE ) 77 / 100 Critics appraised Episode 1 : Awake the most on its character development of Chloe Price and Rachel Amber . Jeremy Peeples of Hardcore Gamer found Chloe 's behaviour `` endearing '' and noted that her personality was portrayed with multiple layers . Sam Loveridge at GamesRadar wrote that Rachel was the more authentic character on account of her more `` grounded '' dialogue . Despite disparaging Chloe for being `` her same tiresomely combative self '' early on , Metro saw her fleshed out by enduring the loss of her father . Game Informer 's Kimberley Wallace thought the younger version of Chloe brought a `` naivety and vulnerability '' worthy of sympathy . Conversely , the relationship between the leads was said to have formed `` at unnatural speed '' . Peeples and Loveridge favoured the `` Backtalk '' gameplay feature , while Metro and Wallace cared little for it . Otherwise lauded were the story , graphics , voice acting , and soundtrack . Reviewers found Episode 2 : Brave New World to either be better than the first instalment or one of the series ' greatest . Metro praised how choices made a difference with a `` profound effect '' on character arc , while Ozzie Mejia of Shacknews relished in Chloe 's `` genuine growth '' contrasting her `` fiery spirit '' . Similarly , Game Informer 's Joe Juba appreciated the continued comprehension of the character , declaring this `` its biggest strength '' . However , Juba 's biggest complaint echoed that of Wallace , in reference to the `` forced '' manner with which Chloe and Rachel are made friends . Brett Makedonski , writing for Destructoid , thought that the character exposition was done `` to great effect '' . Most noted was The Tempest school play sequence , which Metro stated as their favourite ; Mejia called `` one of the funniest '' in Before the Storm ; and Juba observed as the culmination of all past choices . Metro criticised the script for being `` uneven '' and disapproved of the voice acting . Mejia felt the ending could have been done away with , saying it was `` a bit drawn out '' , though he was impressed with the progression of the Backtalk feature . Awards ( edit ) Following E3 2017 , Life Is Strange : Before the Storm received one of GamesRadar 's Best of E3 awards and was nominated for Hardcore Gamer 's Adventure Game award . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Additional work by Square Enix London Studios References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robertson , John ( 12 July 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm is Chloe 's game '' . Red Bull Games . ^ Jump up to : Sarkar , Samit ( 11 June 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange prequel Before the Storm debuts this summer ( update ) '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on 12 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Matulef , Jeffrey ( 13 June 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange prequel 's Max - based bonus episode is a Deluxe Edition exclusive '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Deck Nine ( 31 August 2017 ) . Life Is Strange : Before the Storm . Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One . Square Enix . Level / area : Episode 1 : Awake . Jump up ^ Deck Nine ( 19 October 2017 ) . Life Is Strange : Before the Storm . Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One . Square Enix . Level / area : Episode 2 : Brave New World . Jump up ^ Alexander , Jem ( July 2017 ) . `` Life Will Be Strange '' . Develop . No. 184 . p. 17 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm dev on Ashly Burch 's absence , season pass kerfuffle and more '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hardawar , Devindra ( 24 August 2017 ) . `` ' Life is Strange : Before the Storm ' is all about being a wiseass teen '' . Engadget . Archived from the original on 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( 13 June 2017 ) . `` Three - part Life is Strange prequel confirmed '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Kress , Bryan ( 9 August 2017 ) . `` Watch London Trio Daughter Create Music for ' Life Is Strange : Before The Storm ' Video Game '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Biery , Thomas ( 24 August 2017 ) . `` How Life is Strange : Before the Storm 's music brings out Chloe 's emotions '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Diver , Mike ( 29 August 2017 ) . `` Scoring with Chloe : Daughter 's OST for Life Is Strange : Before the Storm '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Schreier , Jason ( 2 June 2017 ) . `` Images Of Apparent Life Is Strange Prequel Pop Up '' . Kotaku . Univision Communications . Archived from the original on 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Gary ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange Before the Storm : Chloe and Rachel 's next adventures REVEALED '' . Daily Express . Northern & Shell . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Deck Nine ( 31 August 2017 ) . Life Is Strange : Before the Storm . Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One . Square Enix . Level / area : Main menu . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephany ( 12 October 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm -- Episode 2 has a release date and a new trailer '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Episode 1 : Awake PC '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Episode 1 : Awake PlayStation 4 '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Episode 1 : Awake Xbox One '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Episode 2 : Brave New World PC '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Episode 2 : Brave New World PlayStation 4 '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Episode 2 : Brave New World Xbox One '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ Clark , Justin ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Life Is Strange : Before The Storm - Episode 1 - Awake Review '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Hillier , Brenna ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm Ep 1 review -- abandon the SS Pricefield , all aboard whatever we 're calling the Chloe Rachel ship '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Alice ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm review in progress '' . VideoGamer.com . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm is fan service at its finest '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Peeples , Jeremy ( 31 August 2017 ) . `` Review : Life is Strange : Before the Storm -- Episode 1 : Awake '' . Hardcore Gamer . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Loveridge , Sam ( 31 August 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm Episode One review : `` It 's touching , poignant , and will definitely move you '' `` . GamesRadar . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Is Strange : Before The Storm Episode 1 review -- Awake '' . Metro. 31 August 2017 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Kimberley ( 31 August 2017 ) . `` Life Is Strange : Before The Storm -- Awake '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Life Is Strange : Before The Storm Episode 2 review -- Brave New World '' . Metro. 20 October 2017 . Archived from the original on 21 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mejia , Ozzie ( 20 October 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm - ' Brave New World ' Impressions '' . Shacknews . Archived from the original on 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Makedonski , Brett ( 19 October 2017 ) . `` Review : Life is Strange : Before the Storm : Brave New World '' . Destructoid . Archived from the original on 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Juba , Joe ( 20 October 2017 ) . `` Life Is Strange : Before the Storm -- Brave New World '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` GamesRadar+ E3 awards - our best , most exciting games of E3 2017 '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Archived from the original on 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 21 June 2017 ) . `` Best of E3 2017 -- Day Three : Fighter , Adventure , RPG , Shooter , Action '' . Hardcore Gamer . Archived from the original on 22 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Life Is Strange Video games Life Is Strange Before the Storm Life Is Strange 2 Related Dontnod Entertainment Deck Nine Ashly Burch Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_Is_Strange:_Before_the_Storm&oldid=807838439 '' Categories : 2017 video games Adventure games Coming - of - age fiction Episodic video games Interactive movie video games LGBT - related video games PlayStation 4 games PlayStation Network games Single - player video games Square Enix games Unity ( game engine ) games Video game prequels Video games developed in the United States Video games featuring female protagonists Video games set in 2010 Video games set in Oregon Video games set in the United States Windows games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Use British English from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano עברית Polski Português Русский Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 11 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the second episode of before the storm come out	[ "\nRelease\n\n\n\nEpisode 1\n\n\nWW: 31 August 2017\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEpisode 2\n\n\nWW: 19 October 2017\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEpisode 3\n\n\nWW: TBA\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "19 October 2017" ]
-2238666868998514032	You're the One for Me (D. Train song)	You 're the One for Me ( D. Train song ) - wikipedia You 're the One for Me ( D. Train song ) `` You 're the One for Me '' Single by D. Train from the album D. Train Released May 1981 Format 12 '' single 7 '' single Genre Post-disco soul Length 6 : 57 Label Prelude ( US , PRL D 621 ) Songwriter ( s ) Eaves III Williams D. Train singles chronology `` You 're the One for Me '' ( 1981 ) `` Walk On By '' ( 1982 ) `` You 're the One for Me '' ( 1981 ) `` Walk On By '' ( 1982 ) `` You 're the One For Me '' is a song written by James Williams ( later known as James `` D Train '' Williams ) and Hubert Eaves III of D. Train , a New York based post-disco duo , released in 1981 by Prelude Records . `` You 're the One for Me '' first charted on December 19 , 1981 , at number 53 on the Billboard dance singles chart . It was a number one dance hit for three weeks early in 1982 . The single also made it to number thirteen on the soul singles chart . Later in 1982 , `` You 're the One for Me '' along with the track , `` Keep On '' , would peak at # 2 on dance charts . `` Keep On '' peaked at number fifteen on the soul chart . Contents 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Track listings 4.1 1981 - 82 releases 4.2 1985 release 5 Chart performance 6 Personnel 7 Other versions 7.1 Sampling 8 References Background ( edit ) Williams and Eaves III both met in a college in Brooklyn while Eaves III was still a jazz session musician and aspiring producer who musically cooperated with Mtume . Using Williams ' moniker earned by Williams ' `` prowess on the football field '' to release their first song `` You 're the One for Me '' Eaves III had an idea for , they chose it as their recording alias . Signing a contract with Prelude Records the song was released in 1981 as a 12 - inch and 7 - inch vinyl single in the United States , Canada , Germany , Portugal , United Kingdom , Mexico ( ' 82 ) , Spain ( ' 82 ) , Netherlands ( ' 82 ) , France ( ' 82 ) , Italy ( ' 82 ) , Austria ( ' 90 ) . Roles were divided , Williams acted as a lead singer thanks to his prominent vocals while Eaves III provided instrumental backing and was behind production . Their distinctive style of mature soul voice meeting the powerful multi-layered synth lines and bass synthesizers that was typical of the New York minimalist electronic R&B sound of the early 1980s was also the progenitor of electro music , one year early before seminal electro track `` Planet Rock '' was released . Williams argues the song first came to be popular in the clubs before becoming a Top 20 urban hit after they took it to Frankie `` Hollywood '' Crocker at WBLS - FM : `` Soon , it seemed like everywhere we went , the clubs had to play the song twice a night . '' The song also turned out to be commercially successful in the United Kingdom to which Williams adds , `` I remember we were doing Top of the Pops with Sting and The Police over in London . They had a bar across the street and we went in there and they were playing it too ! Then , a third club was playing it ! That 's how popular the record was and that 's the God 's honest truth . '' They also developed a loyal following of LGBT fans during his Prelude years since gay clubs were among the first where D. Train had success , which he take no issues of , `` I learned that all people have the same needs , whether they are straight or gay . We all need love . '' Composition ( edit ) `` You 're the One for Me '' is a post-disco song with influences of soul , which runs for six minutes and 59 seconds for the 12 - inch vocal version . Notably , it was influential in the electro music genre . It has a tempo of 120 beats per minute . Critical reception ( edit ) Daryl Easlea from BBC wrote , `` their mixture of electronics and emotion led to some compelling moments , most notably their calling card and most enduring anthem , You 're the One for Me . With its sequenced handclaps , thundering synth bass and its fluttery , repetitive electronic melody , the song is enlivened by Williams ' throaty delivery . '' He also notes on the gospel touch of Williams ' singing , `` ( w ) hen he sings the repeated refrain of ' With the love I have inside of me , we could turn this world around , ' over the breakdown , it is like the world 's most charismatic preacher encapsulating the remarkable purity and longing of the first flush of true love . '' Rock music critic Robert Christgau rated the album the song is from B+ and wrote , `` Their burgeoning street rep reflects the burly appeal of James Williams , who sings lead like the president of the Teddy Pendergrass Fan Club , Boys and Girls High chapter . More power to him . But their chart success reflects the complete control of keyboard pro Hubert Eaves III . Hooks do n't grow on streets . '' Track listings ( edit ) 1981 - 82 releases ( edit ) 12 '' vinyl US : Prelude Records / PRL D 621 France : Pathé Marconi EMI / 2C 052 52903 Z Canada : Prelude Records / SPEC - 1237 Spain : Prelude Records / 1 - 20.004 Side one No . Title Length 1 . `` You 're the One for Me '' ( Vocal ) 3 : 48 Side two No . Title Length 1 . `` You 're the One for Me '' ( Instrumental ) 4 : 38 7 '' vinyl Italy : Prelude Records / PRL 10376 Side one No . Title Length 1 . `` You 're the One for Me '' ( Vocal ) 4 : 13 Side two No . Title Length 1 . `` You 're the One for Me '' ( Instrumental ) 3 : 37 1985 release ( edit ) 12 '' vinyl UK : Prelude Records / ZT 40302 Side one No . Title Length 1 . `` You 're the One for Me '' ( Labor of Love Mix , A Paul Hardcastle Remix ) 5 : 55 Side two No . Title Length 1 . `` You 're the One for Me '' ( Original Classic Club Mix ) 6 : 58 2 . `` Keep On '' ( A François Kevorkian & Hubert Eaves III Mix ) 8 : 34 Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 ) Peak position US Billboard Black Singles 13 US Billboard Club Play Singles Personnel ( edit ) Hubert Eaves III , James `` D - Train '' Williams -- music and lyrics Hubert Eaves III -- mix , production François Kevorkian -- mix additional personnel for 1981 version Herb Powers Jr. -- mastering John Potoker -- engineer Sound Lab Studios by `` Pete & Mike '' -- recording Sigma Sound NYC . -- mix Other versions ( edit ) In 1985 , Paul Hardcastle cut a remixed version which reached No. 15 on the UK Singles Chart . This version did n't stray too far from the original 1982 hit . The song provided the background sample for Eleanor 's song `` Adventure , '' which reached number one Billboard 's Dance Club Play chart in 1988 . Musician Prince performed a cover version of the song on Lopez Tonight featuring his backup singers , with Shelby J. on lead vocals & Sheila E. on percussion in early 2011 to launch his 21 Nights in Los Angeles . The song was also featured in the video game Grand Theft Auto V ( 2013 ) and in the film The Football Factory ( 2004 ) and Glitter ( 2001 ) . 2015 Paul Kalkbrenner published his single Cloud Rider which is based on the song You 're the One for Me . Sampling ( edit ) The Prodigy have sampled this song in their 2004 single `` Girls '' , from the album Always Outnumbered , Never Outgunned . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chart '' . billboard : 49 . December 19 , 1981 . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Hot Dance / Disco : 1974 - 2003 . Record Research . p. 84 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 174 . ^ Jump up to : Arena , James ( 2014 ) . First Legends of Disco . Author House , 2014 . p. 318 . ISBN 9781491848296 . ^ Jump up to : `` 40 Versions of You 're The One For Me ( 1981 ) . Zink Media , Inc ... Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 ^ Jump up to : David Pattie , Sean Albiez ( 2011 ) . Kraftwerk : Music Non-Stop . A&C Black , 2011 . p. 728 . ISBN 9781441191366 . Jump up ^ Brusca , Donny ( 2006 ) . BPM List 2006 : Main Edition . Lulu.com , 2006 . p. 728 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84728 - 860 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Easlea , Daryl ( 2012 ) D - Train You 're the One for Me Review . British Broadcasting Corporation ( the Government of the UK ) . Retrieved October 06 , 2014 D Train Hubert Eaves III James `` D - Train '' Williams Studio albums D. Train Music Something 's On Your Mind Singles `` Keep On '' `` Walk on By '' `` You 're the One for Me '' `` Keep Giving Me Love '' `` Music '' `` Something 's on Your Mind '' `` Just Another Night ( Without Your Love ) '' `` You 're the One for Me '' ( remix ) '' Book : James `` D - Train '' Williams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27re_the_One_for_Me_(D._Train_song)&oldid=847197739 '' Categories : 1981 singles D Train ( entertainer ) songs Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Debut singles Prelude Records ( record label ) singles Songs written by Hubert Eaves III 1981 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 June 2018 , at 16 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings you're the one for me	[ "\"You're the One For Me\" is a song written by James Williams (later known as James \"D Train\" Williams) and Hubert Eaves III of D. Train, a New York based post-disco duo, released in 1981 by Prelude Records. \"You're the One for Me\" first charted on December 19, 1981, at number 53 on the Billboard dance singles chart.[1] It was a number one dance hit for three weeks early in 1982.[2] The single also made it to number thirteen on the soul singles chart.[3] Later in 1982, \"You're the One for Me\" along with the track, \"Keep On\", would peak at #2 on dance charts. \"Keep On\" peaked at number fifteen on the soul chart.\n" ]	[ "D. Train" ]
-8444460269544959871	Geographical distribution of French speakers	Geographical distribution of French speakers - wikipedia Geographical distribution of French speakers Jump to : navigation , search Proportion of French speakers by country in 2014 : 0 -- 19 % Francophone 20 -- 39 % Francophone 40 -- 59 % Francophone 60 -- 79 % Francophone 80 -- 100 % Francophone This article details the geographical distribution of speakers of the French language , regardless of the legislative status within the countries where it is spoken . French - based creoles are considered separate languages for the purpose of this article . French became an international language in the Middle Ages , when the power of the Kingdom of France made it the second international language , alongside Latin . This status continued to grow into the 18th century , by which time French was the language of European courts and diplomacy . The importance of French began to wane in the early 20th century , when the rise of the English - speaking United States to superpower status eroded its place as the language of trade , science and diplomacy . According to a 2014 estimate by the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie , 274 million people worldwide can speak French , of which 212 million use the language daily , while the remaining 62 million have learnt it as a foreign language . Despite a decline in the number of learners of French in Europe , the overall number of speakers is rising , largely because of its presence in high - fertility African countries : of the 212 million who use French daily , 54.7 % are living in Africa . Contents ( hide ) 1 Statistics 1.1 OIF figures 1.1. 1 Other territories 1.2 Native speakers 1.2. 1 Subnational territories 2 Americas 2.1 Argentina 2.2 Brazil 2.3 Canada 2.4 Haiti 2.5 United States 3 Asia 3.1 Burma 3.2 Cambodia 3.3 China 3.4 Jordan 3.5 Lebanon 3.6 Laos 3.7 Philippines 3.8 Singapore 3.9 Vietnam 4 Europe 4.1 Belgium 4.2 France 4.3 Italy 4.4 Luxembourg 4.5 Switzerland 4.6 United Kingdom and Channel Islands 5 North Africa 5.1 Algeria 5.2 Egypt 5.3 Mauritania 5.4 Morocco 5.5 Tunisia 6 Sub-Saharan Africa 6.1 Benin 6.2 Burkina Faso 6.3 Burundi 6.4 Cameroon 6.5 Central African Republic 6.6 Chad 6.7 Comoros 6.8 Congo - Brazzaville 6.9 Congo - Kinshasa 6.10 Djibouti 6.11 Gabon 6.12 Guinea 6.13 Ivory Coast 6.14 Madagascar 6.15 Mali 6.16 Niger 6.17 Rwanda 6.18 Senegal 6.19 Togo 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Statistics ( edit ) OIF figures ( edit ) Population who can understand French in the EU The following figures are from a 2014 report of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie ( OIF ) . No distinctions are made between native speakers of French and those who learnt it as a foreign language , between different levels of mastery or how often the language is used in daily life . For African countries where French is the main language of education , the number of French speakers is derived from the average number of schooling years . Country French speakers Percentage Albania 320,000 10 % Algeria 11,200,000 33 % Andorra 57,000 70 % Armenia 200,000 6 % Austria 967,000 11 % Belgium 8,088,000 72 % Benin 3,848,000 35 % Bulgaria 185,000 3 % Burkina Faso 3,965,000 22 % Burundi 897,000 8 % Cambodia 423,000 3 % Cameroon 9,334,000 40 % Canada 10,470,000 29 % Cape Verde 55,000 11 % Central African Republic 1,410,000 29 % Chad 1,714,000 13 % Comoros 196,000 25 % Congo - Brazzaville 2,717,000 58 % Congo - Kinshasa 33,222,000 47 % Côte d'Ivoire 7,218,000 34 % Croatia 116,000 3 % Cyprus 78,000 7 % Czech Republic 189,000 2 % Denmark 436,000 8 % Djibouti 450,000 50 % Dominica 7,000 10 % Dominican Republic 153,000 1 % Egypt 2,800,000 3 % Equatorial Guinea 231,000 29 % Estonia 19,000 1 % Finland 519,000 10 % France ( Metropolitan ) 62,968,000 97 % Gabon 1,070,000 61 % Georgia 18,000 0.4 % Germany 11,943,000 14 % Ghana 219,000 0.8 % Greece 781,000 7 % Guinea 2,974,000 24 % Guinea - Bissau 275,000 15 % Haiti 4,454,000 42 % Hungary 117,000 1 % Ireland 587,000 12 % Israel 300,000 4 % Italy 9,394,000 15 % Laos 190,000 3 % Latvia 26,000 1 % Lebanon 1,920,000 38 % Lithuania 75,000 2 % Luxembourg 521,000 96 % Macedonia 237,000 11 % Madagascar 4,847,000 20 % Mali 2,744,000 17 % Malta 55,000 13 % Mauritania 529,000 13 % Mauritius 911,000 73 % Moldova 83,000 2 % Monaco 30,000 79 % Montenegro 13,000 2 % Morocco 10,657,000 31 % Mozambique 81,000 0.3 % Netherlands 3,614,000 21 % Niger 2,439,000 13 % Norway 324,000 6 % Poland 1,034,000 3 % Portugal 2,423,000 23 % Qatar 100,000 4 % Romania 1,897,000 9 % Rwanda 700,000 6 % Saint Lucia 3,000 2 % Sao Tome and Principe 41,000 20 % Senegal 4,277,000 29 % Serbia 319,000 3 % Seychelles 50,000 53 % Slovakia 109,000 2 % Slovenia 79,000 4 % Spain 5,022,000 11 % Sweden 1,074,000 11 % Switzerland 5,402,000 66 % Thailand 556,000 0.8 % Togo 2,787,000 39 % Tunisia 6,090,000 54 % Ukraine 54,000 0.1 % United Arab Emirates 100,000 1 % United Kingdom 10,520,000 16 % United States of America 2,100,000 0.7 % Uruguay 5,000 0.1 % Vanuatu 83,000 31 % Vietnam 654,000 0.7 % Other territories ( edit ) Territory Country French speakers Percentage Year Reference French Community of Belgium Belgium 4,658,000 98 % 2014 New Brunswick Canada 320,000 42 % 2014 Quebec Canada 7,666,000 93 % 2014 French Guiana France 162,000 62 % 2015 French Polynesia France 276,000 98 % 2015 Guadeloupe France 395,000 84 % 2015 Martinique France 329,000 81 % 2015 Mayotte France 147,000 63 % 2015 New Caledonia France 260,000 99 % 2015 Réunion France 788,000 88 % 2015 Saint Pierre and Miquelon France 6,000 100 % 2015 Wallis and Futuna France 11,000 83 % 2015 Aosta Valley Italy 72,000 60 % 2001 Native speakers ( edit ) It is estimated that 75 million people worldwide speak French as a main or first language . Country L1 speakers Percentage Year Reference Algeria 10,200 0.03 % 2012 Andorra 4,200 5.2 % 2005 Australia 57,739 0.3 % 2011 Austria 10,190 0.1 % 2001 Belgium 4,194,000 38 % 2012 Benin 16,700 0.3 % 1993 Burkina Faso 170,047 1.3 % 2006 Burundi 2,200 0.03 % Cambodia 873 0.01 % 2008 Canada 7,298,180 22.0 % 2011 Central African Republic 9,000 0.3 % Chad 3,000 0.05 % 1993 Comoros 1,700 0.4 % 1993 Congo - Brazzaville 28,000 1.1 % 1993 Cote d'Ivoire 17,500 0.2 % Cyprus 1,139 0.1 % 2011 Czech Republic 2,056 0.02 % 2011 Djibouti 10,200 1.3 % 2006 Estonia 124 0.01 % 2011 Finland 2,972 0.06 % France 60,674,000 93 % 2012 Gabon 37,500 3.7 % 1993 Georgia 28 0.001 % 2002 Hungary 18,943 0.2 % 2011 India 10,000 0.001 % 2008 Lebanon 16,600 0.4 % Liechtenstein 39 0.1 % Lithuania 95 0.003 % 2011 Luxembourg 57,633 12.1 % 2013 Madagascar 18,000 0.1 % 1993 Mali 7,000 0.09 % 1998 Mauritius 44,400 3.6 % 2011 Monaco 16,500 45 % 2014 Morocco 80,000 0.3 % 2007 Niger 6,000 0.1 % 1993 Poland 3,488 0.01 % 2011 Rwanda 2,300 0.03 % Senegal 59,605 0.6 % 2002 Seychelles 650 0.7 % South Africa 9,268 0.02 % Switzerland 1,791,115 22.5 % 2013 Togo 3,000 0.1 % 1993 Tunisia 11,000 0.1 % 1993 United Kingdom ( England and Wales ) 147,000 0.3 % 2011 United States 1,307,742 0.5 % 2013 Vanuatu 1,400 0.6 % 2009 Subnational territories ( edit ) Territory Country L1 speakers Percentage Year Reference Flanders Belgium 367,000 5.9 % 2009 New Brunswick Canada 240,455 32.5 % 2011 Nova Scotia Canada 31,110 3.4 % 2011 Ontario Canada 561,155 4.4 % 2011 Quebec Canada 6,231,600 79.7 % 2011 Manitoba Canada 51,280 4.3 % 2011 Alberta Canada 68 435 2.1 % 2011 British Columbia Canada 63 625 1.4 % 2011 Mayotte France 21,000 10 % 2014 Réunion France 65,700 8 % Puducherry India 1,600 0.26 % 1982 Aosta Valley Italy 1,200 1 % 2003 Romandie Switzerland 1,606,029 83.6 % 2013 Louisiana United States 119,931 2.8 % 2013 Maine United States 47,066 3.73 % 2012 Massachusetts United States 65,874 1.06 % 2012 Connecticut United States 35,565 1.05 % 2012 New Hampshire United States 24,697 1.98 % 2012 Vermont United States 9,543 1.61 % 2012 Rhode Island United States 11,477 1.15 % 2012 Americas ( edit ) Argentina ( edit ) From the second half of the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century , Argentina received the second largest group of French immigrants worldwide , second only to the United States . Between 1857 and 1946 Argentina received 239,503 French immigrants - out of which 105,537 permanently settled in the country . In 1976 116,032 were settled in Argentina . France was the third source of immigration to Argentina before 1890 , constituting over 10 % of immigrants , only surpassed by Italians and Spaniards . Today more than 6 million Argentines have some degree of French ancestry ( up to 17 % of the total population ) , many of them French - speakers . Brazil ( edit ) The anti-Portuguese factor of Brazilian nationalism in the 19th century led to an increased use of the French language in detriment of Portuguese , as France was seen at the time as a model of civilization and progress . The learning of French has historically been important and strong among the Lusophone high societies , and for a great span of time it was also the foreign language of choice among the middle class of both Portugal and Brazil , only surpassed in the globalised postmodernity by English , in both , and more recently by Spanish , in the latter . Canada ( edit ) Main articles : Canadian French and French language in Canada French is the second most common language in Canada , after English , and both are official languages at the federal level . French is the sole official language in the province of Quebec , being the mother tongue for some 7 million people , or almost 80.1 % ( 2006 Census ) of the province . About 95 % of the people of Quebec speak French as either a first or second language . New Brunswick and Manitoba are the only officially bilingual provinces , though full bilingualism is enacted only in New Brunswick , where about one third of the population is Francophone . French is also an official language of all of the territories ( Northwest Territories , Nunavut , and Yukon ) . Out of the three , Yukon has the most French speakers , comprising just under 4 % of the population . About 6,827,860 Canadians speak French as their first language , or around 20 % of the country , with 2,065,300 constituting secondary speakers . Bilingualism with French has been declining in English Canada in recent years . Haiti ( edit ) See also : Haitian French French is one of two official languages of Haiti , together with Haitian Creole , which is French - based . French is the language of culture and business in Haiti , and also the main language of institutions . French is used most by the elite and the middle class . Attempts to increase the legitimacy of Creole as an official language and in the media , on radio and television in particular , led to a relative decline in the share of French usage . Most teachers of French suffer from a low level of skills in the language , with nearly 85 % achieving a level between A2 and B1 in the Test de connaissance du français ( TCF ) in 2009 . United States ( edit ) Main article : French language in the United States French language spread in the United States According to the U.S. Census Bureau ( 2011 ) , French is the fourth most - spoken language in the United States after English , Spanish , and Chinese , when all forms of French are considered together and all languages of Chinese are similarly combined . French remains the second most - spoken language in the states of Louisiana , Maine , Vermont and New Hampshire . Louisiana is home to many distinct dialects , collectively known as Louisiana French . Cajun French has the largest number of speakers , mostly living in Acadiana . According to the 2000 United States Census , there are over 194,000 people in Louisiana who speak French at home , the most of any state if Creole French is excluded . New England French , essentially a variant of Canadian French , is spoken in parts of New England . Missouri French , Muskrat French and Métis French were historically spoken by descendants of habitants , voyageurs and coureurs des bois in various parts of New France , but are now endangered . Asia ( edit ) Burma ( edit ) In Burma , French is gaining popularity amongst university students and the tourism sector , as the country slowly opens up . French is taught in secondary school , as with other foreign languages aside from English , which is taught from primary school . Two universities in the country have French - language departments , for a total of 350 students . Cambodia ( edit ) Main article : French language in Cambodia About 3 % of the population of Cambodia can speak French as of 2014 . China ( edit ) In China the language was also spoken by the elite in the Shanghai French Concession and other concessions in Guangzhou ( Shamian Island ) , Hankou , Tianjin , Kwang - Chou - Wan and in the French zone of influence over the provinces of Yunnan , Guangxi , Hainan , and Guangdong . French is seen as important for doing business in Africa in particular , and 6,000 students attended French courses in 2013 . 29,000 study French in one of the Alliance française establishments , and 20,000 more study it in private language schools or academies , while 35,000 Chinese people are studying in France . Jordan ( edit ) See also : Languages of Jordan French is a minor language in Jordan brought over by French colonists in Lebanon and Syria and Maghrebi and French expatriates . The growth of French in Jordan occurred primarily in the 20th century but it is still popular today . Amman is home to the Lycée Français , while the Institut français de Jordanie is another important Francophone institution in the country . According to the 2014 Francophonie report , 12,000 Jordanians were studying French at the primary level , 30,000 at the secondary level and 1,747 in universities . Lebanon ( edit ) See also : French language in Lebanon Town sign in Standard Arabic and French at the entrance of Rechmaya in Lebanon . As the Lebanese people historically call France la tendre mère ( English : The Tender Mother ) , not only speaking French in Lebanon is very common and encouraged , but it is also a self - identification with the French liberal and cultural spirit that was mainly the result of the French colonial period and educational , Christian religious and governmental enterprises . However , most Lebanese privilege French out of fascination and infatuation with the culture , not for any functional purposes . While the Article 11 of Lebanon 's Constitution states that `` Arabic is the official national language , a law determines the cases in which the French language is to be used '' . Today , French and English are secondary languages of Lebanon , with about 40 % of the population being Francophone and 40 % Anglophone . The use of English is growing in the business and media environment . Out of about 900,000 students , about 500,000 are enrolled in Francophone schools , public or private , in which the teaching of mathematics and scientific subjects is provided in French . Actual usage of French varies depending on the region and social status . One third of high school students educated in French go on to pursue higher education in English - speaking institutions . English is the language of business and communication , with French being an element of social distinction , chosen for its emotional value . On social media , French was used on Facebook by just 10 % of Lebanese in 2014 , far behind English ( 78 % ) . Laos ( edit ) Main article : French language in Laos About 3 % of the population of Laos can speak French as of 2014 . Philippines ( edit ) The Philippines has become one of the most active areas where French is being studied . Home of the first Alliance Française in the Southeast Asia ( founded in 1912 ) , it continues to educate many Filipinos and expatriates in the said language . There are currently two branches of Alliance Française in the Philippines , that of Manila and Cebu . Although the language is not offered in elementary school , former President Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo issued a proclamation encouraging the language to be an elective in high school . Also , French , along with Spanish , is a popular foreign language offered in many universities in the country . The University of the Philippines offers a bachelor 's degree in European Languages , where French is one of the possible majors . Singapore ( edit ) In Singapore , the top 10 % of Primary School Leaving Examination graduates may choose to opt for French as a second or third language in secondary school , though the language is not an official language in Singapore , and is not commonly spoken among locals . Vietnam ( edit ) Main article : French language in Vietnam About 0.7 % of the population of Vietnam can speak French as of 2014 . Europe ( edit ) Spoken by 12 % of the EU population , French is the fourth most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union , after German , Italian and English ; it is also the third most widely known language of the Union , after English and German ( 33 % of the EU population report to know how to speak English , whilst 22 % of Europeans understand German and 20 % French ) . Belgium ( edit ) Further information : Languages of Belgium and Belgian French In Belgium , French is an official language nationwide . French is the primary language of Wallonia ( excluding a part of the East Cantons , which are German - speaking ) and in the Brussels - Capital Region , where it is spoken by the majority of the population often as their primary language . In the Flemish Region there are a dozen municipalities with language facilities for French speakers along borders with the Walloon and Brussels - Capital regions . In total , native French speakers make up about 38 % of the country 's population . Including speakers of French as a second language , about 72 % of the Belgian population can speak French . France ( edit ) See also : Toubon Law and Languages of France French formally became the official language of France in 1992 , but the ordinance of Villers - Cotterêts made it mandatory for legal documents in 1539 . France mandates the use of French in official government publications and public education except in specific cases ( though these dispositions are often ignored ) and legal contracts ; advertisements must bear a translation of foreign words . Italy ( edit ) See also : Aosta Valley The Aosta Valley was the first government authority to adopt Modern French as working language in 1536 , three years before France itself . French has been the official language of the Aosta Valley since 1561 , when it replaced Latin . In the 1861 census , the first held after the unification of Italy , 93 % declared being Francophone ; in 1921 , the last census with a question about language found that 88 % of the population was French - speaking . The suppression of all French - language schools and institutions and violence against French speakers during the forceful Italianisation campaign of the Fascist government irretrievably damaged the status of French in the region . Italian and French are nowadays the region 's official languages and are used for the regional government 's acts and laws , though Italian is much more widely spoken in everyday life , and French is mostly used within cultural events . Though French was re-introduced as an official language after World War II , and by 2003 just 0.99 % reported speaking French natively . French remains widely known as a second language , but it is no longer spoken as part of daily life . In 2001 , 75.41 % of the Valdostan population was French - speaking , 96.01 % declared to know Italian , 55.77 % Franco - Provençal , and 50.53 % all of them . School education is delivered equally in both Italian and French so that everyone who went to school in Aosta Valley can speak French to at least a medium - high level . Luxembourg ( edit ) Further information : Languages of Luxembourg and Multilingualism in Luxembourg French is one of three official languages of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , alongside German and Luxembourgish , the natively spoken language of Luxembourg . French is primarily used for administrative purposes by the government , is the language in which laws are published since the law of 1984 and is also the primary language used to converse with foreigners . Luxembourg 's education system is trilingual : the first cycle of basic school is in Luxembourgish , before changing officially to German for most branches ; while in secondary school , the language of instruction changes to French for most subjects , such as mathematics and science . At the Luxemborg University courses are offered in French , German and English . Switzerland ( edit ) Further information : Languages of Switzerland , Swiss French , and Romandie French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland ( along with German , Italian and Romansh ) and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland called Romandie , of which Geneva is the largest city . The language divisions in Switzerland do not coincide with political subdivisions and some cantons have bilingual status for example , cities such Biel / Bienne or cantons such as Valais - Fribourg - Berne . French is the native language of about 20 % of the Swiss population and is spoken by 50.4 % of the population . United Kingdom and channel islands ( edit ) Further information : Languages of Jersey , Languages of Guernsey , and Languages of the United Kingdom French is the most popular foreign language studied in British schools . According to a 2006 European Commission report , 23 % of UK residents are able to carry on a conversation in French . Other surveys put the figure at 15 % . In Jersey , a standardized variety of French called Jersey Legal French is an official language . However , its use is generally restricted to parliament formalities or legal codes and contracts . In Guernsey , English is the only official language , although French is sometimes used in legislation with a ceremonial capacity . Nevertheless , Norman ( in its local forms , Guernésiais and Jèrriais ) is the historical vernacular of the islands . North Africa ( edit ) Algeria ( edit ) Main article : French language in Algeria Bilingual sign in Algiers In Algeria , 69.1 % of the population over 15 in Alger , Constantine , Oran and Annaba can read and write French . According to a survey conducted in 2012 , fewer than four in 10 Algerians identified with a Francophone identity . Conversely , speaking French was seen as essential by seven in 10 , though a third of the population felt that the use of French is declining . In urban areas , French is considered almost mandatory to get a job . French is the first foreign language in Algeria , and is introduced at the primary level . In higher education , French is the language of instruction in scientific and technical fields . Francophone Algerians can be divided into three broad categories : ' real Francophones ' , who speak French as part of their daily lives and mostly come from a privileged background ; ' casual Francophones ' , who use the language in certain contexts , alternating it with Arabic , and ' passive Francophones ' , who can understand French but do not speak it . French television channels are widely watched in Algeria , and Algerian newspaper print their television schedules . Algeria also has a sizeable French - language press . A 2014 report published by the National Assembly of France describes it as the most important French - speaking country after France . Nevertheless , Algeria is not a member of the Francophonie . On social media , French was used on Facebook by 76 % of Algerians in 2014 . French is not official , but The World Factbook cites it as the lingua franca of the country . The French language , restricted to an urban elite during the colonial period , began to expand as part of the mass education efforts launched after 1962 . Its controversial status as a legacy of colonialism led to the increasing Arabisation of the school system in the 1970s and 1980s . The usage of French in the country reached its lowest point during the Algerian Civil War in the 1990s , when armed Islamist groups targeted teachers of French . The language has rebounded in public life since the end of the war , culminating in the efforts to reintroduce French in primary schools in 2006 , which were initially hampered by a lack of sufficiently qualified teachers . Referring to the continued usage of French in Algeria in the post-colonial period , the writer Kateb Yacine described the French language as the ' spoils of war ' ( butin de guerre ) of Algerians . Local French - language media include El Watan , Le Soir d'Algérie , Liberté , Le Matin and Tout sur l'Algérie . According to a 2010 study by IMMAR Research & Consultancy , Francophone newspapers had a readership of 4,459,000 in the country , or 28 % of the total , and a majority among readers with a high school or university education . Egypt ( edit ) The first French - medium school was established in Egypt in 1836 , and the importance of French expanded throughout the second half of the 19th century , until it became the most common foreign language in the country . At the time , it was also a lingua franca for the communities of foreign origin , especially in Cairo . During the period of the British colonization of Egypt French was actually the medium of communication among foreigners and between foreigners and Egyptians ; the mixed French - Egyptian civil courts operated in French , and government notices from the Egyptian Sultan , taxi stand information , timetables of trains , and other legal documents were issued in French . This was partly because of some Egyptians had French education and partly because of cultural influence from France . Despite efforts from British legal personnel , English was never adopted as a language of the Egyptian civil courts during the period of British influence . French began to lose ground in Egyptian society in the 1920s for a number of political and social reasons ; from the 1930s onwards English became the main foreign language , but French was still being learnt by 8 million Egyptians in 2013 . There are two French - speaking universities in the country , the Université Française d'Égypte and the Université Senghor . French is spoken by elderly people in the educated class who are over 40 years old . These people are more eloquent in this language because French was the main language used in education many years back before English prevailed and became the most preferred language of teaching . French is , however , starting to gain more prevalence as many young people are now attending French schools compared to before . As a result of this , the number of young people speaking French has risen to match those speaking English . Mauritania ( edit ) See also : Languages of Mauritania French was demoted from its status as an official language of Mauritania in 1991 . Even so , it is taught from the second grade onward for up to six hours a week . French is also a language of instruction in high school for scientific subjects . In higher education , 2,300 students were enrolled in French courses in 2012 . French remains , alongside Arabic , the language of work and education , although there were attempts to introduce English as a first foreign language . On social media , 59 % of Mauritanian Facebook users used French on the website in 2014 . Morocco ( edit ) See also : French language in Morocco and Language Attitudes Among Arabic - French Bilinguals in Morocco The 2004 census of Morocco found that 39.4 % of the population aged 10 and older could read and write French . Spoken mainly in cities among the upper middle class , French is the medium of instruction of two - thirds of courses in higher education , including science and technology , health , economics and management , although the adoption of English for this role was being considered by the Minister of Education . In the private sector , French is treated as more than simply a foreign language . French is introduced in primary school , where it is studied for up to 7 hours a week . It is also used as the language of education in many private schools . Moroccans are the largest group of foreign students in France , ahead of the Chinese and Algerians . 50.3 % of the population over 15 in Tanger , Fès , Rabat , Casablanca and Marrakech can read and write French . According to a survey conducted in 2012 , just a third of urban Moroccans identify with a Francophone identity , and slightly more wish for French to become more commonly used . French is nevertheless deemed essential , both in the professional and private spheres , by three - quarters of respondents . French - language media are losing ground to Arabic media , including in television , radio or the press : of 618 Moroccan publications in 2004 , 448 were in Arabic and 164 in French . On social media , French was used on Facebook by 75 % of Moroccans in 2014 . Local French - language media include Le Matin du Sahara et du Maghreb , TelQuel , Aujourd'hui le Maroc , La Vie éco . Tunisia ( edit ) See also : Languages of Tunisia § French French is a working language in many sectors in Tunisia , including healthcare , commerce or communication . In coastal areas and the more developed neighbourhoods of the capital , it is also a common language of communication for all social groups , either in its standardised form or hybridized with Arabic . In the inland regions and the south it remains a foreign language . French is introduced from the third grade at 8 hours per week . In high school French is the language of instruction for mathematics , science and computing . Teachers are not always sufficiently trained for this usage , however . Nearly three - quarters of the population of Tunis , Sousse and Sfax consider French as essential in their professional or personal lives . However , only half of the population feels Francophone , and only a third feels solidarity with other Francophone countries . 70.8 % of the population over 15 in the aforementioned Tunisians cities can read and write French . Arabic increasingly dominates the Tunisian media landscape , especially on television : the audience share of local French - language channels reached 25 % in the early 1990s , but hardly reached 3 % by the 2010s . On social media , French was used on Facebook by 91 % of Tunisians in 2014 . Local French - language media include La Presse de Tunisie , L'Economiste Maghrébin , Tunivisions , Le Temps . Sub-saharan Africa ( edit ) French speakers in Africa in 2014 : 0 -- 10 % Francophone 11 -- 20 % Francophone 21 -- 30 % Francophone 31 -- 40 % Francophone 41 -- 50 % Francophone > 50 % Francophone According to the High Council of the International Organization of the Francophonie , in 2010 , 96.2 million French speakers were living in various countries in Africa . French has been imported to most of these countries through colonization , and it is not a mother tongue to most residents . African standards of French differ from European ones . Some linguists discuss a `` second French language '' or even an `` African French language '' . According to Paul Wald , `` The notion of ownership of an imported language begins when -- despite its identification as a foreign and / or vernacular language -- its use does not imply a relationship with the foreigner . '' French can thus be considered the result of functional and vernacular ownerships , satisfying the needs of a society with new sociocultural and socioeconomic realities . French has begun developing into almost independent varieties , with creation of different types of slang by speakers with a sufficient knowledge of French . Examples include the Ivorian jargon `` Nouchi '' in Abidjan and the Cameroonian `` Camfranglais '' , which is a mixture of French and English with elements of indigenous languages . Benin ( edit ) See also : Languages of Benin French is the sole official language of Benin . According to a survey , 57.3 % of residents of Cotonou over the age of 15 could read and write French . Knowledge of French is considered important for employment , bureaucracy , education but also in everyday life . 34 % of the population was Francophone in 2002 , up from 23 % in 1992 . There are strong regional differences , with the ability to speak French being more common in the south of the country . The Atlantique and Littoral departments have a French - speaking majority . French speakers are more commonly men than women , owing to a disparity in access to education . Burkina Faso ( edit ) See also : Languages of Burkina Faso French is the sole official language of Burkina Faso . In Ouagadougou , 49.4 % of the population aged 15 and older can read and write French . At the national level French was the first language for 1.66 % of the population in 2006 ( up from 0.75 % in 1996 ) , reaching 9.54 % in the capital , where it is the second most spoken language behind Dioula . Burundi ( edit ) See also : Languages of Burundi French is one of two official languages of Burundi , the other being Kirundi . Cameroon ( edit ) See also : Languages of Cameroon French is one of two official languages of Cameroon , the other being English . French is the main language in 8 regions out of 10 , with English being dominant in the remaining two . In Cameroon , 63.7 % of the population aged 15 and older in Douala and 60.5 % in Yaounde can read and write French ; an additional 13 -- 15 % can speak French without being able to write it . Among residents of the capital French is seen as essential , especially in government and information , though English is also seen as important in many situations . Three quarters feel close to other Francophone countries . The 2005 census found that 57.7 % of the population over the age of 12 could speak French , up form 41.1 % in 1987 . Central African Republic ( edit ) See also : Languages of the Central African Republic French is the sole official language of the Central African Republic . Chad ( edit ) See also : Languages of Chad French is one of two official languages of Chad , together with Arabic . One resident of N'Djamena out of two feels solidarity towards other French - speaking country and wishes for the use of French to expand . French is seen as important in work and education . French shares a place with Arabic as the language of administration and education , as well as in the press ; French is dominant on radio and television . French is also spoken as part of daily life . Comoros ( edit ) See also : Languages of Comoros French is one of two official languages of Comoros , Arabic being the second . On social media , French was used on Facebook by 100 % of Comorians in 2014 . Congo. - Brazzaville ( edit ) See also : Languages of the Republic of the Congo French is the sole official language of Republic of Congo. 68.7 % of the population of Brazzaville aged 15 and older can read and write French . French is the main language in the media , used by 63 % of radio and television broadcasters . French is also the dominant language in the state administrations . Congo. - Kinshasa ( edit ) See also : Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo French is the sole official language of Democratic Republic of Congo . About half of Kinshasa residents feel solidarity towards Francophone countries , and French is seen as important for education and relations with the government . It is also seen as important to be successful in life , along with English . French is the main language of education after third grade . Djibouti ( edit ) See also : Languages of Djibouti French is one of two official languages of Djibouti , the other being Arabic . On social media , French was used on Facebook by 82 % of Djiboutians in 2014 . Gabon ( edit ) See also : Languages of Gabon French is the sole official language of Gabon . According to a 1999 survey , French was the first language for 26.3 % of Libreville residents between the age of 15 and 25 . 71.9 % of the capital 's residents over 15 years of age could read and write French . Three quarters of the population of the capital identifies as Francophone and considers French as essential . All local publications are in French . Guinea ( edit ) See also : Languages of Guinea French is the sole official language of Guinea . In Conakry , 42.1 % of the population aged 15 and older can read and write French . Ivory Coast ( edit ) See also : Languages of Ivory Coast French is the sole official language of the Ivory Coast . In Abidjan , largest city of the country , 57.6 % of the inhabitants over 15 can read and write French , and another 11 % can speak it but not write it . The French language is seen as essential by a large majority , especially for dealing with the government and in education . Two thirds of respondents report feeling Francophone . French plays an important role in all areas of public and private life across the whole country . French is increasingly seen as an Ivorian language , and a local variety distinct from standard French has emerged ( français ivoirien ) . Madagascar ( edit ) See also : Languages of Madagascar In Antananarivo , the capital of Madagascar , French is seen as important for work , education and administrative matters , but not in everyday life , where Malagasy dominates . Less than half feel solidarity with other Francophone countries or consider knowledge of French as essential . Education in primary schools is bilingual in Malagasy and French . The latter is used as medium of education for mathematics and scientific subjects . French is the language of instruction in secondary and tertiary education . It is also the main language of government , alongside Malagasy . Mali ( edit ) See also : Languages of Mali In Bamako , 47.7 % of the population over 15 can read and write French . Only 5 out of 10 people in the capital feel solidarity towards Francophone countries . French , however , is seen as essential for work , studies and administrative procedures . French is advancing as a second language , rising from 11.9 % in 1987 to 24.4 % in 2009 , but declining as a native language from 0.11 % of the population in 1987 to 0.09 % in 1998 , losing some ground to Bambara . French is more widely spoken in the Sahel region in the north of the country than in the south . Niger ( edit ) See also : Languages of Niger French is the sole official language of Niger . In Niamey , the capital , French is seen as essential for work , studies and administrative procedures . Two - thirds of residents believe that the use of French is becoming more common in the country . Rwanda ( edit ) See also : Languages of Rwanda French was the administrative language of Rwanda since colonial times . The Rwandan Genocide in 1994 and the victory of the Rwandan Patriotic Front were followed by a period of linguistic upheaval , with the return of millions of refugees from Anglophone countries setting the stage for the officialisation of English in 1996 and its gradual usurpation of French as the language of education , culminating with the decision in October 2008 to make English the only language of education at all levels , effectively relegating French to the status of foreign language . In spite of this decision , a survey of students in Kigali found that French was the preferred language for a majority of them . Senegal ( edit ) See also : Languages of Senegal French is the sole official language of Senegal . French was commonly spoken by 9.4 % of Senegalese in 2002 , mainly as a foreign language , with just 0.6 % speaking it natively . Wolof is by far the most spoken language in the country , including the capital , while French remains a second language , becoming the main language only in non-Wolof areas . French is the main language of institutions , however . Only half of Dakar residents identify with a Francophone status or feel solidarity with French - speaking countries , but the French language is seen as essential for everyday affairs and education . French was the language of alphabetisation for 37.2 % of the population in 2013 , followed by Arabic with 11.1 % . French is the main language of education in all regions of Senegal except for Kaffrine , where Arabic remains dominant , with significant Arabic - educated minorities in Kaolack ( 15.9 % to 33.0 % for French ) , Louga ( 15.8 % to 22.7 % ) and Diourbel ( 15.0 % to 17.2 % ) . This phenomenon is explained by the impact of Quranic schools or daara in those regions . Togo ( edit ) See also : Languages of Togo French is the sole official language of Togo . According to the 2010 census , 53 % of the population over the age of 15 can read and write French . See also ( edit ) List of territorial entities where French is an official language Organisation internationale de la Francophonie Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Figures for 2008 ^ Jump up to : The percentage is calculated from the World Bank population estimate for the given year . Jump up ^ Based on a 2012 population of 11,035,948 ( StatBel ) Jump up ^ 2,056 or 0.02 % of the total population of 10,436,560 Jump up ^ Based on a 2012 population of 65,241,000 ( INSEE ) Jump up ^ Based on a 2002 population of 4,371,535 ( Geostat ) Jump up ^ 117,121 -- 98,178 = 18,943 ( total speakers less non-native speakers ) , or 0.2 % of the total population of 9,937,628 Jump up ^ 3.6 % of a 2011 population of 1,233,000 Jump up ^ 3,488 or 0.01 % of the total population of 38,511,824 Jump up ^ 0.7 % of a 2010 population of 90,945 Jump up ^ 0.6 % of a 2009 population of 234,023 ( VNSO ) Jump up ^ Based on a 2012 population of 212,600 ( INSEE ) Jump up ^ Based on a 2010 population of 821,136 ( INSEE ) Jump up ^ Based on a 1981 population of 604,471 ( Planning and Research Department of Puducherry ) Jump up ^ Based on a 2003 population of 120,909 ( ISTAT ) References ( edit ) La langue française dans le monde 2014 ( PDF ) . Nathan . 2014 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 09 - 882654 - 0 . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : OIF 2014 , pp. 13 -- 19 . Jump up ^ `` Seduction Still Works : French , a Language in Decline '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 29 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` La langue française réunit 274 millions de personnes dans le monde '' . RTBF Litterature . Retrieved 29 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Les chemins de la langue '' ( PDF ) . Francophonie . Retrieved 28 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : OIF 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Estimation des francophones dans le monde en 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Observatoire démographique et statistique de l'espace francophonie . Retrieved 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ William Edmiston ; Annie Dumenil ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ) . La France contemporaine . Cengage Learning . p. 90 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 305 - 80441 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` French '' . Ethnologue . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The People of Australia '' ( PDF ) . Australian Government Department of Immigration and Border Protection . Retrieved 28 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population by language , sex and urban / rural residence '' . UNdata . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Special Eurobarometer 386 : Europeans And Their Languages '' ( PDF ) . European Commission . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 January 2016 . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Recensement general de la population et de l'habitation ( RGPH ) de 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Institut national de la statistique et de la démographie . pp. 90 , 156 . Retrieved 9 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Effectif et proportion de la population ayant déclaré le français selon la caractéristique linguistique , Canada , 2006 et 2011 '' . Statistique Canada . Retrieved 28 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tab . 614b Obyvatelstvo podle věku , mateřského jazyka a pohlaví '' . Český statistický úřad . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PCE06 : Enumerated permanent residents by mother tongue and sex , 31 December 2011 '' . Statistics Estonia . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1.1. 18 A népesség száma és megoszlása nyelvismeret szerint '' . Központi Statisztikai Hivatal . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` N ° 17 La langue principale , celle que l'on maîtrise le mieux '' . Statistiques Luxembourg . Retrieved 28 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dynamique des langues locales et de la langue française au Mali : un éclairage à travers les recensements généraux de la population ( 1987 et 1998 ) '' ( PDF ) . Observatoire démographique et statistique de l'espace francophone . Retrieved 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Population Census -- Main Results '' ( PDF ) . Statistics Mauritius . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tabl . 4.6 . Ludność według języka ojczystego , płci oraz charakteru miejsca zamieszkania w 2011 roku '' ( PDF ) . Główny Urząd Statystyczny . p. 98 . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dynamique des langues locales et de la langue française au Sénégal en 1988 et 2002 '' ( PDF ) . ODSEF . p. 25 . Retrieved 9 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Census 2010 Report '' ( PDF ) . National Bureau of Statistics . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 May 2014 . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Population résidante selon la ou les langue ( s ) principale ( s ) , de 1970 à 2013 '' . Statistique suisse . Retrieved 28 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Census : Quick Statistics for England and Wales , March 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Office for National Statistics . Retrieved 28 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Language Spoken At Home By Ability To Speak English For The Population 5 Years And Over '' . American FactFinder . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Languages '' . The World Factbook . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Il ya aujourd'hui 367 000 francophones en Flandre '' . La Libre.be . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Effectif et proportion de la population ayant déclaré le français selon la caractéristique linguistique , Nouveau - Brunswick et Ontario , 2006 et 2011 '' . Statistique Canada . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Effectif et proportion de la population ayant déclaré le français selon la caractéristique linguistique , Québec , 2006 et 2011 '' . Statistique Canada . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Quatre jeunes sur dix en grande difficulté à l'écrit à Mayotte '' . Insee . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Conditions de vie - Société -- Le créole encore très largement majoritaire à La Réunion '' . Insee . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gazetteer of India -- Union Territory of Pondicherry '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Economics and Statistics , Puducherry . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sondage linguistique '' . Institut d'études fédéralistes et régionalistes . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Population résidante permanente selon la région linguistique et les langues principales '' . Statistique suisse . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over ( B16001 ) : All States Within United States , 2008 - 2012 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barbosa , Rosana ( 2009 ) . Immigration and Xenophobia : Portuguese Immigrants in Early 19th Century Rio de Janeiro . United States : University Press of America . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7618 - 4147 - 0 . , p. 19 Jump up ^ ( in Portuguese ) The importance of the French language in Brazil : marks and milestones in the early periods of teaching Jump up ^ ( in Portuguese ) Presence of the French language and literature in Brazil -- for a history of Franco - Brazilian bonds of cultural affection Archived September 21 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( in Portuguese ) What are the French thinking influences still present in Brazil ? Jump up ^ ( in Portuguese ) France in Brazil Year -- the importance of cultural diplomacy Jump up ^ `` Detailed Mother Tongue ( 186 ) , Knowledge of Official Languages ( 5 ) , Age Groups ( 17A ) and Sex ( 3 ) ( 2006 Census ) '' . 2.statcan.ca . December 7 , 2010 . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population by language spoken most often and regularly at home , age groups ( total ) , for Canada , provinces and territories '' . 2.statcan.ca . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` he evolution of English -- French bilingualism in Canada from 1961 to 2011 '' . 2.statcan.ca . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : OIF 2014 , p. 359 . Jump up ^ Language Use in the United States : 2011 , American Community Survey Reports , Camille Ryan , Issued August 2013 Jump up ^ U.S. Census Bureau , Census 2000 Summary File 3 -- Language Spoken at Home : 2000 . Jump up ^ Ammon , Ulrich ; International Sociological Association ( 1989 ) . Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties . Walter de Gruyter . pp. 306 -- 308 . ISBN 0 - 89925 - 356 - 3 . Retrieved 14 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : OIF 2014 , p. 252 . ^ Jump up to : OIF 2014 , p. 249 . Jump up ^ OIF 2014 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ OIF 2014 , p. 213 . ^ Jump up to : OIF 2014 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ OIF 2014 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ OIF 2014 , p. 358 . ^ Jump up to : `` Citizen Engagement and Public Services in the Arab World : The Potential of Social Media '' ( PDF ) . Mohammed Bin Rashid School of Government . 25 June 2014 . Retrieved 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ http://languageknowledge.eu/countries/eu27 Jump up ^ Van Parijs , Philippe . `` Belgium 's new linguistic challenge '' ( PDF ) . KVS Express ( supplement to newspaper De Morgen ) March -- April 2006 : Article from original source ( pdf 4.9 MB ) pages 34 -- 36 republished by the Belgian Federal Government Service ( ministry ) of Economy -- Directorate -- general Statistics Belgium . Archived from the original ( pdf 0.7 MB ) on June 13 , 2007 . Retrieved 5 May 2007 . -- The linguistic situation in Belgium ( and in particular various estimations of the population speaking French and Dutch in Brussels ) is discussed in detail . Jump up ^ ( in French ) Loi constitutionnelle 1992 -- C'est à la loi constitutionnelle du 25 juin 1992 , rédigée dans le cadre de l'intégration européenne , que l'on doit la première déclaration de principe sur le français , langue de la République . Jump up ^ Pays d'Aoste - Histoire Jump up ^ `` Langue et littérature en Vallée d'Aoste au XVIe siècle '' ( PDF ) . Système Valdôtain des Bibliothèques . 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The British in Egypt : Community , Crime and Crises 1882 - 1922 ( Volume 74 of International Library of Historical Studies ) . I.B. Tauris , March 15 , 2012 . ISBN 1848857098 , 9781848857094 . p. 87 - 88 . Jump up ^ Mak , Lanver . The British in Egypt : Community , Crime and Crises 1882 - 1922 ( Volume 74 of International Library of Historical Studies ) . I.B. Tauris , March 15 , 2012 . ISBN 1848857098 , 9781848857094 . p. 89 . Jump up ^ Languages in Egypt ^ Jump up to : OIF 2014 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ `` Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat 2004 '' . Haut - Commissariat au Plan du Royaume du Maroc . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ OIF 2014 , p. 386 . ^ Jump up to : OIF 2014 , p. 75 . ^ Jump up to : OIF 2014 , p. 499 . Jump up ^ Wolff , Alexandre ( 2011 ) . `` La langue française dans le monde 2010 ( synthèse ) ( The French language in the 2010 world ( summary ) ) '' ( PDF ) ( in French ) ( Nathan ed . ) . Organisation internationale de la Francophonie . Jump up ^ Manessy , G ( 1994 ) . `` Pratique du français en Afrique noire francophone ( The practice of French in francophone black Africa ) '' . Langue française ( in French ) . 104 : 11 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Lafage , S ( 1998 ) . Le français d'afrique noire à l'aube de l'an 2000 : éléments de problématique ( French in black Africa at the dawn of 2000 : problematic elements ) ( in French ) . Paris : Université Paris III . Jump up ^ Dumont , Pierre ( 1990 ) . Le français langue africaine ( The African French language ) ( in French ) . Paris : l'Harmattan . Jump up ^ Wald , Paul ( 1994 ) . `` L'appropriation du français en Afrique noire : une dynamique discursive ( The appropriation of French in black Africa : a dynamic discourse ) '' . Langue française ( in French ) . 104 : 115 -- 124 . ^ Jump up to : OIF 2014 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ OIF 2014 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ OIF 2014 , p. 85 . ^ Jump up to : OIF 2014 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ OIF 2014 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ OIF 2014 , p. 133 . 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External links ( edit ) Observatoire démographique et statistique de l'espace francophone ( ODSEF ) ( hide ) Geographical distribution of French speakers Algeria Cambodia Canada Canadian French Laos Lebanon Morocco United States Louisiana Vietnam French language and French - speaking world portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geographical_distribution_of_French_speakers&oldid=796826376 '' Categories : Geographical distribution of the French language Language geography Hidden categories : Articles with Portuguese - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with French - language external links Articles containing French - language text CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2017 , at 08 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the number of french speakers increasing	[ "According to a 2014 estimate by the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, 274 million people worldwide can speak French, of which 212 million use the language daily, while the remaining 62 million have learnt it as a foreign language.[3] Despite a decline in the number of learners of French in Europe, the overall number of speakers is rising, largely because of its presence in high-fertility African countries: of the 212 million who use French daily, 54.7% are living in Africa.[3]" ]	[ "Africa" ]
-1230503989432015209	2018 FIFA World Cup Group H	2018 FIFA World Cup Group H - wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup Group H 2018 postage stamp from Russia depicting Group H of the 2018 FIFA World Cup group stage . Group H of the 2018 FIFA World Cup took place from 19 to 28 June 2018 . The group consisted of Poland , Senegal , Colombia , and Japan . The top two teams , Colombia and Japan , advanced to the round of 16 . For the first time in World Cup history , the `` fair play '' rule was invoked to break a tie . Japan and Senegal finished with identical scores and goal differences to tie for second behind Colombia . Japan were awarded the place in the final 16 based on receiving fewer yellow cards in their three matches . Contents 1 Teams 2 Standings 3 Matches 3.1 Colombia vs Japan 3.2 Poland vs Senegal 3.3 Japan vs Senegal 3.4 Poland vs Colombia 3.5 Japan vs Poland 3.6 Senegal vs Colombia 4 Discipline 5 References 6 External links Teams ( edit ) Draw position Team Pot Confederation Method of qualification Date of qualification Finals appearance Last appearance Previous best performance FIFA Rankings October 2017 June 2018 H1 Poland UEFA UEFA Group E winners 8 October 2017 8th 2006 ( group stage ) Third place ( 1974 , 1982 ) 6 8 H2 Senegal CAF CAF Third Round Group D winners 10 November 2017 2nd 2002 ( quarter - finals ) Quarter - finals ( 2002 ) 32 27 H3 Colombia CONMEBOL CONMEBOL Round Robin fourth place 10 October 2017 6th 2014 ( quarter - finals ) Quarter - finals ( 2014 ) 13 16 H4 Japan AFC AFC Third Round Group B winners 31 August 2017 6th 2014 ( group stage ) Round of 16 ( 2002 , 2010 ) 44 61 Notes Jump up ^ The rankings of October 2017 were used for seeding for the final draw . Standings ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Colombia 0 5 + 3 6 Advance to knockout stage Japan 0 Senegal 0 Poland 0 5 − 3 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers Notes : ^ Jump up to : Fair play points : Japan − 4 , Senegal − 6 . In the round of 16 : The winners of Group H , Colombia , advanced to play the runners - up of Group G , England . The runners - up of Group H , Japan , advanced to play the winners of Group G , Belgium . Matches ( edit ) All times listed are local time . Colombia vs Japan ( edit ) The two teams had met in three previous matches , most recently in a 2014 FIFA World Cup group stage game , won by Colombia 4 -- 1 . In the third minute , Carlos Sánchez blocked Shinji Kagawa 's 20 - yard shot with his arm and the referee pointed to the penalty spot before showing the midfielder a straight red card . After lengthy protests , Sanchez eventually left the field and Kagawa slotted the penalty into the bottom right corner of the net . José Pékerman then replaced Juan Cuadrado with Wílmar Barrios at the half - hour mark , and an equaliser arrived nine minutes later , from a Juan Fernando Quintero free kick , shot low under the jumping wall which the goalkeeper failed to keep out . In the second half , David Ospina dived full length to his left to stop Takashi Inui 's curling 20 - yard shot . Yuya Osako then headed the ball into the far corner of the net from a Keisuke Honda corner from the left . With 13 minutes left , James Rodríguez 's strike from inside the box was turned over the crossbar by the outstretched leg of Osako . Quintero became the first Colombia player in history to score at two World Cups . Japan became the first Asian team to beat a South American team in the competition 's history . Honda is the first player from an Asian nation to provide an assist in three different World Cup tournaments since 1966 . Eiji Kawashima ( 35 years , 91 days ) became the oldest player to appear for Japan in a World Cup finals match . 19 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Colombia 1 -- 2 Japan Quintero 39 ' Report Kagawa 6 ' ( pen . ) Osako 73 ' Mordovia Arena , Saransk Attendance : 40,842 Referee : Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) Colombia Japan GK David Ospina RB Santiago Arias CB 23 Dávinson Sánchez CB Óscar Murillo LB 17 Johan Mojica CM 6 Carlos Sánchez 3 ' CM 16 Jefferson Lerma RW 11 Juan Cuadrado 31 ' AM 20 Juan Fernando Quintero 59 ' LW 21 José Izquierdo 70 ' CF 9 Radamel Falcao ( c ) Substitutions : MF 5 Wílmar Barrios 64 ' 31 ' MF 10 James Rodríguez 86 ' 59 ' FW 7 Carlos Bacca 70 ' Manager : José Pékerman GK Eiji Kawashima 90 + 4 ' RB 19 Hiroki Sakai CB 22 Maya Yoshida CB Gen Shoji LB 5 Yuto Nagatomo CM 17 Makoto Hasebe ( c ) CM 7 Gaku Shibasaki 80 ' RW 8 Genki Haraguchi AM 10 Shinji Kagawa 70 ' LW 14 Takashi Inui CF 15 Yuya Osako 85 ' Substitutions : MF Keisuke Honda 70 ' MF 16 Hotaru Yamaguchi 80 ' FW 9 Shinji Okazaki 85 ' Manager : Akira Nishino Man of the Match : Yuya Osako ( Japan ) Assistant referees : Jure Praprotnik ( Slovenia ) Robert Vukan ( Slovenia ) Fourth official : Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) Reserve assistant referee : Anouar Hmila ( Tunisia ) Video assistant referee : Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) Assistant video assistant referees : Bastian Dankert ( Germany ) Sander van Roekel ( Netherlands ) Felix Zwayer ( Germany ) Poland vs Senegal ( edit ) The two teams had never met before . Senegal had the first clear chance in the 18th minute , M'Baye Niang dragging an effort wide after a break . Senegal took the lead when Idrissa Gueye 's 20 - yard shot took a huge deflection off Thiago Cionek to wrong - foot Poland goalkeeper Wojciech Szczęsny and give Senegal the lead . Robert Lewandowski stepped up to float a 25 - yard free - kick over the wall , Khadim N'Diaye dived to turn the ball away . Grzegorz Krychowiak hooked a high ball back towards his own goal from inside the Senegal half and with Szczesny attempting to intercept by coming out of his penalty area , Niang knocked the ball past him before side footing into an unguarded goal . Arkadiusz Milik slotted a Łukasz Piszczek cross wide at the near post . Dawid Kownacki 's headed attempt was saved late on by N'Diaye but the goalkeeper was beaten by Krychowiak 's header with five minutes to go after a free kick from the right . Cionek became the first Polish player to score an own goal in a World Cup match . Cionek 's own goal was only the second time an African nation has benefited from an own goal in a World Cup match , after Andoni Zubizarreta for Spain against Nigeria in 1998 . Senegal continued their impressive undefeated in the opening World Cup match , having beaten France 1 -- 0 in 2002 . 19 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Poland 1 -- 2 Senegal Krychowiak 86 ' Report Cionek 37 ' ( o.g. ) Niang 60 ' Otkritie Arena , Moscow Attendance : 44,190 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Poland Senegal GK Wojciech Szczęsny RB 20 Łukasz Piszczek 83 ' CB Thiago Cionek CB Michał Pazdan LB 13 Maciej Rybus CM 10 Grzegorz Krychowiak 12 ' CM 19 Piotr Zieliński RW 16 Jakub Błaszczykowski 46 ' AM 7 Arkadiusz Milik 73 ' LW 11 Kamil Grosicki CF 9 Robert Lewandowski ( c ) Substitutions : DF 5 Jan Bednarek 46 ' FW 23 Dawid Kownacki 73 ' DF 18 Bartosz Bereszyński 83 ' Manager : Adam Nawałka GK 16 Khadim N'Diaye RB 22 Moussa Wagué CB Kalidou Koulibaly CB 6 Salif Sané 49 ' LB 12 Youssouf Sabaly RM 10 Sadio Mané ( c ) CM 13 Alfred N'Diaye 87 ' CM 5 Idrissa Gueye 72 ' LM 18 Ismaïla Sarr CF 9 Mame Biram Diouf 62 ' CF 19 M'Baye Niang 75 ' Substitutions : MF 11 Cheikh N'Doye 62 ' FW 14 Moussa Konaté 75 ' MF 8 Cheikhou Kouyaté 87 ' Manager : Aliou Cissé Man of the Match : M'Baye Niang ( Senegal ) Assistant referees : Yaser Tulefat ( Bahrain ) Taleb Al Maari ( Qatar ) Fourth official : Abdulrahman Al - Jassim ( Qatar ) Reserve assistant referee : Mohamed Al Hammadi ( United Arab Emirates ) Video assistant referee : Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Assistant video assistant referees : Tiago Martins ( Portugal ) Hernán Maidana ( Argentina ) Wilton Sampaio ( Brazil ) Japan vs Senegal ( edit ) The two teams had faced each other three times , most recently in a friendly in 2003 , won by Senegal 1 -- 0 . Senegal took the lead in the 11th minute when Japanese goalkeeper Eiji Kawashima spilled a Youssouf Sabaly shot into the path of Sadio Mané , who hit the ball in from close range . Japan responded in the 34th minute when Yuto Nagatomo received a ball over the top and sent it to Takashi Inui , who curled a shot into the bottom corner past the Senegalese defenders . Yuya Osako missed a close chance in front of the Senegal net and Inui 's shot struck the crossbar , before Senegal retook the lead in the 71st minute , when Moussa Wagué finished a low Sabaly cross into the top corner . Japan equalised again just seven minutes later , when Senegal goalkeeper Khadim N'Diaye failed to collect an Osako cross , leading to Inui sending the ball to Japanese substitute Keisuke Honda , who finished at the near post . Wagué became the youngest African goalscorer at a World Cup , at the age of 19 years and 268 days . With his goal , Honda became the first Japanese player to score at three different World Cups , as well as the top scoring Asian player in World Cup history with four goals . Japan equalled their best points tally of four after two group games at a World Cup , just as they did as co-hosts in 2002 . 24 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 24 ) 20 : 00 YEKT ( UTC + 5 ) Japan 2 -- 2 Senegal Inui 34 ' Honda 78 ' Report Mané 11 ' Wagué 71 ' Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg Attendance : 32,572 Referee : Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) Japan Senegal GK Eiji Kawashima RB 19 Hiroki Sakai CB 22 Maya Yoshida CB Gen Shoji LB 5 Yuto Nagatomo CM 17 Makoto Hasebe ( c ) 90 + 4 ' CM 7 Gaku Shibasaki RW 8 Genki Haraguchi 75 ' AM 10 Shinji Kagawa 72 ' LW 14 Takashi Inui 68 ' 87 ' CF 15 Yuya Osako Substitutions : MF Keisuke Honda 72 ' FW 9 Shinji Okazaki 75 ' MF 11 Takashi Usami 87 ' Manager : Akira Nishino GK 16 Khadim N'Diaye RB 12 Youssouf Sabaly 90 ' CB Kalidou Koulibaly CB 6 Salif Sané LB 22 Moussa Wagué CM 17 Badou Ndiaye 81 ' CM 13 Alfred N'Diaye 65 ' CM 5 Idrissa Gueye RF 18 Ismaïla Sarr CF 19 M'Baye Niang 59 ' 86 ' LF 10 Sadio Mané ( c ) Substitutions : MF 8 Cheikhou Kouyaté 65 ' MF 11 Cheikh N'Doye 90 + 1 ' 81 ' FW 9 Mame Biram Diouf 86 ' Manager : Aliou Cissé Man of the Match : Sadio Mané ( Senegal ) Assistant referees : Elenito Di Liberatore ( Italy ) Mauro Tonolini ( Italy ) Fourth official : Abdulrahman Al - Jassim ( Qatar ) Reserve assistant referee : Taleb Al Maari ( Qatar ) Video assistant referee : Massimiliano Irrati ( Italy ) Assistant video assistant referees : Tiago Martins ( Portugal ) Hernán Maidana ( Argentina ) Paolo Valeri ( Italy ) Poland vs Colombia ( edit ) The two teams had met in five matches , most recently in a 2006 friendly , won by Colombia 2 -- 1 . Abel Aguilar was taken from the field on a stretcher in the 32nd minute and was replaced by Mateus Uribe . Shortly after , a cross by James Rodríguez from the right was met by the head of Yerry Mina , who lost his marker to head over Wojciech Szczęsny 's outstretched arms and into the net . Juan Fernando Quintero fired wide from 25 yards at the start of the second half . Cuadrado then squared to Radamel Falcao on the edge of the box who lifted his shot well over the crossbar . In the 58th minute , Robert Lewandowski controlled a long pass only to shoot straight into David Ospina 's midriff as Poland attempted their first shot on target of the game . Quintero 's slide - rule pass presented Falcao with a one - on - one situation and he guided the ball past Szczęsny with the outside of his right foot to double his side 's lead . With 15 minutes left on the clock , James ' pass from the left found Cuadrado in space through the middle and he took a touch before finishing it into the bottom - right corner of the net . Poland were the first European nation to be eliminated from the 2018 World Cup . Including Colombia 's victory against Poland , there were 14 World Cup goals scored on 24 June 2018 - the most on a single day of action in the competition ( maximum 3 games ) since 10 June 1990 ( also 14 ) . 24 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 24 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Poland 0 -- 3 Colombia Report Mina 40 ' Falcao 70 ' Ju . Cuadrado 75 ' Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 42,873 Referee : César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) Poland Colombia GK Wojciech Szczęsny CB 20 Łukasz Piszczek CB 5 Jan Bednarek 61 ' CB Michał Pazdan 80 ' RM 18 Bartosz Bereszyński 72 ' CM 10 Grzegorz Krychowiak CM 6 Jacek Góralski 85 ' LM 13 Maciej Rybus RF 19 Piotr Zieliński CF 9 Robert Lewandowski ( c ) LF 23 Dawid Kownacki 57 ' Substitutions : MF 11 Kamil Grosicki 57 ' FW 14 Łukasz Teodorczyk 72 ' DF 15 Kamil Glik 80 ' Manager : Adam Nawałka GK David Ospina RB Santiago Arias CB 23 Dávinson Sánchez CB 13 Yerry Mina LB 17 Johan Mojica CM 8 Abel Aguilar 32 ' CM 5 Wílmar Barrios RW 11 Juan Cuadrado AM 20 Juan Fernando Quintero 73 ' LW 10 James Rodríguez CF 9 Radamel Falcao ( c ) 78 ' Substitutions : MF 15 Mateus Uribe 32 ' MF 16 Jefferson Lerma 73 ' FW 7 Carlos Bacca 78 ' Manager : José Pékerman Man of the Match : James Rodríguez ( Colombia ) Assistant referees : Marvin Torrentera ( Mexico ) Miguel Hernández ( Mexico ) Fourth official : Julio Bascuñán ( Chile ) Reserve assistant referee : Christian Schiemann ( Chile ) Video assistant referee : Mauro Vigliano ( Argentina ) Assistant video assistant referees : Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Roberto Díaz Pérez ( Spain ) Daniele Orsato ( Italy ) Japan vs Poland ( edit ) The two teams had met twice , most recently in a friendly game in 2002 , won by Japan 2 -- 0 . Yoshinori Muto 's drive forced Łukasz Fabiański to parry , before the goalkeeper smothered a Gōtoku Sakai effort . Eiji Kawashima scooped Kamil Grosicki 's header clear . With just over half an hour remaining , Rafał Kurzawa 's free - kick from the left picked out Jan Bednarek , who volleyed it into the net from six yards out . Maya Yoshida headed well wide from a left - wing corner . Robert Lewandowski steered Grosicki 's pin - point pass over the top . Poland has beat Japan for the first time in an official match , having defeated Japan in four unofficial matches . Poland have won each of their 14 games in which they have scored first in World Cup finals . Poland have kept a clean sheet at the World Cup for the first time since winning 1 -- 0 against Portugal in 1986 . On another side , since the new millenia , Poland had repeated their poor performances in 2002 and 2006 World Cups , eliminated after losing two opening matches before grabbing a late victory in the final match . There was some criticism of the final minutes in the game , as both sides appeared to settle for the 1 -- 0 scoreline . 28 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Japan 0 -- 1 Poland Report Bednarek 59 ' Volgograd Arena , Volgograd Attendance : 42,189 Referee : Janny Sikazwe ( Zambia ) Japan Poland GK Eiji Kawashima ( c ) RB 19 Hiroki Sakai CB 22 Maya Yoshida CB 20 Tomoaki Makino 66 ' LB 5 Yuto Nagatomo CM 16 Hotaru Yamaguchi CM 7 Gaku Shibasaki RW 21 Gōtoku Sakai AM 9 Shinji Okazaki 47 ' LW 11 Takashi Usami 65 ' CF 13 Yoshinori Muto 82 ' Substitutions : FW 15 Yuya Osako 47 ' MF 14 Takashi Inui 65 ' MF 17 Makoto Hasebe 82 ' Manager : Akira Nishino GK 22 Łukasz Fabiański CB 18 Bartosz Bereszyński CB 15 Kamil Glik CB 5 Jan Bednarek RM 21 Rafał Kurzawa 79 ' CM 10 Grzegorz Krychowiak CM 6 Jacek Góralski LM Artur Jędrzejczyk RF 19 Piotr Zieliński 79 ' CF 9 Robert Lewandowski ( c ) LF 11 Kamil Grosicki Substitutions : FW 14 Łukasz Teodorczyk 79 ' MF 17 Sławomir Peszko 79 ' Manager : Adam Nawałka Man of the Match : Jan Bednarek ( Poland ) Assistant referees : Jerson Dos Santos ( Angola ) Zakhele Siwela ( South Africa ) Fourth official : Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) Reserve assistant referee : Juan Carlos Mora ( Costa Rica ) Video assistant referee : Daniele Orsato ( Italy ) Assistant video assistant referees : Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Carlos Astroza ( Chile ) Paolo Valeri ( Italy ) Senegal vs Colombia ( edit ) The two teams had met only once , a 2014 friendly game which ended in a 2 -- 2 draw . The referee awarded Senegal a penalty in the 17th minute . After consulting VAR , he judged that defender Dávinson Sánchez had won the ball before making any contact with Sadio Mané . After half an hour , James Rodríguez was substituted with what appeared to be a recurrence of the injury that kept him out of Colombia 's 2 -- 1 loss to Japan . Mané took a free - kick in the 64th minute which he shot off - target . Kalidou Koulibaly got a touch on a Luis Muriel drive to deflect the ball narrowly wide . And in the 74th minute Colombia scored the decisive goal of the game , Juan Quintero 's corner from the right found Yerry Mina who rose and crashed home a header that went through goalkeeper Khadim N'Diaye . With Senegal being the last African team to be knocked out of Russia 2018 , there were no teams from Africa in the Round of 16 for the first time since the stage was introduced in 1986 . Colombia were the only team to reach the knockout stages of Russia 2018 despite losing their opening match of the tournament . Senegal became the third team to be eliminated from Russia 2018 despite winning their opening game of the tournament ( also Iran and Serbia ) ; and even moreover , this was the first time Senegal got eliminated from the group stage , despite owning a huge advantage prior to the match against Colombia . The last time as many as three teams failed to get through the group stages despite winning their opener was in 2002 ( Argentina , Costa Rica and Russia ) . 28 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 18 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Senegal 0 -- 1 Colombia Report Mina 74 ' Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 41,970 Referee : Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) Senegal Colombia GK 16 Khadim N'Diaye RB 21 Lamine Gassama CB 6 Salif Sané CB Kalidou Koulibaly LB 12 Youssouf Sabaly 74 ' RM 18 Ismaïla Sarr CM 8 Cheikhou Kouyaté ( c ) CM 5 Idrissa Gueye LM 10 Sadio Mané CF 20 Keita Baldé 80 ' CF 19 M'Baye Niang 51 ' 86 ' Substitutions : DF 22 Moussa Wagué 74 ' FW 14 Moussa Konaté 80 ' FW 15 Diafra Sakho 86 ' Manager : Aliou Cissé GK David Ospina RB Santiago Arias CB 23 Dávinson Sánchez CB 13 Yerry Mina LB 17 Johan Mojica 45 ' CM 15 Mateus Uribe 83 ' CM 6 Carlos Sánchez RW 11 Juan Cuadrado AM 20 Juan Fernando Quintero LW 10 James Rodríguez 31 ' CF 9 Radamel Falcao ( c ) 89 ' Substitutions : FW 14 Luis Muriel 31 ' MF 16 Jefferson Lerma 83 ' FW 19 Miguel Borja 89 ' Manager : José Pékerman Man of the Match : Yerry Mina ( Colombia ) Assistant referees : Milovan Ristić ( Serbia ) Dalibor Đurđević ( Serbia ) Fourth official : Bamlak Tessema Weyesa ( Ethiopia ) Reserve assistant referee : Hasan Al Mahri ( United Arab Emirates ) Video assistant referee : Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) Assistant video assistant referees : Bastian Dankert ( Germany ) Elenito Di Liberatore ( Italy ) Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) Discipline ( edit ) Fair play points , which were used as tiebreakers if the overall and head - to - head records of teams were tied , were calculated based on yellow and red cards received in all group matches as follows : first yellow card : minus 1 point ; indirect red card ( second yellow card ) : minus 3 points ; direct red card : minus 4 points ; yellow card and direct red card : minus 5 points ; Only one of the above deductions should be applied to a player in a single match . Team Match 1 Match 2 Match 3 Points Poland − 3 Japan − 4 Senegal − 6 Colombia − 7 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Russia 2018 -- Match Schedule '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations -- 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Japan sneak through to World Cup last 16 despite Poland defeat '' . Guardian . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 FIFA World Cup -- Statistical Kit '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` Yuya Osako snatches shock victory for Japan against 10 - man Colombia '' . Guardian . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jennings , Patrick ( 19 June 2018 ) . `` Colombia 1 Japan 2 '' . BBC Sport . ^ Jump up to : Creek , Stephen ( 19 June 2018 ) . `` Sanchez red spoils Pekerman 's plans '' . Goal.com . Jump up ^ `` Japan stun Colombia to earn historic win '' . FIFA.com. 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group H -- Colombia v Japan '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tactical Line - up -- Group H -- Colombia v Japan '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Colombia v Japan -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup -- Statistical Kit '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` M'Baye Niang pounces to secure Senegal victory after Poland mix - up '' . Guardian . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jamie ( 19 June 2018 ) . `` Good fortune and bad errors hand Africans Group H win '' . Goal.com . Jump up ^ `` Teranga Lions roar to first African win at Russia 2018 '' . FIFA.com. 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Paul ( 19 June 2018 ) . `` Poland 1 Senegal 2 '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group H -- Poland v Senegal '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tactical Line - up -- Group H -- Poland v Senegal '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Poland v Senegal -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Senegal and Japan keep World Cup knockout hopes alive with 2 - 2 draw '' . Guardian . 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Moussa Wague becomes the youngest African World Cup scorer '' . The South African . 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Japan 2 - 2 Senegal '' . Sky Sports . 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group H -- Japan v Senegal '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tactical Line - up -- Group H -- Japan v Senegal '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Japan v Senegal -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Colombia 's second - half surge sends Poland packing '' . FIFA.com. 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Creek , Stephen ( 24 June 2018 ) . `` Falcao 's maiden World Cup goal revitalises Pekerman 's side '' . Goal.com . Jump up ^ Rose , Gary ( 24 June 2018 ) . `` Poland 0 Colombia 3 '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group H -- Poland v Colombia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tactical Line - up -- Group H -- Poland v Colombia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Poland v Colombia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Japan progress despite defeat '' . FIFA.com. 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Spratt , Ben ( 28 June 2018 ) . `` Fair play history made as Nishino 's men scrape through '' . Goal.com . Jump up ^ Hafez , Shamoon ( 28 June 2018 ) . `` Japan 0 Poland 1 '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ Japan go through but final group game ends in ' mind - boggling farce ' Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group H -- Japan v Poland '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tactical Line - up -- Group H -- Japan v Poland '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Japan v Poland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jamie ( 28 June 2018 ) . `` Mina header dumps unlucky Africans out in fair play first '' . Goal.com . Jump up ^ `` Colombia advance to last 16 , Senegal eliminated '' . FIFA.com. 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Mullen , Andrew ( 28 June 2018 ) . `` Senegal 0 Colombia 1 '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group H -- Senegal v Colombia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tactical Line - up -- Group H -- Senegal v Colombia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Senegal v Colombia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . External links ( edit ) 2018 FIFA World Cup Group H , FIFA.com 2018 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Officials Opening ceremony Seeding Squads Statistics Official symbols Adidas Telstar 18 ( ball ) `` Live It Up '' ( song ) Zabivaka ( mascot ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_FIFA_World_Cup_Group_H&oldid=854606357 '' Categories : 2018 FIFA World Cup Poland at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Senegal at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Colombia at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Japan at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bosanski Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Кыргызча Magyar मैथिली Македонски Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 15 : 17 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who does the winner of group h play	[ "The winners of Group H, Colombia, advanced to play the runners-up of Group G, England.\nThe runners-up of Group H, Japan, advanced to play the winners of Group G, Belgium." ]	[ "the runners-up of Group G" ]
-1954559753921529722	2018 UEFA Champions League Final	2018 UEFA Champions League final - wikipedia 2018 UEFA Champions League final 2018 UEFA Champions League Final Match programme cover Event 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League Real Madrid Liverpool Date 26 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 26 ) Venue NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium , Kiev Man of the Match Gareth Bale ( Real Madrid ) Referee Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) Attendance 61,561 Weather Sunny 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) 37 % humidity ← 2017 2019 → The 2018 UEFA Champions League Final was the final match of the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League , the 63rd season of Europe 's premier club football tournament organised by UEFA , and the 26th season since it was renamed from the European Cup to the UEFA Champions League . It was played at the NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium in Kiev , Ukraine on 26 May 2018 , between Spanish side and defending champions Real Madrid , who had won the competition in each of the last two seasons , and English side Liverpool . Real Madrid won the final 3 -- 1 for their third consecutive and 13th overall Champions League title , becoming the first team to achieve three back - to - back titles since Bayern Munich defeated Saint - Étienne in the 1976 European Cup Final ; it was additionally their fourth title in five seasons . They also earned the right to play the winners of the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Europa League , Atlético Madrid , in the 2018 UEFA Super Cup and to enter the semi-finals of the 2018 FIFA Club World Cup . They also qualified to enter the group stage of the 2018 -- 19 UEFA Champions League , but since they already qualified through their league performance , the berth reserved was given to the champions of the 2017 -- 18 Czech First League , the 11th - ranked association according to next season 's access list . Contents ( hide ) 1 Teams 2 Venue 3 Background 4 Road to the final 5 Pre-match 5.1 Ambassador 5.2 Ticketing 5.3 Opening ceremony 5.4 Related events 5.5 Incidents 6 Match 6.1 Officials 6.2 Summary 6.3 Details 6.4 Statistics 7 Post-match 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Teams ( edit ) In the following table , finals until 1992 were in the European Cup era , since 1993 were in the UEFA Champions League era . Team Previous finals appearances ( bold indicates winners ) Real Madrid 15 ( 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1962 , 1964 , 1966 , 1981 , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 ) Liverpool 7 ( 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1984 , 1985 , 2005 , 2007 ) Venue ( edit ) The NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium in Kiev hosted the final The NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium was announced as the final venue on 15 September 2016 , following the decision of the UEFA Executive Committee meeting in Athens , Greece . This was the sixth European Cup / Champions League final hosted at an Eastern European venue following those in 1973 in Belgrade , Yugoslavia , the 1983 , 1994 and 2007 finals hosted by Athens , Greece as well as the 2008 final in Moscow , Russia . The Olimpiyskiy Stadium was built in 1923 and it has been renovated three times , most recently in 2011 in preparation for the UEFA Euro 2012 tournament . The stadium was used as a venue in the 1980 Summer Olympics for its football event and the aforementioned European Championship , including the final match , which saw Spain beat Italy by the record - breaking score of 4 -- 0 on the way to their third title . Its current capacity is 70,050 and it is used by the Ukraine national football team , Dynamo Kyiv , and major domestic matches like the Ukrainian Cup . Background ( edit ) Defending champions Real Madrid reached a record 16th final after a 4 -- 3 aggregate win against German side Bayern Munich , knocking them out of the competition for the second consecutive season . This was Real Madrid 's third consecutive final , and fourth final in five tournaments with an opportunity to win a record 13th title . Previously they won finals in 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1966 , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2014 , 2016 and 2017 ; and lost in 1962 , 1964 and 1981 . This was also their 20th final in all seasonal UEFA competitions , having also played in two Cup Winners ' Cup finals ( losing in 1971 and 1983 ) and two UEFA Cup finals ( winning in 1985 and 1986 ) . Real Madrid are only the third team since the competition 's rebranding as the Champions League to reach three consecutive finals after Milan in 1995 and Juventus in 1998 . They are the first team in the Champions League era , and the fourth overall , to win three straight finals , a feat only achieved by the Real Madrid side of the 1950s , as they went on to win a record five successive finals , as well as the Ajax and Bayern Munich squads of the 1970s in 1973 and 1976 , respectively . Liverpool reached their eighth final , their first since 2007 , after a 7 -- 6 aggregate win against Italian side Roma . They have won the final on five occasions ( 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1984 and 2005 ) , and have lost twice ( 1985 and 2007 ) . This was also their 13th final in UEFA seasonal competitions , having played in one Cup Winners ' Cup final ( losing in 1966 ) and four UEFA Cup / Europa League finals ( winning in 1973 , 1976 and 2001 ; and losing in 2016 ) . Liverpool were the first team since Bayern Munich in 2011 -- 12 to reach the final having qualified for the competition through the play - off round . This was also the most recent occasion the final featured an English team ( Chelsea ) . Liverpool were the most recent team to defeat Real Madrid in a European Cup Final , winning 1 -- 0 in Paris in 1981 . Besides the 1981 final , the two teams have played each other four times in the Champions League era . Liverpool won both matches in the 2008 -- 09 UEFA Champions League round of 16 , while Real Madrid won both matches in the 2014 -- 15 UEFA Champions League group stage . Road to the final ( edit ) Further information : 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League Note : In all results below , the score of the finalist is given first ( H : home ; A : away ) . Real Madrid Round Liverpool Bye Qualifying phase Opponent Agg . 1st leg 2nd leg Play - off round 1899 Hoffenheim 6 -- 3 2 -- 1 ( A ) 4 -- 2 ( H ) Opponent Result Group stage Opponent Result APOEL 3 -- 0 ( H ) Matchday 1 Sevilla 2 -- 2 ( H ) Borussia Dortmund 3 -- 1 ( A ) Matchday 2 Spartak Moscow 1 -- 1 ( A ) Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 1 ( H ) Matchday 3 Maribor 7 -- 0 ( A ) Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 3 ( A ) Matchday 4 Maribor 3 -- 0 ( H ) APOEL 6 -- 0 ( A ) Matchday 5 Sevilla 3 -- 3 ( A ) Borussia Dortmund 3 -- 2 ( H ) Matchday 6 Spartak Moscow 7 -- 0 ( H ) Group H runners - up Pos Team Pld Pts Tottenham Hotspur 6 16 Real Madrid 6 13 Borussia Dortmund 6 APOEL 6 Source : UEFA Final standings Group E winners Pos Team Pld Pts Liverpool 6 12 Sevilla 6 9 Spartak Moscow 6 6 Maribor 6 Source : UEFA Opponent Agg . 1st leg 2nd leg Knockout phase Opponent Agg . 1st leg 2nd leg Paris Saint - Germain 5 -- 2 3 -- 1 ( H ) 2 -- 1 ( A ) Round of 16 Porto 5 -- 0 5 -- 0 ( A ) 0 -- 0 ( H ) Juventus 4 -- 3 3 -- 0 ( A ) 1 -- 3 ( H ) Quarter - finals Manchester City 5 -- 1 3 -- 0 ( H ) 2 -- 1 ( A ) Bayern Munich 4 -- 3 2 -- 1 ( A ) 2 -- 2 ( H ) Semi-finals Roma 7 -- 6 5 -- 2 ( H ) 2 -- 4 ( A ) Pre-match ( edit ) Ambassador ( edit ) Andriy Shevchenko was named as the ambassador for the final . The ambassador for the final was former Ukrainian international Andriy Shevchenko , who won the UEFA Champions League with Milan in 2003 . Ticketing ( edit ) With a stadium capacity of 63,000 for the final , a total of 40,700 tickets are available to fans and the general public , with the two finalist teams receiving 17,000 tickets each and with 6,700 tickets being available for sale to fans worldwide via UEFA.com from 15 to 22 March 2018 in four price categories : € 450 , € 320 , € 160 , and € 70 . The remaining tickets are allocated to the local organising committee , UEFA and national associations , commercial partners and broadcasters , and to serve the corporate hospitality programme . Opening ceremony ( edit ) English singer Dua Lipa performed at the opening ceremony preceding the final . Jamaican rapper Sean Paul joined her as a special guest to perform their collaborative song , `` No Lie '' . Dua Lipa 2018 UEFA Champions League Final Opening Ceremony Setlist `` One Kiss '' `` No Lie '' ( with Sean Paul ) `` Be the One '' `` IDGAF '' `` New Rules '' Related events ( edit ) The 2018 UEFA Women 's Champions League Final was held two days earlier , on 24 May 2018 , at the Valeriy Lobanovskyi Dynamo Stadium between Wolfsburg and Lyon , Lyon emerging victorious 4 -- 1 . This was also the last time that the host city for the men 's Champions League final was also automatically assigned the Women 's Champions League final . The annual UEFA Champions Festival was held between 24 -- 27 May 2018 at the Kiev city centre . Incidents ( edit ) In late May , The New York Times reported that some fans with allocated tickets had returned them after having trouble finding flights to and accommodation in Kiev . Locals in Kiev began offering free accommodation for fans affected by cancelled hotel and apartment arrangements . Several charter flights arranged for Liverpool fans were cancelled , leaving fans with tickets stranded and leading to an unsuccessful search for alternative solutions by the club and city government . Other airlines offered flights to Kiev from airports in Liverpool and Manchester , using assigned slots at Kiev 's airports . On 24 May , a group of Liverpool fans were attacked in a restaurant by 20 masked hooligans . Match ( edit ) Officials ( edit ) On 7 May 2018 , UEFA announced that Serbian Milorad Mažić would officiate the final . Mažić has been a FIFA referee since 2009 , and gained UEFA 's elite referee status in 2013 . He was joined by his fellow countrymen , with Milovan Ristić and Dalibor Đurdević as assistant referees , Nenad Đokić and Danilo Grujić as additional assistant referees , and Nemanja Petrović as reserve assistant referee . The fourth official for the final was Frenchman Clément Turpin . Summary ( edit ) Gareth Bale entered the match as a substitute in the 61st minute and scored two goals for Madrid The match began with Liverpool 's kickoff and the team 's successive attacks to counter Madrid 's slower , possession - based buildup . In the 23rd minute , a low shot by Trent Alexander - Arnold went through a defender 's legs and forced a late save by Keylor Navas . Two minutes later , Liverpool forward Mohamed Salah was injured competing for the ball with Sergio Ramos , who had locked Salah 's arm resulting in a fall . Due to a dislocated shoulder , Salah was substituted four minutes later for Adam Lallana . Madrid 's Dani Carvajal was substituted in the 37th minute with a hamstring injury after an attempted backheel . Minutes later , Karim Benzema 's goal was disallowed after he was determined to be offside while finishing a shot started by Cristiano Ronaldo 's header . The first half ended scoreless , with Madrid dominating possession but Liverpool having more chances to score . The second half began with a shot by Isco , who hit the crossbar . In the 51st minute , Benzema scored the match 's first goal by deflecting a throw by Liverpool goalkeeper Loris Karius . Liverpool equalised four minutes later on a tap - in by Sadio Mané , who finished a header by Dejan Lovren during a corner kick . Gareth Bale was substituted in for Isco in the 61st minute and scored Madrid 's second goal two minutes later , using an acrobatic bicycle kick to finish a cross by Marcelo . Liverpool pressed for a second equalising goal , with a shot by Mané that hit the goal post and calls for a penalty for an alleged handball , but were also losing possession to Madrid . Ronaldo had a chance to score his first goal of the match during a counterattack in the 73rd minute , but was tackled by Liverpool defender Andrew Robertson in the penalty box . Bale scored his second goal of the match in the 83rd minute on a 40 - yard ( 37 m ) shot that was mishandled by Karius . A second chance on goal for Ronaldo in the 93rd minute of play was interrupted by a pitch invader , who was captured by stadium stewards . Details ( edit ) The `` home '' team ( for administrative purposes ) was determined by an additional draw held after the semi-final draw , which was held on 13 April 2018 , 13 : 00 CEST , at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon , Switzerland . 26 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 26 ) 21 : 45 EEST Real Madrid 3 -- 1 Liverpool Benzema 51 ' Bale 64 ' , 83 ' Report Mané 55 ' NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium , Kiev Attendance : 61,561 Referee : Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) Real Madrid Liverpool GK Keylor Navas RB Dani Carvajal 37 ' CB 5 Raphaël Varane CB Sergio Ramos ( c ) LB 12 Marcelo CM 10 Luka Modrić CM 14 Casemiro CM 8 Toni Kroos AM 22 Isco 61 ' CF 9 Karim Benzema 89 ' CF 7 Cristiano Ronaldo Substitutes : GK 13 Kiko Casilla DF 6 Nacho 37 ' DF 15 Theo Hernández MF 20 Marco Asensio 89 ' MF 23 Mateo Kovačić FW 11 Gareth Bale 61 ' FW 17 Lucas Vázquez Manager : Zinedine Zidane GK Loris Karius RB 66 Trent Alexander - Arnold CB 6 Dejan Lovren CB Virgil van Dijk LB 26 Andrew Robertson CM 7 James Milner 83 ' CM 14 Jordan Henderson ( c ) CM 5 Georginio Wijnaldum RF 11 Mohamed Salah 31 ' CF 9 Roberto Firmino LF 19 Sadio Mané 82 ' Substitutes : GK 22 Simon Mignolet DF Nathaniel Clyne DF 17 Ragnar Klavan DF 18 Alberto Moreno MF 20 Adam Lallana 31 ' MF 23 Emre Can 83 ' FW 29 Dominic Solanke Manager : Jürgen Klopp Man of the Match : Gareth Bale ( Real Madrid ) Assistant referees : Milovan Ristić ( Serbia ) Dalibor Đurđević ( Serbia ) Fourth official : Clément Turpin ( France ) Additional assistant referees : Nenad Đokić ( Serbia ) Danilo Grujić ( Serbia ) Reserve assistant referee : Nemanja Petrović ( Serbia ) Match rules 90 minutes . 30 minutes of extra time if necessary . Penalty shoot - out if scores still level . Seven named substitutes , of which up to three may be used . Statistics ( edit ) First half Statistic Real Madrid Liverpool Goals scored 0 0 Total shots 5 9 Shots on target 0 Saves 0 Ball possession 65 % 35 % Corner kicks Fouls committed 10 Offsides Yellow cards 0 0 Red cards 0 0 Second half Statistic Real Madrid Liverpool Goals scored Total shots 7 Shots on target 5 Saves 0 Ball possession 58 % 42 % Corner kicks 7 Fouls committed 8 Offsides Yellow cards 0 Red cards 0 0 Overall Statistic Real Madrid Liverpool Goals scored Total shots 12 12 Shots on target 5 Saves Ball possession 62 % 38 % Corner kicks 9 5 Fouls committed 5 18 Offsides 7 Yellow cards 0 Red cards 0 0 Post-match ( edit ) Captain Sergio Ramos hoisting the European Champion Clubs ' Cup as Real Madrid celebrate winning the final Real Madrid became the first team since Bayern Munich in 1974 -- 76 to win three consecutive UEFA Champions Leagues or European Cups . The title was Madrid 's 13th , another Champions League record , and their fourth in five years . Real Madrid 's victory was the fifth consecutive title for a Spanish side in the Champions League , becoming the longest run for the trophy to be held by teams from the same country since English sides won six consecutive titles between 1977 and 1982 . Manager Zinedine Zidane became the first to win three consecutive Champions League titles and matched Carlo Ancelotti 's record of Champions League era wins . Five days after the final , Zidane announced that he would step down as manager in favour of a `` different voice '' . Cristiano Ronaldo became the first player to win the Champions League five times , surpassing the record set by Clarence Seedorf in 2007 and by Andrés Iniesta in 2015 . Gareth Bale became the first substitute to score two goals in a Champions League final and was named man of the match . His first goal received acclaim as one of the best in Champions League history and was compared to Ronaldo 's bicycle kick goal against Juventus in the quarter - final and manager Zinedine Zidane 's goal in the 2002 final . Sergio Ramos 's tackle on Mohammed Salah received mixed reactions from the press and fans on whether the injury was the result of a deliberate blow or an accident . Egyptian fans responded with anger on social media , including insults that became trending topics on Twitter . A Change.org petition calling on UEFA and FIFA to punish Ramos for the challenge received 400,000 signatures within two days . A separate incident involving Ramos and Liverpool goalkeeper Loris Karius raised questions after a video showed him allegedly elbowing Karius in the face prior to his first goalkeeping error . UEFA declined to take action against Ramos for the incident with Karius . After an examination , on 4 June 2018 , doctor Ross Zafonte at Massachusetts General Hospital said in a statement that Karius suffered a concussion during the match , according to the doctor , it was possible the concussion would affect the player 's performance . Liverpool manager Jürgen Klopp lost his sixth of seven major finals , including Champions League and league cups . After the match , Loris Karius tearfully apologised to Liverpool supporters who remained in the stands and stated that his mistakes `` lost the team the final '' . After the match , Karius received online death threats and hate messages directed at him and his family . See also ( edit ) Association football portal Ukraine portal 2018 UEFA Europa League Final 2018 UEFA Super Cup References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Bale named Champions League final man of the match '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 26 May 2018 . 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Kyiv Post . 9 October 2011 . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Technical Report -- 1980 Olympics Football Tournament '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 1980 . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spain 4 Italy 0 Match Report '' . Guardian UK . 1 July 2012 . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Facts & Figures '' . NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium . Archived from the original on 12 July 2012 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 UEFA Champions League final : Guide to Kyiv '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Saffer , Paul ( 1 May 2018 ) . `` Three in a row : Real Madrid making final history '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Jump up ^ Grez , Matias ( 2 May 2018 ) . `` Liverpool see off spirited Roma to reach Champions League final '' . CNN . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Club facts : Liverpool '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 2 June 2017 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Neil ( 2 May 2018 ) . `` Roma 4 - 2 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 25 May 2018 ) . `` Champions League final repeat of 1981 shows tables have turned at Madrid , Liverpool '' . ESPN . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid v Liverpool : detailed head - to - head '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 3 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` All you need to know about the Champions League final '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 2 May 2018 . Retrieved 3 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League final ticket application window '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 UEFA Champions League final ticket sales launched '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dua Lipa to Perform at UEFA Champions League Opening Ceremony : ' There 'll Be a Whole Lot of Girl Power ' '' . Billboard. 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sean Paul returns to stage after father 's death '' . www.loopjamaica.com . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Wrack , Suzanne ( 24 May 2018 ) . `` Lyon sweep to Women 's Champions League win over 10 - player Wolfsburg '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Lyon beats Wolfsburg 4 - 1 to win Women 's Champions League '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Associated Press . 24 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions Festival in Kyiv during final week '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 17 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Rory ( 20 May 2018 ) . `` Why Was My Room Canceled ? A Final Overwhelms Kiev '' . The New York Times . p . D1 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League final : Fans gather in Kiev after flight cancellations '' . BBC . 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool mayor ' gutted ' after Kiev flights cancelled '' . Sky News . 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Calder , Simon ( 25 May 2018 ) . `` Champions League final 2018 : What went wrong with cancelled flights to Kiev ? '' . The Independent . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Masked hooligans attack Liverpool fans like a ' pack of dogs ' in horrifying ambush ahead of Champions League final in Kiev '' . Mirror.co.uk. 24 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Daniel ( 26 May 2018 ) . `` Real Madrid win Champions League as brilliant Bale sinks Liverpool '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Ramos had locked Salah 's right arm and turned him , judo - style , as they lost balance going for the same ball . Jump up ^ `` Salah and Karius mark dark night for Reds '' . SBS. 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . They jeered Madrid captain Ramos , who appeared to have had Salah in an armlock as they fell to the ground ^ Jump up to : Smyth , Rob ( 26 May 2018 ) . `` Real Madrid v Liverpool : Champions League final 2018 -- live ! '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Price , Glenn ( 26 May 2018 ) . `` Liverpool 's Mohamed Salah , Real Madrid 's Dani Carvajal injured in Champions League final '' . ESPN . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McNulty , Phil ( 26 May 2018 ) . `` Real Madrid 3 - 1 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Rory ; Das , Andrew ( 26 May 2018 ) . `` Real Madrid Beats Liverpool in Champions League Final on a Wonder and Two Blunders '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Semi-final and final draws '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Jump up ^ `` Regulations of the UEFA Champions League 2017 / 18 Season '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 4 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Team statistics '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Has one league ever dominated European football like La Liga ? '' . The Guardian . 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 4 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Zidane reaches more milestones in Kyiv '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Zinedine Zidane : Real Madrid boss stands down five days after Champions League win '' . BBC Sport. 31 May 2018 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo first to win five Champions League titles '' . UEFA.com. 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bale named Champions League final man of the match '' . UEFA.com. 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid v Liverpool -- Story of the match '' . BT Sport . Press Association . 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Winter , Lewis ( 26 May 2018 ) . `` Gareth Bale goal : Real Madrid hero makes Zidane and Ronaldo comparison on Liverpool strike '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Kristian ( 26 May 2018 ) . `` Football world split on Mohamed Salah injury - and whether Liverpool should blame Sergio Ramos '' . Liverpool Echo . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Ellingworth , James ( 26 May 2018 ) . `` Salah 's World Cup in doubt as Egyptians turn on Ramos '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 400,000 sign petition for Sergio Ramos to be banned for Mohamed Salah injury '' . ESPN . 28 May 2018 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League final Extra Time : Pitch invader stops Ronaldo , Should Ramos have been sent off ? '' . News.com.au . News Corp Australia . 27 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Graham ( 27 May 2018 ) . `` Real Madrid 's historic Champions League title obscured by online outrage '' . ESPN . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Sergio Ramos to face no action for Loris Karius clash - UEFA '' . ESPN . Associated Press . 29 May 2018 . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool goalkeeper Loris Karius suffered concussion in Champions League final '' . ESPN . 4 June 2018 . Retrieved 4 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Loris Karius apologises to Liverpool for Champions League horror show : ' my mistakes lost us the final ' '' . The Independent . 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Crisp , Wil ( 27 May 2018 ) . `` Police investigating death threats issued to Liverpool goalkeeper Loris Karius '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . 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2905486222413905619	List of My Babysitter's a Vampire characters	List of my babysitter 's a vampire characters - wikipedia List of my babysitter 's a vampire characters The following is a list of characters from the television series My Babysitter 's a Vampire , which is based on the movie . Contents 1 Main characters 1.1 Ethan 1.2 Sarah 1.3 Benny 1.4 Rory 1.5 Erica 2 Recurring Characters 2.1 Jane Morgan 2.2 Samantha Morgan 2.3 Ross Morgan 2.4 Benny 's Grandma 2.5 Principal Hicks 2.6 Jesse 2.7 Mr. G 2.8 Vice Principal Stern 3 Minor Characters 3.1 Gord 3.2 Della 3.3 Stephanie 3.4 Annie Vee 3.5 Older Nurse 3.6 Debbie Dazzle 3.7 Hannah Price 3.8 Coach Ed 3.9 Kurt `` The Hurt '' Lochner 3.10 David Stachowski 3.11 Doug Falconhawk / Machowski 3.12 Dirk Baddison 3.13 Anastasia 3.14 Lucia 3.15 Malcolm Bruner 3.16 Sunday Clovers 3.17 Boltz 3.18 Hottie Ho - Tep 3.19 Serena 3.20 Richard Bruner 3.21 Vivian Keaner 4 References 5 External links Main characters ( edit ) Ethan ( edit ) Ethan Morgan ( portrayed by Matthew Knight ) is a geeky sci - fi - loving 15 - year - old who discovers that his little sister 's babysitter Sarah , is a vampire . Awkward , sweet and well - meaning , Ethan just wants to have a normal high school experience . But the constant paranormal chaos of Whitechapel make that nearly impossible . Ethan is a Seer . Seers are able to see visions through touch . His visions help him learn more about supernatural forces . Ethan lacks social skills because of which he usually finds himself lost when it comes to navigating social waters . Ethan is understood most by Benny , whom he has been best friends with since childhood . He loves playing video games and is book - smart . He is more sarcastic than Benny and thinks things through carefully . He cares for his loved ones and will go to any height to protect them . He is in the chess club along with Benny . Although Benny often gets the two of them into sticky situations , Ethan is usually able to find a way out . His biggest fear is being alone . Later on Ethan begins to develop a romantic relationship with best friend and supernatural partner Sarah in the two part Season 2 finale , `` The Date to End All Dates . '' In Season 2 ( The Date To End all Dates Part 2 ) Benny 's grandmother try 's to help out Ethan get over his fear in seeing dead people , but then that does not work so when he holds Benny 's and Sarah 's hand he sees them normal again . But then he has to bring back our loyal friend Jesse , so then they have to go to this old building and defeat the bad guy by Jesse joining their side and not the vampire 's side . Then Ethan touches the schoolmaster 's soldier and goes into his mind and tells him , You 're not strong it 's the thing '' and then they all run out of the building . Sarah ( edit ) Sarah ( portrayed by Vanessa Morgan ) is Jane 's babysitter , and one of Ethan 's best friends who he has a crush on . Although most times , she ends up babysitting Ethan and Benny as well . By the time the pilot movie begins , she is already a new vampire , bitten by her ex-boyfriend Jesse . Since she has not drunk human blood , she is only a fledgling , not fully human , not fully vampire . Hoping for a cure to become human again , Sarah tries her best to fit into high school and be a normal teenage girl , though she is unsuccessful . She refrains from human blood and instead , drinks a human blood substitute that Benny 's grandmother makes . Sarah usually aids Ethan and Benny in their quests to defeat supernatural forces and has excellent fighting skills which , combined with her superhuman strength and speed , make her a formidable opponent . She struggles to keep her friends protected from evil vampires , particularly Jesse . In the first season finale , she finally turns into a full vampire when Ethan is bitten by Jesse and she drinks his blood to get the venom out . Although upset at first , she is later shown to somewhat accept what she is in the end . Later on Sarah begins to develop a romantic relationship with best friend and supernatural partner Ethan Morgan in the two part Season 2 finale , `` The Date to End All Dates . '' Benny ( edit ) Benny Weir ( portrayed by Atticus Mitchell ) is Ethan 's loud and goofy best friend . He is similar to Ethan , being geeky . He often gets into trouble with his antics . Benny has been Ethan 's best friend since they were 6 years old . He and Ethan understand each other better than anyone else , although Benny is more funny and outspoken than Ethan . Benny can be just as brave and strategically clever as his pal , though he only showcases these abilities in the most dire of situations . Benny 's dream is to make it big as a sorcerer and paranormal expert . He is told by his grandma that he is a Spellmaster and can cast magical spells , although his magic usually goes wrong due to his lack of practice . Benny often tries to lighten the mood when things get too intense . He is girl - crazy and frequently drags Ethan into his schemes , getting them both in trouble . Despite that , Benny is a genuine friend to Ethan and is always ready to go on another adventure . In season two , Benny begins to improve on his magic , becoming more helpful than in the first season . Benny secretly has a crush on Erica . Rory ( edit ) Rory Keaner ( portrayed by Cameron Kennedy ) is Ethan and Benny 's geeky , dimwitted , funny , non-genuse vampire friend . He is turned into a vampire after being bitten by Jesse at a vampire - infested party . No matter how odd Ethan and Benny are , Rory still manages to be the odd man out . He is even more immature than Ethan and Benny and has ideas that often gets him or all three of them into bad situations . Rory is a follower instead of a leader and has a major crush on Erica and is always eager to impress her , a trend which is in line with the traditional biter - bitten relationship . He is easily manipulated and does whatever he is told to do which leads him to become a full vampire ( in the movie he says that his first reason for drinking human blood was because `` everyone else was doing it '' ) . Ethan and Benny mostly try to keep Rory out of their adventures , knowing that Rory can get himself into danger with his weak intellect . Rory includes himself nevertheless and though he can be foolish , he supports Ethan and Benny to the best of his ability . Embracing his new - found vampirism , he goes through several short - lived personae including ' Vampire Ninja ' and ' Rory Vampire ' . He 's a fond lover of animals both as pets ( he kept a cat called Mr Kitty and two alligators which he mistook for iguanas ) and as a delicacy . In the movie he promises Ethan he 'll not drink human blood again and sticks to this promise throughout the series only hunting animals , something other vampires including Sarah and Erica find disgusting , though he happily drinks bagged human blood again in `` Blood Drive '' and `` Fanged and Furious '' where he fights over a phial of it with Erica . In `` The Date to end All Dates - Part 2 '' he shows courage ( or complete stupidity ) being ready to face a hooded menace until he finds out the intruder is his vice-principal , only at this point does he cow down and runs . He later displays his loyalty with Erica when he says that `` if there 's a fight coming I want to be here with my friends '' , he only avoids the battle when placed under Anastasia 's powerful glamour . Rory 's last name `` Keaner '' was shown on a computer screen in episode `` Siren Song '' . Erica ( edit ) Erica ( portrayed by Kate Todd ) is a vampire and Sarah 's best friend . She is a huge fan of the `` Dusk '' series . ( Dusk is a parody of the Twilight series ) Erica becomes a vampire after being bitten by Gord ( one of Jesse 's friends ) in the same vampire - infested party where Rory was also bitten . Erica is the kind of girl who gets revenge if someone does her wrong . She used to be a nerd when human but has become beautiful since turning into a vampire , a fact she is very proud of . Erica does n't share an actual friendship with Ethan and Benny but speaks to them when necessary . She is annoyed mostly by Rory and makes sure not to be seen with him . However , she uses his crush on her as an advantage to get him to do things for her . Although Erica is conceited and shallow , she genuinely cares for Sarah and always comes through for her . In the first season finale , she supports Sarah after Sarah becomes a full vampire and tells her that they will ( literally ) be friends forever . In the second season , Erica becomes closer to Ethan and Benny as well , and subsequently becomes more active in their heroic activities . Erica seeks out Benny to help Sarah out after she dumped the new vice principal in a trash can , Benny doing a forgetting spell and gathers him and Ethan to testify against the Vampire Council 's accusations . In `` Say You 'll Be Maztak '' , Erica helps Sarah get their male classmates out of a spell where they were controlled by Lucia , who wanted to be reunited with her Sun King . Erica seemed to be jealous that Ethan and Benny were all over Lucia , not believing that they were blowing her and Sarah off for her . In `` Mirror / rorriM '' , Erica is controlled by a ghost trapped in a dressing room mirror during the school 's production of the play , `` The Rainbow Factory '' . Benny , Ethan , and Sarah manage to get the ghost out of Erica , in the middle of the play , the audience assuming they were performing . In `` Village of the Darned '' , Benny makes a potion mixed with his blood for Erica and Sarah ( because the towns ' older citizens were possessed by an evil girl scout troop leaders cookies ) , Erica initially takes dislike to drinking blood from children and teenagers , citing it had fats ; but Erica confides to Sarah that she liked Benny 's blood , that it was `` the best she ever tasted '' , and she might be starting to have feelings for him . In `` The Date to End All Dates '' , while the vampire community is preparing to evacuate Whitechapel ( in which Erica reluctantly and unwillingly helps them do ) , Erica helps Sarah and Ethan prepare for their first date , even choosing their restaurant , which was a vampire restaurant , where the staff assumed Ethan was Sarah 's meal . Recurring characters ( edit ) Jane Morgan ( edit ) Jane Morgan ( portrayed by Ella Jonas Farlinger ) is Ethan 's younger , 9 - year - old sister . She has her own strange view of the world around her . Jane knows about Ethan 's , Benny 's , Sarah 's , Rory 's and Erica 's supernatural abilities and keeps the secret , often helping along when they are in dangerous situations . She usually gets her way by blackmailing Ethan , threatening to tell their parents about all of Ethan , Benny , and Sarah 's secret adventures . Although she is manipulative , she cares for Ethan and shares a friendly and easy relationship with Benny . Jane seems to have certain limited abilities to cast spells ; She once used one of Benny 's spells to bring one of her dolls to life and gets her parents and others turned into little dolls after being touched by Jane 's doll , prompting Ethan , Benny and Sarah to come to the rescue and turn everyone back to normal again . Samantha Morgan ( edit ) Samantha Morgan ( portrayed by Laura DeCarteret ) is the mother of Ethan and Jane Morgan . She is a fun - loving , supportive mom to Ethan and Jane , and will do whatever she can to keep her kids happy . She and her husband go out on date nights every Friday , which is when Sarah is needed to babysit . Although she does n't quite understand her kids , she loves them all the same . Ross Morgan ( edit ) Ross Morgan ( portrayed by Ari Cohen ) is the father of Ethan & Jane Morgan and Samantha Morgan 's husband . When Ross is n't taking cookery / dancing / archery lessons with his wife , he sells insurance -- which oddly enough is something people in Whitechapel seem to need a lot of . Ross is a proud father to Ethan and Jane , even though he does n't always understand his son 's geeky hobbies . But that does n't stop him from trying to connect with him . Benny 's grandma ( edit ) Benny 's Grandma Evelyn ( portrayed by Joan Gregson ) is an Earth Priestess ( a witch on the side of good ) who knows what to do in every situation that Ethan and Benny get themselves into . She also has everything that often ends up causing the problem . She tends to be sardonic , especially while scolding the boys . Principal Hicks ( edit ) Principal Hicks ( played by Hrant Alianak ) is the often dimwitted principal of Whitechapel High School , usually blissfully unaware of what is really going on around him . He often appears concerned about Ethan and Benny because of their weirdness and unusual hobbies . Jesse ( edit ) Jesse ( portrayed by Joe Dinicol ) is an evil vampiric cult leader and main antagonist in the movie . In the original settlement of Whitechapel , he was a priest named Reverend Horace Black , and led an evil vampire cult . In recent times , he poses as a high school student . His personality is pure callous , being willing to sacrifice any follower for his own gains . This is shown numerous times such as in the movie when he did n't react to the news that his entire new cult was eliminated by Ethan , Benny and Sarah , and in The Date to end All Dates when he admitted he 'd let `` most of his old flock '' get wiped out by the Lucrifractor two hundred years ago and was extremely willing to let Benny be destroyed when the would - be wizard temporarily turned against them . His plan throughout the movie was to use the cubile animus to exchange the souls of 219 Dusk fans in order to resurrect the 219 ancient souls of the vampires in his cult , known as the `` Black Army '' . He was also the vampire who originally sired Sarah , turning her into a fledgling , and his minions turned Rory and Erica into vampires at his house party . When Ethan and Benny become aware of the existence of vampires , they team up with Sarah to help stop Jesse . Days later Jesse comes close to succeeding in his plan but he and his minions are killed by Ethan and Benny before he can complete it . In the first season finale , he returns from the grave after Ethan and Benny dig up and inadvertently open the cubile animus he was trapped in . He tries to convince Sarah to become a full vampire so they can be together and leave Whitechapel . When Sarah refuses , Jesse bites Ethan 's wrist to infect him with vampire venom , compelling Sarah to save him and become a full vampire after all . Jesse leaves , unharmed , and is later banished from Whitechapel by the Vampire Council for being an `` undesirable element '' . Jesse returns in the Season 2 finale to give Ethan a message about someone seeking the powers of the Lucifractor . He says that he can not deal with it himself due to his banishment . Following Stern succeeding in driving out the vampire council , Ethan invites Jesse back , as he managed to defeat the original wizard Gaelon Sinisteral . Jesse joins them in facing Stern . Jesse is a handsome but sinister vampire whose charming smile hides a deep , dark secret thats centuries old . Not one to leave his fangs a idle for long , Jesse has ambitious plans that he is determined to see succeed. he hopes to one day control not only all of whitechapel , but especially the heart of one beautiful young lady named Sarah . Mr. G ( edit ) Mr. G ( portrayed by Ryan Blakely ) is a teacher who often gets wrapped up in the supernatural goings - on that happen at the school , whether he is fully aware or not . He first appears in `` Double Negative '' to take the yearbook photos but an evil version of Hannah Price is out to use Benny 's grandmother 's evil camera to make evil doubles of the students . Mr. G is also seen as the school 's wrestling team coach in `` Friday Night Frights '' . Mr. G unearths a crystal skull which summons Lucia , a queen looking for her Sun King . Mr. G is later controlled by Lucia , she seeking him to be bearer of a sacred vessel . When the spell is broken over Mr. G ( and the other male students ) , he gives Sarah and Erica detention for smashing the skull he dug up , Mr. G never gave students detention prior to this . Vice principal Stern ( edit ) Vice Principal Stern ( portrayed by Richard Waugh ) The new vice principal in Whitechapel 's high school and the main antagonist in season two . He made his first appearance in `` Welcome back Dusker '' where he was quickly met with Sarah 's highly emotional wrath and was plunged headfirst into a trashcan by the newly fully - fledged vampire . His Great grandfather ( Gaelon Sinisteral ) was a wizard who hated vampires , and attempted to wipe them out but was defeated by Reverend Horace Black ( a.k.a. Jesse ) . Centuries later , Stern planned to do the same . Around the same time as he got the job as vice principal , he conjured the breath of death to begin his vampire genocide , but that plan soon failed . In The Date to End all Dates we also learn from Erica that she despised him since he banned the Dusk Fanclub , no doubt due to its affiliation with vampires . He later attempts to kill Ethan in `` Independence Daze '' whilst wearing a Grim Reaper-esque disguise and is referred to as `` some guy without a face '' . In the episode Date To End All Dates , his secret is revealed that his new goal was finding the Lucifactor to wipe out all vampires in Whitechapel . He attempts to steal it from Benny and Rory after they find it in the abandoned Darkwood hotel , but was thwarted when he found himself face to face with Jesse 's `` guard dog '' . Later he confiscates the Lucifractor from Benny and places Ethan under a spell , making him fear everyone is dead . When Stern attacks the vampire council , he kills several vampires and chases the rest away . He plans to use their beacon ( which Jesse states is referred to as `` the Caller '' ) to broadcast the Lucifractor 's power across town . Benny is put temporarily under his control , but is taken out by his own magic and the vice-principal is soon defeated by Ethan after Sarah and Jesse successfully distract him . Ethan telepathically attacks Stern , and uses the man 's own arrogance against him , causing him to absorb energy from the Lucifractor and results in a huge explosion . Minor characters ( edit ) Gord ( edit ) Gord ( portrayed Nathan Stephenson ) is Jesse 's right hand man , and another vampire . He becomes Erica 's boyfriend and turns her into a vampire . He is later killed in the climax by holy water rigged sprinklers . Della ( edit ) Della ( portrayed by Rebecca Dalton ) is a normal student at Whitechapel High , who gets her heart broken after the death of her dog , Puffles . Benny brings Puffles back to life to woo her but ends up bringing to life every other dead animal buried in the ground . This ends up driving her away from Benny . Della is said to be attending therapy since she ca n't forget Puffles . Della is seen again in the first season finale at the school dance , later talking with Rory . Stephanie ( edit ) Stephanie ( portrayed by Leah Renee Cudmore ( young ) , Susan Robertson ( elder ) ) is an old witch , disguised as the cheerleader captain , and the antagonist of the episode , Three Cheers for Evil . She went to school with Benny 's grandmother but physically looks 17 because she has used her powers to maintain immortality . It 's revealed that Stephanie teased Erica when Erica used to be a nerd as a human . Stephanie puts a spell on Erica and Sarah so they obey her . On the night of the school pep rally , Ethan and Benny are able to thwart her plan to steal the souls of the student body and Stephanie 's real age is unmasked . An old Stephanie ends up as a lunch lady at Whitechapel High . Annie Vee ( edit ) Annie `` Hot Nurse '' Vee ( portrayed by Kristin Adams ) is the Hot Nurse who appeared in the episode `` Blood Drive '' . Annie was the better - looking and younger nurse at the Blood Drive in Whitechapel . She is a vampire who has worked with the older vampire nurse for years , using blood drives to get their food . She thinks she can do anything and does not like to get involved with the Vampire Council . Benny only went to donate blood because he wanted Annie to do it . Benny then learns she is one of the bloodsuckers and lets Erica and Rory away for a pint of blood from Ethan . Older Nurse ( edit ) The Older Nurse ( portrayed by Amy Ciupak Lalonde ) is a character who appeared in the episode Blood Drive . She and Annie are vampire nurses that first appeared in Blood Drive . She makes all the decisions and is the leader of the two . She always thinks that mistakes should be justified and wanted to take Erica and Rory to the Vampire Council for stealing food from their own kind . She took blood out of Benny when he thought that Annie would . Debbie Dazzle ( edit ) Debbie Dazzle ( portrayed by Georgina Reilly ) is Jane 's favorite doll . She was turned into a human after Jane cast a spell on her to fix her broken leg . She is the antagonist in the episode `` Guys and Dolls . '' Debby loves cupcakes , ice cream , disco - dance parties and make overs . Debbie did n't like being a doll , claiming that it was boring and she wanted to have fun . In order to stay in human form , she sucks life energy out of humans , thus turning them into dolls . Jane manages to reverse the spell to change Debbie back into a doll . But in the end she turn her head at the audience and wink at them . Her counterpart doll is Dazzle Dan . Her look is seemingly based on Katy Perry , though this is never mentioned in the series . Hannah Price ( edit ) Hannah Price ( portrayed by Kiana Madeira ) is the photographer , and the leader of the yearbook committee at Whitechapel High in the episode Double Negative . Ethan and Benny mistakenly believe she has a crush on Ethan after misinterpreting her actions . It was found at the end , that she had a boyfriend . She bought a camera from Benny at a yard sale for $10 and wanted to use the camera for yearbook photos , not knowing of its evil powers . Coach Ed ( edit ) Coach Ed ( portrayed by Clé Bennett ) is a character in the episode , Friday Night Frights . He is a ghost whose spirit was locked into Whitechapel High 's sole sports trophy . His spirit was released when Ethan held the trophy , and haunted him relentlessly . Ethan tried to confide in Sarah and Benny to get rid of him , but in the end he agreed to win a new trophy for his spirit to move on . Though Ethan ' cheated ' to win the trophy , the coach 's spirit was banished by the ghosts of those he coached . Kurt `` the hurt '' Lochner ( edit ) Kurt Lochner ( portrayed by William Greenblatt ) is an ace wrestler who appears in Friday Night Frights . In this episode , he is dating Erica , and Sarah is led to suspect that he is a vampire and tries to investigate ; only leading Ethan to think that she likes him . Ethan and Kurt meet during a wrestling match , and Ethan wins a trophy by pinching him to the floor and tickling his neck to keep him under . He tries to beat up Ethan , but Sarah knocks him to the ground and confirms that he has been `` beaten by a geek and a girl '' . He is last seen on a date with Erica , who shows him her fangs . It is unknown what happened to him later . David Stachowski ( edit ) David Stachowski ( portrayed by Jake Epstein ) is a character from the episode Blue Moon . He is the hairiest jock at Whitechapel High and very popular . He makes Ethan and Benny his best friends but Ethan suspects that David is a werewolf and has a motive behind making them his friends . Benny tries a spell to expose him , but it has no effect whatsoever . However Ethan has a vision that confirms his suspicions of David . He then sees that David scratched him and starts to turn into a werewolf . It is revealed that David knew Ethan is a Seer and was hoping Ethan could help him find the cure to become human again . During a party at Ethan 's house , Ethan and Benny find out that David is n't an actual werewolf after Sarah , Benny , Rory , and Erica mistake Ethan as David ; he simply turns into a shaggy dog under the full moon , making him a weredog . Doug Falconhawk / Machowski ( edit ) Doug Falconhawk ( true name Doug Machowski , portrayed by Thomas Mitchell ) is the host of his own television show that called him the Scarefinder . Rory , Benny and Ethan are his only fans because his lack of locating paranormal activities is boring the audience except those three . He makes his first appearance in Doug The Vampire Hunter and hires the kids to hunt vampires . His show is eventually ruined by his fans . Dirk Baddison ( edit ) Dirk Baddison ( played by Jamie Johnston ) is the actor who portrays the vampire named James in the Dusk series , he appears in `` Welcome Back Dusker '' when Ethan starts the rumor that he 's coming to Whitechapel , in order to get Sarah to come back . Erica abducts Dirk , showing him that she 's a vampire and that vampires are real , Dirk involuntarily gets dragged in front of the vampire council with Erica , and the head of the council likes Dirk , wanting his autograph for `` a friend '' . Dirk is placed into a psychiatric facility after going to the media and saying he has a vampire girlfriend , pictures he took with Erica showed that only he was in the pictures , because vampires do n't show up on film . Anastasia ( edit ) Anastasia ( portrayed by Addison Holley ) is first introduced in `` Welcome back Dusker '' as a little girl who is after Ethan and Sarah because vampires are being attacked by an ominous green mist later identified by Benny as , `` The Breath of Death '' . She initially accuses Ethan of being the one behind the vampire attacks as he is a known vampire hunter and because vampires sent by the Council to retrieve his love interest Sarah were killed in his garden . When one of the other council members is taken over by the Breath of Death and tries to go after her , Ethan saves her and she believes that he has nothing to do with it . She secretly likes Dirk Baddison , asking to have his autograph `` for a friend '' . Her personality is heavily juxtaposed to her demeanor , as she is very assertive ( despite being on a council where each member has an equal vote , she always takes charge and no one seems willing to go against her ) and also sinister and scary , usually resorting to death threats to get things done . Rory claims she 's `` scary '' ( at the end of `` The Date to End All Dates '' ) while Benny refers to her as `` Little Miss Fang - Fang '' . Her sense of style both in her outfits and possessions ( such as her choice of duffle bag in `` The Date to end all Dates - Part 2 '' ) shows that despite her youthful appearance she is actually several centuries old . Despite banishing him , she is somewhat similar to Jesse , being quick to use force , mind control and is very williing to sacrifice her followers to save herself ( Jesse freely admits he allowed most of his `` flock '' to be Lucifractored so he could defeat Stern 's great - grandfather and Anastasia happily sent guards at Stern knowing they had no chance of defeating him while she fled Whitechapel . She also says that Stern could `` have this town '' ( Whitechapel ) , in essence leaving every vampire in Whitechapel at the mercy of the vengeful vice-principal by leaving the Caller ( a device Jesse says the Council uses to communicate with other covens ) undefended ) . Most likely she only forced Rory and Erica to flee with her as all her remaining guards were busy holding off Stern while the rest of her Council had already fled . Lucia ( edit ) Lucia ( portrayed by Shiva Negar ) is a queen in search of her Sun King , Mr. G summons her when he digs up a crystal skull around the school . Lucia uses Mr. G and his male students to get reunited with her Sun King . The students make an altar out of the classroom desks for Lucia along with finding things such as animal hearts , gold , and jewelry . And Lucia initially chooses Rory to be `` The Chosen One '' , or a sacrifice to the Sun King , but when she learns Rory is a vampire and is n't pure , she moves onto Ethan instead , who is breaking from Lucia 's control over him . Sarah and Erica defeat Lucia after learning that the moon could interfere with Lucia 's plan , they use moon rocks that Ethan bought to get their friends and classmates out of Lucia 's spell . Ethan destroys Lucia using a moon rock as well , the skull crashing to the floor in the process . Malcolm Bruner ( edit ) Malcolm Bruner ( portrayed by Scott Beaudin ) is a Whitechapel High student whose grandfather had recently passed in the episode `` Fanged and Furious '' . Ethan wanted to buy his grandfather 's clunker car , but chose against it when he learned the car was possessed by a vampire . Bruner threatens to have Ethan 's learner 's permit revoked because he thinks Ethan stole the car and tried to run him over with it . When he came to school the next day he was all bandaged up and Rory told him his bandages were leaking . Sunday Clovers ( edit ) Sunday Clovers ( portrayed by Bindi Irwin ) is an energetic foreign exchange student from Australia who becomes lead in the school 's upcoming play , `` The Rainbow Factory '' , where Erica is assigned as her understudy . Clovers looks in a possessed dressing room mirror and she is controlled by the ghost trapped in it , to harm her classmates involved in the play . In the process of doing that , Clovers cuts numerous sandbags hoping to hurt her classmates , many of them fell on her in the process , breaking both of her legs ; Sarah thought suspiciously that Erica did it to become lead in the play . Clovers watches a controlled Erica on stage the night of the play , sitting by Ethan 's mother , both amazed at Erica 's `` acting '' . Boltz ( edit ) In `` Jockenstein '' , Boltz is a robotic hockey player at Whitechapel High , invented by the coach to win games , taking human body parts to make him . The coach abducts Ethan and tries to take Ethan 's brain and put it into Boltz to make him the greatest hockey player ever , until Sarah manages to stop the coach while Benny and Erica try to dismantle Boltz . Hottie Ho - Tep ( edit ) Hottie Ho - Tep ( portrayed by Jesse Rath ) is an ancient Egyptian mummy that took the form of a human teen by taking magical objects from Benny 's home , after Benny took his pancreas , causing his mummy to break out of its sarcophagus . Hottie falls for Sarah and vice versa , trying to take her back to the underworld with her as his . Benny and Ethan manage to stop him by shaking Hottie 's ancient artifacts that were buried with him . Serena ( edit ) Serena ( portrayed by Kendra Timmins ) is a local singing sensation who has the voice of an angel , but in reality she 's a siren ; a mythical creature whose songs bring out the self - destructive worst in anyone who hears it . Ethan , Benny , and Rory sign up for the talent show to stop Serena , using her songs against her , to stop her from bringing out the worst of people in the whole town . Richard Bruner ( edit ) Richard ( portrayed by Trevor Coll ) is grandson of Milfred Bruner . A tall , handsome , snooty prep - school kid . Extremely condescending. Younger version of the Winklevoss twins from The Social Network . The gang figures out that Richard is the latest target of the evil car ... so in order to save Richard they invite him over under the pretense of taking his picture for a `` Charity Photo Shoot '' and draw a tube of his blood . Rory takes on his identity to attract the evil car and stop it from its rage . Vivian Keaner ( edit ) Vivian Keaner ( portrayed by Marsha Mason ) is Rory 's mother who is first seen in `` Siren Song '' , cheering her son on at the school 's talent show . Vivian bored Benny 's grandmother in the audience with stories of what Rory does , praising that he 'd be a veterinarian one day , blissfully unaware that her son 's recent interest in small mammals was actually due to finding them more delicious than cute . Benny 's grandmother turned off her hearing aid as a result . Backstage , Rory gets nervous when he hears his mum is in the audience , not because he 's worried for his safety but actually for the rest of the audience as he claims his mum can `` really throw them '' in terms of throwing punches . Ms. Keaner is later seen to be taken over by Serena 's songs , punching out a lady in the audience . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ My Babysitter 's A Vampire - Season 2 , Episode 8 Independence Daze -- Grandma 's first name , Evelyn , revealed at 1 : 56 http://www.mybabysittersavampire.com/ https://web.archive.org/web/20110718081930/http://www.teletoon.com/teletoon3/teletoon.php?language=En External links ( edit ) Official website My Babysitter 's a Vampire on IMDb My Babysitter 's a Vampire at TV.com My Babysitter 's a Vampire ( TV series ) Pilot film Developers Tim Burns Jennifer Pertsch Tom McGillis Main Characters Ethan ( Matthew Knight ) Sarah ( Vanessa Morgan ) Benny ( Atticus Mitchell ) Erica ( Kate Todd ) Rory ( Cameron Kennedy ) See Also List of episodes List of characters throughout the series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_My_Babysitter%27s_a_Vampire_characters&oldid=846767500 '' Categories : Lists of science fiction television characters Hidden categories : TV.com template with ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 June 2018 , at 19 : 33 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia Developers	who plays rory in my babysitter's a vampire	[ "Rory Keaner (portrayed by Cameron Kennedy) is Ethan and Benny's geeky, dimwitted, funny, non-genuse vampire friend. He is turned into a vampire after being bitten by Jesse at a vampire-infested party. No matter how odd Ethan and Benny are, Rory still manages to be the odd man out. He is even more immature than Ethan and Benny and has ideas that often gets him or all three of them into bad situations. Rory is a follower instead of a leader and has a major crush on Erica and is always eager to impress her, a trend which is in line with the traditional biter-bitten relationship. He is easily manipulated and does whatever he is told to do which leads him to become a full vampire (in the movie he says that his first reason for drinking human blood was because \"everyone else was doing it\"). Ethan and Benny mostly try to keep Rory out of their adventures, knowing that Rory can get himself into danger with his weak intellect. Rory includes himself nevertheless and though he can be foolish, he supports Ethan and Benny to the best of his ability. Embracing his new-found vampirism, he goes through several short-lived personae including 'Vampire Ninja' and 'Rory Vampire'. He's a fond lover of animals both as pets (he kept a cat called Mr Kitty and two alligators which he mistook for iguanas) and as a delicacy. In the movie he promises Ethan he'll not drink human blood again and sticks to this promise throughout the series only hunting animals, something other vampires including Sarah and Erica find disgusting, though he happily drinks bagged human blood again in \"Blood Drive\" and \"Fanged and Furious\" where he fights over a phial of it with Erica. In \"The Date to end All Dates- Part 2\" he shows courage (or complete stupidity) being ready to face a hooded menace until he finds out the intruder is his vice-principal, only at this point does he cow down and runs. He later displays his loyalty with Erica when he says that \"if there's a fight coming I want to be here with my friends\", he only avoids the battle when placed under Anastasia's powerful glamour. Rory's last name \"Keaner\" was shown on a computer screen in episode \"Siren Song\".\n" ]	[ "Cameron Kennedy" ]
4369033669391140718	Eid al-Adha	Eid al - Adha - wikipedia Eid al - Adha Eid al - Adha Blessings for Eid al - Adha Official name عيد الأضحى Observed by Muslims and Druze Type Islamic Significance Commemoration of Ibrahim ( Abraham ) 's willingness to sacrifice his son in obedience of a command from God End of the annual Hajj to Mecca Observances Eid prayers , animal sacrifice , charity , social gatherings , festive meals , gift - giving Begins 10 Dhu al - Hijjah Ends 12 or 13 Dhu al - Hijjah Date 10 Dhu al - Hijjah 2018 date 21 August 2019 date 11 August Related to Hajj ; Eid al - Fitr Part of a series on Islamic culture Architecture Azerbaijani Indo - Islamic Moorish Moroccan Mughal Ottoman Pakistani Tatar Persian Somali Sudano - Sahelian Art Calligraphy Miniature Oriental rug Arab carpet Persian carpet Turkish carpet Dress Abaya Agal Boubou Burqa Chador Jellabiya Niqāb Salwar kameez Songkok ( Peci ) Taqiya Keffiyeh ( Kufiya ) Thawb Jilbab Hijab Holidays Ashura Arba'een al - Ghadeer Chaand Raat al - Fitr al - Adha Imamat Day New Year Isra and Mi'raj al - Qadr Mawlid Ramadan Mid-Sha'ban Literature Arabic Azerbaijani Bengali Indonesian Javanese Kashmiri Kurdish Malay Pashto Persian Punjabi Sindhi Somali South Asian Turkish Urdu Music Dastgah Ghazal Madih nabawi Maqam Mugam Nasheed Qawwali Sufi Theatre Bangsawan Jem Karagöz and Hacivat Sama Ta'zieh Islam portal Eid al - Adha ( Arabic : عيد الأضحى ‎ , translit . ʿīd al - ʾaḍḥā , lit . ' Feast of the Sacrifice ' , ( ʕiːd ælˈʔɑdʕħæː ) ) , also called the `` Festival of Sacrifice '' , is the second of two Islamic holidays celebrated worldwide each year ( the other being Eid al - Fitr ) , and considered the holier of the two . It honors the willingness of Ibrahim ( Abraham ) to sacrifice his son as an act of obedience to God 's command . Before Abraham sacrificed his son , God provided a male goat to sacrifice instead . In commemoration of this , an animal is sacrificed and divided into three parts : one third of the share is given to the poor and needy ; another third is given to relatives , friends and neighbors ; and the remaining third is retained by the family . In the Islamic lunar calendar , Eid al - Adha falls on the 10th day of Dhu al - Hijjah . In the international ( Gregorian ) calendar , the dates vary from year to year drifting approximately 11 days earlier each year. Eid al - Adha is the latter of the two Eid holidays , the former being Eid al - Fitr . The word `` Eid '' appears once in Al - Ma'ida , the fifth sura of the Quran , with the meaning `` solemn festival '' . Contents 1 Other names 1.1 Etymology 2 Origin 3 Eid prayers 4 Traditions and practices 5 Eid al - Adha in the Gregorian calendar 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Other names ( edit ) Eid al - Adha has had other names outside the Muslim world . The name is often simply translated into the local language , such as English Feast of the Sacrifice , German Opferfest , Dutch Offerfeest , Romanian Sărbătoarea Sacrificiului , and Hungarian Áldozati ünnep . In Spanish it is known as Fiesta del Cordero or Fiesta del Borrego ( both meaning `` festival of the lamb '' ) . It is also known as Id ul Baqarah in Egypt , Saudi Arabia and in the Middle East , as Eid è Qurbon in Iran , Kurban Bayramı ( `` the Holiday of Sacrifice '' ) in Turkey , Baqarah Eid in Pakistan , Bangladesh and Trinidad , Eid el - Kebir in Morocco , Tfaska Tamoqqart in the Berber language of Jerba , Iduladha or Qurban in Singapore , Malaysia , Indonesia and the Philippines , Qurbani Eid in Bangladesh , Bakri Idh ( `` Goat Eid '' ) in parts of Pakistan and India and Tabaski or Tobaski in Senegal and West Africa ( most probably borrowed from the Serer language -- an ancient Serer religious festival ) . The following names are used as other names of Eid al - Adha : ʿīd al - aḍḥā / ʿīd ul - aḍḥā means `` sacrifice feast '' is used Urdu , Hindi , Assamese , Bengali , Gujarati , and Austronesian languages such as Malay and Indonesian . Eid al - Kabir means `` the Greater Eid '' ( the `` Lesser Eid '' being Eid al - Fitr ) is used in Yemen , Syria , and North Africa ( Morocco , Algeria , Tunisia , Libya , and Egypt ) . Translations of `` Big Eid '' or `` Greater Eid '' are used in Pashto ( لوی اختر Loy Axtar ) , Kashmiri ( Baed Eid ) , Urdu and Hindi ( Baṛī Īd ) , Bengali ( বড় ঈদ Boro Id ) , Tamil ( Peru Nāl , `` Great Day '' ) and Malayalam ( Bali Perunnal , `` Great Day of Sacrifice '' ) . `` Bakr - Eid '' that word of Bakr referred to al - Baqara ( in Arabic ) means `` The Cow '' . Bakr - Eid is used in Urdu and Hindi language . Also , the translation of Bakr - Eid as Id ul Baqarah is used in Egypt , Saudi Arabia and in the Middle East Qurbon Hayiti ( Kurban Eid ) is used in Uzbekistan `` Hajj celebration day '' ( in local language : Lebaran Haji ) is used in Malaysian and Indonesian , in the Philippines Etymology ( edit ) The root of sacrifice is dhabih which means tear cut rend or silt . Its technical meaning is referred to as slaughtering or sacrificing of special animals in a spectacular manner . Origin ( edit ) Abraham , about to sacrifice his son One of the main trials of Abraham 's life was to face the command of God to sacrifice his dearest possession , his son . The son is not named in the Quran , but Muslims believe it to be Ishmael , though it is mentioned as Isaac in the Bible . Upon hearing this command , Abraham prepared to submit to will of God . During this preparation , Shaitan ( the Devil ) tempted Abraham and his family by trying to dissuade them from carrying out God 's commandment , and Abraham drove Satan away by throwing pebbles at him . In commemoration of their rejection of Satan , stones are thrown at symbolic pillars during the Stoning of the Devil during Hajj rites . When Abraham attempted to cut his throat on mount Arafat , he was astonished to see that his son was unharmed and instead , he found a ram which was slaughtered . Abraham had passed the test by his willingness to carry out God 's command . This story is known as the Akedah in Judaism ( Binding of Isaac ) and originates in the Tora , the first book of Moses ( Genesis , Ch. 22 ) . The Quran refers to the Akedah as follows : 100 `` O my Lord ! Grant me a righteous ( son ) ! '' 101 So We gave him the good news of a boy ready to suffer and forbear . 102 Then , when ( the son ) reached ( the age of ) ( serious ) work with him , he said : `` O my son ! I see in vision that I offer thee in sacrifice : Now see what is thy view ! '' ( The son ) said : `` O my father ! Do as thou art commanded : thou will find me if Allah so wills one practicing Patience and Constancy ! '' 103 So when they had both submitted their wills ( to Allah ) , and he had laid him prostrate on his forehead ( for sacrifice ) , 104 We called out to him `` O Abraham ! 105 `` Thou hast already fulfilled the vision ! '' -- thus indeed do We reward those who do right . 106 For this was obviously a trial -- 107 And We ransomed him with a momentous sacrifice : 108 And We left ( this blessing ) for him among generations ( to come ) in later times : 109 `` Peace and salutation to Abraham ! '' 110 Thus indeed do We reward those who do right . 111 For he was one of our believing Servants . 112 And We gave him the good news of Isaac -- a prophet -- one of the Righteous . -- Quran , sura 37 ( As - Saaffat ) , ayat 100 -- 112 Abraham had shown that his love for God superseded all others : that he would lay down his own life or the lives of those dearest to him in submission to God 's command . Muslims commemorate this ultimate act of sacrifice every year during Eid al - Adha . While Abraham was prepared to make an ultimate sacrifice , God ultimately prevents the sacrifice , additionally signifying that one should never sacrifice a human life , especially not in the name of God . Eid prayers ( edit ) Main article : Eid prayers Eid prayer in Badshahi Mosque Devotees offer the Eid al - Adha prayers at the mosque. The Eid al - Adha prayer is performed any time after the sun completely rises up to just before the entering of Zuhr time , on the 10th of Dhu al - Hijjah . In the event of a force majeure ( e.g. natural disaster ) , the prayer may be delayed to the 11th of Dhu al - Hijjah and then to the 12th of Dhu al - Hijjah . Eid prayers must be offered in congregation . Participation of women in the prayer congregation varies from community to community . It consists of two rakats ( units ) with seven takbirs in the first Raka'ah and five Takbirs in the second Raka'ah . For Sunni Muslims , Salat al - Eid differs from the five daily canonical prayers in that no adhan ( call to prayer ) or iqama ( call ) is pronounced for the two Eid prayers . The salat ( prayer ) is then followed by the khutbah , or sermon , by the Imam . At the conclusion of the prayers and sermon , Muslims embrace and exchange greetings with one other ( Eid Mubarak ) , give gifts and visit one another . Many Muslims also take this opportunity to invite their non-Muslim friends , neighbours , co-workers and classmates to their Eid festivities to better acquaint them about Islam and Muslim culture . Traditions and practices ( edit ) See also : Eid cuisine and Eidi ( gift ) Cookies of Eid During Eid al - Adha , distributing meat amongst the people , chanting the takbir out loud before the Eid prayers on the first day and after prayers throughout the four days of Eid , are considered essential parts of this important Islamic festival . The takbir consists of : الله أكبر الله أكبر لا إله إلا الله والله أكبر الله أكبر ولله الحمد Allāhu akbar , Allāhu akbar lā ilāha illā - Allāh Wallāhu akbar , Allāhu akbar walillāhi l - ḥamdu Men , women , and children are expected to dress in their finest clothing to perform Eid prayer in a large congregation in an open waqf ( `` stopping '' ) field called Eidgah or mosque . Affluent Muslims who can afford it sacrifice their best halal domestic animals ( usually a cow , but can also be a camel , goat , sheep , or ram depending on the region ) as a symbol of Abraham 's willingness to sacrifice his only son . The sacrificed animals , called aḍḥiya ( Arabic : أضحية ‎ ) , known also by the Perso - Arabic term qurbāni , have to meet certain age and quality standards or else the animal is considered an unacceptable sacrifice . In Pakistan alone nearly ten million animals are slaughtered on Eid days costing over US $2.0 billion . The meat from the sacrificed animal is preferred to be divided into three parts . The family retains one - third of the share ; another third is given to relatives , friends , and neighbors ; and the remaining third is given to the poor and needy . Though the division is purely optional wherein either all the meat may be kept with oneself or may be given away to poor or needy , the preferred method as per sunnah of Muhammad is dividing it into three parts . Muslims wear their new or best clothes . Women cook special sweets . They gather with family and friends . They also visit cemeteries . Eid al - Adha in the Gregorian calendar ( edit ) See also : Islamic calendar While Eid al - Adha is always on the same day of the Islamic calendar , the date on the Gregorian calendar varies from year to year since the Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar and the Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar . The lunar calendar is approximately eleven days shorter than the solar calendar . Each year , Eid al - Adha ( like other Islamic holidays ) falls on one of about two to four different Gregorian dates in different parts of the world , because the boundary of crescent visibility is different from the International Date Line . The following list shows the official dates of Eid al - Adha for Saudi Arabia as announced by the Supreme Judicial Council . Future dates are estimated according to the Umm al - Qura calendar of Saudi Arabia . The Umm al - Qura is just a guide for planning purposes and not the absolute determinant or fixer of dates . Confirmations of actual dates by moon sighting are applied on the 29th day of the lunar month prior to Dhu al - Hijjah to announce the specific dates for both Hajj rituals and the subsequent Eid festival . The three days after the listed date are also part of the festival . The time before the listed date the pilgrims visit the Mount Arafat and descend from it after sunrise of the listed day . In many countries , the start of any lunar Hijri month varies based on the observation of new moon by local religious authorities , so the exact day of celebration varies by locality . Islamic year Gregorian date 1437 12 September 2016 1438 1 September 2017 1439 21 August 2018 1440 11 August 2019 ( calculated ) 1441 31 July 2020 ( calculated ) See also ( edit ) Islam portal Holidays portal Korban Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Allah is the greatest , Allah is the greatest , There is no god but Allah Allah is greatest , Allah is greatest and to Allah goes all praise . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kadi , Samar ( 25 September 2015 ) . `` Eid al - Adha celebrated differently by Druze , Alawites '' . The Arab Weekly . London . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Umm al - Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia '' . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Quran 5 : 114 . `` Said Jesus the son of Mary : `` O Allah our Lord ! Send us from heaven a table set ( with viands ) , that there may be for us -- for the first and the last of us -- a solemn festival and a sign from thee ; and provide for our sustenance , for thou art the best Sustainer ( of our needs ) . '' '' Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) La Fiesta del Cordero en Marruecos , Ferdaous Emorotene , 25 November 2009 ^ Jump up to : Staff , Writer . `` Abraham '' . britannica . ^ Jump up to : Bianchi , Robert R. ( 11 August 2004 ) . Guests of God : Pilgrimage and Politics in the Islamic World . Oxford University Press . p. 398 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 029107 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Sheikh Ramzy ( 2012 ) . The Complete Guide to Islamic Prayer ( Salāh ) . AuthorHouse . p. 310 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4772 - 1530 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Jain Chanchreek ; K.L. Chanchreek ; M.K. Jain ( 1 January 2007 ) . Encyclopaedia of Great Festivals . Shree Publishers & Distributors . p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8329 - 191 - 0 . Jump up ^ Kazim , Ebrahim ( 2010 ) . Scientific Commentary of Suratul Faateḥah . Pharos Media & Publishing . p. 246 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7221 - 037 - 3 . Jump up ^ Diouf , Niokhobaye , `` Chronique du royaume du Sine '' , suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin ( 1972 ) , . ( 1972 ) . Bulletin de l'IFAN , tome 34 , série B , no 4 , 1972 , p. 706 - 7 ( p. 4 - 5 ) , p. 713 - 14 ( p. 9 - 10 ) Jump up ^ `` Cosaani Sénégambie '' ( `` L'Histoire de la Sénégambie '' ) : 1ere Partie relatée par Macoura Mboub du Sénégal . 2eme Partie relatée par Jebal Samba de la Gambie ( in ) programme de Radio Gambie : `` Chosaani Senegambia '' . Présentée par : Alhaji Mansour Njie . Directeur de programme : Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof . Enregistré a la fin des années 1970 , au début des années 1980 au studio de Radio Gambie , Bakau , en Gambie ( 2eme partie ) et au Sénégal ( 1ere partie ) ( in ) onegambia.com ( in ) The Seereer Resource Centre ( SRC ) ( `` le Centre de Resource Seereer '' ) : URL : http://www.seereer.com . Traduit et transcrit par The Seereer Resource Centre : Juillet 2014 ( 1 ) p. 30 ( retrieved : 25 September 2015 ) Jump up ^ Brisebarre , Anne - Marie ; Kuczynski , Liliane , `` La Tabaski au Sénégal : une fête musulmane en milieu urbain '' , KARTHALA Editions ( 2009 ) , pp 86 - 7 , ISBN 9782811102449 ( 2 ) ( retrieved : 25 September 2015 ) Jump up ^ Becker , Charles ; Martin , Victor ; Ndène , Aloyse , `` Traditions villageoises du Siin '' , ( Révision et édition par Charles Becker ) ( 2014 ) , p 41 Jump up ^ `` Eid Al Adha ( Sacrifice Feast of Muslims ) - Prayer Times NYC '' . Prayer Times NYC . 2017 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Noakes , Greg ( April -- May 1992 ) . `` Issues in Islam , All About Eid '' . Washington Report on Middle East Affairs . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Firestone , Reuven ( 1990 ) . Journeys in Holy Lands : The Evolution of the Abraham - Ishmael Legends in Islamic Exegesis . SUNY Press . p. 98 . ^ Jump up to : Bate , John Drew ( 2009 ) . An Examination of the Claims of Ishmael as Viewed by Muḥammadans . BiblioBazaar . ISBN 978 - 1117148366 . Jump up ^ Elias , Jamal J. ( 1999 ) . Islam . Routledge . p. 75 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 21165 - 9 . Retrieved 24 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Muslim Information Service of Australia . `` Eid al -- Adha Festival of Sacrifice '' . Missionislam.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Stephan Huller , Stephan ( 2011 ) . The Real Messiah : The Throne of St. Mark and the True Origins of Christianity . Watkins ; Reprint edition . ISBN 978 - 1907486647 . Jump up ^ Fasching , Darrell J. ; deChant , Dell ( 2011 ) . Comparative Religious Ethics : A Narrative Approach to Global Ethics . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1444331332 . Jump up ^ Quran 37 : 100 -- 112 Abdullah Yusuf Ali translation ^ Jump up to : H.X. Lee , Jonathan ( 2015 ) . Asian American Religious Cultures ( 2 volumes ) . ABC - CLIO . p. 357 . ISBN 978 - 1598843309 . Jump up ^ Asmal , Fatima ( 6 July 2016 ) . `` South African women push for more inclusive Eid prayers '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sunnah during Eid ul Adha according to Authentic Hadith '' . Scribd.com. 2010 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ حجم الحروف -- Islamic Laws : Rules of Namaz '' Adhan and Iqamah , retrieved 2014 - 08 - 10 Jump up ^ `` The Significance of Eid '' . Isna.net . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ McKernan , Bethan . `` Eid al - Adha 2017 : When is it ? Everything you need to know about the Muslim holiday '' ... independent . Jump up ^ `` Eid Takbeers -- Takbir of Id '' . Islamawareness.net . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Buğra Ekinci , Ekrem . `` Qurban Bayram : How do Muslims celebrate a holy feast ? '' . dailysabah . ^ Jump up to : Cussen , V. ; Garces , L. ( 2008 ) . Long Distance Transport and Welfare of Farm Animals . CABI . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 1845934033 . Jump up ^ `` Bakra Eid : The cost of sacrifice '' . Asian Correspondent. 2010 - 11 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Hewer , Chris . Understanding Islam : The First Ten Steps . SCM Press . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 0334040323 . Jump up ^ `` Eid al - Adha 2016 date is expected to be on September 11 '' . www.aljazeera.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Muttaqi , Shahid ' Ali . `` The Sacrifice of `` Eid al - Adha '' `` . Animals in Islam . When are Eid al - Fitr and Eid al - Adha ? Eid Festivals Eid al - Adha Eid al - Fitr Topics Eid cuisine Eid Mubarak Eid prayers Eidgah Eidi ( gift ) Islamic holidays and observances The two Eids Eid al - Fitr Eid al - Adha Other holidays and observances Day of Arafah Day of Ashura Islamic New Year Arba'een Mawlid Laylat al - Raghaib Lailat al Miraj Mid-Sha'ban Ramadan Laylat al - Qadr Eid al - Ghadir Mubahala Promised Messiah Day Promised Reformer Day Caliphate Day Shia Muslim only Ahmadi Muslim only Holidays , observances , and celebrations in Algeria January New Year 's Day ( 1 ) Yennayer ( 12 ) February Valentine 's Day ( 14 ) Tafsut ( 28 ) March International Women 's Day ( 8 ) Victory Day ( 19 ) World Water Day ( 22 ) Maghrebi Blood Donation Day ( 30 ) Spring vacation ( 2 last weeks ) April April Fools ' Day ( 1 ) Knowledge Day ( 16 ) Berber Spring ( 20 ) Earth Day ( 22 ) Election Day ( Thursday ) May International Workers ' Day ( 1 ) World Press Freedom Day ( 3 ) Mother 's Day ( last Sunday ) June -- July -- August Summer vacation ( varies ) June Children 's Day ( 1 ) Father 's Day ( 21 ) July Independence Day ( 5 ) September International Day of Peace ( 21 ) October International Day of Non-Violence ( 2 ) Halloween ( 31 ) November Revolution Day ( 1 ) December Christmas Eve ( 24 ) Christmas ( 25 ) New Year 's Eve ( 31 ) Winter vacation ( 2 last weeks ) Varies ( year round ) Hijri New Year 's Day ( Muharram 1 ) Ashura ( Muharram 10 ) Mawlid ( Rabi ' al - Awwal 12 ) Ramadan ( Ramadan 1 ) Laylat al - Qadr ( Ramadan 27 ) Eid al - Fitr ( Shawwal 1 ) Day of Arafah ( Dhu al - Hijjah 9 ) Eid al - Adha ( Dhu al - Hijjah 10 ) Holi ( varies ) Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in Algeria , which often represent the major celebrations of the month . See also : Lists of holidays . Hajj topics Every year , from the eighth to the twelfth day of Dhu al - Hijjah . Preparation Ihram Meeqath Dhu'l - Hulayfah Juhfah Yalamlam Sequence Tawaf Zamzam Well Safa and Marwa Mina Mount Arafat Muzdalifah Rami al - Jamarat Eid al - Adha Tawaf al - Ifadah Tawaf al - Wida Mosques Great Mosque of Mecca Al - Masjid an - Nabawi Masjid - u-Shajarah Rabigh History Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States January New Year 's Day ( federal ) Martin Luther King Jr . Day ( federal ) Confederate Heroes Day ( TX ) Fred Korematsu Day ( CA , FL , HI , VA ) Idaho Human Rights Day ( ID ) Inauguration Day ( federal quadrennial , DC area ) Kansas Day ( KS ) Lee -- Jackson Day ( formerly Lee -- Jackson -- King Day ) ( VA ) Robert E. Lee Day ( FL ) Stephen Foster Memorial Day ( 36 ) The Eighth ( LA ) January -- February Super Bowl Sunday February American Heart Month Black History Month Washington 's Birthday / Presidents ' Day ( federal ) Valentine 's Day Georgia Day ( GA ) Groundhog Day Lincoln 's Birthday ( CA , CT , IL , IN , MO , NJ , NY , WV ) National Girls and Women in Sports Day National Freedom Day ( 36 ) Primary Election Day ( WI ) Ronald Reagan Day ( CA ) Rosa Parks Day ( CA , MO ) Susan B. Anthony Day ( CA , FL , NY , WI , WV , proposed federal ) February -- March Mardi Gras Ash Wednesday ( religious ) Courir de Mardi Gras ( religious ) Super Tuesday March Irish - American Heritage Month National Colon Cancer Awareness Month Women 's History Month St. Patrick 's Day ( religious ) Spring break ( week ) Casimir Pulaski Day ( IL ) Cesar Chavez Day ( CA , CO , TX , proposed federal ) Evacuation Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Harriet Tubman Day ( NY ) Holi ( NY , religious ) Mardi Gras ( AL ( in two counties ) , LA ) Maryland Day ( MD ) National Poison Prevention Week ( week ) Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day ( HI ) Saint Joseph 's Day ( religious ) Seward 's Day ( AK ) Texas Independence Day ( TX ) Town Meeting Day ( VT ) March -- April Easter ( religious ) Palm Sunday ( religious ) Passover ( religious ) Good Friday ( CT , NC , PR , religious ) Easter Monday ( religious ) April Confederate History Month 420 Day April Fools ' Day Arbor Day Confederate Memorial Day ( AL , MS ) Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust ( week ) Earth Day Emancipation Day ( DC ) Thomas Jefferson 's Birthday ( AL ) Pascua Florida ( FL ) Patriots ' Day ( MA , ME ) San Jacinto Day ( TX ) Siblings Day Walpurgis Night ( religious ) May Asian Pacific American Heritage Month Jewish American Heritage Month Memorial Day ( federal ) Mother 's Day ( 36 ) Cinco de Mayo Harvey Milk Day ( CA ) Law Day ( 36 ) Loyalty Day ( 36 ) Malcolm X Day ( CA , IL , proposed federal ) May Day Military Spouse Day National Day of Prayer ( 36 ) National Defense Transportation Day ( 36 ) National Maritime Day ( 36 ) Peace Officers Memorial Day ( 36 ) Truman Day ( MO ) June Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual and Transgender Pride Month Father 's Day ( 36 ) Bunker Hill Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Carolina Day ( SC ) Emancipation Day In Texas / Juneteenth ( TX ) Flag Day ( 36 , proposed federal ) Helen Keller Day ( PA ) Honor America Days ( 3 weeks ) Jefferson Davis Day ( AL , FL ) Kamehameha Day ( HI ) Odunde Festival ( Philadelphia , PA ) Senior Week ( week ) West Virginia Day ( WV ) July Independence Day ( federal ) Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea ( HI , unofficial ) Parents ' Day ( 36 ) Pioneer Day ( UT ) July -- August Summer vacation August American Family Day ( AZ ) Barack Obama Day ( IL ) Bennington Battle Day ( VT ) Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day ( HI ) Lyndon Baines Johnson Day ( TX ) National Aviation Day ( 36 ) Service Reduction Day ( MD ) Victory Day ( RI ) Women 's Equality Day ( 36 ) September Prostate Cancer Awareness Month Labor Day ( federal ) California Admission Day ( CA ) Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day ( 36 ) Constitution Day ( 36 ) Constitution Week ( week ) Defenders Day ( MD ) Gold Star Mother 's Day ( 36 ) National Grandparents Day ( 36 ) National Payroll Week ( week ) Native American Day ( CA , TN , proposed federal ) Patriot Day ( 36 ) September -- October Hispanic Heritage Month Oktoberfest Rosh Hashanah ( religious ) Yom Kippur ( religious ) October Breast Cancer Awareness Month Disability Employment Awareness Month Filipino American History Month LGBT History Month Columbus Day ( federal ) Halloween Alaska Day ( AK ) Child Health Day ( 36 ) General Pulaski Memorial Day German - American Day Indigenous Peoples ' Day ( VT ) International Day of Non-Violence Leif Erikson Day ( 36 ) Missouri Day ( MO ) National School Lunch Week Native American Day ( SD ) Nevada Day ( NV ) Sweetest Day White Cane Safety Day ( 36 ) October -- November Diwali ( religious ) November Native American Indian Heritage Month Veterans Day ( federal ) Thanksgiving ( federal ) Day after Thanksgiving ( 24 ) Election Day ( CA , DE , HI , KY , MT , NJ , NY , OH , PR , WV , proposed federal ) Family Day ( NV ) Hanukkah ( religious ) Lā Kūʻokoʻa ( HI , unofficial ) Native American Heritage Day ( MD , WA ) Barack Obama Day ( Perry County , AL ) December Christmas ( religious , federal ) Alabama Day ( AL ) Christmas Eve ( KY , NC , SC ) Day after Christmas ( KY , NC , SC , TX ) Festivus Hanukkah ( religious , week ) Indiana Day ( IN ) Kwanzaa ( religious , week ) National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day ( 36 ) New Year 's Eve Pan American Aviation Day ( 36 ) Rosa Parks Day ( OH , OR ) Wright Brothers Day ( 36 ) Varies ( year round ) Eid al - Adha ( religious ) Eid al - Fitr ( religious ) Ramadan ( religious , month ) Legend : ( federal ) = federal holidays , ( state ) = state holidays , ( religious ) = religious holidays , ( week ) = weeklong holidays , ( month ) = monthlong holidays , ( 36 ) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in the United States , which often represent the major celebrations of the month . See also : Lists of holidays , Hallmark holidays , public holidays in the United States , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands . Public holidays in Pakistan Kashmir Solidarity Day Pakistan Day Labour Day Independence Day Iqbal Day Quaid - e-Azam Day Eid ul - Adha Eid - ul - Fitr Milad al - Nabi Day of Ashura Isra and Mi'raj Defence Day BNF : cb13507570p ( data ) SUDOC : 05024129X Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eid_al-Adha&oldid=854707894 '' Categories : Abraham Animal festival or ritual Druze Eid ( Islam ) Hajj Observances set by the Islamic calendar Public holidays in Sri Lanka Islamic terminology Hidden categories : Articles with Spanish - language external links Use dmy dates from February 2012 Articles containing Arabic - language text Infobox holiday ( other ) Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Afrikaans Alemannisch অসমীয়া Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Лакку Latina Latviešu Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English سنڌي Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray Wolof Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Bahasa Hulontalo 91 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 07 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is eid al adha celebrated in relation to the religious calendar	[ "In the Islamic lunar calendar, Eid al-Adha falls on the 10th day of Dhu al-Hijjah. In the international (Gregorian) calendar, the dates vary from year to year drifting approximately 11 days earlier each year.Eid al-Adha is the latter of the two Eid holidays, the former being Eid al-Fitr. The word \"Eid\" appears once in Al-Ma'ida, the fifth sura of the Quran, with the meaning \"solemn festival\".[3]\n" ]	[ "Eid al-Adha falls on the 10th day of Dhu al-Hijjah" ]
-4140829130576073122	General journal	General journal - wikipedia General journal Jump to : navigation , search Accounting Historical cost Constant purchasing power Management Tax Major types ( show ) Auditing Cost Forensic Financial Fund Governmental Management Social Tax Key concepts ( show ) Accounting period Accrual Constant purchasing power Economic entity Fair value Going concern Historical cost Matching principle Materiality Revenue recognition Unit of account Selected accounts ( show ) Assets Cash Cost of goods sold Depreciation / Amortization Equity Expenses Goodwill Liabilities Profit Revenue Accounting standards ( show ) Generally - accepted principles Generally - accepted auditing standards Convergence International Financial Reporting Standards International Standards on Auditing Management Accounting Principles Financial statements ( show ) Annual report Balance sheet Cash - flow Equity Income Management discussion Notes to the financial statements Bookkeeping ( show ) Bank reconciliation Debits and credits Double - entry system FIFO and LIFO Journal Ledger / General ledger T accounts Trial balance Auditing ( show ) Financial Internal Firms Report People and organizations ( show ) Accountants Accounting organizations Luca Pacioli Development ( show ) History Research Positive accounting Sarbanes -- Oxley Act Business portal General journal is a daybook or journal which is used to record transactions relating to adjustment entries , opening stock , accounting errors etc . The source documents of this prime entry book are journal voucher , copy of management reports and invoices . The journal is where double entry bookkeeping entries are recorded by debiting one or more accounts and crediting another one or more accounts with the same total amount . The total amount debited and the total amount credited should always be equal , thereby ensuring the accounting equation is maintained . In accounting and bookkeeping , a journal is a record of financial transactions in order by date . A journal is also named the book of original entry , from when transactions were written in a journal prior to manually posting them to the accounts in the general ledger or subsidiary ledger . Manual systems usually had a variety of journals such as a sales journal , purchases journal , cash receipts journal , cash disbursements journal , and a general journal . Depending on the business 's accounting information system , specialized journals may be used in conjunction with the general journal for record - keeping . In such case , use of the general journal may be limited to non-routine and adjusting entries . A general journal entry includes the date of the transaction , the titles of the accounts debited and credited , the amount of each debit and credit , and an explanation of the transaction also known as a Narration . See also ( edit ) Sales journal Special journal Ledger References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jerry J. Weygandt ; Paul D. Kimmel ; Donald E. Kieso ( 4 May 2010 ) . Accounting Principles , Peachtree Complete Accounting Workbook . John Wiley & Sons . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 38667 - 5 . Retrieved 6 April 2012 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_journal&oldid=800749171 '' Categories : Accounting journals and ledgers Talk About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Español Euskara فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Português 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 12 : 39 . About Wikipedia	what are the information written in the general journal	[ "General journal is a daybook or journal which is used to record transactions relating to adjustment entries, opening stock, accounting errors etc. The source documents of this prime entry book are journal voucher, copy of management reports and invoices." ]	[ "transactions relating to adjustment entries, opening stock, accounting errors etc." ]
-7952163675406573186	List of FIFA World Cup finals	List of FIFA World Cup finals - wikipedia List of FIFA World Cup finals For a list of FIFA Women 's World Cup finals , see List of FIFA Women 's World Cup finals . List of FIFA World Cup finals France celebrating after their win against Croatia in the 2018 FIFA World Cup Final Founded 1930 Region International ( FIFA ) Number of teams 204 ( qualifiers ) 32 ( finals ) Current champions France ( 2nd title ) Most successful team ( s ) Brazil ( 5 titles ) The FIFA World Cup is an international association football competition established in 1930 . It is contested by the men 's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The tournament has taken place every four years , except in 1942 and 1946 , when the competition was cancelled due to World War II . The most recent World Cup , hosted by Russia in 2018 , was won by France , who beat Croatia 4 -- 2 in regulation time . The World Cup final match is the last of the competition , and the result determines which country is declared world champions . If after 90 minutes of regular play the score is a draw , an additional 30 - minute period of play , called extra time , is added . If such a game is still tied after extra time , it is then decided by a penalty shoot - out . The team winning the penalty shoot - out are then declared champions . The tournament has been decided by a one - off match on every occasion except 1950 , when the tournament winner was decided by a final round - robin group contested by four teams ( Uruguay , Brazil , Sweden , and Spain ) . Uruguay 's 2 -- 1 victory over Brazil was the decisive match ( and one of the last two matches of the tournament ) which put them ahead on points and ensured that they finished top of the group as world champions . Therefore , this match is regarded by FIFA as the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup . In the 21 tournaments held , 79 nations have appeared at least once . Of these , 13 have made it to the final match , and eight have won . With five titles , Brazil is the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have participated in every World Cup finals tournament . Italy and Germany have four titles . Current champion France , along with past champions Uruguay and Argentina , have two titles each , while England and Spain have one each . The team that wins the finals receive the FIFA World Cup Trophy , and their name is engraved on the bottom side of the trophy . The 1970 and 1994 , along with the 1986 , 1990 and 2014 games are to date the only matches competed by the same teams ( Brazil -- Italy and Argentina -- Germany respectively ) . As of 2018 , the 1934 final remains the latest final to have been between two teams playing their first final . The final match of the most recent tournament in Russia took place at the country 's biggest sports complex , the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow . The 1930 and the 1966 games are the only ones that did not take place on a Sunday . The former did on a Wednesday and the latter on a Saturday . As of 2018 , only nations from Europe and South America have competed in a World Cup final . Six nations have won the final as host : Uruguay , Italy , England , Germany , Argentina and France . Two nations have lost the final as host : Brazil and Sweden . Contents 1 List of finals 2 Results 3 Footnotes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links List of finals ( edit ) 1930 1978 1950 , 2014 1962 1966 1938 , 1998 2006 1934 , 1990 2002 1970 , 1986 1982 1958 1954 1994 2018 2022 Locations of FIFA World Cup finals Key to the list of finals Match was won during extra time Match was won on a penalty shoot - out The `` Year '' column refers to the year the World Cup was held , and wikilinks to the article about that tournament . The wikilinks in the `` Final score '' column point to the article about that tournament 's final game . Links in the `` Winners '' and `` Runners - up '' columns point to the articles for the national football teams of the countries , not the articles for the countries . List of finals matches , their venues and locations , the finalists , and final scores Year Winners Final score Runners - up Venue Location Attendance References 1930 Uruguay 4 -- 2 Argentina Estadio Centenario Montevideo , Uruguay 80,000 1934 Italy 2 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Stadio Nazionale PNF Rome , Italy 50,000 1938 Italy 4 -- 2 Hungary Stade Olympique de Colombes Paris , France 45,000 1950 Uruguay 2 -- 1 Brazil Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 199,854 1954 West Germany 3 -- 2 Hungary Wankdorf Stadium Bern , Switzerland 60,000 1958 Brazil 5 -- 2 Sweden Råsunda Stadium Solna , Sweden 51,800 1962 Brazil 3 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Estadio Nacional Santiago , Chile 69,000 1966 England 4 -- 2 West Germany Wembley Stadium London , England 93,000 1970 Brazil 4 -- 1 Italy Estadio Azteca Mexico City , Mexico 107,412 West Germany 2 -- 1 Netherlands Olympiastadion Munich , West Germany 75,200 1978 Argentina 3 -- 1 Netherlands Estadio Monumental Buenos Aires , Argentina 71,483 1982 Italy 3 -- 1 West Germany Santiago Bernabéu Madrid , Spain 90,000 1986 Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany Estadio Azteca Mexico City , Mexico 114,600 1990 West Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Stadio Olimpico Rome , Italy 73,603 1994 Brazil 0 -- 0 Italy Rose Bowl Pasadena , United States 94,194 1998 France 3 -- 0 Brazil Stade de France Saint - Denis , France 80,000 2002 Brazil 2 -- 0 Germany International Stadium Yokohama , Japan 69,029 2006 Italy 1 -- 1 France Olympiastadion Berlin , Germany 69,000 Spain 1 -- 0 Netherlands Soccer City Johannesburg , South Africa 84,490 2014 Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 74,738 2018 France 4 -- 2 Croatia Luzhniki Stadium Moscow , Russia 78,011 Upcoming finals Year Team 1 Team 2 Venue Location Attendance References 2022 Lusail Iconic Stadium Lusail , Qatar 2026 TBD United States Results ( edit ) Map of winning countries Results by nation National team Wins Runners - up Total finals Years won Years runners - up Brazil 5 7 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 1950 , 1998 Germany 8 1954 , 1974 , 1990 , 2014 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 Italy 6 1934 , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 1970 , 1994 Argentina 5 1978 , 1986 1930 , 1990 , 2014 France 1998 , 2018 2006 Uruguay 0 1930 , 1950 -- England 0 1966 -- Spain 0 -- Netherlands 0 -- 1974 , 1978 , 2010 Czechoslovakia 0 -- 1934 , 1962 Hungary 0 -- 1938 , 1954 Sweden 0 -- 1958 Croatia 0 -- 2018 Results by confederation Confederation Appearances Winners Runners - up UEFA 28 12 16 CONMEBOL 14 9 5 Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This follows FIFA 's consideration that the national teams of West Germany / Germany , Czechoslovakia / Czech Republic , Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro / Serbia , and USSR / Russia are combined respectively for record - keeping . Jump up ^ Technically the 1958 final was also between two first timers , but Brazil 's 1950 group game defeat is generally counted as a previous `` final '' appearance for the team . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ The 1950 FIFA World Cup did not have a final , rather , the tournament was decided by a 4 - team round robin phase . Jump up ^ Not the final but the decisive match of the final group stage . Jump up ^ Score was 2 -- 2 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 120 minutes . Brazil won 3 -- 2 on penalties . Jump up ^ Score was 1 -- 1 after 120 minutes . Italy won 5 -- 3 on penalties . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes . Jump up ^ Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes . See also ( edit ) List of FIFA World Cup opening matches FIFA World Cup referees References ( edit ) Book : FIFA World Cup General `` World Cup 1930 -- 2014 '' . Rec . Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Laws of the Game '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 9 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Finals since 1930 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 3 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All - time FIFA World Cup Ranking 1930 - 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Spotlight on Brazil '' . CNN . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Taça da Copa do Mundo chega ao Brasil ( World Cup trophy arrives in Brazil ) '' . Globo TV . 21 April 2014 . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/11174070/Russias-Luzhniki-Stadium-ahead-of-schedule-for-2018-World-Cup-Final.html Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 20 October 2007 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Uruguay 1930 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1934 FIFA World Cup Italy '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 23 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- Italy 1934 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 21 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- France 1938 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Janela , Mike ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` World Cup Rewind : Largest attendance at a match in the 1950 Brazil final '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Brazil 1950 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 FIFA World Cup Switzerland '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 20 July 2012 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Switzerland 1954 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 FIFA World Cup Sweden '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Sweden 1958 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Chile 1962 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1966 FIFA World Cup England '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 25 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- England 1966 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 FIFA World Cup Mexico '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 25 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Mexico 1970 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 FIFA World Cup Germany '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 26 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- West Germany 1974 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1978 FIFA World Cup Argentina '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 12 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- Argentina 1978 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Spain 1982 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 29 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Mexico 1986 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Italy 1990 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1994 FIFA World Cup USA '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 2 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup history -- USA 1994 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- France 1998 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup history -- Japan & South Korea 2002 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zidane off as Italy win World Cup '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netherlands 0 -- 1 Spain ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Estadio Do Maracana , Rio de Janeiro '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 18 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McNulty , Phil ( 13 July 2014 ) . `` Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website FIFA World Cup champions 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : Italy 1950 : Uruguay 1954 : West Germany 1958 : Brazil 1962 : Brazil 1966 : England 1970 : Brazil 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Italy 1986 : Argentina 1990 : West Germany 1994 : Brazil 1998 : France 2002 : Brazil 2006 : Italy 2010 : Spain 2014 : Germany 2018 : France FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . FIFA World Cup Final venues Estadio Centenario ( 1930 ) Stadio Nazionale PNF ( 1934 ) Stade Olympique Yves - du - Manoir ( 1938 ) Maracanã Stadium ( 1950 ) Wankdorf Stadium ( 1954 ) Råsunda Stadium ( 1958 ) Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos ( 1962 ) Wembley Stadium ( 1966 ) Estadio Azteca ( 1970 ) Olympiastadion ( 1974 ) Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti ( 1978 ) Santiago Bernabéu Stadium ( 1982 ) Estadio Azteca ( 1986 ) Stadio Olimpico ( 1990 ) Rose Bowl ( 1994 ) Stade de France ( 1998 ) International Stadium Yokohama ( 2002 ) Olympiastadion ( 2006 ) FNB Stadium ( 2010 ) Maracanã Stadium ( 2014 ) Luzhniki Stadium ( 2018 ) Lusail Iconic Stadium ( 2022 ) TBA ( 2026 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_FIFA_World_Cup_finals&oldid=854075621 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup finals FIFA World Cup - related lists FIFA World Cup - winning countries Lists of FIFA World Cup matches Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 20 : 08 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	which was the first team to win fifa world cup twice	[ "\nList of finals matches, their venues and locations, the finalists, and final scores\n\n\nYear\n\nWinners\n\nFinal score[2]\n\nRunners-up\n\nVenue\n\nLocation\n\nAttendance\n\nReferences\n\n\n1930\n\nUruguay \n\n4–2\n\n Argentina\n\nEstadio Centenario\n\nMontevideo, Uruguay\n\n80,000\n\n[7][8]\n\n\n1934\n\nItaly \n\n 2–1[n 3]\n\n Czechoslovakia\n\nStadio Nazionale PNF\n\nRome, Italy\n\n50,000\n\n[9][10]\n\n\n1938\n\nItaly \n\n4–2\n\n Hungary\n\nStade Olympique de Colombes\n\nParis, France\n\n45,000\n\n[11][12]\n\n\n1950[n 4]\n\nUruguay \n\n2–1[n 5]\n\n Brazil\n\nEstádio do Maracanã\n\nRio de Janeiro, Brazil\n\n199,854[13]\n\n[14][15]\n\n\n1954\n\nWest Germany \n\n3–2\n\n Hungary\n\nWankdorf Stadium\n\nBern, Switzerland\n\n60,000\n\n[16][17]\n\n\n1958\n\nBrazil \n\n5–2\n\n Sweden\n\nRåsunda Stadium\n\nSolna, Sweden\n\n51,800\n\n[18][19]\n\n\n1962\n\nBrazil \n\n3–1\n\n Czechoslovakia\n\nEstadio Nacional\n\nSantiago, Chile\n\n69,000\n\n[20][21]\n\n\n1966\n\nEngland \n\n 4–2[n 6]\n\n West Germany\n\nWembley Stadium\n\nLondon, England\n\n93,000\n\n[22][23]\n\n\n1970\n\nBrazil \n\n4–1\n\n Italy\n\nEstadio Azteca\n\nMexico City, Mexico\n\n107,412\n\n[24][25]\n\n\n1974\n\nWest Germany \n\n2–1\n\n Netherlands\n\nOlympiastadion\n\nMunich, West Germany\n\n75,200\n\n[26][27]\n\n\n1978\n\nArgentina \n\n 3–1[n 7]\n\n Netherlands\n\nEstadio Monumental\n\nBuenos Aires, Argentina\n\n71,483\n\n[28][29]\n\n\n1982\n\nItaly \n\n3–1\n\n West Germany\n\nSantiago Bernabéu\n\nMadrid, Spain\n\n90,000\n\n[30][31]\n\n\n1986\n\nArgentina \n\n3–2\n\n West Germany\n\nEstadio Azteca\n\nMexico City, Mexico\n\n114,600\n\n[32][33]\n\n\n1990\n\nWest Germany \n\n1–0\n\n Argentina\n\nStadio Olimpico\n\nRome, Italy\n\n73,603\n\n[34][35]\n\n\n1994\n\nBrazil \n\n 0–0[n 8]\n\n Italy\n\nRose Bowl\n\nPasadena, United States\n\n94,194\n\n[36][37]\n\n\n1998\n\nFrance \n\n3–0\n\n Brazil\n\nStade de France\n\nSaint-Denis, France\n\n80,000\n\n[38][39]\n\n\n2002\n\nBrazil \n\n2–0\n\n Germany\n\nInternational Stadium\n\nYokohama, Japan\n\n69,029\n\n[40][41]\n\n\n2006\n\nItaly \n\n 1–1[n 9]\n\n France\n\nOlympiastadion\n\nBerlin, Germany\n\n69,000\n\n[42][43]\n\n\n2010\n\nSpain \n\n 1–0[n 10]\n\n Netherlands\n\nSoccer City\n\nJohannesburg, South Africa\n\n84,490\n\n[44][45]\n\n\n2014\n\nGermany \n\n 1–0[n 11]\n\n Argentina\n\nEstádio do Maracanã\n\nRio de Janeiro, Brazil\n\n74,738\n\n[46][47]\n\n\n2018\n\nFrance \n\n4–2\n\n Croatia\n\nLuzhniki Stadium\n\nMoscow, Russia\n\n78,011\n\n\n\n\nUpcoming finals\n\n\nYear\n\nTeam 1\n\nv\n\nTeam 2\n\nVenue\n\nLocation\n\nAttendance\n\nReferences\n\n\n2022\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLusail Iconic Stadium\n\nLusail, Qatar\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2026\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTBD\n\nUnited States\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Italy" ]
-7996983870686365617	White Christmas (film)	White Christmas ( film ) - wikipedia White Christmas ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search White Christmas Theatrical release poster Directed by Michael Curtiz Produced by Robert Emmett Dolan Written by Norman Krasna Norman Panama Melvin Frank Starring Bing Crosby Danny Kaye Rosemary Clooney Vera - Ellen Music by Irving Berlin Cinematography Loyal Griggs Edited by Frank Bracht Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date October 14 , 1954 ( 1954 - 10 - 14 ) Running time 120 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $30 million White Christmas is a 1954 American musical romantic comedy film directed by Michael Curtiz and starring Bing Crosby , Danny Kaye , Rosemary Clooney , and Vera - Ellen . Filmed in VistaVision and Technicolor , it features the songs of Irving Berlin , including a new version of the title song , `` White Christmas '' , introduced by Crosby in the film Holiday Inn . Produced and distributed by Paramount Pictures , the film is notable for being the first to be released in VistaVision , a widescreen process developed by Paramount that entailed using twice the surface area of standard 35mm film ; this large - area negative was used to yield finer - grained standard - sized 35mm prints . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Songs 4 Production 4.1 Casting 4.2 Filming 4.3 Sound 5 Release and reception 6 Home media releases 7 Stage adaptation 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) On Christmas Eve , 1944 , somewhere in Europe , two World War II U.S. Army soldiers , one a Broadway entertainer , Captain Bob Wallace ( Bing Crosby ) , the other an aspiring entertainer , Private Phil Davis ( Danny Kaye ) , perform for the 151st Division . But , word has come down that their beloved commanding officer , Major General Thomas F. Waverly ( Dean Jagger ) , is being relieved of his command . He arrives for the end of the show and delivers an emotional farewell . The men give him a rousing send - off ( `` The Old Man '' ) . At the end of the performance , everyone is forced to take cover from an aerial bombing run . One bomb knocks over a partially - destroyed building , but Bob is too busy shouting orders to notice . Phil throws him out of the way and his arm is injured by debris . Bob later visits Phil at a field hospital and thanks the private for saving his life . When Bob offers a favor to repay the debt , Phil shows him a duet he wrote and asks to perform with Bob back in New York City . Feeling obligated by Phil 's heroism , Bob agrees . After the war , Bob and Phil make it big in nightclubs , radio , and then on Broadway , eventually becoming successful producers . They mount their newest hit musical titled Playing Around . The same day they receive a letter from `` Freckle - Faced Haynes , the dog - faced boy , '' their mess sergeant from the war , asking them to look at an act that his two sisters are doing . Bing Crosby and Danny Kaye When they go to the club to watch the act ( `` Sisters '' ) , Phil notices that Bob is smitten with Betty ( Rosemary Clooney ) . Phil has eyes for her sister , Judy ( Vera - Ellen ) . Betty and Judy join Bob and Phil at their table , and Phil dances with Judy , so that Bob and Betty can get to know each other . Phil and Judy hit it off ( `` The Best Things Happen While You 're Dancing '' ) . Bob and Betty do not , getting into a minor argument about how Bob thinks that everyone has an angle in show business . Judy and Betty are headed for the Columbia Inn in Pine Tree , Vermont , where they are booked to perform over the holidays . Due to a disagreement with their landlord , the girls have to leave immediately , so Phil gives the sisters his and Bob 's sleeping - room accommodations aboard the train . Bob and Phil board later and Bob is extremely upset that they have to stay up all night in the club car on their way to NYC . They are joined by Betty and Judy , who thank them profusely for the tickets and convince them to come with them to Pine Tree ( `` Snow '' ) . When the train arrives in Pine Tree , there 's not a snowflake in sight , and chances of it falling appear dim . Bob and Phil discover that the inn is run by their former commanding officer , General Waverly . Waverly has invested all of his savings into the lodge , which is in danger of failing because there 's no snow and thus no guests . To bring business to the inn , Bob and Phil bring the entire cast and crew of their musical Playing Around , and add in Betty and Judy . Bob and Betty 's relationship blooms ( `` Count Your Blessings '' ) and they spend a good deal of time together . Meanwhile , Bob discovers the General 's request to rejoin the army has been rejected . He decides to prove to the General that he is n't forgotten . Bob calls Ed Harrison ( Johnny Grant ) , an old army buddy , now a successful variety show host , to arrange a televised invitation to all the men formerly under the command of the General to come to the inn on Christmas Eve as a surprise . In response , Harrison suggests they go all out and put the show on national television to generate free advertising for Wallace and Davis , but Bob insists that it will have nothing to do with their business . Unbeknownst to Bob , nosy housekeeper Emma Allen ( Mary Wickes ) has been eavesdropping , but she has only heard the part about free advertising , not Bob 's rejection of the idea . Mistakenly believing that her beloved boss will be portrayed as a pitiable figure in a nationwide broadcast , Emma reveals what she has heard to a shocked Betty . The misunderstanding causes Betty to grow suddenly cold towards a baffled Bob . While this is happening , Judy becomes convinced that Betty will never take on a serious relationship until Judy is engaged or married . She pressures a reluctant Phil to announce a phony engagement , but the plan backfires when Betty abruptly departs for New York City to take a job offer since Judy is taken care of . Phil and Judy reveal to Bob that the engagement was phony . Bob , still unaware of the real reason behind Betty 's coldness , goes to New York for The Ed Harrison Show , but decides to stop and try to convince Betty to come back . Bob sees Betty 's new act ( `` Love , You Did n't Do Right by Me '' ) and reveals the truth about the engagement , and Betty starts to warm up to him , but he is called away by Ed Harrison before learning what is really bothering her . Back at the Inn , Phil fakes an injury to distract the General so he wo n't see the broadcast of Bob 's announcement . On the broadcast , Bob invites veterans of the 151st Division to come to Pine Tree , Vermont , on Christmas Eve ( `` What Can You Do with a General '' ) . Betty catches Bob 's televised pitch and realizes she was mistaken . She returns to Pine Tree in time for the Christmas Eve show , but only tells Judy . The whole division comes into Pine Tree secretly . When the General enters the lodge , he is greeted by his former division , who sing a rousing chorus of `` The Old Man . '' Just as the following number ( `` Gee , I Wish I Was Back in the Army '' ) ends , he learns that snow is finally falling . In the finale , Bob and Betty declare their love for one another , as do Phil and Judy . The background of the set is removed to show the snow falling , everyone raises a glass , and toasts , `` May your days be merry and bright ; and may all your Christmases be white . '' Bing Crosby and Danny Kaye Cast ( edit ) Bing Crosby as Bob Wallace Danny Kaye as Phil Davis Rosemary Clooney as Betty Haynes Vera - Ellen as Judy Haynes Dean Jagger as Major General Tom Waverly Mary Wickes as Emma Allen Johnny Grant as Ed Harrison John Brascia as John / Johnny , Judy Haynes ' dance partner Anne Whitfield as Susan Waverly Percy Helton as Train conductor I. Stanford Jolley as Railroad stationmaster Barrie Chase as Doris Lenz George Chakiris as Betty Haynes ' background dancer Sig Ruman as Landlord Grady Sutton as General 's guest Herb Vigran as Novello Leighton Noble as bandleader ( uncredited ) Songs ( edit ) `` White Christmas '' ( Crosby ) `` The Old Man '' ( Crosby , Kaye , and Men 's Chorus ) Medley : `` Heat Wave '' / `` Let Me Sing and I 'm Happy '' / `` Blue Skies '' ( Crosby & Kaye ) `` Sisters '' ( Clooney & Vera - Ellen ) `` The Best Things Happen While You 're Dancing '' ( Kaye with Vera - Ellen ) `` Sisters ( reprise ) '' ( lip synced by Crosby and Kaye ) `` Snow '' ( Crosby , Kaye , Clooney & Vera - Ellen ) Minstrel Number : `` I 'd Rather See a Minstrel Show '' / `` Mister Bones '' / `` Mandy '' ( Crosby , Kaye , Clooney & Chorus ) `` Count Your Blessings ( Instead of Sheep ) '' ( Crosby & Clooney ) `` Choreography '' ( Kaye ) `` The Best Things Happen While You 're Dancing ( reprise ) '' ( Kaye & Chorus ) `` Abraham '' ( instrumental ) `` Love , You Did n't Do Right By Me '' ( Clooney ) `` What Can You Do with a General ? '' ( Crosby ) `` The Old Man ( reprise ) '' ( Crosby & Men 's Chorus ) `` Gee , I Wish I Was Back in the Army '' ( Crosby , Kaye , Clooney & Stevens ) `` White Christmas ( finale ) '' ( Crosby , Kaye , Clooney , Stevens & Chorus ) All songs were written by Irving Berlin . The centerpiece of the film is the title song , first used in Holiday Inn , which won that film an Oscar for Best Original Song in 1942 . In addition , `` Count Your Blessings '' earned the picture its own Oscar nomination in the same category . The song `` Snow '' was originally written for Call Me Madam with the title `` Free , '' but was dropped in out - of - town tryouts . The melody and some of the words were kept , but the lyrics were changed to be more appropriate for a Christmas movie . For example , one of the lines of the original song is : Free -- the only thing worth fighting for is to be free . Free -- a different world you 'd see if it were left to me . A composer 's demo of the original song can be found on the CD Irving Sings Berlin . The song `` What Can You Do with a General ? '' was originally written for an un-produced project called Stars on My Shoulders . Trudy Stevens provided the singing voice for Vera - Ellen , except for `` Sisters '' , where Rosemary Clooney sang both parts ( citation needed ) . It was not possible to issue an `` original soundtrack album '' of the film , because Decca Records controlled the soundtrack rights , but Clooney was under exclusive contract with Columbia Records . Consequently , each company issued a separate `` soundtrack recording '' : Decca issuing Selections from Irving Berlin 's White Christmas , while Columbia issued Irving Berlin 's White Christmas . On the former , the song `` Sisters '' ( as well as all of Clooney 's vocal parts ) was recorded by Peggy Lee , while on the latter , the song was sung by Rosemary Clooney and her own sister , Betty . Berlin wrote `` A Singer , A Dancer '' for Crosby and his planned co-star Fred Astaire but when he was unavailable , Berlin re-wrote it as `` A Crooner -- A Comic '' for Crosby and Donald O'Connor , but when O'Connor left the project so did the song . Another song written by Berlin for the film was `` Sittin ' in the Sun ( Countin ' My Money ) '' but because of delays in production Berlin decided to publish it independently . Crosby and Kaye also recorded another Berlin song ( `` Santa Claus '' ) for the opening WWII Christmas Eve show scene , but it was not used in the final film . Their recording of the song survives , however , and can be found on the Bear Family Records 7 - CD set called Come On - A My House . Production ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) Danny Kaye and Vera - Ellen White Christmas was intended to reunite Crosby and Fred Astaire for their third Irving Berlin showcase musical . Crosby and Astaire had previously co-starred in Holiday Inn ( 1942 ) -- where the song `` White Christmas '' first appeared -- and Blue Skies ( 1946 ) . Astaire declined the project after reading the script and asked to be released from his contract with Paramount . Crosby also left the project shortly thereafter , to spend more time with his sons after the death of his wife , Dixie Lee . Near the end of January 1953 , Crosby returned to the project , and Donald O'Connor was signed to replace Astaire . Just before shooting was to begin , O'Connor had to drop out due to illness and was replaced by Danny Kaye , who asked for and received a salary of $200,000 and 10 % of the gross . Financially , the film was a partnership between Crosby and Irving Berlin , who shared half the profits , and Paramount , which got the other half . Within the film , a number of soon - to - be famous performers appear . Dancer Barrie Chase appears un-billed , as the character Doris Lenz ( `` Mutual , I 'm sure ! '' ) . Future Academy Award winner George Chakiris also appears as one of the stone - faced black - clad dancers surrounding Rosemary Clooney in `` Love , You Did n't Do Right by Me '' . John Brascia leads the dance troupe and appears opposite Vera - Ellen throughout much of the movie , particularly in the `` Mandy '' and `` Choreography '' numbers . The photo Vera - Ellen shows of her brother Benny ( the one Phil refers to as `` Freckle - faced Haynes , the dog - faced boy '' ) is actually a photo of Carl Switzer , who played Alfalfa in The Little Rascals , in an army field jacket and helmet liner . A scene from the film featuring Crosby and Kaye was broadcast the year after the film 's release , on Christmas Day 1955 , in the final episode of the NBC TV show Colgate Comedy Hour ( 1950 -- 1955 ) . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography took place between September and December 1953 . The film was the first to be shot using Paramount 's new VistaVision process , with color by Technicolor , and also introduced the Perspecta directional sound system which used three inaudible tones in order to pan the monaural sound into either left , center or right . Sound ( edit ) White Christmas was released to theaters in mono , with a limited engagement featuring a three - channel stereo mix . Current availability features the original high fidelity monaural mix . Release and reception ( edit ) Bosley Crowther of The New York Times was not impressed : `` ... the use of VistaVision , which is another process of projecting on a wide , flat screen , has made it possible to endow White Christmas with a fine pictorial quality . The colors on the big screen are rich and luminous , the images are clear and sharp , and rapid movements are got without blurring -- or very little -- such as sometimes is seen on other large screens . Director Michael Curtiz has made his picture look good . It is too bad that it does n't hit the eardrums and the funnybone with equal force . '' Variety liked it : `` White Christmas should be a natural at the boxoffice , introducing as it does Paramount 's new VistaVision system with such a hot combination as Bing Crosby , Danny Kaye and an Irving Berlin score ... Crosby and Kaye , along with VV , keep the entertainment going in this fancifully staged Robert Emmett Dolan production , clicking so well the teaming should call for a repeat ... Certainly he ( Crosby ) has never had a more facile partner than Kaye against whom to bounce his misleading nonchalance . '' White Christmas was enormously popular with audiences , earning $12 million in theatrical rentals -- $102.7 million in 2012 dollars , adjusted for inflation -- making it the top moneymaker of 1954 by a wide margin . The second highest moneymaker of that year , The Caine Mutiny , earned $8.7 million . Overall , the film grossed $30 million at the domestic box office . There was a US theatrical re-release by Paramount in 1961 . Home media releases ( edit ) White Christmas was released on VHS in 1986 and again in 1997 . It was first released on DVD in 2000 . It was subsequently released in 2009 and again in 2014 as a 4 - disc `` Diamond Anniversary Edition '' . This four - disc collection contains a Blu - ray disc , with a commentary by Clooney , as well as two copies of the DVD and a fourth disc of Christmas songs on compact disc . These songs are performed individually by Crosby , Clooney , and Kaye . It was first released on Blu - ray in 2010 and again in 2014 in the `` Diamond Anniversary Edition '' . Stage adaptation ( edit ) Main article : White Christmas ( musical ) A stage adaptation of the musical , titled Irving Berlin 's White Christmas premiered in San Francisco in 2004 and has played in various venues in the US , such as Boston , Buffalo , Los Angeles , Detroit and Louisville . The musical played a limited engagement on Broadway at the Marquis Theatre , from November 14 , 2008 until January 4 , 2009 . The musical also toured the United Kingdom in 2006 - 2008 . It headed to the Sunderland Empire in Sunderland from November 2010 to January 2011 after a successful earlier run in Manchester and has continued in various cities with a London West End run at the end of 2014 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` WHITE CHRISTMAS ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . September 13 , 1954 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Box Office Information for White Christmas . The Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 Jump up ^ Curtiz , Michael ( 1954 - 10 - 14 ) , White Christmas , retrieved 2016 - 05 - 07 Jump up ^ `` The VistaVision Story '' . www.widescreenmuseum.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Fred ( 1986 ) . Road to Hollywood . Gateshead , UK : John Joyce . p. 231 . Jump up ^ `` Barnes & Noble '' . Barnes & Noble . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Arnold , Jeremy . `` White Christmas '' . TCM . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` White Christmas ( 1954 ) - Notes - TCM.com '' . Turner Classic Movies . Jump up ^ `` Biography for George Chakiris '' . Turner Classic Movies . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley . `` The New York Times '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Variety '' . September 1 , 1954 . Jump up ^ `` The Top Box - Office Hits of 1954 '' , Variety Weekly , January 5 , 1955 . Jump up ^ `` CPI Inflation Calculator '' . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Cobbett ( 1980 ) . Film Facts . New York : Facts on File , Inc. p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 87196 - 313 - 2 . Jump up ^ ( www.imdb.com/title/tt0047673/combined ) Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth. `` Merry and Bright ? Producers Hope White Christmas Will Play Broadway This Year '' Archived June 28 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , playbill.com , June 25 , 2008 Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth. `` White Christmas Will Make Broadway Debut in November , Playing to Early 2009 '' Archived August 8 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . playbill.com August 4 , 2008 Jump up ^ Review of San Francisco production talkingbroadway.com November 14 , 2004 Jump up ^ Byrne , Terry . Review of Boston production The Boston Globe November 30 , 2007 Jump up ^ Snow in L.A. ! Irving Berlin 's White Christmas Begins Nov. 22 in City of Angels Archived December 27 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . playbill.com November 22 , 2005 Jump up ^ `` Berlin musical comes to life : ' White Christmas ' stays true to form '' Louisville Courier - Journal , November 15 , 2008 Jump up ^ White Christmas theatrelouisville.org External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to White Christmas ( film ) . White Christmas on IMDb White Christmas at the TCM Movie Database White Christmas at the American Film Institute Catalog White Christmas at AllMovie White Christmas at Rotten Tomatoes `` White Christmas heads to Marquis '' Variety August 4 , 2008 Official site White Christmas the Musical Internet Broadway Database listing Musicals by Irving Berlin Theatre Annie Get Your Gun As Thousands Cheer Call Me Madam The Canary The Century Girl The Cocoanuts The Cohan Revue of 1918 Face the Music Louisiana Purchase Miss Liberty Mr. President Music Box Revue Stop ! Look ! Listen ! There 's No Business Like Show Business This Is the Army Top Hat Watch Your Step White Christmas Yip Yip Yaphank Ziegfeld Follies Film Alexander 's Ragtime Band Annie Get Your Gun Blue Skies Call Me Madam Carefree The Cocoanuts Easter Parade Follow the Fleet Hallelujah Holiday Inn On the Avenue Second Fiddle There 's No Business Like Show Business This Is the Army Top Hat White Christmas Films directed by Michael Curtiz 1910s The Last Bohemian Today and Tomorrow Captive Souls My Husband 's Getting Married The Exile The Borrowed Babies The Princess in a Nightrobe Prisoner of the Night Bánk Bán Golddigger One Who Is Loved By Two Seven of Spades The Strength of the Fatherland The Karthauzer The Black Rainbow The Wolf The Medic Mr. Doctor Master Zoard The Red Samson The Last Dawn Spring in Winter Tartar Invasion Secret of St. Job Forest Nobody 's Son The Charlatan A Penny 's History The Fishing Bell Earth 's Man The Colonel Peace 's Road Jean the Tenant The Merry Widow Magic Waltz A skorpió I . The Devil Lulu Lu , the Coquette Júdás The Ugly Boy Alraune 99 The Sunflower Woman Liliom ( unfinished ) The Lady with the Black Gloves 1920s Boccaccio The Star of Damascus The Scourge of God Mrs. Tutti Frutti Good and Evil Mrs. Dane 's Confession Labyrinth of Horror Sodom and Gomorrah Young Medardus Avalanche Nameless A Deadly Game General Babka Harun al Raschid The Moon of Israel Red Heels Cab No. 13 The Golden Butterfly The Third Degree A Million Bid The Desired Woman Good Time Charley Tenderloin Noah 's Ark Glad Rag Doll Madonna of Avenue A The Gamblers Hearts in Exile 1930s Mammy Under a Texas Moon The Matrimonial Bed Bright Lights A Soldier 's Plaything River 's End Demon of the Sea God 's Gift to Women The Mad Genius The Woman from Monte Carlo Alias the Doctor The Strange Love of Molly Louvain Doctor X The Cabin in the Cotton 20,000 Years in Sing Sing Mystery of the Wax Museum The Keyhole Private Detective 62 Goodbye Again The Kennel Murder Case Female Mandalay Jimmy the Gent The Key British Agent The Case of the Curious Bride Black Fury Front Page Woman Little Big Shot Captain Blood The Walking Dead The Charge of the Light Brigade Stolen Holiday Mountain Justice Kid Galahad The Perfect Specimen Gold Is Where You Find It The Adventures of Robin Hood ( with William Keighley ) Four 's a Crowd Four Daughters Angels with Dirty Faces Dodge City Daughters Courageous The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex Four Wives 1940s Virginia City The Sea Hawk Santa Fe Trail The Sea Wolf Dive Bomber Captains of the Clouds Yankee Doodle Dandy Casablanca Mission to Moscow This Is the Army Passage to Marseille Janie Roughly Speaking Mildred Pierce Night and Day Life with Father The Unsuspected Romance on the High Seas My Dream Is Yours ( with Friz Freleng ) Flamingo Road The Lady Takes a Sailor 1950s Young Man with a Horn Bright Leaf The Breaking Point Force of Arms Jim Thorpe -- All - American I 'll See You in My Dreams The Story of Will Rogers The Jazz Singer Trouble Along the Way The Boy from Oklahoma The Egyptian White Christmas We 're No Angels The Scarlet Hour The Vagabond King The Best Things in Life Are Free The Helen Morgan Story The Proud Rebel King Creole The Hangman The Man in the Net 1960s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn A Breath of Scandal Francis of Assisi The Comancheros Short films Jön az öcsém ( 1919 ) Sons of Liberty ( 1939 ) Productions Bright Lights ( 1935 ) Works by Norman Krasna Plays Louder , Please ( 1932 ) Small Miracle ( 1934 ) The Man with Blond Hair ( 1941 ) Dear Ruth ( 1945 ) John Loves Mary ( 1947 ) Time for Elizabeth ( 1949 ) Kind Sir ( 1954 ) Who Was That Lady I Saw You With ? ( 1958 ) Sunday in New York ( 1962 ) Love in E-Flat ( 1967 ) Watch the Birdie ! ( 1969 ) Bunny ( 1970 ) We Interrupt This Program ... ( 1975 ) Films Hollywood Speaks ( 1932 ) That 's My Boy ( 1932 ) So This Is Africa ( 1933 ) Parole Girl ( 1933 ) Love , Honor , and Oh Baby ! ( 1933 ) Bombshell ( 1933 ) Meet the Baron ( 1933 ) The Richest Girl in the World ( 1934 ) Romance in Manhattan ( 1935 ) Hands Across the Table ( 1935 ) Four Hours to Kill ! ( 1935 ) Wife vs. Secretary ( 1936 ) Fury ( 1936 ) The King and the Chorus Girl ( 1937 ) As Good as Married ( 1937 ) Big City ( 1937 ) ( also producer ) The First Hundred Years ( 1938 ) ( also producer ) You and Me ( 1938 ) Bachelor Mother ( 1939 ) It 's a Date ( 1940 ) The Flame of New Orleans ( 1941 ) Mr. & Mrs. Smith ( 1941 ) The Devil and Miss Jones ( 1941 ) It Started with Eve ( 1941 ) Princess O'Rourke ( 1943 ) ( also director ) Bride by Mistake ( 1944 ) ( original story ) Practically Yours ( 1944 ) The Big Hangover ( 1950 ) ( also director ) Two Tickets to Broadway ( 1951 ) Behave Yourself ! ( 1951 ) ( producer only ) The Blue Veil ( 1951 ) ( producer only ) Clash by Night ( 1952 ) ( producer only ) The Lusty Men ( 1952 ) ( producer only ) White Christmas ( 1954 ) Bundle of Joy ( 1956 ) The Ambassador 's Daughter ( 1956 ) ( also director ) Indiscreet ( 1958 ) Let 's Make Love ( 1960 ) Who Was That Lady ? ( 1960 ) My Geisha ( 1962 ) Sunday in New York ( 1963 ) I 'd Rather Be Rich ( 1964 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Christmas_(film)&oldid=824399242 '' Categories : 1954 films English - language films 1950s musical comedy films 1950s romantic comedy films American films American Christmas films American musical comedy films American romantic musical films Films adapted into plays Films directed by Michael Curtiz Films set in the 1940s Films set in Vermont Paramount Pictures films Films scored by Irving Berlin Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from December 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 7 February 2018 , at 02 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	in what movie did the song white christmas make its debut	[ "White Christmas is a 1954 American musical romantic comedy film directed by Michael Curtiz and starring Bing Crosby, Danny Kaye, Rosemary Clooney, and Vera-Ellen. Filmed in VistaVision and Technicolor, it features the songs of Irving Berlin, including a new version of the title song, \"White Christmas\", introduced by Crosby in the film Holiday Inn.[3]" ]	[ "Holiday Inn" ]
-2728098399113418714	Charlotte Coleman	Charlotte Coleman - wikipedia Charlotte Coleman Charlotte Coleman Charlotte Coleman as Marmalade Atkins in Educating Marmalade ( 1983 ) Charlotte Ninon Coleman ( 1968 - 04 - 03 ) 3 April 1968 Islington , London , England 14 November 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 14 ) ( aged 33 ) Holloway , London , England Cause of death Bronchial asthma Occupation Actress Years active 1977 -- 2001 Parent ( s ) Francis Coleman ( deceased ) Ann Beach ( deceased ) Charlotte Ninon Coleman ( 3 April 1968 -- 14 November 2001 ) was an English actress best known for playing Scarlett in the film Four Weddings and a Funeral , Jess in the television drama Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit , and her childhood roles of Sue in Worzel Gummidge and the character Marmalade Atkins . Coleman died of an acute asthma attack in Holloway , North London , aged 33 . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Theatre 3 Personal life 3.1 Death 4 Charlotte Coleman Scholarship Award 5 Roles 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Coleman was the first of two daughters born to actress Ann Beach and Canadian - born television producer Francis Coleman . Her younger sister is the actress Lisa Coleman . She was educated at Camden School for Girls , from which she was expelled . Outside regular school hours she attended classes at the Anna Scher Theatre School in Islington , north London , because she said she was `` too cool '' to go to the Brownies . At 15 , feeling that her upbringing had been too liberal , her parents `` did n't believe in restraint '' , Coleman enrolled at Dartington Hall School in Devon . It was a very progressive school where pupils `` did n't have to go to any lessons , so I did n't . I spent 15 grand , all my money , and it was just stupid really . '' After this , she attended cookery school . Career ( edit ) Coleman 's first major television role was as Sue in Southern Television 's Worzel Gummidge . This ran for four series ( and a Christmas special ) from 1978 to 1981 on the ITV network . Other early work included A Choice of Evils ( Play for Today , BBC , 1977 ) and Two People ( LWT , 1979 ) , as Emma Moffatt ) . She had a crush on Stephen Garlick , her co-star in Two People . For the role , she had to choose a stuffed toy for Emma to carry ; she named it `` Haggis '' and still had it when interviewed in 1990 . This was soon followed by her role as the teenage rebel Marmalade Atkins , firstly in Marmalade Atkins in Space ( a one - off drama shown in 1981 ) , and then in two series , Educating Marmalade ( 1982 -- 83 ) and Danger : Marmalade at Work ( 1984 ) . All three were made by Thames and written by Andrew Davies . In 1990 , Coleman appeared as Jess , a girl from Lancashire brought up by a strict Pentecostal mother , in the acclaimed BBC television drama Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit , based on Jeanette Winterson 's novel of the same name . Coleman won a Royal Television Society , Best Actress award and was nominated for a BAFTA for her portrayal of the young lesbian character . She also read the novel for release by BBC Audiobooks . Other television appearances in the 1980s and ' 90s included roles in The Bill and Inspector Morse , the short - lived comedy series Freddie and Max , with Anne Bancroft , a drama about homelessness , Sweet Nothing and another lesbian role , as Barb Gale in the political satire Giving Tongue ( 1996 ) . She also appeared in Simon Nye 's sitcom How Do You Want Me ? ( 1998 -- 2000 ) , alongside Dylan Moran and Emma Chambers , and voiced the lead female character , Primrose , in the animated adaptation of Brambly Hedge . Coleman 's final television appearance was in the adaptation of Jacqueline Wilson 's Double Act , where she played the twins ' teacher , Miss Debenham . Probably Charlotte 's most internationally known role was as the endearingly kooky Scarlett in the film Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) with Hugh Grant , Simon Callow and Kristin Scott Thomas . She continued to act steadily throughout the rest of the 1990s in films , with her last major film being Jasmin Dizdar 's Beautiful People ( 1999 ) , set in London in 1993 , at the time of the Bosnian War , playing the role of Portia Thornton . Theatre ( edit ) Coleman portrayed the character of Lorna in Our Own Kind ( Roy MacGregor ) , at the Bush Theatre in London ( April 1991 ) . She co-starred with Kevin Whately , Nisha Nayar and Jane Horrocks . `` The prime focus falls on Sylvie 's bright - eyed schoolgirl sister Lorna . Vividly brought to life by Charlotte Coleman , she 's both a droll chorus figure and an optimistic , surrogate victim . The play is tightly directed by new Bush supremo Dominic Dromgoole '' Personal life ( edit ) In 1987 Coleman 's boyfriend Jonathan Laycock died as the result of a cycling accident ; he was 23 years old . After his death Coleman went through periods of depression , and developed the eating disorders anorexia and bulimia ; she also attended AA meetings because `` she could n't bear being with all those fat people at Overeaters Anonymous '' . Death ( edit ) On 13 November 2001 , Charlotte visited her family where they watched a film together . Her father later stated that she had been in great spirits , because of her new flat in Holloway , north London , which she had decorated , and there was a possibility of a career upturn after a few years of a career stall . Later that evening , she complained of feeling unwell , but went home to her flat against her parents ' advice . The next morning , Wednesday , 14 November 2001 , her parents telephoned her to see if she was feeling better ; but there was no reply . Concerned , her mother went to Charlotte 's flat , to find her lying unconscious on the floor ; her asthma inhaler was in a different room . She was taken by ambulance to Whittington Hospital in north London , where she was pronounced dead on arrival , from a massive attack of bronchial asthma . A memorial was held at the Mill Hill Buddhist Centre in north London later that month , attended by family and close friends . Charlotte Coleman Scholarship award ( edit ) The New London Performing Arts Centre introduced the Charlotte Coleman Scholarship in 2003 . A showcase event is held every November from which one performer is chosen to receive the award . All NLPAC members are eligible for the prize of a year 's classes in dance , drama and music . Roles ( edit ) Film ( edit ) A Loving Act ( 2001 ) ... Det . Jane Thompson Beautiful People ( 1999 ) ... Portia Thornton Faeries ( 1999 ) ... voice of Merrivale Bodywork ( 1998 ) ... Tiffany Shades If Only ... ( 1998 ) aka Twice Upon a Yesterday ... Alison Hayes Sweet Revenge ( 1998 ) ... Norma Different for Girls ( 1996 ) ... Alison The Young Poisoner 's Handbook ( 1995 ) ... Winnie Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) ... Scarlett Map of the Human Heart ( 1993 ) ... Julie Bearskin : An Urban Fairytale ( 1989 ) ... Kate Television ( edit ) Double Act ... Miss Debenham ; 2 June 2002 , BBC ( writer : Jacqueline Wilson ; director : Cilla Ware ) McCready and Daughter ... Shelley Bennett in `` No Bed of Roses '' ( 1.5 ) ; Ecosse Films for BBC How Do You Want Me ? ... Lisa Lyons ; 24 February 1998 -- 22 December 1999 , Kensington Films & Television for BBC ( writer : Simon Nye ; director : John Henderson ) Wycliffe ... Laura Kessell in `` Bad Blood '' ( 4.6 ) ; 3 August 1997 , ITV ( director : Alan Wareing ) Oliver 's Travels ... Cathy ; 1995 , BBC Wales ( writer : Alan Plater ; director : Giles Foster ) The Vacillations of Poppy Carew ... Mary ; 5 March 1995 , ( director : James Cellan Jones ) Olly 's Prison ... Sheila ; May 1993 , BBC ( writer : Edward Bond ; director : Roy Battersby ) The Comic Strip Presents ... Patsy in `` Gregory : Diary of a Nutcase '' ; 13 May 1993 ( director : Peter Richardson ) The Bill ... Sharon Palmer in `` Happy Families '' ( 8.93 ) ; 19 November 1992 , ITV ( director : Andrew Higgs ) Inspector Morse ... Jessica White in `` Happy Families '' ( 6.2 ) ; 11 March 1992 , Zenith Entertainment for ITV ( director : Adrian Shergold ) Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit ... Jess ; 10 -- 24 January 1990 ( writer : Jeanette Winterson ; director : Beeban Kidron ) Freddie and Max ... Freddie Latham ; 12 November -- 18 December 1990 ( director : John Stroud ) The Insurance Man ... Seamstress ; 22 February 1986 , BBC ( Writer : Alan Bennett ; director : Richard Eyre ) Danger : Marmalade at Work ... Marmalade Atkins ; 20 February -- 30 April 1984 , Thames Television for ITV ( writer : Andrew Davies ; director : John Stroud ) Educating Marmalade ... Marmalade Atkins ; 25 October 1982 -- 3 January 1983 , Thames Television for ITV ( writer : Andrew Davies ; directors : John Stroud , Colin Bucksey ) Marmalade Atkins in Space ... Marmalade Atkins ; 2 November 1981 , Thames Television for ITV ( writer : Andrew Davies ) Worzel Gummidge ... Sue Peters ; 25 February 1979 -- 31 October 1981 , Southern Television for ITV ( writers : Keith Waterhouse and Willis Hall ; directors : James Hill and David Pick ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nigel Reynolds ( 17 November 2001 ) . `` Four Weddings actress Charlotte is dead at 33 '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Obituary : Charlotte Coleman '' Daily Telegraph , 17 November 2001 Jump up ^ Reynolds , Nigel ( 2001 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Four Weddings actress Charlotte is dead at 33 '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Valentine , Penny ; `` Obituary : Charlotte Coleman '' The Guardian , 19 November 2001 Jump up ^ Jivani , Alkarim , `` '' Almost Grown `` '' . Archived from the original on 10 September 2006 . Retrieved 2005 - 01 - 07 . Time Out , 11 -- 18 December 1996 Jump up ^ `` TV Toons : Brambly Hedge ( 1996 -- 2000 ) '' Toonhound.com , 2008 Jump up ^ Walker , John , ( ed ) `` Halliwell 's Who 's Who in the Movies '' ( fourth edition ) , HarperCollins , 2006 ( ISBN 0 - 00 - 716957 - 4 ) Jump up ^ Thaxter , John , Richmond & Twickenham Times , 12 April 1991 . ^ Jump up to : Gannon , Louise ( 13 August 2002 ) . `` Bulimia , drugs and a secret tragedy . Why Four Weddings ' Charlotte Coleman really died at just 33 '' . Daily Mail : 24 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : Gannon , Louise ( September 2002 ) . `` Why did Charlotte Coleman die ? '' . Elle : 175 -- 176 , 179 -- 180 . Jump up ^ `` Charlotte Coleman Scholarship Award '' Archived 31 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine . New London Performing Arts Centre Jump up ^ `` Charlotte Coleman '' . BFI.org . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Battersby , Roy ; `` Obituary letter : Charlotte Coleman '' The Guardian , 28 November Jump up ^ `` Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit ( 1990 ) '' BFI ScreenOnline Jump up ^ `` Insurance Man , The ( 1986 ) '' BFI ScreenOnline Jump up ^ `` Worzel Gummidge ( 1979 -- 81 ) '' BFI ScreenOnline External links ( edit ) Charlotte Coleman on IMDb Charlotte Coleman at AllMovie The Unofficial Charlotte Coleman Homepage archived at the Wayback Machine New London Performing Arts Centre -- Charlotte Coleman Scholarship Award BNE : XX1798292 ISNI : 0000 0000 4199 1497 MusicBrainz : bbb2880c - d883 - 421b - b9c2 - 9f1c96501c27 SUDOC : 117523887 VIAF : 68530971 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlotte_Coleman&oldid=855810212 '' Categories : 1968 births 2001 deaths 20th - century English actresses Actresses from London Alumni of the Anna Scher Theatre School Deaths from asthma Disease - related deaths in England English film actresses English television actresses English voice actresses People from Islington ( district ) People educated at Camden School for Girls People educated at Dartington Hall School English people of Canadian descent English people of American descent Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from August 2011 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards Use dmy dates from August 2011 Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Español Français Italiano עברית 日本語 Polski Português Русский Українська 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 00 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the little girl in worzel gummidge	[ "Charlotte Ninon Coleman (3 April 1968 – 14 November 2001) was an English actress best known for playing Scarlett in the film Four Weddings and a Funeral, Jess in the television drama Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit, and her childhood roles of Sue in Worzel Gummidge and the character Marmalade Atkins. Coleman died of an acute asthma attack in Holloway, North London, aged 33.[1]\n" ]	[ "Charlotte Ninon Coleman" ]
-3465316806880325333	Kinky Boots (film)	Kinky Boots ( film ) - wikipedia Kinky Boots ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2005 film . For its musical adaption , see Kinky Boots ( musical ) . Kinky Boots Theatrical release poster Directed by Julian Jarrold Produced by Suzanne Mackie Nick Barton Peter Ettedgui Mairi Brett Written by Geoff Deane Tim Firth Starring Joel Edgerton Chiwetel Ejiofor Sarah - Jane Potts Jemima Rooper Linda Bassett Nick Frost Robert Pugh Music by Adrian Johnston Cinematography Eigil Bryld Edited by Emma E. Hickox Production company BBC Films Distributed by Miramax Films Touchstone Pictures Release date October 7 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 07 ) ( United Kingdom ) April 14 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 14 ) ( United States ) Running time 106 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Box office $9,950,133 Kinky Boots is a 2005 American - British comedy - drama film written by Geoff Deane and Tim Firth , and directed by Julian Jarrold . Based on a true story , the movie tells of a struggling British shoe factory 's young , strait - laced owner , Charlie , who forms an unlikely partnership with Lola , a drag queen , to save the business . Charlie develops a plan to produce custom footwear for drag queens , rather than the men 's dress shoes that his firm is known for , and in the process , he and Lola discover that they are not so different after all . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Background 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 6 Awards 7 Musical adaptation 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In the town of Northampton , in the East Midlands of England , Charlie Price is attempting to save the family shoe factory , which has been floundering since his father died . While on a business trip to London to sell the company 's extra stock , Charlie encounters a woman being harassed by drunken hoodlums and intervenes to his detriment . He wakes up backstage , in the dressing room of Lola , a drag queen performer and alter ego of Simon . Charlie is intrigued when he sees that drag queens ' high heels snap easily since they have only women 's shoes to wear , rather than those that can support the weight of a larger male body frame . Back in Northampton , while in the process of laying off workers , one employee , Lauren , gives Charlie the idea of looking for a niche market product to save the business . Charlie then recruits Lauren to assist him in designing a high - heeled boot for drag performers . When their initial designs are met with scorn by Lola , Charlie and Lauren bring her on as a consultant . The road is initially bumpy : many of the male employees are uncomfortable with Lola 's presence and the new direction , and Charlie 's relationship with his fiancée , Nicola , begins to deteriorate as she encourages him to sell the factory building to a real estate developer . Although things improve when Lola tones down her personality and starts making friends , matters take a turn for the worse when Charlie is invited to showcase the new boots in Milan ; the strain he puts on his employees causes most of them , including Lola , to walk out . Charlie 's fiancée arrives at the factory , furious that he took out a second mortgage on their house to save the company . Nicola insists that he sell the company , but Charlie is determined to save it and the jobs of his employees . The argument ( which ends with Nicola leaving Charlie ) is broadcast on the factory 's PA system , which is overheard by Lauren and Lola 's bitterest opponent at the factory , Don , a chauvinistic male worker . Don turns over a new leaf after Lola had graciously allowed him to win an arm wrestling match , and rallies the factory workers to make the boots in time for Charlie and Lauren to get to Milan . When Charlie catches Nicola with another man , he angrily takes out his frustrations on Lola , causing Lola to quit . After arriving in Milan with no one to model the boots , Charlie is forced to go onstage and model the boots himself . After tripping and ultimately falling flat on his face , Lola and her posse of drag queens arrive , put on a spectacular runway show , and save the day . In the film 's denouement , Lola headlines her own show and sings a song in honor of the `` kinky boots factory '' of Northampton . Most of the key workers are in attendance and enjoying themselves , including Charlie and Lauren , who have become a couple . Cast ( edit ) Joel Edgerton as Charlie Sebastian Hurst - Palmer as Young Charlie Chiwetel Ejiofor as Lola Courtney Philip as Young Lola Sarah - Jane Potts as Lauren Jemima Rooper as Nicola Nick Frost as Don Linda Bassett as Melanie Robert Pugh as Harold Price Ewan Hooper as George Stephen Marcus as Big Mike Mona Hammond as Pat Kellie Bright as Jeannie Joanna Scanlan as Trish Geoffrey Streatfeild as Richard Bailey Leo Bill as Harry Sampson Background ( edit ) An episode of BBC2 documentary series Trouble at the Top , broadcast on 24 February 1999 , inspired the film the former featured Steve Pateman struggling with possible closure of W.J. Brooks Ltd , a family - controlled Earls Barton , Northamptonshire shoe factory , that soon catered to the male market for fetish footwear under the `` Divine '' brand . Soundtrack ( edit ) The Kinky Boots : Original Soundtrack was released on April 11 , 2006 by Hollywood Records . `` Whatever Lola Wants '' -- Chiwetel Ejiofor ( 2 : 12 ) `` In These Shoes '' -- Kirsty MacColl ( 3 : 39 ) `` I Want to Be Evil '' -- Chiwetel Ejiofor ( 2 : 34 ) `` Mr. Big Stuff '' -- Lyn Collins ( 4 : 00 ) `` It 's a Man 's Man 's Man 's World '' -- James Brown ( 3 : 17 ) `` I Put a Spell on You '' -- Nina Simone ( 2 : 36 ) `` The Prettiest Star '' -- David Bowie ( 3 : 09 ) `` Together We Are Beautiful '' -- Chiwetel Ejiofor ( 4 : 10 ) `` Yes Sir I Can Boogie '' -- Chiwetel Ejiofor ( 4 : 20 ) `` Wild Is the Wind '' -- Nina Simone ( 6 : 59 ) `` The Red Shoes '' -- Adrian Johnston ( 4 : 26 ) `` Steel Shank '' -- Adrian Johnston ( 3 : 39 ) `` Free to Walk '' -- Adrian Johnston ( 3 : 39 ) The following songs are included in the film but are not on the Original Soundtrack : `` My Heart Belongs to Daddy -- Chiwetel Ejiofor `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' -- Chiwetel Ejiofor `` Summer Holiday '' -- Jemima Rooper Release ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews on release , with critics decrying the `` formulaic Britcom plot '' . Critics aggregated by Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a combined rating of 57 % based on 107 reviews . Box office ( edit ) The film earned a total of $9,941,428 internationally . Awards ( edit ) Ejiofor was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy . Musical adaptation ( edit ) A stage musical adaptation of the same name Kinky Boots debuted on Broadway in April 2013 , following an out - of - town try - out at the Bank of America Theatre in Chicago ; Cyndi Lauper , music and lyrics ; and Harvey Fierstein , co-wrote book . Director Jerry Mitchell is also the choreographer . The Chicago cast included : Billy Porter and Stark Sands . At the 67th Tony Awards ( 2013 ) won six Tony Awards , including Tony Award for Best Original Score ( Lauper , first sole female winner ) , Best Actor ( Porter ) and Best Musical . On April 11 , 2017 it was announced that Panic ! at the Disco singer Brendon Urie would be playing Charlie that summer on Broadway . See also ( edit ) Cross-dressing in film and television Transvestism Fetishism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` KINKY BOOTS ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 2005 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Kinky Boots ( 2006 ) at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ Dowd , Vincent ( 2013 - 06 - 18 ) . `` BBC News - Kinky Boots inspiration comes out of the shadows '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Two - Trouble at the Top , Series 3 , Kinky Boot Factory '' . Bbc.co.uk. 2008 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Trouble at the Top : Season 3 , Episode 1 : The Kinky Boot Factory ( 24 Feb. 1999 ) '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The real story behind those kinky boots - Northampton Chronicle and Echo '' . Northamptonchron.co.uk. 2005 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Kinky Boots : Original Soundtrack '' . iTunes . Jump up ^ `` Kinky Boots Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth . `` Kinky Boots Musical Will Kick It Up in Chicago in October , Prior to Broadway '' . Playbill.com , February 22 , 2012 Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth ( 2008 - 07 - 08 ) . `` Kinky Boots , the Musical , Walking Toward Broadway '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Jones , Chris . `` ' Kinky Boots ' announces full cast '' . ChicagoTribune.com , June 28 , 2012 Jump up ^ Purcell , Carey ( June 9 , 2013 ) . `` Kinky Boots , Vanya and Sonia , Pippin and Virginia Woolf ? Are Big Winners at 67th Annual Tony Awards '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2013 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Kinky Boots on IMDb Kinky Boots at Box Office Mojo Kinky Boots at Rotten Tomatoes Kinky Boots at Metacritic The differences from the film and real - life ( hide ) Films directed by Julian Jarrold Some Kind of Life ( 1995 ) Great Expectations ( 1999 ) All the King 's Men ( 1999 ) Crime and Punishment ( 2002 ) Anonymous Rex ( 2004 ) Kinky Boots ( 2005 ) Becoming Jane ( 2007 ) Brideshead Revisited ( 2008 ) Red Riding : 1974 ( 2009 ) Worried About the Boy ( 2010 ) The Girl ( 2012 ) A Royal Night Out ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kinky_Boots_(film)&oldid=796446870 '' Categories : 2005 films English - language films 2000s comedy - drama films American films American comedy - drama films American LGBT - related films British films British comedy - drama films British LGBT - related films Films directed by Julian Jarrold LGBT - related films based on actual events Films set in England Films shot in England LGBT - related comedy films Films shot at Pinewood Studios BBC Films films Business films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本語 Русский Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2017 , at 22 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays lola in kinky boots the movie	[ "Chiwetel Ejiofor as Lola\n\nCourtney Philip as Young Lola\n\n", "Chiwetel Ejiofor as Lola\n\nCourtney Philip as Young Lola\n\n" ]	[ "Chiwetel Ejiofor", "Courtney Philip" ]
-7777608493455694536	Drop Dead Diva (season 3)	Drop Dead diva ( Season 3 ) - wikipedia Drop Dead diva ( Season 3 ) Drop Dead Diva ( season 3 ) DVD cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network Lifetime Original release June 19 ( 2011 - 06 - 19 ) -- September 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 18 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 2 Next → Season 4 List of Drop Dead Diva episodes The third season of Drop Dead Diva premiered on June 19 , 2011 and concluded on September 25 , 2011 , on Lifetime . Season three aired on Sundays at 9 : 00 pm ET and consisted of 13 episodes . Sally Fields had a guest appearance as the judge for the episode . Contents 1 Storylines 1.1 Jane / Deb & Grayson 1.2 Kim & Parker 1.3 Fred & Stacy 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest cast 3 Episodes 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) Jane / Deb & Grayson ( edit ) Grayson nearly marries Vanessa , but she backs out on the day of the wedding . Jane has two relationships during the season that indicate she is trying to move on from Grayson . The first , with Dr. Bill Kendall ( Ben Shenkman ) , ends when he reveals that Jane is one of the several women he is dating and that he is not ready to get serious with any one of them . The second , toward the end of the season , is with a fun - loving new judge named Owen French ( Lex Medlin ) . Kim & Parker ( edit ) Kim and Parker 's relationship was short lived , after Kim realized that Parker just ignored all of his ex-partners . In the end of Season 2 , Jane shares with Kim that she saw Harrison and Parker kissing in Parker 's office . Kim is outraged and goes to Parker 's house to tell him that they 're over . Harrison fires Kim from the firm in the end of Season 2 , but she returns in Mid-Season 3 . In early Season 3 , Parker still tries to charm Kim and begs her to come back to him . She refuses , and keeps moving on with her job and maintaining a platonic relationship with her boss . They end up together in a later episode , seemingly giving their relationship another try . But when Parker hired his former flame Elisa ( Brandy ) as a temp , Kim became jealous , putting Jane in a tough situation , knowing that Elisa has a son with Parker and Parker does n't know anything about it . Fred & Stacy ( edit ) Stacy shares with Jane that she 's afraid Fred thinks that the kissing IS the relationship , and they have not progressed to intercourse . Stacy keeps waking up early to run , claiming she runs a lot when she 's frustrated . Jane then gives Fred advice , because Jane knows everything Stacy wants in a man . Afterward , it appears the relationship has been consummated and is going well , because Stacy claims she `` may never run again . '' Stacy finally gets a part on a TV show as a main star . She claims that she has to keep her relationship with Fred a `` secret '' for publicity purposes , but eventually she ends up cheating on Fred with her co-star , Brian ( Robert Hoffman ) , and Fred witnesses the two sharing a passionate kiss . Stacy is unable to choose between Brian and Fred ; despite Jane 's advice for her to talk to Fred , the choice is made for Stacy when Fred eventually confronts her and angrily leaves . Stacy becomes distraught and upset with Jane , believing Jane told Fred of her infidelity . Fred is later shown having drinks with Grayson and Teri , who comfort him . Stacy 's behavior ends up annoying not only Fred , but also Jane / Deb and Teri when she becomes a diva and starts treating her friends like dirt , leading to a failed intervention . Brian steals her commercial deal and sleeps with her assistant , resulting in Stacy punching out Brian and getting arrested for assault . She is later cleared of the charges , but kisses Grayson after he represented her . Although the two quickly realize it was a mistake , Stacy is unaware that Jane saw it . Jane also tells Fred at the airport about what happened , thus devastating Fred who was ready to forgive Stacy and propose to her . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Brooke Elliott as Jane Bingum ( 13 episodes ) Margaret Cho as Teri Lee ( 13 episodes ) April Bowlby as Stacy Barrett ( 13 episodes ) Kate Levering as Kim Kaswell ( 13 episodes ) Jackson Hurst as Grayson Kent ( 13 episodes ) Josh Stamberg as Jay Parker ( 13 episodes ) Ben Feldman as Fred ( 13 episodes ) Recurring cast ( edit ) Ben Shenkman as Dr. Bill Kendall ( 5 episodes ) Lex Medlin as Judge Owen French ( 4 episodes ) Marcus Lyle Brown as ADA Paul Saginaw ( 3 episodes ) Robert Hoffman as Brian Pullman ( 3 episodes ) Brandy as Elisa Shayne ( 3 episodes ) Jaime Ray Newman as Vanessa Hemmings ( 3 episodes ) Vickie Eng as Judge Rita Mayson ( 3 episodes ) Guest cast ( edit ) Gregory Alan Williams as Judge Warren Libby ( 2 episodes ) Jeff Rose as Doug Resnick ( 2 episodes ) Sharon Lawrence as Bobbie Dobkins ( 2 episodes ) Faith Prince as Elaine Bingum ( 1 episodes ) Rhoda Griffis as Paula Dewey ( 1 episode ) Paula Abdul as Judge Paula Abdul ( 1 episode ) Brooke D'Orsay as Deb Dobkins ( 1 episode ) Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Drop Dead Diva episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 27 `` Hit and Run '' Jamie Babbit Josh Berman June 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 19 ) 2.86 While she waits for Grayson to wake up from his coma , Jane is assigned a case about a pair of celebrities who were both charged with a hit - and - run involving a 13 - year - old girl . The case gets more complicated when the girl dies in the hospital . Meanwhile , Kim takes a case from one of her former clients who has just gotten divorced . 28 `` False Alarm '' Michael Grossman Alex Taub June 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 26 ) 2.38 Grayson wants Jane 's help planning his wedding with Vanessa . Kim 's new case revolves around a model who died during surgery . Parker takes a case about Teri 's boyfriend . Fred loses his virginity to Stacy . 29 `` Dream Big '' Martha Coolidge Rob Wright July 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 10 ) 2.01 Jane takes over the case of a woman who is reluctantly suing a sperm bank due to her resulting child being a `` little person '' . Fred hires an actress to play his mother for a lunch with Stacy . Grayson helps a stripper with a legal matter , and later finds out that Vanessa 's father will be presiding over the case . 30 `` The Wedding '' Kevin Hooks Sandy Isaac July 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 17 ) 2.27 Grayson and Vanessa 's wedding does n't go as well as planned . Jane finds the real reason why a gunman held her at gunpoint and reluctantly decides to represent him in court , but he goes against her legal advice . Meanwhile , Grayson 's new case revolves around a `` rogue camel milker '' . 31 5 `` Prom '' Jamie Babbit Sarah McLaughlin July 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 24 ) 2.08 Jane takes over the case of a teenager who was denied access to her prom due to her sexual orientation ; a casting director attempts to get Fred into an energy drink commercial , which causes Stacy to become jealous ; Grayson and Kim help represent Hank , Jane 's former love interest , in a case about a mail - order bride scam . 32 6 `` Closure '' Michael Grossman William N. Fordes July 31 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 31 ) 2.09 After being deputized as a DA , Jane / Deb meet one of Jane 's exes , a corrupt DA ; Grayson represents Stacy on a lawsuit regarding her blog ; Parker begins to suspect that Kim is dating , so he orders Teri to check it out . 33 7 `` Mothers Day '' Kevin Hooks Jeffrey Lippman August 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 07 ) 2.36 Jane 's and Deb 's mothers fight over Jane 's attention on a separate legal matter ; Kim advises Fred on how to improve his relationship with Stacy . 34 8 `` He Said , She Said '' Tim Matheson Amy Engelberg & Wendy Engelberg August 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 14 ) 2.39 Jane and Grayson are at odds when she represents a college student who accuses a star football player from Grayson 's alma mater of rape ; Kim helps her sister Jenna in her divorce settlement ; Jane finds herself in an awkward position when she advises Parker and Bobbi ( Deb 's mother ) in their relationship . 35 9 `` You Bet Your Life '' Dwight Little Rob Wright August 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 21 ) 2.23 Jane helps Deb 's former sorority house mother Kristin prove that the casino in which she lost all of her money has created an environment of intoxication ; Kim and Parker represent a botanist who has cultivated a rare flower ; Fred takes a down - and - out Grayson on a `` guys night out '' . 36 10 `` Toxic '' Michael Schultz Sandy Isaac & Sarah McLaughlin August 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 28 ) 2.53 Jane puts her own job in jeopardy by taking a case against one of the firm 's biggest clients . Meanwhile , Teri asks Kim to represent her against a motivational speaker that she has despised since childhood , Fred becomes jealous of Stacy 's relationship with her TV co-star , Brian , and Grayson 's new relationship is about to hit a roadblock thanks to Jane . 37 11 `` Ah Men '' Robert J. Wilson Adam R. Perlman September 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 04 ) 1.93 Parker is visited by an old flame , Elisa , who wants to sue her father 's life insurance company after they refuse to pay out his policy . When Jane is asked to represent her , she learns what really happened after Parker 's relationship with Elisa ended ; Kim represents a reverend who has a controversial way to help the poor ; Fred decides it 's time for Stacy to confirm they really have a relationship after she spends more time with her on - screen co-star . 38 12 `` Bride - a-Palooza '' Michael Grossman Amy and Wendy Engelberg & William N. Fordes September 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 18 ) 2.18 Jane takes the case of a law student whose fiancé was trampled by other brides during an off - the - rack bridal gown super-sale . Meanwhile Kim and Grayson take a case involving a brother and sister over the control of a medieval restaurant , Parker gets upset over Kim making new hire Elisa take on extra work , and Stacy 's ride to the top of the diva chain is about to come crashing down . 39 13 `` Change of Heart '' Jamie Babbit Jeffrey Lippman & Alex Taub September 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 25 ) 2.12 A respected judge requests Jane 's help in the case of a man on death row who wants to donate his heart to his ill sister . Owen wants to take Jane with him on a year - long stay in New Zealand , where he will train for and eventually sail in the America 's Cup . Grayson helps Stacy when she is accused of assault against her former co-star , and Jane is heartbroken when she sees the two kiss after the trial . Realizing the kiss was a mistake , Stacy tells Grayson that Jane is Deb , leaving him heartbroken . Parker discovers that he is the father of Elisa 's child and leaves the firm indefinitely to establish a relationship with his unexpected family . Kim gets her wish to become a partner in the firm , and will be in charge while Parker is gone . Jane meets Owen at the airport , but only to tell him that he inspired her to go to Milan . She sees Fred at the gate to Milan . He tells her that he wants to propose to Stacy , but Jane tells him about the kiss , and when he asks what to do now , she says that he can go anywhere . Jane gets on the plane to Milan , only to have Owen sit down beside her and tell her that he can sail anywhere , while there is only one Jane . Grayson arrives at the airport , too late to get on the plane to Milan . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 20 , 2011 ) . `` Return of Lifetime 's ' Drop Dead Diva ' Becomes Series ' Most - Watched Season Premiere in Key Demographics '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : More ' True Blood ' & ' Falling Skies , ' + ' Kardashians , ' ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' The Glades ' and Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Bounces Back , ' Falling Skies ' Steady + Women 's World Cup , ' In Plain Sight , ' ' The Glades ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 19 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Slips , ' Falling Skies ' Steady + ' Breaking Bad , ' ' Leverage , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' The Glades ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 26 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Rises , ' Falling Skies ' Steady + Kardashians , ' Entourage , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' ' Leverage , ' ' The Glades ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood , ' Shark Week , ' Falling Skies , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' ' Leverage , ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood , ' Kardashians , ' Falling Skies , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' & Much More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2011 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Rises , Leads Night + Kardashians , ' Entourage , ' ' Leverage , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' & Much More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2011 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 23 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable : ' True Blood , ' ' Kardashians , ' ' Entourage ' Lead + ' Breaking Bad , ' ' Glee Project ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Rises , Leads Night + Kardashians , ' Entourage , ' ' Leverage , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' & Much More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2011 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Rises , Leads Night + Kardashians , ' Entourage , ' ' Leverage , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' & Much More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2011 - 09 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Rises , Leads Night + Kardashians , ' Entourage , ' ' Leverage , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' & Much More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2011 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Rises , Leads Night + Kardashians , ' Entourage , ' ' Leverage , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' & Much More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2011 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Drop Dead Diva on Lifetime Drop Dead Diva on IMDb Drop Dead Diva at TV.com Drop Dead Diva Seasons 5 6 Related Soundtrack Characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drop_Dead_Diva_(season_3)&oldid=858820034 '' Categories : 2011 American television seasons Hidden categories : TV.com template with ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2018 , at 20 : 40 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what episode of drop dead diva does grayson find out jane is deb	[ "No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)271\"Hit and Run\"Jamie BabbitJosh BermanJune 19, 2011 (2011-06-19)2.86[1]\nWhile she waits for Grayson to wake up from his coma, Jane is assigned a case about a pair of celebrities who were both charged with a hit-and-run involving a 13-year-old girl. The case gets more complicated when the girl dies in the hospital. Meanwhile, Kim takes a case from one of her former clients who has just gotten divorced.\n282\"False Alarm\"Michael GrossmanAlex TaubJune 26, 2011 (2011-06-26)2.38[2]\nGrayson wants Jane's help planning his wedding with Vanessa. Kim's new case revolves around a model who died during surgery. Parker takes a case about Teri's boyfriend. Fred loses his virginity to Stacy.\n293\"Dream Big\"Martha CoolidgeRob WrightJuly 10, 2011 (2011-07-10)2.01[3]\nJane takes over the case of a woman who is reluctantly suing a sperm bank due to her resulting child being a \"little person\". Fred hires an actress to play his mother for a lunch with Stacy. Grayson helps a stripper with a legal matter, and later finds out that Vanessa's father will be presiding over the case.\n304\"The Wedding\"Kevin HooksSandy IsaacJuly 17, 2011 (2011-07-17)2.27[4]\nGrayson and Vanessa's wedding doesn't go as well as planned. Jane finds the real reason why a gunman held her at gunpoint and reluctantly decides to represent him in court, but he goes against her legal advice. Meanwhile, Grayson's new case revolves around a \"rogue camel milker\".\n315\"Prom\"Jamie BabbitSarah McLaughlinJuly 24, 2011 (2011-07-24)2.08[5]\nJane takes over the case of a teenager who was denied access to her prom due to her sexual orientation; a casting director attempts to get Fred into an energy drink commercial, which causes Stacy to become jealous; Grayson and Kim help represent Hank, Jane's former love interest, in a case about a mail-order bride scam.\n326\"Closure\"Michael GrossmanWilliam N. FordesJuly 31, 2011 (2011-07-31)2.09[6]\nAfter being deputized as a DA, Jane/Deb meet one of Jane’s exes, a corrupt DA; Grayson represents Stacy on a lawsuit regarding her blog; Parker begins to suspect that Kim is dating, so he orders Teri to check it out.\n337\"Mothers Day\"Kevin HooksJeffrey LippmanAugust 7, 2011 (2011-08-07)2.36[7]\nJane's and Deb's mothers fight over Jane's attention on a separate legal matter; Kim advises Fred on how to improve his relationship with Stacy.\n348\"He Said, She Said\"Tim MathesonAmy Engelberg & Wendy EngelbergAugust 14, 2011 (2011-08-14)2.39[8]\nJane and Grayson are at odds when she represents a college student who accuses a star football player from Grayson's alma mater of rape; Kim helps her sister Jenna in her divorce settlement; Jane finds herself in an awkward position when she advises Parker and Bobbi (Deb's mother) in their relationship.\n359\"You Bet Your Life\"Dwight LittleRob WrightAugust 21, 2011 (2011-08-21)2.23[9]\nJane helps Deb's former sorority house mother Kristin prove that the casino in which she lost all of her money has created an environment of intoxication; Kim and Parker represent a botanist who has cultivated a rare flower; Fred takes a down-and-out Grayson on a \"guys night out\".\n3610\"Toxic\"Michael SchultzSandy Isaac & Sarah McLaughlinAugust 28, 2011 (2011-08-28)2.53[10]\nJane puts her own job in jeopardy by taking a case against one of the firm's biggest clients. Meanwhile, Teri asks Kim to represent her against a motivational speaker that she has despised since childhood, Fred becomes jealous of Stacy's relationship with her TV co-star, Brian, and Grayson's new relationship is about to hit a roadblock thanks to Jane.\n3711\"Ah Men\"Robert J. WilsonAdam R. PerlmanSeptember 4, 2011 (2011-09-04)1.93[11]\nParker is visited by an old flame, Elisa, who wants to sue her father's life insurance company after they refuse to pay out his policy. When Jane is asked to represent her, she learns what really happened after Parker's relationship with Elisa ended; Kim represents a reverend who has a controversial way to help the poor; Fred decides it's time for Stacy to confirm they really have a relationship after she spends more time with her on-screen co-star.\n3812\"Bride-a-Palooza\"Michael GrossmanAmy and Wendy Engelberg & William N. FordesSeptember 18, 2011 (2011-09-18)2.18[12]\nJane takes the case of a law student whose fiancé was trampled by other brides during an off-the-rack bridal gown super-sale. Meanwhile Kim and Grayson take a case involving a brother and sister over the control of a medieval restaurant, Parker gets upset over Kim making new hire Elisa take on extra work, and Stacy's ride to the top of the diva chain is about to come crashing down.\n3913\"Change of Heart\"Jamie BabbitJeffrey Lippman & Alex TaubSeptember 25, 2011 (2011-09-25)2.12[13]\nA respected judge requests Jane's help in the case of a man on death row who wants to donate his heart to his ill sister. Owen wants to take Jane with him on a year-long stay in New Zealand, where he will train for and eventually sail in the America's Cup. Grayson helps Stacy when she is accused of assault against her former co-star, and Jane is heartbroken when she sees the two kiss after the trial. Realizing the kiss was a mistake, Stacy tells Grayson that Jane is Deb, leaving him heartbroken. Parker discovers that he is the father of Elisa's child and leaves the firm indefinitely to establish a relationship with his unexpected family. Kim gets her wish to become a partner in the firm, and will be in charge while Parker is gone. Jane meets Owen at the airport, but only to tell him that he inspired her to go to Milan. She sees Fred at the gate to Milan. He tells her that he wants to propose to Stacy, but Jane tells him about the kiss, and when he asks what to do now, she says that he can go anywhere. Jane gets on the plane to Milan, only to have Owen sit down beside her and tell her that he can sail anywhere, while there is only one Jane. Grayson arrives at the airport, too late to get on the plane to Milan." ]	[ "\"Change of Heart\"" ]
-6307241458474947992	Happy Feet	Happy Feet - wikipedia Happy Feet Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2006 film . For other uses , see Happy Feet ( disambiguation ) . Happy Feet Theatrical release poster Directed by George Miller Produced by Bill Miller George Miller Doug Mitchell Written by Warren Coleman John Collee George Miller Judy Morris Starring Elijah Wood Robin Williams Brittany Murphy Hugh Jackman Nicole Kidman Hugo Weaving Anthony LaPaglia Magda Szubanski Steve Irwin Music by John Powell Gia Farrell Cinematography David Peers Edited by Christian Gazal Margaret Sixel Production companies Animal Logic Kennedy Miller Productions Kingdom Feature Productions Village Roadshow Pictures Distributed by United States : Warner Bros. Pictures Australia / New Zealand : Roadshow Films Release date 17 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 17 ) ( North America ) 26 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 26 ) ( Australia ) Running time 108 minutes Country United States Australia Language English Budget $100 million Box office $384.3 million Happy Feet is a 2006 Australian - American computer - animated musical family comedy film directed , produced , and co-written by George Miller . It stars Elijah Wood , Robin Williams , Brittany Murphy , Hugh Jackman , Nicole Kidman , Hugo Weaving , and E.G. Daily . It was produced at Sydney - based visual effects and animation studio Animal Logic for Warner Bros. , Village Roadshow Pictures , and Kingdom Feature Productions and was released in North American theaters on November 17 , 2006 . It is the first animated film produced by Kennedy Miller in association with Animal Logic . Though primarily an animated film , the film does incorporate motion capture of live action humans in certain scenes . The film was simultaneously released in both conventional theatres and in IMAX 2D format . The studio had hinted that a future IMAX 3D release was a possibility . However , Warner Bros. , the film 's production company , was on too tight a budget to release Happy Feet in IMAX digital 3D . Happy Feet received generally positive reviews from critics , and won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature , a first for Warner Bros. , as well as the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film . It was nominated for the Annie Award for Best Animated Feature and the Saturn Award for Best Animated Film . A sequel , Happy Feet Two , was released into theaters November 18 , 2011 to mixed reviews . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Music 3.1. 1 Soundtrack 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 4.3 Analysis 4.4 Home media 5 Accolades 6 Video games 7 Legacy 7.1 Sequels 7.2 4 - D attraction 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot Every emperor penguin sings a unique song called a `` heartsong '' to attract a mate . If the male penguin 's heartsong matches the female 's song , the two penguins mate . Norma Jean , a female penguin , falls for Memphis , a male penguin and they become mates . They lay an egg , which is left in Memphis ' care , while Norma Jean leaves with the other females to fish . While the males struggle through the harsh winter , Memphis briefly drops the egg . As a result , Mumble is unable to sing , but he can tap dance instead . Nevertheless , he is enamored with Gloria , a female penguin who is regarded as the most talented of her age . One day , Mumble encounters a group of hostile skua , with a leader who is tagged with a yellow band , which he says is from an alien abduction . Mumble narrowly escapes the hungry birds by falling into a crevice . Now a young adult , Mumble is frequently ridiculed by the elders . After escaping from a leopard seal attack , Mumble befriends a group of Adelie penguins called `` the Amigos '' , who embrace Mumble 's dance moves and assimilate him into their group . After seeing a hidden human excavator in an avalanche , they opt to ask Lovelace , a rockhopper penguin , about its origin . Lovelace has the plastic rings of a six pack entangled around his neck , which he claims have been bestowed upon him by mystic beings . For the emperor penguins , it is mating season and Gloria is the center of attention . Ramón , one of the Amigos , attempts to help Mumble win her affection by singing a Spanish version of `` My Way '' , with Mumble lip syncing , but the plan fails . In desperation , Mumble begins tap dancing in synch with her song . She falls for him and the youthful penguins join in for singing and dancing to `` Boogie Wonderland '' . The elders are appalled by Mumble 's conduct , which they see as the reason for their lean fishing season . Memphis begs Mumble to stop dancing , for his own sake , but when Mumble refuses , he is exiled , prompting him to curse revenge on the elders for their blind belief . Mumble and the Amigos return to Lovelace , only to find him being choked by the plastic rings . Lovelace confesses they were snagged on him while swimming off the forbidden shores , beyond the land of the elephant seals . Not long into their journey , they are met by Gloria , who wishes to join with Mumble as his mate . Fearing for her safety , he ridicules Gloria , driving her away . At the forbidden shore , the group finds a fishing boat . Mumble pursues it solo to the brink of exhaustion . He is eventually washed up on the shore of Australia , where he is rescued and kept at Marine World with Magellanic penguins . After a long and secluded confinement in addition to fruitlessly trying to communicate with the humans , he nearly succumbs to madness . When a girl attempts to interact with Mumble by tapping the glass , he starts dancing , which attracts a large crowd . He is released back into the wild , with a tracking device attached to his back . He returns to his colony and challenges the will of the elders . Memphis reconciles with him , just as a research team arrives , proving the claims of the existence of `` aliens '' to be true . The whole of the colony , even Noah the leader of the elders , engages in dance . The research team returns their expedition footage , prompting a worldwide debate . The governments realize they are overfishing , leading to the banning of all Antarctic fishing . At this , the emperor penguins and the Amigos celebrate . Cast Elijah Wood , Robin Williams , Brittany Murphy and Nicole Kidman at the film 's European premiere in London , UK . Elijah Wood as Mumble E.G. Daily as baby Mumble Robin Williams as Ramón , Cletus , Lovelace , and the narrator Brittany Murphy as Gloria Alyssa Shafer as baby Gloria Hugh Jackman as Memphis Nicole Kidman as Norma Jean Hugo Weaving as Noah the Elder Fat Joe as Seymour Cesar Flores as baby Seymour Anthony LaPaglia as Skua Boss Magda Szubanski as Miss Viola Miriam Margolyes as Mrs. Astrakhan Steve Irwin as Trev Carlos Alazraqui as Nestor Lombardo Boyar as Raul Jeffrey Garcia as Rinaldo Johnny Sanchez as Lombardo Roger Rose as Leopard Seal Production George Miller cites as an initial inspiration for the film an encounter with a grizzled old cameraman , whose father was Frank Hurley of the Shackleton expeditions , during the shooting of Mad Max 2 : `` We were sitting in this bar , having a milkshake , and he looked across at me and said , ' Antarctica . ' He 'd shot a documentary there . He said , ' You 've got to make a film in Antarctica . It 's just like out here , in the wasteland . It 's spectacular . ' And that always stuck in my head . '' Happy Feet was also partially inspired by earlier documentaries such as the BBC 's Life in the Freezer . In 2001 , during an otherwise non-sequitur meeting , Doug Mitchell impulsively presented Warner Bros. , studio president Alan Horn with an early rough draft of the film 's screenplay , and asked them to read it while he and Miller flew back to Australia . By the time they 'd landed , Warner had decided to provide funding on the film . Production was slated to begin sometime after the completion of the fourth Mad Max film , Fury Road , but geo - political complications pushed Happy Feet to the forefront in early 2003 . An earlier cut of the film seems to have included a large subplot regarding aliens in the extraterrestrial sense , whose presence was made gradually more and more known throughout , and who were planning to siphon off the planet 's resources gradually , placing the humans in the same light as the penguins . At the end , through the plight of the main character , their hand is stayed and , instead , first contact is made . This was chopped out during the last year of production , and has yet to see the light of day in a finished form , although concept art from these sequences were showcased at the Siggraph 2007 demonstration , and are available online , as well . The animation is invested heavily in motion capture technology , with the dance scenes acted out by human dancers . The tap - dancing for Mumble in particular was provided by Savion Glover who was also co-choreographer for the dance sequences . The dancers went through `` Penguin School '' to learn how to move like a penguin , and also wore head apparatus to mimic a penguin 's beak . Happy Feet needed an enormous group of computers , and Animal Logic worked with IBM to build a server farm with sufficient processing potential . The film took four years to make . Ben Gunsberger , Lighting Supervisor and VFX Department Supervisor , says this was partly because they needed to build new infrastructure and tools . The server farm used IBM BladeCenter framework and BladeCenter HS20 blade servers , which are extremely dense separate computer units each with two Intel Xeon processors . Rendering took up 17 million CPU hours over a nine - month period . According to Miller , the environmental message was not a major part of the original script , but `` In Australia , we 're very , very aware of the ozone hole , '' he said , `` and Antarctica is literally the canary in the coal mine for this stuff . So it sort of had to go in that direction . '' This influence led to a film with a more environmental tone . Miller said , `` You ca n't tell a story about Antarctica and the penguins without giving that dimension . '' The film was dedicated to the memory of Nick Enright , Michael Jonson , Robby McNeilly Green , and Steve Irwin . Music Happy Feet is a jukebox musical , taking previously recorded songs and working them into the film 's soundtrack to fit with the mood of the scene or character . Two soundtrack albums were released for the film ; one containing songs from and inspired by the film , and another featuring John Powell 's instrumental score . They were released on October 31 , 2006 and December 19 , 2006 , respectively . Prince 's `` Song of the Heart '' won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song . The film won Golden Trailer Award for Best Music . Soundtrack Happy Feet : Music from the Motion Picture Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released October 31 , 2006 Genre Soundtrack , pop , rock , R&B , hip hop Length 47 : 47 Label Warner Sunset , Atlantic Producer John Powell , George Miller Happy Feet soundtrack chronology Happy Feet ( 2006 ) Happy Feet : Original Score ( 2006 ) Happy Feet : Original Score 2006 Singles from Happy Feet `` The Song of the Heart '' Released : 2006 `` Hit Me Up '' Released : January 22 , 2007 ( CD Single ) January 29 , 2007 ( Digital Download ) Happy Feet : Music from the Motion Picture is the lyrical soundtrack album from the 2006 animated film Happy Feet . As of March 2007 , the OST has sold over 272,627 copies in the US . Happy Feet : Music from the Motion Picture No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Song of the Heart '' Prince Prince 4 : 35 2 . `` Hit Me Up '' Brian Kierulf , Josh Schwartz & Gia Farrell Gia Farrell 3 : 16 3 . `` Tell Me Something Good '' Stevie Wonder Pink 3 : 08 4 . `` Somebody to Love '' Freddie Mercury Brittany Murphy 3 : 47 5 . `` I Wish '' Stevie Wonder Patti LaBelle , Yolanda Adams and Fantasia Barrino 3 : 31 6 . `` Jump N ' Move '' Simon Bartholomew , Jan Kincaid , Andrew Levy & Jamal Mitchell The Brand New Heavies ( featuring Jamalski ) 3 : 18 7 . `` Do It Again '' Brian Wilson & Mike Love The Beach Boys 2 : 24 8 . `` The Joker mash - up with Everything I Own '' `` The Joker '' by Steve Miller , Eddie Curtis & Ahmet Ertegün ; `` Everything I Own '' by David Gates `` The Joker '' by Jason Mraz ; `` Everything I Own '' by Chrissie Hynde 4 : 05 9 . `` My Way ( A Mi Manera ) '' Paul Anka , Jacques Revaux , Claude François & Gilles Thibault Robin Williams 1 : 44 10 . `` Kiss mash - up with Heartbreak Hotel '' `` Kiss '' by Prince ; `` Heartbreak Hotel '' by Mae Boren Axton , Thomas Durden , and Elvis Presley `` Kiss by Nicole Kidman ; `` Heartbreak Hotel '' by Hugh Jackman 2 : 36 11 . `` Boogie Wonderland '' Allee Willis & Jonathan Lind Brittany Murphy 5 : 07 12 . `` Golden Slumbers / The End '' Paul McCartney k.d. lang 4 : 16 13 . `` The Story of Mumble Happy Feet '' John Powell 5 : 50 Total length : 47 : 37 Reception Box Office The film opened at # 1 in the United States on its first weekend of release ( November 17 -- 19 ) grossing $41.6 million and beating Casino Royale for the top spot . It remained # 1 for the Thanksgiving weekend , making $51.6 million over the five - day period . In total , the film was the top grosser for three weeks , a 2006 box office feat matched only by Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest . As of June 8 , 2008 , Happy Feet has grossed $198.0 million in the U.S. and $186.3 million overseas , making about $384.3 million worldwide . Happy Feet was the third highest grossing animated film in the U.S. , behind Cars and Ice Age : The Meltdown . The film has been released in about 35 international territories at the close of 2006 . The production budget was $100 million . Critical reception Happy Feet received generally positive reviews from critics . On review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a 75 % `` Certified Fresh '' score based on 161 reviews , with an average rating of 6.9 / 10 . The site 's consensus was `` Visually dazzling , with a thoughtful storyline and catchy musical numbers , Happy Feet marks a successful animated debut from the makers of Babe . '' Metacritic reports a 77 out of 100 rating , based on 30 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Analysis The film also garnered quite a bit of analysis and dissection from various critics . Film critic Yar Habnegnal wrote an essay in Forum on Contemporary Art and Society that examines the themes of encroachment presented throughout the film , as well as various other subtexts and themes , such as religious hierarchy and interracial tensions . Vadim Rizov of the Independent Film Channel sees Mumble as just the latest in a long line of cinematic religious mavericks . On a technical or formal level , the film has also been lauded in some corners for its innovative introduction of Miller 's roving style of subjective cinematography into contemporary animation . Home media Happy Feet was released on home media on March 27 , 2007 in the United States in three formats ; DVD ( in separate widescreen and pan and scan editions ) , Blu - ray Disc , and an HD DVD / DVD combo pack . Among the DVD 's special features is a scene that was cut from the film where Mumble meets a blue whale and an albatross . The albatross was Steve Irwin 's first voice role in the film before he voiced the elephant seal in the final cut . The scene was finished and included on the DVD in Irwin 's memory . This scene is done in Irwin 's classic documentary style , with the albatross telling the viewer all about the other characters in the scene , and the impact people are having on their environment . Accolades The film appeared on numerous critics ' top ten lists of the best films of 2006 . Award Winner / Nominee Result Academy Awards Best Animated Feature Won American Film Institute Awards Honored as one of the Top Ten Best Films of the Year Won Annie Awards Best Animated Feature George Miller Nominated Best Writing in an Animated Feature Production George Miller , John Collee , Judy Morris , and Warren Coleman Nominated British Academy Children 's Awards Best Feature Film Won British Academy Film Awards Best Animated Feature Film Won Golden Globe Awards Best Animated Feature Film Nominated Best Original Song `` Song of the Heart '' by Prince Won Golden Trailer Awards Best Music Won Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media John Powell Nominated Best Song Written for Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media `` The Song of the Heart '' , Prince Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Animated Movie Won Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards Best Animation Won New York Film Critics Circle Awards Best Animated Film Won Satellite Awards Best Motion Picture , Animated or Mixed Media Nominated Saturn Awards Best Animated Film Nominated Video Games Main article : Happy Feet ( video game ) A video game based on the film was developed by A2M and published by Midway Games . It has the same main cast as the film . It was released for the PC , PlayStation 2 , GameCube , GBA , NDS , and Wii . Artificial Life , Inc. has also developed a mobile game for the Japan market . Legacy Sequels Main article : Happy Feet Two Happy Feet Two was produced at Dr. D Studios and released on November 18 , 2011 . Wood and Williams reprised their roles for the sequel . Murphy was set to reprise her role and begin recording sometime in 2010 , but died from pneumonia on December 20 , 2009 . Matt Damon and Brad Pitt signed on as Bill the Krill and Will the Krill respectively . In an interview with Collider.com , Miller mentioned the small possibility of Happy Feet Three , stating that if he came up with an idea for a third film , that he and his studio would produce it if they both agreed the idea was better than the first two . As of now , however , he has yet to mention if he has any ideas for a third film since the interview . 4 - D attraction Happy Feet 4 - D Experience is a 12 - minute 4D film shown at various 4D theaters over the world . It retells the condensed story of Happy Feet with the help of 3D projection and sensory effects , including moving seats , wind , mist and scents . Produced by SimEx - Iwerks , the 4D experience premiered in March 2010 at the Drayton Manor Theme Park . Other locations included Sea World ( 2010 -- 2011 ) , Shedd Aquarium ( 2010 -- 2012 ) , Moody Gardens ( 2010 -- 2011 ) , Nickelodeon Suites Resort , and Adventure Aquarium . See also March of the Penguins -- A 2005 nature documentary film about the real life emperor penguins . It won the 2005 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. . References Jump up ^ `` Film Distribution - Village Roadshow Limited '' . Village Roadshow Pictures . February 11 , 2014 . Archived from the original on 25 February 2014 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Happy Feet ( 2006 ) . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Feet : The IMAX Experience '' . IMAX . Archived from the original on 5 November 2006 . Retrieved 15 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Feet Wo n't Debut in IMAX 3 - D '' . VFXWorld . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Reid , Joe ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Big Hero 6 's Big Oscar Chances '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Warner Brothers is far less pedigreed in this category , only having ever won with Happy Feet in 2006 , Jump up ^ `` The filmmaker behind the ' Mad Max ' and ' Babe ' franchises turns his attention to musical fowl '' Archived 19 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... In Focus . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Penguin suits up for a cinema hit '' . The Australian . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ( August 6 , 2007 ) . Live from the Happy Feet discussion at Siggraph 2007 . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Savion Glover ( 2007 ) . Happy Feet ( DVD ) . Warner Brothers . Jump up ^ Kelley Abbey ( 2007 ) . Happy Feet ( DVD ) . Warner Brothers . Jump up ^ `` Animal Logic builds rendering farm with IBM eServer BladeCenter '' . IBM Australia . Retrieved February 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Kate ( 17 November 2006 ) . `` The New Animated Film Happy Feet Does n't Dance Around Serious Issues '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Winners of the 7th Annual Golden Trailer Awards '' . Golden Trailer . June 1 , 2006 . Archived from the original on 11 February 2007 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gwin , Scott ( 2006 ) . `` REVIEW - Happy Feet : Music From The Motion Picture '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Weekend Box Office Results for November 17 -- 19 , 2006 . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Happy Feet ( 2006 ) - Weekend Box Office Results . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weekend Box Office Results for February 1 -- 3 , 2008 . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Feet ( 2006 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Feet reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yar Habnegnal on Happy Feet . Scribd.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Feet ( 2006 ) - Elijah Wood , Nicole Kidman , Hugh Jackman '' . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Feet to Dance on Blu - ray , HD DVD This March High - Def Digest '' . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Film Critic Top Ten List , 2006 Critics ' Picks '' . Archived from the original on 3 January 2007 . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Critics '' . Archived from the original on 6 January 2010 . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Golden Trailer Awards Archived 11 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 2 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Happy Feet . Midway.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 2007 - 04 - 24 ) . Parthajit ; `` Happy Feet Goes Mobile '' . Softpedia . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About Dr. D Studios '' . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Byrnes , Holly ; Crawford , Carly ( December 21 , 2009 ) . `` Brittany Murphy planned to have New Year in Australia '' . News.com.au . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( January 19 , 2010 ) . `` Matt Damon , Brad Pitt to Voice Characters in Happy Feet Sequel '' Archived 24 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... ShowbizSpy.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Feet 2 's first look at Pitt , Damon '' . RTÉ Ten . September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Christina Radish ( November 16 , 2011 ) . `` Director George Miller Talks HAPPY FEET TWO , MAD MAX , and JUSTICE LEAGUE '' . collider.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Drayton Manor to open Happy Feet 4D attraction on March 20 '' . Theme Park Tourist . March 2 , 2010 . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Feet 3 - D ( Sea World ) '' . Parkz . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 4D Theater '' . Shedd Aquarium . Archived from the original on 9 December 2010 . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Virtual Reality Theater '' . Moody Gardens . Archived from the original on 9 December 2010 . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Orlando Theater and 4 - D Experience '' . Nickelodeon Suites Resort . Archived from the original on 10 December 2010 . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 4D Theater '' . Adventure Aquarium . Archived from the original on 10 December 2010 . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NY Times : March of the Penguins '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 23 , 2008 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Happy Feet Wikimedia Commons has media related to Happy Feet . Happy Feet on IMDb Happy Feet at Box Office Mojo Happy Feet at Rotten Tomatoes Happy Feet at Metacritic Related topic navboxes Happy Feet Films Happy Feet ( 2006 ) Happy Feet Two ( 2011 ) Video games Happy Feet Songs `` The Song of the Heart '' `` Hit Me Up '' `` Bridge of Light '' Academy Award for Best Animated Feature Shrek -- Aron Warner ( 2001 ) Spirited Away -- Hayao Miyazaki ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo -- Andrew Stanton ( 2003 ) The Incredibles -- Brad Bird ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit -- Nick Park and Steve Box ( 2005 ) Happy Feet -- George Miller ( 2006 ) Ratatouille -- Brad Bird ( 2007 ) WALL - E -- Andrew Stanton ( 2008 ) Up -- Pete Docter ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 -- Lee Unkrich ( 2010 ) Rango -- Gore Verbinski ( 2011 ) Brave -- Mark Andrews and Brenda Chapman ( 2012 ) Frozen -- Chris Buck , Jennifer Lee , and Peter Del Vecho ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 -- Don Hall , Chris Williams , and Roy Conli ( 2014 ) Inside Out -- Pete Docter and Jonas Rivera ( 2015 ) Zootopia -- Byron Howard , Rich Moore , and Clark Spencer ( 2016 ) BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film Happy Feet ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Rango ( 2011 ) Brave ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) Kubo and the Two Strings ( 2016 ) Films directed by George Miller Mad Max ( 1979 ) Mad Max 2 ( 1981 ) Twilight Zone : The Movie ( 1983 ) Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome ( 1985 ) The Witches of Eastwick ( 1987 ) Lorenzo 's Oil ( 1992 ) 40,000 Years of Dreaming ( 1997 ) Babe : Pig in the City ( 1998 ) Happy Feet ( 2006 ) Happy Feet Two ( 2011 ) Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) Animation industry in Australia Companies / studios Active Act3animation Blue Rocket Productions Bogan Enterainment Studios Endemol Australia Flying Bark Productions Yoram Gross Films Fox Studios Australia Animal Logic Honeydew Studios Plastic Wax RobotDNA SLR Productions The People 's Republic of Animation Working Dog Productions Defunct Burbank Films Australia Mr. Big Cartoons Industry associations Australian Cartoonists ' Association Screen Producers Australia Awards Ledger Award Stanley Award Expos Supanova Expo Animation icons Blinky Bill Chesty Bond Happy Feet Teenage Fairytale Dropouts Related topics Australian Comics Film in the United States portal Australia portal 2000s portal VIAF : 253410973 GND : 1024711285 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy_Feet&oldid=807759394 '' Categories : 2006 films English - language films American films Australian films 2006 computer - animated films 2000s adventure films 2000s American animated films 2000s buddy films 2000s musical films 2000s musical comedy films American adventure comedy films American buddy films American children 's adventure films American children 's comedy films American computer - animated films American musical comedy films Animated buddy films Animated comedy films Animated musical films Animated films about penguins Australian animated films Australian children 's films Australian comedy films Australian musical films Best Animated Feature Academy Award winners Best Animated Feature BAFTA winners Environmental films Films directed by George Miller Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in Antarctica Films with live action and animation Jukebox musical films Performance capture in film Screenplays by John Collee Village Roadshow Pictures animated films Film scores by John Powell Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from November 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 00 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did the voice of mumble in happy feet	[ "Elijah Wood as Mumble\n\nE.G. Daily as baby Mumble\n\n" ]	[ "Elijah Wood" ]
-7284629157136729786	Nonpareils	Nonpareils - wikipedia Nonpareils Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Nonpareil ( disambiguation ) . Nonpareils Multicolor nonpareil balls coating the top of a chocolate nonpareil Alternative names Sprinkle Chips ( US ) Hundreds & Thousands / 100s & 1000s ( UK ) Type Confectionery Main ingredients Sugar , starch , food coloring Cookbook : Nonpareils Media : Nonpareils Look up nonpareil in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Nonpareils ( or hundreds and thousands outside of North America ) are a decorative confectionery of tiny balls made with sugar and starch , traditionally an opaque white but now available in many colors . Their origin is uncertain , but they may have evolved out of the pharmaceutical use of sugar , as they were a miniature version of comfits . The French name has been interpreted to mean they were `` without equal '' for intricate decoration of cakes , desserts , and other sweets , and the elaborate pièces montées constructed as table ornaments . The term nonpareil can also refer to a specific confection made using nonpareils , namely , flat discs of chocolate coated with nonpareils , which are also known as chocolate nonpareils . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Chocolate nonpareils 3 See also 4 References History ( edit ) An 18th - century American recipe for a frosted wedding cake calls for nonpareils as decoration . By the early 19th century , colored nonpareils seem to have been available in the U.S. The popular cookbook author Eliza Leslie suggests the use of red and green nonpareils for decorating a Queen cake , but strongly suggests white nonpareils are most suitable for pink icing on a pound cake in her 1828 Seventy - five Receipts for Pastries , Cakes and Sweetmeats . Fairy bread : Nonpareils on sliced bread In 1844 , Eleanor Parkinson , of a well - known Philadelphia family of professional confectioners , first published her book The Complete Confectioner , in which she described how to make nonpareils following her comfit - making procedure , which involved multiple hot pots and hot syrup . Görlitz , Germany was the birthplace of the German version of nonpareils , popularly known in Germany as liebesperlen ( German : love pearls ) . Invented by confectioner Rudolf Hoinkis ( 1876 -- 1944 ) , the name derives from a conversation Hoinkis had with his wife , proclaiming his love for her like these `` pearls , '' the nonpareil . Unsure of what to call the treat he invented , his wife suggested calling them love pearls , and the name stuck . The factory where he first manufactured the treat , founded in 1896 , is now run by his great - grandson , Mathias . In the United States , traditional nonpareils gave way for most purposes by the mid 20th century to `` sprinkles '' ( known in some parts as `` jimmies '' ) , confections nearly as small but usually oblong rather than round and soft rather than brittle . Like nonpareils , their function is more decorative than gustatory as their actual taste is indistinct , and the products they are applied to are usually themselves very high in sugar . Candy - covered anise seeds called muisjes , sometimes mistaken for traditional nonpareils , are sometimes offered at breakfast in the Netherlands to be served on bread and butter . They are , however , usually served on rusk to celebrate the birth of a child . This is known as `` beschuit met muisjes . '' In the UK , Australia and New Zealand , nonpareils are known as `` hundreds - and - thousands . '' In Australia and New Zealand , they are often eaten on top of patty cakes or on buttered bread as fairy bread , as festive items at children 's birthday parties . Chocolate nonpareils ( edit ) The term `` nonpareils '' can also refer to a specific confection : a round flat chocolate drop with the upper surface coated with nonpareils . This confection is also referred to as `` chocolate nonpareils . '' Nestlé makes a variety marketed as Sno - Caps . In Australia , these confections are commonly known as `` chocolate freckles , '' or simply `` freckles . '' Nonpareils are also sold in the United Kingdom as `` Jazzles , '' `` Jazzies , '' `` jazz drops '' and `` Snowies '' ( the latter being of the white chocolate variety ) . See also ( edit ) Food portal Confetti candy Sno - Caps Sprinkles Dragée Muisjes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Richardson , Tim ( 2002 ) . Sweets : A History of Candy . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1 - 58234 - 307 - 1 . Jump up ^ Larousse Gastronomique . Clarkson Potter. 2001 . ISBN 0 - 609 - 60971 - 8 . Jump up ^ Leslie , Eliza . `` Seventy - five Recepts for Pastry , Cakes , and Sweetmeats '' . Feeding America : The Historic American Cookbook Project . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 19 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Parkinson , Eleanor . `` The Complete Confectioner '' . Feeding America : The Historic American Cookbook Project . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 19 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Nonpareil - sweet treat from Görlitz '' . dw.com . Deutsche Welle. 28 April 2016 . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of Nonpareil by Merriam - Webster '' . www.merriam-webster.com . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nonpareils&oldid=796209405 '' Categories : Sugar confectionery Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Simple English Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 19 August 2017 , at 07 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are hundreds and thousands called in america	[ "Nonpareils (or hundreds and thousands outside of North America) are a decorative confectionery of tiny balls made with sugar and starch, traditionally an opaque white but now available in many colors. Their origin is uncertain, but they may have evolved out of the pharmaceutical use of sugar, as they were a miniature version of comfits.[1] The French name has been interpreted to mean they were \"without equal\" for intricate decoration of cakes, desserts, and other sweets, and the elaborate pièces montées constructed as table ornaments.[2]" ]	[ "Nonpareils" ]
8382755910715759621	2018–19 NBA season	2018 -- 19 NBA season - wikipedia 2018 -- 19 NBA season 2018 -- 19 NBA season League National Basketball Association Sport Basketball Duration October 16 , 2018 -- April 10 , 2019 April 13 -- May 2019 ( Playoffs ) May -- June 2019 ( Finals ) Number of games 82 Number of teams 30 TV partner ( s ) ABC , TNT , ESPN , NBA TV Draft Top draft pick Deandre Ayton Picked by Phoenix Suns Regular season Playoffs Finals NBA seasons ← 2017 -- 18 2019 -- 20 → The 2018 -- 19 NBA season is the 73rd season of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The regular season began on October 16 , 2018 , and will end on April 10 , 2019 . The playoffs will begin April 13 , 2019 , with the NBA Finals concluding in June . The 2019 NBA All - Star Game will be played on February 17 , 2019 , at the Spectrum Center in Charlotte , North Carolina . Contents 1 Transactions 1.1 Retirement 1.2 Free agency 1.3 Coaching changes 1.3. 1 Off - season 1.3. 2 In - season 2 Preseason 2.1 International games 3 Regular season 3.1 By conference 3.2 International games 4 Statistics 4.1 Individual statistic leaders 4.2 Individual game highs 4.3 Team statistic leaders 5 Awards 5.1 Players of the Week 5.2 Players of the Month 5.3 Rookies of the Month 5.4 Coaches of the Month 6 Arenas 7 Media 8 Uniforms 8.1 Uniform sponsorships 9 Notable occurrences 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Transactions Main article : List of 2018 -- 19 NBA season transactions Retirement On May 10 , 2018 , Nick Collison announced his retirement from the NBA . Collison played all his 14 seasons with the Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder franchise . On May 25 , 2018 , after playing 13 seasons in the NBA for seven teams , Mo Williams announced his retirement from the NBA to take the assistant head coaching job at Cal State Northridge . On July 17 , 2018 , after playing 9 seasons in the NBA for four teams , Roy Hibbert announced his retirement from the NBA . On August 27 , 2018 , Manu Ginóbili announced his retirement from the NBA . Ginóbili played all his 16 seasons with the San Antonio Spurs franchise . On August 30 , 2018 , after playing 15 seasons in the NBA for four teams , David West announced his retirement from the NBA . On September 6 , 2018 , Boris Diaw announced his retirement from basketball . Diaw spent 14 years in the NBA and was an NBA champion with the San Antonio Spurs in 2014 . On October 13 , 2018 , after playing 17 seasons in the NBA for eight teams , Richard Jefferson announced his retirement from the NBA . Free agency Free agency negotiations began on July 1 . Players began signing on July 6 after the July moratorium ended . Coaching changes Coaching changes Off - season Team 2017 -- 18 season 2018 -- 19 season Atlanta Hawks Mike Budenholzer Lloyd Pierce Charlotte Hornets Steve Clifford James Borrego Detroit Pistons Stan Van Gundy Dwane Casey Milwaukee Bucks Joe Prunty ( interim ) Mike Budenholzer New York Knicks Jeff Hornacek David Fizdale Orlando Magic Frank Vogel Steve Clifford Phoenix Suns Jay Triano ( interim ) Igor Kokoškov Toronto Raptors Dwane Casey Nick Nurse In - season Team Outgoing coach Ingoing coach Cleveland Cavaliers Tyronn Lue Larry Drew ( interim ) Off - season On April 12 , 2018 , the New York Knicks fired head coach Jeff Hornacek after the team missed the playoffs . In addition , associate head coach Kurt Rambis was also fired . On April 12 , 2018 , the Orlando Magic fired head coach Frank Vogel after the team missed the playoffs . On April 13 , 2018 , the Charlotte Hornets fired head coach Steve Clifford after the team missed the playoffs . On April 25 , 2018 , the Atlanta Hawks and Mike Budenholzer had mutually agreed to part ways . On May 1 , 2018 , the Memphis Grizzlies announced that J.B. Bickerstaff would become the new permanent head coach of the team . On May 2 , 2018 , the Phoenix Suns hired Igor Kokoškov as head coach . On May 7 , 2018 , the New York Knicks hired David Fizdale as head coach . On May 7 , 2018 , the Detroit Pistons fired head coach Stan Van Gundy after the team missed the playoffs for the second consecutive season . On May 10 , 2018 , the Charlotte Hornets hired James Borrego as head coach . On May 11 , 2018 , the Toronto Raptors fired Dwane Casey after the team was swept by the Cleveland Cavaliers for the second consecutive time in the postseason . On May 11 , 2018 , the Atlanta Hawks hired Lloyd Pierce as head coach . On May 17 , 2018 , the Milwaukee Bucks hired Mike Budenholzer as head coach . On May 30 , 2018 , the Orlando Magic hired Steve Clifford as head coach . On June 11 , 2018 , the Detroit Pistons hired Dwane Casey as head coach . On June 14 , 2018 , the Toronto Raptors promoted assistant coach Nick Nurse as their head coach . In - season On October 28 , 2018 , the Cleveland Cavaliers fired head coach Tyronn Lue after a 0 - 6 start to the season and named Larry Drew interim head coach . Preseason The preseason began on September 28 and ended on October 12 . International games The Toronto Raptors played two preseason games in Canada first beginning with the Portland Trail Blazers in Vancouver at the Rogers Arena on September 29 , and second with the Brooklyn Nets in Montreal at the Bell Centre on October 10 . The Dallas Mavericks and the Philadelphia 76ers played two preseason games in China , in Shanghai on October 5 and in Shenzhen on October 8 . Regular season The regular season began on October 16 , 2018 and will end on April 10 , 2019 . The entire schedule was released on August 10 , 2018 . Eastern Conference Atlantic Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Toronto Raptors 6 . 857 0.0 5 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 7 Boston Celtics . 667 1.5 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 2 -- 1 6 Philadelphia 76ers . 571 2.0 4 -- 0 0 -- 3 0 -- 1 7 Brooklyn Nets 5 . 286 4.0 1 -- 1 1 -- 4 1 -- 1 7 New York Knicks 5 . 286 4.0 2 -- 2 0 -- 3 1 -- 2 7 Central Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Milwaukee Bucks 7 0 1.000 0.0 5 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 7 Detroit Pistons . 800 2.0 3 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 5 Indiana Pacers . 571 3.0 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 7 Chicago Bulls 5 . 286 5.0 1 -- 2 1 -- 3 0 -- 1 7 Cleveland Cavaliers 0 6 . 000 6.5 0 -- 3 0 -- 3 0 -- 2 6 Southeast Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Miami Heat . 500 0.0 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 6 Charlotte Hornets . 429 0.5 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 2 -- 0 7 Orlando Magic . 333 1.0 1 -- 2 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 6 Atlanta Hawks . 333 1.0 1 -- 1 1 -- 3 0 -- 0 6 Washington Wizards 5 . 167 2.0 0 -- 2 1 -- 3 0 -- 1 6 Western Conference Northwest Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Denver Nuggets 5 . 833 0.0 4 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 6 Utah Jazz . 667 1.0 0 -- 2 4 -- 0 0 -- 0 6 Portland Trail Blazers . 667 1.0 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 6 Minnesota Timberwolves . 429 2.5 3 -- 1 0 -- 3 0 -- 0 7 Oklahoma City Thunder . 200 3.5 1 -- 2 0 -- 2 0 -- 0 5 Pacific Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Golden State Warriors 7 . 875 0.0 3 -- 0 4 -- 1 1 -- 0 8 Los Angeles Clippers . 667 2.0 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 6 Sacramento Kings . 571 2.5 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 0 -- 0 7 Los Angeles Lakers 5 . 286 4.5 1 -- 2 1 -- 3 1 -- 0 7 Phoenix Suns 5 . 167 5.0 1 -- 1 0 -- 4 0 -- 2 6 Southwest Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP New Orleans Pelicans . 667 0.0 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 6 San Antonio Spurs . 667 0.0 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 6 Memphis Grizzlies . 600 0.5 2 -- 0 1 -- 2 0 -- 0 5 Dallas Mavericks 5 . 286 2.5 2 -- 1 0 -- 4 0 -- 1 7 Houston Rockets . 200 2.5 0 -- 3 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 5 By conference Eastern Conference # Team PCT GB GP Milwaukee Bucks * 7 0 1.000 -- 7 Toronto Raptors * 6 . 857 1.0 7 Detroit Pistons . 800 2.0 5 Boston Celtics . 667 2.5 6 5 Indiana Pacers . 571 3.0 7 6 Philadelphia 76ers . 571 3.0 7 7 Miami Heat * . 500 3.5 6 8 Charlotte Hornets . 429 4.0 7 9 Orlando Magic . 333 4.5 6 10 Atlanta Hawks . 333 4.5 6 11 Brooklyn Nets 5 . 286 5.0 7 12 New York Knicks 5 . 286 5.0 7 13 Chicago Bulls 5 . 286 5.0 7 14 Washington Wizards 5 . 167 5.5 6 15 Cleveland Cavaliers 0 6 . 000 6.5 6 Western Conference # Team PCT GB GP Golden State Warriors * 7 . 875 -- 8 Denver Nuggets * 5 . 833 1.0 6 New Orleans Pelicans * . 667 2.0 6 Utah Jazz . 667 2.0 6 5 Los Angeles Clippers . 667 2.0 6 6 Portland Trail Blazers . 667 2.0 6 7 San Antonio Spurs . 667 2.0 6 8 Memphis Grizzlies . 600 2.5 5 9 Sacramento Kings . 571 2.5 7 10 Minnesota Timberwolves . 429 3.5 7 11 Dallas Mavericks 5 . 286 4.5 7 12 Los Angeles Lakers 5 . 286 4.5 7 13 Oklahoma City Thunder . 200 4.5 5 14 Houston Rockets . 200 4.5 5 15 Phoenix Suns 5 . 167 5.0 6 Notes * -- Division leader International games On June 20 , 2018 , the NBA announced that the Washington Wizards would play the New York Knicks at the O2 Arena in London , United Kingdom on January 17 , 2019 . On August 7 , 2018 , the NBA announced that the Orlando Magic would play two games at Mexico City Arena in Mexico City . They will play the Chicago Bulls on December 13 , 2018 , and they will play the Utah Jazz on December 15 , 2018 . Statistics Individual statistic leaders Category Player Team Statistic Points per game Stephen Curry Golden State Warriors 32.5 Rebounds per game Hassan Whiteside Miami Heat 16.2 Assists per game Kyle Lowry Toronto Raptors 11.0 Steals per game Jimmy Butler Minnesota Timberwolves 3.0 Blocks per game Hassan Whiteside Miami Heat 3.2 Turnovers per game Devin Booker Phoenix Suns 5.5 Fouls per game Andre Drummond Detroit Pistons 4.6 Minutes per game DeMar DeRozan San Antonio Spurs 38.8 FG % Rudy Gobert Utah Jazz 75.0 % FT % 8 players 100.0 % 3FG % Nikola Vučević Orlando Magic 77.8 % Efficiency per game Stephen Curry Golden State Warriors 32.7 Double - doubles Joel Embiid Philadelphia 76ers 5 Triple - doubles Ben Simmons Philadelphia 76ers Individual game highs Category Player Team Statistic Points Klay Thompson Golden State Warriors 52 Rebounds Hassan Whiteside Miami Heat 24 Assists Kyle Lowry Toronto Raptors 15 Steals P.J. Tucker Houston Rockets 7 Blocks Michael Kidd - Gilchrist Charlotte Hornets 7 Three pointers Klay Thompson Golden State Warriors 14 Team statistic leaders Category Team Statistic Points per game New Orleans Pelicans 124.8 Rebounds per game Milwaukee Bucks 55.3 Assists per game Golden State Warriors 29.2 Steals per game Los Angeles Lakers 9.8 Blocks per game Memphis Grizzlies 7.8 Turnovers per game Atlanta Hawks 18.4 FG % Golden State Warriors 52.3 % FT % Portland Trail Blazers 87.2 % 3FG % Indiana Pacers 44.6 % + / − Milwaukee Bucks + 16.0 Awards Players of the Week The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Week . Week Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref October 16 -- 21 Kemba Walker ( Charlotte Hornets ) ( 1 / 1 ) Nikola Jokić ( Denver Nuggets ) ( 1 / 1 ) October 22 -- 28 Giannis Antetokounmpo ( Milwaukee Bucks ) ( 1 / 1 ) Stephen Curry ( Golden State Warriors ) ( 1 / 1 ) October 29 -- November 3 Players of the Month The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Month . Month Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref October / November Rookies of the Month The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Rookies of the Month . Month Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref October / November Coaches of the Month The following coaches were named the Eastern and Western Conference Coaches of the Month . Month Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref October / November Arenas The Atlanta Hawks ' home arena formerly known as Phillips Arena was renamed State Farm Arena on August 29 , 2018 , coinciding with a $192.5 million renovation to the arena . This is the Golden State Warriors ' final season at Oracle Arena in Oakland , before moving to the new Chase Center in San Francisco . The Warriors will play their final regular season game there on April 7 , 2019 , against the Los Angeles Clippers . This is the Milwaukee Bucks ' first season at the new Fiserv Forum after playing at the Bradley Center from 1988 to 2018 . The Bucks played their first game there on October 3 , 2018 , in a preseason game against the Chicago Bulls , the first regular season game there was played on October 19 , 2018 , against the Indiana Pacers . The Toronto Raptors ' home arena formerly known as Air Canada Centre was renamed Scotiabank Arena on July 1 , 2018 . Media This will be the third year of the current nine - year contracts with ABC , ESPN , TNT , and NBA TV . Uniforms The NBA will allow the players to wear any color of shoes they wish ; previously , they were restricted to white , black , or the colors of their teams . The `` City Edition '' jerseys will first be worn on November 9 , 2018 , while a sixth jersey apparel will first be worn on December 25 , 2018 . On June 6 , 2018 , the Denver Nuggets unveiled their new logos and uniforms to enter the 2018 -- 19 season . On July 25 , 2018 , the Charlotte Hornets unveiled their new `` Classic Edition '' uniform to commemorate their 30th anniversary . On July 31 , 2018 , the Los Angeles Lakers unveiled their new uniforms to enter the 2018 -- 19 season . On August 2 , 2018 , the Memphis Grizzlies unveiled their new logos and uniforms to enter the 2018 -- 19 season . On August 8 , 2018 , the Orlando Magic unveiled their first `` Classic Edition '' uniform to commemorate their 30th anniversary . On August 16 , 2018 , the Atlanta Hawks unveiled their new `` Classic Edition '' uniform to commemorate their 50th anniversary since moving from St. Louis to Atlanta . On August 30 , 2018 , the Minnesota Timberwolves unveiled their first `` Classic Edition '' uniform to commemorate their 30th anniversary . On September 20 , 2018 , the Utah Jazz unveiled their first `` Classic Edition '' uniform to commemorate their 40th anniversary . On October 10 , 2018 , the Golden State Warriors unveiled their new `` Classic Edition '' uniform . Uniform sponsorships In April 2016 , the NBA announced that teams would be permitted to sign a uniform sponsorship contract for the 2017 -- 18 season . Prior and during the 2017 -- 18 season 21 teams signed a uniform sponsorship contract . Before the 2018 -- 19 season six more teams signed such contracts : Chicago Bulls -- Zenni Optical Houston Rockets -- ROKiT Phones Memphis Grizzlies -- FedEx Phoenix Suns -- PayPal Portland Trail Blazers -- Performance Health San Antonio Spurs -- Frost Bank As of October 16 , 2018 , three teams have not signed a uniform sponsorship contract : Indiana Pacers , Oklahoma City Thunder , and Washington Wizards . Notable occurrences On September 21 , 2018 , the NBA approved of three different rule changes affecting gameplay , starting with this season onward . These changes include shortening the game clock from the typical 24 seconds to 14 seconds during offensive rebounds , simplifying the clear path foul rule , and expanding the definition of a `` hostile act '' to invoke instant replays on certain events more easily . See also National Basketball Association portal References ^ Jump up to : `` Key dates for 2018 - 19 NBA season '' . NBA.com . August 13 , 2018 . Retrieved September 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gallo , Nick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` Seeing Off a True Pro -- Thunder Fan Favorite Nick Collison Retires '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fenno , Nathan ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` Former UCLA coach Jim Harrick and former NBA player Mo Williams join coaching staff at Cal State Northridge '' . latimes.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.tmz.com/2018/07/17/roy-hibbert-nba-future-lakers-moving-on/ Jump up ^ Schad , Matt ( August 27 , 2018 ) . `` Manu Ginobili announces retirement '' . NBA.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rohrbach , Ben ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` David West retires from the NBA an All - Star , champion and unquestioned leader '' . Yahoo.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Witt , Brian ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` Going Out On Top : David West Retires After 15 - Year Career '' . NBA.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wells , Adam . `` Boris Diaw Retires at Age 36 ; Played with Spurs , Suns , Hornets , Hawks , Jazz '' . BleacherReport.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Jefferson retires after 17 NBA seasons '' . NBA.com . October 13 , 2018 . Retrieved October 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Hornacek Relieved of Head Coaching Duties '' . NBA.com. April 12 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Denton , John ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Orlando Magic Dismiss Frank Vogel as Head Coach '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets Relieve Clifford of Head Coaching Duties '' . NBA.com. April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hawks Part Ways With Head Coach Mike Budenholzer '' . NBA.com. April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Memphis Grizzlies introduce J.B. Bickerstaff Head Coach '' . NBA.com . May 1 , 2018 . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Suns Agree to Terms with Igor Kokoškov To Become New Head Coach '' . NBA.com . May 2 , 2018 . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` New York Knicks name David Fizdale new coach '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Van Gundy to Be Replaced as Head Coach and President of Basketball Operations '' . Detroit Pistons . May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets Name James Borrego Head Coach '' . NBA.com . May 10 , 2018 . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dwane Casey Relieved Of Head Coaching Duties '' . NBA.com . May 11 , 2018 . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hawks Reach Agreement in Principle With Lloyd Pierce To Become Team 's Head Coach '' . NBA.com . May 11 , 2018 . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Budenholzer Named Head Coach Of The Milwaukee Bucks '' . NBA.com . May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Orlando Magic Name Steve Clifford Head Coach '' . NBA.com . May 30 , 2018 . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons Name Dwane Casey as Head Coach '' . NBA.com . June 11 , 2018 . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raptors Name Nick Nurse Head Coach '' . NBA.com . June 14 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Make Coaching Change '' . NBA.com . October 28 , 2018 . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( October 28 , 2018 ) . `` Cavaliers fire coach Tyronn Lue after 0 - 6 start '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Raptors Will Play Preseason Game In Vancouver '' . Nationalpost.com . June 28 , 2018 . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA China Games 2018 Mavericks Vs 76ers '' . NBA.com. April 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA TV to reveal full 2018 - 19 regular - season schedule on Friday at 4 p.m. ET '' . NBA.com . August 9 , 2018 . Retrieved August 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA London Game 2019 official '' . NBA.com . June 20 , 2018 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Mexico City Games 2018 to feature Orlando Magic hosting Chicago Bulls and Utah Jazz '' . NBA.com . August 7 , 2018 . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kemba Walker Named Eastern Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nikola Jokić Named NBA Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Giannis Antetokounmpo Named Eastern Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Named Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` State Farm and Atlanta Hawks Basketball Club Announce Generational Collaboration To Transform City of Atlanta '' . NBA.com . August 29 , 2018 . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Saracevic , Al ( January 20 , 2018 ) . `` Warriors ' Chase Center arena rising from the ground in SF '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kirchen , Rich ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` Bucks ' last regular season game at BMO Harris Bradley Center ends with a win , memories : Slideshow '' . www.bizjournals.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fiserv Forum is the New Home of the Milwaukee Bucks '' . Bucks.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . July 26 , 2018 . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Krashinsky Robertson , Susan ; Bradshaw , James ; Gray , Jeff ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Toronto 's Air Canada Centre to be renamed Scotiabank Arena in $800 - million deal '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Blake ( July 1 , 2018 ) . `` Air Canada Centre officially becomes Scotiabank Arena '' . Raptors Republic . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( October 12 , 2018 ) . `` The Uni Watch NBA season preview '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://lockervision.nba.com/ Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets Reveal Evolved Brand Identity '' . NBA.com . June 6 , 2018 . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dempsey , Christopher ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Evolve : Nuggets Usher in a New Era with Reimagined Logos , Uniforms '' . Denver Nuggets . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets Unveil New White Classic Uniform For 2018 - 19 Season '' . NBA . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Unveil New Uniforms for 2018 - 19 '' . NBA.com . July 31 , 2018 . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Memphis Grizzlies unveil reimagined brand identity system and newly designed uniforms '' . NBA.com . August 2 , 2018 . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Denton , John . `` Orlando Magic Unveil 30 Years of Pure Magic '' . nba.com . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Hawks Basketball Club Announces Major Next - Generation Initiatives at Season Preview Event '' . NBA.com . August 16 , 2018 . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tomorrow Starts Today '' . NBA.com . August 16 , 2018 . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Timberwolves Unveil Classics Edition Uniforms and 30th Season Logo Design '' . NBA.com . August 30 , 2018 . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz to Celebrate 40 Seasons with Classic Jerseys '' . NBA.com . September 20 , 2018 . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ @ warriors_store ( October 10 , 2018 ) . `` NEW @ warriors Classic Edition Jerseys from @ Nike are 🔥 🔥 🔥 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` NBA to begin selling jersey sponsorships in 2017 - 18 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Zenni Optical becomes first - ever jersey patch partner of the Chicago Bulls '' . NBA.com . October 16 , 2018 . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ROKiT Phones Named Inaugural Jersey Partner '' . NBA.com . October 16 , 2018 . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Memphis Grizzlies unveil new uniforms with FedEx as jersey sponsor '' . NBA.com . August 2 , 2018 . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Suns and Paypal Announce Multi-Year Global Partnership '' . NBA.com . October 2 , 2018 . Retrieved October 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Trail Blazers , Performance Health Announce Multi-Year Partnership Including Biofreeze Jersey Patch '' . NBA.com . September 19 , 2018 . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Frost Bank Becomes First - Ever Jersey Partner of the San Antonio Spurs '' . NBA.com . August 22 , 2018 . Retrieved August 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shot clock reset among rule changes approved by Board of Governors '' . NBA.com . September 21 , 2018 . Retrieved September 26 , 2018 . 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-5578333807132987410	A Streetcar Named Desire	A Streetcar Named Desire - Wikipedia A Streetcar Named Desire Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see A Streetcar Named Desire ( disambiguation ) . A Streetcar Named Desire First edition ( New Directions ) Written by Tennessee Williams Characters Blanche DuBois Stella Kowalski Stanley Kowalski Harold `` Mitch '' Mitchell Date premiered December 3 , 1947 Place premiered Ethel Barrymore Theatre New York City , New York Original language English Genre Southern Gothic Setting The French Quarter and Downtown New Orleans A Streetcar Named Desire is a 1947 play written by American playwright Tennessee Williams that received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1948 . The play opened on Broadway on December 3 , 1947 , and closed on December 17 , 1949 , in the Ethel Barrymore Theatre . The Broadway production was directed by Elia Kazan and starred Jessica Tandy , Marlon Brando , Karl Malden , and Kim Hunter . The London production opened in 1949 with Bonar Colleano , Vivien Leigh , and Renee Asherson and was directed by Laurence Olivier . The drama A Streetcar Named Desire is often regarded as among the finest plays of the 20th century , and is considered by many to be Williams ' greatest . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Stage productions 2.1 Original Broadway production 3 Original cast 3.1 Original London production 3.2 Belle Reprieve 3.3 Revivals 4 Adaptations 4.1 Film 4.2 Opera 4.3 Ballet 4.4 Television 5 Inspirations 6 `` A Streetcar Named Success '' 7 Awards and nominations 8 Auction record 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) After the loss of her family home , Belle Reve , to creditors , Blanche DuBois travels from the small town of Laurel , Mississippi , to the New Orleans French Quarter to live with her younger , married sister , Stella , and brother - in - law , Stanley Kowalski . Blanche is in her thirties and , with no money , she has nowhere else to go . Blanche tells Stella that she has taken a leave of absence from her English - teaching position because of her nerves ( which is later revealed to be a lie ) . Blanche laments the shabbiness of her sister 's two - room flat . She finds Stanley loud and rough , eventually referring to him as `` common '' . Stanley , in return , does not care for Blanche 's manners and dislikes her presence . Stanley later questions Blanche about her earlier marriage . Blanche had married when she was very young , but her husband died , leaving her widowed and alone . The memory of her dead husband causes Blanche some obvious distress . Stanley , worried that he has been cheated out of an inheritance , demands to know what happened to Belle Reve , once a large plantation and the DuBois family home . Blanche hands over all the documents pertaining to Belle Reve . While looking at the papers , Stanley notices a bundle of letters that Blanche emotionally proclaims are personal love letters from her dead husband . For a moment , Stanley seems caught off guard over her proclaimed feelings . Afterwards , he informs Blanche that Stella is going to have a baby . The night after Blanche 's arrival , during one of Stanley 's poker parties , Blanche meets Mitch , one of Stanley 's poker player buddies . His courteous manner sets him apart from the other men . Their chat becomes flirtatious and friendly , and Blanche easily charms him ; they like each other . Suddenly becoming upset over multiple interruptions , Stanley explodes in a drunken rage and strikes Stella . Blanche and Stella take refuge with the upstairs neighbor , Eunice . When Stanley recovers , he cries out from the courtyard below for Stella to come back by repeatedly calling her name until she comes down and allows herself to be carried off to bed . After Stella returns to Stanley , Blanche and Mitch sit at the bottom of the steps in the courtyard , where Mitch apologizes for Stanley 's coarse behavior . Blanche is bewildered that Stella would go back with him after such violence . The next morning , Blanche rushes to Stella and describes Stanley as a subhuman animal , though Stella assures Blanche that she and Stanley are fine . Stanley overhears the conversation but keeps silent . When Stanley comes in , Stella hugs and kisses him , letting Blanche know that her low opinion of Stanley does not matter . As the weeks pass , Blanche and Stanley continue to not get along . Blanche has hope in Mitch , and tells Stella that she wants to go away with him and not be anyone 's problem . During a meeting between the two , Blanche confesses to Mitch that once she was married to a young man , Allan Grey , whom she later discovered in a sexual encounter with an older man . Grey later committed suicide when Blanche told him she was disgusted with him . The story touches Mitch , who tells Blanche that they need each other . It seems certain that they will get married . Later on , Stanley repeats gossip to Stella that he has gathered on Blanche , telling her that Blanche was fired from her teaching job for having sex with a student and that she lived at a hotel known for prostitution ( the Flamingo ) . Stella erupts in anger over Stanley 's cruelty after he states that he has also told Mitch about the rumors , but the fight is cut short as she goes into labor and is sent to the hospital . As Blanche waits at home alone , Mitch arrives and confronts Blanche with the stories that Stanley has told him . At first she denies everything , but eventually confesses that the stories are true . She pleads for forgiveness , but an angry and humiliated Mitch refuses her the chance at an honorable relationship and attempts to sexually assault her instead . In response , Blanche screams `` fire '' , and he runs away in fright . Hours before Stella has the baby , Stanley and Blanche are left alone in the apartment . Blanche has descended into a fantasy that an old suitor of hers is coming to provide financial support and take her away from New Orleans . Stanley goes along with the act before angrily scorning Blanche 's lies and behavior , and advances toward her ; in response , she threatens to glass him , but is overpowered . It is strongly implied that Stanley rapes Blanche , imminently resulting in her psychotic crisis . Weeks later , at another poker game at the Kowalski apartment , Stella and her neighbor , Eunice , are packing Blanche 's belongings . Blanche has suffered a complete mental breakdown and is to be committed to a mental hospital . Although Blanche has told Stella about Stanley 's assault , Stella can not bring herself to believe her sister 's story . When a doctor and a matron arrive to take Blanche to the hospital , she initially resists them and collapses on the floor in confusion . Mitch , present at the poker game , breaks down in tears . When the doctor helps Blanche up , she goes willingly with him , saying : `` Whoever you are , I have always depended upon the kindness of strangers . '' The play ends with Stanley continuing to comfort Stella , but also fondling with her blouse , while the poker game continues uninterrupted , as Steve says : `` This game is seven - card stud . '' Stage productions ( edit ) Original Broadway production ( edit ) Publicity still of Marlon Brando ( dated December 27 , 1948 ) in the Broadway production of A Streetcar Named Desire Publicity still of Marlon Brando ( dated December 27 , 1948 ) in the Broadway production of A Streetcar Named Desire The original Broadway production was produced by Irene Mayer Selznick . It opened at the Shubert in New Haven shortly before moving to the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on December 3 , 1947 . Selznick originally wanted to cast Margaret Sullavan and John Garfield , but settled on Jessica Tandy and Marlon Brando , who were virtual unknowns at the time . The opening night cast also included Kim Hunter as Stella and Karl Malden as Mitch . Tandy was cast after Williams saw her performance in a West Coast production of his one - act play Portrait of a Madonna . Williams believed that casting Brando , who was young for the part as it was originally conceived , would evolve Kowalski from being a vicious older man to someone whose unintentional cruelty can be attributed to youthful ignorance . Despite its shocking scenes and gritty dialogue , the audience applauded for half an hour after the debut performance ended . Brooks Atkinson , reviewing the opening in The New York Times , described Tandy 's `` superb performance '' as `` almost incredibly true , '' concluding that Williams `` has spun a poignant and luminous story . '' Later in the run , Uta Hagen replaced Tandy , Carmelita Pope replaced Hunter , and Anthony Quinn replaced Brando . Hagen and Quinn took the show on a national tour and then returned to Broadway for additional performances . Early on , when Brando broke his nose , Jack Palance took over his role . Ralph Meeker also took on the part of Stanley both in the Broadway and touring companies . Tandy received a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play in 1948 , sharing the honor with Judith Anderson 's portrayal of Medea and with Katharine Cornell . Uta Hagen 's Blanche on the national tour was directed not by Elia Kazan , who had directed the Broadway production , but by Harold Clurman , and it has been reported , both in interviews by Hagen and observations by contemporary critics , that the Clurman - directed interpretation shifted the focus of audience sympathy back to Blanche and away from Stanley ( where the Kazan version had located it ) . This was the original conception of the play , and has been reflected in subsequent revivals . The original Broadway production closed , after 855 performances , in 1949 . Original cast ( edit ) Jessica Tandy as Blanche DuBois Karl Malden as Harold `` Mitch '' Mitchell Marlon Brando as Stanley Kowalski Kim Hunter as Stella Kowalski Rudy Bond as Steve Hubbell Nick Dennis as Pablo Gonzales Peg Hillias as Eunice Hubbell Vito Christi as Young Collector Richard Garrick as Doctor Ann Dere as Nurse Gee Gee James as Negro Woman Edna Thomas as Mexican Woman Original London production ( edit ) The London production , directed by Laurence Olivier , opened on October 12 , 1949 , and starred Bonar Colleano , Vivien Leigh , and Renee Asherson . Belle Reprieve ( edit ) Bette Bourne and Paul Shaw of the British gay theater company , Bloolips , and Peggy Shaw and Lois Weaver of the American lesbian theater company , Split Britches , collaborated and performed a gender - bent production of Belle Reprieve , a twisted adaption of Streetcar . `` This theatrical piece creates a Brechtian , '' `` epic drama '' that relies on the reflective rather than emotional involvement of the audience -- a `` commentary on the sexual roles and games in Williams 's text . '' Blanche was played by Bette Bourne as `` man in a dress , '' Stanley was played by Peggy Shaw as a `` butch lesbian , '' Mitch was played by Paul Shaw as a `` fairy disguised as a man , '' and Stella was played by Lois Weaver as a `` woman disguised as a woman . '' Revivals ( edit ) The first all - black production of Streetcar was likely performed by the Summer Theatre Company at Lincoln University in Jefferson City , Missouri , in August 1953 and directed by one of Williams 's former classmates at Iowa , Thomas D. Pawley , as noted in the Streetcar edition of the `` Plays in Production '' series published by Cambridge University Press . The black and cross-gendered productions of Streetcar since the mid-1950s are too numerous to list here . Tallulah Bankhead , for whom Williams had originally written the role of Blanche , starred in a 1956 New York City Center Company production directed by Herbert Machiz . The first Broadway revival of the play was in 1973 . It was produced by the Lincoln Center , at the Vivian Beaumont Theater , and starred Rosemary Harris as Blanche , James Farentino as Stanley and Patricia Conolly as Stella . The Simpsons did an episode , A Streetcar Named Marge , in which the play was featured . Ned Flanders and Marge took the leading roles as Stanley and Blanche , respectively . The Spring 1988 revival at the Circle in the Square Theatre starred Aidan Quinn opposite Blythe Danner as Blanche and Frances McDormand as Stella . A highly publicized revival in 1992 starred Alec Baldwin as Stanley and Jessica Lange as Blanche . It was staged at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre , the same theatre that the original production was staged in . This production proved so successful that it was filmed for television . It featured Timothy Carhart as Mitch and Amy Madigan as Stella , as well as future Sopranos stars James Gandolfini and Aida Turturro . Gandolfini was Carhart 's understudy . In 1997 , Le Petit Theatre du Vieux Carre in New Orleans mounted a 50th Anniversary production , with music by the Marsalis family , starring Michael Arata and Shelly Poncy . In 2009 , the Walnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia , where the original pre-Broadway tryout occurred , began a production of the play for its 200th anniversary season . The 2005 Broadway revival was directed by Edward Hall and produced by The Roundabout Theater Company . It starred John C. Reilly as Stanley , Amy Ryan as Stella , and Natasha Richardson as Blanche . The production would mark Natasha Richardson 's final appearance on Broadway owing to her death in 2009 in a skiing accident . The Sydney Theatre Company production of A Streetcar Named Desire premiered on September 5 and ran until October 17 , 2009 . This production , directed by Liv Ullmann , starred Cate Blanchett as Blanche , Joel Edgerton as Stanley , Robin McLeavy as Stella and Tim Richards as Mitch . From July 2009 until October 2009 , Rachel Weisz and Ruth Wilson starred in a highly acclaimed revival of the play in London 's West End at the Donmar Warehouse directed by Rob Ashford . In November 2010 , an Oxford University student production was staged at the Oxford Playhouse which sold out and was critically acclaimed . In April 2012 , Blair Underwood , Nicole Ari Parker , Daphne Rubin - Vega and Wood Harris starred in a multiracial adaptation at the Broadhurst Theatre . Theatre review aggregator Curtain Critic gave the production a score of 61 out of 100 based on the opinions of 17 critics . A production at the Young Vic , London , opened on July 23 , 2014 , and closed on September 19 , 2014 . Directed by Benedict Andrews and starring Gillian Anderson , Ben Foster , Vanessa Kirby and Corey Johnson ; this production garnered critical acclaim and is the fastest selling show ever produced by the Young Vic . On September 16 , 2014 , the performance was relayed live to over one thousand cinemas in the UK as part of the National Theatre Live project to broadcast the best of British theatre live from the London stage to cinemas across the UK and around the world . Thus far , the production has been screened in over 2000 venues . From April 23 , 2016 till June 4 , 2016 , the production was reprised at the new St. Ann 's Warehouse in Brooklyn , New York City . In 2016 Sarah Frankcom directed a production at the Royal Exchange in Manchester starring Maxine Peake , Ben Batt , Sharon Duncan Brewster and Youssef Kerkour . It opened on 8 September and closed on 15 October . It was critically well received with Peake 's performance in particular singled out for praise . Adaptations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Vivien Leigh in the trailer for A Streetcar Named Desire Main article : A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1951 film ) In 1951 , a film adaptation of the play , directed by Elia Kazan , with Malden , Brando , and Hunter reprising their Broadway roles , joined by Vivien Leigh from the London production for the part of Blanche . The movie won four Academy Awards , including three acting awards ( Leigh for Best Actress , Malden for Best Supporting Actor and Hunter for Best Supporting Actress ) , the first time a film won three out of four acting awards ( Brando was nominated for Best Actor but lost ) . Jessica Tandy was the only lead actor from the original Broadway production not to appear in the 1951 film . References to Allan Grey 's sexual orientation are essentially removed , due to Motion Picture Production Code restrictions . Instead , the reason for his suicide is changed to a general `` weakness '' . The ending itself was also slightly altered . Stella does not remain with Stanley , as she does in the play . Pedro Almodóvar 's 1999 Academy Award - winning film , All About My Mother , features a Spanish - language version of the play being performed by some of the supporting characters and the play itself plays an important role in the film . However , some of the film 's dialogue is taken from the 1951 film version , not the original stage version . The 1973 Woody Allen film Sleeper includes a late scene in which Miles ( Woody ) and Luna ( Diane Keaton ) briefly take on the roles of Stanley ( Luna ) and Blanche ( Miles ) . It was noted by many critics that the 2013 Academy Award - winning Woody Allen film Blue Jasmine had much in common with Streetcar and is most likely a loose adaptation . It shares a very similar plot and characters , although it has been suitably updated for modern film audiences . In 2015 , Gillian Anderson directed and starred in a short film prequel to A Streetcar Named Desire , titled The Departure . The short film was written by the novelist Andrew O'Hagan and is part of Young Vic 's short film series , which was produced in collaboration with The Guardian . Opera ( edit ) In 1995 , an opera was adapted and composed by André Previn with a libretto by Philip Littell . It had its premiere at the San Francisco Opera during the 1998 -- 99 season , and featured Renée Fleming as Blanche . Ballet ( edit ) A 1952 ballet production with choreography by Valerie Bettis , which Mia Slavenska and Frederic Franklin 's Slavenska - Franklin Ballet debuted at Her Majesty 's Theatre in Montreal , featured the music of Alex North , who had composed the music for the 1951 film . Another ballet production was staged by John Neumeier in Frankfurt in 1983 . Music included Visions fugitives by Prokofiev and Alfred Schnittke 's First Symphony . In the mid 2000s , another production was staged by Winthrop Corey , then Artistic Director of Mobile Ballet mobileballet.org In 2012 , Scottish Ballet collaborated with theatre and film director Nancy Meckler and international choreographer Annabelle Lopez Ochoa to create a new staging of A Streetcar Named Desire . Television ( edit ) Main articles : A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1984 film ) and A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1995 film ) In 1955 , the television program Omnibus featured Jessica Tandy reviving her original Broadway performance as Blanche , with her husband , Hume Cronyn , as Mitch . It aired only portions of the play that featured the Blanche and Mitch characters . The multi-Emmy Award - winning 1984 television version featured Ann - Margret as Blanche , Treat Williams as Stanley , Beverly D'Angelo as Stella and Randy Quaid as Mitch . It was directed by John Erman and the teleplay was adapted by Oscar Saul . The music score by composed by Marvin Hamlisch . Ann - Margret , D'Angelo and Quaid were all nominated for Emmy Awards , but none won . However , it did win four Emmys , including one for cinematographer Bill Butler . Ann - Margret won a Golden Globe award for her performance and Treat Williams was nominated for Best Actor in a Miniseries or TV Movie . A 1995 television version was based on the highly successful Broadway revival that starred Alec Baldwin and Jessica Lange . However , only Baldwin and Lange were from the stage production . The TV version added John Goodman as Mitch and Diane Lane as Stella . This production was directed by Glenn Jordan . Baldwin , Lange and Goodman all received Emmy Award nominations . Lange won a Golden Globe award ( for Best Actress in a Miniseries or TV Movie ) , while Baldwin was nominated for Best Actor , but did not win . In 1998 , PBS aired a taped version of the opera adaptation that featured the original San Francisco Opera cast . The program received an Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Classical Music / Dance Program . Inspirations ( edit ) The streetcar took its name from Desire Street in the 9th Ward of New Orleans Main article : Streetcars in New Orleans § Historic lines The Desire Line ran from 1920 to 1948 , at the height of streetcar use in New Orleans . The route ran down Royal , through the Quarter , to Desire Street in the Bywater district , and back up to Canal . Blanche 's route in the play -- `` They told me to take a streetcar named Desire , transfer to one called Cemeteries and ride six blocks and get off at -- Elysian Fields ! '' -- is allegorical , taking advantage of New Orleans 's colorful street names : the Desire line itself crossed Elysian Fields Avenue on its way to Canal Street . There , one could transfer to the Cemeteries line , which ran along Canal , blocks away from Elysian Fields . The character of Blanche is thought to be based on Williams ' sister , Rose Williams , who struggled with mental health issues and became incapacitated after a lobotomy . Theatre critic and former actress Blanche Marvin , a friend of Williams , says the playwright used her name for the character Blanche DuBois , named the character 's sister Stella after Marvin 's former surname `` Zohar '' ( which means `` Star '' ) , and took the play 's line `` I 've always depended on the kindness of strangers '' from something she said to him . `` A Streetcar Named Success '' ( edit ) `` A Streetcar Named Success '' is an essay by Tennessee Williams about art and the artist 's role in society . It is often included in paper editions of A Streetcar Named Desire . A version of this essay first appeared in The New York Times on November 30 , 1947 , four days before the opening of A Streetcar Named Desire . Another version of this essay , entitled `` The Catastrophe of Success '' , is sometimes used as an introduction to The Glass Menagerie . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Awards 1948 New York Drama Critics ' Circle Best Play 1948 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play -- Jessica Tandy 1948 Pulitzer Prize for Drama 1992 Theater World Award for Best Actress in a Play -- Jessica Lange 2010 Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Play -- Rachel Weisz 2010 Olivier Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Play - Ruth Wilson Nominations 1988 Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play 1988 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play -- Frances McDormand 1988 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play -- Blythe Danner 1992 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play -- Alec Baldwin 2005 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play -- Amy Ryan 2005 Tony Award for Best Costume Design of a Play 2005 Tony Award for Best Lighting Design of a Play 2010 Olivier Award for Best Revival of a Play 2015 Olivier Award for Best Revival of a Play 2015 Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Play -- Gillian Anderson Auction record ( edit ) On October 1 , 2009 , Swann Galleries auctioned an unusually fine copy of A Streetcar Named Desire , New York , 1947 , signed by Williams and dated 1976 for $9,000 , a record price for a signed copy of the play . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Williams , Tennessee ( 1995 ) . A Streetcar Named Desire . Introduction and text . Oxford : Heinemann Educational Publishers . ^ Jump up to : Production notes . December 3 , 1947 -- December 17 , 1949 Jump up ^ December 3 , This Day In History Calendar ( 2008 ) . Sourcebooks , Inc . Jump up ^ Brooks Atkinson , `` First Night at the Theatre '' , New York Times , December 4 , 1947 . Jump up ^ Geis , Deborah . `` Deconstructing ( A Streetcar Named ) Desire : Gender Recitation in Belle Reprieve '' . Feminist Theatrical Revisions of Classic Works . Ed . Sharon Friedman . Jefferson , NC and London : McFarland & Company , Inc. , 2009 . 237 - 246 . Print . Jump up ^ Barnes , Clive ( April 27 , 1973 ) . `` A Rare ' Streetcar ' ; Fresh Approach Taken at Vivian Beaumont '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Production notes . March 10 -- May 22 , 1988 . Jump up ^ Production notes . April 12 -- August 9 , 1992 . Jump up ^ Production notes . April 26 -- July 3 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` A Streetcar Named Desire '' . SydneyTheatre.com.au . Sydney Theatre Company . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2011 . Retrieved June 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` OTR reviews A Streetcar Named Desire at Oxford Playhouse '' . Oxford Theatre Review . July 26 , 2012 . Retrieved September 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Blair Underwood On Stanley , Stella And ' Streetcar ' '' . National Public Radio . May 1 , 2012 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Streetcar Named Desire '' . Curtain Critic . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What 's on : A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams '' , Young Vic . Jump up ^ `` Young Vic -- A Streetcar Named Desire , National Theatre Live . Jump up ^ Nick Curtis ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` Gillian Anderson : Self destruction is my default mode '' . Evening Standard . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` St. Ann 's Warehouse - A Young Vic & Joshua Andrews Co-Production '' . St. Ann 's Warehouse . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maxine Peake stalks to the heart of Blanche DuBois '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Cohan , Steven ( 1997 ) . Masked Men : Masculinity and the Movies in the Fifties . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . p. 254 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 21127 - 1 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Review : Woody Allen 's Blue Jasmine Is Perhaps His Cruelest - Ever Film '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Jasmine : Woody Allen 's excellent homage to A Streetcar Named Desire '' . Tri-city Herald . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , Chris ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Gillian Anderson goes back to Blanche for prequel to A Streetcar Named Desire '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kolin , Philip C. ( 2000 ) . Williams : A Streetcar named Desire . Cambridge University Press . p. 157 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 62610 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` A Streetcar Named Desire '' Archived October 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Scottish Ballet Jump up ^ Clark , Nick ( July 27 , 2014 ) . `` Critic claims ' I was the inspiration for Blanche DuBois ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to A Streetcar Named Desire . Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Streetcar Named Desire A Streetcar Named Desire ( New York productions chronology ) at the Internet Broadway Database A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams Characters Blanche DuBois Stanley Kowalski Stella Kowalski Films 1951 film 1984 film 1995 film Other Opera `` A Streetcar Named Marge '' `` A Streetcar Named Success '' Pulitzer Prize for Drama 1918 -- 1950 Why Marry ? ( 1918 ) Beyond the Horizon ( 1920 ) Miss Lulu Bett ( 1921 ) Anna Christie ( 1922 ) Icebound ( 1923 ) Hell - Bent Fer Heaven ( 1924 ) They Knew What They Wanted ( 1925 ) Craig 's Wife ( 1926 ) In Abraham 's Bosom ( 1927 ) Strange Interlude ( 1928 ) Street Scene ( 1929 ) The Green Pastures ( 1930 ) Alison 's House ( 1931 ) Of Thee I Sing ( 1932 ) Both Your Houses ( 1933 ) Men in White ( 1934 ) The Old Maid ( 1935 ) Idiot 's Delight ( 1936 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1937 ) Our Town ( 1938 ) Abe Lincoln in Illinois ( 1939 ) The Time of Your Life ( 1940 ) There Shall Be No Night ( 1941 ) The Skin of Our Teeth ( 1943 ) Harvey ( 1945 ) State of the Union ( 1946 ) A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1948 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1949 ) South Pacific ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 The Shrike ( 1952 ) Picnic ( 1953 ) The Teahouse of the August Moon ( 1954 ) Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1955 ) The Diary of Anne Frank ( 1956 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 1957 ) Look Homeward , Angel ( 1958 ) J.B. ( 1959 ) Fiorello ! ( 1960 ) All the Way Home ( 1961 ) How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying ( 1962 ) The Subject Was Roses ( 1965 ) A Delicate Balance ( 1967 ) The Great White Hope ( 1969 ) No Place to be Somebody ( 1970 ) The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man - in - the - Moon Marigolds ( 1971 ) That Championship Season ( 1973 ) Seascape ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) The Shadow Box ( 1977 ) The Gin Game ( 1978 ) Buried Child ( 1979 ) Talley 's Folly ( 1980 ) Crimes of the Heart ( 1981 ) A Soldier 's Play ( 1982 ) ' night , Mother ( 1983 ) Glengarry Glen Ross ( 1984 ) Sunday in the Park with George ( 1985 ) Fences ( 1987 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1988 ) The Heidi Chronicles ( 1989 ) The Piano Lesson ( 1990 ) Lost in Yonkers ( 1991 ) The Kentucky Cycle ( 1992 ) Angels in America : Millennium Approaches ( 1993 ) Three Tall Women ( 1994 ) The Young Man from Atlanta ( 1995 ) Rent ( 1996 ) How I Learned to Drive ( 1998 ) Wit ( 1999 ) Dinner with Friends ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Proof ( 2001 ) Topdog / Underdog ( 2002 ) Anna in the Tropics ( 2003 ) I Am My Own Wife ( 2004 ) Doubt : A Parable ( 2005 ) Rabbit Hole ( 2007 ) August : Osage County ( 2008 ) Ruined ( 2009 ) Next to Normal ( 2010 ) Clybourne Park ( 2011 ) Water by the Spoonful ( 2012 ) Disgraced ( 2013 ) The Flick ( 2014 ) Between Riverside and Crazy ( 2015 ) Hamilton ( 2016 ) Sweat ( 2017 ) Works by Tennessee Williams Plays Candles to the Sun ( 1936 ) Spring Storm ( 1937 ) Fugitive Kind ( 1937 ) Not About Nightingales ( 1938 ) Battle of Angels ( 1940 ) Auto - da - Fé ( 1941 ) The Glass Menagerie ( 1944 ) You Touched Me ( 1945 ) Stairs to the Roof ( 1947 ) A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1947 ) Summer and Smoke ( 1948 ) The Rose Tattoo ( 1951 ) Camino Real ( 1953 ) Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1955 ) Orpheus Descending ( 1957 ) Suddenly Last Summer ( 1958 ) Sweet Bird of Youth ( 1959 ) Period of Adjustment ( 1960 ) The Night of the Iguana ( 1961 ) The Milk Train Does n't Stop Here Anymore ( 1963 ) The Seven Descents of Myrtle ( 1968 ) In the Bar of a Tokyo Hotel ( 1969 ) Will Mr. Merriweather Return from Memphis ? ( 1969 ) Out Cry ( 1971 ) Small Craft Warnings ( 1972 ) The Two - Character Play ( 1973 ) The Red Devil Battery Sign ( 1975 ) This Is ( An Entertainment ) ( 1976 ) Vieux Carré ( 1977 ) A Lovely Sunday for Creve Coeur ( 1979 ) Clothes for a Summer Hotel ( 1980 ) The Notebook of Trigorin ( 1981 ) Something Cloudy , Something Clear ( 1981 ) A House Not Meant to Stand ( 1982 ) Novels The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone ( 1950 ) Moise and the World of Reason ( 1975 ) Short story collections Hard Candy : A Book of Stories ( 1954 ) Three Players of a Summer Game and Other Stories ( 1960 ) The Knightly Quest : a Novella and Four Short Stories ( 1966 ) One Arm and Other Stories ( 1967 ) Eight Mortal Ladies Possessed : a Book of Stories ( 1974 ) Screenplays The Glass Menagerie ( 1950 ) A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1951 ) The Rose Tattoo ( 1955 ) Baby Doll ( 1956 ) Suddenly , Last Summer ( 1959 ) The Fugitive Kind ( 1959 ) Ten Blocks on the Camino Real ( 1966 ) Boom ! ( 1968 ) The Loss of a Teardrop Diamond ( 1957 , filmed 2009 ) Non-fiction `` The Catastrophe of Success '' ( 1947 ) `` A Streetcar Named Success '' ( 1947 ) Poetry In the Winter of Cities ( 1956 ) Androgyne , Mon Amour ( 1977 ) Unfinished manuscripts In Masks Outrageous and Austere ( 1983 ) Related articles List of one - act plays by Tennessee Williams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Streetcar_Named_Desire&oldid=815142212 '' Categories : 1947 plays 1952 ballet premieres American plays adapted into films Broadway plays LGBT - related plays Mental illness in fiction New York Drama Critics ' Circle Award winners Off - Broadway plays Plays adapted into ballets Plays adapted into operas Plays by Tennessee Williams Plays set in Louisiana Pulitzer Prize for Drama - winning works Rape in fiction West End plays Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use American English from May 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from May 2017 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 00 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who said i've always depended on the kindness of strangers	[ "\n\nA Streetcar Named Desire\n\n\n\nFirst edition (New Directions)\n\n\n\nWritten by\nTennessee Williams\n\n\nCharacters\n\n\n\nBlanche DuBois\nStella Kowalski\nStanley Kowalski\nHarold \"Mitch\" Mitchell\n\n\n\n\n\nDate premiered\nDecember 3, 1947\n\n\nPlace premiered\nEthel Barrymore Theatre\nNew York City, New York\n\n\nOriginal language\nEnglish\n\n\nGenre\nSouthern Gothic\n\n\nSetting\nThe French Quarter and Downtown New Orleans\n\n" ]	[ "Blanche DuBois" ]
8967405223469859303	Sarah Bolger	Sarah Bolger - wikipedia Sarah Bolger Jump to : navigation , search Sarah Bolger Bolger in September 2011 ( 1991 - 02 - 28 ) 28 February 1991 ( age 27 ) Dublin , Ireland Occupation Actress Years active 1999 -- present Sarah Bolger ( born 28 February 1991 ) is an Irish actress . She is known for her roles in the films In America , Stormbreaker , and The Spiderwick Chronicles , as well as her award - winning role as Lady Mary Tudor in the TV series The Tudors , and for guest starring as Princess Aurora in Once Upon a Time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Other projects 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Sarah Lee Bolger was born in Dublin , the daughter of Monica and butcher Derek Bolger . She has a younger sister , Emma , also an actress . She attended The Young People 's Theatre School in Dublin and Loreto High School , Beaufort in Rathfarnham from 2003 to 2009 . Career ( edit ) Bolger starred in In America with her sister , Emma . From 2008 to 2010 , she portrayed Princess Mary Tudor in The Tudors . Bolger starred in Stormbreaker alongside Alex Pettyfer . She also starred in the film adaptation of the children 's novel The Spiderwick Chronicles . She filmed a pilot called Locke & Key , and will star in the movie Starbright . Bolger guest starred as Princess Aurora in the second , third , and fourth seasons of the fairy tale drama , Once Upon a Time . Bolger played the female lead role , Umi , in the English version of the 2011 Studio Ghibli film From Up on Poppy Hill , and starred as Lucy in As Cool as I Am in 2013 . In 2014 , she made an appearance on TV series , Mixology . Bolger co-starred in David Gelb 's thriller film The Lazarus Effect . In 2015 , she starred in the AMC martial arts show Into the Badlands and the Freddie Steinmark biopic My All American . In 2016 , she starred as the title character in the horror film Emelie . In March 2017 it was reported by Deadline Hollywood that Bolger was to star in the crime - thriller A Good Woman Is Hard to Find directed by Abner Pastoll . Filming completed in December 2017 , with a release slated for 2018 . Other projects ( edit ) In January 2011 , Bolger was selected to be in photographer Kevin Abosch 's project `` The Face of Ireland '' alongside other Irish celebrities including Sinéad O'Connor , Neil Jordan , and Pierce Brosnan . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 A Love Divided Eileen Cloney 2003 In America Christy 2005 Premonition Azura Short film Tara Road Annie 2006 Stormbreaker Sabina Pleasure 2008 Spiderwick Chronicles , The The Spiderwick Chronicles Mallory Grace 2011 The Moth Diaries Rebecca From Up on Poppy Hill Umi Matsuzaki Voice role ( English dub ) ; Japanese title : Kokuriko - zaka kara 2013 Crush Jules As Cool as I Am Lucy Diamond 2014 Kiss Me Zoe Starbright Pamela 2015 My All American Linda Wheeler The Lazarus Effect Eva Emelie Emelie 2017 Halal Daddy Maeve Logan 2018 End of Sentence Jewel Post-production A Good Woman Is Hard to Find Sarah Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 A Secret Affair Helena Fitzgerald Television film 2002 The World of Tosh TV series Clinic , The The Clinic Janey Quinn 2 episodes 2006 Stardust Lorraine Keegan Miniseries 2008 -- 2010 Tudors , The The Tudors Mary Tudor Recurring role ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) ; main role ( season 4 ) ; 23 episodes 2012 -- 2015 Once Upon a Time Princess Aurora Recurring role ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) ; 16 episodes 2014 Mixology Janey Episode : `` Tom & Maya '' 2015 -- 2017 Into the Badlands Jade Main role ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) 2016 Agent Carter Violet Episodes : `` The Lady in the Lake '' , `` A View in the Dark '' , `` The Atomic Job '' 2018 Counterpart Anna Silk Recurring role TBA Mayans MC Emily Main role Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2008 The Spiderwick Chronicles Mallory Grace Voice role BioShock 2 Eleanor Lamb Voice role Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Work Award Result Ref . 2003 In America Washington DC Area Film Critics Association Awards Best Supporting Actress Nominated In America Broadcast Film Critics Association Award Best Young Actor / Actress Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association Awards Most Promising Performer Nominated Independent Spirit Award Best Supporting Female Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards Best Performance by Youth in a Lead or Supporting Role -- Female Nominated Satellite Award Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role , Drama Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Nominated 2009 Herself Berlin International Film Festival Shooting Stars Award Won The Spiderwick Chronicles Irish Film & Television Awards Actress in a Supporting Role -- Film Nominated Herself Chicago Film Critics Association Awards Rising Star Award Nominated The Tudors Irish Film & Television Awards Actress in a Supporting Role -- Television Won 2011 The Tudors Irish Film & Television Awards Actress in a Supporting Role -- Television Nominated 2018 Halal Daddy Irish Film & Television Awards Actress in a Leading Role -- Film Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Daly , Susan ( 25 April 2009 ) . `` Sarah Bolger : ' Now that I 'm 18 ... everyone 's asking me about sex ' '' . Irish Independent . Dublin , Ireland . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 85K followers in 2016 birthday '' . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tweet in 2017 birthday '' . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Webb , Sarah ( 8 March 2008 ) . `` Teen idol '' . Irish Independent . Dublin , Ireland . Retrieved 12 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah Bolger Joins Locke & Key '' . Dread Central . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah Bolger Leads ' Starbright ' -- The Irish Film & Television Network '' . iftn.ie . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( 5 July 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Wake Up ! Once Upon a Time Has Cast Sarah Bolger as Sleeping Beauty '' . TVLine . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah Bolger Joins ' Mixology ' , ' Returned ' Adds Mark Hildreth , Leslie Bibb In ' Boy ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 22 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Lazarus Effect Gives Rise to an Official Poster '' . Dread Central . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah Bolger In Talks To Star In Crime Thriller ' A Good Woman Is Hard To Find ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` Sarah Bolger , Andrew Simpson Board Abner Pastoll 's ' A Good Woman Is Hard to Find ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Sarah Bolger Source Archived 13 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kevin Abosch -- TFOI Archived 5 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mayans MC ' : Sarah Bolger To Co-Star In FX 's ' Sons Of Anarchy ' Spinoff Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Susman , Gary ( 3 December 2003 ) . `` Here are the Independent Spirit Award nominees '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations announced for the 10th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild. 15 January 2004 . Archived from the original on 21 August 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah Bolger nominated for Shooting Star award '' . RTÉ. 11 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Irish Film & Television Awards Winners Announced '' . The Irish Film & Television Network . Retrieved 24 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` IFTA Winners 2010 '' . The Irish Film & Television Academy . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IFTA Winners 2011 '' . The Irish Film & Television Academy . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Fetherston , Sinann ( 19 February 2018 ) . `` Sarah Bolger wore Irish design to the IFTA red carpet '' . RTÉ . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IFTA Film & Drama Awards Ceremony Winners 2018 '' . The Irish Film & Television Academy . 15 February 2018 . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sarah Bolger . Sarah Bolger on IMDb Sarah Bolger on Twitter Sarah Bolger at the TCM Movie Database Sarah Bolger at AllMovie Sarah Bolger at Rotten Tomatoes BNF : cb145890759 ( data ) GND : 1061395510 ISNI : 0000 0001 1444 2756 LCCN : no2005028317 SUDOC : 165983477 VIAF : 53877550 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Bolger&oldid=842346869 '' Categories : 1991 births Living people 20th - century Irish actresses 21st - century Irish actresses Irish child actresses Irish expatriates in the United States Irish film actresses Irish television actresses Irish voice actresses Irish expatriates in England Actresses from Dublin ( city ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from March 2017 Articles with hCards Twitter username same as Wikidata Turner Classic Movies person ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 21 : 24 . About Wikipedia	who is sleeping beauty in once upon a time	[ "Sarah Bolger (born 28 February 1991[1][2][3]) is an Irish actress. She is known for her roles in the films In America, Stormbreaker, and The Spiderwick Chronicles, as well as her award-winning role as Lady Mary Tudor in the TV series The Tudors, and for guest starring as Princess Aurora in Once Upon a Time." ]	[ "Sarah Bolger" ]
2411745830315407048	Birth control in the United States	Birth control in the United States - wikipedia Birth control in the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( June 2013 ) Margaret Sanger , a prominent birth control activist , leaving a courthouse in New York in 1917 . Birth control in the United States is a complicated issue with a long history . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Birth control before 20th century 1.2 Contraception outlawed 1.3 Birth control movement 1.4 World War II - 1960 1.5 1960s and after - Sexual revolution and ' The Pill ' 2 Current practices 2.1 Cost savings 2.2 Additional Benefits 3 Government and policy 3.1 Domestic 3.2 International 3.3 Legislation 4 Notable organizations 5 Influence of religion 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Footnotes 7.2 Sources 8 Further reading History ( edit ) See also : Timeline of reproductive rights legislation and History of women in the United States Birth control before 20th century ( edit ) See also : Womb veil The practice of birth control was common throughout the U.S. prior to 1914 , when the movement to legalize contraception began . Longstanding techniques included the rhythm method , withdrawal , diaphragms , contraceptive sponges , condoms , prolonged breastfeeding , and spermicides . Use of contraceptives increased throughout the nineteenth century , contributing to a 50 percent drop in the fertility rate in the United States between 1800 and 1900 , particularly in urban regions . The only known survey conducted during the nineteenth century of American women 's contraceptive habits was performed by Clelia Mosher from 1892 to 1912 . The survey was based on a small sample of upper - class women , and shows that most of the women used contraception ( primarily douching , but also withdrawal , rhythm , condoms and pessaries ) and that they viewed sex as a pleasurable act that could be undertaken without the goal of procreation . Robert Dale Owen wrote the first book on birth control published in the U.S. Although contraceptives were relatively common in middle - class and upper - class society , the topic was rarely discussed in public . The first book published in the United States which ventured to discuss contraception was Moral Physiology ; or , A Brief and Plain Treatise on the Population Question , published by Robert Dale Owen in 1831 . The book suggested that family planning was a laudable effort , and that sexual gratification -- without the goal of reproduction -- was not immoral . Owen recommended withdrawal , but he also discussed sponges and condoms . That book was followed by Fruits of Philosophy : The Private Companion of Young Married People , written in 1832 by Charles Knowlton , which recommended douching . Knowlton was prosecuted in Massachusetts on obscenity charges , and served three months in prison . Birth control practices were generally adopted earlier in Europe than in the United States . Knowlton 's book was reprinted in 1877 in England by Charles Bradlaugh and Annie Besant , with the goal of challenging Britain 's obscenity laws . They were arrested ( and later acquitted ) but the publicity of their trial contributed to the formation , in 1877 , of the Malthusian League -- the world 's first birth control advocacy group -- which sought to limit population growth to avoid Thomas Malthus ' dire predictions of exponential population growth leading to worldwide poverty and famine . By 1930 , similar societies had been established in nearly all European countries , and birth control began to find acceptance in most Western European countries , except Catholic Ireland , Spain , and France . As the birth control societies spread across Europe , so did birth control clinics . The first birth control clinic in the world was established in the Netherlands in 1882 , run by the Netherlands ' first female physician , Aletta Jacobs . The first birth control clinic in England was established in 1921 by Marie Stopes , in London . Contraception outlawed ( edit ) Main article : Comstock laws Anthony Comstock was responsible for many anti-contraception laws in the U.S. Contraception was legal in the United States throughout most of the 19th century , but in the 1870s a social purity movement grew in strength , aimed at outlawing vice in general , and prostitution and obscenity in particular . Composed primarily of Protestant moral reformers and middle - class women , the Victorian - era campaign also attacked contraception , which was viewed as an immoral practice that promoted prostitution and venereal disease . Anthony Comstock , a postal inspector and leader in the purity movement , successfully lobbied for the passage of the 1873 Comstock Act , a federal law prohibiting mailing of `` any article or thing designed or intended for the prevention of conception or procuring of abortion '' as well as any form of contraceptive information . Many states also passed similar state laws ( collectively known as the Comstock laws ) , sometimes extending the federal law by outlawing the use of contraceptives , as well as their distribution . Comstock was proud of the fact that he was personally responsible for thousands of arrests and the destruction of hundreds of tons of books and pamphlets . Comstock and his allies also took aim at the libertarians and utopians who comprised the free love movement -- an initiative to promote sexual freedom , equality for women , and abolition of marriage . The free love proponents were the only group to actively oppose the Comstock laws in the 19th century , setting the stage for the birth control movement . The efforts of the free love movement were not successful and , at the beginning of the 20th century , federal and state governments began to enforce the Comstock laws more rigorously . In response , contraception went underground , but it was not extinguished . The number of publications on the topic dwindled , and advertisements , if they were found at all , used euphemisms such as `` marital aids '' or `` hygienic devices '' . Drug stores continued to sell condoms as `` rubber goods '' and cervical caps as `` womb supporters '' . Birth control movement ( edit ) Main article : Birth control movement in the United States See also : Social hygiene movement World war II - 1960 ( edit ) United States birth rate ( births per 1000 population ) . A rapid drop in fertility accompanied the first sexual revolution , followed by the ' Baby Boom ' and another drop in fertility accompanying the sexual revolution of the 1960s . After World War II , the birth control movement had accomplished the goal of making birth control legal , and advocacy for reproductive rights began to focus on abortion , public funding , and insurance coverage . Birth control advocacy organizations around the world also began to collaborate . In 1946 , Sanger helped found the International Committee on Planned Parenthood , which evolved into the International Planned Parenthood Federation and soon became the world 's largest non-governmental international family planning organization . In 1952 , John D. Rockefeller III founded the influential Population Council . Fear of global overpopulation became a major issue in the 1960s , generating concerns about pollution , food shortages , and quality of life , leading to well - funded birth control campaigns around the world . The 1994 International Conference on Population and Development and the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women addressed birth control and influenced human rights declarations which asserted women 's rights to control their own bodies . 1960s and after - sexual revolution and ' the pill ' ( edit ) See also : Sexual revolution and Sexual revolution in 1960s America In the early 1950s , philanthropist Katharine McCormick had provided funding for biologist Gregory Pincus to develop the birth control pill , which was approved by the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) in 1960 . The pill became very popular and had a major impact on society and culture . It contributed to a sharp increase in college attendance and graduation rates for women . New forms of intrauterine devices were introduced in the 1960s , increasing popularity of long acting reversible contraceptives . In 1965 , the Supreme Court ruled in Griswold v. Connecticut that it was unconstitutional for the government to prohibit married couples from using birth control . Also in 1965 , 26 states prohibited birth control for unmarried women . In 1967 Boston University students petitioned Bill Baird to challenge Massachusetts 's stringent `` Crimes Against Chastity , Decency , Morality and Good Order '' law . On April 6 , 1967 he gave a speech to 1,500 students and others at Boston University on abortion and birth control . He gave a female student one condom and a package of contraceptive foam . Baird was arrested and convicted as a felon , facing up to ten years in jail . He spent three months in Boston 's Charles Street Jail . During his challenge to the Massachusetts law , the Planned Parenthood League of Massachusetts stated that `` there is nothing to be gained by court action of this kind . The only way to remove the limitations remaining in the law is through the legislative process . '' Despite this opposition , Baird fought for five years until Eisenstadt v. Baird legalized birth control for all Americans on March 22 , 1972 . Eisenstadt v. Baird , a landmark right to privacy decision , became the foundation for such cases as Roe v. Wade and the 2003 gay rights victory Lawrence v. Texas . In 1970 , Congress removed references to contraception from federal anti-obscenity laws ; and in 1973 , the Roe v. Wade decision legalized abortion during the first trimester of pregnancy . Birth control pills Also in 1970 , Title X of the Public Health Service Act was enacted as part of the war on poverty , to make family planning and preventive health services available to low - income and the uninsured . Without publicly funded family planning services , according to the Guttmacher Institute , the number of unintended pregnancies and abortions in the United States would be nearly two - thirds higher ; the number of unintended pregnancies among poor women would nearly double . According to the United States Department of Health and Human Services , publicly funded family planning saves nearly $4 in Medicaid expenses for every $1 spent on services . In 1982 , European drug manufacturers developed mifepristone , which was initially utilized as a contraceptive , but is now generally prescribed with a prostoglandin to induce abortion in pregnancies up to the fourth month of gestation . To avoid consumer boycotts organized by anti-abortion organizations , the manufacturer donated the U.S. manufacturing rights to Danco Laboratories , a company formed by pro-choice advocates , with the sole purpose of distributing mifepristone in the U.S , and thus immune to the effects of boycotts . In 1997 , the FDA approved a prescription emergency contraception pill ( known as the morning - after pill ) , which became available over the counter in 2006 . In 2010 , ulipristal acetate , an emergency contraceptive which is more effective after a longer delay was approved for use up to five days after unprotected sexual intercourse . Fifty to sixty percent of abortion patients became pregnant in circumstances in which emergency contraceptives could have been used . These emergency contraceptives , including Plan B and EllaOne , became another reproductive rights controversy . Opponents of emergency contraception consider it a form of abortion , because it may interfere with the ability of a fertilized embryo to implant in the uterus ; while proponents contend that it is not abortion , because the absence of implantation means that pregnancy never commenced . In 2000 , the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ruled that companies that provided insurance for prescription drugs to their employees but excluded birth control were violating the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . President Obama signed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) on 23 March 2010 . As of 1 August 2011 , female contraception was added to a list of preventive services covered by the ACA that would be provided without patient co-payment . The federal mandate applied to all new health insurance plans in all states from 1 August 2012 . Grandfathered plans did not have to comply unless they changed substantially . To be grandfathered , a group plan must have existed or an individual plan must have been sold before President Obama signed the law ; otherwise they were required to comply with the new law . The Guttmacher Institute noted that even before the federal mandate was implemented , twenty - eight states had their own mandates that required health insurance to cover the prescription contraceptives , but the federal mandate innovated by forbidding insurance companies from charging part of the cost to the patient . In 2017 , the Trump administration issued a ruling letting insurers and employers refuse to provide birth control if doing so went against their `` religious beliefs '' or `` moral convictions '' . Current practices ( edit ) There are many types of contraceptive methods available . Hormonal methods which contain the hormones estrogen and progestin include oral contraceptive pills ( there is also a progestin only pill ) , transdermal patch ( OrthoEvra ) , and intravaginal ring ( NuvaRing ) . Progestin only methods include an injectable form ( Depo - Provera ) , a subdermal implant ( Nexplanon ) , and the intrauterine device ( Mirena ) . Non-hormonal contraceptive methods include the copper intrauterine device ( ParaGard ) , male and female condoms , male and female sterilization , cervical diaphragms and sponges , spermicides , withdrawal , and fertility awareness . In 2006 - 2008 , the most popular contraceptive methods among those at risk of unintended pregnancy were oral contraceptive pills ( 25 % ) , female sterilization ( 24.2 % ) , male condoms ( 14.5 % ) and male sterilization ( 8.8 % ) . Intrauterine device ( 4.9 % ) , Withdrawal ( 4.6 % ) . Depo - Provera is used by 2.9 % , primarily younger women ( 7.5 % of those 15 - 19 and about 4.5 % of those 20 - 30 ) . A 2013 Lancet systematic literature review found that among reproductive aged women in a marriage or union , 66 % worldwide and 77 % in the United States use contraception . Despite this unintended pregnancy remains high ; just under half of pregnancies in the United States are unintended. 10.6 % of women at risk of unintended pregnancy did not use a contraceptive method , including 18.7 % of teens and 14.3 % of those 20 - 24 . Women of reproductive age ( 15 to 44 ) who are not regarded as at risk for unintended pregnancy include those who are sterile , were sterilized for non-contraceptive reasons , were pregnant or trying to become pregnant , or had not had sex in the 3 months prior to the survey . When examining reasons why women do not use birth control , s 2007 Pregnancy Risk Monitoring Assessment System ( PRAMS ) survey of over 8000 women with a recent unintended pregnancy found that 33 % felt they could not get pregnant at the time of conception , 30 % did not mind if they got pregnant , 22 % stated their partner did not want to use contraception , 16 % cited side effects , 10 % felt they or their partner were sterile , 10 % reported access problems , and 18 % selected `` other '' . Cost savings ( edit ) Contraceptive use saves almost US $19 billion in direct medical costs each year . Additional benefits ( edit ) Contraception has many benefits beyond preventing pregnancy . Combination estrogen - progestin contraceptives can successfully treat dysmenorrhea ( painful periods ) , provide symptom relief from endometriosis , reduce heavy menstrual bleeding and improve anemia related to menstrual blood loss , reduce symptoms of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder , reduce ovarian and colon cancer risk , reduce moderate acne , prevent of menstrual migraines , and reduce hirsutism ( abnormal hair growth ) . The progestin containing intrauterine device can reduce heavy menstrual bleeding and protect against pre-cancerous changes or cancer in the uterus . Condoms ( male or female ) are the contraceptive method which protects against acquisition of sexually transmitted infections . Government and Policy ( edit ) Domestic ( edit ) Funding Title X Medicaid Take Charge Contraceptive mandates Goals Healthy people International ( edit ) United States Agency for International Development Legislation ( edit ) 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act In two major legal cases that were planned in 2014 , the attorneys made an issue of whether a for - profit corporation can be required to provide coverage for contraceptive services to its employees . As of 1 January 2016 , women in Oregon will be eligible to purchase a one - year supply of oral contraceptive ; this is the first such legislation in the United States and has attracted the attention of California , Washington state and New York . Notable organizations ( edit ) Planned Parenthood Federation of America EngenderHealth Guttmacher Institute American Social Health Association Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States Influence of Religion ( edit ) See also : Religious views on birth control In 2014 , the Supreme Court decided that for - profit corporations may offer insurance plans that do not cover contraception , by the rationale that the owners may hold that certain contraceptives violate their religious beliefs . This was a setback for the federal government 's attempt to create a uniform set of health care insurance benefits . See also ( edit ) American family structure Abortion in the United States Women 's rights Sex education in the United States HIV / AIDS in the United States History Demographic history of the United States Sex in the American Civil War Counterculture of the 1960s Feminist Movement in the United States ( 1963 - 1982 ) Rush Limbaugh -- Sandra Fluke controversy References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Engelman , pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Engelman , p. 5 . Fertility rate dropped from 7 to 31⁄2 children per couple . Jump up ^ Engelman , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Tone , pp. 73 -- 75 . Engelman , pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Engelman , pp. 5 -- 6 . Rarely in public : Engelman cites Brodie , Janet , Contraception and Abortion in 19th Century America , Cornell University Press , 1987 . Jump up ^ Engelman , p. 6 . Cullen DuPont , Kathryn ( 2000 ) , `` Contraception '' in Encyclopedia of women 's history in America , Infobase Publishing , p. 53 ( first book in America ) . Year of publication is variously stated as 1830 or 1831 . Jump up ^ Engelman , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Engelman , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Riddle , John M. ( 1999 ) , Eve 's Herbs : A History of Contraception and Abortion in the West , Harvard University Press , pp. 226 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Engelman , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Knowlton , Charles ( October 1891 ) ( 1840 ) . Besant , Annie ; Bradlaugh , Charles , eds . Fruits of philosophy : a treatise on the population question . San Francisco : Reader 's Library . OCLC 626706770 . View original copy . Jump up ^ Engelman , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Engelman , pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ `` Contraception '' , in Women 's studies encyclopedia , Volume 1 , Helen Tierney ( Ed . ) , Greenwood Publishing Group , 1999 , p. 301 . Jump up ^ Engelman , pp. 9 , 47 . Jump up ^ Ahluwalia , Sanjam ( 2008 ) , Reproductive Restraints : Birth Control in India , 1877 -- 1947 , University of Illinois Press , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Tone , p. 17 . Engelman , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Engelman , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Engelman , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Engelman , pp. 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Beisel , Nicola Kay ( 1998 ) , Imperiled Innocents : Anthony Comstock and Family Reproduction in Victorian America , Princeton University Press , pp. 76 -- 78 . ^ Jump up to : Engelman , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Engelman , pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ CDC Bottom of this page https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/vsus.htm `` Vital Statistics of the United States , 2003 , Volume I , Natality '' , Table 1 - 1 `` Live births , birth rates , and fertility rates , by race : United States , 1909 - 2003 . '' Jump up ^ Engelman , p 186 . Jump up ^ Esser - Stuart , Joan E. , `` Margaret Higgins Sanger '' , in Encyclopedia of Social Welfare History in North America , Herrick , John and Stuart , Paul ( Eds ) , SAGE , 2005 , p. 323 . Jump up ^ Chesler , pp. 425 -- 428 . Jump up ^ Tone , pp. 207 -- 208 , 265 -- 266 . Jump up ^ Cook , Rebecca J. ; Mahmoud F. Fathalla ( September 1996 ) . `` Advancing Reproductive Rights Beyond Cairo and Beijing '' . International Family Planning Perspectives. 22 ( 3 ) : 115 -- 121 . doi : 10.2307 / 2950752 . See also : Petchesky , Rosalind Pollack ( 2001 ) , `` Reproductive Politics '' , in The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World , Joël Krieger , Margaret E. Crahan ( Eds . ) , Oxford University Press , pp. 726 -- 727 . Jump up ^ Tone , pp. 204 -- 207 . Engelman , Peter , `` McCormick , Katharine Dexter '' , in Encyclopedia of Birth Control , Vern L. Bullough ( Ed . ) , ABC - CLIO , 2001 , pp. 170 -- 171 . Engelman , p. 182 ( FDA approval ) . Jump up ^ `` TIME Magazine Cover : The Pill '' . Time.com. April 7 , 1967 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 20 . Goldin , Claudia ; Lawrence Katz ( 2002 ) . `` The Power of the Pill : Oral Contraceptives and Women 's Career and Marriage Decisions '' . Journal of Political Economy. 110 ( 4 ) : 730 -- 770 . doi : 10.1086 / 340778 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Catherine M. `` History of the IUD '' . Contraception Online . Baylor College of Medicine . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Birth Control '' . Retrieved 8 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` William Baird makes history '' . Boston University News . April 12 , 1967 . ^ Jump up to : `` Birth Control ' Crusader ' Arrested After BU Lecture '' . The Boston Herald . April 7 , 1967 . Jump up ^ `` Crusader Baird Faces 10 - year Prison Term '' . Long Island Star Journal . September 11 , 1967 . Jump up ^ `` Baird Gets 3 Months For Birth Control Advice to Students '' . Boston Record American . May 20 , 1969 . Jump up ^ `` Publicity -- Too Much ? '' . Planned Parenthood News . Spring 1967 . Jump up ^ Engelman , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Roe v. Wade , 410 U.S. 113 ( 1972 ) . Findlaw.com . Retrieved 26 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Office of Population Affairs Clearinghouse . `` Fact Sheet : Title X Family Planning Program . '' Archived April 5 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Facts on Publicly Funded Contraceptive Services in the United States '' . Guttmacher Institute . August 2011 . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Family Planning - Overview '' . Healthy People 2020 . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . The DHHS cites : Gold RB , Sonfield A , Richards C , et al. , Next steps for America 's family planning program : Leveraging the potential of Medicaid and Title X in an evolving health care system , Guttmacher Institute , 2009 ; and Frost J , Finer L , Tapales A. , `` The impact of publicly funded family planning clinic services on unintended pregnancies and government cost savings '' , J Health Care Poor Underserved , 2008 Aug , 19 ( 3 ) : 778 - 96 . Jump up ^ The drug is also known as RU - 486 or Mifeprex . Mifepristone is still used for contraception in Russia and China . Ebadi , Manuchair , `` Mifepristone '' in Desk reference of clinical pharmacology , CRC Press , 2007 , p. 443 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4200 - 4743 - 1 . Baulieu , Étienne - Émile ; Rosenblum , Mort ( 1991 ) . The `` abortion pill '' : RU - 486 , a woman 's choice . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 73816 - X . Mifeprex prescribing information ( label ) . Retrieved 24 January 2012 . Mifeprex ( mifepristone ) Information . Retrieved 24 January 2012 . FDA approval letter to Population Council . 28 September 2000 . Retrieved 24 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Kolata , Gina ( September 29 , 2000 ) . `` U.S. approves abortion pill ; drug offers more privacy and could reshape debate '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . Retrieved 15 November 2011 . Jump up ^ The FDA approved the Yuzpe regimen in 1997 . Levonorgestrel ( Plan B) was approved , by prescription , in 1999 . Ebadi , Manuchair , `` Levonorgestrel '' , in Desk Reference of Clinical Pharmacology , CRC Press , 2007 , p. 338 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4200 - 4743 - 1 . Updated FDA Action on Plan B ( levonorgestrel ) Tablets Archived 2012 - 06 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . ( press release ) . 22 April 2009 . Retrieved 24 January 2012 . FDA Approves Over-the - Counter Access for Plan B for Women 18 and Older ( press release ) . 24 August 2006 . Retrieved 24 January 2012 . The phrase `` morning after pill '' is a misnomer , because it can be taken several days after unprotected sexual intercourse to have an effect to reduce the rates of an unplanned pregnancy . Jump up ^ The drug is known as ulipristal acetate or by the brand name ella . Sankar , Nathan , Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine , HIV , and Sexual Health , Oxford University Press , 2010 , p. 386 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 957166 - 6 . ella , ulipristal acetate . FDA Reproductive Health Drugs Advisory Committee report . 17 June 2010 . Retrieved 24 January 2012 . Prescribing information for ella . Retrieved 24 January 2012 FDA approves ella TM tablets for prescription emergency contraception Archived 2012 - 02 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . ( press release ) . 13 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Speroff , Leon ( 2010 ) , A Clinical Guide for Contraception , Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , ISBN 978 - 1 - 60831 - 610 - 6 , pp. 153 -- 155 . Jump up ^ Jackson , p. 89 . Gordon ( 2002 ) , p. 336 . Jump up ^ McBride , Dorothy ( 2008 ) , Abortion in the United States : a Reference Handbook , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 098 - 8 , pp. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ `` Commission Decision on Coverage of Contraception '' . The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission . 2000 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Contraceptive Coverage in the New Health Care Law : Frequently Asked Questions '' ( PDF ) . 2011 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 25 . `` The official start date is August 1 , 2012 , but since most plan changes take effect at the beginning of a new plan year , the requirements will be in effect for most plans on January 1 , 2013 . School health plans , which often begin their health plan years around the beginning of the school year , will see the benefits of the August 1st start date . '' Jump up ^ `` Prescription Drug Costs and Health Reform : FAQ '' . 2013 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Contraceptive Coverage in the New Health Care Law : Frequently Asked Questions '' ( PDF ) . 2011 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 25 . `` These changes include cutting benefits significantly ; increasing co-insurance , co-payments , or deductibles or out - of - pocket limits by certain amounts ; decreasing premium contributions by more than 5 % ; or adding or lowering annual limits . '' Jump up ^ `` Contraceptive Coverage in the New Health Care Law : Frequently Asked Questions '' ( PDF ) . 2011 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 25 . `` Non-grandfathered plans are group health plans created after the health care reform law was signed by the President or individual health plans purchased after that date . '' Jump up ^ Sonfield , Adam ( 2013 ) . `` Implementing the Federal Contraceptive Coverage Guarantee : Progress and Prospects '' ( PDF ) . Guttmacher Policy Review . 16 ( 4 ) . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Trump rolls back free birth control '' . 6 October 2017 -- via www.bbc.com . ^ Jump up to : Hatcher , Robert D. ( 2011 ) . Contraceptive Technology ( 20th ed . ) . Ardent Media , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59708 - 004 - 0 . Jump up ^ James Trussell ; Anjana Lalla ; Quan Doan ; Eileen Reyes ; Lionel Pinto ; Joseph Gricar ( 2009 ) . `` Cost effectiveness of contraceptives in the United States '' . Contraception. 79 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 14 . PMC 3638200 . PMID 19041435 . doi : 10.1016 / j. contraception. 2008.08. 003 . Jump up ^ `` Contraception at Risk '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 370 : 131211140229007 . 2013 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMe1315461 . Jump up ^ Kumar , Sheila V ( 12 June 2015 ) . `` Oregon women can get a year 's supply of birth control '' . Pharmaceutical Processing . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Hamel , Mary Beth ; Annas , George J. ; Ruger , Theodore W. ; Ruger , Jennifer Prah ( 2014 ) . `` Money , Sex , and Religion -- The Supreme Court 's ACA Sequel '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 371 : 140716140038002 . ISSN 0028 - 4793 . PMID 25029337 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMhle1408081 . Jump up ^ Cohen , I. Glenn ; Lynch , Holly Fernandez ; Curfman , Gregory D. ( 2014 ) . `` When Religious Freedom Clashes with Access to Care '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 371 ( 7 ) : 596 -- 599 . ISSN 0028 - 4793 . PMID 24988298 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMp1407965 . Sources ( edit ) Baker , Jean H. ( 2011 ) , Margaret Sanger : A Life of Passion , Macmillan , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 9498 - 1 . Buchanan , Paul D. ( 2009 ) , American Women 's Rights Movement : A Chronology of Events and of Opportunities from 1600 to 2008 , Branden Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8283 - 2160 - 0 . Chesler , Ellen ( 1992 ) , Woman of Valor : Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America , Simon & Schuster , ISBN 0 - 671 - 60088 - 5 . Cox , Vicki ( 2004 ) , Margaret Sanger : Rebel For Women 's Rights , Chelsea House Publications , ISBN 0 - 7910 - 8030 - 7 . Engelman , Peter C. ( 2011 ) , A History of the Birth Control Movement in America , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 36509 - 6 . Gordon , Linda ( 1976 ) , Woman 's Body , Woman 's Right : A Social History of Birth Control in America , Grossman Publishers , ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 77817 - 1 . Gordon , Linda ( 2002 ) , The Moral Property of Women : a History of Birth Control Politics in America , University of Illinois Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 02764 - 2 . Hajo , Cathy Moran ( 2010 ) , Birth Control on Main Street : Organizing Clinics in the United States , 1916 -- 1939 , University of Illinois Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 03536 - 4 . Jackson , Emily ( 2001 ) , Regulating reproduction : law , technology and autonomy , Hart Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84113 - 301 - 0 . Kennedy , David ( 1970 ) , Birth Control in America : The Career of Margaret Sanger , Yale University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 01495 - 2 . McCann , Carole Ruth ( 1994 ) , Birth Control Politics in the United States , 1916 -- 1945 , Cornell University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 8612 - 8 . McCann , Carole Ruth ( 2010 ) , `` Women as Leaders in the Contraceptive Movement '' , in Gender and Women 's Leadership : A Reference Handbook , Karen O'Connor ( Ed ) , SAGE , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6083 - 0 . Tone , Andrea ( 2002 ) , Devices and Desires : A History of Contraceptives in America , Hill and Wang , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 3816 - 9 . Further reading ( edit ) Bailey , Martha J. and Jason M. Lindo. 2017 . `` Access and Use of Contraception and Its Effects on Women 's Outcomes in the U.S. '' NBER paper . Coates , Patricia Walsh ( 2008 ) , Margaret Sanger and the Origin of the Birth Control Movement , 1910 -- 1930 : The Concept of Women 's Sexual Autonomy , Edwin Mellen Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7734 - 5099 - 8 . Goldman , Emma ( 1931 ) , Living My Life , Knopf , ISBN 978 - 0 - 87905 - 096 - 2 ( 1982 reprint ) . Rosen , Robyn L. ( 2003 ) , Reproductive Health , Reproductive Rights : Reformers and the Politics of Maternal Welfare , 1917 -- 1940 , Ohio State University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8142 - 0920 - 2 . Sanger , Margaret ( 1938 ) , An Autobiography , Cooper Square Press , ISBN 0 - 8154 - 1015 - 8 . ( hide ) Reproductive health Rights Compulsory sterilization Contraceptive security Genital integrity Circumcision controversies Genital modification and mutilation Intersex Education Genetic counseling Pre-conception counseling Sex education Planning Assisted reproductive technology Birth control Childfree / Childlessness Parenting Adoption Childbirth Foster care Reproductive life plan Safe sex Health Men 's Women 's Vulvovaginal Research Self - report sexual risk behaviors Pregnancy Abortion Maternal health Obstetrics Options counseling Pregnancy from rape Pregnant patients ' rights Prenatal care Teenage pregnancy Preteen pregnancy Unintended pregnancy Medicine Andrology Genitourinary medicine Gynaecology Obstetrics and gynaecology Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Sexual medicine Disorder Disorders of sex development Infertility Reproductive system disease Sexual dysfunction Sexually transmitted infection Clinic By country China India Iran Ireland Pakistan Philippines Singapore United Kingdom Teen United States Teen pregnancy Birth control History Birth control movement in the United States History of condoms Social hygiene movement Timeline of reproductive rights legislation Policy One - child policy Two - child policy Financial Baby bonus Bachelor tax Birth credit Child benefit Tax on childlessness Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birth_control_in_the_United_States&oldid=804853345 '' Categories : Birth control in the United States Reproductive rights in the United States Sexuality in the United States Women 's health Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia introduction cleanup from June 2013 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from June 2013 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 15 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was birth control legalized in the united states	[ "Birth control advocacy organizations around the world also began to collaborate. In 1946, Sanger helped found the International Committee on Planned Parenthood, which evolved into the International Planned Parenthood Federation and soon became the world's largest non-governmental international family planning organization.[26] In 1952, John D. Rockefeller III founded the influential Population Council.[27] Fear of global overpopulation became a major issue in the 1960s, generating concerns about pollution, food shortages, and quality of life, leading to well-funded birth control campaigns around the world.[28] The 1994 International Conference on Population and Development and the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women addressed birth control and influenced human rights declarations which asserted women's rights to control their own bodies.[29]" ]	[ "1995" ]
-2184195359044066343	Tybee Island, Georgia	Tybee Island , Georgia - wikipedia Tybee Island , Georgia Jump to : navigation , search City in Georgia , United States Tybee Island , Georgia Tybrisa City Tybee Island Lighthouse . Location in Chatham County and the state of Georgia Coordinates : 32 ° 0 ′ 24 '' N 80 ° 50 ′ 58 '' W / 32.00667 ° N 80.84944 ° W / 32.00667 ; - 80.84944 Coordinates : 32 ° 0 ′ 24 '' N 80 ° 50 ′ 58 '' W / 32.00667 ° N 80.84944 ° W / 32.00667 ; - 80.84944 Country United States State Georgia County Chatham Government Mayor Jason Buelterman Area Total 3.2 sq mi ( 8.3 km ) Land 2.3 sq mi ( 6.0 km ) Water 0.9 sq mi ( 2.3 km ) Elevation 10 ft ( 3 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 2,990 Estimate ( 2016 ) 3,113 Density 1,283 / sq mi ( 495.2 / km ) Time zone Eastern ( EST ) ( UTC − 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC − 4 ) ZIP Code 31328 Area code ( s ) 912 FIPS code 13 - 78036 GNIS feature ID 0333294 Website www.cityoftybee.org Tybee Island is a city and a barrier island located in Chatham County , Georgia , 18 miles ( 29 km ) east of Savannah , United States . Though the name `` Tybee Island '' is used for both the island and the city , geographically they are not identical : Only part of the island 's territory lies within the city . The island is the easternmost point in Georgia . The famous phrase `` From Rabun Gap to Tybee Light , '' intended to illustrate the geographic diversity of Georgia , contrasts a mountain pass near the state 's northernmost point with the coastal island 's famous lighthouse . As of the 2010 census , the city 's population was 2,990 . The entire island is a part of the Savannah Metropolitan Statistical Area . Officially renamed `` Savannah Beach '' in a publicity move at the end of the 1950s , the city of Tybee Island has since reverted to its original name . ( The name `` Savannah Beach '' nevertheless appears on official state maps as far back as 1952 and as recently as the mid-1970s . ) The small island , which has long been a quiet getaway for the residents of Savannah , has become a popular vacation spot with tourists from outside the Savannah metropolitan area . Tybee Island is home to the first of what would eventually become the Days Inn chain of hotels , the oft - photographed Tybee Island Light Station , and the Fort Screven Historic District . It is one of the few locations where the U.S. Air Force dropped an atomic bomb -- by accident ( during a botched 1958 military training exercise ) . Though the `` Tybee Bomb '' did not detonate ( and , according to some reports , was not armed with a fuse ) , there has been ongoing concern , since the Mark 15 nuclear bomb lost during the mishap was never found . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Lighthouse 1.2 Civil War 1.3 Fort Screven historic district 1.4 Resort period 1.5 Tybee Bomb 1.6 Shark attacks 2 Geography 3 Demographics 4 Events 5 Education 6 Photo gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Native Americans , using dugout canoes to navigate the waterways , hunted and camped in Georgia 's coastal islands for thousands of years . The Euchee tribe likely inhabited the island in the years preceding the arrival of the first Spanish explorers in the area in the 16th century . Tybee is the Euchee word for `` salt '' . In 1520 , the Spanish laid claim to what is now Tybee Island and named it Los Bajos . It was at the northern end of the Guale missionary province of Spanish Florida . During that time the island was frequented by pirates who used the island to hide from those who pursued them . Pirates later used the island 's inland waterways for a fresh water source . After the founding of South Carolina in 1670 , warfare increased between the English and their pirate allies and the Spanish and their Native American allies . In 1702 , James Moore of South Carolina led an invasion of Spanish Florida with an Indian army and a fleet of militia - manned ships . The invasion failed to take the capital of Florida , St. Augustine , but did destroy the Guale and Mocama missionary provinces . After another invasion of Spanish Florida by South Carolina in 1704 , the Spanish retreated to St. Augustine and Pensacola ; the Sea Islands were depopulated , allowing the establishment of new English settlements such as the colony of Georgia . Lighthouse ( edit ) Main article : Tybee Island Light Station Tybee Island Light Station in 2004 Tybee Island 's strategic position near the mouth of the Savannah River has made the island 's northern tip the ideal location for a lighthouse since Georgia 's early settlement period . First built in 1736 , the lighthouse was made of brick and wood , and stood 90 feet ( 27 m ) tall , making it the highest structure in America at that time . The original lighthouse has been replaced several times . The second lighthouse was built in 1742 when beach erosion threatened the first . Part of the third lighthouse at the site , built in 1773 , still stands as the bottom 60 feet ( 18 m ) of the present lighthouse . The top 94 feet ( 29 m ) of the current lighthouse were added in 1867 . Today , the Tybee Lighthouse is a popular tourist destination , having all of its support buildings on the 5 - acre ( 20,000 m ) site historically preserved . The current black - and - white tower markings are a reversion to its fourth day mark , first used in 1916 . The Tybee Island Light Station is one of just a handful of 18th - century lighthouses still in operation in North America . Civil War ( edit ) Robert K. Sneden map showing Union batteries on Tybee Island Main article : Battle of Fort Pulaski During the Civil War , the Union Army placed siege batteries along the north coast of Tybee Island that aided in their successful bombardment and capture of Fort Pulaski on April 10 -- 11 , 1862 . This was the first significant use of rifled cannons against masonry fortifications and demonstrated that masonry fortifications were obsolete . Recently , the City of Tybee Island has taken action to commemorate Tybee 's historic significance in the Civil War . In 2005 , the city obtained a federal grant to acquire two tracts of land where Union soldiers launched their attack against Fort Pulaski . Fort Screven historic District ( edit ) Fort Screven was first commissioned in 1899 and was named for Brigadier General James Screven , a Revolutionary War hero who was killed in action near Midway , Georgia , in 1778 . The fort served as a valuable part of coastal defense until it was decommissioned in 1947 . Fort Screven is most notable for one of its former commanding officers , General of the Army George C. Marshall , later the architect of the Marshall Plan that helped rebuild Western Europe after World War II . Very little remains of the original fort due to redevelopment of the area for housing . One of the most important remaining structures is the Tybee Post Theater which was constructed in 1930 . It was one of the first theaters in Georgia to have sound features and was the highlight of recreational activities for the fort . Other remaining buildings include the recently restored guard house , the bakery ( now a private home ) , and barracks ( now apartments ) . The ruins of the beach fortifications are also extant , and of the six original batteries , Battery Garland ( built in 1899 ) is accessible to the public . Battery Garland houses the Tybee Museum , and several cannon and other military hardware are on display . Another remaining area is Officer 's Row , an impressive group of original homes that have a sweeping ocean view . One of these homes is now a bed and breakfast . Resort period ( edit ) During the late 19th century , at the height of the Industrial Revolution , residents in large , polluted cities frequently sought out remote beaches for summertime getaways . Clear , saltwater breezes were thought to be remedies for numerous ailments , including asthma and certain allergies . Steamships began carrying patients and tourists to Tybee Island just after the Civil War . In 1887 , the Central of Georgia Railway completed a line to Tybee Island , opening the island to a wave of summer tourists . The railroad built the Tybrisa Pavilion in 1891 , and by the end of the decade , several hundred summer cottages dotted the island . In the 1920s , U.S. Route 80 was completed , connecting Tybee Island via road with the mainland . The Tybrisa Pavilion became a popular stop for big band tours , and development pushed toward the island 's southern tip . By 1940 , the island had four hotels , including the Desoto Hotel and Hotel Tybee , and numerous smaller lodges . The Tybrisa Pavilion burned in 1967 , and was replaced by the Tybee Pier and Pavilion in 1996 . Cecil B. Day opened the first Days Inn on Tybee Island in 1970 . Tybee bomb ( edit ) Main article : 1958 Tybee Island B - 47 crash On February 5 , 1958 , a U.S. Air Force B - 47 Stratojet from Homestead Air Force Base , Florida , jettisoned a nuclear weapon ( specifically , a Mark 15 hydrogen bomb ) off the coast of Tybee Island while conducting training exercises with a USAF F - 86 Sabrejet . Both aircraft collided , with the pilot of the fighter ejecting and the crew of the bomber making an emergency landing at nearby Hunter Air Force Base . The lost weapon , known popularly as the `` Tybee Bomb '' , remained a security concern for several years , although the Air Force claims the bomb lacks a nuclear capsule and does not pose a serious threat . In 2004 , retired United States Air force Lieutenant Colonel Derek Duke took part in a private search for the bomb . According to an article in the Savannah Morning News , Duke concluded that there were `` high levels of radiation and unusual magnetometer readings '' at a specific point in Wassaw Sound , just off the Tybee coast . Duke concluded , from these readings , that the bomb might be present `` at a point just off the southern tip of Little Tybee , '' an undeveloped barrier island near Tybee Island . In response , the Air Force launched a nine - month search for the Tybee bomb in 2004 . The search team specifically investigated the area of Wassaw Sound in which Duke had located high radiation levels . The Air Force reported to the media in 2005 that the source of the high radiation is likely to be monazite , a mineral which is naturally high in radiation . The Savannah Morning News headline ran `` Duke Found Dirt '' . Shark attacks ( edit ) On June 15 , 2016 , the Tybee city council voted 4 - 1 to withhold shark attack numbers where the attacks did not result in loss of life . According to an article in the `` Savannah Morning News '' , the vote was a direct result of pressure from local businesses which had seen a decline in tourism due to recent reported shark activity . Geography ( edit ) The view south from atop the Tybee Lighthouse Tybee Island is located at 32 ° 0 ′ 24 '' N 80 ° 50 ′ 58 '' W / 32.00667 ° N 80.84944 ° W / 32.00667 ; - 80.84944 ( 32.006672 , - 80.849374 ) . The island is the northeastern-most of Georgia 's Sea Islands , which comprise the outer section of the state 's Lower Coastal Plain region . Like the other Sea Islands , Tybee consists of a sandy beach on its eastern shore and a tidal salt marsh on its western shore . The interior consists of a maritime forest ( the density of which has been reduced by development ) and freshwater sloughs . The Savannah River empties into the Atlantic Ocean just north of Tybee Island , placing the island in a historically strategic location . To the west , the marsh - lined Lazaretto Creek splits the island off from McQueens Island ( the 2 - mile ( 3 km ) stretch between the main western shore of Tybee Island and Lazaretto Creek is mostly marshland ) . Tybee Creek flows along the south shore of Tybee Island and joins the Atlantic at the island 's southeastern tip . Little Tybee Island , which consists mostly of protected wetlands , lies across Tybee Creek to the southwest . The size of the sandy beach at the southern tip of Tybee Island varies considerably in response to tidal changes . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 5.2 miles ( 8.3 km ) . Of this , 3.7 miles ( 6.0 km ) is land and 1.4 miles ( 2.3 km ) , or 27.2 % , is water . The entire island ( as distinguished from the city of the same name ) has a land area of 21.871 square miles ( 56.65 km ) . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1900 381 -- 1910 786 106.3 % 1920 117 − 85.1 % 1930 202 72.6 % 1940 644 218.8 % 1950 1,036 60.9 % 1960 1,385 33.7 % 1970 1,786 29.0 % 1980 2,240 25.4 % 2,842 26.9 % 2000 3,392 19.4 % 2,990 − 11.9 % Est. 2016 3,113 4.1 % U.S. Decennial Census The Tybee Island pier 's annual fireworks show As of the census of 2010 , there were 2,990 people , 1,360 households , and 772 families residing in the city . The population density was 1,107 / sq mi ( 428 / km ) . There were 3,366 housing units at an average density of 1,247 / sq mi ( 481 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 93.5 % White , 3.1 % African American , 0.5 % Native American , 1.2 % Asian , 0.5 % from other races , and 1.1 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.5 % of the population . There were 1,360 households out of which 12.6 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 47.5 % were married couples living together , 6.5 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 43.2 % were non-families. 32.1 % of all households were made up of individuals and 12.1 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.65 . In the city , the population was spread out with 11.9 % under the age of 18 , 6.0 % from 18 to 24 , 18.0 % from 25 to 44 , 41.3 % from 45 to 64 , and 22.8 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 53.2 years . For every 100 females , there were 94.7 males . The median income for a household in the city was $53,732 , and the median income for a family was $67,202 . Males had a median income of $41,974 versus $43,382 for females . The per capita income for the city was $35,109 . About 1.5 % of families and 4.2 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 1.9 % of those age 65 or over . Events ( edit ) Every year since 1987 , Tybee Island has had an annual Beach Bum parade , traditionally held in May the weekend before Memorial Day weekend . The parade route comes down the main road in Tybee , Butler Avenue , and when parade floats come by onlookers have been known to shoot each other with water - guns . Tybee Pirate Fest , which began in 2005 , is typically held the weekend prior to Columbus Day . Education ( edit ) Tybee Island is part of the Chatham County School District . Dr. Thomas Lockamy is the Superintendent of Schools . For the 2009 to 2010 school year , there were approximately 34,668 students in the district . There is also a public charter school on the island . Photo gallery ( edit ) Sunrise from the Tybee Pier Fort Screven and the North Beach , viewed from the Tybee Lighthouse Tybee Pier and Pavilion Tybrisa Street Tybee Island Pier in Savannah , Georgia The south tip of Tybee Island at low tide Lazaretto Marsh , off the western shore of Tybee Island Sunrise over north beach Entrance to The Crab Shack , a popular spot on Tybee Island See also ( edit ) State of Georgia portal Burton 4 - H Center Battle of Fort Pulaski References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Geographic Identifiers : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( G001 ) : Tybee Island city , Georgia '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GeorgiaInfo -- Carl Vinson Institute of Government '' . Cviog.uga.edu . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Tybee Island Beach Management Plan . '' Page 3 . Retrieved : 9 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Mary Landers , City wants to buy two Civil War battery sites . Retrieved : 22 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Adrienn Mendonca , `` Tybee Island . '' New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved : 9 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tybee Island Beach Management Plan . '' Retrieved : 9 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Tybee Island Pier & Pavilion . '' Retrieved : 9 September 2008 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=8TfhLiBMFEYC&q=%22days+inn%22+%22tasty+world%22&dq=%22days+inn%22+%22tasty+world%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=pwxgUdGKHcXK4APBsICICg&ved=0CGAQ6AEwCQ Jump up ^ Air Force Nuclear Weapons and Counterproliferation Agency , `` Air Force Search & Recovery Assessment of the 1958 Savannah GA - B47 Accident . '' 12 April 2001 . Retrieved : 11 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` SavannahNOW Air Force : Duke found dirt - 06 / 17 / 2005 '' . Old.savannahnow.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` SavannahNOW Sharks bad for business - 06 / 17 / 2016 '' . Old.savannahnow.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Adrienn Mendonca , `` Tybee Island . '' New Georgia Encyclopedia , 3 June 2005 . Retrieved : 9 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Savannah Now , 8 / 19 / 2010 . http://savannahnow.com/do/2010-05-19/annual-beach-bum-parade-tybee-island-friday Jump up ^ `` 8th Annual Tybee Island Pirate Fest '' . Key to Savannah . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chatham County Schools '' . Chatham County Schools . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Chatham County School District '' . World Media Group , LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ http://tybeeislandmaritimeacademy.com/ External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Tybee Island . City of Tybee Island official website TybeeIsland.com ( hide ) Municipalities and communities of Chatham County , Georgia , United States County seat : Savannah Cities Bloomingdale Garden City Pooler Port Wentworth Savannah Tybee Island Towns Thunderbolt Vernonburg CDPs Dutch Island Georgetown Henderson Isle of Hope Montgomery Skidaway Island Talahi Island Whitemarsh Island Wilmington Island Unincorporated communities Bethesda Pin Point Sandfly White Bluff Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tybee_Island,_Georgia&oldid=839837602 '' Categories : Cities in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Barrier islands of Georgia ( U.S. state ) Cities in Chatham County , Georgia Savannah metropolitan area Populated coastal places in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Islands of Chatham County , Georgia Forts in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Hidden categories : Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Cebuano Čeština Chamoru Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Ido Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands नेपाल भाषा Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська اردو Volapük 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 May 2018 , at 00 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the name tybee island come from	[ "Native Americans, using dugout canoes to navigate the waterways, hunted and camped in Georgia's coastal islands for thousands of years. The Euchee tribe likely inhabited the island in the years preceding the arrival of the first Spanish explorers in the area in the 16th century. Tybee is the Euchee word for \"salt\"." ]	[ "the Euchee word for \"salt\"" ]
-9216272674270754381	Age Ain't Nothing but a Number	Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number - wikipedia Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number This article is about the album . For the song , see Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number ( song ) . Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number Studio album by Aaliyah Released May 24 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 24 ) Recorded January 1993 ; May 1993 - February 1994 Studio Chicago Recording Company in Chicago Genre R&B new jack swing pop Length 48 : 54 Label Blackground Jive BMG Records Producer Barry Hankerson ( exec . ) R. Kelly Aaliyah chronology Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number ( 1994 ) One in a Million ( 1996 ) Singles from Age Ai n't Nothing But a Number `` Back & Forth '' Released : May 10 , 1994 `` At Your Best ( You Are Love ) '' Released : August 22 , 1994 `` Age Ai n't Nothing But a Number '' Released : December 6 , 1994 `` Down with the Clique '' Released : May 2 , 1995 `` The Thing I Like '' Released : August 3 , 1995 Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number is the debut studio album by American R&B recording artist Aaliyah , released under Jive and Blackground Records on May 24 , 1994 , in the United States . After being signed by her uncle Barry Hankerson , Aaliyah was introduced to recording artist and producer R. Kelly . He became her mentor , as well as the lead songwriter and producer of the album . The duo recorded the album at the Chicago Recording Company in Chicago , Illinois . The album featured two hit singles , including the top ten - charting `` Back & Forth '' and `` At Your Best ( You Are Love ) '' ; both singles were certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . One additional single followed in the US : `` Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number '' . Two more singles were released internationally after `` Age Ai n't Nothing But a Number '' : `` Down with the Clique '' and `` The Thing I Like '' . Age Ai n't Nothing But a Number received generally favorable reviews from critics . Many noted Aaliyah 's vocal ability and praised the lyrical content . Aaliyah was credited for redefining R&B by blending her voice with Kelly 's new jack swing . The album peaked at number 18 on the Billboard 200 and sold over three million copies in the United States . The album was certified Gold in Canada by the Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) and Gold in the United Kingdom by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) to date . The album has sold over six million copies worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and recording 2 Musical content 3 Marketing and promotion 4 Singles 5 Reception 6 Commercial performance 7 Track listing 8 Personnel 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 10 Certifications 11 References 12 Bibliography Background and Recording ( edit ) Aaliyah 's uncle Barry Hankerson , was an entertainment lawyer who had been married to Gladys Knight . As a child , Aaliyah traveled with Knight and worked with an agent in New York to audition for commercials and television programs , including Family Matters ; she went on to appear on Star Search at the age of ten . Aaliyah chose to begin auditioning while her mother made the decision to have her surname dropped . She auditioned for several record labels and at age 11 appeared in concerts alongside Knight . After Aaliyah 's uncle , signed a distribution deal with Jive Records , he signed her to his Blackground Records label at the age of 12 . Hankerson then introduced her to recording artist and producer R. Kelly . He became Aaliyah 's mentor , as well as lead songwriter and producer of the album . Aaliyah and Kelly began recording the album in 1993 when she was 14 . The duo recorded the first song , `` Old School '' , at the Chicago Recording Company in Chicago , Illinois . While recording the album , Kelly coached her as they worked several hours in the studio . She often sang the songs multiple times in order to achieve `` excellence '' . He claimed that Aaliyah was `` one of the best young artists '' he had worked with . The original release date for the album was June 14th , but due to the instant success of the lead single 's accompanying video on MTV it prompted the Label to release the album earlier on May 24th . Musical content ( edit ) Aaliyah sang her songs in a falsetto . She felt that the songs `` came at you kind of tough , a bit edgy , hip - hop , but the vocals can be very soothing '' . She went on to say , `` lyrically I want things to be different . '' Marketing and promotion ( edit ) While speaking to Billboard about the marketing plans for the album Barry Weiss Senior Vice President Of Jive records stated `` The international thrust on the project will begin 6 - 8 weeks utilizing BMG international '' . When asked about both Aaliyah 's image and the promotional plans for the album weiss said that there will be little in the way of marketing changes between the domestic and world promotion of the set he then spoke about Aaliyah saying , `` She is what she is the album has tremendous pop appeal to go along with her urban edge , so there 's not a whole lot different that we 'll be doing abroad '' . A month before the release of the debut single , `` Back & Forth '' , Aaliyah attended the Urban Network 's `` Power Jam '' conference , where she was introduced and `` received warmly '' . `` Back & Forth '' peaked at number five on the Billboard Hot 100 while topping the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart for three weeks . The song was certified Gold by the RIAA . The second single , `` At Your Best ( You Are Love ) '' , peaked at number six on the Billboard Hot 100 and was also certified Gold by the RIAA . In promotion for the album , Aaliyah embarked on a world tour that lasted from 1994 to 1995 , she toured through the US , Europe , Japan and South Africa Singles ( edit ) `` Back & Forth '' was released as the albums lead single on May 10th 1994 , it reached its peak at number five on the Billboard Hot 100 two months after its release on July 2nd , 1994 . The single reached its peak at number one on the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs on May 21st 1994 , this would become one of the three number ones that Aaliyah would achieve on this chart . Eventually the single was certified Gold by the RIAA on June 9th 1994 for sales of 700,000 copies sold . Internationally Back & Forth became a top 40 hit in the UK and the Netherlands peaking at number Sixteen and Thirty - Eight respectively . In New Zealand the song charted on the top 50 chart peaking at number Forty - Eight . The albums second single `` At Your Best ( You Are Love ) '' was released on August 22nd , 1994 and it became Aaliyah 's second top ten hit on the Billboard hot 100 peaking at number six . On the r&b / hip hop charts the song also reached the top ten peaking at number two . This song also received a gold certification by the RIAA on October 25th 1994 . In Japan the single reached the top twenty spot peaking at number twelve on the Tokio Hot 100 chart . In other international markets At Your Best reached the top forty Peaking at number Twenty - Seven , Thirty - Eight and Forty in the UK , New Zealand and The Netherlands respectively . `` Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number '' was the third single released and it was the least successful single from the album ; It also was the last single to be released in the US . It reached its peak at number 75 on the Hot 100 chart on February 25 , 1995 . In the UK the single fared better on the charts peaking within the top 40 on the official charts at 32 and the top 20 and top 10 on the Official Dance and R&B charts at number 19 and 6 . The albums fifth and sixth singles `` Down with the Clique '' and `` The Thing I Like '' were released in the UK only . Down with the clique peaked within the top 40 on the official charts at number 32 and within the top 40 and top 10 on the official Dance and R&B charts at number 25 and 5 . The Thing i Like also peaked in the top 40 on the official charts at number 33 and within the top 20 and 10 on the Dance and R&B Charts at 15 and 4 respectively . Reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Encyclopedia of Popular Music Entertainment Weekly B+ The Rolling Stone Album Guide Slant Magazine Age Ai n't Nothing But a Number received generally favorable reviews from music critics , some writers noted that Aaliyah 's `` silky vocals '' and `` sultry voice '' blended with Kelly 's new jack swing helped define R&B in the 1990s . Her sound was also compared to that of female quartet En Vogue . Christopher John Farley of Time magazine described the album as a `` beautifully restrained work '' , noting that Aaliyah 's `` girlish , breathy vocals rode calmly on R. Kelly 's rough beats '' . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic felt that the album had its `` share of filler , '' but described the singles as `` slyly seductive . '' He also claimed that the songs on the album were `` frequently better '' than that of Kelly 's first studio album , 12 Play . Paul Verna from Billboard praised both R. Kelly 's Production on the album and Aaliyah 's voice saying `` The golden production touch of mentor R. Kelly is strongly felt here , and he has a field day with Aaliyah 's warm silky voice , which has a depth and range that belie her youth . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number debuted at number 24 on the Billboard 200 chart , selling 74,000 copies in its first week . The album ultimately peaked at number 18 on the chart . On the top r&b / hip hop albums chart the album reached its peak at number 3 on July 2nd , 1994 It sold three million copies in the United States and 6 million copies worldwide . In Canada , the album debuted at number 29 , peaked at number 20 and spent 25 weeks at the chart , selling over 50,000 copies and was certified gold by the CRIA . It also peaked at number 44 on the Dutch Albums Chart ; it peaked at number 23 on the UK Albums Chart , where it was certified Gold by the BPI . Track listing ( edit ) All songs were written and produced by R. Kelly , except for `` At Your Best ( You Are Love ) '' , written by Ernie Isley , Marvin Isley , O'Kelly Isley , Jr. , Ronald Isley and Chris Jasper . Standard edition No . Title Length 1 . `` Intro '' 1 : 30 2 . `` Throw Your Hands Up '' 3 : 34 3 . `` Back & Forth '' 3 : 51 4 . `` Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number '' 4 : 13 5 . `` Down with the Clique '' 3 : 24 6 . `` At Your Best ( You Are Love ) '' 4 : 51 7 . `` No One Knows How to Love Me Quite Like You Do '' 4 : 07 8 . `` I 'm So into You '' 3 : 25 9 . `` Street Thing '' 4 : 58 10 . `` Young Nation '' 4 : 40 11 . `` Old School '' 3 : 17 12 . `` I 'm Down '' 3 : 16 Bonus tracks No . Title Length 13 . `` The Thing I Like '' 3 : 28 14 . `` Back & Forth '' ( Mr. Lee & R. Kelly 's Remix ) 3 : 45 Personnel ( edit ) Credits are adapted from the album 's liner notes . Aaliyah - vocals Timmy Allen - Bass Lafayette Carthon - Keyboards Tom Coyne - Mastering Stephanie Edwards - Vocals ( Background ) Barry Hankerson - Executive Producer Gladys Haughton - Tributee Tia Hawkins - Rap , Vocals Keith Henderson - Guitar Stephanie Huff - Vocals ( Background ) Ernie Isley - Composer Marvin Isley - Composer O'Kelly Isley - Composer Ronald Isley - Composer Chris Jasper - Composer Joanne Kelly - Tributee R. Kelly - Composer , Guest Artist , Instrumentation , Mixing , Producer , Rap , Vocals ( Background ) Nate Manela - Tributee Doug McBride - Mixing Assistant Mr. Lee - Mixing Peter Mokran - Engineer , Mixing , Programming Joshua Shapera - Mixing Assistant Stefon Taylor - Mixing Assistant Maria Valencia - Design Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 ) Peak position Canada Top Albums / CDs ( RPM ) 20 Japanese Albums ( Oricon ) 39 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 44 UK Albums ( OCC ) 23 UK R&B Albums ( OCC ) 6 US Billboard 200 18 US Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums ( Billboard ) US Top Catalog Albums ( Billboard ) 15 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 ) Position US Billboard 200 74 US Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums ( Billboard ) 11 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 50,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Gold 120,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 100,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 3,000,000 Worldwide 6,000,000 + sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A look back 20 years to the debut album of Aaliyah , the R. Kelly scandal , and her Timbaland - produced follow - up that set the R&B format on fire '' . Wax Poetics . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=QSwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA126&lpg=PA126&dq=inking+a+distribution+deal+in+1993+aaliyah&source=bl&ots=59oQbDYzSS&sig=bsszNFKJjDtUuGbUpvcFkjIMmfI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiBtaaJh73XAhWLLSYKHRZiB4kQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=inking%20a%20distribution%20deal%20in%201993%20aaliyah&f=false Jump up ^ `` Aaliyah Age Ai n't Nothing But A Number - Album Review - Slant Magazine '' . Jump up ^ `` Album Reviews '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Aaliyah Returns To Music - Billboard '' . 30 September 2014 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 30 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` REVOLT - Age Still Ai n't Nothing But A Number : Aaliyah 's Debut Turns 20 '' . 17 April 2015 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 17 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Bogdanov , Vladimir ; Woodstra , Chris ; Erlewine , Stephen Thomas ( 2002 ) . All Music Guide to Rock . Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 87930 - 653 - X . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Age Ai n't Nothing But a Number - Review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved May 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Warner , Jennifer ( 2014 ) . Aaliyah : A Biography . BookCap Study Guides . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2005 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Perrone , Pierre ( August 27 , 2001 ) . `` Aaliyah -- Obituaries , News '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2010 . Retrieved April 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Farley 2002 , p. 35 ^ Jump up to : `` Aaliyah '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . November 22 , 2001 . Retrieved May 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Perrone , Pierre ( August 27 , 2001 ) . `` Aaliyah - Obituaries , News '' . The Independent . London : Independent News & Media . Retrieved May 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Aaliyah : Latest Victim of Crashes That Cut Short Fame - Obituary '' . Ebony . FindArticles . November 2001 . Retrieved May 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dansby , Andrew ( August 27 , 2001 ) . `` Aaliyah Dies in Plane Crash '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media . Archived from the original on 23 June 2009 . Retrieved May 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Music : Age Ai n't Nothing But A Number ( CD ) by Aaliyah ( Artist ) '' . Tower Records . Retrieved May 18 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Sutherland 2005 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Kenyatta 2002 , p. 19 Jump up ^ `` Young At Heart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Farley 2002 , pp. 52 -- 53 Jump up ^ `` Artist Developments '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart Beat Bonus '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . August 31 , 2001 . Archived from the original on 27 December 1996 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAA - Gold & Platinum '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Aaliyah '' . 30 June 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Hundreds Say Good - Bye To Aaliyah '' . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( August 27 , 2001 ) . `` Aaliyah , 22 , Singer Who First Hit the Charts at 14 '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` HOT R&B / HIP - HOP SONGS '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` GOLD & PLATINUM '' . RIAA . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Records of 1994 '' . Billboard . BPI Communications . 107 ( 3 ) : 57 . January 21 , 1995 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aaliyah '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Netherlands Single Top 100 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Top 50 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` HOT 100 chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` HOT R&B / HIP - HOP SONGS '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` GOLD & PLATINUM '' . RIAA . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Hits In Tokio '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Aaliyah '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Top 50 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Netherlands Single Top 100 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` HOT 100 chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Aaliyah '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aaliyah '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aaliyah '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Larkin , Colin ( 2011 ) . Encyclopedia of Popular Music . Omnibus Press . p. 1914 . ISBN 0857125958 . ^ Jump up to : Ehrlich , Dimitri ( June 17 , 1994 ) . `` Age Ai n't Nothing But a Number - Music Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . Archived from the original on 21 April 2009 . Retrieved May 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Harris , Keith ( 2004 ) . `` Aaliyah '' . In Brackett , Nathan ; Hoard , Christian . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide . Simon & Schuster . p. 1 . ISBN 0743201698 . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cinquemani , Sal ( 2001 ) . `` Aaliyah : Age Ai n't Nothing But a Number '' . Slant Magazine . Archived from the original on 9 May 2009 . Retrieved May 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone Album Guide . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Farley , Christopher John ( August 26 , 2001 ) . `` Siren of Subtlety '' . Time . Time . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Album Reviews '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 - Week of June 11 , 1994 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . Archived from the original on 1 May 2010 . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Aaliyah 's Profile '' . SS Music . Archived from the original on 9 April 2010 . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Age Ai n't Nothing But a Number - Aaliyah '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . Archived from the original on 26 August 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TOP R&B / HIP - HOP ALBUMS '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : https://web.archive.org/web/20130524060741/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/79059/aaliyah-returns-to-music ^ Jump up to : https://web.archive.org/web/20150417122532/http://revolt.tv/news/age-still-aint-nothing-but-a-number-aaliyahs-debut-turns-20/6CD7310D-8406-4733-A8B1-52633C8A76A0 Jump up ^ Image : RPM Weekly . RPM. 1994 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Image : RPM Weekly . RPM. 1994 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Image : RPM Weekly . RPM. 1994 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) : Certification Results '' . Canadian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 1 June 2009 . Retrieved May 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Aaliyah - Age Ai n't Nothing But a Number ( Album ) '' . Ultratop . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2012 . Retrieved May 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Aaliyah - Age Ai n't Nothing But a Number '' . Chart Stats . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2012 . Retrieved May 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Certified Awards Search '' . British Phonographic Industry . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2011 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Age Ai n't Nothing But a Number : Aaliyah '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Age Ai n't Nothing But a Number '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Aaliyah '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 16 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Aaliyah -- Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Aaliyah Artist Official Charts '' . UK Albums Chart . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Albums Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaliyah Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Aaliyah Chart History ( Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Aaliyah Chart History ( Top Catalog Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Billboard - Google Livros . Books.google.com. 1994 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Aaliyah -- Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese album certifications -- Aaliyah -- Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Aaliyah -- Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 16 . Select albums in the Format field . Select Gold in the Certification field . Enter Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Aaliyah -- One in a Million '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Bibliography ( edit ) Brackett , Nathan ; Hoard , Christian David ( 2004 ) . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide : Completely Revised and Updated 4th Edition . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0169 - 8 . Farley , John ( 2002 ) . Aaliyah : More Than a Woman . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 5566 - 5 . Kenyatta , Kelly ( 2002 ) . An R&B Princess in Words and Pictures . Amber Books Publishing . ISBN 0 - 9702224 - 3 - 2 . Sutherland , William ( 2005 ) . Aaliyah Remembered . Trafford Publishing . ISBN 1 - 4120 - 5062 - 6 . hide Aaliyah Discography Songs Awards and nominations Studio albums Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number One in a Million Aaliyah Compilation albums I Care 4 U Ultimate Aaliyah Singles `` Back & Forth '' `` At Your Best ( You Are Love ) '' `` Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number '' `` Down with the Clique '' `` The Thing I Like '' `` Are You Ready ? '' `` If Your Girl Only Knew '' `` Got to Give It Up '' `` One in a Million '' `` 4 Page Letter '' `` Hot Like Fire '' `` The One I Gave My Heart To '' `` Journey to the Past '' `` Are You That Somebody ? '' `` I Do n't Wanna '' `` Try Again '' `` Come Back in One Piece '' `` We Need a Resolution '' `` More Than a Woman '' `` Rock the Boat '' `` Miss You '' `` I Care 4 U '' `` Do n't Know What to Tell Ya '' `` Come Over '' `` Enough Said '' Featured singles `` I Need You Tonight '' `` Live and Die for Hip Hop '' `` Up Jumps da Boogie '' `` Do n't Think They Know '' Other songs `` Summer Bunnies ( Summer Bunnies Contest Extended Remix ) '' `` Your Body 's Callin ' ( His & Hers Extended Remix ) '' `` No One Knows How to Love Me Quite Like You Do '' `` Choosey Lover '' Related topics Gladys Knight Rashad Haughton Barry Hankerson R. Kelly Death of Aaliyah Aaliyah : The Princess of R&B Book hide R. Kelly Discography Production discography Videography Awards and nominations Studio albums 12 Play R. Kelly R . TP-2.com Chocolate Factory Happy People / U Saved Me TP. 3 Reloaded Double Up Untitled Love Letter Write Me Back Black Panties The Buffet 12 Nights of Christmas Collaboration albums Born into the 90 's The Best of Both Worlds Unfinished Business Mixtape The Demo Tape Compilation albums The R. in R&B Collection , Vol. 1 My Diary Remix City , Volume 1 Playlist : The Very Best of R. Kelly Epic Tours Love Letter Tour Trapped in the Closet Chapter 1 Chapters 1 -- 12 Chapters 13 -- 22 Chapters 23 -- 33 The Confessionals `` Trapped in the Closet '' ( South Park ) `` Trapped in the Drive - Thru '' Bibliography Soulacoaster : The Diary of Me Related articles Songs Unreleased songs Rockland Records Public Announcement Aaliyah Andrea Kelly Shaggy defense Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Age_Ain%27t_Nothing_but_a_Number&oldid=844472189 '' Categories : 1994 debut albums Aaliyah albums Albums produced by R. Kelly Jive Records albums New jack swing albums Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles with hAudio microformats Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Čeština Dansk Eesti Français Italiano Kiswahili Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Simple English Suomi Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 June 2018 , at 04 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote age aint nothing but a number	[ "All songs were written and produced by R. Kelly, except for \"At Your Best (You Are Love)\", written by Ernie Isley, Marvin Isley, O'Kelly Isley, Jr., Ronald Isley and Chris Jasper." ]	[ "R. Kelly" ]
-6009220561520807467	Marvin (character)	Marvin ( character ) - wikipedia Marvin ( character ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy character . For the Looney Tunes character , see Marvin the Martian . For the newspaper comic , see Marvin ( comic strip ) . `` Metal Man '' redirects here . For the DC comics characters , see Metal Men . For the Mega Man character , see Robot Master . This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Marvin the Paranoid Robot A close - up of the Marvin costume from the 1981 TV series First appearance Fit the Second ( radio ) Last appearance Fit the Twenty - Sixth ( radio ) Created by Douglas Adams Portrayed by David Learner ( television ) Warwick Davis ( film ) Voiced by Stephen Moore ( radio and TV ) Alan Rickman ( film ) Information Gender Male design Occupation Servant Marvin , the Paranoid Robot , is a fictional character in The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy series by Douglas Adams . Marvin is the ship 's robot aboard the starship Heart of Gold . Originally built as one of many failed prototypes of Sirius Cybernetics Corporation 's GPP ( Genuine People Personalities ) technology , Marvin is afflicted with severe depression and boredom , in part because he has a `` brain the size of a planet '' which he is seldom , if ever , given the chance to use . Indeed , the true horror of Marvin 's existence is that no task he could be given would occupy even the tiniest fraction of his vast intellect . Marvin claims he is 50,000 times more intelligent than a human , ( or 30 billion times more intelligent than a live mattress ) though this is , if anything , a vast underestimation . When kidnapped by the bellicose Krikkit robots and tied to the interfaces of their intelligent war computer , Marvin simultaneously manages to plan the entire planet 's military strategy , solve `` all of the major mathematical , physical , chemical , biological , sociological , philosophical , etymological , meteorological and psychological problems of the Universe except his own , three times over , '' and compose a number of lullabies . Marvin 's voice was performed by Stephen Moore on the radio and television series , while Alan Rickman voiced this role in the film . David Learner operated his body on television , having previously played and voiced the part for the stage version , and Warwick Davis wore the Marvin costume for the feature film . The original costume from the 1981 television series makes an appearance in the film , as one of the robots standing in a queue on Vogsphere , where the main characters are trying to release Tricia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Radio and TV series 3 Novel series 4 Film 5 Songs 5.1 `` Marvin '' 5.2 The Double B - Side 5.3 Marvin 's lullaby 5.4 Outside the Hitchhiker 's universe 6 References 7 External links Name ( edit ) According to Douglas Adams , `` Marvin came from Andrew Marshall . He 's another comedy writer , and he 's exactly like that . '' ( Indeed , in one of the early drafts for Hitchhiker 's , the robot was called Marshall . It was changed to `` Marvin '' partly to avoid causing offence , but also because it was pointed out to Adams that on radio the name would sound like `` Martial '' , which would have undesirable connotations . ) However , Adams also admitted that Marvin is part of a long line of literary depressives , such as A.A. Milne 's Eeyore or Jacques in Shakespeare 's As You Like It , and even owes something to Adams 's own periods of depression . Marvin does not actually display signs of paranoia , though Zaphod refers to him as `` the Paranoid Robot . '' Nor does he show any signs of mania , though Ford refers to him as a `` manically depressed robot . '' He remains consistently morose throughout . In fact , he exhibits remarkable stoicism , being willing to wait hundreds of billions of years for his employers . Radio and TV series ( edit ) According to his autobiography read in the Secondary Phase of the radio series , Marvin was constructed much against his own wishes by the Sirius Cybernetics Corporation to prototype human personality artificial intelligence . In his own words : `` I did n't ask to be made : no one consulted me or considered my feelings in the matter . I do n't think it even occurred to them that I might have feelings . After I was made , I was left in a dark room for six months ... and me with this terrible pain in all the diodes down my left side . I called for succour in my loneliness , but did anyone come ? Did they hell . My first and only true friend was a small rat . One day it crawled into a cavity in my right ankle and died . I have a horrible feeling it 's still there ... '' -- Douglas Adams , from Fit the Twelfth ( radio series ) The cutaway illustration of Marvin made by Kevin J. Davies for the `` Depreciation Society '' featured a `` rat cavity '' . As the menial labourer on the Heart of Gold spaceship , he grew immensely resentful of the insistence of his new masters ( Zaphod Beeblebrox and Trillian ; later also Ford Prefect and Arthur Dent ) that he open doors , check airlocks and pick up pieces of paper . He reserved a particular contempt for the sentient doors , despising their blissful satisfaction with existence . When the Heart of Gold crew arrive on the ancient planet of Magrathea , they abandon Marvin on the surface . During an apparently suicidal confrontation with a pair of trigger - happy cops , the crew are teleported directly from Magrathea into the future to the Restaurant at the End of the Universe to find that , in fact , they have n't travelled an inch . The Restaurant was constructed on the ruins of the planet they had just left , and , while there , they find Marvin , who had been waiting patiently for their return for 576,000,003,579 years ( he counted them ) . According to Marvin , `` The first ten million years were the worst , and the second ten million years , they were the worst too . The third ten million I did n't enjoy at all . After that I went into a bit of a decline . '' Apparently , the best conversation he had was over 40 million years ago with a coffee machine . Deciding they had better leave , the crew make a desperate and futile attempt to engage Marvin 's enthusiasm ( he `` has n't got one '' ) before he simply does what they really want and opens the door to the ship they want to steal . The ship turns out to be a Haggunenon battle cruiser , and the entire group , including Marvin , but excluding Ford Prefect and Arthur Dent , who escape , are eaten by its crew . Marvin 's subsequent survival is never explained , but against all probability , he eventually finds himself on Ursa Minor Beta , just in time to rescue Zaphod from a robotic tank . A subsequent section of Marvin 's biography occurs only in the Secondary Phase of the radio series . Marvin rejoins the crew on the Heart of Gold , using the improbability drive programmed by Zaphod Beeblebrox the Fourth , takes them to the ravaged planet Brontitall . Having landed in a giant floating marble copy of a plastic cup , the crew accidentally find themselves falling several miles through the air . The carbon - based members of the crew manage to stay alive by grabbing onto passing giant birds . Marvin has no such luck , and , upon impact with the ground , creates his own archaeological excavation site . Cruelly intact , he grudgingly saves the crew multiple times from the Foot Soldiers of the Dolmansaxlil Shoe Corporation . Marvin remains in Heart of Gold whilst Ford , Zaphod , Zarniwoop and Arthur bother the Ruler of the Universe , leaving when an enraged Arthur hijacks the ship . However , in the Tertiary Phase , Trillian claims this story is Zaphod 's hallucination , especially as reverse temporal engineering explanation has not entered the plot yet . However of the stories of Zaphod 's visit to the Frogstar , the Guide says `` 10 % are 95 % true , 14 % are 65 % true , 35 % are only 5 % true and the rest are told by Zaphod Beeblebrox '' , and listeners are presented with one `` version '' of that visit . In the television series , the black ship stolen at the Restaurant at the End of the Universe is actually the stunt ship of the Disaster Area rock band , and , having taken them back in time two million years before the present , is set on an irreversible course to collide with the sun of Kakrafoon . Forced to flee in the ship 's barely functional teleport , the crew politely ask Marvin to stay behind and operate it . He does so , and stoically awaits his fate `` almost as good as death '' in the heart of the blazing sun . Novel series ( edit ) A difference to the radio and TV series occurs in the novels when the Heart of Gold crew arrive on the ancient planet of Magrathea . Marvin inadvertently saves the crew by plugging himself into the onboard computer of a police vehicle , which , when exposed to the true nature of Marvin 's view of the universe , commits suicide , taking the two police who were then firing at the ship 's crew with it . The crew leave Magrathea on the Heart of Gold , but are teleported summarily to Ursa Minor Beta , where Zaphod 's great grandfather , in an apparent fit of vicious humour , forces Marvin to accompany Zaphod on his mission of self - discovery . Marvin subsequently saves Zaphod 's life by engaging in a battle of wits with a vicious ( yet stupid ) automated tank , and then is abandoned on the planet Frogstar B when Zaphod is sent to the Total Perspective Vortex . Eventually the crew arrive at the Restaurant at the End of the Universe ( which was built over the ruins of Frogstar B in this continuity ) and the story continues as with the TV series . In the third novel , Life , the Universe and Everything , we find that Marvin survived his collision with the sun of Kakrafoon , and was sent back in time by the Improbability Field projected by the Heart of Gold to be rescued by a scrap metal merchant on Sqornshellous Zeta . The merchant grafted a steel rod to Marvin 's now lost leg , and sold him to a Mind Zoo , where excited onlookers would try to make him happy . This made him something of a celebrity on the planet of Sqornshellous Zeta , and he was asked to open the brand new bridge that was meant to revitalise the planet 's economy . Marvin dutifully plugged himself into the bridge 's opening circuit , and , just like the police computer , the bridge committed suicide , taking the entire gathered crowd with it . Marvin was left in the swamp , his false leg having trapped him in the mud , so he spent just over 1.5 million years walking around in a circle , `` just to make the point . '' He planned to keep walking in a circle for another million years before trying it backward . `` Just for the variety , you understand . '' Suddenly , he is kidnapped by a squad of Krikkit war robots , who are after his leg , a fragment of the key that will reopen their imprisoned world and restart the genocidal Krikkit War . Thinking that Marvin 's intelligence will be an asset , they wire his brain into the interfaces of their intelligent war computer . This is a mistake . The once formidable Krikkit robots find themselves overcome with crippling sorrow and depression , and rather than focusing on their mission of extermination , instead sulk in corners doing quadratic equations . It is also due to Marvin 's influence that Zaphod and the others ' lives are spared by the Krikkit robots . Marvin is ( presumably ) rescued by his friends , who bring him back to the Heart of Gold . From here his story is unknown . Marvin reappears in the second - to - last chapter of So Long , and Thanks for All the Fish . Arthur and Fenchurch find him on the planet where God 's Final Message To His Creation is located . He is barely functional , claiming that , due to time travel he is now `` thirty - seven times older than the Universe itself . '' Every part of his body has been replaced , with the exception of `` all the diodes down ( his ) left side , '' which have been giving him severe pain for the whole of his existence . Arthur and Fenchurch end up carrying him , enduring the robot 's constant abuse , to the God 's Final Message viewing station , where they lift him up to see the words of the message : `` We apologise for the inconvenience . '' Astonishingly , Marvin responds `` I think ... I feel good about it . '' The lights in his eyes go out and his already - worn circuits completely stop working ; Marvin is no more . ( In the radio dramatisation , his last words are `` Goodbye , Arthur . '' Marvin 's ' death ' prompts Arthur to say , `` Miserable git ! '' and then , to his own obvious astonishment , to add , `` I 'll miss him . '' ) However , in the 2005 radio adaptation of the fifth novel in the series , Mostly Harmless , in which Marvin did not originally appear , he has a cameo at the end of the last episode alive and well . He explains that it turned out he was still covered by his warranty agreement , and is back to parking cars at Milliways , the Restaurant at the End of the Universe . Film ( edit ) 2005 film version Warwick Davis played Marvin in the 2005 film . He is voiced by Alan Rickman . This Marvin 's design is a departure from the Marvin of the television series , featuring an oversized head and stubby limbs . The original television costume prop was refurbished for a cameo role in the feature film , appearing in the Vogon office queue with various other life forms as well as in the group near the end of the film . Songs ( edit ) Cover of Marvin single Cover of Double B side Marvin Marvin excerpt An excerpt from Marvin Problems playing this file ? See media help . Stephen Moore released two pop singles -- Marvin / Metal Man and Reasons to Be Miserable / Marvin I Love You ( double B - side ) -- in the UK in 1981 , though neither reached the top 40 . Two of these were re-recorded and rearranged to coincide with the 2005 Hitchhiker 's movie release , `` Reasons To Be Miserable ( His Name Is Marvin ) '' and `` Marvin '' now being performed by Stephen Fry ( singing in the third - person , not as Marvin ) . `` Marvin '' ( edit ) `` Marvin '' was released in 1981 . It was a minor hit , reaching number 52 in the British Charts . The song involves Marvin describing his woes ( `` My moving parts are in a solid state '' ) and frustrations ( `` You know what really makes me mad ? They clean me with a Brillo Pad '' ) , to a synthesiser backing . The intro to the song consists of a simple guitar figure , but with the tape reversed so that the notes play backwards . The vocal was performed by Stephen Moore , who had played Marvin on the radio and television series . Moore also narrated the ship 's captain on the B - side . `` Metal Man '' was the B - side . The song involves a spoken exchange between the starship captain ( also played by Moore , as is a cameo radio voice ) and the depressed robot Marvin . The starship is falling into a black hole , and can only be saved by assigning control to Marvin . In thanks for saving the ship , Marvin is relegated back to a menial servant . Such is the lot of a robot . `` Marvin '' was incorporated into the 2012 live radio show . The double B - side ( edit ) `` Reasons To Be Miserable '' was released in 1981 . Its official title was The Double ' B ' - Side , and it was a double B - side single released by Polydor on Depressive Discs . The song involves Marvin describing his views on life ( `` I 'd feel a little better if they broke me up for spares '' , `` If I had my time again , I 'd rather be a lemming '' ) , to a synthesiser backing . The title is a reference to `` Reasons to be Cheerful , Part 3 '' by Ian Dury . `` Marvin I Love You '' was the other B - side . Marvin describes finding a love letter in his data banks eons after receiving it . The female vocal is provided by Kimi Wong - O'Brien . The song was a frequently requested tune on the Dr. Demento radio show , and was featured on one of the Dr. Demento `` Greatest Hits '' compilation albums . As of 2008 , it is ranked 56 out of the top 100 favorite novelty tunes on the official Dr. Demento web site . Marvin 's lullaby ( edit ) `` How I Hate the Night '' , also known as `` Marvin 's lullaby '' , was published in the book Life , the Universe and Everything , where it is described as `` a short dolorous ditty of no tone , or indeed tune . '' The first verse of `` Marvin 's Lullaby '' appears close to the end of the episode `` Fit the Seventeenth '' , and the second verse soon after the start of `` Fit the Eighteenth '' as listed below : Now the world has gone to bed Darkness wo n't engulf my head I can see by infra - red How I hate the night Now I lay me down to sleep Try to count electric sheep Sweet dream wishes you can keep How I hate the night The line `` try to count electric sheep '' is a reference to Philip K. Dick 's novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? , which inspired the movie Blade Runner . According to Do n't Panic , Douglas Adams wrote a guitar tune for the lullaby , and thought it should have been released . In the radio series , Stephen Moore sings the words to a tune resembling `` Abendsegen '' from Humperdinck 's opera Hansel and Gretel . The song was performed at the very end of the 2012 live radio show . Outside the Hitchhiker 's Universe ( edit ) In the episode `` Sibling Tsunami '' of the animated series My Life as a Teenage Robot , when asked what 's wrong , XJ - 7 , a chronically depressed robot character , replied : `` The usual , life , the universe , everything '' , a reference not only to Marvin , but the `` Ultimate Question of Life , the Universe , and Everything '' , a central tenet of the series ' storyline ( as well as the title of the third book ) . British alternative rock group Radiohead named their 1997 song `` Paranoid Android '' after Marvin . The Spanish electronic music producer Daniel Canelo named his musical project The Happy Marvin Project in reference to the character . Marvin 's origins ( including those of the Sirius Cybernetics Corporation , and the HitchHikers handheld device ) are referenced in the 2008 radio series The Long Dark Tea - Time of the Soul . In episode 4 , Dirk Gently phones his friend Richard McDuff , who now works for a new startup , Sirius Cybernetics . Occasionally , background noises of electronic groans and air - pistons can be heard . At the end of the phone call , the electronic voice of Stephen Moore says `` Richard , I think we might have a problem with these diodes . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ On Wikiquote ^ Jump up to : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy . p. 92 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exclusive interview with MARVIN ... well i mean Stephen Moore ! '' . douglasadams.eu . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ SOTCAA Records and Tapes . sotcaa.org . Retrieved on 2017 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy '' . 29 April 2005 -- via IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Alan Rickman '' . Jump up ^ Marvin The Paranoid Android - Marvin ( Vinyl ) at Discogs . Discogs.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Brown , Tony ; Jon Kutner ; Neil Warwick ( 2002 ) . The Complete Book of the British Charts ( 2nd ed . ) . Omnibus . p. 646 . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 9075 - 1 . Jump up ^ Rubenstien , Michael - Anne ( March 2002 ) . `` Share and Enjoy : M.J. Simpson . A Completely and Utterly Unauthorized Guide to THE HITCHHIKER 'S GUIDE '' . Science Fiction Studies . Greencastle , Indiana : DePauw University . 29 ( 86 , number 1 ) . ISSN 0091 - 7729 . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Fans will not want to miss this book , as it contains information they did n't even know that they did n't even know . For instance , did you know that Marvin is the only robot listed in The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles ? Jump up ^ Marvin The Paranoid Android - The Double B - Side ( Vinyl ) at Discogs . Discogs.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Rank . Solonor.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Gaiman , Neil ( 1993 ) . Do n't Panic : Douglas Adams and the Hitch - Hiker 's Guide To The Galaxy ( 2nd ed . ) . Titan Books . p. 75 . ISBN 1 - 85286 - 411 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - BBC Radio 4 Programmes - Dirk Gently 's Holistic Detective Agency : The Long Dark Teatime of the Soul , Episode 4 '' . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy # Marvin ( The Paranoid Android ) Hitchhiker 's portal BBC 's page on Marvin Marvin 's desolated fan page Marvin 's depressing corner of the universe ZZ9 Plural Z Alpha - The Official HHGTTG Appreciation Society ( hide ) Douglas Adams ' The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Books Main series The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy The Restaurant at the End of the Universe Life , the Universe and Everything So Long , and Thanks for All the Fish Mostly Harmless Related works `` Young Zaphod Plays It Safe '' The Salmon of Doubt by Eoin Colfer And Another Thing ... Media Radio series Phases 1 & 2 Phases 3 , 4 & 5 The Original Radio Scripts TV series Film Timeline of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy versions Cast lists Games The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Companion media Do n't Panic : The Official Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Companion Douglas Adams 's Guide to The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Characters Arthur Dent Ford Prefect Zaphod Beeblebrox Marvin the Paranoid Android Trillian Slartibartfast The Guide Minor characters Races and species Vogons Miscellanea Phrases Places Technology Somebody else 's problem Encyclopedia Galactica In culture h2g2 Hitchcon Towel Day `` Journey of the Sorcerer '' 18610 Arthurdent 25924 Douglasadams Bidenichthys beeblebroxi Erechthias beeblebroxi Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marvin_(character)&oldid=803254863 '' Categories : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy characters Fictional androids Fictional characters introduced in 1978 Fictional characters with neurological or psychological disorders Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from March 2010 All articles lacking reliable references Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with attributed pull quotes Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 12 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy depressed robot	[ "Marvin, the Paranoid Robot, is a fictional character in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy series by Douglas Adams. Marvin is the ship's robot aboard the starship Heart of Gold. Originally built as one of many failed prototypes of Sirius Cybernetics Corporation's GPP (Genuine People Personalities) technology, Marvin is afflicted with severe depression and boredom, in part because he has a \"brain the size of a planet\"[1] which he is seldom, if ever, given the chance to use. Indeed, the true horror of Marvin's existence is that no task he could be given would occupy even the tiniest fraction of his vast intellect. Marvin claims he is 50,000 times more intelligent than a human,[2] (or 30 billion times more intelligent than a live mattress) though this is, if anything, a vast underestimation. When kidnapped by the bellicose Krikkit robots and tied to the interfaces of their intelligent war computer, Marvin simultaneously manages to plan the entire planet's military strategy, solve \"all of the major mathematical, physical, chemical, biological, sociological, philosophical, etymological, meteorological and psychological problems of the Universe except his own, three times over,\" and compose a number of lullabies." ]	[ "Marvin, the Paranoid Robot" ]
-8426731193346892877	National Commission for Scheduled Castes	National Commission for Scheduled Castes - wikipedia National Commission for Scheduled Castes Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) National Commission for Scheduled Castes ( NCSC ) is an Indian constitutional body established with a view to provide safeguards against the exploitation of Scheduled Castes to promote and protect their social , educational , economic and cultural interests , special provisions were made in the Constitution . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Commission for SCs and STs 1.2 NCSC 2 Functions 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Commission for SCs and STs ( edit ) The first Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was set up in August 1978 with Bhola Paswan Shastri as Chairman and other four Members . In 1990 the Commission for SCs and STs was renamed as the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes were formed as per 1987 and it was set up as a National Level Advisory Body to advise the Government on broad policy issues and levels of development of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes . The first Commission was constituted in 1992 with S.H. Ramdhan as Chairman . The second Commission was constituted in October 1995 with H. Hanumanthappa as chairman . The third Commission was constituted in December 1998 with Dileep Singh Bhuria as the Chairman . The fourth Commission was constituted in March 2002 with Dr. Bizay Sonkar Shastri as the Chairperson . Consequent upon the Constitution ( Eighty - Ninth Amendment ) Act , 2003 the erstwhile National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes has been replaced by ( 1 ) National Commission for Scheduled Castes and ( 2 ) National Commission for Scheduled Tribes . NCSC ( edit ) The first NCSC was constituted on 2004 with Suraj Bhan as the Chairperson . The second was constituted on May 2007 ( chairperson : Buta Singh ) ; the third from October 2010 ( P.L. Punia ) ; and the fourth from 2013 , also with Punia as chairperson . The fifth NCSC began work in 2017 under chairmanship of Ram Shankar Katheria . Functions ( edit ) The following are the functions of the commission : To investigate and monitor all matters relating to the safeguards provided for the Scheduled Castes under this Constitution or under any other law for the time being in force or under any order of the Government and to evaluate the working of such safeguards ; To inquire into specific complaints with respect to the deprivation of rights and safeguards of the Scheduled Castes ; To participate and advise on the planning process of socio - economic development of the Scheduled Castes and to evaluate the progress of their development under the Union and any State ; To present to the President , annually and at such other times as the Commission may deem fit , reports upon the working of those safeguards ; To make in such reports recommendations as to the measures that should be taken by the Union or any State for the effective implementation of those safeguards and other measures for the protection , welfare and socio - economic development of the Scheduled Castes ; and To discharge such other functions in relation to the protection , welfare and development and advancement of the Scheduled Castes as the President may , subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament , by rule specify . See also ( edit ) National Commission for Backward Classes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Commission for Schedule Castes India Environment Portal Jump up ^ `` Genesis Genesis '' . ncsc.nic.in . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Who '' . National Commission for Scheduled Castes . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` THE CONSTITUTION ( EIGHTY - NINTH AMENDMENT ) ACT , 2003 '' . by Government of India . indiacode.nic.in . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ II . Provisions relating to SCs ( Page 6 ) -- Constitutional Provisions : Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment , Government of India External links ( edit ) Official Website ( hide ) Indian commissions Permanent Agricultural Costs and Prices Agriculture Atomic Energy Backward Classes Cattle Competition Consumer Disputes Redressal Cooperation with UNESCO Delimitation Denotified , Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes Election Electricity Regulation Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector Farmers Finance Forward Markets Human Resources for Health Human Rights Investment Knowledge Labour Law Minorities Minority Educational Institutions Pay Planning Protection of Child Rights Public Service Railway Safety Safai Karamcharis Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes Statistics University Grants Women Vigilance Ad hoc Administrative Reforms Gadgil Kalelkar Kapur Khosla Laththa Commission Liberhan Mandal Mukherjee Nanavati Narendran Ranganath Misra ( Minorities ) Sarkaria Shah States Reorganisation Category List Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Commission_for_Scheduled_Castes&oldid=799174213 '' Categories : Indian commissions and inquiries Constitution of India Hidden categories : EngvarB from January 2014 Use dmy dates from January 2014 Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017 , at 02 : 47 . About Wikipedia	who is the chairman of scheduled caste commission	[ "The first NCSC was constituted on 2004 with Suraj Bhan as the Chairperson. The second was constituted on May 2007 (chairperson: Buta Singh); the third from October 2010 (P. L. Punia); and the fourth from 2013, also with Punia as chairperson. The fifth NCSC began work in 2017 under chairmanship of Ram Shankar Katheria.[3]" ]	[ "Ram Shankar Katheria" ]
-7878079287063199954	Atlantic slave trade	Atlantic slave trade - wikipedia Atlantic slave trade Jump to : navigation , search Reproduction of a handbill advertising a slave auction in Charleston , South Carolina , in 1769 . Part of a series on Slavery Contemporary ( show ) Child labour Conscription Debt Forced marriage Bride buying Wife selling Forced prostitution Human trafficking Peonage Penal labour Sexual slavery Historical ( show ) Antiquity Ancient Rome Babylonia Ancient Greece Topics and practices Atlantic slave trade Middle Passage Arab slave trade Ghilman Mamluk Saqaliba Aztec Blackbirding Byzantine Empire Coolie Corvée labor Field slaves in the United States House slaves Kholop Medieval Europe Panyarring Thrall Serfs History Russia Slave market Slave raiding Naval Galley slave Impressment Pirates Shanghaiing Slave ship By country or region ( show ) Sub-Saharan Africa Contemporary Africa Slavery on the Barbary Coast Barbary slave trade Slave Coast Angola Chad Ethiopia Mali Mauritania Niger Somalia South Africa Sudan Seychelles North and South America Americas indigenous U.S. Natives Brazil Lei Áurea Canada Caribbean Barbados Code Noir Cuba Haiti revolt Restavek Latin America Puerto Rico Trinidad United States colonial maps female partus penal labor Slave codes interregional Human Trafficking Virgin Islands Central , East , and South Asia Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan China Booi Aha Laogai India Debt bondage Chukri System Japan comfort women South Korea Yankee princess North Korea Vietnam Australia and Oceania Blackbirding in Australia Human trafficking in Australia Slave raiding in Easter Island Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea Blackbirding in Polynesia Europe and North Asia Sex trafficking in Europe British Isles Denmark Dutch Republic Germany in World War II Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Spain colonies Sweden North Africa and West Asia Iran Libya Human trafficking in the Middle East Ottoman Empire Yemen Religion ( show ) Bible Christianity Catholicism Mormonism Islam 21st century Judaism Bahá'í Faith Opposition and resistance ( show ) Timeline Abolitionism U.K. U.S. Anti-Slavery International Blockade of Africa U.K. U.S. Compensated emancipation Freedman manumission Freedom suit Abolitionists Slave Power Underground Railroad songs Slave rebellion Slave Trade Acts International law 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution Related ( show ) Common law Indentured servant Unfree labour Fugitive slaves laws Great Dismal Swamp maroons List of slaves owners Slave narrative films songs Slave name Slave catcher Slave patrol Slave Route Project Treatment in U.S. breeding court cases Washington Jefferson Adams Lincoln 40 acres Freedmen 's Bureau bit Wage slavery Emancipation Day The Atlantic slave trade or transatlantic slave trade involved the transportation by slave traders of enslaved African people , mainly from Africa to the Americas , and then their sale there . The slave trade used mainly the triangular trade route and its Middle Passage , and existed from the 16th to the 19th centuries . The vast majority of those who were enslaved and transported in the transatlantic slave trade were Africans from central and western Africa , who had been sold by other West Africans to Western European slave traders ( with a small number being captured directly by the slave traders in coastal raids ) , who brought them to the Americas . The South Atlantic and Caribbean economies especially were dependent on the supply of secure labour for the production of commodity crops , making goods and clothing to sell in Europe . This was crucial to those western European countries which , in the late 17th and 18th centuries , were vying with each other to create overseas empires . The Portuguese were the first to engage in the Atlantic slave trade in the 16th century . In 1526 , they completed the first transatlantic slave voyage to Brazil , and other European countries soon followed . Shipowners regarded the slaves as cargo to be transported to the Americas as quickly and cheaply as possible , there to be sold to work on coffee , tobacco , cocoa , sugar and cotton plantations , gold and silver mines , rice fields , construction industry , cutting timber for ships , in skilled labour , and as domestic servants . The first Africans imported to the English colonies were classified as `` indentured servants '' , like workers coming from England , and also as `` apprentices for life '' . By the middle of the 17th century , slavery had hardened as a racial caste , with the slaves and their offspring being legally the property of their owners , and children born to slave mothers were also slaves . As property , the people were considered merchandise or units of labour , and were sold at markets with other goods and services . The major Atlantic slave trading nations , ordered by trade volume , were : the Portuguese , the British , the French , the Spanish , and the Dutch Empires . Several had established outposts on the African coast where they purchased slaves from local African leaders . These slaves were managed by a factor who was established on or near the coast to expedite the shipping of slaves to the New World . Slaves were kept in a factory while awaiting shipment . Current estimates are that about 12 million Africans were shipped across the Atlantic , although the number purchased by the traders was considerably higher , as the passage had a high death rate . Near the beginning of the 19th century , various governments acted to ban the trade , although illegal smuggling still occurred . In the early 21st century , several governments issued apologies for the transatlantic slave trade . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Atlantic travel 1.2 African slavery 1.3 European colonization and slavery in West Africa 2 16th , 17th and 18th centuries 2.1 Triangular trade 2.2 Labour and slavery 2.3 African participation in the slave trade 2.4 European participation in the slave trade 2.5 Slavery in Africa and the New World contrasted 2.6 Slave market regions and participation 2.7 African kingdoms of the era 2.7. 1 Ethnic groups 3 Human toll 3.1 African conflicts 3.2 Port factories 3.3 Atlantic shipment 3.4 Seasoning camps 4 European competition 5 New World destinations 6 Economics of slavery 7 Effects 7.1 Effect on the economy of West Africa 7.2 Effects on the British economy 7.3 Demographics 7.4 Legacy of racism 8 End of the Atlantic slave trade 9 Legacy 9.1 African diaspora 9.2 `` Back to Africa '' 9.3 Rastafari movement 9.4 Apologies 9.4. 1 Worldwide 9.4. 2 Benin 9.4. 3 France 9.4. 4 Ghana 9.4. 5 Nigeria 9.4. 6 Uganda 9.4. 7 United Kingdom 9.4. 8 United States 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links Background See also : History of slavery Atlantic travel The Atlantic slave trade developed after trade contacts were established between the `` Old World '' ( Eurasia and Africa ) and the `` New World '' ( North America and South America ) . For centuries , tidal currents had made ocean travel particularly difficult and risky for the ships that were then available , and as such there had been very little , if any , maritime contact between the peoples living in these continents . In the 15th century , however , new European developments in seafaring technologies resulted in ships being better equipped to deal with the tidal currents , and could begin traversing the Atlantic Ocean . Between 1600 and 1800 , approximately 300,000 sailors engaged in the slave trade visited West Africa . In doing so , they came into contact with societies living along the west African coast and in the Americas which they had never previously encountered . Historian Pierre Chaunu termed the consequences of European navigation `` disenclavement '' , with it marking an end of isolation for some societies and an increase in inter-societal contact for most others . Historian John Thornton noted , `` A number of technical and geographical factors combined to make Europeans the most likely people to explore the Atlantic and develop its commerce '' . He identified these as being the drive to find new and profitable commercial opportunities outside Europe as well as the desire to create an alternative trade network to that controlled by the Muslim Empire of the Middle East , which was viewed as a commercial , political and religious threat to European Christendom . In particular , European traders wanted to trade for gold , which could be found in western Africa , and also to find a maritime route to `` the Indies '' ( India ) , where they could trade for luxury goods such as spices without having to obtain these items from Middle Eastern Islamic traders . Although many of the initial Atlantic naval explorations were led by Iberians , members of many European nationalities were involved , including sailors from Portugal , Spain , the Italian kingdoms , England , France and the Netherlands . This diversity led Thornton to describe the initial `` exploration of the Atlantic '' as `` a truly international exercise , even if many of the dramatic discoveries were made under the sponsorship of the Iberian monarchs '' . That leadership later gave rise to the myth that `` the Iberians were the sole leaders of the exploration '' . African slavery Main article : Slavery in Africa Group of men , children , and women being taken to a slave market Slavery was practiced in some parts of Africa , Europe , Asia and the Americas for many centuries before the beginning of the Atlantic slave trade . There is evidence that enslaved people from some parts of Africa were exported to states in Africa , Europe , and Asia prior to the European colonization of the Americas . The African slave trade provided a large number of slaves to Europeans and many more to Muslim countries . The Atlantic slave trade was not the only slave trade from Africa , although it was the largest in volume and intensity . As Elikia M'bokolo wrote in Le Monde diplomatique : The African continent was bled of its human resources via all possible routes . Across the Sahara , through the Red Sea , from the Indian Ocean ports and across the Atlantic . At least ten centuries of slavery for the benefit of the Muslim countries ( from the ninth to the nineteenth ) ... Four million enslaved people exported via the Red Sea , another four million through the Swahili ports of the Indian Ocean , perhaps as many as nine million along the trans - Saharan caravan route , and eleven to twenty million ( depending on the author ) across the Atlantic Ocean . According to John K. Thornton , Europeans usually bought enslaved people who were captured in endemic warfare between African states . Some Africans had made a business out of capturing Africans from neighboring ethnic groups or war captives and selling them . A reminder of this practice is documented in the Slave Trade Debates of England in the early 19th century : `` All the old writers ... concur in stating not only that wars are entered into for the sole purpose of making slaves , but that they are fomented by Europeans , with a view to that object . '' People living around the Niger River were transported from these markets to the coast and sold at European trading ports in exchange for muskets and manufactured goods such as cloth or alcohol . However , the European demand for slaves provided a large new market for the already existing trade . While those held in slavery in their own region of Africa might hope to escape , those shipped away had little chance of returning to Africa . European colonization and slavery in West Africa This section relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( April 2011 ) The Portuguese presenting themselves before the Manikongo . The Portuguese initially fostered a good relationship with the Kingdom of Kongo . Civil War within Kongo would lead to many of its subjects ending up as enslaved people in Portuguese and other European vessels . Upon discovering new lands through their naval explorations , European colonisers soon began to migrate to and settle in lands outside their native continent . Off the coast of Africa , European migrants , under the directions of the Kingdom of Castile , invaded and colonised the Canary Islands during the 15th century , where they converted much of the land to the production of wine and sugar . Along with this , they also captured native Canary Islanders , the Guanches , to use as slaves both on the Islands and across the Christian Mediterranean . As historian John Thornton remarked , `` the actual motivation for European expansion and for navigational breakthroughs was little more than to exploit the opportunity for immediate profits made by raiding and the seizure or purchase of trade commodities '' . Using the Canary Islands as a naval base , European , at the time primarily Portuguese traders , began to move their activities down the western coast of Africa , performing raids in which slaves would be captured to be later sold in the Mediterranean . Although initially successful in this venture , `` it was not long before African naval forces were alerted to the new dangers , and the Portuguese ( raiding ) ships began to meet strong and effective resistance '' , with the crews of several of them being killed by African sailors , whose boats were better equipped at traversing the west African coasts and river systems . By 1494 , the Portuguese king had entered agreements with the rulers of several West African states that would allow trade between their respective peoples , enabling the Portuguese to `` tap into '' the `` well - developed commercial economy in Africa ... without engaging in hostilities '' . `` Peaceful trade became the rule all along the African coast '' , although there were some rare exceptions when acts of aggression led to violence . For instance , Portuguese traders attempted to conquer the Bissagos Islands in 1535 . In 1571 Portugal , supported by the Kingdom of Kongo , took control of the south - western region of Angola in order to secure its threatened economic interest in the area . Although Kongo later joined a coalition in 1591 to force the Portuguese out , Portugal had secured a foothold on the continent that it continued to occupy until the 20th century . Despite these incidences of occasional violence between African and European forces , many African states ensured that any trade went on in their own terms , for instance , imposing custom duties on foreign ships . In 1525 , the Kongolese king , Afonso I , seized a French vessel and its crew for illegally trading on his coast . Historians have widely debated the nature of the relationship between these African kingdoms and the European traders . The Guyanese historian Walter Rodney ( 1972 ) has argued that it was an unequal relationship , with Africans being forced into a `` colonial '' trade with the more economically developed Europeans , exchanging raw materials and human resources ( i.e. slaves ) for manufactured goods . He argued that it was this economic trade agreement dating back to the 16th century that led to Africa being underdeveloped in his own time . These ideas were supported by other historians , including Ralph Austen ( 1987 ) . This idea of an unequal relationship was contested by John Thornton ( 1998 ) , who argued that `` the Atlantic slave trade was not nearly as critical to the African economy as these scholars believed '' and that `` African manufacturing ( at this period ) was more than capable of handling competition from preindustrial Europe '' . However , Anne Bailey , commenting on Thornton 's suggestion that Africans and Europeans were equal partners in the Atlantic slave trade , wrote : ( T ) o see Africans as partners implies equal terms and equal influence on the global and intercontinental processes of the trade . Africans had great influence on the continent itself , but they had no direct influence on the engines behind the trade in the capital firms , the shipping and insurance companies of Europe and America , or the plantation systems in Americas . They did not wield any influence on the building manufacturing centers of the West . 16th , 17th and 18th centuries Portrait of an African Slave Woman , probably painted by Annibale Carracci in the 1580s The Atlantic slave trade is customarily divided into two eras , known as the First and Second Atlantic Systems . The First Atlantic system was the trade of enslaved Africans to , primarily , South American colonies of the Portuguese and Spanish empires ; it accounted for slightly more than 3 % of all Atlantic slave trade . It started ( on a significant scale ) in about 1502 and lasted until 1580 when Portugal was temporarily united with Spain . While the Portuguese were directly involved in trading enslaved peoples , the Spanish empire relied on the asiento system , awarding merchants ( mostly from other countries ) the license to trade enslaved people to their colonies . During the first Atlantic system , most of these traders were Portuguese , giving them a near - monopoly during the era . Some Dutch , English , and French traders also participated in the slave trade . After the union , Portugal came under Spanish legislation that prohibited it from directly engaging in the slave trade as a carrier . It became a target for the traditional enemies of Spain , losing a large share of the trade to the Dutch , English , and French . The Second Atlantic system was the trade of enslaved Africans by mostly English , Portuguese , French and Dutch traders . The main destinations of this phase were the Caribbean colonies and Brazil , as European nations built up economically slave - dependent colonies in the New World . Slightly more than 3 % of the enslaved people exported from Africa were traded between 1450 and 1600 , and 16 % in the 17th century . It is estimated that more than half of the entire slave trade took place during the 18th century , with the British , Portuguese and French being the main carriers of nine out of ten slaves abducted in Africa . By the 1690s , the English were shipping the most slaves from West Africa . They maintained this position during the 18th century , becoming the biggest shippers of slaves across the Atlantic . Following the British and United States ' bans on the African slave trade in 1808 , it declined , but the period after still accounted for 28.5 % of the total volume of the Atlantic slave trade . `` The Slave Trade '' by Auguste François Biard , 1840 A burial ground in Campeche , Mexico , suggests slaves had been brought there not long after Hernán Cortés completed the subjugation of Aztec and Mayan Mexico in the 16th century . The graveyard had been in use from approximately 1550 to the late 17th century . Triangular trade Main article : Triangular trade The first side of the triangle was the export of goods from Europe to Africa . A number of African kings and merchants took part in the trading of enslaved people from 1440 to about 1833 . For each captive , the African rulers would receive a variety of goods from Europe . These included guns , ammunition , and other factory - made goods . The second leg of the triangle exported enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas and the Caribbean Islands . The third and final part of the triangle was the return of goods to Europe from the Americas . The goods were the products of slave - labour plantations and included cotton , sugar , tobacco , molasses and rum . Sir John Hawkins , considered the pioneer of the British slave trade , was the first to run the Triangular trade , making a profit at every stop . Labour and slavery `` Am I Not a Man and a Brother ? '' 1787 medallion designed by Josiah Wedgwood for the British anti-slavery campaign The Atlantic Slave Trade was the result of , among other things , labour shortage , itself in turn created by the desire of European colonists to exploit New World land and resources for capital profits . Native peoples were at first utilized as slave labour by Europeans until a large number died from overwork and Old World diseases . Alternative sources of labour , such as indentured servitude , failed to provide a sufficient workforce . Many crops could not be sold for profit , or even grown , in Europe . Exporting crops and goods from the New World to Europe often proved to be more profitable than producing them on the European mainland . A vast amount of labour was needed to create and sustain plantations that required intensive labour to grow , harvest , and process prized tropical crops . Western Africa ( part of which became known as `` the Slave Coast '' ) , and later Central Africa , became the source for enslaved people to meet the demand for labour . The basic reason for the constant shortage of labour was that , with large amounts of cheap land available and lots of landowners searching for workers , free European immigrants were able to become landowners themselves after a relatively short time , thus increasing the need for workers . Thomas Jefferson attributed the use of slave labour in part to the climate , and the consequent idle leisure afforded by slave labour : `` For in a warm climate , no man will labour for himself who can make another labour for him . This is so true , that of the proprietors of slaves a very small proportion indeed are ever seen to labour . '' African participation in the slave trade Slave traders in Gorée , Senegal , 18th century Africans played a direct role in the slave trade , selling their captives or prisoners of war to European buyers . The prisoners and captives who were sold were usually from neighbouring or enemy ethnic groups . These captive slaves were considered `` other '' , not part of the people of the ethnic group or `` tribe '' ; African kings held no particular loyalty to them . Sometimes criminals would be sold so that they could no longer commit crimes in that area . Most other slaves were obtained from kidnappings , or through raids that occurred at gunpoint through joint ventures with the Europeans . But some African kings refused to sell any of their captives or criminals . King Jaja of Opobo , a former slave , refused to do business with the slavers completely . Africans also participated in the slave trade through intermarriage , or cassare , meaning `` to set up house '' . It is derived from the Portuguese word `` casar '' , meaning `` to marry '' . Cassare created political and economic bonds between European and African slave traders . Cassare was a pre-European practice used to integrate the `` other '' from a differing African tribe . Powerful West African groups used these marriages as an alliance used to strengthen their trade networks with European men by marrying off African women from families with ties to the slave trade . Early on in the Atlantic Slave trade , these marriages were common . The marriages were even performed using African customs , which Europeans did not object to , seeing how important the connections were . European participation in the slave trade Although Europeans were the market for slaves , Europeans rarely entered the interior of Africa , due to fear of disease and fierce African resistance . In Africa , convicted criminals could be punished by enslavement , a punishment which became more prevalent as slavery became more lucrative . Since most of these nations did not have a prison system , convicts were often sold or used in the scattered local domestic slave market . A slave being inspected As of 1778 , Thomas Kitchin estimated that Europeans were bringing an estimated 52,000 slaves to the Caribbean yearly , with the French bringing the most Africans to the French West Indies ( 13,000 out of the yearly estimate ) . The Atlantic slave trade peaked in the last two decades of the 18th century , during and following the Kongo Civil War . Wars among tiny states along the Niger River 's Igbo - inhabited region and the accompanying banditry also spiked in this period . Another reason for surplus supply of enslaved people was major warfare conducted by expanding states , such as the kingdom of Dahomey , the Oyo Empire , and the Asante Empire . Slavery in Africa and the New World contrasted Further information : Slavery in Africa Forms of slavery varied both in Africa and in the New World . In general , slavery in Africa was not heritable -- that is , the children of slaves were free -- while in the Americas , children of slave mothers were considered born into slavery . This was connected to another distinction : slavery in West Africa was not reserved for racial or religious minorities , as it was in European colonies , although the case was otherwise in places such as Somalia , where Bantus were taken as slaves for the ethnic Somalis . The treatment of slaves in Africa was more variable than in the Americas . At one extreme , the kings of Dahomey routinely slaughtered slaves in hundreds or thousands in sacrificial rituals , and slaves as human sacrifices were also known in Cameroon . On the other hand , slaves in other places were often treated as part of the family , `` adopted children '' , with significant rights including the right to marry without their masters ' permission . Scottish explorer Mungo Park wrote : The slaves in Africa , I suppose , are nearly in the proportion of three to one to the freemen . They claim no reward for their services except food and clothing , and are treated with kindness or severity , according to the good or bad disposition of their masters ... The slaves which are thus brought from the interior may be divided into two distinct classes -- first , such as were slaves from their birth , having been born of enslaved mothers ; secondly , such as were born free , but who afterwards , by whatever means , became slaves . Those of the first description are by far the most numerous ... '' In the Americas , slaves were denied the right to marry freely and masters did not generally accept them as equal members of the family . New World slaves were considered the property of their owners , and slaves convicted of revolt or murder were executed . Slave market regions and participation Major slave trading regions of Africa , 15th -- 19th centuries There were eight principal areas used by Europeans to buy and ship slaves to the Western Hemisphere . The number of enslaved people sold to the New World varied throughout the slave trade . As for the distribution of slaves from regions of activity , certain areas produced far more enslaved people than others . Between 1650 and 1900 , 10.24 million enslaved Africans arrived in the Americas from the following regions in the following proportions : Senegambia ( Senegal and the Gambia ) : 4.8 % Upper Guinea ( Guinea - Bissau , Guinea and Sierra Leone ) : 4.1 % Windward Coast ( Liberia and Ivory Coast ) : 1.8 % Gold Coast ( Ghana and east of Ivory Coast ) : 10.4 % Bight of Benin ( Togo , Benin and Nigeria west of the Niger Delta ) : 20.2 % Bight of Biafra ( Nigeria east of the Niger Delta , Cameroon , Equatorial Guinea and Gabon ) : 14.6 % West Central Africa ( Republic of Congo , Democratic Republic of Congo and Angola ) : 39.4 % Southeastern Africa ( Mozambique and Madagascar ) : 4.7 % African kingdoms of the era Ghezo , King of Dahomey , was under pressure from the British to end the slave trade There were over 173 city - states and kingdoms in the African regions affected by the slave trade between 1502 and 1853 when Brazil became the last Atlantic import nation to outlaw the slave trade . Of those 173 , no fewer than 68 could be deemed nation states with political and military infrastructures that enabled them to dominate their neighbours . Nearly every present - day nation had a pre-colonial predecessor , sometimes an African Empire with which European traders had to barter . Ethnic groups The different ethnic groups brought to the Americas closely corresponds to the regions of heaviest activity in the slave trade . Over 45 distinct ethnic groups were taken to the Americas during the trade . Of the 45 , the ten most prominent , according to slave documentation of the era are listed below . The BaKongo of the Democratic Republic of Congo and Angola The Mandé of Upper Guinea The Gbe speakers of Togo , Ghana , and Benin ( Adja , Mina , Ewe , Fon ) The Akan of Ghana and Ivory Coast The Wolof of Senegal and the Gambia The Igbo of southeastern Nigeria The Mbundu of Angola ( includes both Ambundu and Ovimbundu ) The Yoruba of southwestern Nigeria The Chamba of Cameroon The Makua of Mozambique Human toll The transatlantic slave trade resulted in a vast and as yet still unknown loss of life for African captives both in and outside America . Approximately 1.2 -- 2.4 million Africans died during their transport to the New World . More died soon upon their arrival . The number of lives lost in the procurement of slaves remains a mystery but may equal or exceed the number who survived to be enslaved . The savage nature of the trade led to the destruction of individuals and cultures . The following figures do not include deaths of enslaved Africans as a result of their labour , slave revolts , or diseases suffered while living among New World populations . Historian Ana Lucia Araujo has noted that the process of enslavement did not end with arrival on the American shores ; the different paths taken by the individuals and groups who were victims of the Atlantic slave trade were influenced by different factors -- including the disembarking region , the kind of work performed , gender , age , religion , and language . Estimates by Patrick Manning are that about 12 million slaves entered the Atlantic trade between the 16th and 19th century , but about 1.5 million died on board ship . About 10.5 million slaves arrived in the Americas . Besides the slaves who died on the Middle Passage , more Africans likely died during the slave raids in Africa and forced marches to ports . Manning estimates that 4 million died inside Africa after capture , and many more died young . Manning 's estimate covers the 12 million who were originally destined for the Atlantic , as well as the 6 million destined for Asian slave markets and the 8 million destined for African markets . African conflicts Diagram of a slave ship from the Atlantic slave trade . From an Abstract of Evidence delivered before a select committee of the House of Commons in 1790 and 1791 . Diagram of a large slave ship . Thomas Clarkson : The cries of Africa to the inhabitants of Europe , 1822 ? According to Kimani Nehusi , the presence of European slavers affected the way in which the legal code in African societies responded to offenders . Crimes traditionally punishable by some other form of punishment became punishable by enslavement and sale to slave traders . According to David Stannard 's American Holocaust , 50 % of African deaths occurred in Africa as a result of wars between native kingdoms , which produced the majority of slaves . This includes not only those who died in battles but also those who died as a result of forced marches from inland areas to slave ports on the various coasts . The practice of enslaving enemy combatants and their villages was widespread throughout Western and West Central Africa , although wars were rarely started to procure slaves . The slave trade was largely a by - product of tribal and state warfare as a way of removing potential dissidents after victory or financing future wars . However , some African groups proved particularly adept and brutal at the practice of enslaving , such as Oyo , Benin , Igala , Kaabu , Asanteman , Dahomey , the Aro Confederacy and the Imbangala war bands . In letters written by the Manikongo , Nzinga Mbemba Afonso , to the King João III of Portugal , he writes that Portuguese merchandise flowing in is what is fueling the trade in Africans . He requests the King of Portugal to stop sending merchandise but should only send missionaries . In one of his letters he writes : Each day the traders are kidnapping our people -- children of this country , sons of our nobles and vassals , even people of our own family . This corruption and depravity are so widespread that our land is entirely depopulated . We need in this kingdom only priests and schoolteachers , and no merchandise , unless it is wine and flour for Mass . It is our wish that this Kingdom not be a place for the trade or transport of slaves ... Many of our subjects eagerly lust after Portuguese merchandise that your subjects have brought into our domains . To satisfy this inordinate appetite , they seize many of our black free subjects ... They sell them . After having taken these prisoners ( to the coast ) secretly or at night ... As soon as the captives are in the hands of white men they are branded with a red - hot iron . Before the arrival of the Portuguese , slavery had already existed in Kongo . Afonso believed that the slave trade should be subject to Kongo law . When he suspected the Portuguese of receiving illegally enslaved persons to sell , he wrote to King João III in 1526 imploring him to put a stop to the practice . The kings of Dahomey sold war captives into transatlantic slavery ; they would otherwise have been killed in a ceremony known as the Annual Customs . As one of West Africa 's principal slave states , Dahomey became extremely unpopular with neighbouring peoples . Like the Bambara Empire to the east , the Khasso kingdoms depended heavily on the slave trade for their economy . A family 's status was indicated by the number of slaves it owned , leading to wars for the sole purpose of taking more captives . This trade led the Khasso into increasing contact with the European settlements of Africa 's west coast , particularly the French . Benin grew increasingly rich during the 16th and 17th centuries on the slave trade with Europe ; slaves from enemy states of the interior were sold and carried to the Americas in Dutch and Portuguese ships . The Bight of Benin 's shore soon came to be known as the `` Slave Coast '' . King Gezo of Dahomey said in the 1840s : The slave trade is the ruling principle of my people . It is the source and the glory of their wealth ... the mother lulls the child to sleep with notes of triumph over an enemy reduced to slavery ... In 1807 , the UK Parliament passed the Bill that abolished the trading of slaves . The King of Bonny ( now in Nigeria ) was horrified at the conclusion of the practice : We think this trade must go on . That is the verdict of our oracle and the priests . They say that your country , however great , can never stop a trade ordained by God himself . Port factories After being marched to the coast for sale , enslaved people were held in large forts called factories . The amount of time in factories varied , but Milton Meltzer states in Slavery : A World History that around 4.5 % of deaths attributed to the transatlantic slave trade occurred during this phase . In other words , over 820,000 people are believed to have died in African ports such as Benguela , Elmina , and Bonny , reducing the number of those shipped to 17.5 million . Atlantic shipment A Liverpool Slave Ship by William Jackson . Merseyside Maritime Museum After being captured and held in the factories , slaves entered the infamous Middle Passage . Meltzer 's research puts this phase of the slave trade 's overall mortality at 12.5 % . Their deaths were the result of brutal treatment and poor care from the time of their capture and throughout their voyage . Around 2.2 million Africans died during these voyages where they were packed into tight , unsanitary spaces on ships for months at a time . Measures were taken to stem the onboard mortality rate , such as enforced `` dancing '' ( as exercise ) above deck and the practice of force - feeding enslaved persons who tried to starve themselves . The conditions on board also resulted in the spread of fatal diseases . Other fatalities were suicides , slaves who escaped by jumping overboard . The slave traders would try to fit anywhere from 350 to 600 slaves on one ship . Before the African slave trade was completely banned by participating nations in 1853 , 15.3 million enslaved people had arrived in the Americas . Raymond L. Cohn , an economics professor whose research has focused on economic history and international migration , has researched the mortality rates among Africans during the voyages of the Atlantic slave trade . He found that mortality rates decreased over the history of the slave trade , primarily because the length of time necessary for the voyage was declining . `` In the eighteenth century many slave voyages took at least 21⁄2 months . In the nineteenth century , 2 months appears to have been the maximum length of the voyage , and many voyages were far shorter . Fewer slaves died in the Middle Passage over time mainly because the passage was shorter . '' Despite the vast profits of slavery , the ordinary sailors on slave ships were badly paid and subject to harsh discipline . Mortality of around 20 % was expected in a ship 's crew during the course of a voyage ; this was due to disease , flogging , overwork or slave uprisings . Disease ( malaria or yellow fever ) was the most common cause of death among sailors . A high crew mortality rate on the return voyage was in the captain 's interests as it reduced the number of sailors who had to be paid on reaching the home port . The slave trade was hated by many sailors and those who joined the crews of slave ships often did so through coercion or because they could find no other employment . Seasoning camps Meltzer also states that 33 % of Africans would have died in the first year at the seasoning camps found throughout the Caribbean . Jamaica held one of the most notorious of these camps . Dysentery was the leading cause of death . Around 5 million Africans died in these camps , reducing the number of survivors to about 10 million . European competition The trade of enslaved Africans in the Atlantic has its origins in the explorations of Portuguese mariners down the coast of West Africa in the 15th century . Before that , contact with African slave markets was made to ransom Portuguese who had been captured by the intense North African Barbary pirate attacks on Portuguese ships and coastal villages , frequently leaving them depopulated . The first Europeans to use enslaved Africans in the New World were the Spaniards , who sought auxiliaries for their conquest expeditions and labourers on islands such as Cuba and Hispaniola . The alarming decline in the native population had spurred the first royal laws protecting them ( Laws of Burgos , 1512 -- 13 ) . The first enslaved Africans arrived in Hispaniola in 1501 . After Portugal had succeeded in establishing sugar plantations ( engenhos ) in northern Brazil ca . 1545 , Portuguese merchants on the West African coast began to supply enslaved Africans to the sugar planters . While at first these planters had relied almost exclusively on the native Tupani for slave labour , after 1570 they began importing Africans , as a series of epidemics had decimated the already destabilized Tupani communities . By 1630 , Africans had replaced the Tupani as the largest contingent of labour on Brazilian sugar plantations . This ended the European medieval household tradition of slavery , resulted in Brazil 's receiving the most enslaved Africans , and revealed sugar cultivation and processing as the reason that roughly 84 % of these Africans were shipped to the New World . Punishing slaves at Calabouco , in Rio de Janeiro , c. 1822 As Britain rose in naval power and settled continental North America and some islands of the West Indies , they became the leading slave traders . At one stage the trade was the monopoly of the Royal Africa Company , operating out of London . But , following the loss of the company 's monopoly in 1689 , Bristol and Liverpool merchants became increasingly involved in the trade . By the late 17th century , one out of every four ships that left Liverpool harbour was a slave trading ship . Much of the wealth on which the city of Manchester , and surrounding towns , was built in the late 18th century , and for much of the 19th century , was based on the processing of slave - picked cotton and manufacture of cloth . Other British cities also profited from the slave trade . Birmingham , the largest gun - producing town in Britain at the time , supplied guns to be traded for slaves . 75 % of all sugar produced in the plantations was sent to London , and much of it was consumed in the highly lucrative coffee houses there . New World destinations Recently bought slaves in Brazil on their way to the farms of the landowners who bought them c. 1830 . A 19th - century lithograph showing a sugarcane plantation in Suriname . The first slaves to arrive as part of a labour force in the New World reached the island of Hispaniola ( now Haiti and the Dominican Republic ) in 1502 . Cuba received its first four slaves in 1513 . Jamaica received its first shipment of 4000 slaves in 1518 . Slave exports to Honduras and Guatemala started in 1526 . The first enslaved Africans to reach what would become the United States arrived in January 1526 as part of a Spanish attempt to colonize San Miguel de Gualdape . By November the 300 Spanish colonists were reduced to 100 , and their slaves from 100 to 70 . The enslaved people revolted and joined a nearby Native American tribe , while the Spanish abandoned the colony altogether ( 1527 ) . The area of the future Colombia received its first enslaved people in 1533 . El Salvador , Costa Rica and Florida began their stints in the slave trade in 1541 , 1563 and 1581 , respectively . The 17th century saw an increase in shipments . Africans arrived in the English colony of Jamestown , Virginia in 1619 . The first kidnapped Africans in English North America were classed as indentured servants and freed after seven years . Virginia law codified chattel slavery in 1656 , and in 1662 the colony adopted the principle of partus sequitur ventrem , which classified children of slave mothers as slaves , regardless of paternity . Irish immigrants took slaves to Montserrat in 1651 , and in 1655 slaves were shipped to Belize . By 1802 , Russian colonists noted that `` Boston '' ( U.S. - based ) skippers were trading African slaves for otter pelts with the Tlingit people in Southeast Alaska . Distribution of slaves ( 1519 -- 1867 ) Destination Percentage Portuguese America 38.5 % British America ( minus North America ) 18.4 % Spanish Empire 17.5 % French Americas 13.6 % British North America 6.45 % English Americas 3.25 % Dutch West Indies 2.0 % Danish West Indies 0.3 % The number of the Africans who arrived in each region is calculated from the total number of slaves imported , about 10,000,000 . Economics of slavery Slaves processing tobacco in 17th - century Virginia In France in the 18th century , returns for investors in plantations averaged around 6 % ; as compared to 5 % for most domestic alternatives , this represented a 20 % profit advantage . Risks -- maritime and commercial -- were important for individual voyages . Investors mitigated it by buying small shares of many ships at the same time . In that way , they were able to diversify a large part of the risk away . Between voyages , ship shares could be freely sold and bought . By far the most financially profitable West Indian colonies in 1800 belonged to the United Kingdom . After entering the sugar colony business late , British naval supremacy and control over key islands such as Jamaica , Trinidad , the Leeward Islands and Barbados and the territory of British Guiana gave it an important edge over all competitors ; while many British did not make gains , a handful of individuals made small fortunes . This advantage was reinforced when France lost its most important colony , St. Domingue ( western Hispaniola , now Haiti ) , to a slave revolt in 1791 and supported revolts against its rival Britain , after the 1793 French revolution in the name of liberty . Before 1791 , British sugar had to be protected to compete against cheaper French sugar . After 1791 , the British islands produced the most sugar , and the British people quickly became the largest consumers . West Indian sugar became ubiquitous as an additive to Indian tea . It has been estimated that the profits of the slave trade and of West Indian plantations created up to one - in - twenty of every pound circulating in the British economy at the time of the Industrial Revolution in the latter half of the 18th century . Effects World population ( in millions ) Year 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1999 World 791 978 1,262 1,650 2,521 5,978 Africa 106 107 111 133 221 767 Asia 502 635 809 947 1,402 3,634 Europe 163 203 276 408 547 729 Latin America and the Caribbean 16 24 38 74 167 511 Northern America 7 26 82 172 307 Oceania 6 13 30 World population ( by percentage distribution ) Year 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1999 World 100 100 100 100 100 100 Africa 13.4 10.9 8.8 8.1 8.8 12.8 Asia 63.5 64.9 64.1 57.4 55.6 60.8 Europe 20.6 20.8 21.9 24.7 21.7 12.2 Latin America and the Caribbean 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.5 6.6 8.5 Northern America 0.3 0.7 2.1 5.0 6.8 5.1 Oceania 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 Historian Walter Rodney has argued that at the start of the slave trade in the 16th century , although there was a technological gap between Europe and Africa , it was not very substantial . Both continents were using Iron Age technology . The major advantage that Europe had was in ship building . During the period of slavery , the populations of Europe and the Americas grew exponentially , while the population of Africa remained stagnant . Rodney contended that the profits from slavery were used to fund economic growth and technological advancement in Europe and the Americas . Based on earlier theories by Eric Williams , he asserted that the industrial revolution was at least in part funded by agricultural profits from the Americas . He cited examples such as the invention of the steam engine by James Watt , which was funded by plantation owners from the Caribbean . Other historians have attacked both Rodney 's methodology and accuracy . Joseph C. Miller has argued that the social change and demographic stagnation ( which he researched on the example of West Central Africa ) was caused primarily by domestic factors . Joseph Inikori provided a new line of argument , estimating counterfactual demographic developments in case the Atlantic slave trade had not existed . Patrick Manning has shown that the slave trade did have a profound impact on African demographics and social institutions , but criticized Inikori 's approach for not taking other factors ( such as famine and drought ) into account , and thus being highly speculative . Effect on the economy of West Africa The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cowrie shells were used as money in the slave trade No scholars dispute the harm done to the enslaved people but the effect of the trade on African societies is much debated , due to the apparent influx of goods to Africans . Proponents of the slave trade , such as Archibald Dalzel , argued that African societies were robust and not much affected by the trade . In the 19th century , European abolitionists , most prominently Dr. David Livingstone , took the opposite view , arguing that the fragile local economy and societies were being severely harmed by the trade . Because the negative effects of slavery on the economies of Africa have been well documented , namely the significant decline in population , some African rulers likely saw an economic benefit from trading their subjects with European slave traders . With the exception of Portuguese controlled Angola , coastal African leaders `` generally controlled access to their coasts , and were able to prevent direct enslavement of their subjects and citizens '' . Thus , as African scholar John Thornton argues , African leaders who allowed the continuation of the slave trade likely derived an economic benefit from selling their subjects to Europeans . The Kingdom of Benin , for instance , participated in the African slave trade , at will , from 1715 to 1735 , surprising Dutch traders , who had not expected to buy slaves in Benin . The benefit derived from trading slaves for European goods was enough to make the Kingdom of Benin rejoin the trans - Atlantic slave trade after centuries of non-participation . Such benefits included military technology ( specifically guns and gunpowder ) , gold , or simply maintaining amicable trade relationships with European nations . The slave trade was , therefore , a means for some African elites to gain economic advantages . Historian Walter Rodney estimates that by c. 1770 , the King of Dahomey was earning an estimated £ 250,000 per year by selling captive African soldiers and enslaved people to the European slave - traders . Many West African countries also already had a tradition of holding slaves , which was expanded into trade with Europeans . The Atlantic trade brought new crops to Africa and also more efficient currencies which were adopted by the West African merchants . This can be interpreted as an institutional reform which reduced the cost of doing business . But the developmental benefits were limited as long as the business including slaving . Both Thornton and Fage contend that while African political elite may have ultimately benefited from the slave trade , their decision to participate may have been influenced more by what they could lose by not participating . In Fage 's article `` Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Context of West African History '' , he notes that for West Africans `` ... there were really few effective means of mobilizing labour for the economic and political needs of the state '' without the slave trade . Effects on the British economy Further information : Historiography of the British Empire § Slavery This map argues that import prohibitions and high duties on sugar were artificially inflating prices and inhibiting manufacturing in England . 1823 Historian Eric Williams in 1944 argued that the profits that Britain received from its sugar colonies , or from the slave trade between Africa and the Caribbean , was a major factor in financing Britain 's industrial revolution . However , he says that by the time of its abolition in 1833 it had lost its profitability and it was in Britain 's economic interest to ban it . Other researchers and historians have strongly contested what has come to be referred to as the `` Williams thesis '' in academia . David Richardson has concluded that the profits from the slave trade amounted to less than 1 % of domestic investment in Britain . Economic historian Stanley Engerman finds that even without subtracting the associated costs of the slave trade ( e.g. , shipping costs , slave mortality , mortality of British people in Africa , defense costs ) or reinvestment of profits back into the slave trade , the total profits from the slave trade and of West Indian plantations amounted to less than 5 % of the British economy during any year of the Industrial Revolution . Engerman 's 5 % figure gives as much as possible in terms of benefit of the doubt to the Williams argument , not solely because it does not take into account the associated costs of the slave trade to Britain , but also because it carries the full - employment assumption from economics and holds the gross value of slave trade profits as a direct contribution to Britain 's national income . Historian Richard Pares , in an article written before Williams ' book , dismisses the influence of wealth generated from the West Indian plantations upon the financing of the Industrial Revolution , stating that whatever substantial flow of investment from West Indian profits into industry there occurred after emancipation , not before . Seymour Drescher and Robert Anstey argue the slave trade remained profitable until the end , and that moralistic reform , not economic incentive , was primarily responsible for abolition . They say slavery remained profitable in the 1830s because of innovations in agriculture . Karl Marx in his influential economic history of capitalism Das Kapital wrote that `` ... the turning of Africa into a warren for the commercial hunting of black - skins , signaled the rosy dawn of the era of capitalist production '' . He argued that the slave trade was part of what he termed the `` primitive accumulation '' of capital , the ' non-capitalist ' accumulation of wealth that preceded and created the financial conditions for Britain 's industrialisation . Demographics A Linen Market with enslaved Africans . West Indies , circa 1780 The demographic effects of the slave trade is a controversial and highly debated issue . Walter Rodney argued that the export of so many people had been a demographic disaster which left Africa permanently disadvantaged when compared to other parts of the world , and it largely explains the continent 's continued poverty . He presented numbers showing that Africa 's population stagnated during this period , while those of Europe and Asia grew dramatically . According to Rodney , all other areas of the economy were disrupted by the slave trade as the top merchants abandoned traditional industries in order to pursue slaving , and the lower levels of the population were disrupted by the slaving itself . Others have challenged this view . J.D. Fage compared the demographic effect on the continent as a whole . David Eltis has compared the numbers to the rate of emigration from Europe during this period . In the 19th century alone over 50 million people left Europe for the Americas , a far higher rate than were ever taken from Africa . Other scholars accused Walter Rodney of mischaracterizing the trade between Africans and Europeans . They argue that Africans , or more accurately African elites , deliberately let European traders join in an already large trade in enslaved people and that they were not patronized . As Joseph E. Inikori argues , the history of the region shows that the effects were still quite deleterious . He argues that the African economic model of the period was very different from the European model , and could not sustain such population losses . Population reductions in certain areas also led to widespread problems . Inikori also notes that after the suppression of the slave trade Africa 's population almost immediately began to rapidly increase , even prior to the introduction of modern medicines . Legacy of racism West Indian Creole woman , with her black servant , circa 1780 Walter Rodney states , `` The role of slavery in promoting racist prejudice and ideology has been carefully studied in certain situations , especially in the USA . The simple fact is that no people can enslave another for four centuries without coming out with a notion of superiority , and when the colour and other physical traits of those peoples were quite different it was inevitable that the prejudice should take a racist form . '' Eric Williams argued that `` A racial twist ( was ) given to what is basically an economic phenomenon . Slavery was not born of racism : rather , racism was the consequence of slavery . '' End of the Atlantic slave trade Main article : Abolitionism See also : Blockade of Africa William Wilberforce ( 1759 -- 1833 ) , politician and philanthropist who was a leader of the movement to abolish the slave trade . In Britain , America , Portugal and in parts of Europe , opposition developed against the slave trade . Davis says that abolitionists assumed `` that an end to slave imports would lead automatically to the amelioration and gradual abolition of slavery '' . In Britain and America , opposition to the trade was led by the Religious Society of Friends ( Quakers ) and establishment Evangelicals such as William Wilberforce . Many people joined the movement and they began to protest against the trade , but they were opposed by the owners of the colonial holdings . Following Lord Mansfield 's decision in 1772 , slaves became free upon entering the British isles . Under the leadership of Thomas Jefferson , the new state of Virginia in 1778 became the first state and one of the first jurisdictions anywhere to stop the importation of slaves for sale ; it made it a crime for traders to bring in slaves from out of state or from overseas for sale ; migrants from other states were allowed to bring their own slaves . The new law freed all slaves brought in illegally after its passage and imposed heavy fines on violators . Denmark , which had been active in the slave trade , was the first country to ban the trade through legislation in 1792 , which took effect in 1803 . Britain banned the slave trade in 1807 , imposing stiff fines for any slave found aboard a British ship ( see Slave Trade Act 1807 ) . The Royal Navy moved to stop other nations from continuing the slave trade and declared that slaving was equal to piracy and was punishable by death . The United States Congress passed the Slave Trade Act of 1794 , which prohibited the building or outfitting of ships in the U.S. for use in the slave trade . In 1807 Congress outlawed the importation of slaves beginning on 1 January 1808 , the earliest date permitted by the United States Constitution for such a ban . William Wilberforce was a driving force in the British Parliament in the fight against the slave trade in the British Empire . On 22 February 1807 , the House of Commons passed a motion 283 votes to 16 to abolish the Atlantic slave trade . The United States abolished the slave trade the same year , but not its internal slave trade which became the dominant character in American slavery until the 1860s . In 1805 the British Order - in - Council had restricted the importation of slaves into colonies that had been captured from France and the Netherlands . Britain continued to press other nations to end its trade ; in 1810 an Anglo - Portuguese treaty was signed whereby Portugal agreed to restrict its trade into its colonies ; an 1813 Anglo - Swedish treaty whereby Sweden outlawed its slave trade ; the Treaty of Paris 1814 where France agreed with Britain that the trade is `` repugnant to the principles of natural justice '' and agreed to abolish the slave trade in five years ; the 1814 Anglo - Netherlands treaty where the Dutch outlawed its slave trade . `` Am I not a woman and a sister ? '' An antislavery medallion from the late 18th century The Royal Navy 's West Africa Squadron , established in 1808 , grew by 1850 to a force of some 25 vessels , which were tasked with combating slavery along the African coast . Between 1807 and 1860 , the Royal Navy 's Squadron seized approximately 1,600 ships involved in the slave trade and freed 150,000 Africans who were aboard these vessels . Several hundred slaves a year were transported by the navy to the British colony of Sierra Leone , where they were made to serve as `` apprentices '' in the colonial economy until the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 . Capture of slave ship El Almirante by the British Royal Navy in the 1800s . HMS Black Joke freed 466 slaves . The last recorded slave ship to land on U.S. soil was the Clotilde , which in 1859 illegally smuggled a number of Africans into the town of Mobile , Alabama . The Africans on board were sold as slaves ; however , slavery in the U.S. was abolished five years later following the end of the American Civil War in 1865 . The last survivor of the voyage was Cudjoe Lewis , who died in 1935 . The last country to ban the Atlantic slave trade was Brazil in 1831 . However , a vibrant illegal trade continued to ship large numbers of enslaved people to Brazil and also to Cuba until the 1860s , when British enforcement and further diplomacy finally ended the Atlantic slave trade . In 1870 Portugal ended the last trade route with the Americas where the last country to import slaves was Brazil . In Brazil , however , slavery itself was not ended until 1888 , making it the last country in the Americas to end involuntary servitude . The historian Walter Rodney contends that it was a decline in the profitability of the triangular trades that made it possible for certain basic human sentiments to be asserted at the decision - making level in a number of European countries - Britain being the most crucial because it was the greatest carrier of African captives across the Atlantic . Rodney states that changes in productivity , technology , and patterns of exchange in Europe and the Americas informed the decision by the British to end their participation in the trade in 1807 . In 1809 President James Madison outlawed the slave trade with the United States . Nevertheless , Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri argue that it was neither a strictly economic nor moral matter . First , because slavery was ( in practice ) still beneficial to capitalism , providing not only an influx of capital but also disciplining hardship into workers ( a form of `` apprenticeship '' to the capitalist industrial plant ) . The more `` recent '' argument of a `` moral shift '' ( the basis of the previous lines of this article ) is described by Hardt and Negri as an `` ideological '' apparatus in order to eliminate the sentiment of guilt in western society . Although moral arguments did play a secondary role , they usually had major resonance when used as a strategy to undercut competitors ' profits . This argument holds that Eurocentric history has been blind to the most important element in this fight for emancipation , precisely , the constant revolt and the antagonism of slaves ' revolts . The most important of those being the Haitian Revolution . The shock of this revolution in 1804 , certainly introduces an essential political argument into the end of the slave trade , which happened only three years later . Legacy African Diaspora House slaves in Brazil c. 1820 , by Jean - Baptiste Debret The African diaspora which was created via slavery has been a complex interwoven part of American history and culture . In the United States , the success of Alex Haley 's book Roots : The Saga of an American Family , published in 1976 , and the subsequent television miniseries based upon it Roots , broadcast on the ABC network in January 1977 , led to an increased interest and appreciation of African heritage amongst the African - American community . The influence of these led many African Americans to begin researching their family histories and making visits to West Africa . In turn , a tourist industry grew up to supply them . One notable example of this is through the Roots Homecoming Festival held annually in the Gambia , in which rituals are held through which African Americans can symbolically `` come home '' to Africa . Issues of dispute have however developed between African Americans and African authorities over how to display historic sites that were involved in the Atlantic slave trade , with prominent voices in the former criticising the latter for not displaying such sites sensitively , but instead treating them as a commercial enterprise . `` Back to Africa '' In 1816 , a group of wealthy European - Americans , some of whom were abolitionists and others who were racial segregationists , founded the American Colonization Society with the express desire of returning African Americans who were in the United States to West Africa . In 1820 , they sent their first ship to Liberia , and within a decade around two thousand African Americans had been settled in the west African country . Such re-settlement continued throughout the 19th century , increasing following the deterioration of race relations in the southern states of the US following Reconstruction in 1877 . Rastafari movement The Rastafari movement , which originated in Jamaica , where 98 % of the population are descended from victims of the Atlantic slave trade , has made great efforts to publicize the slavery and to ensure it is not forgotten , especially through reggae music . Apologies Worldwide In 1998 , UNESCO designated 23 August as International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition . Since then there have been a number of events recognizing the effects of slavery . At the 2001 World Conference Against Racism in Durban , South Africa , African nations demanded a clear apology for slavery from the former slave - trading countries . Some nations were ready to express an apology , but the opposition , mainly from the United Kingdom , Portugal , Spain , the Netherlands , and the United States blocked attempts to do so . A fear of monetary compensation might have been one of the reasons for the opposition . As of 2009 , efforts are underway to create a UN Slavery Memorial as a permanent remembrance of the victims of the Atlantic slave trade . Benin In 1999 , President Mathieu Kerekou of Benin ( formerly the Kingdom of Dahomey ) issued a national apology for the role Africans played in the Atlantic slave trade . Luc Gnacadja , minister of environment and housing for Benin , later said : `` The slave trade is a shame , and we do repent for it . '' Researchers estimate that 3 million slaves were exported out of the Slave Coast bordering the Bight of Benin . France On 30 January 2006 , Jacques Chirac ( the then French President ) said that 10 May would henceforth be a national day of remembrance for the victims of slavery in France , marking the day in 2001 when France passed a law recognising slavery as a crime against humanity . Ghana President Jerry Rawlings of Ghana also apologized for his country 's involvement in the slave trade . Nigeria In 2009 , the Civil Rights Congress of Nigeria has written an open letter to all African chieftains who participated in trade calling for an apology for their role in the Atlantic slave trade : `` We can not continue to blame the white men , as Africans , particularly the traditional rulers , are not blameless . In view of the fact that the Americans and Europe have accepted the cruelty of their roles and have forcefully apologized , it would be logical , reasonable and humbling if African traditional rulers ... ( can ) accept blame and formally apologize to the descendants of the victims of their collaborative and exploitative slave trade . '' Uganda In 1998 , President Yoweri Museveni of Uganda called tribal chieftains to apologize for their involvement in the slave trade : `` African chiefs were the ones waging war on each other and capturing their own people and selling them . If anyone should apologise it should be the African chiefs . We still have those traitors here even today . '' United Kingdom On 9 December 1999 , Liverpool City Council passed a formal motion apologizing for the City 's part in the slave trade . It was unanimously agreed that Liverpool acknowledges its responsibility for its involvement in three centuries of the slave trade . The City Council has made an unreserved apology for Liverpool 's involvement and the continual effect of slavery on Liverpool 's Black communities . On 27 November 2006 , British Prime Minister Tony Blair made a partial apology for Britain 's role in the African slavery trade . However African rights activists denounced it as `` empty rhetoric '' that failed to address the issue properly . They feel his apology stopped shy to prevent any legal retort . Blair again apologized on March 14 , 2007 . On 24 August 2007 , Ken Livingstone ( Mayor of London ) apologized publicly for London 's role in the slave trade . `` You can look across there to see the institutions that still have the benefit of the wealth they created from slavery '' , he said pointing towards the financial district , before breaking down in tears . He claimed that London was still tainted by the horrors of slavery . Jesse Jackson praised Mayor Livingstone and added that reparations should be made . United states On 24 February 2007 , the Virginia General Assembly passed House Joint Resolution Number 728 acknowledging `` with profound regret the involuntary servitude of Africans and the exploitation of Native Americans , and call for reconciliation among all Virginians '' . With the passing of that resolution , Virginia became the first of the 50 United States to acknowledge through the state 's governing body their state 's involvement in slavery . The passing of this resolution came on the heels of the 400th - anniversary celebration of the city of Jamestown , Virginia , which was the first permanent English colony to survive in what would become the United States . Jamestown is also recognized as one of the first slave ports of the American colonies . On 31 May 2007 , the Governor of Alabama , Bob Riley , signed a resolution expressing `` profound regret '' for Alabama 's role in slavery and apologizing for slavery 's wrongs and lingering effects . Alabama is the fourth state to pass a slavery apology , following votes by the legislatures in Maryland , Virginia , and North Carolina . On 30 July 2008 , the United States House of Representatives passed a resolution apologizing for American slavery and subsequent discriminatory laws . The language included a reference to the `` fundamental injustice , cruelty , brutality and inhumanity of slavery and Jim Crow '' segregation . On 18 June 2009 , the United States Senate issued an apologetic statement decrying the `` fundamental injustice , cruelty , brutality , and inhumanity of slavery '' . The news was welcomed by President Barack Obama . See also Wikisource has original text related to this article : On the Horrors of the Slave Trade Atlantic history Triangular trade Arab slave trade Barbary slave trade History of slavery Piracy Slave ship Slave Trade Acts Slavery in Africa Slavery in Canada Slavery in the colonial United States Slavery in the United States Indian indenture system Slavery in contemporary Africa United States labor law References Jump up ^ `` The capture and sale of slaves '' . Liverpool : International Slavery Museum . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mannix , Daniel ( 1962 ) . Black Cargoes . The Viking Press . pp. Introduction -- 1 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Weber , Greta ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Shipwreck Shines Light on Historic Shift in Slave Trade '' . National Geographic Society . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Klein , Herbert S. , and Jacob Klein . The Atlantic Slave Trade . Cambridge University Press , 1999 , pp. 103 -- 139 . 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Jump up ^ Osei - Tutu 2006 . Jump up ^ Handley 2006 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` Reggae and slavery '' , BBC , 9 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ending the Slavery Blame - Game '' , The New York Times , 22 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Benin Officials Apologize For Role In U.S. Slave Trade '' . Chicago Tribune , 1 May 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Chirac names slavery memorial day '' . BBC News , 30 January 2006 . Accessed 22 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , David . `` African chiefs urged to apologise for slave trade '' . BBC News . Retrieved 1 March 2014 . Jump up ^ National Museums Liverpool , `` Liverpool and the transatlantic slave trade '' . Accessed 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Blair ' sorrow ' over slave trade '' . BBC News , 27 November 2006 . Accessed 15 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Blair ' sorry ' for UK slavery role '' . BBC News , 14 March 2007 . Accessed 15 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Livingstone breaks down in tears at slave trade memorial '' . Daily Mail , 24 August 2007 . Accessed 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Muir , Hugh ( 24 August 2007 ) . `` Livingstone weeps as he apologises for slavery '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 July 2014 . Jump up ^ House Joint Resolution Number 728 . Commonwealth of Virginia . Accessed 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` Alabama Governor Joins Other States in Apologizing For Role in Slavery '' . Fox News , 31 May 2007 . Accessed 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Fears , Darryl . `` House Issues An Apology For Slavery '' . The Washington Post , 30 July 2008 , p . A03 . Accessed 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Agence France - Presse . `` Obama praises ' historic ' Senate slavery apology '' . Google News , 18 June 2009 . Accessed 22 July 2009 . Bibliography Academic books Austen , Ralph ( 1987 ) . African Economic History : Internal Development and External Dependency . London : James Currey . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85255 - 009 - 0 . Christopher , Emma ( 2006 ) . Slave Ship Sailors and Their Captive Cargoes , 1730 -- 1807 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 67966 - 4 . Rodney , Walter ( 1972 ) . How Europe Underdeveloped Africa . London : Bogle L'Ouverture . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9501546 - 4 - 0 . Thornton , John ( 1998 ) . Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World , 1400 -- 1800 ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 62217 - 2 . Academic articles Handley , Fiona J.L. ( 2006 ) . `` Back to Africa : Issues of hosting `` Roots '' tourism in West Africa `` . African Re-Genesis : Confronting Social Issues in the Diaspora . London : UCL Press : 20 -- 31 . Osei - Tutu , Brempong ( 2006 ) . `` Contested Monuments : African - Americans and the commoditization of Ghana 's slave castles '' . African Re-Genesis : Confronting Social Issues in the Diaspora . London : UCL Press : 09 -- 19 . Revealing Histories , Remembering Slavery . Non-academic sources Further reading Anstey , Roger : The Atlantic Slave Trade and British Abolition , 1760 -- 1810 . London : Macmillan , 1975 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 14846 - 0 . Blackburn , Robin ( 2011 ) . The American Crucible : Slavery , Emancipation and Human Rights . London & New York : Verso . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84467 - 569 - 2 . Clarke , Dr. John Henrik : Christopher Columbus and the Afrikan Holocaust : Slavery and the Rise of European Capitalism . Brooklyn , NY : A & B Books , 1992 . ISBN 1 - 881316 - 14 - 9 . Curtin , Philip D. : The Atlantic Slave Trade . University of Wisconsin Press , 1969 . Daudin , Guillaume : `` Profitability of slave and long distance trading in context : the case of eighteenth century France '' , Journal of Economic History , 2004 . Drescher , Seymour : From Slavery to Freedom : Comparative Studies in the Rise and Fall of Atlantic Slavery . London : Macmillan Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 73748 - 2 . Eltis , David : `` The volume and structure of the transatlantic slave trade : a reassessment '' , William and Mary Quarterly ( 2001 ) : 17 - 46 . in JSTOR Emmer , Pieter C. : The Dutch in the Atlantic Economy , 1580 -- 1880 . Trade , Slavery and Emancipation . Variorum Collected Studies Series CS614 . Aldershot ( u.a. ) : Variorum , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 86078 - 697 - 8 . Eli Faber ( 1998 ) . Jews , Slaves , and the Slave Trade : Setting the Record Straight . NYU Press . ISBN 9780814728796 . , argues the role was minimal Gleeson , David T. , and Simon Lewis ( eds ) : Ambiguous Anniversary : The Bicentennial of the International Slave Trade Bans ( University of South Carolina Press ; 2012 ) 207 pp . Gomez , Michael Angelo : Exchanging Our Country Marks ( The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and AnteBellum South ) . Chapel Hill , N.C. : The University of North Carolina Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4694 - 5 . Guasco , Michael . Slaves and Englishmen : Human Bondage in the Early Modern Atlantic . Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press , 2014 . Hall , Gwendolyn Midlo : Slavery and African Ethnicities in the Americas : Restoring the Links . Chapel Hill , N.C. : The University of North Carolina Press , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2973 - 0 . Horne , Gerald : The Deepest South : The United States , Brazil , and the African Slave Trade . New York , NY : New York University Press , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 3688 - 3 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 3689 - 0 . Inikori , Joseph E. , and Stanley L. Engerman ( eds ) ( 1992 ) . The Atlantic Slave Trade : Effects on Economies , Societies and Peoples in Africa , the Americas , and Europe . Duke UP . ISBN 0822382377 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Klein , Herbert S. : The Atlantic Slave Trade ( 2nd edn , 2010 ) . Lindsay , Lisa A. Captives as Commodities : The Transatlantic Slave Trade . Prentice Hall , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 194215 - 8 McMillin , James A . The Final Victims : Foreign Slave Trade to North America , 1783 -- 1810 , ( Includes database on CD - ROM ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 57003 - 546 - 3 Meltzer , Milton : Slavery : A World History . New York : Da Capo Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80536 - 7 . Northrup , David : The Atlantic Slave Trade ( 3rd edn , 2010 ) Rawley , James A. , and Stephen D. Behrendt : The Transatlantic Slave Trade : A History ( University of Nebraska Press , 2005 ) Rediker , Marcus ( 2007 ) . The Slave Ship : A Human History . New York , NY : Viking Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 01823 - 9 . Rodney , Walter : How Europe Underdeveloped Africa . Washington , D.C. : Howard University Press ; Revised edn , 1981 . ISBN 0 - 88258 - 096 - 5 . Rodriguez , Junius P. ( ed . ) , Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World . Armonk , NY : M.E. Sharpe , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 1257 - 1 . Solow , Barbara ( ed . ) , Slavery and the Rise of the Atlantic System . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 40090 - 2 . Thomas , Hugh : The Slave Trade : The History of the Atlantic Slave Trade 1440 -- 1870 . London : Picador , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 330 - 35437 - X. ; comprehensive history Thornton , John : Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World , 1400 -- 1800 , 2nd edn Cambridge University Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 62217 - 4 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 62724 - 9 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 59370 - 0 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 59649 - 1 . Williams , Eric ( 1994 ) ( 1944 ) . Capitalism & Slavery . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2175 - 6 . Araujo , Ana Lucia . Public Memory of Slavery : Victims and Perpetrators in the South Atlantic Cambria Press , 2010 . ISBN 9781604977141 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Slavery . Voyages : The Trans - Atlantic Slave Trade Database BBC Africa Quick guide : The slave trade Teaching resources about Slavery and Abolition on blackhistory4schools.com British documents on slave holding and the slave trade , 1788 -- 1793 Africa articles History Chronology Antiquity North Africa Archaeology Pre-colonial kingdoms Bantu expansion Arab conquest Exploration European colonisation Slavery Atlantic Arab Scramble for Africa Decolonisation By topic Economic Empires Historiography Military conflicts By region Central East North South West Geography Countries and territories Highest points Impact craters Islands Natural history Regions Central East North South West Rivers Politics African Union Elections Heads of government Heads of state Human rights LGBT rights Linguistic rights Religious rights Women 's rights International organisations Pan-African Parliament Pan-Africanism Politics parties United States of Africa Economy Central banks and currencies Countries by GDP ( nominal ) Countries by GDP ( PPP ) Countries by HDI Education Internet Millionaires Natural resources Poverty Renewable energy Stock exchanges Society Caste systems Circumcision Etiquette Infrastructure Languages Philosophy Culture Architecture Art contemporary Cinema films film festivals Cuisine Literature writers by country Media Newspapers Radio TV Music musicians guitarists Religion Irreligion World Heritage Sites Sport African Cricket Association African Games Afro - 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Anderson Jared Maurice Arter Solomon Bayley Polly Berry Henry Bibb Leonard Black Henry `` Box '' Brown John Brown William Wells Brown Peter Bruner ( 1845 KY -- 1938 OH ) Ellen and William Craft Hannah Crafts Lucinda Davis Noah Davis Lucy Delaney Ayuba Suleiman Diallo Frederick Douglass Kate Drumgoold Jordan Winston Early ( 1814 -- after 1894 ) Sarah Jane Woodson Early David George Moses Grandy William Green ( 19th century MD ) William Grimes Josiah Henson Fountain Hughes ( 1848 / 1854 VA -- 1957 ) John Andrew Jackson Harriet Ann Jacobs John Jea Thomas James ( minister ) Paul Jennings ( 1799 -- 1874 ) Elizabeth Keckley Boston King Lunsford Lane J. Vance Lewis Jermain Wesley Loguen Solomon Northup John Parker ( 1827 VA -- 1900 ) William Parker James Robert Moses Roper Omar ibn Said William Henry Singleton Venture Smith Austin Steward ( 1793 VA -- 1860 ) Venerable Pierre Toussaint ( 1766 Saint - Dominque -- 1853 NY ) Harriet Tubman Wallace Turnage Bethany Veney Booker T. Washington Wallace Willis ( 19th century Indian Territory ) Harriet E. Wilson Zamba Zembola ( b.c. 1780 Congo ) See also Treatment of slaves in the US , Exodus narrative in Antebellum America , Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas South America Osifekunde ( c. 1795 Nigeria -- ? Brazil ) Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua ( 1845 -- 1847 , Brazil ) Non-fiction books The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano ( 1789 ) The Narrative of Robert Adams ( 1816 ) American Slavery as It Is ( 1839 ) Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass , an American Slave ( 1845 ) The Life of Josiah Henson ( 1849 ) Twelve Years a Slave ( 1853 ) My Bondage and My Freedom ( 1855 ) Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl ( 1861 ) The Underground Railroad Records ( 1872 ) Life and Times of Frederick Douglass ( 1881 ) Up from Slavery ( 1901 ) The Peculiar Institution ( 1956 ) The Slave Community ( 1972 ) Fiction / novels Oroonoko ( 1688 ) Sab ( 1841 ) Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1852 ) The Heroic Slave ( 1852 ) Clotel ( 1853 ) Dred : A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp ( 1856 ) The Bondwoman 's Narrative ( 1853 ? -- 1861 ? ) Our Nig ( 1859 ) Jubilee ( 1966 ) Confessions of Nat Turner ( 1967 ) Roots : The Saga of an American Family ( 1976 ) Underground to Canada ( 1977 ) Kindred ( 1979 ) Dessa Rose ( 1986 ) Beloved ( 1987 ) Middle Passage ( 1990 ) Queen : The Story of an American Family ( 1993 ) Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons ( 1996 ) Ama : A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade ( 2001 ) Walk Through Darkness ( 2002 ) The Known World ( 2003 ) Unburnable ( 2006 ) Copper Sun ( 2006 ) The Book of Negroes ( 2007 ) Young adult books Amos Fortune , Free Man ( 1951 ) I , Juan de Pareja ( 1965 ) The Slave - girl from Jerusalem ( 2007 ) Essay To a Southern Slaveholder ( 1848 ) A Key to Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1853 ) Plays The Escape ; or , A Leap for Freedom ( 1858 ) The Octoroon ( 1859 ) Related African - American literature Caribbean literature Films featuring slavery Songs of the Underground Railroad Book of Negroes ( 1783 ) Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book ( 1847 ) Slave Songs of the United States ( 1867 ) Amazing Grace : An Anthology of Poems about Slavery ( 2002 ) The Hemingses of Monticello ( 2008 ) Documentaries Unchained Memories ( 2003 ) Frederick Douglass and the White Negro ( 2008 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_slave_trade&oldid=800683397 '' Categories : Black British history Forced migration African slave trade Colonization of the Americas Racism European colonisation in Africa Early Modern period Slavery in the United States History of sugar History of the Caribbean Slavery in the British Empire Trade routes Slavery in North America Slavery in South America History of the Americas History of the Atlantic Ocean History of English colonialism Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2011 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from April 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2014 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2016 NPOV disputes from December 2013 All NPOV disputes CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Patois Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Zeêuws 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 01 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the atlantic slave trade start and end	[ "The Atlantic slave trade or transatlantic slave trade involved the transportation by slave traders of enslaved African people, mainly from Africa to the Americas, and then their sale there. The slave trade used mainly the triangular trade route and its Middle Passage, and existed from the 16th to the 19th centuries. The vast majority of those who were enslaved and transported in the transatlantic slave trade were Africans from central and western Africa, who had been sold by other West Africans to Western European slave traders (with a small number being captured directly by the slave traders in coastal raids), who brought them to the Americas.[1] The South Atlantic and Caribbean economies especially were dependent on the supply of secure labour for the production of commodity crops, making goods and clothing to sell in Europe. This was crucial to those western European countries which, in the late 17th and 18th centuries, were vying with each other to create overseas empires.[2]" ]	[ "the 16th to the 19th centuries" ]
-9126739229199104131	The Boss Baby	The Boss Baby - wikipedia The Boss Baby Jump to : navigation , search The Boss Baby Theatrical release poster Directed by Tom McGrath Produced by Ramsey Ann Naito Written by Michael McCullers Based on The Boss Baby by Marla Frazee Starring Alec Baldwin Steve Buscemi Miles Bakshi Jimmy Kimmel Lisa Kudrow Narrated by Tobey Maguire Music by Hans Zimmer Steve Mazzaro Edited by James Ryan Production company DreamWorks Animation Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date March 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) ( Miami ) March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) ( United States ) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $125 million Box office $528 million The Boss Baby is a 2017 American computer - animated comedy film loosely based on the 2010 picture book of the same name by Marla Frazee and produced by DreamWorks Animation . Directed by Tom McGrath and written by Michael McCullers , the film stars the voices of Alec Baldwin as the title character , along with Miles Bakshi , Steve Buscemi , Jimmy Kimmel , Lisa Kudrow , and Tobey Maguire . The plot follows a baby who is a secret agent in the war for adults ' love between babies and puppies . The Boss Baby premiered at the Miami International Film Festival on March 12 , 2017 , and was released by 20th Century Fox on March 31 , 2017 . Upon release , the film received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $528 million worldwide against its $125 million budget . The film received Best Animated Feature nominations at both the Academy Awards and Golden Globes ( losing both to Coco ) . A sequel is scheduled to be released on March 26 , 2021 , while a Netflix TV series , The Boss Baby : Back in Business premiered April 6 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Franchise 7.1 Sequel 7.2 Television series 8 References 9 External links Plot A man named Tim Templeton tells a story about his 7 - year - old self and his parents , Ted and Janice . One day , Tim is surprised when an infant wearing a business suit arrives at his house in a taxi , and Ted and Janice call him Tim 's little brother . Tim is envious of the attention the baby receives , not to mention suspicious when the infant acts odd around him . Soon , Tim learns that the baby can talk like an adult , and he introduces himself as `` The Boss '' . Seeing an opportunity to be rid of him , Tim decides to record a conversation between the Boss Baby and other toddlers who are at Tim 's house for a meeting . The Boss Baby and the other infants catch Tim with the recording , and the cassette tape is terminated after the Boss Baby threatens to tear up Tim 's favorite stuffed animal , Lam - Lam . With no evidence to support him , Tim 's parents ground him for three weeks . The Boss Baby apologizes to Tim and has him suck on a pacifier that transports them to Baby Corp. , a place where infants with adult - like minds work to preserve infant love everywhere . The Boss Baby explains that he was sent to see why puppies are being loved more than infants . He has infiltrated Tim 's residence because his parents work for Puppy Co. , which will unleash a new puppy on pet convention in Las Vegas . The Boss Baby stays intelligent by drinking a `` Secret Baby Formula '' that enables a baby to act like an adult . However , if a baby does not drink it after a period of time , he or she becomes a regular baby . When they overhear Boss Baby 's boss threaten to fire him for not bringing in information , which would strip him of his formula and strand him at the Templetons , he and Tim agree to work together to prevent that . Tim 's parents lift the grounding and take them to Puppy Co. for take your child to work day . While there , they slip away and find what they think is the plans for a `` Forever Puppy '' , but they are captured by the company 's founder and CEO , Francis E. Francis . They discover that Francis used to be the head of Baby Corp. and Boss Baby 's idol , but was fired when it was discovered that his lactose intolerance kept the secret formula from working properly . Francis intends to have the Forever Puppies overshadow babies by stealing Boss Baby 's serum bottle and infecting the puppies with it . Tim 's parents go with Francis to Las Vegas , and Francis has his brother Eugene pose as Tim and Boss Baby 's babysitter to keep them from interfering . Without a steady flow of formula to keep his intelligence in check , Boss Baby starts becoming a normal baby . Despite this , he and Tim evade the `` babysitter '' long enough to reach the airport but are too late to intercept Tim 's parents . They sneak on to another plane bound for Las Vegas . There , they stall Francis ' presentation when Eugene unwittingly gives away their plan . Furious at their interference , Francis locks Tim 's parents up so he can burn them with exhaust from a rocket used to launch the Forever Puppies . Tim and Boss Baby defeat Eugene and move on to save their parents but are intercepted by Francis . Tim and Boss Baby push him off a ledge , making Francis tumble into the formula . Boss Baby opens the rocket to let the puppies out so they can save Tim 's parents . His return to baby state is complete while on the rocket , but the baby starts crying and Tim sings to him with the family song to show his appreciation , causing him to jump off the rocket before it launches . After the rocket does launch , Francis tries to attack Boss Baby , but is picked up by Eugene and tells Tim that `` This time we 'll raise him right '' . Boss Baby is promoted and leaves . Tim goes back to being an only child , but he and Boss Baby miss each other . After Tim writes a letter convincing him to live with him as his brother , Boss Baby returns to the Templeton family as a regular baby named Theodore Lindsey `` Ted '' Templeton . Back in the present , Tim is now an adult and the father of two daughters , one of whom acts like Ted did when he was Boss Baby . Voice cast Alec Baldwin at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con Alec Baldwin as Theodore Templeton / Boss Baby , a baby with the mind of an adult Miles Bakshi as Timothy `` Tim '' Templeton Boss Baby 's 7 - year - old brother Tobey Maguire as an adult Tim , the narrator Steve Buscemi as Francis E. Francis , the CEO of Puppy Co and the former CEO of BabyCorp and Boss Baby 's arch - nemesis Jimmy Kimmel as Ted Templeton , Janice 's husband and Tim 's father Lisa Kudrow as Janice Templeton , Ted 's wife and Tim 's mother Conrad Vernon as Eugene Francis , Francis E. Francis ' brother and minion James McGrath as Wizzie , Tim 's Gandalf-esque alarm clock David Soren as Jimbo Nina Zoe Bakshi as Tim 's Daughter , Girl , Little Girl Tom McGrath as TV Chef Walt Dohrn as Photographer James Ryan as Story Bear Eric Bell Jr. as Triplets ViviAnn Yee as Staci Edie Mirman as The Big Boss Baby , Boss Baby 's big boss James McGrath and James Izzo as Elvis impersonators Production Upon reading the original book on which the film is based McGrath felt a connection to it , as he had an older brother and felt like `` the boss baby of the family '' . In keeping with that theme he stated , in an interview with Den of Geek , that `` My personal goal with this was to watch this movie with my brother , and to see how it affected him ! '' , which resulted in McGrath 's brothers being moved to tears by the completed film . The look of the film was inspired by design techniques popularized by in the 1960s , as well as animated films from both 60s and 50s . This was due to McGrath 's belief that contemporary animated films focused too much on realism . To help his staff McGrath would play the opening scene of Lady and the Tramp for new hires specifically noting that the film `` should be easy on the eyes and really lead your eye to what 's important in the shot . Director Tom McGrath at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con In September 2014 , Alec Baldwin and Kevin Spacey joined the cast of the film , with further casting news announced in June 2016 , including Steve Buscemi replacing Spacey . Miles Bakshi , son of the DreamWorks Animation 's producer Gina Shay and grandson of the film director Ralph Bakshi , provided the voice of 7 - year old Tim . He was 10 when he began recording the voice . During the long process , his voice started to change and `` by the end it got pretty tough '' , according to Bakshi , who was 14 when the film was released . He had to get his voice `` very soft , but when I got that perfect tone it was great . '' Having been often present at DreamWorks , McGrath initially asked him only to provide a temporary voice for Tim to see if the character `` worked '' . They still had to listen to between 30 and 40 children to choose the scratch voice . McGrath explained their decision : `` No one sounded as authentic as Miles did . A lot of child actors are great , but they are over-articulate for their age . Miles was just natural and charming . He had a little slur to his voice at the time and it was very endearing . '' Three years later , Miles was told that he got the part . Music The film was scored by Hans Zimmer , along with Steve Mazzaro and various artists . The film 's soundtrack was released on Back Lot Music & iTunes . `` Blackbird '' by The Beatles is used as part of the plot at various points throughout the film . `` My House '' by Flo Rida is also used in the trailer for the film . Release The Boss Baby was initially scheduled for release on March 18 , 2016 , but was later pushed back to March 31 , 2017 . The film premiered at the Miami Film Festival on March 12 , 2017 , and was released in the United States on March 31 , 2017 , by 20th Century Fox . Home Media The Boss Baby was released on Digital HD on July 4 , 2017 , and was released on DVD , Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D and Ultra HD Blu - ray on July 25 , 2017 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . The releases also include a new short film , The Boss Baby and Tim 's Treasure Hunt Through Time . Reception Box office The Boss Baby grossed $175 million in the United States and Canada and $352.9 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $527.9 million . In North America , The Boss Baby opened alongside Ghost in the Shell and The Zookeeper 's Wife , and was initially projected to gross around $30 million from 3,773 theaters in its opening weekend . However , after grossing $1.5 million from Thursday night previews and $15.5 million on Friday , weekend projections were increased to $50 million . It ended up debuting to $50.2 million , finishing first at the box office . It remained atop the box office in its second weekend , grossing $26.3 million . Critical response On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , The Boss Baby has an approval rating of 52 % based on 162 reviews , with an average rating of 5.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The Boss Baby 's talented cast , glimmers of wit , and flashes of visual inventiveness ca n't make up for a thin premise and a disappointing willingness to settle for doody jokes . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 50 out of 100 , based on 32 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , while those under 18 ( who made up 41 % of the attendence ) gave it an `` A + '' . Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times praised Baldwin and the adult humor , saying : `` The contrast between the helpless - infant stage of life and corporate - speak is funny but fairly high - concept for a kiddie movie , and the plot grows denser as it goes along and the baby and Tim reluctantly join forces to stop a conspiracy by which puppies would corner all the love in the world . '' Accolades Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Academy Awards March 4 , 2018 Best Animated Feature Tom McGrath and Ramsey Ann Naito Nominated Annie Awards February 3 , 2018 Best Animated Feature Ramsey Ann Naito Nominated Character Animation in an Animated Feature Production Bryce McGovern Nominated Rani Naamani Nominated Character Design in an Animated Feature Production Joe Moshier Nominated Directing in an Animated Feature Production Tom McGrath Nominated Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production Glenn Harmon Nominated Golden Globe Awards January 7 , 2018 Best Animated Feature Film Tom McGrath Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 16 , 2017 Best Original Score -- Animated Film Hans Zimmer , Steve Mazzaro Nominated Online Film Critics Society December 28 , 2017 Best Voice - Over Performance Alec Baldwin Nominated Producers Guild of America Award January 20 , 2018 Outstanding Producer of Animated Theatrical Motion Picture Ramsey Ann Naito Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society December 11 , 2017 Best Animated Film The Boss Baby Runner - up Satellite Awards February 10 , 2018 Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature Nominated Saturn Awards June 2018 Best Animated Film The Boss Baby Pending Visual Effects Society Awards February 13 , 2018 Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature Alec Baldwin , Carlos Puertolas , Rani Naamani , Joe Moshier for `` Boss Baby '' Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in an Animated Feature Mitul Patel , Gaurav Mathus , Venkatesh Kongathi Nominated Franchise Sequel On May 25 , 2017 , Universal Pictures and DreamWorks announced a sequel is set to be released on March 26 , 2021 , with Alec Baldwin reprising his role . Television series Main article : The Boss Baby : Back in Business On December 12 , 2017 , DreamWorks Animation and Netflix announced that an animated series based on the film , titled The Boss Baby : Back in Business , would be planned for a 2018 release . References Jump up ^ `` The Boss Baby '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Boss Baby Tops Beauty and the Beast at Box Office for Second Week '' . Screen Rant. April 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Boss Baby ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Alec Baldwin and Kevin Spacey to Voice Star in DreamWorks Animation 's ' Boss Baby ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( September 18 , 2015 ) . `` Hugh Jackman 's ' Greatest Showman on Earth ' Pushed a Year to Christmas 2017 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : https://variety.com/2018/film/news/list-2018-oscar-nominations-1202668757/ Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globe Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amderton , Ethan ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation 's ' The Boss Baby ' Is Like an Animated ' Glengarry Glen Ross ' for Kids ( Comic - Con 2016 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Jimmy Kimmel , Lisa Kudrow , Patton Oswalt Join Voicecast of ' Boss Baby ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hopewell , John ; Mayorga , Emilio ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Annecy : Tom McGrath Unveils Alec Baldwin - Starrer ' Boss Baby ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Sneak peek : Alec Baldwin is ' The Boss Baby ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Popp , Olivia . `` ' The Boss Baby ' director and producer on life , laughs and a love for animation '' . The Stanford Daily . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom McGrath interview : Boss Baby , animation , George Lucas '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Failes , Ian . `` Drawing On Classic References , ' Boss Baby ' Director Tom McGrath Explores A Fresh Look '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Will ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Boss Baby : Jimmy Kimmel , Lisa Kudrow , Steve Buscemi added to voice cast '' . ew.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ King , Susan ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Miles Bakshi continues a family animation tradition with ' The Boss Baby ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wloszczyna , Susan ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Review - The Boss Baby '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kung Fu Panda 3 ' Moves Out of 2015 to Avoid ' Star Wars ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 11 , 2014 . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Release Schedule - New Dates & Changes '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Boss Baby '' . Miami Film Festival . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , John ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Boss Baby ' : Review '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Milligan , Mercedes ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Boss Baby ' Gets Home Delivery in July '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Boss Baby , ' ' Ghost in the Shell ' to Battle ' Beauty and the Beast ' This Weekend '' . TheWrap . March 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Boss Baby ' Cleans ' Beauty And The Beast 's Clock With $51 M+ Opening ; ' Ghost ' Shell - Shocked At $20 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Boss Baby ' Crawls Ahead Of ' Beauty ' With $26 M+ ; ' Smurfs ' Lost In 3rd With $14 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Boss Baby ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Boss Baby Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' The Boss Baby ' Puts Alec Baldwin in Diapers , Sort Of '' . The New York Times . March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Annie Awards : Disney / Pixar 's ' Coco ' Tops Nominations '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Golden Globe nominations 2018 : The list Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : Full Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clayton Davis ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` Online Film Critics Society Nominees -- ' A Ghost Story ' and ' mother ! ' Make the Cut '' . AwardsCircuit.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Producers Guild Awards : ' Get Out , ' ' Wonder Woman ' Among Film Nominees '' . Variety . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 San Diego Film Critics Society 's Award Winners '' . San Diego Film Critics Society . December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . The Wrap . November 29 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alec Baldwin Returns In ' The Boss Baby 2 ' , Crawling To Theaters In 2021 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' She - Ra ' Reboot , ' Boss Baby ' Score Netflix Series Through DreamWorks Animation '' . TheWrap . December 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Boss Baby . Official website The Boss Baby at Fox Movies The Boss Baby on IMDb The Boss Baby at The Big Cartoon DataBase The Boss Baby at Rotten Tomatoes The Boss Baby at Box Office Mojo ( hide ) DreamWorks Animation A subsidiary of NBCUniversal , a Comcast company Feature films Antz ( 1998 ) The Prince of Egypt ( 1998 ) The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) Joseph : King of Dreams ( 2000 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron ( 2002 ) Sinbad : Legend of the Seven Seas ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Shark Tale ( 2004 ) Madagascar ( 2005 ) Over the Hedge ( 2006 ) Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) Bee Movie ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa ( 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) Megamind ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda 2 ( 2011 ) Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) The Croods ( 2013 ) Turbo ( 2013 ) Mr. Peabody & Sherman ( 2014 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Penguins of Madagascar ( 2014 ) Home ( 2015 ) Kung Fu Panda 3 ( 2016 ) Trolls ( 2016 ) The Boss Baby ( 2017 ) Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ( 2017 ) Produced with Aardman Chicken Run ( 2000 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Flushed Away ( 2006 ) Upcoming How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World ( 2019 ) Abominable ( 2019 ) Trolls 2 ( 2020 ) The Croods 2 ( 2020 ) The Boss Baby 2 ( 2021 ) Spooky Jack ( 2021 ) Franchises Shrek ( since 2001 ) Madagascar ( since 2005 ) Kung Fu Panda ( since 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 -- 14 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( since 2010 ) Tales of Arcadia ( since 2016 ) TV series Toonsylvania ( 1998 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) Alienators : Evolution Continues ( 2001 -- 02 ) Father of the Pride ( 2004 -- 05 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2008 -- 15 ) Neighbors from Hell ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2011 -- 16 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( 2012 -- 18 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2013 -- 14 ) Turbo FAST ( 2013 -- 16 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) All Hail King Julien ( 2014 -- 17 ) The Adventures of Puss in Boots ( 2015 -- 18 ) Dawn of the Croods ( 2015 - 2017 ) Dinotrux ( since 2015 ) The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show ( 2015 - 17 ) Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh ( since 2016 ) Noddy , Toyland Detective ( since 2016 ) Trollhunters ( 2016 - 2018 ) Voltron : Legendary Defender ( since 2016 ) VeggieTales in the City ( 2017 ) Spirit Riding Free ( since 2017 ) Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the name of the baby in boss baby	[ "\nAlec Baldwin as Theodore Templeton / Boss Baby, a baby with the mind of an adult[4]\nMiles Bakshi as Timothy \"Tim\" Templeton[8] Boss Baby's 7-year-old brother[9][10]\n\nTobey Maguire as an adult Tim, the narrator[11]\n\n\nSteve Buscemi as Francis E. Francis, the CEO of Puppy Co and the former CEO of BabyCorp and Boss Baby's arch-nemesis[9]\nJimmy Kimmel as Ted Templeton, Janice's husband and Tim's father[9]\nLisa Kudrow as Janice Templeton, Ted's wife and Tim's mother[9]\nConrad Vernon as Eugene Francis, Francis E. Francis' brother and minion\nJames McGrath as Wizzie, Tim's Gandalf-esque alarm clock\nDavid Soren as Jimbo\nNina Zoe Bakshi as Tim's Daughter, Girl, Little Girl\nTom McGrath as TV Chef\nWalt Dohrn as Photographer\nJames Ryan as Story Bear\nEric Bell Jr. as Triplets\nViviAnn Yee as Staci\nEdie Mirman as The Big Boss Baby, Boss Baby's big boss\nJames McGrath and James Izzo as Elvis impersonators\n" ]	[ "Theodore Templeton" ]
4831753022296537643	The Star-Spangled Banner	The Star - Spangled Banner - wikipedia The Star - Spangled Banner `` Star - Spangled Banner '' and `` National anthem of the USA '' redirect here . For the flag that flew over Fort McHenry , see Star - Spangled Banner ( flag ) . For the present flag , see Flag of the United States . For the national anthem of the Union of South Africa , see Die Stem van Suid - Afrika . `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' The earliest surviving sheet music of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , from 1814 . National anthem of the United States Lyrics Francis Scott Key , 1814 Music John Stafford Smith , c. 1773 Adopted March 3 , 1931 ; 87 years ago ( 1931 - 03 - 03 ) Audio sample `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' ( instrumental ) file help `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' is the national anthem of the United States . The lyrics come from `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , a poem written on September 14 , 1814 , by the then 35 - year - old lawyer and amateur poet Francis Scott Key after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by British ships of the Royal Navy in Baltimore Harbor during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812 . Key was inspired by the large U.S. flag , with 15 stars and 15 stripes , known as the Star - Spangled Banner , flying triumphantly above the fort during the U.S. victory . The poem was set to the tune of a popular British song written by John Stafford Smith for the Anacreontic Society , a men 's social club in London . `` To Anacreon in Heaven '' ( or `` The Anacreontic Song '' ) , with various lyrics , was already popular in the United States . Set to Key 's poem and renamed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , it soon became a well - known U.S. patriotic song . With a range of 19 semitones , it is known for being very difficult to sing . Although the poem has four stanzas , only the first is commonly sung today . `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' was recognized for official use by the United States Navy in 1889 , and by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in 1916 , and was made the national anthem by a congressional resolution on March 3 , 1931 ( 46 Stat. 1508 , codified at 36 U.S.C. § 301 ) , which was signed by President Herbert Hoover . Before 1931 , other songs served as the hymns of U.S. officialdom . `` Hail , Columbia '' served this purpose at official functions for most of the 19th century . `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' , whose melody is identical to `` God Save the Queen '' , the United Kingdom 's national anthem , also served as a de facto national anthem . Following the War of 1812 and subsequent U.S. wars , other songs emerged to compete for popularity at public events , among them `` America the Beautiful '' . Contents 1 Early history 1.1 Francis Scott Key 's lyrics 1.2 John Stafford Smith 's music 1.3 National anthem 2 Modern history 2.1 Performances 2.2 200th anniversary celebrations 2.3 Adaptations 3 Lyrics 3.1 Additional Civil War period lyrics 3.1. 1 Alternative lyrics 4 References in film , television , literature 5 Customs and federal law 6 Protests 6.1 1968 Olympics Black Power salute 6.2 2016 protests 6.3 NAACP call to remove the national anthem 7 Translations 8 Media 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links 12.1 Historical audio Early history Francis Scott Key 's lyrics Francis Scott Key 's original manuscript copy of his `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' poem . It is now on display at the Maryland Historical Society . On September 3 , 1814 , following the Burning of Washington and the Raid on Alexandria , Francis Scott Key and John Stuart Skinner set sail from Baltimore aboard the ship HMS Minden , flying a flag of truce on a mission approved by President James Madison . Their objective was to secure an exchange of prisoners , one of whom was Dr. William Beanes , the elderly and popular town physician of Upper Marlboro and a friend of Key 's who had been captured in his home . Beanes was accused of aiding the arrest of British soldiers . Key and Skinner boarded the British flagship HMS Tonnant on September 7 and spoke with Major General Robert Ross and Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane over dinner while the two officers discussed war plans . At first , Ross and Cochrane refused to release Beanes but relented after Key and Skinner showed them letters written by wounded British prisoners praising Beanes and other Americans for their kind treatment . Because Key and Skinner had heard details of the plans for the attack on Baltimore , they were held captive until after the battle , first aboard HMS Surprise and later back on HMS Minden . After the bombardment , certain British gunboats attempted to slip past the fort and effect a landing in a cove to the west of it , but they were turned away by fire from nearby Fort Covington , the city 's last line of defense . An artist 's rendering of the battle at Fort McHenry During the rainy night , Key had witnessed the bombardment and observed that the fort 's smaller `` storm flag '' continued to fly , but once the shell and Congreve rocket barrage had stopped , he would not know how the battle had turned out until dawn . On the morning of September 14 , the storm flag had been lowered and the larger flag had been raised . During the bombardment , HMS Terror and HMS Meteor provided some of the `` bombs bursting in air '' . The 15 - star , 15 - stripe `` Star - Spangled Banner '' that inspired the poem Key was inspired by the U.S. victory and the sight of the large U.S. flag flying triumphantly above the fort . This flag , with fifteen stars and fifteen stripes , had been made by Mary Young Pickersgill together with other workers in her home on Baltimore 's Pratt Street . The flag later came to be known as the Star - Spangled Banner and is today on display in the National Museum of American History , a treasure of the Smithsonian Institution . It was restored in 1914 by Amelia Fowler , and again in 1998 as part of an ongoing conservation program . Aboard the ship the next day , Key wrote a poem on the back of a letter he had kept in his pocket . At twilight on September 16 , he and Skinner were released in Baltimore . He completed the poem at the Indian Queen Hotel , where he was staying , and titled it `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' . It was first published nationally in The Analectic Magazine . Much of the idea of the poem , including the flag imagery and some of the wording , is derived from an earlier song by Key , also set to the tune of `` The Anacreontic Song '' . The song , known as `` When the Warrior Returns '' , was written in honor of Stephen Decatur and Charles Stewart on their return from the First Barbary War . Absent elaboration by Francis Scott Key prior to his death in 1843 , some have speculated in modern times about the meaning of phrases or verses . According to British historian Robin Blackburn , the words `` the hireling and slave '' allude to the thousands of ex-slaves in the British ranks organised as the Corps of Colonial Marines , who had been liberated by the British and demanded to be placed in the battle line `` where they might expect to meet their former masters . '' Nevertheless , Professor Mark Clague , a professor of musicology at the University of Michigan , argues that the `` middle two verses of Key 's lyric vilify the British enemy in the War of 1812 '' and `` in no way glorifies or celebrates slavery . '' Clague writes that `` For Key ... the British mercenaries were scoundrels and the Colonial Marines were traitors who threatened to spark a national insurrection . '' This harshly anti-British nature of Verse 3 led to its omission in sheet music in World War I , when the British and the U.S. were allies . Responding to the assertion of writer Jon Schwarz of The Intercept that the song is a `` celebration of slavery , '' Clague said that : `` The reference to slaves is about the use and in some sense the manipulation , of black Americans to fight for the British , with the promise of freedom . The American forces included African - Americans as well as whites . The term ' freemen , ' whose heroism is celebrated in the fourth stanza , would have encompassed both . '' Others suggest that `` Key may have intended the phrase as a reference to the British Navy 's practice of impressment ( kidnapping sailors and forcing them to fight in defense of the crown ) , or as a semi-metaphorical slap at the British invading force as a whole ( which included a large number of mercenaries ) . '' John Stafford Smith 's music Sheet music version Play ( help info ) The memorial to John Stafford Smith in Gloucester Cathedral , Gloucester , England Key gave the poem to his brother - in - law Judge Joseph H. Nicholson who saw that the words fit the popular melody `` The Anacreontic Song '' , by English composer John Stafford Smith . This was the official song of the Anacreontic Society , an 18th - century gentlemen 's club of amateur musicians in London . Nicholson took the poem to a printer in Baltimore , who anonymously made the first known broadside printing on September 17 ; of these , two known copies survive . On September 20 , both the Baltimore Patriot and The American printed the song , with the note `` Tune : Anacreon in Heaven '' . The song quickly became popular , with seventeen newspapers from Georgia to New Hampshire printing it . Soon after , Thomas Carr of the Carr Music Store in Baltimore published the words and music together under the title `` The Star Spangled Banner '' , although it was originally called `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' . Thomas Carr 's arrangement introduced the raised fourth which became the standard deviation from `` The Anacreontic Song '' . The song 's popularity increased and its first public performance took place in October when Baltimore actor Ferdinand Durang sang it at Captain McCauley 's tavern . Washington Irving , then editor of the Analectic Magazine in Philadelphia , reprinted the song in November 1814 . By the early 20th century , there were various versions of the song in popular use . Seeking a singular , standard version , President Woodrow Wilson tasked the U.S. Bureau of Education with providing that official version . In response , the Bureau enlisted the help of five musicians to agree upon an arrangement . Those musicians were Walter Damrosch , Will Earhart , Arnold J. Gantvoort , Oscar Sonneck and John Philip Sousa . The standardized version that was voted upon by these five musicians premiered at Carnegie Hall on December 5 , 1917 , in a program that included Edward Elgar 's Carillon and Gabriel Pierné 's The Children 's Crusade . The concert was put on by the Oratorio Society of New York and conducted by Walter Damrosch . An official handwritten version of the final votes of these five men has been found and shows all five men 's votes tallied , measure by measure . National anthem Commemorative plaque in Washington , D.C. marking the site at 601 Pennsylvania Avenue where `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' was first publicly sung One of two surviving copies of the 1814 broadside printing of the `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , a poem that later became the lyrics of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , the national anthem of the United States . The song gained popularity throughout the 19th century and bands played it during public events , such as Independence Day celebrations . A plaque displayed at Fort Meade , South Dakota , claims that the idea of making `` The Star Spangled Banner '' the national anthem began on their parade ground in 1892 . Colonel Caleb Carlton , Post Commander , established the tradition that the song be played `` at retreat and at the close of parades and concerts . '' Carlton explained the custom to Governor Sheldon of South Dakota who `` promised me that he would try to have the custom established among the state militia . '' Carlton wrote that after a similar discussion , Secretary of War , Daniel E. Lamont issued an order that it `` be played at every Army post every evening at retreat . '' In 1899 , the U.S. Navy officially adopted `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . In 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson ordered that `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' be played at military and other appropriate occasions . The playing of the song two years later during the seventh - inning stretch of Game One of the 1918 World Series , and thereafter during each game of the series is often cited as the first instance that the anthem was played at a baseball game , though evidence shows that the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' was performed as early as 1897 at opening day ceremonies in Philadelphia and then more regularly at the Polo Grounds in New York City beginning in 1898 . In any case , the tradition of performing the national anthem before every baseball game began in World War II . On April 10 , 1918 , John Charles Linthicum , U.S. Congressman from Maryland , introduced a bill to officially recognize `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the national anthem . The bill did not pass . On April 15 , 1929 , Linthicum introduced the bill again , his sixth time doing so . On November 3 , 1929 , Robert Ripley drew a panel in his syndicated cartoon , Ripley 's Believe it or Not ! , saying `` Believe It or Not , America has no national anthem '' . In 1930 , Veterans of Foreign Wars started a petition for the United States to officially recognize `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the national anthem . Five million people signed the petition . The petition was presented to the United States House Committee on the Judiciary on January 31 , 1930 . On the same day , Elsie Jorss - Reilley and Grace Evelyn Boudlin sang the song to the Committee to refute the perception that it was too high pitched for a typical person to sing . The Committee voted in favor of sending the bill to the House floor for a vote . The House of Representatives passed the bill later that year . The Senate passed the bill on March 3 , 1931 . President Herbert Hoover signed the bill on March 4 , 1931 , officially adopting `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the national anthem of the United States of America . As currently codified , the United States Code states that `` ( t ) he composition consisting of the words and music known as the Star - Spangled Banner is the national anthem . '' Modern history Main article : Performances and adaptations of The Star - Spangled Banner Performances This section may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( November 2012 ) Crowd performing the U.S. national anthem before a baseball game at Coors Field The song is notoriously difficult for nonprofessionals to sing because of its wide range -- a 12th . Humorist Richard Armour referred to the song 's difficulty in his book It All Started With Columbus . In an attempt to take Baltimore , the British attacked Fort McHenry , which protected the harbor . Bombs were soon bursting in air , rockets were glaring , and all in all it was a moment of great historical interest . During the bombardment , a young lawyer named Francis Off Key ( sic ) wrote `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , and when , by the dawn 's early light , the British heard it sung , they fled in terror . -- Richard Armour Professional and amateur singers have been known to forget the words , which is one reason the song is sometimes pre-recorded and lip - synced . Other times the issue is avoided by having the performer ( s ) play the anthem instrumentally instead of singing it . The pre-recording of the anthem has become standard practice at some ballparks , such as Boston 's Fenway Park , according to the SABR publication The Fenway Project . `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' is traditionally played at the beginning of public sports events and orchestral concerts in the United States , as well as other public gatherings . The National Hockey League and Major League Soccer both require venues in both the U.S. and Canada to perform both the Canadian and U.S. national anthems at games that involve teams from both countries ( with the `` away '' anthem being performed first ) . It is also usual for both U.S. and Canadian anthems ( done in the same way as the NHL and MLS ) to be played at Major League Baseball and National Basketball Association games involving the Toronto Blue Jays and the Toronto Raptors ( respectively ) , the only Canadian teams in those two major U.S. sports leagues , and in All Star Games on the MLB , NBA , and NHL . The Buffalo Sabres of the NHL , which play in a city on the Canada -- US border and have a substantial Canadian fan base , play both anthems before all home games regardless of where the visiting team is based . Two especially unusual performances of the song took place in the immediate aftermath of the United States September 11 attacks . On September 12 , 2001 , the Queen broke with tradition and allowed the Band of the Coldstream Guards to perform the anthem at Buckingham Palace , London , at the ceremonial Changing of the Guard , as a gesture of support for Britain 's ally . The following day at a St. Paul 's Cathedral memorial service , the Queen joined in the singing of the anthem , an unprecedented occurrence . 200th anniversary celebrations The 200th anniversary of the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' occurred in 2014 with various special events occurring throughout the United States . A particularly significant celebration occurred during the week of September 10 -- 16 in and around Baltimore , Maryland . Highlights included playing of a new arrangement of the anthem arranged by John Williams and participation of President Obama on Defender 's Day , September 12 , 2014 , at Fort McHenry . In addition , the anthem bicentennial included a youth music celebration including the presentation of the National Anthem Bicentennial Youth Challenge winning composition written by Noah Altshuler . Adaptations See also : The Star Spangled Banner ( Whitney Houston recording ) O'er the ramparts we watch in a 1945 United States Army Air Forces poster The first popular music performance of the anthem heard by the mainstream U.S. was by Puerto Rican singer and guitarist José Feliciano . He created a nationwide uproar when he strummed a slow , blues - style rendition of the song at Tiger Stadium in Detroit before game five of the 1968 World Series , between Detroit and St. Louis . This rendition started contemporary `` Star - Spangled Banner '' controversies . The response from many in the Vietnam War - era U.S. was generally negative . Despite the controversy , Feliciano 's performance opened the door for the countless interpretations of the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' heard in the years since . One week after Feliciano 's performance , the anthem was in the news again when U.S. athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos lifted controversial raised fists at the 1968 Olympics while the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' played at a medal ceremony . Marvin Gaye gave a soul - influenced performance at the 1983 NBA All - Star Game and Whitney Houston gave a soulful rendition before Super Bowl XXV in 1991 , which was released as a single that charted at number 20 in 1991 and number 6 in 2001 ( along with José Feliciano , the only times the national anthem has been on the Billboard Hot 100 ) . In 1993 , Kiss did an instrumental rock version as the closing track on their album , Alive III . Another famous instrumental interpretation is Jimi Hendrix 's version , which was a set - list staple from autumn 1968 until his death in September 1970 , including a famous rendition at the Woodstock music festival in 1969 . Incorporating sonic effects to emphasize the `` rockets ' red glare '' , and `` bombs bursting in air '' , it became a late - 1960s emblem . Roseanne Barr gave a controversial performance of the anthem at a San Diego Padres baseball game at Jack Murphy Stadium on July 25 , 1990 . The comedian belted out a screechy rendition of the song , and afterward , she attempted a gesture of ballplayers by spitting and grabbing her crotch as if adjusting a protective cup . The performance offended some , including the sitting U.S. President , George H.W. Bush . Sufjan Stevens has frequently performed the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' in live sets , replacing the optimism in the end of the first verse with a new coda that alludes to the divisive state of the nation today . David Lee Roth both referenced parts of the anthem and played part of a hard rock rendition of the anthem on his song , `` Yankee Rose '' on his 1986 solo album , Eat ' Em and Smile . Steven Tyler also caused some controversy in 2001 ( at the Indianapolis 500 , to which he later issued a public apology ) and again in 2012 ( at the AFC Championship Game ) with a cappella renditions of the song with changed lyrics . In 2016 , Aretha Franklin performed a rendition before the nationally - televised Minnesota Vikings - Detroit Lions Thanksgiving Day game lasting more than four minutes and featuring a host of improvizations . It would be one of Franklin 's last public appearances before her 2018 death . A version of Aerosmith 's Joe Perry and Brad Whitford playing part of the song can be heard at the end of their version of `` Train Kept A-Rollin ' '' on the Rockin ' the Joint album . The band Boston gave an instrumental rock rendition of the anthem on their Greatest Hits album . The band Crush 40 made a version of the song as opening track from the album Thrill of the Feel ( 2000 ) . In March 2005 , a government - sponsored program , the National Anthem Project , was launched after a Harris Interactive poll showed many adults knew neither the lyrics nor the history of the anthem . Lyrics O say can you see , by the dawn 's early light , What so proudly we hailed at the twilight 's last gleaming , Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight , O'er the ramparts we watched , were so gallantly streaming ? And the rockets ' red glare , the bombs bursting in air , Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there ; O say does that star - spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ? On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep , Where the foe 's haughty host in dread silence reposes , What is that which the breeze , o'er the towering steep , As it fitfully blows , half conceals , half discloses ? Now it catches the gleam of the morning 's first beam , In full glory reflected now shines in the stream : ' Tis the star - spangled banner , O long may it wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave . And where is that band who so vauntingly swore That the havoc of war and the battle 's confusion , A home and a country , should leave us no more ? Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps ' pollution . No refuge could save the hireling and slave From the terror of flight , or the gloom of the grave : And the star - spangled banner in triumph doth wave , O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave . O thus be it ever , when freemen shall stand Between their loved homes and the war 's desolation . Blest with vict'ry and peace , may the Heav'n rescued land Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation ! Then conquer we must , when our cause it is just , And this be our motto : ' In God is our trust . ' And the star - spangled banner in triumph shall wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ! Cover of sheet music for `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , transcribed for piano by Ch . Voss , Philadelphia : G. Andre & Co. , 1862 Additional Civil War period lyrics In indignation over the start of the American Civil War , Oliver Wendell Holmes , Sr. added a fifth stanza to the song in 1861 , which appeared in songbooks of the era . Following the election of Donald Trump to the Presidency , and the accompanying rise of right - wing mass movements in the U.S. , there has been renewed interest in the verse , with particular attention being paid to the words `` foe from within '' . When our land is illumined with Liberty 's smile , If a foe from within strike a blow at her glory , Down , down with the traitor that dares to defile The flag of her stars and the page of her story ! By the millions unchained , who our birthright have gained , We will keep her bright blazon forever unstained ! And the Star - Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave While the land of the free is the home of the brave . Alternative lyrics In a version hand - written by Francis Scott Key in 1840 , the third line reads `` Whose bright stars and broad stripes , through the clouds of the fight '' . In honour of the 1986 rededication of the Statue of Liberty , Sandi Patty wrote an additional verse to the anthem . References in film , television , Literature Several films have their titles taken from the song 's lyrics . These include two films titled Dawn 's Early Light ( 2000 and 2005 ) ; two made - for - TV features titled By Dawn 's Early Light ( 1990 and 2000 ) ; two films titled So Proudly We Hail ( 1943 and 1990 ) ; a feature film ( 1977 ) and a short ( 2005 ) titled Twilight 's Last Gleaming ; and four films titled Home of the Brave ( 1949 , 1986 , 2004 , and 2006 ) . A 1936 short titled `` The Song of a Nation '' from Warner Brothers shows a version of the origin of the song . Customs and federal law Plaque detailing how the custom of standing during the U.S. national anthem came about in Tacoma , Washington , on October 18 , 1893 , in the Bostwick building When the U.S. national anthem was first recognized by law in 1931 , there was no prescription as to behavior during its playing . On June 22 , 1942 , the law was revised indicating that those in uniform should salute during its playing , while others should simply stand at attention , men removing their hats . The same code also required that women should place their hands over their hearts when the flag is displayed during the playing of the national anthem , but not if the flag was not present . On December 23 , 1942 , the law was again revised instructing men and women to stand at attention and face in the direction of the music when it was played . That revision also directed men and women to place their hands over their hearts only if the flag was displayed . Those in uniform were required to salute . On July 7 , 1976 , the law was simplified . Men and women were instructed to stand with their hands over their hearts , men removing their hats , irrespective of whether or not the flag was displayed and those in uniform saluting . On August 12 , 1998 , the law was rewritten keeping the same instructions , but differentiating between `` those in uniform '' and `` members of the Armed Forces and veterans '' who were both instructed to salute during the playing whether or not the flag was displayed . Because of the changes in law over the years and confusion between instructions for the Pledge of Allegiance versus the National Anthem , throughout most of the 20th century many people simply stood at attention or with their hands folded in front of them during the playing of the Anthem , and when reciting the Pledge they would hold their hand ( or hat ) over their heart . After 9 / 11 , the custom of placing the hand over the heart during the playing of the national anthem became nearly universal . Since 1998 , federal law ( viz. , the United States Code 36 U.S.C. § 301 ) states that during a rendition of the national anthem , when the flag is displayed , all present including those in uniform should stand at attention ; Non-military service individuals should face the flag with the right hand over the heart ; Members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are present and not in uniform may render the military salute ; military service persons not in uniform should remove their headdress with their right hand and hold the headdress at the left shoulder , the hand being over the heart ; and Members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are in uniform should give the military salute at the first note of the anthem and maintain that position until the last note . The law further provides that when the flag is not displayed , all present should face toward the music and act in the same manner they would if the flag were displayed . Military law requires all vehicles on the installation to stop when the song is played and all individuals outside to stand at attention and face the direction of the music and either salute , in uniform , or place the right hand over the heart , if out of uniform . The law was amended in 2008 , and since allows military veterans to salute out of uniform , as well . The text of 36 U.S.C. § 301 is suggestive and not regulatory in nature . Failure to follow the suggestions is not a violation of the law . This behavioral requirement for the national anthem is subject to the same First Amendment controversies that surround the Pledge of Allegiance . For example , Jehovah 's Witnesses do not sing the national anthem , though they are taught that standing is an `` ethical decision '' that individual believers must make based on their `` conscience . '' Protests Main article : U.S. national anthem protests 1968 Olympics Black Power salute Main article : 1968 Olympics Black Power salute The 1968 Olympics Black Power salute was a political demonstration conducted by African - American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos during their medal ceremony at the 1968 Summer Olympics in the Olympic Stadium in Mexico City . After having won gold and bronze medals respectively in the 200 - meter running event , they turned on the podium to face their flags , and to hear the American national anthem , `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . Each athlete raised a black - gloved fist , and kept them raised until the anthem had finished . In addition , Smith , Carlos , and Australian silver medalist Peter Norman all wore human rights badges on their jackets . In his autobiography , Silent Gesture , Smith stated that the gesture was not a `` Black Power '' salute , but a `` human rights salute '' . The event is regarded as one of the most overtly political statements in the history of the modern Olympic Games . 2016 protests Main article : U.S. national anthem protests ( 2016 -- present ) Politically motivated protests of the national anthem began in the National Football League ( NFL ) after San Francisco 49ers quarterback ( QB ) Colin Kaepernick sat during the anthem , as opposed to the tradition of standing , in response to police brutality in America , before his team 's third preseason game of 2016 . Kaepernick also sat during the first two preseason games , but he went unnoticed . NAACP call to remove the national anthem In November 2017 , the California Chapter of the NAACP called on Congress to remove `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the national anthem . Alice Huffman , California NAACP president said : `` it 's racist ; it does n't represent our community , it 's anti-black . '' The third stanza of the anthem , which is rarely sung and few know , contains the words , `` No refuge could save the hireling and slave , From the terror of flight , or the gloom of the grave : '' , which some interpret as racist . The organization was still seeking a representative to sponsor the legislation in Congress at the time of their announcement . Translations As a result of immigration to the United States and the incorporation of non-English speaking people into the country , the lyrics of the song have been translated into other languages . In 1861 , it was translated into German . The Library of Congress also has record of a Spanish - language version from 1919 . It has since been translated into Hebrew and Yiddish by Jewish immigrants , Latin American Spanish ( with one version popularized during immigration reform protests in 2006 ) , French by Acadians of Louisiana , Samoan , and Irish . The third verse of the anthem has also been translated into Latin . With regard to the indigenous languages of North America , there are versions in Navajo and Cherokee . Media The Star - Spangled Banner ( 1915 ) A 1915 recording of the Star - Spangled Banner as sung by Margaret Woodrow Wilson , daughter of Woodrow Wilson The Star - Spangled Banner ( 1942 ) Fred Waring and His Pennsylvanians sing The Star - Spangled Banner in 1942 The Star - Spangled Banner ( 1953 ) A 1953 instrumental recording by the United States Marine Corps band The Star Spangled Banner ( circa 2000 ) An instrumental recording by the United States Navy Band . Problems playing these files ? See media help . Play media ( 1944 ) Play media ( 1940 ) See also Music portal United States portal In God We Trust Sign - on and sign - off References ^ Jump up to : `` '' Star - Spangled Banner '' Is Now Official Anthem `` . The Washington Post . March 5 , 1931 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Defence of Fort M'Henry Library of Congress '' . Loc.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` My country ' tis of thee ( Song Collection ) '' . The Library of Congress . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Lois Leo ( 1990 ) . Encyclopedia of Nationalism . Paragon House . p. 13 . ISBN 1 - 55778 - 167 - 2 . Jump up ^ British Rockets at the US National Park Service , Fort McHenry National Monument , and Historic Shrine . Retrieved February 2008 . Archived April 3 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` John Wiley & Sons : 200 Years of Publishing -- Birth of the New American Literature : 1807 -- 1826 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' . The Analectic magazine . 4 : 433 -- 434 . November 1814 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` When the Warrior Returns -- Key '' . Potw.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Blackburn , Robin ( 1988 ) . The Overthrdow of Colonial Slavery , 1776 -- 1848 . pp. 288 -- 290 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Clague ( 2016 - 08 - 31 ) . `` ' Star - Spangled Banner ' critics miss the point '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Colin Kaepernick Is Righter Than You Know : The National Anthem Is a Celebration of Slavery '' . Theintercept.com. 2016 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Is the National Anthem Racist ? Beyond the Debate Over Colin Kaepernick '' . The New York Times . 3 September 2016 . Archived from the original on 2 November 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ' The Star - Spangled Banner ' and Slavery '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Clague , Mark , and Jamie Vander Broek . `` Banner moments : the national anthem in American life '' . University of Michigan , 2014 . 4 . Jump up ^ `` Oratorio Society of New York -- Star Spangled Banner '' . Oratoriosocietyofny.org . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Standardization Manuscript for `` The Star Spangled Banner '' Antiques Roadshow `` . PBS . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Plaque , Fort Meade , erected 1976 by the Fort Meade V.A. Hospital and the South Dakota State Historical Society ^ Jump up to : Cavanaugh , Ray ( July 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Star - Spangled Banner : an American anthem with a very British beginning '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs vs Red Sox 1918 World Series : A Tradition is Born '' . Baseballisms.com. 2011 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Anthem Hearing Is Set For January 31 '' . The Baltimore Sun . January 23 , 1930 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Company News -- Ripley Entertainment Inc '' . Ripleysnewsroom.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` 5,000,000 Sign for Anthem : Fifty - Mile Petition Supports `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Bill `` . The New York Times . January 19 , 1930 . p. 31 . Jump up ^ `` 5,000,000 Plea For U.S. Anthem : Giant Petition to Be Given Judiciary Committee of Senate Today '' . The Washington Post . January 31 , 1930 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Committee Hears Star - Spangled Banner Sung : Studies Bill to Make It the National Anthem '' . The New York Times . February 1 , 1930 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star - Spangled Banner ' Favored As Anthem in Report to House '' . The New York Times . February 5 , 1930 . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Star Spangled Banner ' Is Voted National Anthem by Congress '' . The New York Times . March 4 , 1931 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ 36 U.S.C. § 301 . Jump up ^ `` The Fenway Project -- Part One '' . Red Sox Connection . May 2004 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Allen , Kevin ( 2003 - 03 - 23 ) . `` NHL Seeks to Stop Booing For a Song '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Fanzone , A -- Z Guide : National Anthems '' . Buffalo Sabres . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . If you are interested in singing the National Anthems at a sporting event at First Niagara Center , you must submit a DVD or CD of your performance of both the Canadian & American National Anthems ... Jump up ^ Graves , David ( September 14 , 2001 ) `` Palace breaks with tradition in musical tribute '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 Jump up ^ Steyn , Mark ( September 17 , 2001 ) . `` The Queen 's Tears / And global resolve against terrorism '' . National Review . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Michael E. Ruane ( September 11 , 2014 ) . `` Francis Scott Key 's anthem keeps asking : Have we survived as a nation ? '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 2014 - 11 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 52 -- The Soul Reformation : Phase three , soul music at the summit . ( Part 8 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Track 5 . Jump up ^ Paul White , USA Today Sports ( October 14 , 2012 ) . `` Jose Feliciano 's once - controversial anthem kicks off NLCS '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jose Feliciano Personal account about the anthem performance Archived 2015 - 10 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Letofsky , Irv ( July 28 , 1990 ) . `` Roseanne Is Sorry -- but Not That Sorry '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AOL Radio -- Listen to Free Online Radio -- Free Internet Radio Stations and Music Playlists '' . Spinner.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` That time Aretha Franklin dazzled America on Thanksgiving with national anthem '' . WJBK . August 13 , 2018 . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Harris Interactive poll on `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` . Tnap.org . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Francis Scott Key , The Star Spangled Banner ( lyrics ) , 1814 , MENC : The National Association for Music Education National Anthem Project ( archived from the original Archived January 26 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . on 2013 - 01 - 26 ) . Jump up ^ Butterworth , Hezekiah ; Brown , Theron ( 1906 ) . `` The Story of the Hymns and Tunes '' . George H. Doran Co. : 335 . Jump up ^ The soldier 's companion : dedicated ... Books.google.com. 1865 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Why We Should Sing ' The Star - Spangled Banner 's ' Obscure Fifth Verse '' . KQED. 2017 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Library of Congress image '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1986-09-25/features/8603110651_1_sandi-patti-national-anthem-songs Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light ( 2000 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light ( 2005 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light TV ( 1990 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light TV ( 2000 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ So Proudly We Hail ( 1943 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ So Proudly We Hail ( 1990 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Twilight 's Last Gleaming ( 1977 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Twilight 's Last Gleaming ( 2005 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 1949 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 1986 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 2004 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 2006 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , Jump up ^ `` Public Laws , June 22 , 1942 '' . June 22 , 1942 . Jump up ^ `` 77th Congress , 2nd session '' . uscode.house.gov . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Public law , July 7 , 1976 '' . uscode.house.gov . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duane Streufert . `` A website dedicated to the Flag of the United States of America -- United States Code '' . USFlag.org . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Code '' . Uscode.house.gov . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ The Circle School v. Phillips , 270 F. Supp . 2d 616 , 622 ( E.D. Pa. 2003 ) . Jump up ^ `` Highlights of the Beliefs of Jehovah 's Witnesses '' . Towerwatch.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Botting , Gary Norman Arthur ( 1993 ) . Fundamental freedoms and Jehovah 's Witnesses . University of Calgary Press . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 895176 - 06 - 3 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Chryssides , George D. ( 2008 ) . Historical Dictionary of Jehovah 's Witnesses . Scarecrow Press . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6074 - 2 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Richard ( 8 October 2006 ) . `` Caught in Time : Black Power salute , Mexico , 1968 '' . The Sunday Times . London . Retrieved 9 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Sandritter , Mark . `` A timeline of Colin Kaepernick 's national anthem protest and the NFL players who joined him '' . SB Nation . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National anthem lyrics prompt California NAACP to call for replacing song '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Das Star - Spangled Banner , US Library of Congress . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ La Bandera de las Estrellas , US Library of Congress . Retrieved May 31 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Hebrew Version Jump up ^ Abraham Asen , The Star Spangled Banner in pool , 1745 , Joe Fishstein Collection of Yiddish Poetry , McGill University Digital Collections Programme . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Day to Day . `` A Spanish Version of ' The Star - Spangled Banner ' '' . NPR . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ David Émile Marcantel , La Bannière Étoilée Archived 2013 - 05 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . on Musique Acadienne . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Zimmer , Benjamin ( 2006 - 04 - 29 ) . `` The ' ' Samoa News ' ' reporting of a Samoan version '' . Itre.cis.upenn.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' An Bhratach Gheal - Réaltach ' ' -- Irish version '' . Daltai.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Christopher M. Brunelle , Third Verse in Latin , 1999 Jump up ^ `` Gallup Independent , 25 March 2005 '' . Gallupindependent.com. 2005 - 03 - 25 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Schedule for the Presidential Inauguration 2007 , Navajo Nation Government '' . Navajo.org. 2007 - 01 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Cherokee Phoenix , Accessed 2009 - 08 - 15 '' . Cherokeephoenix.org . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Further reading Ferris , Marc . Star - Spangled Banner : The Unlikely Story of America 's National Anthem . Johns Hopkins University Press , 2014 . ISBN 9781421415185 OCLC 879370575 Leepson , Marc . What So Proudly We Hailed : Francis Scott Key , a Life . Palgrave Macmillan , 2014 . ISBN 9781137278289 OCLC 860395373 External links `` New book reveals the dark history behind the Star Spangled Banner , '' CBS This Morning , September 13 , 2014 . `` Star - Spangled History : 5 Facts About the Making of the National Anthem , '' Biography.com . `` ' Star - Spangled Banner ' writer had a complex record on race , '' Mary Carole McCauley , ' ' Baltimore Sun , July 26 , 2014 . `` The Man Behind The National Anthem Paid Little Attention To It . '' NPR 's `` Hear and Now , '' July 4 , 2017 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Star - Spangled Banner . Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Star - Spangled Banner Look up haughty or rampart in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Star - Spangled Banner ( Memory ) : American Treasures of the Library of Congress `` How the National Anthem Has Unfurled ; ' The Star - Spangled Banner ' Has Changed a Lot in 200 Years . '' By William Robin . June 27 , 2014 The New York Times C - SPAN American History TV tour of the Smithsonian National Museum of American History Star - Spangled Banner exhibit Historical audio The Star Spangled Banner , The Diamond Four , 1898 The Star Spangled Banner , Margaret Woodrow Wilson , 1915 National anthems of North America Independent countries Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies American West Indies Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands British West Indies Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands Dutch Caribbean Aruba Bonaire Curaçao Saba Sint Eustatius ( Statia ) Sint Maarten French West Indies Guadeloupe Martinique Saint - Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Kingdom of Denmark Greenland National anthems of Oceania and the Pacific Islands National anthems Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Regional anthems American Samoa ( U.S. ) Cook Islands ( N.Z. ) Easter Island ( Chile ) French Polynesia ( France ) Guam ( U.S. ) Hawaii ( U.S. ) New Caledonia ( France ) Niue ( N.Z. ) Northern Mariana Islands ( U.S. ) Pitcairn Islands ( U.K. ) Tokelau ( N.Z. ) United States Minor Outlying Islands ( U.S. ) Wallis and Futuna ( France ) Former anthems Marshall Islands ( 1977 -- 91 ) Federated States of Micronesia ( 1979 -- 91 ) War of 1812 Battles Campaigns Origins Chronology Results People Isaac Brock Andrew Jackson Francis Scott Key James Madison Laura Secord Tecumseh Places Fort Detroit / Shelby Illinois Indiana Kentucky Battles Baltimore Beaver Dams Chateauguay Crysler 's Farm Frenchtown Lundy 's Lane New Orleans Queenston Heights Spur 's Defeat Thames Washington Songs `` The Bold Canadian '' `` The Hunters of Kentucky '' `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Other Books Opposition in United States War of 1812 Bicentennial Related Tecumseh 's War Creek War Portal National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' `` This Land Is Your Land '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park GND : 4756592 - 5 LCCN : n50081577 NARA : 10676426 VIAF : 186293289 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Star-Spangled_Banner&oldid=855472394 '' Categories : 1814 compositions 1814 in the United States American patriotic songs History of Baltimore Maryland in the War of 1812 National anthems National symbols of the United States Jimi Hendrix songs José Feliciano songs Marvin Gaye songs North American anthems Oceanian anthems 1814 poems The Star - Spangled Banner Songs based on American history Songs based on poems Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with too many examples All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the name of the u.s. national anthem	[ "\"The Star-Spangled Banner\" is the national anthem of the United States. The lyrics come from \"Defence of Fort M'Henry\",[2] a poem written on September 14, 1814, by the then 35-year-old lawyer and amateur poet Francis Scott Key after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by British ships of the Royal Navy in Baltimore Harbor during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812. Key was inspired by the large U.S. flag, with 15 stars and 15 stripes, known as the Star-Spangled Banner, flying triumphantly above the fort during the U.S. victory.\n" ]	[ "\"The Star-Spangled Banner\"" ]
-6037392040268478050	Minute Maid Park	Minute Maid Park - wikipedia Minute Maid Park Minute Maid Park The Juice Box Former names The Ballpark at Union Station ( 2000 ) Enron Field ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Astros Field ( February -- July 2002 ) Address 501 Crawford Street Location Houston , Texas Coordinates 29 ° 45 ′ 25 '' N 95 ° 21 ′ 20 '' W / 29.75694 ° N 95.35556 ° W / 29.75694 ; - 95.35556 Coordinates : 29 ° 45 ′ 25 '' N 95 ° 21 ′ 20 '' W / 29.75694 ° N 95.35556 ° W / 29.75694 ; - 95.35556 Public transit METRORail : Convention District Station METRO bus : 3 , 6 , 11 , 20 , 30 , 37 , 48 , 50 , 77 , 137 , 163 , 236 , 255 , 256 , 257 Parking Estimated 25,000 total spots within walking distance Owner Harris County - Houston Sports Authority Operator Harris County - Houston Sports Authority Capacity 41,168 ( 2017 -- present ) 41,676 ( 2016 ) 41,574 ( 2015 ) 42,060 ( 2013 -- 2014 ) 40,981 ( 2012 ) 40,963 ( 2011 ) 40,976 ( 2006 -- 2010 ) 40,950 ( 2000 -- 2005 ) Record attendance 44,203 , September 26 , 2001 Field size Left field -- 315 feet ( 96.0 m ) Left - center -- 362 feet ( 110.3 m ) Left - center ( deep ) -- 404 feet ( 123.1 m ) Center field -- 409 feet ( 124.7 m ) Right - center ( deep ) 408 feet ( 124.4 m ) Right - center -- 373 feet ( 113.7 m ) Right field -- 326 feet ( 99.4 m ) Backstop -- 49 feet ( 15 m ) Surface Platinum TE Paspalum Scoreboard 54 feet ( 16.5 m ) high by 124 feet ( 37.8 m ) wide Construction Broke ground November 1 , 1997 Opened March 30 , 2000 ( Exhibition ) April 7 , 2000 ( Regular Season ) Renovated 2010 ( Off season ) 2017 ( Off season ) Construction cost $ 250 million ( $355 million in 2017 dollars ) Architect HOK Sport ( now Populous ) Molina & Associates Project manager Schindewolfe and Associates Structural engineer Walter P Moore Services engineer M-E Engineers , Inc . ( Bowl ) Uni-Systems , Inc . ( Roof ) General contractor Brown & Root / Barton Malow / Empire Joint Venture Tenants Houston Astros ( MLB ) ( 2000 -- present ) Minute Maid Park , previously known as The Ballpark at Union Station , Enron Field , and Astros Field , is a ballpark in Downtown Houston , Texas , United States , that opened in 2000 to house the Houston Astros of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . The ballpark is Houston 's first retractable - roofed stadium , and features a natural grass playing field . The ballpark was built as a replacement of the Astrodome , the first domed sports stadium ever built , which opened in 1965 . It is named for beverage brand Minute Maid , a subsidiary of The Coca - Cola Company , which acquired naming rights in 2002 for $100 million over 30 years . As of 2016 , Minute Maid Park has a seating capacity of 41,168 , which includes 5,197 club seats and 63 luxury suites . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Union Station and pre-ballpark era 1.2 Planning and funding 1.3 Design and construction 1.4 Opening and current use 1.5 Alterations 1.6 Major events 2 Non-baseball events 2.1 Soccer 2.2 Concerts 2.3 TV 2.4 Other events 3 Features 4 Transportation access 5 Hurricane Harvey 6 References 6.1 Sources 7 External links History ( edit ) Union Station and pre-ballpark era ( edit ) Main article : Union Station ( Houston ) In 1909 , during the time when West End Park was Houston 's premier ballpark , the Houston Belt and Terminal Railway Company commissioned the design of a new union station for the city from New York City - based architects Warren and Wetmore . The location called for the demolition of several structures of Houston prominence . Horace Baldwin Rice 's residence and Adath Yeshurun Congregation 's synagogue among other structures were removed . An illustration of Union Station , 1913 With an original estimated cost of $1 million USD , Union Station was constructed by the American Construction Company for an eventual total of five times that amount . Exterior walls were constructed of granite , limestone , and terracotta , while the interior used an extensive amount of marble . It was completed and opened on March 1 , 1911 . At the time , Houston , with seventeen railways , was considered the main railroad hub of the Southern United States . This is also evident by the Seal of Houston , which prominently features a locomotive . Two more floors were added the following year . The station served as the main inter-city passenger terminal for Houston for over seven decades thereafter . Passenger rail declined greatly after World War II , and the last regularly - scheduled train , the Lone Star , moved its service to Houston 's current Amtrak station on July 31 , 1974 . With this move , the building effectively became abandoned . On November 10 , 1977 , the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places by the National Park Service . Planning and funding ( edit ) In August 1995 , Astros owner Drayton McLane , then leasing the Astrodome from Harris County , commented to the Houston Chronicle that he was not in the market for a new ballpark . In reference to Pittsburgh 's Three Rivers Stadium and Cincinnati 's Riverfront Stadium , McLane noted , `` ( ... ) I remember when those were built in the 1970s and those were as good a stadiums as there were . They were the most modern stadiums in the world , and now they 're saying they 're all bad . That they ca n't make a go of it without a new stadium . It helps , but there are other things involved . '' Later that year , Houston 's NFL franchise and joint - tenant of the Astrodome , the Houston Oilers , announced that they were leaving to Nashville , Tennessee in order to have a new stadium built for the team there . Citing a lack of adequate luxury boxes , in October , Astros Vice-President Bob McClaren claimed that renovations to the Astrodome would help increase revenue . Drayton McLane pointed toward Astrodome renovations as necessary saying `` It 's 30 years old and not a lot of money has been spent to remodel it . '' According to the organization , the team was in danger of being sold to a Virginia businessman who was expected to move the Astros to Washington D.C. because of poor revenue . In June 1996 , University of Houston alumnus , BMC Software and San Diego Padres owner , John J. Moores , who wanted to own the next NFL franchise in Houston , met with Texas State Senator Mario Gallegos , Jr. , and other local Hispanic leaders in regards to the future of a football - only Astrodome and a new baseball - only ballpark in Downtown Houston . Meanwhile , Harris County Judge Robert Eckels pieced together a plan to build a new ballpark next to the Astrodome in the Astrodomain . The Astros echoed the Astrodomain location sentiment because they believed construction time would be shorter . Eckels , who convinced then Mayor Bob Lanier of the lack of viability for the ballpark in a downtown location , was quoted as saying , `` They keep telling me about these miracles in other cities , but it does n't work in Houston ( ... ) If we are going to put this stadium some place , let 's stick with a proven place . '' This plan was considered to be nearly finalized when the Astros and Harris County agreed to a $250 million USD county - funded stadium whose overrun costs would be funded by the Astros . Exterior of Minute Maid Park at the intersection of Crawford Street and Texas Avenue In August 1996 , Houston 's Union Station received a $2 million USD grant from the Texas Transportation Commission for renovation in a separate project . Plans for the new ballpark 's location drastically changed by September mostly in response to Enron Chairman Kenneth Lay 's input and pledge to substantially contribute to funding if placed downtown . It was at this time that the Union Station location was proposed by Lay . Upon an agreement between all of the leadership entities , the idea of a retractable roof stadium was confirmed for the new ballpark . A November referendum was planned for Harris County residents to approve the deal . The Harris County referendum that took place on November 5 , 1996 , to help fund the ballpark passed by a narrow margin of 51 % to 49 % . In response to the referendum , during the 75th Texas Legislature Texas State Senator John Whitmire of Houston sponsored a bill supported by five of the six area Harris County senators that would create the Harris County - Houston Sports Authority . With companion House Bill 92 authored by Houston - born Representative Kim Brimer voted upon and adopted by both chambers , the authorization for creation of a sports authority was approved . It was signed into law by Governor George W. Bush on June 2 , 1997 . The Harris County - Houston Sports Authority would assist in financing for the new ballpark as well as allow for renovation of the Astrodome by allowing for special county - wide taxation of rental cars , tickets , parking , and hotel use . In June 1997 , with the ability to create a sports authority signed into law , concurrent votes of the Harris County Commissioners ' Court and the Houston City Council to establish the Harris County - Houston Sports Authority on effective September 1 , 1997 . Its chairman and twelve other directors were jointly appointed by the Mayor of Houston and Harris County Judge . The institution remains in existence today . The ballpark was named `` Enron Field '' after a $100 million , 30 - year naming rights deal was made with Enron on April 7 , 1999 . Design and construction ( edit ) Early stadium sketches from Kansas City - based Populous ( then HOK Sport ) using the working title `` The Ballpark at Union Station '' were released to the public on October 11 , 1996 , where Astros President Tal Smith was open about his suggestions for the stadium including the location of the flagpole in center field and a traditional dirt path from the pitcher 's mound to home plate . While the dirt path was not implemented , the flagpole idea became known as `` Tal 's Hill '' and remained a signature feature of the ballpark until 2016 . Union Station 's main concourse was preserved and renovated as the ballpark 's main lobby . In late 1997 , it was announced that local Brown & Root would manage construction of the stadium , while Populous with Walter P. Moore would design it . The electrification of Minute Maid Park 's retractable roof was developed by VAHLE , Inc . Ground broke for The Ballpark at Union Station on October 30 , 1997 . Its groundbreaking ceremony was attended by Enron CEO Kenneth Lay , Houston Mayor Bob Lanier , Astros owner Drayton McLane , Harris County Judge Robert Eckles , Harris County Commissioner El Franco Lee , and Harris County - Houston Sports Authority Chairman Jack Rains . Statues of longtime Astros players Jeff Bagwell and Craig Biggio are located in the exterior of the ballpark in a space known as The Plaza at Minute Maid Park . The two former teammates are depicted playing baseball with each other . The plaza also displays pennants for all Astros division and league championships as well as several plaques to commemorate notable Astros and their achievements . Opening and current use ( edit ) The ballpark was first christened `` Enron Field '' on April 7 , 2000 , with naming rights sold to the Houston energy and financial trading company in a 30 - year , $100 million deal . However , Astros management faced a public relations problem when the energy corporation went bankrupt in 2001 due to a financial scandal . Quickly wanting to distance themselves from Enron , Astros ownership asked to prematurely end naming rights , but Enron refused . On February 5 , 2002 , Astros ownership filed a motion with the court overseeing the company 's bankruptcy to force Enron to make an immediate decision on the matter . By February 27 , the two entities agreed to end the naming rights , and settled with the Astros paying $2.1 million to Enron . Without a naming rights agreement in place , the ballpark became officially known as `` Astros Field '' . In June 2002 , it was announced that the Astros had sold naming rights of the ballpark to locally based Coca - Cola subsidiary Minute Maid for $100 million over 30 years . Its official name was then changed to `` Minute Maid Park '' . During its days as Enron Field , it was also dubbed `` Ten - Run '' or `` Home Run '' Field due to its cozy left - field dimensions . In keeping with this theme while paying homage to its current sponsor , the nickname `` The Juice Box '' is colloquially used today . The dubbing of the park as an extreme hitter - friendly park has been called into question in recent years . The 2009 season saw the park ranked 24th out of 30 Major League parks in terms of runs scored in the park and ten other ballparks saw more home runs hit . The long center - field and left - center - field dimensions ( before the 2016 - 17 renovations ) neutralized the park , and Minute Maid 's batting park factor is consistently very near average . However , in 2014 , it was ranked the 12th-most batter - friendly ballpark . Alterations ( edit ) In 2004 , the Astros launched Wi - Fi throughout the ballpark , allowing fans to use the Internet while attending a game for a fee . In addition , the ballpark was the first major sports facility to use a separate video board exclusively for closed captioning for the hearing impaired of PA system and video board content , rather than appearing along the bottom of the main board . In 2006 , the Chick - fil - A cows were unveiled on the foul poles , saying EAT MOR FOWL , and the cows have Astros caps on . If an Astros player hits the pole , all fans in attendance get a coupon for a free chicken sandwich from Chick - fil - A. Hunter Pence is the first and second Astro to hit the left field `` Fowl Pole '' when he did it twice in the 2007 season . Ty Wigginton became the third Astro to hit the left field pole on September 16 , 2007 . Kazuo Matsui hit the right field foul pole on August 3 , 2009 , with a two - run homer in the sixth inning to beat the Giants . Carlos Lee hit the left field pole on July 28 , 2010 , giving the Astros an 8 -- 1 win against the Cubs . Two days later , Jeff Keppinger hit the left field pole to help the Astros win , 5 -- 0 , against the Brewers . After the 2008 season , the Astros ' groundskeepers began installing 2.3 acres ( 9,300 m ) of a new turfgrass playing surface at Minute Maid Park . The Astros also became one of the first to use the new Chemgrass , later known as AstroTurf after its first well - publicized use at the Houston Astrodome in 1966 . In honor of longtime Astros broadcaster Milo Hamilton , the City of Houston officially renamed a portion of the Ballpark District to the `` Hall of Fame District '' , and the portion of Hamilton Avenue that runs within that district to `` Milo Hamilton Way '' on April 8 , 2009 . For the 2011 season , the park added a large Daktronics HD screen nicknamed `` El Grande '' replacing the original one in center field . At 54 feet high and 124 feet wide , it is the fourth largest scoreboard in Major League Baseball , behind Safeco Field ( home of the Seattle Mariners ) , Progressive Field ( home of the Cleveland Indians ) , and Kaufmann Stadium ( home of the Kansas City Royals ) . The old screen was taken out and replaced by billboards . Additionally , a smaller HD screen was added on the far left field wall . The ring of advertisement screens around the park were replaced in favor of HD ribbon boards . After the Astros reverted to their original colors and logo in 2013 , much of Minute Maid Park was repainted to navy and orange from brick red . Signs with the previous logo and colors were also replaced . More than 4,500 US gallons ( 17,000 l ) of paint were used and over 1,000 signs were replaced . In June 2015 the Astros announced that Tal 's Hill would be removed in a major renovation project during the 2015 - 2016 offseason , to be replaced with additional seating , concessions , and escalators for fans . This would result in center field dimensions of 436 feet ( then the longest in MLB ) being reduced to 409 feet . In addition , seating sections 256 , 257 , and 258 in the outfield mezzanine would be removed . However , the project had to be postponed due to the Astros ' unexpected American League Wild Card championship and subsequent postseason appearance , along with the stadium 's offseason event schedule . The renovation was completed during the 2016 - 2017 offseason . Major events ( edit ) On October 9 , 2005 , Minute Maid Park hosted the longest postseason game in Major League Baseball history to date , both in terms of time and number of innings . The Astros defeated the Atlanta Braves 7 -- 6 in a game lasting 18 innings , which took 5 hours and 50 minutes to play . On October 25 , 2005 , Minute Maid Park hosted the first World Series game ever played in Texas , and the longest World Series game ever played , which the Astros lost to the eventual World Series champion Chicago White Sox 7 -- 5 in 14 innings ; this game lasted 5 hours and 41 minutes . The following night , the White Sox won their 3rd title -- and first in 88 years -- at Minute Maid Park . On September 30 , 2007 , in Craig Biggio 's last game of his career , Minute Maid Park hit the highest attendance in its 8 - year history by selling 43,823 tickets , 107 % of its capacity . On April 5 , 2010 , Opening Day of 2010 , Minute Maid Park surpassed its highest attendance total once again by selling 43,836 tickets , 13 more tickets than its previous record . The Astros transferred to the American League for the 2013 season , resulting in the designated hitter rule coming into effect at Minute Maid Park . The last pitcher to bat at an MLB game in Houston was Astros pitcher Bud Norris . In his third start as an Astro , pitcher Mike Fiers threw the stadium 's first no - hitter in a 3 - 0 victory over the Los Angeles Dodgers on August 21 , 2015 . In late October 2017 the Astros hosted three World Series games against the Los Angeles Dodgers . The Astros would go on to win the 2017 World series , winning 2 of 3 games in Houston and 2 of 4 games in Los Angeles . Non-baseball events ( edit ) Soccer ( edit ) While primarily a baseball venue , Minute Maid Park can adequately host sports such as soccer and both codes of rugby . The venue can also play host to large - scale music concerts . It is not large enough to comfortably accommodate American football . However , the opening of BBVA Compass Stadium four blocks southeast on Texas Avenue for the MLS 's Houston Dynamo in 2012 has effectively made its use for future soccer games moot . Its debut as a soccer venue happened during the 2006 edition of the CONCACAF Champions Cup . The stadium hosted the first leg of the quarterfinal between Portmore United of Jamaica ( the `` home '' team ) and Club América of Mexico . Date Winning team Result Losing team Tournament Spectators February 22 , 2006 Club América 2 -- 1 Portmore United 2006 CONCACAF Champions ' Cup Quarterfinal 12,988 Concerts ( edit ) Paul McCartney , Jay Z , Beyoncé , Taylor Swift , Nelly , Tim McGraw , Staind and Madonna have all performed at Minute Maid Park . Date Artist Opening act ( s ) Tour / concert name Attendance Revenue Notes April 21 , 2007 Jimmy Buffett Robert Earl Keen Bama Breeze Tour -- -- Sonny Landreth was a guest . Michael Utley was not at the show due to minor surgery . Mac McAnally filled in on keyboards . November 16 , 2008 Madonna Paul Oakenfold Sticky & Sweet Tour 41,498 / 41,498 $5,170,100 November 5 , 2011 Taylor Swift Needtobreathe David Nail Adam Brand Speak Now World Tour 42,095 / 42,095 $3,435,756 Nelly was the special guest . November 14 , 2012 Paul McCartney DJ Chris On the Run Tour 38,036 / 38,036 $4,478,038 July 18 , 2014 Beyoncé Jay Z -- On the Run Tour 40,103 / 40,103 $5,235,438 September 9 , 2015 Taylor Swift Vance Joy Shawn Mendes The 1989 World Tour 40,122 / 40,122 $5,202,196 Originally planned to take place on October 13 , but was moved backwards to avoid any potential scheduling conflict with the Houston Astros potentially making the 2015 Major League Baseball postseason . Wiz Khalifa was the special guest . November 3 , 2018 Ed Sheeran TBA ÷ Tour TBA TBA TV ( edit ) The nationally syndicated TV talk show Rachael Ray held a mass wedding at the park following Hurricane Ike for 40 couples who were unable to get married after a company they paid to hold the weddings went bankrupt . Comedian Jeffrey Ross served as best man for all 40 couples . The ceremony was aired as part of a special episode of the talk show on November 21 , 2008 . Other events ( edit ) ESPN 's Sal Paolantonio talking to Tom Brady and Matt Ryan at Super Bowl LI Opening Night The stadium also is the host of the Houston College Classic college baseball tournament , part of the winter fan festival held in February . The tournament features local schools the University of Houston and Rice University every year , a pair of major conference schools , alternating between Big 12 members University of Texas at Austin , Texas Tech University , Baylor University and SEC member Texas A&M University , as well as two other teams from around the country . On May 9 , 2015 , Canelo Alvarez fought James Kirkland in the first boxing match fought in the stadium . Alvarez defeated Kirkland via knockout in the third round . The University of Houston -- Downtown also holds their commencement ceremony in Minute Maid Park . Minute Maid Park hosted a cricket match on November 11 , 2015 , the second in a series of three Cricket All - Stars matches played by retired greats of the game . Shane Warne 's Warne 's Warriors clinched the series 2 - 0 . Keeping with the naming conventions from the previous match at Minute Maid Park , the ends were named after Nolan Ryan and José Cruz , two players that have their numbers retired by the Astros . On January 30 , 2017 , the stadium was the site of opening festivities for Super Bowl LI , to be held at nearby NRG Stadium . The event included the popular Media Day where players on the New England Patriots and Atlanta Falcons conducted interviews . From 2017 until 2020 , the park will host the final rounds of the Houston leg of the FIRST Championship . To avoid damaging the field while the Astros were in season , the competition fields were built on a stage over the infield dirt between first and third base . Features ( edit ) Minute Maid Park 's train is visible from the exterior of the ballpark . The largest entrance to the park is inside what was once Houston 's Union Station , and the left - field side of the stadium features a railway as homage to the site 's history . The train moves along an 800 - foot ( 240 m ) length of track on top of the length of the exterior wall beyond left field when the Astros take the field during the first inning , when an Astros player hits a home run , and when the Astros win a game . It is driven by Bobby Vásquez , who goes by the name Bobby Dynamite . The engine 's tender is filled with giant oranges in reference to Minute Maid 's most famous product , orange juice . Union Station Lobby is the main entrance to Minute Maid Park , and the former concourse of Houston 's original Union Station built in 1911 . In dramatic contrast to the Astrodome , the most pitching - oriented stadium in Major League Baseball for most of its existence , Minute Maid Park is known for being particularly hitter - friendly down the lines , especially in left field where it is only 315 feet ( 96 m ) to the Crawford Boxes , though the wall there is 19 feet ( 5.8 m ) tall . In a challenge to home run hitters , former Astros owner Drayton McLane 's office window , located in the old Union Station and directly above the Crawford Boxes , is made of glass and a sign below the window is marked 422 ft ( 135 m ) from home plate . In contrast to the ease of hitting a home run to the Crawford Boxes , it was quite difficult to hit a ball out in center field , as the deep - center wall was 436 feet ( 133 m ) from home plate and had held the top spot for active MLB ballparks for the deepest center field of any park in baseball . Fielding is a challenge there as well , due to the 90 - foot ( 27 m ) wide center field incline called Tal 's Hill , for former team president Tal Smith , an element taken from Crosley Field and other historic ballparks , and the flagpole in play , an element taken from Yankee Stadium before its remodeling in the mid - ' 70s and Tiger Stadium among others . Milwaukee Brewers player Richie Sexson once hit a ball off the flagpole . There was a mark there until the 2011 season , when the pole was repainted . The hill and the flagpole were scheduled to be removed following the 2015 season , but remained in place due to an unexpected playoff run . The hill and flagpole remained in place until the end of the 2016 season . The visiting team 's bullpen is housed entirely in the exterior left field wall , next to the Crawford Boxes , making it one of the few bullpens in Major League ballparks to be completely indoors . Although windows in the outfield fence offer a view into and from the bullpen , its entrance is actually built into the side of the Crawford Boxes . While Crosley Field 's infamous left field terrace , which was half as steep ( only 15 ° ) as Tal 's Hill ( 30 ° ) , was a natural feature of the site on which the park was located , Tal 's Hill is purely decorative . Both features have been held in equal disdain by center fielders . This hill has caused some of the most replayed catches in recent baseball history , and plenty of controversy as well . Lance Berkman said , `` If the ball rolls onto the hill , it 's not steep enough to roll back , so you have to go get it . Then there 's the chance of running into the flagpole that 's on it and getting hurt . '' Fans started an online petition to remove the hill and flagpole , though the petition has since been discontinued . On June 4 , 2015 , the Astros announced that they would be removing Tal 's Hill as part of a $15 million renovation for the 2016 season . The center field fence was to be moved in from 436 feet ( 133 m ) ( which from 2000 to 2016 was the longest in baseball ) to 409 feet ( 125 m ) from home plate , but the center field renovations were delayed until after the 2016 season , due at least in part to the 2015 playoffs cutting into planned construction time . The ballpark features 19,201 seats on the lower level , 7,132 seats on the second level , 880 seats on the suite level , and 13,750 seats on the upper level . The Phillips 66 Home Run Pump A concourse above Tal 's Hill features the `` Phillips 66 Home Run Porch '' in left - center field that is over the field of play , and features a classic petrol pump that displays the total number of Astros home runs hit since the park opened . The stadium can be fully air - conditioned when required . Transportation access ( edit ) Minute Maid Park is located in Downtown Houston in a centralized area of the city , and accessible via a short driving distance on Interstate 10 ( Katy Freeway / East Freeway ) , Interstate 69 ( Southwest Freeway / Eastex Freeway ) , and Interstate 45 ( Gulf Freeway / North Freeway ) . Street parking , garage parking , and private lot parking are available , with an estimated 25,000 spots within walking distance to the ballpark . Taxi cabs and pedicabs are also commonly found near the surrounding ballpark area . Public transportation allows for accessibility via bus or light rail service . The METRORail light rail system has a stop located one block south of Minute Maid Park , Convention District Station , served by the Green and Purple lines . The Red Line also serves the ballpark at Preston Station , six blocks to the west . Hurricane Harvey ( edit ) In 2017 , the park and the entire city suffered from the devastation of Hurricane Harvey , which flooded many parts of the city with several feet of rain over four days . The Astros reported that despite water entering into the service levels of the stadium , Minute Maid Park remained in `` good condition '' when the storm cleared out . The lingering effects of Harvey forced the Astros to move their series against the Texas Rangers to Tropicana Field in St. Petersburg , Florida. . The Astros returned to Houston on Friday , September 1 to help the initial recovery efforts . Minute Maid Park hosted the city 's first post-Harvey sporting event , and the park 's first double - header the next day in an interleague game ( which was a doubleheader ) against the New York Mets . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Popik , Barry . `` Juice Box ( Minute Maid Park Nickname ) '' . TheBigApple . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Houston Astros Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . February 14 , 2017 . p. 505 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Houston Astros Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . February 18 , 2016 . p. 500 . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Houston Astros Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . February 23 , 2015 . p. 485 . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Houston Astros Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . February 19 , 2013 . p. 452 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 2012 Houston Astros Media Guide ^ Jump up to : Barron , David ( April 7 , 2005 ) . `` ' El Grande ' Video Scoreboard is Just One of Many Upgrades Found at Minute Maid '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MLB Franchise Valuations - Forbes.com Jump up ^ https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/HOU/HOU200109260.shtml Jump up ^ `` Death of Houston 's Tal 's Hill Continues Demise Of Baseball 's On - Field Oddities '' . Forbes . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Platinum TE Installed in Minute Maid Park Jump up ^ Levine , Zachary ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` Astros plan major upgrades to Minute Maid Park '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Enron Field Hits a Home Run - Modern Steel Construction Jump up ^ M-E Engineers , Inc . Awards Archived 2013 - 01 - 28 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Workers of the Writers Program of the Projects Administration in the State of Texas ( 1942 ) . Houston : A History and Guide . The Anson Jones Press . p. 260 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Grand Station of Terminal Co '' . Magnolia Park News . September 19 , 1909 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Farbar , Jerome Hammond ( 1913 ) . Houston : Where Seventeen Railroads Meet the Sea . H.H. Tammen Company . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marsh , Tom ( 1999 ) . `` Houston Union Station : The Great Hall Revealed '' . Gulf Coast Chapter NRHS . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hohlfield , Neil ( August 27 , 1995 ) . `` Home Improvement '' . Houston Chronicle . p. 17 . Jump up ^ Williams , John ; Blount , Terry ; Mason , Julie ( October 20 , 1995 ) . `` City Officials Pitch Idea of Ticket Drive to Keep Astros Here '' . Houston Chronicle . p. 1 . Jump up ^ JohnWilliams ; Blount , Terry ; Mason , Julie ( October 26 , 1995 ) . `` McLane Gives City Two Weeks '' . Houston Chronicle . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Williams , John ( June 4 , 1996 ) . `` Hispanics Want Downtown Stadium , Senator Says '' . Houston Chronicle . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Williams , John ( June 5 , 1996 ) . `` Astros Say Eckels Lags on Stadium / Team warns Delay Could Lead to Move '' . Houston Chronicle . p. 25 . Jump up ^ Williams , John ( June 10 , 1996 ) . `` Downtown at Bat / Not All Convinced Dome Area Best for New Baseball Stadium '' . Houston Chronicle . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Williams , John ( August 30 , 1996 ) . `` Astros Agree to Pick Up Stadium Overrun Costs '' . Houston Chronicle . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Feldstein , Dan ( August 29 , 1996 ) . `` Renovation Plans to Get Union Station Back on Tracks '' . Houston Chronicle . p. 36 . Jump up ^ Williams , John ( September 13 , 1996 ) . `` Astros Near Decision to Stay - If Downtown '' . Houston Chronicle . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Williams , John ; Ackerman , Todd ; Hanson , Eric ; Mason ( November 6 , 1996 ) . `` County Stadium Referendum Passes by Narrow Margin '' . Houston Chronicle . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Hornaday , Sarah ( March 6 , 1997 ) . `` Stadium Bill '' . Galveston Daily News . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Senate Review '' . Harper Herald . June 3 , 1997 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` HB 92 , 75th Regular Session : Actions '' . Legislative Reference Library of Texas . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About HCHSA : History '' . Harris County - Houston Sports Authority . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Babineck , Mark ( April 8 , 1999 ) . `` New Houston Ballpark Gets Corporate Tag '' . The Brownsville Herald . p . B1 . Jump up ^ Williams , John ( October 12 , 1996 ) . `` Early stadium sketches unveiled / Astros ' Smith helping to create unique , asymmetrical design '' . Houston Chronicle . p. 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Ballpark at Union Station '' . New Braunfels Herald - Zeitung . October 13 , 1996 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Williams , John ( December 3 , 1997 ) . `` Deal close on stadium project manager '' . Houston Chronicle . p. 38 . Jump up ^ `` Stadium Systems '' . VAHLE , Inc . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Koidin , Michelle ( October 31 , 1997 ) . `` Ground Broken for Astros ' New Ballpark '' . Texas City Sun . Jump up ^ `` Striking Out Enron '' . Sports Illustrated . February 5 , 2002 . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Isidore , Chris ( February 27 , 2002 ) . `` Astros Strike Out Enron '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schepp , David ( June 5 , 2002 ) . `` Juicy New Name for Enron Stadium '' . BBC News . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Minute Maid Park '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Park Factors - 2010 '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking MLB 's Most Hitter - Friendly Ballparks , by the Numbers '' . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Minute Maid Park goes Wi - Fi '' . Broadcast Engineering . September 24 , 2004 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zaccardi , Nick ( December 8 , 2008 ) . `` Astros First to Use New Turfgrass Surface '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved December 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Footer , Alyson ( April 8 , 2009 ) . `` Milo Hamilton Way Unveiled in Houston '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Footer , Alyson ( March 29 , 2013 ) . `` Minute Maid Park gets fresh makeover '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Press Release ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` Astros announce exciting new concepts for Minute Maid Park '' . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ FOX Sports ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Tal 's Hill lives ! Astros delay scheduled Minute Maid Park renovations '' . FOX Sports . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Young , Matt ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` Astros break ground on removal of Tal 's Hill '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Jose De Jesus ( October 10 , 2005 ) . `` A Win Like No Other '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved October 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Jose de Jesus ( October 26 , 2005 ) . `` Astros Lose Heartbreaker at Bitter End '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved October 26 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Jose de Jesus ( September 30 , 2007 ) . `` Biggio Goes Out in Style As Astros Win '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fallas , Bernardo ( April 20 , 2010 ) . `` Astros Seeking to Fight Off Decline in Attendance '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Jose de Jesus ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` Astros ' Mike Fiers tosses first no - hitter in Minute Maid Park history against Dodgers '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fallas , Bernardo ( February 23 , 2006 ) . `` Club América Finds Its Footing in Win / Mexican Team Produces Goals to Rally Past Portmore United '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.buffettworld.com/archives/2007-bama-breeze/04-21/ Jump up ^ `` Speak Now World Tour Guests '' . taylortalk.org . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Astros ' playoff chances force Taylor Swift to reschedule Minute Maid Park gig '' . Fox Sports . July 27 , 2015 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Li , Shirley ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` Taylor Swift performs ' See You Again ' with Wiz Khalifa on 1989 tour '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Noonoo , Jemimah ( November 3 , 2008 ) . `` Rachael Ray Holds Mass Wedding in Houston '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Commencement from University of Houston -- Downtown , retrieved 14 May 2015 Jump up ^ `` USA All - Stars tour gaining momentum '' . cricket.com.au . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ McIlvoy , Randy ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl opening night at Minute Maid Park '' . KPRC - TV . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xmbjykLZ-YA Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott ( October 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' A few steps from the top of the world ' : Riding the iconic train at Minute Maid Park '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bleacher Report - Ranking MLB 's Most Hitter - Friendly Ballparks , by the Numbers - 12 : Minute Maid Park . Jump up ^ `` Level playing field : Astros to get rid of Tal 's Hill '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Too ' Tal ' a task ? Astros delay removal of CF Hill '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Pagels , Jim . `` Death of Houston 's Tal 's Hill Continues Demise Of Baseball 's On - Field Oddities '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Astros delay renovations to Minute Maid ; Tal 's Hill lives another year '' . Ultimate Astros . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minute Maid Park Facts and Figures '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Minute Maid Park in good condition '' . Sources ( edit ) Minute Maid Park : Facts and Figures . Accessed May 24 , 2006 . Ballpark Digest Visit to Minute Maid Park Ryan , Jeff ( July 21 , 2003 ) . `` Dangers of the diamond : TSN picks the nine biggest ballpark obstacles -- from the brightest lights to the most unusual landscaping -- in the majors - Baseball '' . The Sporting News . Retrieved February 28 , 2007 . Astros Daily - Your best source for news and information on the Houston Astros External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Minute Maid Park . Houston portal Baseball portal Stadium site on astros.com Minute Maid Park Seating Chart Levine , Zachary . `` Astros looking at the bigger picture . '' Houston Chronicle . October 8 , 2010 . hide Events and tenants Preceded by Astrodome Home of the Houston Astros 2000 -- present Succeeded by Current Preceded by U.S. Cellular Field Host of the All - Star Game Succeeded by Comerica Park Preceded by U.S. Cellular Field Host of the Civil Rights Game 2014 Succeeded by TBA Houston Astros Established in 1962 Formerly the Houston Colt . 45s Based in Houston , Texas Franchise Expansion Draft History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Managers Owners and executives First - round draft picks Opening Day starting pitchers All articles Ballparks Colt Stadium Houston Astrodome Minute Maid Park Spring training : Geronimo Park Cocoa Expo Stadium Osceola County Stadium FITTEAM Ballpark of the Palm Beaches Culture AstroTurf Orbit Crawford Boxes Tal 's Hill Continental League Houston Buffs Houston College Classic Ball Four ( Jim Bouton book ) The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training Murder at the World Series Night Game `` The Hot Tub '' ( Seinfeld episode ) Boyhood `` Holy Toledo ! '' Sunshine Kids Darryl Kile Award Lore 1980 NL West tie - breaker game Killer B 's 2015 AL Wild Card Game Houston Strong Key personnel Owner : Jim Crane President : Jeff Luhnow General Manager : Jeff Luhnow Manager : A.J. Hinch World Series Championships ( 1 ) 2017 League pennants ( 2 ) National League : 2005 American League : 2017 Division titles ( 8 ) NL West : 1980 1981 1986 NL Central : 1997 1998 1999 2001 AL West : 2017 Wild card titles ( 3 ) NL : 2004 2005 AL : 2015 Minors AAA : Fresno Grizzlies AA : Corpus Christi Hooks A Adv. : Buies Creek Astros A : Quad Cities River Bandits Short A : Tri-City ValleyCats Rookie : GCL Astros DSL Astros Rivalries Texas Rangers St. Louis Cardinals ( former divison rival ) Atlanta Braves ( former playoff rival ) Media TV AT&T SportsNet Southwest Radio Houston Astros Radio Network Announcers Todd Kalas Geoff Blum Seasons ( 57 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Downtown Houston Areas Houston Skyline District Houston Theater District Main Street / Market Square Historic District Education Primary and secondary schools Houston Independent School District Incarnate Word Academy Colleges and universities University of Houston -- Downtown South Texas College of Law Houston Community College ( closest campus is Midtown ) Libraries Houston Public Library ( Jones Building , Julia Ideson Building , and HPL Express Discovery Green ) Skyscrapers and complexes 1200 Travis 1500 Louisiana Street Allen Center Devon Energy Tower 1400 Smith Street Bank of America Center Bayou Place BG Group Place Calpine Center CenterPoint Energy Plaza Club Quarters Hotel Cullen Center 1600 Smith Street KBR Tower El Paso Energy Building Enterprise Plaza Esperson Buildings ExxonMobil Building First City Tower GreenStreet ( Houston Pavilions ) Heritage Plaza Hess Tower Houston Center Four Seasons Hotel Houston Houston House Apartments Hyatt Regency Houston JW Marriott Downtown Houston Bob Lanier Public Works Building JPMorgan Chase Building JPMorgan Chase Tower Magnolia Hotel One City Centre One Park Place One Shell Plaza Pennzoil Place Total Plaza Wedge International Tower Wells Fargo Plaza Parks Discovery Green Market Square Park Sam Houston Park Other landmarks Allen 's Landing Alley Theatre Antioch Missionary Baptist Church George R. Brown Convention Center Capitol Lofts Downtown Aquarium Federal Detention Center , Houston Franklin Lofts Houston City Hall Co-Cathedral of the Sacred Heart Houston tunnel system Jones Hall Joe Kegans State Jail Minute Maid Park Petroleum Club of Houston Pillot Building Rice Lofts The Sam Houston Hotel Sweeney , Coombs , and Fredericks Building Texas Company Annex Toyota Center Wortham Theater Center METRORail stations Bell Central Station Convention District Downtown Transit Center Main Street Square Preston Theater District UH -- Downtown History Gulf Hotel fire This list is incomplete . Current ballparks in Major League Baseball American League East Fenway Park Oriole Park at Camden Yards Rogers Centre Tropicana Field Yankee Stadium Central Comerica Park Guaranteed Rate Field Kauffman Stadium Progressive Field Target Field West Angel Stadium Globe Life Park in Arlington Minute Maid Park Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Safeco Field National League East Citi Field Citizens Bank Park Marlins Park Nationals Park SunTrust Park Central Busch Stadium Great American Ball Park Miller Park PNC Park Wrigley Field West AT&T Park Chase Field Coors Field Dodger Stadium Petco Park Coca - Cola buildings and structures Office buildings Candler Building ( Atlanta ) Candler Building ( Kansas City ) Candler Building ( New York City ) Coca - Cola Headquarters Bottling plants Atlanta Baltimore Charlottesville , Virginia Cincinnati Columbia , Missouri Elmira , New York Fort Lauderdale Los Angeles Ocala , Florida Placerville , California Trenton , Florida Winchester , Virginia Sports arenas Coca - Cola Coliseum Coca - Cola Field Coca - Cola Park ( Allentown ) Coca - Cola Park ( Johannesburg ) Minute Maid Park Billboard signs Kings Cross , Sydney Piccadilly Circus , London Punto Obelisco , Buenos Aires Times Square , New York Olympia Building , Five Points , Downtown Atlanta Other venues Biedenharn Museum and Gardens Coca Cola Airport Coca - Cola Dome Coca - Cola Museum Coca - Cola Olympic City Epcot Club Cool World of Coca - Cola Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minute_Maid_Park&oldid=847397353 '' Categories : Houston Astros stadiums Major League Baseball venues Sports venues completed in 2000 Baseball venues in Houston Coca - Cola buildings and structures College baseball venues in the United States Retractable - roof stadiums in the United States Buildings and structures in Houston Cricket grounds in the United States National Register of Historic Places in Houston Sports venues on the National Register of Historic Places in Texas 2000 establishments in Texas Cricket in Texas Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Simple English Türkçe 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 June 2018 , at 02 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the astros move to minute maid park	[ "Minute Maid Park, previously known as The Ballpark at Union Station, Enron Field, and Astros Field, is a ballpark in Downtown Houston, Texas, United States, that opened in 2000 to house the Houston Astros of Major League Baseball (MLB). The ballpark is Houston's first retractable-roofed stadium, and features a natural grass playing field. The ballpark was built as a replacement of the Astrodome, the first domed sports stadium ever built, which opened in 1965. It is named for beverage brand Minute Maid, a subsidiary of The Coca-Cola Company, which acquired naming rights in 2002 for $100 million over 30 years. As of 2016, Minute Maid Park has a seating capacity of 41,168, which includes 5,197 club seats and 63 luxury suites.\n" ]	[ "2000" ]
7190816624184861931	Freaky Friday (2003 film)	Freaky Friday ( 2003 film ) - Wikipedia Freaky Friday ( 2003 film ) For others , see Freaky Friday ( disambiguation ) . Freaky Friday Theatrical release poster Directed by Mark Waters Produced by Andrew Gunn Screenplay by Heather Hach Leslie Dixon Based on Freaky Friday by Mary Rodgers Starring Jamie Lee Curtis Lindsay Lohan Music by Rolfe Kent Cinematography Oliver Wood Edited by Bruce Green Production company Walt Disney Pictures Gunn Films Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date August 4 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 04 ) ( Hollywood ) August 6 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 06 ) ( United States ) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $20 million Box office $160.8 million Freaky Friday is a 2003 American fantasy comedy film directed by Mark Waters and written by Heather Hach and Leslie Dixon , based on the novel of the same name by Mary Rodgers . It stars Jamie Lee Curtis and Lindsay Lohan as a mother and daughter whose bodies are switched due to a mysterious and magical fortune cookie . The film was released in theaters on August 6 , 2003 , by Walt Disney Pictures and Buena Vista Pictures . It received positive reviews from film critics and it earned over $160 million worldwide on a $20 million budget . It was Disney 's third film adaptation of the novel , after the 1976 film Freaky Friday starring Barbara Harris and Jodie Foster , and the 1995 television film Freaky Friday starring Shelley Long and Gaby Hoffmann . It was released on VHS and DVD on December 16 , 2003 by Walt Disney Home Video . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 Soundtrack 7 Awards and nominations 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Anna Coleman is an average teenager with a stressful life due to her stodgy widowed mother , Tess , and annoying younger brother , Harry . The conflicts revolve around : Tess 's upcoming second marriage to Ryan , which Anna is not emotionally ready for due to her father 's death three years before ; Anna 's pop punk / pop rock band , Pink Slip , which Tess hates because according to Anna , she thinks that they are all noise ; Anna 's claims about her archrival , Stacey Hinkhouse , who does not stop tormenting her and has Tess convinced that she and Anna are still best friends like they used to be ; and her sadistic English teacher , Mr. Elton Bates , who gives her an `` F '' on everything she does no matter how hard she tries . Tess also disapproves of Anna 's crush , Jake , an older student . To make matters worse , Anna gets detention twice during the school day . One for backtalking to Mr. Bates in the hallway , and another for hitting Stacey in the head with a volleyball on purpose during physical education after Stacey did it multiple times to her on purpose and got away with it . The Colemans eat out at Pei - Pei 's Chinese restaurant , where Anna begs Tess to let her go on an important audition with her band . However , Tess refuses since the show is on the same Friday as the rehearsal dinner . They begin arguing again until Pei - Pei 's mother interrupts to give them fortune cookies , which contain a body switching spell , causing an earthquake only they felt . The next morning , they wake up in each other 's bodies , figuring that the fortune cookies are responsible for the switch , but can not go directly back to the restaurant as Anna has to go to school and Tess has to see her therapy patients , taking each other 's roles . At school , Tess finds that Anna is not only right about Stacey when she assaults her , but Mr. Bates also gives her an `` F '' on a pop quiz about Hamlet even though she answered everything right . She soon recognizes him as a former classmate who asked her out to the prom , but she turned him down , and he is now taking it out on Anna . She threatens to report him to the school board unless he stops abusing Anna . Before Anna goes to Tess 's office , she gives Tess 's body a makeover , much to her dismay . At Tess 's practice , Anna has some difficulty handling her patients apart from a mother who has concerns over her daughter . At lunchtime , they go back to the restaurant to confront Pei - Pei and her mother , but she explains that only showing selfless love to one another will break the spell . In the afternoon , Anna attends Harry 's parent - teacher conference , where she reads a composition about how much he actually admires her . She sees him in a different light , and vows to treat him nicer . Meanwhile , Tess attempts to make amends with Stacey , but she frames her for cheating . Jake helps her finish the test , which makes her realize that she has misjudged him . Unfortunately , he is no longer enamored with `` Anna '' after Tess sabotages Stacey 's test . Meanwhile , Ryan surprises Anna with an interview on a talk show to discuss Tess 's new psychology book . However , she turns the interview into a wild romp to cover the fact she has not read the book . Tess and Jake catch it on TV and while she is embarrassed , he is impressed . Later , Anna bumps into him at a coffee shop , and they bond over their favorite music . He begins to fall in love with `` Tess '' and attempts to pursue her , much to the real Tess ' horror . At the rehearsal dinner , Anna 's bandmates come to try to convince `` Anna '' to sneak off to the audition , but they are caught by security . Ryan surprises Tess and Anna by giving `` Anna '' permission to go . He explains that he just wants the kids to accept him , and he urges `` Tess '' to go support the band , finally winning her over . Since Tess can not play , Anna unplugs her guitar , and plays while Tess mimes along and enjoys doing so . Jake is in the audience , and he realizes that Anna is the one for him . Tess also realizes how fun music is , and promises to treat Anna 's band with more respect . Back at the rehearsal dinner , Tess tells Anna to ask Ryan to postpone the wedding , so that Anna will not have to go through marrying him in Tess 's body . Instead , she proposes a toast where she finally accepts him because of how happy he makes Tess . This is the final act of selfless love needed to break the spell , and another earthquake has them switch back to their own selves . On the wedding day , Tess and Ryan marry , and she and Anna finally make up after such long conflict by saying `` I love you '' to each other . Also , Anna and Jake start dating with Tess 's approval . Anna 's band also plays at the reception . Pei - Pei 's mother attempts to give Harry and Grandpa Alan the body switching fortune cookies when they argue , but her daughter confiscates them in the nick of time by tackling them to the ground . Cast ( edit ) Jamie Lee Curtis as Dr. Tess Coleman Lindsay Lohan as Anna Coleman Chad Michael Murray as Jake Mark Harmon as Ryan , Tess 's love interest Harold Gould as Grandpa Alan Stephen Tobolowsky as Mr. Elton Bates Christina Vidal as Maddie Ryan Malgarini as Harry Coleman Haley Hudson as Peg Rosalind Chao as Pei - Pei Lucille Soong as Pei - Pei 's mother Willie Garson as Evan Dina Waters as Dottie Robertson Julie Gonzalo as Stacey Hinkhouse Cayden Boyd as Harry 's friend Christopher Guest as Mr. Coleman Production ( edit ) The film 's producer Andrew Gunn said he initially hoped Jodie Foster ( who played Annabel in the original 1976 Freaky Friday film ) would be interested in playing the mother in the remake . She declined in order to spend more time with her family and because of concerns that the stunt casting would overshadow the film 's overall merit . Annette Bening was then cast in the role , but dropped out because of family obligations . Jamie Lee Curtis was given the role only four days before filming began . Lindsay Lohan 's character was originally written as a Goth , but she did not think anyone would relate to that , and decided to dress in a preppy style for her audition . The character ended up being rewritten . Marc McClure , who played Boris Harris , Annabel 's love interest in the original film , has a brief cameo as Boris the delivery man . Director Mark Waters also makes a cameo holding a baby at the wedding . In the end scene when Anna is dancing with Jake , there is a woman in the background dancing with an older gentleman , and she looks directly at the camera . That is Lindsay Lohan 's mother , Dina Lohan . Ryan Shuck coached Jamie Lee Curtis to play the guitar solo for the concert scene . Lohan trained for one year to learn to play the guitar before production . The snapshots in the opening credits are photos of Jamie Lee Curtis and her daughter , Annie Guest . Kelly Osbourne was originally set to play Maddie , but dropped out because she did not want to do a children 's movie . She was replaced by Christina Vidal . Principal photography began on October 5 , 2002 and Principal photography ended on December 18 , 2002 Home media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD and VHS on December 16 , 2003 , by Walt Disney Home Video . It is now also available on Blu - Ray disc . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) In its opening weekend , the film grossed $22.2 million in 2,954 theaters , finishing second at the box office , behind S.W.A.T. ( $37.1 million ) . The film went on to gross $110.2 million in North America and $50.6 million in other territories for a total of $160.8 million . Critical response ( edit ) Freaky Friday received positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 88 % , based on 149 reviews , with an average rating of 7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Jamie Lee Curtis and Lindsay Lohan charm in Mark Waters ' nicely pitched -- and Disney 's second -- remake of the 1976 hit . '' On Metacritic the film has a score of 70 out of 100 , based on 36 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Jamie Lee Curtis 's performance was singled out for praise by many critics . David Ansen of Newsweek noted that , `` the most startling metamorphosis is Curtis ' transformation from fading horror - flick queen to dazzling comedienne . She goes on a teenage tear -- tormenting Anna 's younger brother ( who wonders why Mom 's acting so weird ) , getting down and dirty on a TV talk show where Tess is supposed to discuss her book on aging -- with fiercely funny conviction . '' Lisa Schwarzbaum from Entertainment Weekly called her performance `` glorious , '' and A.O. Scott from The New York Times contended that she `` does some of her best work ever ( in Freaky Friday ) . '' Nick Davis described her as `` so frisky and pouty and incandescent in Freaky Friday , she made the whole movie feel like something special . '' Her performance was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy . Lohan 's performance was also praised . Roger Ebert wrote that she `` has that Jodie Foster sort of seriousness and intent focus beneath her teenage persona . '' The film earned her the award for Breakthrough Performance at the 2004 MTV Movie Awards . Some critics , however , objected to the caricatured portrayal of Chinese people in the body switching scene , with Nick Schager of Slant Magazine calling it `` a strange bit of ' Oriental mysticism ' stereotyping that seems at odds with the film 's thematic focus on tolerance and understanding . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Freaky Friday ( soundtrack ) The orchestral score was written by Rolfe Kent and orchestrated by Tony Blondal . Awards and nominations ( edit ) List awards to film and actress / actors . Won 2004 -- MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance to Lindsay Lohan 2004 -- Teen Choice Awards for Choice Breakout Movie Star -- Female to Lindsay Lohan 2004 -- Teen Choice Award for Choice Hissy Fit to Lindsay Lohan 2004 -- Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards for Best Live Action Family Film 2004 -- BMI Film Music Award to Rolfe Kent Nominated 2003 -- Satellite Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy to Jamie Lee Curtis 2004 -- Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy to Jamie Lee Curtis 2004 -- Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film 2004 -- Saturn Award for Best Actress to Jamie Lee Curtis 2004 -- Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor to Lindsay Lohan 2004 -- Saturn Award for Best Writing to Heather Hach & Leslie Dixon 2004 -- Critics Choice Award for Best Family Film -- Live Action 2004 -- Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards for Best Live Action Family Film 2004 -- Teen Choice Awards for Choice Movie -- Comedy 2004 -- Young Artist Awards for Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Leading Young Actress to Lindsay Lohan 2004 -- Young Artist Awards for Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Young Actor Age Ten or Younger to Ryan Malgarini References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Freaky Friday ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kuklenski , Valerie ( August 13 , 2003 ) . `` Disney 's the King of Remakes '' . The Ledger . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gritten , David ( December 20 , 2003 ) . `` I 'm still here '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peretz , Evgenia ( Feb 2006 ) . `` Confessions of a Teenage Movie Queen '' . Vanity Fair . Condé Nast ( 546 ) : 120 . ISSN 0733 - 8899 . Retrieved September 3 , 2008 . As the script was written , the character was Goth , Lohan recalls : `` No one could relate to the character when she was really Goth . There was nothing there . '' She took it upon herself to change it -- before the audition . `` I dressed really preppy , '' she says . `` I wore a collared turquoise Abercrombie and Fitch shirt and khaki pants , swear to God , with a white headband . And my hair was really straight and pretty and red and blond . My agent calls and was like , ' What are you doing ? ! ' '' The studio ended up rewriting the character entirely . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nYpwv-66pFg Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Kelly Osbourne Wo n't Get ' Freaky ' '' . Billboard . September 12 , 2002 . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Newsweek . `` MOM IS TEEN FOR A DAY '' . Retrieved August 18 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum , Lisa ( July 31 , 2003 ) . `` Freaky Friday ( 2003 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( August 6 , 2003 ) . `` Film Review ; Walking in Mom 's Shoes With Mom 's Feet , Too '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nick Davis . `` Best Actress , 2003 '' . Retrieved 2003 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( August 6 , 2003 ) . `` Freaky Friday '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Movie Awards Winners '' . MTV . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schager , Nick . ( 1 ) Slant Magazine ( Aug. 2 , 2003 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Freaky Friday ( 2003 film ) Official website Freaky Friday on IMDb Freaky Friday at Rotten Tomatoes Freaky Friday at AllMovie hide Films directed by Mark Waters The House of Yes ( 1997 ) Head over Heels ( 2001 ) Warning : Parental Advisory ( 2002 ) Freaky Friday ( 2003 ) Mean Girls ( 2004 ) Just Like Heaven ( 2005 ) The Spiderwick Chronicles ( 2008 ) Ghosts of Girlfriends Past ( 2009 ) Mr. Popper 's Penguins ( 2011 ) Vampire Academy ( 2014 ) Bad Santa 2 ( 2016 ) Magic Camp ( TBA ) hide Mary Rodgers 's Freaky Friday Film Freaky Friday ( 1976 ) Freaky Friday ( 1995 ) Freaky Friday ( 2003 ) Freaky Friday ( 2018 ) Other Song Soundtrack Musical Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freaky_Friday_(2003_film)&oldid=846219743 '' Categories : 2003 films English - language films 2000s fantasy - comedy films 2000s teen comedy films American fantasy - comedy films American films American teen comedy films Disney film remakes Films about dysfunctional families Films about weddings Films based on American novels Films directed by Mark Waters Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in Los Angeles Freaky Friday Teen fantasy films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Use mdy dates from November 2014 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from May 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 06 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played lindsay lohan s mother in freaky friday	[ "Freaky Friday is a 2003 American fantasy comedy film directed by Mark Waters and written by Heather Hach and Leslie Dixon, based on the novel of the same name by Mary Rodgers. It stars Jamie Lee Curtis and Lindsay Lohan as a mother and daughter whose bodies are switched due to a mysterious and magical fortune cookie." ]	[ "Jamie Lee Curtis" ]
-4995996295602467740	Awesome God	Awesome God - wikipedia Awesome God This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Awesome God '' Single by Rich Mullins from the album Winds of Heaven , Stuff of Earth Genre Contemporary worship Length 3 : 05 Label Reunion Songwriter ( s ) Rich Mullins Producer ( s ) Reed Arvin `` Awesome God '' is a contemporary worship song written by Rich Mullins and first recorded on his 1988 album , Winds of Heaven , Stuff of Earth . It was the first single from the album and rose to the number one spot on Christian radio and subsequently became a popular congregational song . Its title is inspired by a biblical expression ( Nehemiah 1 : 5 , Nehemiah 9 : 32 , Psalm 47 , Daniel 9 : 4 , etc . ) , variously translated as `` Awesome God '' , ( JPS , in the old - fashioned meaning `` awe - inspiring '' ) , `` great '' ( KJV ) , among other alternatives . Due to the popularity of the song it became Mullins ' signature song . Contents 1 Commentary 2 Cover versions 3 Congregational and other use 4 References 5 External links Commentary ( edit ) Mullins did not consider the song to be one of his best . In an interview with The Lighthouse Electronic Magazine in April 1996 , he said : You know , the thing I like about Awesome God is that it 's one of the worst - written songs that I ever wrote ; it 's just poorly crafted . But the thing is that sometimes , I think , that when you become too conscientious about being a songwriter , the message becomes a vehicle for the medium . This is a temptation that I think all songwriters have . I think a great songwriter is someone who is able to take a very meaningful piece of wisdom - or of folly or whatever - and say it in a way that is most likely to make people respond . But , what you want them to respond to is not how cleverly you did that ; what you want them to respond to is your message . Cover versions ( edit ) Over a year after Mullins ' death ( in September 1997 ) the song was covered on a tribute album for Mullins entitled Awesome God : A Tribute to Rich Mullins by Contemporary Christian musician , Michael W. Smith . Numerous other Christian artists have performed versions in numerous styles , from ska to swing to straight rock and traditional worship style , even hardcore punk and heavy metal bands , such as , Unashamed and Pantokrator . Congregational and other Use ( edit ) The song may be used as a hymn and can be sung using only the chorus , alone or in medley . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Selleck , Linda ( April 1998 ) . `` A Ragamuffin Music Man : Rich Mullins '' . Friends United Meeting . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2010 . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bush , John . `` Rich Mullins - Music Biography , Credits and Discography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brent Waters . `` The Lighthouse Electronic Magazine Interview '' . Kidbrothers.net . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Awesome God : A Tribute To Rich Mullins : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Phares , Heather ( September 15 , 1998 ) . `` Awesome God : A Tribute to Rich Mullins - Various Artists : Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Listen to `` Pantokrator '' Version of `` Awesome God '' `` . The Metal Resource . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Awesome God lyrics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Awesome_God&oldid=856599112 '' Categories : Contemporary Christian songs 1988 songs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles needing additional references from August 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Hrvatski 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 10 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the song our god is an awesome god	[ "\"Awesome God\" is a contemporary worship song written by Rich Mullins and first recorded on his 1988 album, Winds of Heaven, Stuff of Earth. It was the first single from the album and rose to the number one spot on Christian radio and subsequently became a popular congregational song.[1] Its title is inspired by a biblical expression (Nehemiah 1:5, Nehemiah 9:32, Psalm 47, Daniel 9:4, etc.), variously translated as \"Awesome God\", (JPS, in the old-fashioned meaning \"awe-inspiring\"), \"great\" (KJV), among other alternatives. Due to the popularity of the song it became Mullins' signature song.[2]\n" ]	[ "Rich Mullins" ]
8949559496620751691	Alvin and the Chipmunks	Alvin and the Chipmunks - wikipedia Alvin and the Chipmunks hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may be written from a fan 's point of view , rather than a neutral point of view . Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality , and to make it neutral in tone . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Alvin and the Chipmunks The Chipmunks ' 1958 logo Background information Also known as The Chipmunks Origin Los Angeles , California , United States Genres Pop rock and roll children 's music Years active 1958 -- 1972 1979 -- present Labels Liberty , London , Capitol , RCA , Sony , Quality , Atlantic , Rhino , Republic , Geffen , Columbia , Chipmunk Associated acts The Chipettes Website Official website Members Alvin Seville Simon Seville Theodore Seville Alvin and the Chipmunks Alvin and The Chipmunks ( 2015 -- present ) The film series ( 1987 -- 2015 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks ( 1983 -- 1990 ) The Alvin Show ( 1961 -- 1962 ) character First appearance 1958 Created by Ross Bagdasarian Sr . Portrayed by Film Series Voiced by Ross Bagdasarian Sr. ( 1958 - 1972 ) Ross Bagdasarian Jr. ( 1979 - present ) Years 1958 -- present Present Episode ( s ) ALVINNN ! ! ! and the Chipmunks Information Aliases Alvin , Simon & Theodore Species Chipmunks Gender males Occupation Singers Family Dave Seville The Chipettes Relatives Dave Seville ( adoptive father ) Nationality American Alvin and the Chipmunks , originally David Seville and the Chipmunks or simply The Chipmunks , is an American animated music group created by Ross Bagdasarian Sr. for a novelty record in 1958 . The group consists of three singing animated anthropomorphic chipmunks : Alvin , the mischievous troublemaker , who quickly became the star of the group ; Simon , the tall , bespectacled intellectual ; and Theodore , the chubby , impressionable sweetheart . The trio is managed by their human adoptive father , David ( Dave ) Seville . In reality , `` David Seville '' was Bagdasarian 's stage name , and the Chipmunks themselves are named after the executives of their original record label . The characters became a success , and the singing Chipmunks and their manager were given life in several animated cartoon productions , using redrawn , anthropomorphic chipmunks , and eventually films . The voices of the group were all performed by Bagdasarian , who sped up the playback to create high - pitched voices . This oft - used process was not entirely new to Bagdasarian , who had also used it for two previous novelty songs , including `` Witch Doctor '' , but it was so unusual and well - executed it earned the record two Grammy Awards for engineering . Bagdasarian , performing as the Chipmunks , released a long line of albums and singles , with `` The Chipmunk Song '' becoming a number - one single in the United States . After Bagdasarian 's untimely death in 1972 , the characters ' voices were performed by his son Ross Bagdasarian Jr. and the latter 's wife Janice Karman in the subsequent incarnations of the 1980s and 1990s . In the 2007 CGI / live - action film adaptation and its 2009 sequel , they were voiced in dialogue by Justin Long , Matthew Gray Gubler and Jesse McCartney . Bagdasarian Jr. and Karman continue to perform the singing voices for Alvin , Theodore and the Chipettes , but Steve Vining does Simon 's singing voice . The project has earned five Grammy awards , an American Music Award , a Golden Reel Award , and three Kids ' Choice Awards , and has been nominated for three Emmy awards . A third film installment , Alvin and the Chipmunks : Chipwrecked , was released in theaters on December 16 , 2011 . Fox 2000 Pictures and Regency Enterprises announced a fourth installment , titled Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Road Chip , released on December 18 , 2015 . A CGI - animated TV series revival , titled ALVINNN ! ! ! and the Chipmunks , premiered on Nickelodeon on August 3 , 2015 . Contents 1 History 1.1 Witch Doctor 1.2 The Chipmunk Song 1.3 The Three Chipmunks ( 1959 ) 1.4 The Alvin Show ( 1961 -- 62 ) 1.5 New albums and A Chipmunk Christmas ( 1969 -- 82 ) 1.6 Alvin and the Chipmunks ( 1983 -- 90 ) 2 Main characters 2.1 The Chipmunks 2.1. 1 Alvin Seville 2.1. 2 Simon Seville 2.1. 3 Theodore Seville 2.2 The Chipettes 2.2. 1 Brittany Miller 2.2. 2 Jeanette Miller 2.2. 3 Eleanor Miller 2.3 Dave 3 Film characters 3.1 Ian Hawke 3.2 Claire Wilson 3.3 Toby Seville 3.4 Zoe 3.5 Agent James Suggs 3.6 Samantha 4 Television characters 4.1 Miss Beatrice Miller 4.2 Professor Clyde Crashcup 5 Recording technique 6 Guest appearances 7 Filmography 7.1 TV shows 7.2 Movies 7.2. 1 Theatrical 7.2. 2 Direct to video 8 Discography 9 Video games 10 Concert tours 11 Awards and nominations 12 Home releases 12.1 List of VHS releases 12.2 List of DVD releases 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) Witch Doctor ( edit ) Main article : Witch Doctor ( song ) In 1958 , Ross Bagdasarian Sr. released a novelty song ( as David Seville ) about being unsuccessful at love until he found a witch doctor who told him how to woo his woman . The song was done by Bagdasarian in his normal voice , except for the `` magic '' words , done first in Bagdasarian 's pitched - up , pre-Chipmunk voice , then in a duet between his pitched - up voice and his normal voice . The words themselves are nonsense : `` Oo - ee , oo - ah - ah , ting - tang , walla - walla , bing - bang '' . The song was a hit , holding number one for three weeks in the Billboard Top 100 chart . Nothing makes any reference to chipmunks , but the song is sometimes included on Chipmunk compilations , as if the Chipmunks had provided the voice of the Witch Doctor . Bagdasarian did record a Chipmunks version of `` Witch Doctor '' , which appeared on the second Chipmunks album , Sing Again with the Chipmunks , in 1960 . Bagdasarian performed the song `` live '' ( with a pre-recorded track of the pitched - up voice ) on The Ed Sullivan Show . Bagdasarian ( again as Seville ) recorded a follow - up song , `` The Bird on My Head '' , singing a duet with his own sped - up voice as the bird . It also reached the Top 40 , peaking at No. 34 . While driving in Sequoia National Park , Bagdasarian saw a chipmunk dash in front of him . That moment inspired him to create his chipmunk characters . The technique was imitated by Sheb Wooley 's `` Purple People Eater '' and The Big Bopper 's `` The Purple People Eater Meets The Witch Doctor . '' The Chipmunk song ( edit ) Main article : The Chipmunk Song ( Christmas Do n't Be Late ) The Chipmunks first officially appeared on the scene in a novelty record released in late fall 1958 by Bagdasarian . The song , originally listed on the record label ( Liberty F - 55168 ) as `` The Chipmunk Song ( Christmas Do n't Be Late ) '' , featured the singing skills of the chipmunk trio . One phrase in the chorus has Alvin wishing for a hula hoop , which was that year 's hot new toy . The novelty record was highly successful , selling more than 4 million copies in seven weeks , and it launched the careers of its chipmunk stars . It spent four weeks at Number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart from December 22 , 1958 to January 12 , 1959 , succeeding `` To Know Him Is To Love Him '' at Number 1 on the same chart by another fictional animal act , The Teddy Bears . It also earned three Grammy Awards and a nomination for Record of the Year . At the height of its popularity , Bagdasarian and three chipmunk hand - puppets appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show , lip - synching the song . `` The Chipmunk Song '' appeared on the Chipmunks ' debut album , Let 's All Sing with the Chipmunks , in 1959 , and was repeated on Christmas with the Chipmunks , released in 1962 . The song also has been included on several compilation albums . Bob Rivers did a parody of this song for his 2000 Christmas album Chipmunks Roasting on an Open Fire which was titled `` The Twisted Chipmunk Song '' . In the song , the Chipmunks are referred to as Thagadore ( Theodore ) , Squeaky ( Simon ) , and Melvin ( Alvin ) . The three Chipmunks ( 1959 ) ( edit ) The Chipmunks first appeared in comic book form on Dell 's Four Color Comics series , issue # 1042 ( cover - dated Dec. 1959 ) . Alvin , Theodore and Simon were depicted as somewhat realistic , nearly identical anthropomorphic rodents with almond - shaped eyes . When Herb Klynn 's Format Films made a deal to develop the Three Chipmunks for animation , the old designs were rejected and new versions of the characters were created . Liberty Records eventually re-issued the early albums with the `` new '' Chipmunks and it was this new version of the Chipmunks that was used when Alvin 's own title was released by Dell in 1962 . The Alvin show ( 1961 -- 62 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Alvin Show The first television series to feature the characters was The Alvin Show . The cartoon gave more distinctive looks and personalities to the three chipmunks than just their voices , and an animated portrayal of Seville was a reasonable caricature of Bagdasarian himself . The series ran from 1961 to 1962 , and was one of a small number of animated series to be shown in prime time on CBS . Unfortunately , it was never an immediate success in prime time and was canceled after one season , only to find new life in syndication . In addition to Alvin cartoons , the series also featured the scientist Clyde Crashcup and his assistant Leonardo . Those characters did not feature prominently on any of the later series . Crashcup made a single cameo appearance in A Chipmunk Christmas , and in an episode of Alvin and the Chipmunks . The television series was produced by Format Films for Bagdasarian Film Corporation . Although the series was broadcast in black and white , it was produced and later re-run in color . 26 episodes each were produced for the Alvin and the Chipmunks and Clyde Crashcup segments , along with 52 musical segments . New albums and a Chipmunk Christmas ( 1969 -- 82 ) ( edit ) The final Chipmunks album in the project 's original incarnation , The Chipmunks Go to the Movies , was released in 1969 . After the death of Ross Bagdasarian in 1972 from a heart attack , the Chipmunks ' careers stalled until NBC showed interest in the original show ( the network carried Saturday morning reruns of The Alvin Show as a midseason replacement in 1979 ) and the following year , Excelsior Records released a new album of contemporary songs performed by the Chipmunks . That album , Chipmunk Punk , featured Bagdasarian 's son , Ross Bagdasarian Jr. , doing the voices of the characters . That album and the continued reruns of the series proved to be popular enough to warrant further new records as well as a new television production , and in 1981 , the Chipmunks and Seville returned to television in the Christmas special A Chipmunk Christmas , produced by Chuck Jones , which was first broadcast on NBC on December 14 of that year . Next year , two more albums were released ( Chipmunk Rock and The Chipmunks Go Hollywood ) . Alvin and the Chipmunks ( 1983 -- 90 ) ( edit ) Main article : Alvin and the Chipmunks ( 1983 TV series ) The group 's name changed from the `` Chipmunks '' to `` Alvin and the Chipmunks '' . In 1983 , a second animated television series for the group , produced by Ruby - Spears Productions , was released . Titled simply Alvin and the Chipmunks , the outline of the show closely paralleled the original Alvin Show . The series lasted eight production seasons , until 1990 . In the first season , the show introduced the Chipettes , three female versions of the Chipmunks -- Brittany , Jeanette , and Eleanor , who each paralleled the original Chipmunks in personality except for Brittany being vainer than Alvin , with Jeanette smart like Simon , and Eleanor fond of food like Theodore , with their own human guardian , the myopic Miss Beatrice Miller ( who arrived for the 1986 season ) . The success of the show led to the release of a soundtrack album in 1984 , Songs from Our TV Shows . The Chipmunks even walked a variation of NBC 's `` Let 's All Be There '' campaign for its Saturday - morning lineup in 1984 ( shows included The Smurfs , Snorks , Going Bananas , Pink Panther and Sons , Kidd Video , Spider - Man and His Amazing Friends , Mister T , etc . ) . After 1988 , the show was renamed just The Chipmunks to indicate that there were now two groups of them . Also introduced was the boys ' `` Uncle '' Harry , who may or may not have actually been a relative . The show reflected contemporaneous trends popular culture ; the Chipmunks sang recent hits , and wore contemporary clothing . One `` documentary '' episode spoofed John Lennon 's 1966 infamous comment that The Beatles had become `` more popular than Jesus '' , by recalling how the Chipmunks had fallen in popularity after Alvin boasted they were `` bigger than Mickey Mouse ! '' . In 1985 , the Chipmunks , along with the Chipettes , were featured in the live stage show , Alvin and the Chipmunks and the Amazing Computer . In 1987 , during the fifth season of the show on television , the Chipmunks had their first animated feature film , The Chipmunk Adventure , directed by Janice Karman and Ross Bagdasarian Jr. and released to theaters by The Samuel Goldwyn Company . The film featured the Chipmunks and the Chipettes in a contest traveling around the world . In the 1988 -- 89 season , the show switched production companies to DIC Entertainment , by which time the Chipmunks had truly become anthropomorphized . In 1990 , the show switched titles again to The Chipmunks Go to the Movies . Each episode in this season was a spoof of a Hollywood film , such as Back to the Future , King Kong , and others . In addition , several television specials featuring the characters were also released . At the conclusion of the eighth season , the show was canceled again . In 1990 , a documentary was produced about the show entitled Alvin and the Chipmunks / Five Decades with the Chipmunks . In that year , the Chipmunks also teamed up for the only time with other famous cartoon stars ( such as Bugs Bunny , Garfield , etc . ) for the drug abuse - prevention special Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue . Main characters ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Chipmunks ( edit ) The origin of the Chipmunks was totally rebooted in 2007 for its feature film . They are living in a tree , fending for themselves as their parents had taken off to join a hippie commune , and having problems gathering nuts for the winter . Their tree is cut down and carted off to grace the entrance lobby of a city office building , with them in it . They then hitch a ride in a basket of pastries Dave is carrying and wind up in his home , where they wreak havoc & uproar in his kitchen and get thrown out before showing Dave how well they can sing and becoming celebrities as a result . Despite repeatedly testing Dave 's putting up with them , they finally win his heart . Alvin Seville ( edit ) Alvin is the lead vocalist and is the oldest of the Chipmunks ( which is confirmed in the 1980s episode `` Grounded Chipmunk '' ) . He wears a red baseball cap and sweater sporting a yellow `` A '' . His eyes are blue ( amber in the live action / animated films ) and his build is thin . In personality , Alvin is enthusiastic , mischievous , charming , wacky , prideful , hot - tempered , and funny . The term look before you leap does not usually apply to Alvin as he is impulsive , excitable , and musically talented . He often makes up harebrained schemes to achieve his goals , whether it be trying to help his brothers , keeping Dave from figuring something out , or getting out of a sticky situation . Alvin seems to refer to his often illogical or crazy plans as `` challenging the ordinary '' . He is proud of his fame and often comes off as self - centered and vain , but Alvin does have a kind heart and loves his brothers very much , often proving that his heart is stronger than his voice . He 's also not ashamed to admit when he 's wrong and will help others when the time comes . There are times when Alvin displays true selflessness , such as when he gave his golden harmonica to a sick boy at Christmas and when he helped Theodore get Nathan , a bully , off his back for a while . He is shown to be infatuated with Brittany , although they often quarrel with each other , but they look out for each other when things look bad . He sometimes struggles with her to prove who is the better , such as when he and Brittany each ran for class president at their school in the animated series , but he is often kind to her and is implied to have a crush on her . He sometimes displays affection for Brittany such as hugging her , kissing her hand or cheeks , and comforting her when she is upset . In one CGI episode , Alvin overheard two girls insulting Brittany and he stood up for her , displaying his gentle side once again . Like his brothers , Alvin was originally voiced by Ross Bagdasarian Sr. In the animated series and film , he was voiced by Ross Bagdasarian Jr . Justin Long voiced Alvin in the live - action / animated film series . On July 30 , 2002 , Alvin was No. 44 on TV Guide 's list of `` Top 50 Best Cartoon Characters of All Time '' . Simon Seville ( edit ) Simon is the middle brother and the tallest of the Chipmunks . In addition to having an IQ just north of Einstein , Simon possesses a dry sense of humor as well as keen wit . He wears glasses and blue attire , and has blue eyes ( a trait he shares with Alvin ) . He is kind , gentle , logical , responsible , and at times poetic . He often takes charge when Alvin goes too far with his harebrained schemes . Although Simon tends to disagree and argue with Alvin , he truly loves his brother and sticks by him despite everything . Simon tends to hold grudges , but these are often short - lived as he knows that he should be more forgiving . Simon plays the bass , bass clarinet , saxophone , bagpipes , tuba , and drums , among others . In vocal harmonies , he consistently sings the lower parts due to having a deeper voice than his brothers . He is shown playing the keyboard in the original open for the 1980s series . He was also shown playing guitar in a 1980s Hardee 's commercial . Simon is often implied to have a crush on Jeanette , as she is like him in many details ; wearing glasses and blue or purple attire and having a high IQ , possibly rivalling his own . However , he seems braver in standing up to siblings than her because Jeanette does n't often stand up for herself when Brittany pushes her around . But like Simon to Alvin , Jeanette shares a sisterly bond with Brittany . Like his brothers , Simon was originally voiced by Ross Bagdasarian Sr. In the animated series and film , he was voiced by Ross Bagdasarian Jr . Matthew Gray Gubler voiced Simon in the live - action / animated film series . Theodore Seville ( edit ) Theodore is the child of innocence and the youngest of the Chipmunks . He is shy , loving , sensitive , chubby , gullible , trusting , and naïve . In short , he is an easy target for Alvin 's manipulations . He wears green attire and has green eyes ( brown in the CGI animated series ) . Theodore often holds the swing vote between his two brothers ' choices of action : Simon appeals to Theodore 's better nature while Alvin goes straight to bribery . He has a big appetite , constantly craving snacks and in one episode , Theodore tried to eat Alvin 's hand because of his hunger . He plays the drums , the guitar , and other instruments . In vocal harmonies , his voice is typically the highest . He is fragile yet unpredictable and not very brave , but he will put on a brave face when his brothers are in trouble . At times , he is childish and Alvin 's follower , but he is also the glue that binds his brothers despite Alvin and Simon 's differences and regular disagreements . Although he is sometimes teased by Alvin , Theodore loves his big brother and knows that Alvin loves him too . He seems to have affection for Eleanor , who shares physical traits with him , but she is smarter , braver and more athletic . They each have a passion for cooking , as Theodore is seen baking Christmas cookies in some Christmas episodes . In the live action / animated films , it is revealed that Theodore is sensitive about his weight and is often hurt when he is criticized for his chubby physique . This also applies to Eleanor , but she is able to stand for herself and wishes that Theodore would do the same . Like his brothers , he was originally voiced by Ross Bagdasarian Sr. In the animated series and film , his voice was provided by Janice Karman , Ross Bagdasarian Jr. 's wife and the voice of all three Chipettes . Jesse McCartney voiced Theodore in the live - action / animated film series . The Chipettes ( edit ) Main article : The Chipettes Brittany Miller ( edit ) Brittany is the lead singer and leader of The Chipettes and is the female counterpart of Alvin . She wears pink attire and has red hair often drawn up in a ponytail and has blue eyes . Brittany is considerably beautiful , self - centered , ambitious , and vain , but she does have a kind side and is loyal to her sisters , Jeanette and Eleanor . Brittany is often trying to look pretty and desires to make herself popular or get what she wants , but she does learn her lessons and is willing to do the right thing . Brittany often displays affection for Alvin as they are alike in many ways . Although she and Alvin are often quarrelsome with each other and often compete over who is the better , she does stick by his side in tough situations and deep down , she and Alvin do love each other . Brittany pushes Jeanette around a lot and takes advantage of her kindness , but deep down , they love each other very much and care about each other , proving that Brittany does have a gentle side . Eleanor always stands up to Brittany when she tries to push Jeanette around , but they do share a strong sisterly relationship . Jeanette Miller ( edit ) Jeanette is the second eldest sister and smartest of the Chipettes , as well as the tallest . Like Simon , she wears glasses and blue attire . She has brown hair in a bun in the ' 80s show and a short ponytail in the recent films . Her eyes are green in her TV appearances and The Chipmunk Adventure but were changed to purple in the live - action / CGI films . In personality , Jeanette is intelligent , gentle , kind , compassionate , and attractive . She cares about Simon and gets along with him very well , although the two of them are very shy about their relationship . She is often pushed around by Brittany , but she loves her sister and knows that Brittany loves her too . Jeanette tries to be her best , but she is shy and often viewed as clumsy , as she does have a habit of tripping over her feet . Still , she is beloved by her sisters and finds companionship with their guardian , Miss Miller . Eleanor Miller ( edit ) Eleanor is the youngest of the Chipettes . She has a lot in common with Theodore in terms of body shape and color of attire , but she is braver , more fit and has a better memory . She is blonde with pigtails and has brown eyes in the 80 ` s show , which changed to green in the more recent appearances . Eleanor is kind , sweet , trusting , courteous , and fairly pretty . She shares Theodore 's love of food and she is also skilled in cooking , and like him , she is the drummer for the Chipettes . Eleanor often stands up to Brittany when she pushes Jeanette around , but she loves her big sister and is always willing to forgive . She seems to have affection for Theodore and they are the two most open about their relationship . Like him , Eleanor is sensitive about her weight and does n't like to be insulted for it , but she often stands up for herself and wishes to help Theodore gain self - confidence . Dave ( edit ) Further information : David Seville David `` Dave '' Seville is a quick - tempered yet kind and somewhat insecure songwriter for the musical trio and Chipmunks ' adoptive father and confidant . While Dave struggles to remain calm and objective , Alvin often irritates him , causing Dave to yell `` Alvin ! '' , to which Alvin ( sometimes ) responds with `` Okay ! '' Dave plays piano and the guitar . He has short black hair and brown eyes . In the original incarnations of the group ( including the original recordings and The Alvin Show ) he is portrayed by Alvin and the Chipmunks creator Ross Bagdasarian Sr. In the 1983 -- 1990 revival of the show , he is portrayed by Ross Bagdasarian Jr. , the son of the original creator . For the series of films produced from 2007 to 2015 , he is portrayed by Jason Lee . In the 1983 -- 1990 animated series , it is revealed that Dave first found the Chipmunks as infants abandoned on the doorstep of his old cottage . At first , he grows to like them but had trouble keeping them from misbehaving as he had important songs to write or else he 'd lose his job . On top of that , Dave 's landlord is a nasty man who even tries to kill the Chipmunks . However , Dave eventually hears their amazing singing voices and records them , making their song a hit and with the money they earn they manage to move into a large house , which Dave owns and live happily together as one big family . The mother of the Chipmunks has made a few guest appearances , to see how her children are doing , and Dave had to acquaint her with urban ways . In the 2007 film , the visuals and history established in the animated show , are totally rebooted . Dave first discovers the boys eating food in his cabinets and he panics and throws them out . He later changes his mind and allows them into his home upon them showing their singing talent . However , the Chipmunks find an old letter and mistakenly think Dave does n't want them anymore so they go to live with Ian Hawke , their conniving music producer ; he begins to miss the boys and frees them from Ian . He welcomes the Chipmunks into his home and eventually he starts to love them like his own children . However , in the 2009 sequel Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel , Dave plays a minor role in the film , mainly due to his being in the hospital in Paris . This happened due to Alvin accidentally causing a billboard to crash into him and he is sent flying across the room and is severely injured , so he is placed in intensive care . He is rarely seen in the film . His cousin Toby acts as both a main character and the Chipmunks ' temporary guardian . Dave appears at the end of the film watching his boys and the Chipettes perform together . Dave appears for a third time in Alvin and the Chipmunks : Chipwrecked , where he , the Chipmunks and Chipettes board a cruise ship heading to the International Music Awards . He gets mad at Alvin , Simon and the Chipettes for leaving their cabin room for their own reasons . Later , he teams up with his old enemy , Ian , to find the Chipmunks and Chipettes when the six get blown away while hang - gliding a kite . He & Ian find them and leaves the island with them before its volcano erupts . with Ian getting his career back He later watches his family perform at the International Music Awards ; he is last seen on an airplane with them heading for home . In the fourth film , Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Road Chip , Dave now owns a music record company , and moved to a new home with the Chipmunks and Chipettes . Upset from Alvin throwing a surprise birthday bash , to his dismay , he decides to take his lover , Samantha , to Florida for one of his client 's album release party , instead of taking the Chipmunks . Both Samantha and Dave leave , leaving Samantha 's son , Miles , to stay with the Chipmunks , being that the Chipettes have gone to judge in American Idol . Dave , for most of the movie , is at Florida , having dinners with Samantha . After being suspected of going to propose to her , Dave is unwittingly sabotaged by Miles and the Chipmunks . He also gets upset , as the Chipmunks presumed , ruining his coworker 's proposal , and for causing much trouble on their trip to stop him . Alvin , Simon , Theodore , and Miles perform for Dave as an apology , during his client 's album release , finally mending the ruined proposal of Dave 's coworker . Back to Los Angeles , Dave adopts the boys , and is last seen yelling Alvin 's name after he finds his home wrecked . Film characters ( edit ) Ian Hawke ( edit ) Ian is played by comedian David Cross , and serves as the main antagonist in the first two films . He is Dave 's friend - turned rival and former college roommate , and serves as the CEO of Jett Records in the first film . One day , the Chipmunks sneak off to his home to audition , whereupon he automatically signs them on to the label . He rockets them to the top of music business but after seeing how much they 're truly worth , he attempts to lure them away from Dave for his own profit . His plan ultimately fails , as the Chipmunks have learned of it and escaped from his grasp , thus leaving him to be ousted from his job as CEO of Jett Records . In the second film , Ian is now unemployable , in debt , and lives in the basement of Jett Records stating that he lost everything except his dignity . However , he happens upon The Chipettes , who want to be famous like the Chipmunks , and can not wait to make them famous , so he takes them in , in hopes of getting his sworn revenge on the Chipmunks . He enrolls the Chipettes into the same school as the Chipmunks , and after showing Dr. Rubin ( Wendie Malick ) their talent , she agrees to let them battle the Chipmunks for the right to represent the school for the district 's music competition . However , in the climax , Ian decides to blow off the competition to have the Chipettes to perform at a Britney Spears concert , and takes them by force , threatening to take them to a barbecue restaurant if they will not comply . Alvin saves the Chipettes from Ian , who then tries to imitate them at the Britney Spears concert , only to get thrown into a dumpster by security guards losing everything again including his dignity . Ian makes his third and final appearance in the third film . Here , Ian has mellowed and now works on the Carnival Dream cruise ship , dressed in a pelican suit because record labels are not interested in hiring him for ruining the concert of the Chipmunks , the Chipettes and for passing on Justin Bieber twice . As a well - respected mascot , he takes his job very seriously and threatens to have Dave and the Chipmunks removed from the ship if they continue to act up . However , he becomes Dave 's friend again while helping him find the Chipmunks after they were marooned on the island . In the end , he gets his wealth back by starting a career as a screenwriter , having sold a screenplay about Zoe 's story to Hollywood . Claire wilson ( edit ) Claire is Dave 's ex-girlfriend who adores the Chipmunks after she finally gets to meet them . She becomes good friends with Dave again by the end of the movie . She is played by Cameron Richardson . Toby Seville ( edit ) Dave 's immature and very careless first cousin who appeared in the second film . Toby is a slacker who loves to play video games and still lives with his grandmother and Dave 's aunt , Jackie Seville , until he figures out what he wants to do with his life . Toby 's immaturity keeps him from acting like an adult ( although he seems to take on some responsibility in the middle of the film ) , and he has a crush on the Chipmunks ' homeroom and music teacher , Julie Ortega ( Erika Casanova ) , ever since he went to the same school as the Chipmunks . He is played by Chuck star Zachary Levi . Zoe ( edit ) Zoe is a deluded castaway who was found by the Chipmunks when they end up being marooned on an island that she took refuge . She claims to be on the island for eight or nine years . At first , she was believed to be crash - landed into the island , but it turns out that she intentionally came there to look for treasure . She is played by former SNL actress Jenny Slate and is the antagonist - turned protagonist of the third film . Agent James Suggs ( edit ) Agent James Suggs is the main antagonist of Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Road Chip . He is an air marshal who personally despises the Chipmunks for being dumped by his girlfriend and plots to hunt them down and have revenge . He first appears on an airplane where Theodore releases a monkey from a cage who releases several other animals . Suggs confronts the Chipmunks and gets attacked by the animals . He next encounters Alvin at a bar and fights him , but Alvin and the Chipmunks escape . He then chases them , but runs into a sign and gets knocked out . When he finds them at a musical parade he tries to catch them , but gets hit by a trumpet and then gets drunk . He wakes up in a room with a man and finds a tattoo on his stomach and another one of the Chipmunks on his back . He goes to a rental car station and urges a man to get him the fastest car he 's got to find the Chipmunks , but it is a yellow and sort of slow car . He initially is embarrassed , but accepts the car . He then finds the Chipmunks in a hotel and catches them in an elevator , but the Chipmunks defeat him by hitting the emergency stop button and leaving him trapped inside . During the mid-credits , he is released by a maid and is escorted to a pool . He then gets confronted by a man who tells him to move , but Suggs refuses and is subsequently carried out by two guards . He is presumably fired as air marshal for harassing the Chipmunks . He is similar to Ian Hawke . He is portrayed by Tony Hale . Samantha ( edit ) Samantha is a protagonist of Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Road Chip . She first appears at a miniature golf course with her son Miles ( who is later introduced into the movie ) . Her occupation is a doctor . She is portrayed by Kimberly Williams - Paisley . Television characters ( edit ) Miss Beatrice Miller ( edit ) The kindly , absent - minded adoptive mother of the Chipettes . She occasionally babysits the Chipmunks and has a crush on Dave , even though she 's old enough to be his mother . In her youth , she was part of an all - girl singing group called `` The Thrillers '' . She appeared in the 1983 TV series and was voiced by Dody Goodman . The character does not exist in the rebooted concept of the Chipettes . Professor Clyde Crashcup ( edit ) Main article : Clyde Crashcup Clyde Crashcup -- voiced by Shepard Menken -- is a scientist in a white coat whose experiments invariably failed . His was the only voice heard in many of the episodes , because the other character in the series was his assistant Leonardo , who only whispered into Clyde 's ear in order to communicate with him . In one episode , though , Clyde invented a wife , voiced by June Foray . Clyde had one of the four segments , and the Chipmunks starred in the other three ( two of which were musical segments ) . In the episode `` Crashcup Invents the Birthday Party '' , Foray provided the ( all too audible ) voice for the mother of Crashcup 's inaudible assistant Leonardo . Clyde Crashcup was primarily an inventor rather than a researcher , although he tended to `` invent '' things which had already been invented . However , in one episode , he built a functioning time machine . He typically would invent something by taking a pencil out of his lab coat 's pocket and drawing a picture in midair of his conception : the picture would then become the actual object . Recording technique ( edit ) The Chipmunks ' voices were recorded at half the normal tape speed onto audiotape by voice talent ( on the 60 's records , generally Ross Bagdasarian Sr. 's own voice overdubbed three times , on the post-80's records , studio singers ) talking or singing at half the normal speaking rate . When the tape was played back at normal speed , they would sound a full octave higher in pitch , at normal tempo . The technique was by no means new to the Chipmunks . For example , the high and low pitched characters in The Wizard of Oz were achieved by speeding up and slowing down vocal recordings . Also , Mel Blanc 's voice characterization for Daffy Duck was sped up to some extent . Now , the same effect is created digitally and in real time with a pitch shift . However , the extensive use of this technique with the Chipmunks , coupled with their popularity , linked this technique to them . The term `` chipmunk - voiced '' has entered the American vernacular to describe any artificially high - pitched voice . A similar effect could be obtained in playback by merely taking an LP recorded at 33 ⁄ RPM and playing it back at 45 or 78 RPM , a trick sometimes tried out by ordinary record listeners . The instrumental portions of the song are sped up as well , however , making it obvious that the music is being played at the wrong speed . Bagdasarian recorded vocals and music at different speeds to combine properly on his recording . Guitarist Les Paul said he visited Bagdasarian 's studio in 1958 and helped with the recording . The technique was used extensively in the British puppet show Pinky and Perky , which pre-dated the Chipmunks . The sound was frequently imitated in comedy records , notably `` Transistor Radio '' by Benny Hill , `` Bridget the Midget '' by Ray Stevens , `` The Laughing Gnome '' by David Bowie , and on several tracks on Joe Meek and the Blue Men 's album I Hear a New World . The technique also appears in the `` Yeah ! You ! '' line of The Coasters ' `` Charlie Brown '' . Prince used the technique on several of his songs , as well as Frank Zappa on We 're Only In It For The Money and on the instrumental album Hot Rats , among others . The early production style of hip - hop artist Kanye West involved sped - up , high - pitch vocal samples from classic soul records incorporated with his own ( additional ) instrumentation . Due in part to the acclaim of his debut album The College Dropout , such sampling techniques subsequently became much copied by a myriad of other hip - hop producers . In the early ' 90s rave scene , many breakbeat hardcore productions would utilize the same studio tricks , often taking a cappella from house records and speeding them up to fit the faster tempo . Vocals in songs that used this method would typically be referred to as `` chipmunk vocals '' . Guest appearances ( edit ) The Chipmunks make a guest appearance on the Canned Heat song `` The Chipmunk Song '' ( which is not the same song as the 1958 hit ) that appeared on their Christmas single . They also appeared on the FOX NFL Sunday intro ( which premiered on December 20 , 2009 ) with the cameo character , Digger ( the mascot for NASCAR on Fox ) . Filmography ( edit ) TV shows ( edit ) The Alvin Show ( 1961 - 1962 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks ( 1983 - 1990 ) ALVINNN ! ! ! and the Chipmunks ( 2015 -- present ) Movies ( edit ) There have been 8 Alvin and the Chipmunks films . Theatrical ( edit ) The Chipmunk Adventure ( 1987 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks ( 2007 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel ( 2009 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks : Chipwrecked ( 2011 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Road Chip ( 2015 ) Direct to video ( edit ) Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein ( 1999 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet the Wolfman ( 2000 ) Little Alvin and the Mini-Munks ( 2004 ) Discography ( edit ) Main article : Alvin and the Chipmunks discography Video games ( edit ) The Chipmunks ( 1990 ) - Platforms : Tiger Electronic Game . Alvin and the Chipmunks ( 2007 ) - Platforms : Nintendo DS , Wii , PlayStation 2 and Microsoft Windows . Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel ( 2009 ) - Platforms : Nintendo DS and Wii . Alvin and the Chipmunks : Chipwrecked ( 2011 ) - Platforms : Nintendo DS , Wii and Xbox 360 . Concert tours ( edit ) 1984 : The Chipmunks and the Magic Camera ( The Chipmunks ) 2008 : Get Munk 'd Tour ( The Chipmunks ) 2015 : Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Musical ( The Chipmunks and The Chipettes ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) 1959 , won three Grammy Awards for Best Recording for Children , Best Comedy Performance and Best Engineered Record -- Non-Classical for the song `` The Chipmunk Song '' ( it was also nominated for Record of the Year , but did not win ) . 1960 , won a Grammy Award for Best Engineered Recording - Non-Classical for the song `` Alvin 's Harmonica . '' 1961 , won a Grammy Award for Best Album for Children for the album Let 's All Sing with The Chipmunks ( it was also nominated for Best Engineered Record - Non-Classical ) . The song `` Alvin for President '' was also nominated for both Best Comedy Performance -- Musical and Best Engineered Record -- Novelty , making two nominations in the latter category . 1962 , was nominated again for a Grammy Award for Best Engineered Record -- Novelty for the television tie - in album The Alvin Show . 1963 , was nominated again for Grammy Awards for both Best Album for Children and Best Engineered Record -- Novelty for the album The Chipmunk Songbook . 1966 , was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Recording for Children for the song `` Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious '' . 1985 , was nominated for an Emmy Award in the category `` Outstanding Animated Program ( Daytime ) . '' 1987 , the second television series was nominated for a Young Artist Award in the category `` Exceptional Family Animation Series or Specials . '' 1987 , was nominated for an Emmy Award in the category `` Outstanding Animated Program ( Daytime ) . '' 1988 , was nominated for an Emmy Award in the category `` Outstanding Animated Program ( Daytime ) . '' 1988 , was nominated for a Young Artist Award in the category `` Best Motion Picture -- Animation '' for the movie The Chipmunk Adventure . 2000 , won the Golden Reel Award in the category `` Best Sound Editing -- Direct to Video -- Sound Editorial '' for the movie Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein . 2008 , Jason Lee won The Kids ' Choice Awards in the category `` Favorite Movie '' for the movie Alvin and the Chipmunks . 2008 , the 2007 Alvin and the Chipmunks soundtrack won the American Music Award for `` Best Movie Soundtrack . '' 2010 , Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel won the Kids ' Choice Awards in the category `` Favorite Movie . '' 2012 , Alvin and the Chipmunks : Chipwrecked won the 2012 Kids ' Choice Awards in the category `` Favorite Movie . '' There were six Grammy Awards , an American Music Award , a Golden Reel Award and three Kids Choice Awards in total . Home releases ( edit ) hide This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article 's subject matter . Please help improve this section by clarifying or removing superfluous information . If importance can not be established , the section is likely to be moved to another article , pseudo-redirected , or removed . Find sources : `` Alvin and the Chipmunks '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article . ( Discuss ) ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) List of VHS releases ( edit ) Following the cult success of the Lorimar Home Video release of the previously successful movie The Chipmunk Adventure on VHS , select episodes of the show from 1983 to 1990 , as well as several specials from the ' 80s and ' 90s , were released on VHS . Initially , in 1989 , they were distributed by Burbank Video . From 1992 to 1996 , they were distributed by Buena Vista Home Video . From 1998 to 2000 , they were distributed by Universal Studios Home Entertainment . The VHS Chipmunk Video Library titles featured select episodes from the Ruby - Spears and Murakami - Wolf - Swenson eras , but no opening and closing credits were included ( even though the opening credits were intact on A Chipmunk Reunion ) . Instead , each tape opened with previews from the six primary Chipmunk Library titles , set to the 1988 version of the show 's theme song titled `` We 're the Chipmunks '' . Also , a synthesized version of the 1983 -- 1987 title card music was used on the Ruby - Spears episodes . However , unlike the syndicated versions for most of these episodes that were airing at the time , these episodes were presented in their original speed , just as they were on NBC , before they were sped - up for syndication . The early - mid - ' 90s Chipmunk VHS releases featured select episodes from the DiC era . The Universal Home Video releases consisted of the reissue of The Chipmunk Adventure and the two direct - to - video films . The Chipmunk Adventure ( released by Lorimar Home Video in 1987 , Celebrity 's Just for Kids Video in 1993 and Universal Studios Home Entertainment in 1999 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks in Alvin and the Chipettes ( released by Burbank Video in 1989 ) The Greatest Showoffs on Earth Sisters Tell It to the Judge Alvin and the Chipmunks in Chipmunk Classics ( released by Burbank Video in 1989 ) Snow Wrong Cinderella ? Cinderella ! Alvin and the Chipmunks in Chipmunkmania ( released by Burbank Video in 1989 ) Every Chipmunk Tells a Story Who Ghost There A Horse of Course Alvin and the Chipmunks in The Chipmunk Family Tree ( released by Burbank Video in 1989 ) The Chipmunk Story ( Parts 1 and 2 ) A Chipmunk Reunion Around the World with Alvin and the Chipmunks ( released by Burbank Video in 1989 ) Maids in Japan Alvie 's Angels The Mystery of Seville Manor Alvin and the Chipmunks in Alvin 's Wildest Schemes ( released by Burbank Video in 1989 ) Romancing Miss Stone Snow Job A Chip off the Old Tooth Alvin and the Chipmunks in A Chipmunk Christmas ( released by Burbank Video in 1989 and by Buena Vista Home Video in 1992 ) A Chipmunk Christmas Alvin and the Chipmunks : Rockin ' With the Chipmunks : Featuring Michael Jackson ( released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1992 ) The Chipmunks : Rockin ' Through the Decades Alvin and the Chipmunks : It 's a Wonderful Life , Dave ( released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1993 ) Dave 's Wonderful Life Alvin and the Chipmunks : Alvin 's Christmas Carol ( released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1993 ) Merry Christmas , Mr. Carroll Alvin and the Chipmunks : Love Potion # 9 ( released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1994 ) Theodore and Juliet Dr. Simon and Mr. Heartthrob Dear Diary Alvin and the Chipmunks Sing - Alongs : Video Audio Fun - Pack Ragtime Cowboy Joe ( 11 songs from The Alvin Show , released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1994 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks Sing - Alongs : Video Audio Fun - Pack Working on the Railroad ( 11 songs from The Alvin Show , released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1994 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks : School 's Out for Summer ( released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1994 ) Alvin 's Summer Job ( a.k.a. Going For Broke ) Thinking Cap Trap Alvin and the Chipmunks : Hair Raising Chipmunk Tales ( released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1994 ) Babysitter Fright Night Theodore 's Life as a Dog Unfair Science Alvin and the Chipmunks : Nightmare on Seville Street ( released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1994 ) Nightmare on Seville Street No Chipmunk is an Island Psychic Alvin Alvin and the Chipmunks Go to the Movies : Back to Alvin 's Future ( released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1994 ) Back to Our Future Alvin and the Chipmunks Go to the Movies : Kong ! ( released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1994 ) Kong ! Alvin and the Chipmunks Go to the Movies : Batmunk ( released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1994 ) Batmunk Alvin and the Chipmunks Go to the Movies : Funny , We Shrunk the Adults ( released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1994 ) Funny , We Shrunk the Adults Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Easter Chipmunk ( released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1995 ) The Easter Chipmunk Alvin and the Chipmunks Go to the Movies : Daytona Jones ( released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1995 ) Daytona Jones and the Pearl of Wisdom Alvin and the Chipmunks Go to the Movies : Robomunk ( released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1995 ) Robomunk Alvin and the Chipmunks : Trick or Treason ( released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1995 ) Trick or Treason Alvin and the Chipmunks : A Chipmunk Celebration ( released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1995 ) A Chipmunk Celebration Alvin and the Chipmunks Go to the Movies : Bigger ! ( released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1996 ) Bigger ! Alvin and the Chipmunks Go to the Movies : Star Wreck : The Absolutely Final Frontier ( Released by Buena Vista Home Video in 1996 ) Star Wreck : The Absolutely Final Frontier Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein ( Released by Universal Studios Home Entertainment in 1999 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet the Wolfman ( Released by Universal Studios Home Entertainment in 2000 ) There were also VHS releases in the UK that included episodes that have yet to be released in the U.S. on DVD and have never been released in the U.S. on VHS . They consist of `` The Phantom '' , `` The Wall '' , `` Queen of the High School Ballroom '' , `` Alvin 's Not So Superhero '' , `` Home Sweet Home '' , `` All Worked Up '' and `` Phantom of the Rock Opera '' . There was also a VHS tape released exclusively in Germany that featured seven different segments ( albeit in German ) . On it were `` The Wall '' , `` The Amazing Chipmunks '' , `` Psychic Alvin '' , `` A Special Kind of Champion '' , `` Cookie Chomper III '' , `` Nightmare on Seville Street '' and `` Thinking Cap Trap '' . Of the seven , `` The Amazing Chipmunks '' , which originally aired alongside `` The Wall '' , is extremely hard to find in its original English language . List of DVD releases ( edit ) In 2005 , Bagdasarian Productions struck a deal with Paramount Home Video to distribute their latest direct - to - video release , Little Alvin and the Mini-Munks , on DVD . As a result , Paramount continues to distribute selected episodes of the show from 1983 to 1990 , as well as several specials from the ' 80s and ' 90s on DVD , except for Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein , Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet The Wolfman ( the home video rights to these specials are still owned by Universal Studios Home Entertainment ) and the live - action films made from 2007 to 2015 ( the home video rights to these films are owned by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment ) . The DVD releases include episodes of the 80 's Alvin and the Chipmunks animated series that were previously released on VHS as well as episodes that have been previously unreleased on a home video format . Also one episode of The Alvin Show from the 1960s was released . Monster Bash Fun Pack ( Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein / Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet the Wolfman / Monster Mash / Archie & the Riverdale Vampires ) ( released by Universal Studios Home Entertainment in 2004 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet The Wolfman Little Alvin and the Mini-Munks ( released by Paramount Home Video in 2005 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks : A Chipmunk Christmas ( released by Paramount Home Video in 2005 and again in 2008 ) A Chipmunk Christmas Merry Christmas , Mr. Carroll Dave 's Wonderful Life The Chipmunk Adventure ( released by Paramount Home Video in 2006 and again in 2008 ( 2008 reissue includes bonus CD ) ; released on Blu - ray and DVD combo pack in 2014 ) The Brave Chipmunks ( 2014 re-release ) Alvin and the Chipmunks : Trick or Treason ( released by Paramount Home Video in 2006 and again in 2008 ) Trick or Treason Babysitter Fright Night Theodore 's Life as a Dog Nightmare on Seville Street No Chipmunk is an Island Alvin and the Chipmunks : A Chipmunk Christmas : 25th Anniversary Edition ( released by Paramount Home Video in 2006 ) Same as previous release , except with a bonus CD . Alvin and the Chipmunks : A Chipmunk Valentine ( released by Paramount Home Video in 2007 , again in 2009 and again in 2012 ) I Love the Chipmunks Valentine Special Dr. Simon and Mr. Heartthrob Dear Diary Theodore and Juliet Sploosh ( 2012 re-release ) I Wish I Could Speak French ( 2012 re-release ) Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Chipmunks Go to the Movies ( released by Paramount Home Video in 2007 ) Star Wreck : The Absolutely Final Frontier Batmunk Funny , We Shrunk the Adults Alvin and the Chipmunks : Scare - riffic Double Feature : Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein and Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet the Wolfman ( released by Universal Studios Home Entertainment in 2008 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks ( 2007 film ) ( released by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on April 1 , 2008 ; Special Edition released in December 2008 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks Go to the Movies : Funny , We Shrunk the Adults ( released by Paramount Home Video on April 1 , 2008 ) Funny , We Shrunk the Adults Back to Our Future Bigger Alvin and the Chipmunks Go to the Movies : Daytona Jones and the Pearl of Wisdom ( released by Paramount Home Video on September 9 , 2008 ) Daytona Jones and the Pearl of Wisdom Batmunk Robomunk Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Alvinnn ! ! ! Edition ( released by Paramount Home Video on September 16 , 2008 ) The Curse of Lontiki Mr. Fabulous Unidentified Flying Chipmunk A Horse , Of Course New Improved Simon Snow Job Maids in Japan Every Chipmunk Tells a Story Romancing Miss Stone Three Alarm Alvin Alvin 's Oldest Fan A Chip Off the Old Tooth Whatever Happened to Dave Seville ? Cadet 's Regrets Alvin and the Chipmunks : Alvin 's Thanksgiving Celebration ( released by Paramount Home Video on September 23 , 2008 ) A Chipmunk Celebration Food for Thought Cookie Chomper III Dave 's Getting Married Alvin and the Chipmunks : Classic Holiday Gift Set ( released by Paramount Home Video on September 23 , 2008 ) Includes all the episodes from the DVDs `` Trick or Treason '' , `` Alvin 's Thanksgiving Celebration '' , and `` A Chipmunk Christmas '' Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Chipettes ( released by Paramount Home Video on January 13 , 2009 ) May the Best Chipmunk Win Operation : Theodore Sisters The Greatest Show - Offs on Earth My Fair Chipette Tell It to the Judge Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Mystery of the Easter Chipmunk ( released by Paramount Home Video on February 10 , 2009 ) The Easter Chipmunk Snow Wrong Luck o ' the Chipmunks A Special Kind of Champion Thinking Cap Trap Alvin and the Chipmunks Go to the Movies : Star Wreck ( released by Paramount Home Video on September 8 , 2009 ) Star Wreck : The Absolutely Final Frontier Elementary , My Dear Simon Chip Tracy Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Very First Alvin Show ( released by Paramount Home Video on September 8 , 2009 ) Episode No. 1 of The Alvin Show A Chipmunk Reunion The Chipmunks : Rockin ' Through the Decades Alvin and the Chipmunks : Alvin and the Chipettes in Cinderella , Cinderella ( released by Paramount Home Video on March 30 , 2010 ) Cinderella ? Cinderella ! Alvie 's Angels The Brunch Club Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel : Blu - ray and DVD combo pack , standard DVD , double disc DVD and standard Blu - ray disc were released on March 30 , 2010 ( by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment ) . Alvin and the Chipmunks : Driving Dave Crazy ( Released by Paramount Home Video on December 6 , 2011 ) Dave 's Getting Married Every Chipmunk Tells a Story Romancing Ms. Stone Maids in Japan The Incredible Shrinking Dave Mother 's Day The Chipette Diaries ( released by Paramount Home Video on March 13 , 2012 ) Alvie 's Angels Tell it to The Judge My Fair Chipette May the Best Chipmunk Win The Greatest Show - Offs on Earth The Chipettes Alvin and the Chipmunks : Chipwrecked : Blu - ray and DVD combo pack , standard DVD , double disc DVD and standard Blu - ray disc were released on March 27 , 2012 ( by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment ) . Alvin and the Chipmunks : Batmunk ( released by Paramount Home Video on July 10 , 2012 ) Batmunk Treasure Island Elementary , My Dear Simon Alvin and the Chipmunks : Halloween Collection ( released by Paramount Home Video on September 4 , 2012 ) Trick or Treason Babysitter Fright Night Theodore 's Life as a Dog Nightmare on Seville Street Once Upon a Crime Alvin and the Chipmunks : Easter Collection ( released by Paramount Home Video on February 19 , 2013 ) The Easter Chipmunk A Special Kind of Champion Thinking Cap Trap The Picture of Health Snow Wrong Luck o ' the Chipmunks The Chipettes : The Glass Slipper Collection ( released by Paramount Home Video on May 14 , 2013 ) Cinderella ? Cinderella ! The Chipette Story Sisters Operation : Theodore Alvin and the Chipmunks : Driving Dave Crazier ( released by Paramount Home Video on August 20 , 2013 ) Cookie Chomper III Grounded Chipmunk Whatever Happened to Dave Seville ? A Chip Off the Old Tooth The Alvin Show ( released by ANconnect on March 10 , 2015 ) Episode 1 : Stanley the Eagle Oh , Gondanliero Clyde Crashcup Invents the Baseball I Wish I Could Speak French Episode 2 : Ostrich The Brave Chipmunks Clyde Crashcup Invents the Baby Yankee Doodle Episode 3 : Overworked Alvin Witch Doctor Clyde Crashcup Invents Flight The Chipmunk Song ( Christmas Do n't Be Late ) ALVINNN ! ! ! and the Chipmunks : Alvin 's Wild Adventures ( released by Bagdasarian Productions on November 11 , 2015 ) Principal Interest Talking Teddy Mystic Mountain A Is for Alien Clowning Around Driving Dave Crazy What a Gem ALVINNN ! ! ! and the Chipmunks Season 1 Volume 1 ( released by Bagdasarian Productions on December 4 , 2015 ) ALVINNN ! ! ! and the Chipmunks Season 1 Volume 2 ( released by Bagdasarian Productions on January 26 , 2016 ) ALVINNN ! ! ! and the Chipmunks : Alvin vs. Brittany ( released by Bagdasarian Productions on March 1 , 2016 ) Sister Act Albrittina My Sister the Weirdo Mister Manners Reality or Not Turf War Don Juan Theodoro References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Alvin and the chipmunks : road chip '' . Movie Insider . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Bird On My Head by David Seville '' . Themadmusicarchive.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Clarely , Kathey ( May 24 , 1987 ) . `` Dashing Park Rodent was the Inspiration for Chipmunks '' . The Fresno Bee . ' He could n't figure out whether to use worms or elephants or whatever , ' said Ross Bagdasarian Jr. , who took over the chipmunk business from his father . ' Suddenly , as he was driving through the sequoias ( at Sequoia National Park ) , a chipmunk dashed out on the road and dared him to pass . Dad fell out of the car laughing and the Chipmunks were born . ' access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Alvin And The Chipmunks Celebrate Holidays On Stage '' . Sun Sentinel . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Alvin And The Chipmunks -- The Chipmunks Go To The Movies '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide 's 50 greatest cartoon characters of all time '' . CNN . 2002 - 07 - 30 . Archived from the original on 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Guitar Buyer , September 2008 Jump up ^ Burrell , Ian ( September 22 , 2007 ) . `` Kanye West : King of Rap '' . The Independent . UK . Retrieved April 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Barthel , Mike ( 2010 - 10 - 15 ) . `` Understanding Kanye : Sweet , Sweet Robot Fantasy , Baby '' . The Awl . David Cho . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Empire , Kitty ( 2005 - 08 - 28 ) . `` West Ends the Wait '' . The Observer ( Guardian News and Media Limited ) Retrieved 2005 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Canned Heat : The Official Band Biography '' . Canned Heat . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Alvin and The Chimpmunks and The Magic Camera from 1984 - Video Dailymotion . Dailymotion.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 25 . Alvin and the Chipmunks : Live On Stage . alvinandthechipmunkslive.com . Retrieved on 2015 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Alvin & the Chipmunks ( VHS ) : Amazon.de : VHS . Amazon.de ( 2009 - 09 - 09 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ by an anonymous customer answers . `` The Chipmunk Adventure ( Alvin 's Diamond Edition ) ( Blu - ray + DVD ) '' . Walmart.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Chipmunks.com , Bagdasarian Productions ' official site Alvin and the Chipmunks : Live on Stage ! , archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 25 Cinema.ch Trailer `` The History of the Chipmunks '' , Animation.Archive.org Alvin and the Chipmunks '' at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . hide Alvin and the Chipmunks Characters David Seville The Chipmunks The Chipettes Clyde Crashcup Studio albums Let 's All Sing with The Chipmunks Sing Again with The Chipmunks Around the World with The Chipmunks The Alvin Show The Chipmunk Songbook Christmas with The Chipmunks Christmas with the Chipmunks Vol. 2 The Chipmunks Sing the Beatles Hits The Chipmunks Sing with Children Chipmunks à Go - Go The Chipmunks Go to the Movies The Very Best of The Chipmunks Chipmunk Punk Urban Chipmunk A Chipmunk Christmas Chipmunk Rock The Chipmunks Go Hollywood The Chipmunk Adventure ( soundtrack ) The Chipmunks and The Chipettes : Born to Rock Solid Gold Chipmunks Rockin ' Through the Decades Soundtrack The Chipmunks Rock the House Chipmunks in Low Places Greatest Hits Here 's Looking at Me ! A Very Merry Chipmunk When You Wish Upon a Chipmunk Club Chipmunk : The Dance Mixes The A-Files : Alien Songs Greatest Hits : Still Squeaky After All These Years Little Alvin and the Mini-Munks ( soundtrack ) Christmas with The Chipmunks ( 2008 reissue ) Undeniable We 're the Chipmunks ( Music from the TV Show ) Television shows The Alvin Show ( 1961 -- 1962 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks ( 1983 -- 1990 ) episodes Alvin and the Chipmunks ( 2015 -- ) episodes Television specials A Chipmunk Christmas ( 1981 ) A Chipmunk Reunion ( 1985 ) Rockin ' Through the Decades ( 1990 ) Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ( 1990 ; guest appearance ) Feature films Animated The Chipmunk Adventure ( 1987 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein ( 1999 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet the Wolfman ( 2000 ) Live - action / animated Little Alvin and the Mini-Munks ( 2003 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks ( 2007 ) The Squeakquel ( 2009 ) Chipwrecked ( 2011 ) The Road Chip ( 2015 ) Video games Alvin and the Chipmunks Alvin and the Chipmunks : Chipwrecked People Ross Bagdasarian Sr . Ross Bagdasarian Jr . Janice Karman Liberty Records MusicBrainz : 14553432 - e492 - 420d - 99ed - 6e2fd6b4543f Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alvin_and_the_Chipmunks&oldid=856596610 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1958 Alvin and the Chipmunks Animated musical groups Family musical groups Fictional musical groups Parodists Liberty Records artists Capitol Records artists RCA Records artists Fictional chipmunks Fictional triplets Fictional adoptees Fictional singers Fictional dancers Fictional musicians Grammy Award winners Musical groups established in 1958 American children 's musical groups Recorded music characters Anthropomorphic rodents Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with a promotional tone from October 2015 All articles with a promotional tone Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from November 2015 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles with hCards Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2018 Articles that may contain original research from March 2018 All articles that may contain original research Wikipedia articles needing style editing from March 2018 All articles needing style editing All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008 Articles to be split from January 2018 All articles to be split Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски ไทย 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 09 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the chipmunks in alvin and the chipmunks	[ "In the 2007 CGI/live-action film adaptation and its 2009 sequel, they were voiced in dialogue by Justin Long, Matthew Gray Gubler and Jesse McCartney. Bagdasarian Jr. and Karman continue to perform the singing voices for Alvin, Theodore and the Chipettes, but Steve Vining does Simon's singing voice. The project has earned five Grammy awards, an American Music Award, a Golden Reel Award, and three Kids' Choice Awards, and has been nominated for three Emmy awards.\n", "In the 2007 CGI/live-action film adaptation and its 2009 sequel, they were voiced in dialogue by Justin Long, Matthew Gray Gubler and Jesse McCartney. Bagdasarian Jr. and Karman continue to perform the singing voices for Alvin, Theodore and the Chipettes, but Steve Vining does Simon's singing voice. The project has earned five Grammy awards, an American Music Award, a Golden Reel Award, and three Kids' Choice Awards, and has been nominated for three Emmy awards.\n" ]	[ "Justin Long", "Jesse McCartney" ]
7329179092607864241	Pete Wilder	Pete Wilder - wikipedia Pete Wilder Jump to : navigation , search This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pete Wilder Private Practice & Grey 's Anatomy character First appearance Grey 's Anatomy : `` The Other Side of This Life ( Part 1 ) '' 3x22 Private Practice : `` In Which We Meet Addison , a Nice Girl From Somewhere Else '' 1x01 Last appearance Grey 's Anatomy : `` The Other Side of This Life ( Part 2 ) '' 3x23 Private Practice : `` Gone , Baby , Gone '' 5x22 Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Tim Daly Information Aliases Pete Gender Male Occupation Physician at Seaside Health & Wellness ( former ) Physician at Pacific Wellcare Center ( former ) Physician at Oceanside Wellness Group ( former ) Physician with Doctors Without Borders ( former ) Owner of the Infectious Diseases practice in Beverly Hills ( former ) Title M.D. Family Frances Wilder ( mother ) ( deceased ) Adam Wilder ( brother ) Spouse ( s ) Anna Wilder ( deceased ) Violet Turner ( widow ) Significant other ( s ) Meg Porter Addison Montgomery Lisa King Children Lucas Wilder ( son with Violet ) Dr. Peter Wilder is a character on the Grey 's Anatomy spin - off Private Practice . He is portrayed by actor Tim Daly . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character history 1.1 Season One 1.2 Season Two 1.3 Season Three 1.4 Season Four 1.5 Season Five 1.6 Season Six 2 Trivia 3 References 4 External links Character history ( edit ) Season one ( edit ) Pete works at the Oceanside Wellness Center as a naturopathic doctor and licensed herbalist . He graduated from medical school and practiced traditional western medicine for a number of years before spending five years in China studying alternative medicine . Pete 's medical practice combines eastern and western medicine in an integrative approach , and he is often asked to provide expectant mothers with holistic birthing plans . Pete has also lectured locally and internationally on the subject of Oriental and Eastern Medicine . During Dr. Addison Forbes Montgomery 's first visit to Oceanside Wellness , Pete and Addison establish a teasing and often flirtatious relationship . Addison initially labels Pete a `` quack , '' but she allows the `` cute hippy boy '' to treat her with acupuncture . Although Pete is immediately attracted to her , he promises their mutual friend , Dr. Sam Bennett , that he will stay away from Addison . However , after finding Addison crying over her newly discovered infertility , Pete kisses her to prove that she is n't `` dried up . '' Addison seems open to pursuing a relationship with Pete , but is warned off by Sam . According to Sam , Pete is a serial monogamist , unable to emotionally connect with any woman since the death of his wife . Pete 's last foray into office romance was apparently disastrous , and resulted in the unnamed OB / GYN 's sudden departure from the practice . In response , Oceanside Wellness instituted a strict `` no consorting '' rule . Pete 's relationship with his wife is somewhat mysterious and he appears reluctant to discuss their marriage . During a visit to her grave on the anniversary of her death , we discover Anna Wilder died in 2001 , at the age of 40 . ( In `` The Other Side of This Life , '' Sam stated that Pete 's wife had died eight years prior . However , in a subsequent interview , Tim Daly said that there is some confusion as to whether Anna died six or eight years prior , which was finally decided to be six years prior . ) In a discussion regarding a patient , Pete hints to the other doctors that he stayed in an unhappy marriage because his wife was sick , and that they were unable to make the marriage work . Pete eventually tells Addison that he went to bed with his wife on a Tuesday night and when he awoke the following Wednesday morning , she was dead . He further states that no night was perfect during their marriage , not even their wedding night . This information was the most that Pete has ever divulged to any of his co-workers about his wife . During a second visit to his wife 's grave , Pete unleashes his pent - up anger to his wife 's headstone . After stating that Anna was `` a mean , cold bitch '' and that he hated her , Pete softens and apologizes for not being able to save her . Pete later reveals to Violet that at the time of Anna 's death , they had been trying to conceive a child . Season two ( edit ) In the fourth episode , a mysterious woman from Pete 's past appears in the clinic and reveals surprising facts about his past . Meg Porter ( played by Jayne Brook ) is a Doctors Without Borders physician and Pete 's former lover . They met when they were both residents and later worked together with Doctors Without Borders . Meg reveals to Pete 's surprised co-workers that once , during the war in Bosnia , Pete ( whom Meg calls Peter ) refused to evacuate and , despite the mortar fire , stayed with sick children for the whole night saving the lives of most of them . Later Pete told Meg , who has a smoking habit , that his wife was a smoker and she did n't quit the habit before she died . Despite their renewed relationship , Meg decides to go back to Ghana , where she works in an anti-malaria program , but Pete asked her to come back to him because she makes him happy . Meg returned later to L.A. and even tried to give up smoking for Pete , but despite that , the relationship did n't work . Meg was n't sure if she wanted to live in L.A. , and Pete admitted that ever since his unhappy marriage he does n't trust women anymore . When Pete and his Oceanside Wellness Center colleague Violet hooked - up , the relationship with Meg was definitely over . The relationship with Violet started with just sex , but Pete later realized that he wanted more . When he asked Violet if they could move to the next level and begin a real relationship , she turned him down , saying she does n't trust him because of his past . But it was Violet 's behavior that really put an end to things when she started secretly dating Sheldon , the therapist from the rival practice , The Pacific Wellcare . Pete ended their relationship because of Violet 's infidelity . Afterward , Violet reveals to both Pete and Sheldon she 's pregnant , and was willing to raise the child , but preferred to ignore who the father is . In the Season Two finale , Pete confronts Violet and says that he loves her and they could be a real family . Violet turns him down , but later she kisses him and confesses her feelings towards him . In the end , Violet 's patient , Katie , thinks Violet 's baby is her own . Katie kidnaps Violet 's baby , ending the finale as a cliffhanger . Season Three ( edit ) Season Three starts just twenty minutes after the Season Two finale , when Pete finds Violet lying unconscious on the floor of her house , bleeding to death . Katie cut the baby out of Violet and ran away with him . Pete saves Violet and , together with Naomi , rushes her to hospital , where Addison and Naomi perform surgery on her . In the meantime , Katie appears in the hospital with Violet 's baby , and is apprehended by Pete , Cooper , and the security team . While waiting in the hospital during Violet 's surgery , Pete thinks back to their first meeting . They met just four days after Pete 's wife death when Sam and Naomi , Pete 's friends who had just opened their private practice , recommended that Pete see Violet for therapy . Pete at first was reluctant to talk with Violet , but he finally opened up to her and admitted that he hated his wife and argued with her all the time , even the night she died . The next morning , he continued yelling at her when he woke up and only a few minutes later he noticed that she was n't answering because she was dead . Pete admitted that he was relieved after his wife 's death and felt free . After that . Pete , who owned an Infectious Diseases practice in Beverly Hills , decided to change his job , and started working in Oceanside Wellness Centre as an Alternative Medicine specialist , where he still works eight years later . A month after the Season Three premiere , Violet is still trying to recover and get over her trauma . Pete lives with her and takes care of her and the baby , Lucas . Violet is not leaving her house and has panic attacks every time the doorbell rings . After getting advice from Sheldon , Pete decides to move out , to help Violet recover and push her to go outside . Violet realizes that after the traumatic events in her life , she ca n't bond with her baby . She gives Lucas to Pete to care for . A couple of weeks later , Sheldon requests a paternity test and it is revealed that Pete is the biological father . Pete continues to be a single father and takes care of Lucas , hoping that some day Violet will come back to him and be able to bond with their child . To give Violet more space and time to recover , Pete decided to leave his job in Oceanside Wellness and accept Naomi 's offer to work as physician in Pacific Wellcare . When Pete found out that Violet slept with Addison 's father , he was so hurt , that he declared it the definite end of their relationship . Later on Pete forgave Violet , but she still was n't ready to move on and re-unite with Pete and their son , Lucas , who was already 6 months old . After that Pete and Addison started a `` friends with benefits '' relationship together . Pete and Addison eventually took their relationship further , becoming a real couple . They pursued this even after Violet had returned and was ready for a real relationship with Pete and Lucas . In the Season Three finale , Addison tells Pete that he should be with Violet , and he seems to initiate a newfound relationship with Violet again . Season Four ( edit ) In the Season Four premiere , Pete popped the question to Violet after a morning of passion . The wedding was set for the following weekend . Violet bolted from the ceremony halfway down the aisle , but was wordlessly convinced by Pete to come back and the two were wed . In the Season Four finale , Violet finds out that her license is being suspended and Pete tells her that maybe they should split . The final scene of Season Four shows Pete , alone with Lucas , having a heart attack with no one around to help him . Season five ( edit ) No one is around to help Pete . Cooper arrives and finds him unconscious . He 's rushed to the hospital where Sam and Amelia work to save his life . Violet returns shocked at what has happened . Pete has an emergency quadruple bypass . Amelia operates on him under the influence . The surgery is a success . Afterwards , everything seems fine between Violet and Pete until Pete begins lashing out at Violet and she becomes his verbal punching bag and he offers her no support as she struggles to return to the practice . Sheldon becomes Pete 's unofficial therapist . Pete begins treating Violet as though he hates her . Sheldon warns him that he will lose her and Lucas if he continues this behavior . Violet and Pete try to make it work but Violet does n't want him to hate her as he did hate his deceased wife . The two agree to amicably separate . Season six ( edit ) In the season premiere Violet is left wondering where Pete is as his court date has arrived and he was not there . Throughout the episode Violet and the rest of the practice debate whether he has fallen into some trouble or he decided to make a run for it . The only clue available is a text message from Pete to Violet stating , `` Went for a run . Whatever happens ... know that I LOVE YOU ! '' Speculation flies as Violet considers whether Pete meant a jog or a flight out of the country . In the last minutes of the episode it is revealed by Violet in a conversation with Cooper that police have informed her Pete had fallen off a hill while on a run and suffered a fatal heart attack . Since he was out of immediate sight help was not able to arrive on time and he died . Violet is in shock , stating she could hardly believe it was Pete and she did not know how to break the news to their three - year - old son . Per his will , Pete 's body is cremated and he insists on a party rather than a funeral . At the event , Violet hears various people talk of how Pete saved their lives or helped family members , Violet having a difficult time dealing with it , including getting high in the bathroom . She tries to celebrate with singing but breaks down to scream over Pete leaving her and their son alone . Trivia ( edit ) Pete rode a Triumph motorcycle . Before settling on the name Pete Wilder , the creators of the show considered and rejected `` Pete Finch '' and `` Pete Fisher . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Private Practice at The Futon Critic ^ Jump up to : Private Practice - Home - ABC.com Jump up ^ http://phobos.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?id=265120115&s=143441&i=19633636 External links ( edit ) ABC Bio of Peter Wilder ( hide ) Private Practice Episodes Season 1 `` Did You Hear What Happened to Charlotte King ? '' 6 Characters Addison Montgomery Pete Wilder Naomi Bennett Cooper Freedman Charlotte King Dell Parker Sheldon Wallace Amelia Shepherd Sam Bennett Violet Turner See also Grey 's Anatomy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete_Wilder&oldid=815172186 '' Categories : Fictional physicians Private Practice characters Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from January 2016 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 05 : 46 . About Wikipedia	who does pete end up with in private practice	[ "In the season premiere Violet is left wondering where Pete is as his court date has arrived and he was not there. Throughout the episode Violet and the rest of the practice debate whether he has fallen into some trouble or he decided to make a run for it. The only clue available is a text message from Pete to Violet stating, \"Went for a run. Whatever happens... know that I LOVE YOU!\" Speculation flies as Violet considers whether Pete meant a jog or a flight out of the country. In the last minutes of the episode it is revealed by Violet in a conversation with Cooper that police have informed her Pete had fallen off a hill while on a run and suffered a fatal heart attack. Since he was out of immediate sight help was not able to arrive on time and he died. Violet is in shock, stating she could hardly believe it was Pete and she did not know how to break the news to their three-year-old son. Per his will, Pete's body is cremated and he insists on a party rather than a funeral. At the event, Violet hears various people talk of how Pete saved their lives or helped family members, Violet having a difficult time dealing with it, including getting high in the bathroom. She tries to celebrate with singing but breaks down to scream over Pete leaving her and their son alone." ]	[ "Violet" ]
-2694455942800554283	Isotopes of silver	Isotopes of silver - wikipedia Isotopes of silver Jump to : navigation , search Main isotopes of silver Isotope Decay abundance half - life ( t ) mode product Ag syn 41.2 d ε Pd γ -- Ag syn 8.28 d ε Pd γ -- Ag 51.839 % stable Ag syn 418 y ε Pd IT Ag γ -- Ag 48.161 % stable Ag syn 7.45 d β Cd γ -- Standard atomic weight ( A ) 107.8682 ( 2 ) view talk Naturally occurring silver ( Ag ) is composed of the two stable isotopes Ag and Ag with Ag being the more abundant ( 51.839 % natural abundance ) . Twenty - eight radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being Ag with a half - life of 41.29 days , Ag with a half - life of 7.45 days , and Ag with a half - life of 3.13 hours . All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half - lives that are less than an hour and the majority of these have half - lives that are less than 3 minutes . This element has numerous meta states with the most stable being Ag ( t 418 years ) , Ag ( t 249.79 days ) and Ag ( t 8.28 days ) . Isotopes of silver range in atomic weight from 92.950 u ( Ag ) to 129.950 u ( Ag ) . The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope , Ag , is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta decay . The primary decay products before Ag are palladium ( element 46 ) isotopes and the primary products after are cadmium ( element 48 ) isotopes . The palladium isotope Pd decays by beta emission to Ag with a half - life of 6.5 million years . Iron meteorites are the only objects with a high enough palladium / silver ratio to yield measurable variations in Ag abundance . Radiogenic Ag was first discovered in the Santa Clara meteorite in 1978 . The discoverers suggest that the coalescence and differentiation of iron - cored small planets may have occurred 10 million years after a nucleosynthetic event . Pd versus Ag correlations observed in bodies , which have clearly been melted since the accretion of the solar system , must reflect the presence of live short - lived nuclides in the early solar system . List of isotopes ( edit ) nuclide symbol Z ( p ) N ( n ) isotopic mass ( u ) half - life decay mode ( s ) daughter isotope ( s ) nuclear spin representative isotopic composition ( mole fraction ) range of natural variation ( mole fraction ) excitation energy Ag 47 46 92.94978 ( 64 ) # 5 # ms ( > 1.5 μs ) 9 / 2 + # Ag 47 47 93.94278 ( 54 ) # 37 ( 18 ) ms ( 26 ( + 26 − 9 ) ms ) β Pd 0 + # Ag 1350 ( 400 ) # keV 422 ( 16 ) ms β ( > 99.9 % ) Pd ( 7 + ) β , p ( <. 1 % ) Rh Ag 6500 ( 2000 ) # keV 300 ( 200 ) ms ( 21 + ) Ag 47 48 94.93548 ( 43 ) # 1.74 ( 13 ) s β ( > 99.9 % ) Pd ( 9 / 2 + ) β , p ( <. 1 % ) Rh Ag 344.2 ( 3 ) keV < 0.5 s ( 1 / 2 − ) Ag 2531 ( 1 ) keV < 16 ms ( 23 / 2 + ) Ag 4859 ( 1 ) keV < 40 ms ( 37 / 2 + ) Ag 47 49 95.93068 ( 43 ) # 4.45 ( 4 ) s β ( 96.3 % ) Pd ( 8 + ) β , p ( 3.7 % ) Rh Ag 0 ( 50 ) # keV 6.9 ( 6 ) s ( 2 + ) Ag 700 ( 200 ) ns Ag 47 50 96.92397 ( 35 ) 25.3 ( 3 ) s β Pd ( 9 / 2 + ) Ag 2343 ( 49 ) keV 5 ns ( 21 / 2 + ) Ag 47 51 97.92157 ( 7 ) 47.5 ( 3 ) s β ( 99.99 % ) Pd ( 5 + ) β , p (. 0012 % ) Rh Ag 167.83 ( 15 ) keV 220 ( 20 ) ns ( 3 + ) Ag 47 52 98.91760 ( 16 ) 124 ( 3 ) s β Pd ( 9 / 2 ) + Ag 506.1 ( 4 ) keV 10.5 ( 5 ) s IT Ag ( 1 / 2 − ) Ag 47 53 99.91610 ( 8 ) 2.01 ( 9 ) min β Pd ( 5 ) + Ag 15.52 ( 16 ) keV 2.24 ( 13 ) min IT Ag ( 2 ) + β Pd Ag 47 54 100.91280 ( 11 ) 11.1 ( 3 ) min β Pd 9 / 2 + Ag 274.1 ( 3 ) keV 3.10 ( 10 ) s IT Ag 1 / 2 − Ag 47 55 101.91169 ( 3 ) 12.9 ( 3 ) min β Pd 5 + Ag 9.3 ( 4 ) keV 7.7 ( 5 ) min β ( 51 % ) Pd 2 + IT ( 49 % ) Ag Ag 47 56 102.908973 ( 18 ) 65.7 ( 7 ) min β Pd 7 / 2 + Ag 134.45 ( 4 ) keV 5.7 ( 3 ) s IT Ag 1 / 2 − Ag 47 57 103.908629 ( 6 ) 69.2 ( 10 ) min β Pd 5 + Ag 6.9 ( 4 ) keV 33.5 ( 20 ) min β ( 99.93 % ) Pd 2 + IT (. 07 % ) Ag Ag 47 58 104.906529 ( 12 ) 41.29 ( 7 ) d β Pd 1 / 2 − Ag 25.465 ( 12 ) keV 7.23 ( 16 ) min IT ( 99.66 % ) Ag 7 / 2 + β (. 34 % ) Pd Ag 47 59 105.906669 ( 5 ) 23.96 ( 4 ) min β ( 99.5 % ) Pd 1 + β ( 0.5 % ) Cd Ag 89.66 ( 7 ) keV 8.28 ( 2 ) d β Pd 6 + IT ( 4.16 × 10 % ) Ag Ag 47 60 106.905097 ( 5 ) Stable 1 / 2 − 0.51839 ( 8 ) Ag 93.125 ( 19 ) keV 44.3 ( 2 ) s IT Ag 7 / 2 + Ag 47 61 107.905956 ( 5 ) 2.37 ( 1 ) min β ( 97.15 % ) Cd 1 + β ( 2.85 % ) Pd Ag 109.440 ( 7 ) keV 418 ( 21 ) y β ( 91.3 % ) Pd 6 + IT ( 8.96 % ) Ag Ag 47 62 108.904752 ( 3 ) Stable 1 / 2 − 0.48161 ( 8 ) Ag 88.0341 ( 11 ) keV 39.6 ( 2 ) s IT Ag 7 / 2 + Ag 47 63 109.906107 ( 3 ) 24.6 ( 2 ) s β ( 99.7 % ) Cd 1 + EC (. 3 % ) Pd Ag 1.113 keV 660 ( 40 ) ns 2 − Ag 117.59 ( 5 ) keV 249.950 ( 24 ) d β ( 98.64 % ) Cd 6 + IT ( 1.36 % ) Ag Ag 47 64 110.905291 ( 3 ) 7.45 ( 1 ) d β Cd 1 / 2 − Ag 59.82 ( 4 ) keV 64.8 ( 8 ) s IT ( 99.3 % ) Ag 7 / 2 + β (. 7 % ) Cd Ag 47 65 111.907005 ( 18 ) 3.130 ( 9 ) h β Cd 2 ( − ) Ag 47 66 112.906567 ( 18 ) 5.37 ( 5 ) h β Cd 1 / 2 − Ag 43.50 ( 10 ) keV 68.7 ( 16 ) s IT ( 64 % ) Ag 7 / 2 + β ( 36 % ) Cd Ag 47 67 113.908804 ( 27 ) 4.6 ( 1 ) s β Cd 1 + Ag 199 ( 5 ) keV 1.50 ( 5 ) ms IT Ag ( < 7 + ) Ag 47 68 114.90876 ( 4 ) 20.0 ( 5 ) min β Cd 1 / 2 − Ag 41.16 ( 10 ) keV 18.0 ( 7 ) s β ( 79 % ) Cd 7 / 2 + IT ( 21 % ) Ag Ag 47 69 115.91136 ( 5 ) 2.68 ( 10 ) min β Cd ( 2 ) − Ag 81.90 ( 20 ) keV 8.6 ( 3 ) s β ( 94 % ) Cd ( 5 + ) IT ( 6 % ) Ag Ag 47 70 116.91168 ( 5 ) 73.6 ( 14 ) s ( 72.8 ( + 20 − 7 ) s ) β Cd 1 / 2 − # Ag 28.6 ( 2 ) keV 5.34 ( 5 ) s β ( 94 % ) Cd ( 7 / 2 + ) IT ( 6 % ) Ag Ag 47 71 117.91458 ( 7 ) 3.76 ( 15 ) s β Cd 1 - Ag 45.79 ( 9 ) keV ~ 0.1 μs 0 ( − ) to 2 ( − ) Ag 127.49 ( 5 ) keV 2.0 ( 2 ) s β ( 59 % ) Cd 4 ( + ) IT ( 41 % ) Ag Ag 279.37 ( 20 ) keV ~ 0.1 μs ( 2 + , 3 + ) Ag 47 72 118.91567 ( 10 ) 6.0 ( 5 ) s β Cd 1 / 2 − # Ag 20 ( 20 ) # keV 2.1 ( 1 ) s β Cd 7 / 2 + # Ag 47 73 119.91879 ( 8 ) 1.23 ( 4 ) s β ( 99.99 % ) Cd 3 ( + # ) β , n (. 003 % ) Cd Ag 203.0 ( 10 ) keV 371 ( 24 ) ms β ( 63 % ) Cd 6 ( − ) IT ( 37 % ) Ag Ag 47 74 120.91985 ( 16 ) 0.79 ( 2 ) s β ( 99.92 % ) Cd ( 7 / 2 + ) # β , n (. 076 % ) Cd Ag 47 75 121.92353 ( 22 ) # 0.529 ( 13 ) s β ( > 99.9 % ) Cd ( 3 + ) β , n ( <. 1 % ) Cd Ag 80 ( 50 ) # keV 1.5 ( 5 ) s β ( > 99.9 % ) Cd 8 - # β , n ( <. 1 % ) Cd Ag 47 76 122.92490 ( 22 ) # 0.300 ( 5 ) s β ( 99.45 % ) Cd ( 7 / 2 + ) β , n (. 549 % ) Cd Ag 47 77 123.92864 ( 21 ) # 172 ( 5 ) ms β ( 99.9 % ) Cd 3 + # β , n (. 1 % ) Cd Ag 0 ( 100 ) # keV 200 # ms β Cd 8 - # IT Ag Ag 47 78 124.93043 ( 32 ) # 166 ( 7 ) ms β ( > 99.9 % ) Cd ( 7 / 2 + ) # β , n ( <. 1 % ) Cd Ag 47 79 125.93450 ( 32 ) # 107 ( 12 ) ms β ( > 99.9 % ) Cd 3 + # β , n ( <. 1 % ) Cd Ag 47 80 126.93677 ( 32 ) # 79 ( 3 ) ms β ( > 99.9 % ) Cd 7 / 2 + # β , n ( <. 1 % ) Cd Ag 47 81 127.94117 ( 32 ) # 58 ( 5 ) ms Ag 47 82 128.94369 ( 43 ) # 44 ( 7 ) ms ( 46 ( + 5 − 9 ) ms ) 7 / 2 + # Ag 0 ( 200 ) # keV ~ 160 ms 1 / 2 − # Ag 47 83 129.95045 ( 36 ) # ~ 50 ms β Cd 0 + Ag 47 84 35 ms β Cd Ag 47 85 28 ms β Cd Jump up ^ Abbreviations : EC : Electron capture IT : Isomeric transition Jump up ^ Bold for stable isotopes , bold italics for nearly - stable isotopes ( half - life longer than the age of the universe ) Jump up ^ Used to date certain events in the early history of the Solar System ^ Jump up to : Theoretically capable of spontaneous fission ^ Jump up to : Fission product Notes ( edit ) The precision of the isotope abundances and atomic mass is limited through variations . The given ranges should be applicable to any normal terrestrial material . Geologically exceptional samples are known in which the isotopic composition lies outside the reported range . The uncertainty in the atomic mass may exceed the stated value for such specimens . Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data , but at least partly from systematic trends . Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses . Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits . Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation , except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC , which use expanded uncertainties . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Meija , J. ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Atomic weights of the elements 2013 ( IUPAC Technical Report ) '' . Pure and Applied Chemistry . 88 ( 3 ) : 265 -- 91 . doi : 10.1515 / pac - 2015 - 0305 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Nuclide Chart '' . nucleonica . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Isotope masses from : G. Audi ; A.H. Wapstra ; C. Thibault ; J. Blachot ; O. Bersillon ( 2003 ) . `` The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties '' ( PDF ) . Nuclear Physics A. 729 : 3 -- 128 . Bibcode : 2003NuPhA. 729 ... 3A . doi : 10.1016 / j. nuclphysa. 2003.11. 001 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 09 - 23 . Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from : J.R. de Laeter ; J.K. Böhlke ; P. De Bièvre ; H. Hidaka ; H.S. Peiser ; K.J.R. Rosman ; P.D.P. Taylor ( 2003 ) . `` Atomic weights of the elements . Review 2000 ( IUPAC Technical Report ) '' . Pure and Applied Chemistry . 75 ( 6 ) : 683 -- 800 . doi : 10.1351 / pac200375060683 . M.E. Wieser ( 2006 ) . `` Atomic weights of the elements 2005 ( IUPAC Technical Report ) '' . Pure and Applied Chemistry . 78 ( 11 ) : 2051 -- 2066 . doi : 10.1351 / pac200678112051 . Lay summary . Half - life , spin , and isomer data selected from the following sources . See editing notes on this article 's talk page . G. Audi ; A.H. Wapstra ; C. Thibault ; J. Blachot ; O. Bersillon ( 2003 ) . `` The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties '' ( PDF ) . Nuclear Physics A. 729 : 3 -- 128 . Bibcode : 2003NuPhA. 729 ... 3A . doi : 10.1016 / j. nuclphysa. 2003.11. 001 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 09 - 23 . National Nuclear Data Center . `` NuDat 2.1 database '' . Brookhaven National Laboratory . Retrieved September 2005 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) N.E. Holden ( 2004 ) . `` Table of the Isotopes '' . In D.R. Lide . CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics ( 85th ed . ) . CRC Press . Section 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 0485 - 9 . Isotopes of palladium Isotopes of silver Isotopes of cadmium Table of nuclides Isotopes of the chemical elements He Li Be 6 7 8 9 10 Ne 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 16 17 Cl 18 Ar 19 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 54 Xe 55 Cs 56 Ba 57 La 72 Hf 73 Ta 74 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 87 Fr 88 Ra 89 Ac 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 Rg 112 Cn 113 Nh 114 Fl 115 Mc 116 Lv 117 Ts 118 Og 58 Ce 59 Pr 60 Nd 61 Pm 62 Sm 63 Eu 64 Gd 65 Tb 66 Dy 67 Ho 68 Er 69 Tm 70 Yb 71 Lu 90 Th 91 Pa 92 U 93 Np 94 Pu 95 Am 96 Cm 97 Bk 98 Cf 99 Es 100 Fm 101 Md 102 No 103 Lr Table of nuclides Categories : Isotopes Tables of nuclides Metastable isotopes Isotopes by element Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isotopes_of_silver&oldid=805844946 '' Categories : Silver Isotopes of silver Lists of isotopes by element Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources CS1 errors : dates Talk About Wikipedia Català Чӑвашла Čeština Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Русский 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2017 , at 00 : 26 . About Wikipedia	what is the natural abundance of ag−109	[ "Naturally occurring silver (47Ag) is composed of the two stable isotopes 107Ag and 109Ag with 107Ag being the more abundant (51.839% natural abundance). Twenty-eight radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being 105Ag with a half-life of 41.29 days, 111Ag with a half-life of 7.45 days, and 112Ag with a half-life of 3.13 hours." ]	[ "isotopes" ]
4767437946008742361	List of National Football League records (individual)	List of National Football League records ( individual ) - wikipedia List of National Football League records ( individual ) Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of records in the National Football League ( NFL ) set by individual players . Contents ( hide ) 1 Service 2 Scoring 2.1 Touchdowns 2.2 Points after touchdown 2.3 Field goals 2.4 Safeties 3 Rushing 3.1 Rushing attempts 3.2 Rushing yards 3.3 Rushing touchdowns 4 Passing 4.1 Passer rating 4.2 Passing attempts 4.3 Pass completions 4.4 Pass completion percentage 4.5 Passing yards 4.6 Average passing yards 4.7 Passing touchdowns 4.8 Interceptions thrown 4.9 Passing interception differential / ratio 4.10 Lowest percentage passes had intercepted 4.11 Sacked 5 Receiving 5.1 Receptions 5.2 Yards receiving 5.3 Average yards / reception 5.4 Receiving touchdowns 6 Yards from scrimmage 7 All - purpose 7.1 All - purpose attempts 7.2 All - purpose yards 8 Interceptions 8.1 Interception return yards 8.2 Interception return touchdowns 9 Punting 9.1 Punts 9.2 Punting yards 9.3 Average punting yards 9.4 Average net punting yards 9.5 Punts had blocked 9.6 Punts inside the 20 10 Punt returns 10.1 Punt return attempts 10.2 Fair catches 10.3 Punt return yards 10.4 Average punt return yards 10.5 Punt return touchdowns 11 Kickoff returns 11.1 Kickoff return attempts 11.2 Kickoff return yards 11.3 Average kickoff return yards 11.4 Kickoff return touchdowns 12 Combined kick / punt returns 12.1 Kick / punt return yards 12.2 Kick / punt return touchdowns 13 Fumbles 13.1 Fumbles recovered 13.2 Opponent fumbles recovered 13.3 Fumble return yards 13.4 Fumble return touchdowns 13.5 Fumbles forced 14 Tackles 15 Sacks 16 Records in a single decade 17 Records in a single month 18 Overtime records 19 Miscellaneous 20 Other 21 Age 22 Starts / games played 23 QB Wins 24 QB Losses 25 Professional football firsts 25.1 Rushing 25.2 Passing 25.3 Receiving 25.4 Scrimmage 25.5 Combined yards 25.6 Touchdowns 25.7 Scoring 25.8 Starts 25.9 Wins 26 Longest play 27 Notes 28 See also 29 References 30 External links Service ( edit ) Most seasons : 26 , George Blanda 1949 -- 1958 , 1960 -- 1975 Most seasons , one team : 21 , Jason Hanson 1992 -- 2012 Most games played , career : 382 , Morten Andersen 1982 -- 2007 Most games played , one team : 327 , Jason Hanson 1992 -- 2012 Most consecutive games played , career : 352 , Jeff Feagles 1988 -- 2009 Most consecutive games played , one team : 270 , Jim Marshall 1961 -- 1979 Scoring ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 5 , Don Hutson , 1940 -- 1944 ; Gino Cappelletti , 1961 , 1963 -- 1966 ; Stephen Gostkowski , 2008 , 2012 -- 2015 Most consecutive seasons leading league : 5 , Don Hutson , 1940 -- 1944 Most points scored , career : 2,544 , Morten Andersen , 1983 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 Most points scored , season : 186 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 Most points scored , season , home : 102 , Shaun Alexander , 2005 Most points scored , season , away : 100 , Gino Cappelletti , 1964 Highest average points per game scored , career : 8.67 , Stephen Gostkowski ( 1,457 Points / 168 Games ) , 2006 -- 2016 Highest average points per game scored , season : 14.67 , Paul Hornung ( 176 Points / 12 Games ) , 1960 Most points scored , season , no touchdowns : 166 , David Akers , 2011 Most points scored , game , no touchdowns : 26 , Rob Bironas on October 21 , 2007 Most seasons , 100 + points : 19 , Adam Vinatieri , 1996 -- 2008 , 2010 , 2012 -- 2016 Most consecutive seasons , 100 + points : 16 , Jason Elam , 1993 -- 2008 Most points , season , rookie : 150 , Cody Parkey , 2014 Most points , game : 40 , Ernie Nevers , November 28 , 1929 Most consecutive quarters scoring : 38 , Stephen Gostkowski Sep 10 , 2015 - Nov 23 , 2015 Touchdowns ( edit ) Note : this section applies to touchdowns scored running , receiving , or returning . Passing touchdowns are listed separately . Most seasons leading league touchdowns : 8 , Don Hutson , 1935 -- 1938 , 1941 -- 1944 Most consecutive seasons leading league touchdowns : 4 , Don Hutson , 1935 -- 1938 , 1941 -- 1944 Most touchdowns , career : 208 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most touchdowns , season : 31 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 Most touchdowns , rookie season : 22 , Gale Sayers , 1965 Most touchdowns , game : 6 , Ernie Nevers November 28 , 1929 ; Dub Jones November 25 , 1951 ; Gale Sayers December 12 , 1965 Most touchdowns , half : 5 , Shaun Alexander , Sep 29 , 2002 Most touchdowns , quarter : 4 , Don Hutson , Oct 7 , 1945 Most consecutive games touchdown : 18 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2004 -- 05 ; Lenny Moore , 1963 -- 65 Most consecutive games 2 + touchdown : 8 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 Most consecutive games 3 + touchdown : 4 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 Most consecutive games 4 + touchdown : 2 , Jim Taylor , 1962 ; Marshall Faulk 2000 ; LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 Most consecutive seasons 1 + touchdowns : 20 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most consecutive seasons 2 + touchdowns : 17 , Tony Gonzalez , 1997 -- 2013 Most consecutive seasons 3 + touchdowns : 15 , Terrell Owens , 1996 -- 2010 Most consecutive seasons 4 + touchdowns : 15 , Terrell Owens , 1996 -- 2010 Most consecutive seasons 5 + touchdowns : 11 , Don Hutson , 1935 -- 1945 ; Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 ; Cris Carter , 1991 -- 2001 ; Tim Brown , 1991 -- 2001 ; Marvin Harrison , 1996 -- 2006 ; Terrell Owens , 2000 -- 2010 ; Frank Gore , 2006 -- 2016 Most consecutive seasons 6 + touchdowns : 11 , Don Hutson , 1935 - 1945 ; Jerry Rice , 1986 - 1996 ; Marvin Harrison , 1996 -- 2006 ; Terrell Owens , 2000 -- 2010 Most consecutive seasons 7 + touchdowns : 11 , Don Hutson , 1935 -- 1945 ; Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 Most consecutive seasons 8 + touchdowns : 11 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 Most consecutive seasons 9 + touchdowns : 11 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 Most consecutive seasons 10 + touchdowns : 10 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1995 Most consecutive seasons 11 + touchdowns : 8 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 - 2009 Most consecutive seasons 12 + touchdowns : 8 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 - 2009 Most consecutive seasons 13 + touchdowns : 6 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 - 2007 Most consecutive seasons 14 + touchdowns : 6 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 - 2007 Most consecutive seasons 15 + touchdowns : 6 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 - 2007 Points after touchdown ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 8 , George Blanda , 1956 , 1961 -- 62 , 1967 -- 69 , 1972 , 1974 Most kicking attempts , career : 959 , George Blanda , 1949 -- 1976 Most kicking attempts , season : 75 , Matt Prater , 2013 Most kicks attempted , game : 10 , Charlie Gogolak on November 27 , 1966 Most kicks made , career : 943 , George Blanda , 1949 -- 1976 Most kicks made , season : 75 , Matt Prater , 2013 Most kicks made , rookie season : 60 , Doug Brien , 1994 Most kicks made , game : 9 , Pat Harder on October 17 , 1948 , Bob Waterfield on October 22 , 1950 and Charlie Gogolak on November 27 , 1966 Most kicks made no misses , season : 75 , Matt Prater , 2013 Most kicks made no misses , rookie season : 54 , Cody Parkey , 2014 Most kicks made no misses , game : 9 , Pat Harder on October 17 , 1948 and Bob Waterfield on October 22 , 1950 Most kicks made , half : 7 , Jan Stenerud ; October 2 , 1983 Most kicks made , quarter ( including playoffs ) : 5 , Stephen Gostkowski November 22 , 2012 , October 18 , 2009 ; Ali Haji - Sheikh January 31 , 1988 ; Jan Stenerud October 2 , 1983 ; Don Chandler November 12 , 1967 ; Pat Harder October 24 , 1948 ; Don Hutson October 7 , 1945 Most consecutive kicks made : 479 , Stephen Gostkowski ; 2006 -- 2016 Most consecutive kicks made ( including playoffs ) : 523 , Stephen Gostkowski ; December 31 , 2006 -- January 16 , 2016 Most consecutive kicks made to start a career : 321 , Rian Lindell ; October 5 , 2000 -- November 7 , 2010 Highest percentage kicks made career ( minimum 200 attempts ) : 100.0 , Dan Bailey , ( 250 / 250 ) 2011 -- 2016 Most two point conversions , career : 7 , Marshall Faulk , 1994 -- 2005 Most two point conversions , season : 4 , Todd Heap , 2003 Most two point conversions , rookie season : 3 , Gino Cappelletti , 1960 Most two point conversions game : 2 , by 11 players , most recently Ladarius Green on October 25 , 2015 Field goals ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 5 , Lou Groza , 1950 , 1952 -- 1954 , 1957 Most consecutive seasons leading league : 3 , Lou Groza , 1952 -- 1954 Most field goals attempted , career : 709 , Morten Andersen , 1982 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 Most field goals attempted , season : 52 , David Akers , 2011 Most field goals attempted , rookie season : 48 , Chester Marcol , 1972 Most field goals missed , season : 26 , Paul Hornung , 1964 Most field goals missed , career : 304 , George Blanda , 1949 -- 1976 Most field goals attempted , game : 9 , Jim Bakken on September 24 , 1967 Most field goals made , career : 565 , Morten Andersen , 1982 -- 2004 ; 2006 -- 2007 Most field goals made , season : 44 , David Akers , 2011 Most field goals made , season , no misses : 37 , Mike Vanderjagt , 2003 Most field goals made , rookie season : 35 , Ali Haji - Sheikh , 1983 and Blair Walsh , 2012 Most field goals made , game : 8 , Rob Bironas on October 21 , 2007 Most field goals made , game , no misses : 8 , Rob Bironas on October 21 , 2007 Most field goals made , postseason game : 6 , Chris Boswell on January 15 , 2017 Most field goals made , one half : 5 ; Chris Boniol on November 18 , 1996 , Morten Andersen on September 3 , 2000 , Rob Bironas on October 21 , 2007 , and Mike Nugent on September 7 , 2014 Most field goals made , one quarter : 4 ; by 8 players , most recently Shayne Graham on November 11 , 2007 Most consecutive games with field goal made : 38 , Matt Stover , 1999 -- 2001 Most consecutive games with field goal made of 40 + yards : 10 , Rob Bironas , 2011 -- 2012 Most consecutive games with 2 + field goals made : 19 , Stephen Gostkowski 2013 -- 2014 Most consecutive games with 3 + field goals made : 6 , Olindo Mare 1999 ; Gary Anderson 1985 Most consecutive games with 4 + field goals made : 4 , Olindo Mare 1999 Most consecutive games with 5 + field goals made : 2 , Dan Carpenter 2010 ; Richie Cunningham , 1997 ; John Kasay , 1996 ; John Carney , 1994 Most consecutive field goals made : 44 , Adam Vinatieri ; October 4 , 2015 -- October 20 , 2016 Most consecutive field goals made ( postseason ) : 23 , Mason Crosby ; January 15 , 2011 -- January 22 , 2017 Most consecutive field goals made to start a career : 18 , Travis Coons , 2015 Most consecutive field goals made ( regular season and postseason combined ) : 46 , Gary Anderson ; December 15 , 1997 -- Jan. 17 , 1999 Most consecutive field goals made from under 30 yards : 122 , John Kasay November 30 , 1997 -- January 1 , 2012 ( end of career ) Most consecutive field goals made from under 30 yards to start a career : 91 , Robbie Gould 2005 - present Most consecutive field goals made from under 40 yards : 53 , Rian Lindell Dec. 17 , 2005 - Nov. 30 , 2008 Most consecutive field goals made from 40 + yards : 24 , Jason Hanson , 2007 -- 2009 Most consecutive field goals made from 50 + yards : 12 , Blair Walsh , 2012 -- 2013 ; Robbie Gould , 2010 -- 2013 Longest field goal : 64 yards , Matt Prater ( vs. Tennessee ) , December 8 , 2013 Longest field goal , rookie : 61 yards , Jake Elliott ( vs. NY Giants ) on September 24 , 2017 Longest field goal in 1st quarter : 58 yards , Nick Lowery on September 18 , 1983 and Greg Zuerlein on September 30 , 2012 Longest field goal in 3rd quarter : 60 yards , Greg Zuerlein on September 30 , 2012 Longest field goal in 4th quarter : 63 yards , Tom Dempsey on November 8 , 1970 Longest field goal in overtime : 57 yards , Sebastian Janikowski on October 19 , 2008 Highest field goal percentage , career ( minimum 100 FG made ) : 89.8 % ( 168 / 187 ) , Justin Tucker , 2011 -- 2016 Highest field goal percentage , 50 + yards , career ( minimum 30 FG made ) : 80.0 % ( 36 / 45 ) , Matt Prater , 2007 -- 2016 Highest field goal percentage , 40 + yards , career ( minimum 30 FG made ) : 81.7 % ( 76 / 93 ) , Justin Tucker , 2007 -- 2016 Highest field goal percentage , under 50 yards , career ( minimum 50 FG made ) : 95.2 % ( 140 / 147 ) , Justin Tucker , 2012 -- 2016 Highest field goal percentage , under 40 yards , career ( minimum 50 FG made ) : 97.9 % ( 92 / 94 ) , Justin Tucker , 2012 -- 2016 Highest field goal percentage , season ( minimum 20 attempts ) : 100.0 ; Gary Anderson , 1998 ( 35 / 35 ) ; Mike Vanderjagt , 2003 ( 37 / 37 ) in 2003 Highest field goal percentage season rookie ( minimum 10 attempts ) : 100.0 , Garrett Hartley ( 13 / 13 ) , 2008 Highest field goal percentage , season rookie ( minimum 20 attempts ) : 92.1 , Blair Walsh , Minnesota Vikings ( 35 / 38 ) , 2012 Lowest field goal percentage , season ( most attempts , none made ) : 0.0 , Boris Shlapak ( 0 / 8 ) , 1972 Lowest field goal percentage , season ( minimum 10 attempts ) : 6.67 , Bob Timberlake ( 1 / 15 ) , 1965 Most field goals made , 40 + yards , career : 188 , Jason Hanson , 1992 -- 2012 Most field goals made , 50 + yards , career : 55 , Sebastian Janikowski , 2000 -- 2016 Most field goals made , 60 + yards , career : 2 , Sebastian Janikowski , December 27 , 2009 , September 12 , 2011 ; Greg Zuerlein , September 30 , 2012 , November 8 , 2015 Most field goals attempted 50 + yards , career : 98 , Sebastian Janikowski , 2000 -- 2016 Most field goals attempted 60 + yards , career : 9 , Sebastian Janikowski , 2005 -- 2015 Most field goals attempted 50 + yards , season : 13 , Greg Zuerlein , 2012 Most field goals attempted 50 + more , rookie season : 13 , Greg Zuerlein , 2012 Most field goals made , 50 + yards , season : 10 , Blair Walsh , 2012 ; Justin Tucker , 2016 Most field goals made , 50 + yards , rookie season : 10 , Blair Walsh , 2012 Most field goals made , 50 + yards , season no misses : 10 , Blair Walsh , 2012 Most field goals made , 50 + yards , game : 3 , by 9 players , most recently Justin Tucker on November 27 , 2016 Most field goals made , 58 + yards , game : 2 , Greg Zuerlein ; September 30 , 2012 Most field goals made , 54 + yards , game : 3 , Kris Brown , October 7 , 2007 Most field goals made , 46 + yards , game : 4 , John Kasay , September 24 , 2006 Most field goals made , 40 + yards , game : 5 , Mason Crosby , November 22 , 2015 ; Chris Boswell , December 18 , 2016 Most field goals made , 35 + yards , game : 6 , Chris Boniol , November 18 , 1996 Most field goals made , 50 + yards , half : 3 , Phil Dawson September 27 , 2012 , Justin Tucker November 27 , 2016 Most field goals made , 55 + yards , quarter : 2 , Neil Rackers , October 24 , 2004 , Brandon McManus , on September 13 , 2015 Most games , 1 + field goals made , career : 299 , Morten Andersen , 1983 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 Most games , 2 + field goals made , career : 178 , Morten Andersen , 1983 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 Most games , 3 + field goals made , career : 80 , Adam Vinatieri , 1996 -- 2016 Most games , 4 + field goals made , career : 29 , John Carney , 1990 -- 2008 Most games , 5 + field goals made , career : 11 , John Carney , 1992 -- 2004 Most games , 6 + field goals made , career : 2 , John Carney , 1993 ; Gary Anderson 1988 -- 1998 ; Jeff Wilkins , 1996 -- 2006 ; Jim Bakken , 1967 -- 1973 Most games , 7 + field goals made , career : 1 ; Jim Bakken on September 24 , 1967 ; Rich Karlis on November 5 , 1989 ; Chris Boniol on November 18 , 1996 ; Billy Cundiff on September 15 , 2003 ; Rob Bironas on October 21 , 2007 ; Shayne Graham on November 11 , 2007 ; Cairo Santos on October 4 , 2015 Greg Zuerlein on October 1 , 2017 Most games , 2 + field goals made , season : 16 , Stephen Gostkowski , New England Patriots , 2013 Most games , 3 + field goals made , season : 9 , Al Del Greco , Tennessee Oilers , 1998 Most games , 4 + field goals made , season : 6 , David Akers , San Francisco 49ers 2011 Most games , 5 + field goals made , season : 3 , Rich Karlis , Minnesota Vikings , 1989 Most games , 6 + field goals made , season : 2 , John Carney , San Diego Chargers , 1993 Most overtime field goals made , career : 10 , Adam Vinatieri 1996 -- 2015 Safeties ( edit ) Most safeties , career : 4 , Ted Hendricks 1969 -- 1983 , Doug English 1975 -- 1985 , Jared Allen 2004 -- 2015 Most safeties , season : 2 ; by 18 players , most recently Junior Galette 2014 Most safeties , rookie season : 2 , Jameel McClain 2008 , Jim Young 1977 Most safeties , game : 2 , Fred Dryer October 21 , 1973 Most safeties , one quarter : 2 , Fred Dryer October 21 , 1973 Most consecutive games , safety : 2 , Doug English September 4 , 1983 -- September 11 , 1983 Most consecutive seasons , safety : 3 , Charlie Krueger 1959 -- 1961 , Ted Hendricks 1974 -- 1976 , Eric Swann 1992 -- 1994 Rushing ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League rushing yards leaders . Rushing attempts ( edit ) Most seasons leading league , rushing attempts : 6 , Jim Brown ; 1958 -- 1959 , 1963 , 1963 -- 1965 Most consecutive seasons leading league , rushing attempts : 4 ; Steve Van Buren , 1947 -- 1950 and Walter Payton 1976 -- 1979 Most rushing attempts per game average , career : 21.2 , Terrell Davis , 1995 -- 2001 Most rushing attempts , career : 4,409 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2004 Most rushing attempts , season : 416 , Larry Johnson , 2006 Most rushing attempts , rookie , season : 390 , Eric Dickerson , 1983 Most rushing attempts , game : 45 , Jamie Morris ; Dec 17 , 1988 ( OT ) Most rushing attempts , game , rookie : 45 , Jamie Morris ; Dec 17 , 1988 ( OT ) Most rushing attempts , first game : 36 , LaDainian Tomlinson ; Sep 9 , 2001 Most rushing attempts , no fumbles , season : 397 , Gerald Riggs , 1985 Most consecutive rushing attempts , no fumbles , to start a career : 559 , BenJarvus Green - Ellis , 2008 -- 2012 Most consecutive rushing attempts , no fumbles : 1,001 , LaDainian Tomlinson , Oct 22 , 2006 - Nov 29 , 2009 Most rushing attempts , no rushing touchdowns , season : 240 , Joe Washington , 1978 Most rushing attempts , no rushing touchdowns , career : 247 , Emmett Mortell , 1937 -- 1939 Most rushing attempts , no rushing touchdowns , career ( since AFL - NFL merger ) : 221 , Brian Leonard , 2007 -- 2014 Most consecutive rushing attempts , no rushing touchdowns : 507 - 524 , Archie Griffin , Dec 6 , 1976 - Sep 6 , 1981 Most seasons , 200 rushing attempts : 14 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 250 rushing attempts : 13 , Emmitt Smith 1991 -- 2004 Most seasons , 300 rushing attempts : 10 , Walter Payton 1976 -- 1986 Most consecutive seasons , 200 rushing attempts : 13 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2002 Most consecutive seasons , 250 rushing attempts : 12 , Emmitt Smith 1991 -- 2002 Most consecutive seasons , 300 rushing attempts : 8 , Eddie George 1996 -- 2003 Most games , 20 rushing attempts , career : 121 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most games , 25 rushing attempts , career : 56 , Emmitt Smith 1991 -- 2004 Most games , 30 rushing attempts , career : 21 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1991 Most games , 35 rushing attempts , career : 7 , Walter Payton 1976 -- 1984 Most games , 40 rushing attempts , career : 2 , James Wilder 1983 -- 1984 , Ricky Williams 1999 -- 2003 Most games , 20 rushing attempts , season : 14 , by 8 players , most recently Shaun Alexander 2005 Most games , 25 rushing attempts , season : 10 , Larry Johnson 2006 , Jamal Anderson 1998 , Emmitt Smith 1994 Most games , 30 rushing attempts , season : 7 , Earl Campbell 1979 Most games , 35 rushing attempts , season : 3 , Earl Campbell 1980 , Eddie George 2000 Rushing yards ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 8 , Jim Brown , 1957 -- 1961 1963 -- 1965 Most consecutive seasons leading league : 5 , Jim Brown , 1957 -- 1961 Most rushing yards per game average , career : 104.3 , Jim Brown , 1957 - 1965 Most yards gained , career : 18,355 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 500 + yards rushing : 14 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 1,000 + yards rushing : 11 , Emmitt Smith , 1991 -- 2001 Most seasons , 1,500 + yards rushing : 5 , Barry Sanders , 1991 -- 1997 Most consecutive seasons , 500 + yards rushing : 13 , Walter Payton , 1975 -- 1987 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2002 Most consecutive seasons , 1,000 + yards rushing : 11 , Emmitt Smith , 1991 -- 2001 Most consecutive seasons , 1,500 + yards rushing : 4 , Barry Sanders , 1994 -- 1997 Most yards gained , season : 2,105 , Eric Dickerson 1984 Most yards gained , no fumbles , season : 1,883 , Barry Sanders , 1994 Most yards gained , rookie , season : 1,808 Eric Dickerson , 1983 Most yards , no touchdowns , season : 956 , Joe Washington , 1978 Most yards gained , no rushing touchdowns , game : 237 , Barry Sanders , November 13 , 1994 Most yards gained , season , at Home : 1,125 Walter Payton , 1977 Most yards gained , season , Away : 1,087 Eric Dickerson , 1984 Most yards gained , back - to - back games : 476 , O.J. Simpson Nov 25 , 1976 - Dec 5 , 1976 Most yards gained , game : 296 , Adrian Peterson Nov 4 , 2007 Most yards gained , outdoor game : 295 , Jamal Lewis Sep 14 , 2003 Most yards gained , away game : 286 , Jerome Harrison Dec 20 , 2009 Most yards gained , one half : 253 , Adrian Peterson Nov 4 , 2007 Most yards gained , first game : 194 , Alan Ameche Sep 25 , 1955 Most yards gained , game , rookie : 296 , Adrian Peterson Nov 4 , 2007 Most yards gained , one quarter : 165 , Jamaal Charles Dec 23 , 2012 Longest run from scrimmage : 99 yard ( touchdown ) , Tony Dorsett , January 3 , 1983 Highest yards gained per game average , career : 104.3 , Jim Brown , 1957 -- 1965 Highest yards gained per game average , season : 143.1 , O.J. Simpson , 1973 Highest average gain , game ( minimum 100 yards ) : 52.50 ( 2 carries , 105 yards ) , Brian Mitchell Oct 1 , 2000 Most games , 50 + yards rushing , career : 173 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2004 Most games , 100 + yards rushing , career : 78 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2004 Most games , 150 + yards rushing , career : 25 , Barry Sanders , 1989 -- 1998 Most games , 200 + yards rushing , career : 6 , O.J. Simpson , 1969 -- 1979 ; Adrian Peterson , 2007 -- 2015 Most games , 250 + yards rushing , career : 2 , O.J. Simpson , 1973 -- 1976 Most games , 100 + yards rushing , season : 14 , Barry Sanders , 1997 Most games , 150 + yards rushing , season : 7 , Earl Campbell , 1980 , Adrian Peterson 2012 Most games , 200 + yards rushing , season : 4 , Earl Campbell , 1980 Most consecutive games , 50 + yards rushing : 38 , Priest Holmes , 2001 -- 2003 Most consecutive games , 100 + yards rushing : 14 , Barry Sanders , 1997 Most consecutive games , 150 + yards rushing : 4 , Earl Campbell , 1980 Most consecutive games , 200 + yards rushing : 2 , O.J. Simpson , 1973 , 1976 ; Earl Campbell 1980 ; Ricky Williams 2002 ; Jay Ajayi 2016 Most consecutive games to start a season , 100 + yards rushing : 8 , DeMarco Murray 2014 Most rushing yards by a quarterback , career : 6,109 , Michael Vick , 2001 -- 2015 Most rushing yards by a quarterback , season : 1,039 , Michael Vick , 2006 Most rushing yards by a quarterback , game : 181 , Colin Kaepernick , Jan 12 , 2013 ( playoffs ) Highest average gain per attempt , career ( minimum 750 attempts ) : 7.0 yards ( 6,109 yards / 873 attempts ) , Michael Vick , 2001 -- 2015 Highest average gain per attempt , career ( minimum 1,000 attempts ) : 5.45 yards ( 7,260 yards / 1,332 attempts ) , Jamaal Charles , 2008 -- present Highest average gain per attempt , season ( qualifiers ) : 8.45 yards ( 1,039 yards / 123 attempts ) , Michael Vick , 2006 Highest average gain per attempt , game ( minimum 10 attempts ) : 17.3 yards , Michael Vick December 1 , 2002 vs. Minnesota Vikings Fewest games to reach 1,000 career rushing yards : 8 , Adrian Peterson 2007 Fewest games to reach 2,000 career rushing yards : 18 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1984 Fewest games to reach 3,000 career rushing yards : 27 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1984 Fewest games to reach 4,000 career rushing yards : 33 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1985 Fewest games to reach 5,000 career rushing yards : 45 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1985 Fewest games to reach 6,000 career rushing yards : 53 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1986 Fewest games to reach 7,000 career rushing yards : 63 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1986 Fewest games to reach 8,000 career rushing yards : 73 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1987 Fewest games to reach 9,000 career rushing yards : 82 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1988 Fewest games to reach 10,000 career rushing yards : 91 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1989 Fewest games to reach 11,000 career rushing yards : 103 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1989 Fewest games to reach 12,000 career rushing yards : 118 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1991 Fewest games to reach 13,000 career rushing yards : 133 , Barry Sanders 1989 - 1997 Rushing touchdowns ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League rushing touchdowns leaders . Most seasons leading league , touchdowns : 5 , Jim Brown , 1957 -- 1959 , 1963 , 1965 Most consecutive seasons leading league , touchdowns : 3 , Steve Van Buren , 1947 -- 1949 ; Jim Brown , 1957 -- 1959 ; Abner Haynes ( American Football League ) , 1960 -- 1962 ; Cookie Gilchrist ( American Football League ) , 1962 -- 1964 ; Jim Brown , 1966 -- 1968 Most touchdowns , career : 164 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2004 Most rushing touchdowns , season : 28 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 Most rushing touchdowns , rookie , season : 18 Eric Dickerson , 1983 Most rushing touchdowns , season , at Home : 16 , Terry Allen , 1996 ; Priest Holmes , 2003 ; Shaun Alexander , 2005 Most rushing touchdowns , season , Away : 16 , John Riggins , 1983 Most rushing touchdowns , game : 6 , Ernie Nevers ; Nov 28 , 1929 Most rushing touchdowns , one half : 4 , Jim Brown , Nov 18 , 1962 ; Roland Hooks , Sep 9 , 1979 ; Chuck Muncie , Nov 29 , 1981 ; Eric Dickerson , Oct 31 , 1988 ; Shaun Alexander , Sep 29 , 2002 ; Priest Holmes , Oct 24 , 2004 ; Doug Martin , Nov 4 , 2012 Most seasons , 1 + rushing touchdowns : 16 , Marcus Allen 1982 -- 1997 Most seasons , 2 + rushing touchdowns : 16 , Marcus Allen 1982 -- 1997 Most seasons , 3 + rushing touchdowns : 14 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 4 + rushing touchdowns : 13 , Marcus Allen 1982 -- 1997 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 5 + rushing touchdowns : 13 , Marcus Allen 1982 -- 1997 Most seasons , 6 + rushing touchdowns : 11 , Walter Payton 1975 -- 1986 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 7 + rushing touchdowns : 11 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 8 + rushing touchdowns : 11 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 9 + rushing touchdowns : 11 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 10 + rushing touchdowns : 9 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2009 Most seasons , 11 + rushing touchdowns : 8 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 -- 2009 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 1999 Most seasons , 12 + rushing touchdowns : 7 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 -- 2009 Most seasons , 13 + rushing touchdowns : 6 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 -- 2007 Most seasons , 14 + rushing touchdowns : 5 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2004 -- 2007 , Shaun Alexander 2001 -- 2005 Most seasons , 15 + rushing touchdowns : 4 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2004 -- 2007 Most seasons , 16 + rushing touchdowns : 3 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2004 -- 2006 , Shaun Alexander 2002 -- 2005 , Emmitt Smith 1992 -- 1995 Most seasons , 17 + rushing touchdowns : 3 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2004 -- 2006 , Emmitt Smith 1992 -- 1995 Most seasons , 18 + rushing touchdowns : 3 , Emmitt Smith 1992 -- 1995 Most seasons , 19 + rushing touchdowns : 2 , Priest Holmes 2002 -- 2003 , Emmitt Smith 1994 -- 1995 Most seasons , 20 + rushing touchdowns : 2 , Priest Holmes 2002 -- 2003 , Emmitt Smith 1994 -- 1995 Most consecutive seasons , 1 + rushing touchdowns : 16 , Marcus Allen 1982 -- 1997 Most consecutive seasons , 2 + rushing touchdowns : 16 , Marcus Allen 1982 -- 1997 Most consecutive seasons , 3 + rushing touchdowns : 13 , Jerome Bettis 1993 -- 2005 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2002 Most consecutive seasons , 4 + rushing touchdowns : 11 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2000 , Steven Jackson 2004 -- 2014 Most consecutive seasons , 5 + rushing touchdowns : 10 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2010 , Marshall Faulk 1994 -- 2003 Most consecutive seasons , 6 + rushing touchdowns : 10 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2010 , Marshall Faulk 1994 -- 2003 Most consecutive seasons , 7 + rushing touchdowns : 9 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2009 , Jim Brown 1957 -- 1965 Most consecutive seasons , 8 + rushing touchdowns : 9 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2009 Most consecutive seasons , 9 + rushing touchdowns : 9 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2009 Most consecutive games , 1 + rushing touchdown : 14 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2004 -- 2005 Most consecutive games , 2 + rushing touchdowns : 8 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 Most consecutive games , 3 + rushing touchdowns : 3 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 Most consecutive games , 4 + rushing touchdowns : 2 , Jim Taylor , 1962 Most games , 1 + rushing touchdowns , career : 117 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most games , 2 + rushing touchdowns , career : 38 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2010 Most games , 3 + rushing touchdowns , career : 12 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2008 Most games , 4 + rushing touchdowns , career : 5 , Jim Brown 1957 -- 1962 Most games , 5 + rushing touchdowns , career : 1 , Jimmy Conzelman 10 - 15 - 1922 , Ernie Nevers 11 - 28 - 1929 , Jim Brown 11 - 1 - 1959 , Cookie Gilchrist 12 - 8 - 1963 , Ricky Watters 1 - 15 - 1994 , James Stewart ( American football ) 10 - 12 - 1997 , Clinton Portis 12 - 7 - 2003 Most games , rushing 6 + touchdowns , career : 1 , Ernie Nevers 11 - 28 - 1929 Most games , 1 + rushing touchdowns , season : 15 , Emmitt Smith 1995 Most games , 2 + rushing touchdowns , season : 10 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2006 , Priest Holmes 2003 Most games , 3 + rushing touchdowns , season : 5 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2006 Most games , 4 + rushing touchdowns , season : 2 , Jim Taylor 1962 , Shaun Alexander 2005 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2006 , DeAngelo Williams 2008 Most rushing touchdowns by a quarterback , career : 50 , Cam Newton , 2011 -- 2017 . Most rushing touchdowns by a quarterback , season : 14 , Cam Newton 2011 Most rushing touchdowns by a quarterback , game : 4 , many players Passing ( edit ) For passing records that include other professional football leagues , see List of gridiron football quarterbacks passing statistics . Passer Rating ( edit ) Most seasons led league : 6 , Sammy Baugh , 1937 , 1940 , 1943 , 1945 , 1948 1949 ; Steve Young , 1991 -- 1994 , 1996 -- 1997 Most consecutive seasons led league : 4 , Steve Young , 1991 -- 1994 Highest passer rating , career ( minimum 1,500 attempts ) : 104.1 , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 -- 2017 Highest passer rating , season ( minimum 100 attempts ) : 122.5 , Aaron Rodgers , 2011 Highest passer rating , rookie , season : 104.9 , Dak Prescott 2016 Youngest player , 158.3 perfect passer rating , game : Marcus Mariota ( 21 years , 318 days ) Sep 13 , 2015 Most games , 100 + passer rating , career : 113 , Tom Brady , 2001 - 2017 . Most games , 105 + passer rating , career : 97 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2014 Most games , 110 + passer rating , career : 82 , Drew Brees , 2002 -- 2017 Most games , 115 + passer rating , career : 67 , Drew Brees , 2002 -- 2017 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2014 Most games , 120 + passer rating , career : 57 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2014 Most games , 125 + passer rating , career : 50 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2014 Most games , 130 + passer rating , career : 37 , Peyton Manning , 1999 -- 2014 Most games , 135 + passer rating , career : 27 , Peyton Manning , 2000 -- 2014 Most games , 140 + passer rating , career : 21 , Peyton Manning , 2000 -- 2014 Most games , 145 + passer rating , career : 14 , Tom Brady , 2001 - 2017 Most games , 150 + passer rating , career : 8 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2004 -- 2017 Most games , 155 + passer rating , career : 5 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2004 -- 2017 , Peyton Manning , 2000 -- 2014 ; Most games , 158.3 perfect passer rating , career ( including playoffs ) : 4 , Peyton Manning , 2000 -- 2003 Highest minimum passer rating , season ( minimum 16 games ) : 84.5 , Philip Rivers , 2009 Most games , 90 + passer rating , season : 15 , Peyton Manning , 2004 , 2013 Most games , 95 + passer rating , season : 14 , Aaron Rodgers , 2011 Most games , 100 + passer rating , season : 13 , Aaron Rodgers , 2011 Most games , 105 + passer rating , season : 13 , Aaron Rodgers , 2011 Most games , 110 + passer rating , season : 12 , Aaron Rodgers , 2011 Most games , 115 + passer rating , season : 10 , Aaron Rodgers , 2011 ; Tom Brady , 2007 ; Steve Young , 1994 . Most games , 120 + passer rating , season : 8 , Tom Brady , 2007 , Philip Rivers , 2008 , Matt Ryan , 2016 Most games , 125 + passer rating , season : 7 , Tony Romo , 2014 ; Tom Brady , 2007 ; Matt Ryan , 2016 Most games , 130 + passer rating , season : 6 , Tony Romo , 2014 , Aaron Rodgers , 2011 Most games , 135 + passer rating , season : 6 , Tony Romo , 2014 Most games , 140 + passer rating , season : 4 , Jacky Lee 1961 , Roger Staubach 1973 , Tom Brady 2007 & 2010 , Aaron Rodgers 2011 Most games , 145 + passer rating , season : 4 , Tom Brady 2007 , Roger Staubach 1973 Most games , 150 + passer rating , season : 2 , Steve Young 1993 , Kurt Warner 1999 , Tom Brady 2007 , Ben Roethlisberger 2007 , Drew Brees 2009 , Aaron Rodgers 2014 Most games , 158.3 passer rating , season : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger 2007 Most seasons , 95 + passer rating ( minimum 10 games started ) : 10 , Peyton Manning 2003 -- 2014 Most seasons , 100 + passer rating ( minimum 10 games started ) : 6 , Steve Young 1991 -- 1994 , 1997 -- 1998 ; Aaron Rodgers 2009 -- 2012 , 2014 , 2016 ; Peyton Manning 2004 -- 2006 , 2012 -- 2014 ; Drew Brees 2004 , 2009 , 2011 , 2013 , 2015 -- 2016 Most seasons , 105 + passer rating ( minimum 10 games started ) : 4 , Tom Brady 2007 , 2010 , 2011 , 2016 Most seasons , 110 + passer rating ( minimum 10 games started ) : 3 , Tom Brady 2007 , 2010 , 2016 Most seasons , 115 + passer rating ( minimum 10 games started ) : 2 , Peyton Manning 2004 , 2013 Most seasons , 120 + passer rating ( minimum 10 games started ) : 1 , Aaron Rodgers 2011 , Peyton Manning 2004 Passing attempts ( edit ) Most seasons led league : 5 , Dan Marino , 1984 , 1986 , 1988 , 1992 , 1997 Most consecutive seasons led league : 3 , Johnny Unitas 1959 -- 1961 , George Blanda 1963 -- 1965 , Drew Bledsoe 1994 -- 1996 Most pass attempts , career : 10,169 , Brett Favre , 1991 -- 2010 Most pass attempts , season : 727 , Matthew Stafford 2012 Most pass attempts , rookie , season : 627 , Andrew Luck 2012 Most pass attempts per game , career : 39.11 , Matthew Stafford , ( 4,458 Attempts / 114 Games ) , 2009 -- 2017 . Most pass attempts per game , season : 45.44 , Matthew Stafford , ( 727 Attempts / 16 Games ) , 2012 Most consecutive pass attempts , no touchdown passes to start a career : 228 , Ryan Lindley , 2012 -- 2014 Most consecutive pass attempts , no touchdown passes : 231 , Bobby Hoying , 1998 -- 2000 Most consecutive pass attempts , no touchdown passes , season : 224 , Bobby Hoying , 1998 Most pass attempts , game : 70 , Drew Bledsoe ; Nov 13 , 1994 ( OT ) Most pass attempts , non-overtime game : 69 , Vinny Testaverde Dec 24 , 2000 Most pass attempts , game , perfect passer rating ( 158.3 ) : 32 , Ken O'Brien Nov 2 , 1986 Most seasons , 500 + pass attempts : 16 , Brett Favre , 1993 -- 2009 Most seasons , 550 + pass attempts : 11 , Peyton Manning , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 -- 2003 , 2006 , 2008 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 Pass completions ( edit ) Most seasons led league : 6 , Dan Marino 1984 -- 1986 , 1988 , 1992 , 1997 Most consecutive seasons led league : 3 , George Blanda 1963 -- 1965 , Dan Marino 1984 -- 1986 Most pass completions , career : 6,300 , Brett Favre , 1991 -- 2010 Most pass completions , season : 471 , Drew Brees , 2016 . Most pass completions per game , career : 25.07 , Drew Brees , ( 5,941 Passing completions / 237 Games ) , 2001 -- 2017 . Most pass completions per game , season : 29.44 , Drew Brees , 2016 Most pass completions , rookie , season : 379 , Carson Wentz , 2016 Most seasons 300 + completions : 18 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2009 Most seasons 350 + completions : 11 , Drew Brees , 2006 -- 2016 . Most seasons 400 + completions : 9 , Drew Brees , 2007 -- 2008 , 2010 -- 2016 . Most consecutive seasons 300 + completions : 18 , Brett Favre 1992 -- 2009 Most consecutive seasons 350 + completions : 11 , Drew Brees , 2006 -- 2016 . Most consecutive seasons 400 + completions : 7 , Drew Brees , 2010 -- 2016 . Most pass completions , game : 45 , Drew Bledsoe on November 13 , 1994 ( OT ) Most pass completions , non-overtime game : 43 , Rich Gannon on September 15 , 2002 , Philip Rivers on October 18 , 2015 Most pass completions , game , perfect passer rating ( 158.3 ) : 26 , Ken O'Brien on November 2 , 1986 Most consecutive pass completions : 25 , Ryan Tannehill , October 18 -- 25 , 2015 ( last 7 completions on October 18 , 2015 ; first 18 completions on October 25 , 2015 ) Most games , pass completions : 299 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most consecutive games , pass completions : 298 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most consecutive games 20 pass completions : 57 , Drew Brees , 2009 -- 2013 Most games 20 pass completions , career : 202 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 Most games 25 pass completions , career : 135 , Drew Brees , 2002 -- 2017 . Most games 30 pass completions , career : 57 , Drew Brees , 2005 -- 2017 . Most games 35 pass completions , career : 19 , Drew Brees , 2005 -- 2017 . Most games 40 pass completions , career : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2014 -- 2017 . Most games 20 pass completions , season : 16 , Drew Brees , 2010 -- 2012 Most games 25 pass completions , season : 14 , Drew Brees 2011 Most games 30 pass completions , season : 9 , Drew Brees 2011 Most games 35 pass completions , season : 4 , Drew Brees 2016 Pass completion percentage ( edit ) Most seasons led league : 8 , Len Dawson , 1962 , 1964 -- 1969 , 1975 Most consecutive seasons led league : 6 , Len Dawson , 1964 -- 1969 Highest completion percentage , career ( minimum 1,500 attempts ) : 66.68 , Drew Brees ( 5,941 Passing completions / 8,910 Attempts ) , 2001 -- 2017 . Highest completion percentage , season ( among qualified players ) : 71.56 , Sam Bradford , 2016 ( 395 / 552 ) Highest completion percentage , rookie , season : 67.76 , Dak Prescott , 2016 ( 311 / 459 ) Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 15 attempts ) : 94.7 , Alex Smith ; Oct 29 , 2012 ( 18 / 19 ) and Ryan Tannehill ; Oct 25 , 2015 ( 18 / 19 ) Most games with at least 80 % pass completion rate , career ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 18 , Peyton Manning , 2000 -- 2014 ; Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . Most games with at least 80 % pass completion rate , season ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 3 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2007 ; Brett Favre , 2009 ; Drew Brees , 2011 , 2014 ; Philip Rivers , 2013 ; Peyton Manning , 2013 -- 2014 ; Kirk Cousins , 2015 Most games with at least 80 % pass completion rate and no interceptions , career ( minimum 20 passes per game ) : 16 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . Most games with at least 80 % pass completion rate and no interceptions , season ( minimum 20 passes per game ) : 3 , Brett Favre , 2009 ; Peyton Manning , 2013 -- 2015 ; Drew Brees , 2014 ; Kirk Cousins , 2015 Most games with at least 75 % pass completion rate , career ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 51 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . Most games with at least 75 % pass completion rate , season ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 8 , Tom Brady , 2007 Most games with at least 75 % pass completion rate and no interceptions , career ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 39 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . Most games with at least 75 % pass completion rate and no interceptions , season ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 6 , Tom Brady , 2007 Most games with at least 70 % pass completion rate , career ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 84 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 Most games with at least 70 % pass completion rate , season ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 10 , Drew Brees , 2011 ; Peyton Manning , 2012 Most games with at least 70 % pass completion rate and no interceptions , career ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 57 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . Most seasons with at least 70 % pass completion rate ( minimum 100 attempts per season ) : 3 , Drew Brees , 2009 , 2011 , 2016 Most seasons with at least 60 % pass completion rate ( minimum 100 attempts per season ) : 15 , Peyton Manning , 1999 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 500 passing yards ) : 81.63 , Ben Roethlisberger ; Oct. 26 , 2014 Highest completion percentage , postseason game ( minimum 450 passing yards ) : 81.82 , Peyton Manning ; Jan 9 , 2005 Highest completion percentage , regular season game ( minimum 450 passing yards ) : 81.63 , Ben Roethlisberger ; 10 - 26 - 2014 . Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 400 passing yards ) : 83.3 , Philip Rivers ; Sep 29 , 2013 Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 350 passing yards ) : 89.5 , Rich Gannon ; Nov 11 , 2002 Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 300 passing yards ) : 94.4 , Craig Morton ; Sep 27 , 1981 Highest completion percentage , game ( 7 TD passes ) : 78.57 , Nick Foles on Nov. 3 , 2013 Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 6 TD passes ) : 85.3 , Tom Brady on Oct 18 , 2009 Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 5 TD passes ) : 92.3 , Frank Ryan on Dec 12 , 1964 Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 4 TD passes ) : 94.7 , Ryan Tannehill on Oct 25 , 2015 Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 3 TD passes ) : 94.7 , Alex Smith on Oct 29 , 2012 ; Ryan Tannehill on Oct 25 , 2015 Passing yards ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 7 , Drew Brees 2006 , 2008 , 2011 -- 2012 , 2014 -- 2016 . Most consecutive seasons leading league : 4 , Dan Fouts 1979 -- 1982 Most passing yards , career : 71,940 , Peyton Manning 1998 -- 2015 Highest yards per game , career : 283.74 , Drew Brees , ( 67,246 yards / 237 Games ) , 2001 -- 2017 . Highest yards per game , season : 342.31 , Peyton Manning , ( 5,477 yards / 16 Games ) 2013 Most seasons , 2,000 + yards : 19 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most seasons , 2,500 + yards : 19 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most seasons , 3,000 + yards : 18 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2009 Most seasons 3,500 + yards : 16 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 Most seasons 4,000 + yards : 14 , Peyton Manning , 1999 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 Most seasons 4,500 + yards : 8 , Drew Brees , 2008 , 2010 -- 2016 . Most seasons 5,000 + yards : 5 , Drew Brees , 2008 , 2011 -- 2013 , 2016 Most consecutive seasons 2,000 + yards : 19 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most consecutive seasons 2,500 + yards : 19 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most consecutive seasons 3,000 + yards : 18 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2009 Most consecutive seasons 3,500 + yards : 13 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2010 Most consecutive seasons 4,000 + yards : 11 , Drew Brees , 2006 -- 2016 Most consecutive seasons 4,500 + yards : 7 , Drew Brees 2010 -- 2016 Most consecutive seasons 5,000 + yards : 3 , Drew Brees 2011 -- 2013 Most passing yards , season : 5,477 , Peyton Manning 2013 Most passing yards , rookie , season : 4,374 , Andrew Luck 2012 Most passing yards , combined , game : 1,000 , Matthew Stafford , ( 520 ) and Matt Flynn , ( 480 ) on January 1 , 2012 Most passing yards , season , home : 2,853 , Drew Brees 2015 Most passing yards , season , away : 2,852 , Drew Brees 2011 Most passing yards , game : 554 , Norm Van Brocklin on September 28 , 1951 Most passing yards , 1st half : 361 , Peyton Manning on January 9 , 2005 Most passing yards , 2nd half : 373 , Kurt Warner on September 28 , 2008 Most passing yards , 1st quarter : 247 , Peyton Manning on September 26 , 2004 Most passing yards , 2nd quarter , NFL : 267 , Matthew Stafford on November 17 , 2013 Most passing yards , 2nd quarter , AFL : 277 , Tom Flores on December 22 , 1963 Most passing yards , 3rd quarter : 256 , Kurt Warner on October 31 , 1999 Most passing yards , 4th quarter : 264 , Ben Roethlisberger on November 14 , 2010 Most passing yards , Overtime : 219 , Derek Carr on October 30 , 2016 Most passing yards , game , perfect passer rating ( 158.3 ) : 431 , Ken O'Brien on November 11 , 1986 Most passing yards , game , rookie : 433 , Andrew Luck on November 4 , 2012 Most passing yards , game , first NFL game : 422 , Cam Newton , Sep 11 , 2011 Most games , 150 + yards passing , career : 269 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most games , 200 + yards passing , career : 222 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 Most games , 250 + yards passing , career : 168 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 Most games , 300 + yards passing , career : 107 , Drew Brees , 2002 -- 2017 . Most games , 350 + yards passing , career : 56 , Drew Brees , 2002 -- 2017 . Most games , 400 + yards passing , career : 15 , Drew Brees , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games , 450 + yards passing , career : 4 , Dan Marino , 1984 -- 1995 Most games , 500 + yards passing , career : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2009 -- 2017 ; Drew Brees , 2006 -- 2017 . Most games , 250 + yards passing , season : 16 , Drew Brees , 2011 Most games , 300 + yards passing , season : 13 , Drew Brees , 2011 Most games , 350 + yards passing , season : 8 , Drew Brees , 2011 ; Peyton Manning 2013 Most games , 400 + yards passing , season : 4 , Dan Marino , 1984 ; Peyton Manning 2013 Most consecutive 200 + yards passing games : 59 , Matt Ryan , since 2013 . Most consecutive 250 + yards passing games : 18 , Drew Brees , 2010 -- 2012 Most consecutive 300 + yards passing games : 9 , Drew Brees 2011 -- 2012 , 2012 -- 2013 Most consecutive 350 + yards passing games : 4 , Drew Brees 2011 ; Matthew Stafford , 2011 -- 2012 Most consecutive 400 + yards passing games : 2 ; Dan Fouts , 1982 ; Dan Marino , 1984 ; Phil Simms , 1985 ; Billy Volek , 2004 ; Matt Cassel , 2008 ; Cam Newton , 2011 , Tom Brady , 2011 ; Philip Rivers , 2013 Longest pass completion : 99 yards , by 13 players , most recently Eli Manning on December 24 , 2011 Youngest player , 3,000 yards passing : Jameis Winston ( 21 years , 341 days ) Dec 13 , 2015 Youngest player , 4,000 yards passing : Jameis Winston ( 21 years , 362 days ) Jan 3 , 2016 Fewest games to reach 10,000 career passing yards : 36 , Kurt Warner 1998 - 2001 Fewest games to reach 20,000 career passing yards : 71 , Matthew Stafford 2009 - 2014 Fewest attempts to reach 30,000 career passing yards : 3,652 , Aaron Rodgers 2005 - 2015 Fewest games to reach 30,000 career passing yards : 109 , Matthew Stafford 2009 - 2016 Fewest games to reach 40,000 career passing yards : 152 , Drew Brees 2001 - 2011 Fewest games to reach 50,000 career passing yards : 183 , Drew Brees 2001 - 2013 Fewest games to reach 60,000 career passing yards : 215 , Drew Brees 2001 - 2015 Average passing yards ( edit ) Most seasons led league : 7 , Sid Luckman , 1939 -- 43 , 1946 -- 47 Most consecutive seasons led league : 5 , Sid Luckman , 1939 -- 43 Highest yards per attempt , career ( minimum 1,500 attempts ) : 8.63 ( 13,499 yards on 1,565 attempts ) , Otto Graham , 1950 -- 1955 Highest yards per attempt , season ( among qualified players ) : 11.17 ( 1,229 on 110 attempts ) , Tommy O'Connell , 1957 Highest yards per attempt , rookie , season : 9.41 ( 1,854 yards on 197 attempts ) , Greg Cook , 1969 Highest yards per attempt , game : 18.58 ( 446 yards on 24 attempts ) Sammy Baugh on October 31 , 1948 Passing touchdowns ( edit ) Career Most passing touchdowns , career : 539 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 Most games 1 + TD passes , career : 249 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most games 2 + TD passes , career : 165 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 Most games 3 + TD passes , career : 93 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 Most games 4 + TD passes , career : 35 , Peyton Manning , 2000 -- 2015 Most games 5 + TD passes , career : 10 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . Most games 6 + TD passes , career : 3 , Peyton Manning , 2003 -- 2015 Most games 7 + TD passes , career : 1 ; Sid Luckman , 1943 ; Adrian Burk , 1954 ; George Blanda , 1961 ; Y.A. Tittle , 1962 ; Joe Kapp , 1969 ; Peyton Manning , 2013 ; Nick Foles , 2013 ; Drew Brees , 2015 Highest percentage of touchdown passes out of pass attempts , career ( 120 touchdown passes minimum ) : 7.856 , Sid Luckman , ( 137 TD Passes / 1,744 Attempts ) 1939 -- 1950 Most 95 + yard touchdown passes : 2 , Joe Montana Most 90 + yard touchdown passes : 3 , Bill Wade & Joe Montana Most 85 + yard touchdown passes : 4 , Norm Snead , Ed Brown , Craig Morton , & Jim Plunkett Most 80 + yard touchdown passes : 9 , Brett Favre Most 75 + yard touchdown passes : 14 , Brett Favre Most 70 + yard touchdown passes : 16 , Peyton Manning & Aaron Rodgers Most 65 + yard touchdown passes : 24 , Brett Favre Most 60 + yard touchdown passes : 29 , Johnny Unitas Most 55 + yard touchdown passes : 37 , Johnny Unitas Most 50 + yard touchdown passes : 51 , Johnny Unitas Most 45 + yard touchdown passes : 56 , Johnny Unitas Most 40 + yard touchdown passes : 70 , Johnny Unitas Most 35 + yard touchdown passes : 91 , Peyton Manning Most 30 + yard touchdown passes : 120 , Peyton Manning Most 25 + yard touchdown passes : 156 , Peyton Manning Most 20 + yard touchdown passes : 193 , Peyton Manning Most 15 + yard touchdown passes : 246 , Peyton Manning Most 10 + yard touchdown passes : 323 , Peyton Manning Most 5 + yard touchdown passes : 420 , Peyton Manning Most 1 -- 4 yard touchdown passes : 118 , Peyton Manning Most red zone touchdown passes : 348 , Peyton Manning Most 1 yard touchdown passes : 37 , Brett Favre Largest touchdown pass differential , twenty - year period : 136 , Brett Favre ( 414 -- 278 , 2nd : Dan Marino ; 1987 -- 2006 ) , ( 442 -- 306 , 2nd : Peyton Manning ; 1988 -- 2007 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , nineteen - year period : 139 , Brett Favre ( 414 -- 275 , 2nd : Peyton Manning ; 1988 -- 2006 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , eighteen - year period : 139 , Brett Favre ( 414 -- 275 , 2nd : Peyton Manning ; 1989 -- 2006 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , seventeen - year period : 145 , Brett Favre ( 396 -- 251 , 2nd : Vinny Testeverde ; 1989 -- 2005 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , sixteen - year period : 152 , Brett Favre ( 396 -- 244 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe / Peyton Manning ; 1990 -- 2005 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , fifteen - year period : 152 , Brett Favre ( 396 -- 244 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe / Peyton Manning ; 1991 -- 2005 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , fourteen - year period : 155 , Brett Favre ( 376 -- 221 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1991 -- 2004 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , thirteen - year period : 155 , Brett Favre ( 376 -- 221 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1992 -- 2004 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , twelve - year period : 145 , Brett Favre ( 346 -- 201 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1992 -- 2003 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , eleven - year period : 127 , Brett Favre ( 328 -- 201 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1993 -- 2003 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , ten - year period : 123 , Brett Favre ( 309 -- 186 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1994 -- 2003 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , ten - year period from first start as a quarterback : 106 , Brett Favre ( 287 -- 181 , 2nd : Steve Young ; 1992 -- 2001 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , nine - year period : 109 , Brett Favre ( 276 -- 167 , 2nd : Peyton Manning ; 1995 -- 2003 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , eight - year period : 99 , Brett Favre ( 250 -- 151 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1994 -- 2001 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , seven - year period : 83 , Brett Favre ( 217 -- 134 , 2nd : Vinny Testeverde ; 1995 -- 2001 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , six - year period : 66 , Brett Favre ( 198 -- 132 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1994 -- 1999 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , five - year period : 58 , Brett Favre ( 168 -- 107 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1995 -- 1999 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , four - year period : 50 , Brett Favre ( 145 -- 95 , 2nd : John Elway ; 1994 -- 1997 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , three - year period : 42 , Dan Marino ( 122 -- 80 , 2nd : Dave Krieg ; 1984 -- 1986 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , two - year period : 26 , Dan Marino ( 70 -- 44 , 2nd : Dave Krieg ; 1986 -- 1987 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , one - year period : 19 , Dan Marino ( 44 -- 25 , 2nd : Ken O'Brien ; 1986 ) Regular season Most seasons led league : 4 , Johnny Unitas , 1957 -- 1960 ; Steve Young , 1992 -- 1994 , 1998 ; Brett Favre , 1995 -- 1997 , 2003 ; Drew Brees , 2008 -- 2009 , 2011 -- 2012 ; Peyton Manning , 2000 , 2004 , 2006 , 2013 ; Tom Brady , 2002 , 2007 , 2010 , 2015 Most consecutive seasons led league : 4 , Johnny Unitas , 1957 -- 60 Most passing touchdowns , Season : 55 , Peyton Manning , 2013 Most passing touchdowns , Rookie , Season : 26 , Peyton Manning , 1998 and Russell Wilson , 2012 Most passing touchdowns , season , home : 29 , Drew Brees , 2011 Most passing touchdowns , season , road : 29 , Tom Brady , 2007 Most games 1 + passing touchdowns , season : 16 , Dan Marino , 1984 , 1986 ; Dave Krieg , 1984 ; Kurt Warner , 1999 ; Brett Favre , 2003 ; Daunte Culpepper , 2004 ; Tom Brady , 2010 -- 2012 ; Drew Brees , 2010 -- 2011 , 2013 -- 2014 ; Matthew Stafford , 2011 ; Peyton Manning , 2012 -- 2013 ; Philip Rivers , 2013 ; Ben Roethlisberger , 2013 ; Kirk Cousins , 2015 ; Russell Wilson , 2015 ; Matt Ryan , 2016 Most games 2 + passing touchdowns , season : 15 , Dan Marino , 1984 ; Peyton Manning , 2013 Most games 3 + passing touchdowns , season : 12 , Tom Brady , 2007 Most games 4 + passing touchdowns , season : 9 , Peyton Manning , 2013 Most games 5 + passing touchdowns , season : 4 , Peyton Manning , 2004 Most games 6 + passing touchdowns , season : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2014 ; Daryle Lamonica , 1969 ; Y.A. Tittle , 1962 Highest percentage of passing touchdowns out of pass attempts , season : 13.9 , Sid Luckman , 1943 Most consecutive seasons , passing touchdowns : 21 , Vinny Testaverde , 1987 -- 2007 Most consecutive seasons , 20 + passing touchdowns : 16 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2014 Most consecutive seasons , 25 + passing touchdowns : 16 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2014 Most consecutive seasons , 30 + passing touchdowns : 9 , Drew Brees , 2008 -- 2016 . Most consecutive seasons , 35 + passing touchdowns : 3 , Brett Favre , 1995 -- 1997 ; Drew Brees , 2011 -- 2013 ; Peyton Manning , 2012 -- 2014 Most consecutive seasons , 40 + passing touchdowns : 2 , Drew Brees , 2011 -- 2012 Most seasons , 20 + passing touchdowns : 16 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 Most seasons , 25 + passing touchdowns : 16 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 Most seasons , 30 + passing touchdowns : 9 , Drew Brees , 2008 -- 2016 ; Brett Favre , 1994 -- 1998 , 2001 , 2003 -- 2004 , 2009 ; Peyton Manning , 2000 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 . Most seasons , 35 + passing touchdowns : 4 , Peyton Manning , 2004 , 2012 -- 2014 ; Tom Brady , 2007 , 2010 -- 2011 , 2015 ; Aaron Rodgers , 2011 -- 2012 , 2014 , 2016 ; Drew Brees , 2011 -- 2013 , 2016 . Most seasons , 40 + passing touchdowns : 2 , Dan Marino , 1984 , 1986 ; Drew Brees , 2011 , 2012 ; Peyton Manning , 2004 , 2013 ; Aaron Rodgers , 2011 , 2016 Most seasons , 45 + passing touchdowns : 2 , Peyton Manning , 2004 , 2013 Most seasons , 50 + passing touchdowns : 1 , Tom Brady , 2007 ; Peyton Manning , 2013 Most consecutive road games with 1 + passing touchdowns : 41 , Tony Romo , 2009 -- 2014 Most consecutive home games with 1 + passing touchdowns : 60 , Drew Brees , 2009 -- 2016 Most consecutive games , 1 + passing touchdowns : 54 , Drew Brees , 2009 -- 2012 Most consecutive uninterrupted games , 1 + passing touchdowns : 52 , Tom Brady , 2010 -- 2013 Most consecutive games , 2 + passing touchdowns : 15 , Peyton Manning , 2013 -- 2014 Most consecutive games , 3 + passing touchdowns : 10 , Tom Brady 2007 Most consecutive games , 4 + passing touchdowns : 5 , Peyton Manning 2004 Most consecutive games , 5 + passing touchdowns : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger 2014 , Tom Brady 2007 , Daunte Culpepper 2004 , Tom Flores ( AFL ) 1963 Most consecutive games , 6 + passing touchdowns : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger 2014 Most consecutive passing touchdowns , no interceptions , home : 49 , Aaron Rodgers Game Most passing touchdowns , game : 7 , Sid Luckman on 11 - 14 - 1943 , Adrian Burk on 10 - 17 - 1954 , George Blanda on 11 - 19 - 1961 , Y.A. Tittle on 10 - 28 - 1962 , Joe Kapp on 9 - 28 - 1969 , Peyton Manning on 9 - 5 - 2013 , Nick Foles on 11 - 3 - 2013 ; Drew Brees on 11 - 1 - 2015 Most passing touchdowns , rookie , game : 5 , DeShaun Watson on Oct 8 , 2017 , Jameis Winston on November 22 , 2015 , Matthew Stafford on November 22 , 2009 , Ray Buivid on December 5 , 1937 Most passing touchdowns , one half : 6 , Daryle Lamonica on 10 - 19 - 1969 , Aaron Rodgers on 11 - 9 - 2014 Most passing touchdowns , rookie , one half : 4 , Jameis Winston on November 22 , 2015 , Marcus Mariota on 9 - 13 - 2015 . Most passing touchdowns , one quarter : 5 , Tom Brady on 10 - 18 - 2009 Most passing touchdowns , no interceptions , game : 7 , Y.A. Tittle on 10 - 28 - 1962 , Peyton Manning on 9 - 5 - 2013 , Nick Foles on 11 - 03 - 2013 Most passing touchdowns , perfect passer rating ( 158.3 ) , game : 7 Nick Foles on 11 - 03 - 2013 Most touchdown passes per games started average , regular season : 2.21 , Aaron Rodgers , ( 310 TD Passes / 140 Games Started ) , 2008 -- 2017 . Most touchdown passes per game average , regular season : 2.11 , Aaron Rodgers , ( 310 TD Passes / 147 Games ) , 2008 -- 2017 . Highest percentage of touchdown passes out of pass attempts , game : 35.3 , Daryle Lamonica , ( 6 TD Passes / 17 Attempts ) 12 - 21 - 1969 Fewest games to reach 100 touchdown passes : 44 , Dan Marino , 1983 - 1986 Fewest games to reach 200 touchdown passes : 89 , Dan Marino , 1983 - 1989 Fewest games to reach 250 touchdown passes : 121 , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 - 2015 Fewest games to reach 300 touchdown passes : 144 , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 - 2017 Fewest games to reach 400 touchdown passes : 205 , Drew Brees , 2001 - 2015 Fewest games to reach 500 touchdown passes : 244 , Peyton Manning , 1998 - 2014 Interceptions thrown ( edit ) Most seasons led league : 4 , Vinny Testaverde , 1988 -- 1989 , 2000 , 2004 Most passes intercepted , career : 336 , Brett Favre , 1991 -- 2010 Most passes intercepted , season : 42 , George Blanda , 1962 Most passes intercepted , rookie season : 28 , Peyton Manning , 1998 Most passes intercepted , game : 8 , Jim Hardy on 9 - 24 - 1950 Most consecutive passes attempted , none intercepted : 358 , Tom Brady 2010 -- 2011 Most consecutive passes attempted , no pick 6 : 3,908 , Aaron Rodgers , 11 - 08 - 2009 to 9 - 24 - 2017 . Most pick 6s , quarter : 3 , Ed Baker , Dec 17 , 1972 ; Paul Christman Nov 5 , 1950 Most pick 6s , game : 3 , many times , most recently : Eli Manning , Nov 25 , 2007 Most pick 6s , season : 6 , Peyton Manning , 2001 ; Rudy Bukich , 1966 Most consecutive games with pick 6 : 4 , Matt Schaub , 2013 Most pick 6s , career : 31 , Brett Favre , 1991 -- 2010 Most consecutive passes attempted , none intercepted , home : 587 , Aaron Rodgers , 2012 -- 2015 Most consecutive passes attempted , none intercepted , away : 336 , Tom Brady , 12 - 27 - 2015 to 10 - 05 - 2017 . Most consecutive passes attempted , none intercepted , single season : 335 , Tom Brady , 2010 . Most consecutive passes attempted , none intercepted , rookie season : 176 , Dak Prescott , 2016 . Most consecutive passes attempted , none intercepted to start a career : 176 , Dak Prescott , 2016 . Most consecutive passes attempted , none intercepted to start a season : 286 , Bernie Kosar , 1991 . Most attempts with no interceptions , game : 70 Drew Bledsoe on November 13 , 1994 Most completions with no interceptions , game : 45 Drew Bledsoe on November 13 , 1994 Most passing yards with no interceptions , game : 527 , Warren Moon on December 16 , 1990 Most touchdown passes with no interceptions , game : 7 , Y.A. Tittle , October 28 , 1962 ; Peyton Manning , September 5 , 2013 ; Nick Foles , November 3 , 2013 Most games 1 + interceptions , career : 196 , Brett Favre 1991 -- 2010 Most games 2 + interceptions , career : 94 , Brett Favre , 1991 -- 2010 Most games 3 + interceptions , career : 39 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most games 4 + interceptions , career : 18 , George Blanda , 1960 -- 1966 Most games 5 + interceptions , career : 8 , George Blanda 1962 -- 1966 , Joe Namath 1966 -- 1976 Most games 1 + interceptions , season : 15 , Richard Todd , 1980 Most games 2 + interceptions , season : 12 , Frank Tripucka , 1960 Most games 3 + interceptions , season : 8 , George Blanda , 1962 ; Al Dorow , 1961 Most games 4 + interceptions , season : 6 , George Blanda , 1962 Most games 5 + interceptions , season : 3 , George Blanda 1962 Most games with 200 + yards passing and no interceptions , career : 106 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 250 + yards passing and no interceptions , career : 79 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 300 + yards passing and no interceptions , career : 46 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . Most games with 350 + yards passing and no interceptions , career : 23 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 400 + yards passing and no interceptions , career : 9 , Drew Brees , 2007 -- 2017 . Most games with 450 + yards passing and no interceptions , career : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2009 -- 2017 . Most games with 500 + yards passing and no interceptions , career : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2009 -- 2017 . Most games with 200 + yards passing and no interceptions , season : 11 , Tom Brady 2012 ; Aaron Rodgers 2014 Most games with 250 + yards passing and no interceptions , season : 10 , Tom Brady 2007 Most games with 300 + yards passing and no interceptions , season : 8 , Tom Brady 2007 ; Peyton Manning , 2013 Most games with 350 + yards passing and no interceptions , season : 6 , Tom Brady 2007 Most games with 400 + yards passing and no interceptions , season : 2 , Drew Brees 2011 , 2012 ; Peyton Manning , 2013 Most games with 500 + yards passing and no interceptions , season : 1 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2009 , 2014 ; Derek Carr , 2016 ; Philip Rivers , 2015 ; Warren Moon , 1990 ; Y.A. Tittle , 1962 Most consecutive games with 1 + touchdown passes and no interceptions : 11 , Tom Brady , 2010 Most consecutive games with 2 + touchdown passes and no interceptions : 9 , Tom Brady , 2010 Most consecutive games with 3 + touchdown passes and no interceptions ; 5 , Russell Wilson , 2015 Most consecutive games with 4 + touchdown passes and no interceptions ; 2 , many players , most recent , Ben Roethlisberger , 2016 . Most consecutive games with 5 + touchdown passes and no interceptions ; 2 , Tom Brady , 2007 ; Ben Roethlisberger , 2014 Most consecutive games with 6 touchdown passes and no interceptions : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2014 Most consecutive touchdowns , none intercepted , home : 49 , Aaron Rodgers Most games with 1 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , career : 119 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 2 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , career : 93 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 3 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , career : 53 , Tom Brady , 2001 - 2017 . Most games with 4 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , career : 22 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 5 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , career : 7 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . Most games with 6 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , career : 3 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 . Most games with 7 touchdown passes and no interceptions , career : 1 , Y.A. Tittle , 10 - 28 - 1962 ; Peyton Manning , 9 - 5 - 2013 ; Nick Foles , 11 - 3 - 2013 Most games with 1 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , season : 14 , Tom Brady 2010 Most games with 2 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , season : 11 , Tom Brady 2010 , Aaron Rodgers 2014 Most games with 3 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , season : 8 , Tom Brady 2007 , Aaron Rodgers 2014 Most games with 4 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , season : 6 , Peyton Manning , 2013 Most games with 5 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , season : 3 , Tom Brady 2007 Most games with 6 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , season : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger 2014 Most games with 7 touchdown passes and no interceptions , season : 1 , Y.A. Tittle , 10 - 28 - 1962 ; Peyton Manning , 9 - 5 - 2013 ; Nick Foles , 11 - 3 - 2013 Most games with 20 + completions and no interceptions , career : 88 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 30 + completions and no interceptions , career : 26 , Drew Brees , 2006 -- 2017 . Most games with 20 + completions and no interceptions , season : 10 , Tom Brady , 2007 , 2010 Most games with 30 + completions and no interceptions , season : 5 , Tom Brady 2007 ; Drew Brees , 2011 , 2015 Most games with 30 + pass attempts and no interceptions , career : 91 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 40 + pass attempts and no interceptions , career : 29 , Drew Brees , 2002 -- 2017 . Most games with 50 + pass attempts and no interceptions , career : 8 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 30 + pass attempts and no interceptions , season : 10 , Tom Brady 2012 Most games with 40 + pass attempts and no interceptions , season : 5 , Peyton Manning 2013 Passing interception differential / ratio ( edit ) Best touchdown pass -- interception differential , game : + 7 ( 7 TDs , 0 INTs ) , Y.A. Tittle , 10 - 28 - 1962 ; Peyton Manning , 9 - 5 - 2013 ; Nick Foles , 11 - 3 - 2013 Best touchdown pass -- interception differential , season : + 45 ( 55 TDs , 10 INTs ) , Peyton Manning , 2013 Best touchdown pass -- interception differential , rookie season : + 19 ( 23 TDs , 4 INTs ) , Dak Prescott , 2016 Best touchdown pass -- interception ratio , rookie season : 5.75 : 1 ( 23 TDs , 4 INTs ) , Dak Prescott , 2016 . Best touchdown pass -- interception differential , career : + 314 ( 467 TDs , 153 INTs ) , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Best touchdown pass - interception differential , playoffs , career : + 32 ( 63 TDs , 31 INTs ) , Tom Brady , 2002 -- 2017 . Best touchdown pass -- interception ratio , career : 4.13 : 1 ( 310 TDs , 75 INTs ) , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 -- 2017 . Best touchdown pass - interception ratio , playoffs , career : 4 : 1 ( 24 TDs , 6 INTs ) , Drew Brees , 2004 - 2014 . Best touchdown pass -- interception ratio , season : 14 : 1 ( 28 TDs , 2 INTs ) , Tom Brady , 2016 ( minimum 14 TD passes ) . Best passing yards -- interception ratio , career : 509.25 : 1 ( 38,194 yards , 75 INTs ) , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 -- 2017 . Best passing yards - interception ratio , playoffs , career : 589.83 : 1 ( 3,539 yards , 6 INTs ) , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2014 . Best passing yards -- interception ratio , season : 1,777 : 1 ( 3,554 yards , 2 INTs ) , Tom Brady , 2016 ( minimum 2,000 passing yards ) . Lowest percentage passes had intercepted ( edit ) Most seasons led league , lowest percentage intercepted : 5 , Sammy Baugh , 1940 , 1942 , 1944 -- 45 , 1947 Lowest percentage passes had intercepted , career ( minimum 1,500 attempts ) : 1.55 ( 75 INTs , 4,846 attempts ) , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 -- 2017 . Lowest percentage pick 6s , career ( minimum 1,500 attempts ) : 0.000413 ( 2 pick 6s , 4,846 attempts ) , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 -- 2017 . Lowest percentage passes had intercepted season ( minimum 200 attempts ) : 0.0 ( 0 INTs , 200 attempts ) , Brian Hoyer , 2016 Lowest percentage passes had intercepted rookie season : 0.87 ( 4 INTs , 459 attempts ) , Dak Prescott , 2016 Sacked ( edit ) Most times sacked , career : 525 , Brett Favre 1991 -- 2010 Most times sacked , season : 76 , David Carr 2002 Most times sacked , game : 12 , Bert Jones on October 26 , 1980 ; Warren Moon on September 29 , 1985 ; Donovan McNabb on September 30 , 2007 Most sack yards lost , career : 3,794 , Dave Krieg Lowest sacked percentage ( times sacked per passing play attempted ) , season : 1.2 % ( 3 times sacked , 255 passing plays ) , Steve Walsh , 1991 Lowest sacked percentage ( times sacked per passing play attempted ) , career : 2.95 % , Steve Walsh Receiving ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League season receiving touchdown leaders . Receptions ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 8 , Don Hutson , 1936 -- 37 , 1939 , 1941 -- 45 Most consecutive seasons leading league : 5 , Don Hutson , 1941 -- 45 Most pass receptions , career : 1,549 Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most consecutive pass receptions , no fumbles , career : 609 , Tony Gonzalez , December 23 , 2006 - December 28 , 2013 ( end of career ) Most consecutive pass receptions , no touchdown receptions : 242 , Thomas Jones , 2000 -- 2007 Most pass receptions , no touchdown receptions , career : 201 , Gerald Riggs , 1983 -- 1991 Most pass receptions , no touchdown receptions , season : 85 , James Wilder , 1984 Most pass receptions , no touchdown receptions , game : 18 , Jason Witten , Oct. 28 , 2012 Most pass receptions , game , rookie : 14 , Roy Helu , Nov 6 , 2011 Most pass receptions , first game : 13 , Sid Blanks , Sep 12 , 1964 Highest reception average per game , career : 6.29 , Julio Jones , ( 497 Receptions / 79 Games ) , 2011 -- 2016 Highest reception average per game , season : 8.94 , Marvin Harrison , ( 143 Receptions / 16 Games ) , 2002 Most pass receptions , season : 143 , Marvin Harrison , 2002 Most pass receptions , season , away : 74 , Julio Jones , 2015 Most pass receptions , season , home : 82 , Marvin Harrison , 2002 Most pass receptions , season , tight end : 110 , Jason Witten , 2012 Most pass receptions , season , running back : 102 , Matt Forte , 2014 Most pass receptions , rookie , season : 101 , Anquan Boldin , 2003 Most pass receptions , game : 21 , Brandon Marshall on December 13 , 2009 Most pass receptions , one half : 13 , Jason Witten on October 28 , 2012 Most consecutive games , 1 + pass receptions : 274 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most consecutive games , 1 + pass receptions to start a career : 190 , Marvin Harrison 1996 -- 2008 Most consecutive games , 2 + pass receptions : 147 , Tim Brown 1993 -- 2002 Most consecutive games , 3 + pass receptions : 82 , Reggie Wayne 2009 -- 2014 Most consecutive games , 4 + pass receptions : 38 , Julio Jones , 2013 -- present Most consecutive games , 5 + pass receptions : 36 , Antonio Brown 2013 -- 2015 Most consecutive games , 6 + pass receptions : 16 , Marvin Harrison 2002 -- 2003 Most consecutive games , 7 + pass receptions : 14 , Antonio Brown 2014 -- 2015 Most consecutive games , 8 + pass receptions : 8 , Antonio Brown 2014 Most consecutive games , 9 + pass receptions : 6 , Marvin Harrison 2002 Most consecutive games , 10 + pass receptions : 4 , Calvin Johnson 2012 Most consecutive games , 11 + pass receptions : 2 , by 18 players , most recently by Julio Jones 2015 Most consecutive games , 12 + pass receptions : 2 , by 8 players , most recently by Julio Jones 2015 Most consecutive seasons , 50 + pass receptions : 16 , Tony Gonzalez 1999 - 2013 Most consecutive seasons , 60 + pass receptions : 15 , Tony Gonzalez 1999 - 2013 Most consecutive seasons , 70 + pass receptions : 11 , Tony Gonzalez 2003 - 2013 Most consecutive seasons , 90 + pass receptions : 6 , Torry Holt 2002 - 2007 Most consecutive seasons , 100 + pass receptions : 4 , Marvin Harrison 1999 - 2002 , Antonio Brown 2013 - 2016 Most seasons , 5 + pass receptions : 20 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most seasons , 10 + pass receptions : 19 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most seasons , 15 + pass receptions : 19 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most seasons , 20 + pass receptions : 19 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most seasons , 25 + pass receptions : 19 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most seasons , 30 + pass receptions : 19 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most seasons , 35 + pass receptions : 18 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2003 Most seasons , 40 + pass receptions : 18 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2003 Most seasons , 45 + pass receptions : 18 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2003 Most seasons , 50 + pass receptions : 17 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 2003 Most seasons , 55 + pass receptions : 17 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 2003 Most seasons , 60 + pass receptions : 17 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 2003 Most seasons , 65 + pass receptions : 15 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 2002 Most seasons , 70 + pass receptions : 14 , Tony Gonzalez 1999 -- 2013 Most seasons , 75 + pass receptions : 13 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 2002 Most seasons , 80 + pass receptions : 12 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 2002 Most seasons , 85 + pass receptions : 7 , Andre Johnson 2006 -- 2014 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 2002 , Marvin Harrison 1999 -- 2006 , Cris Carter 1993 -- 2000 , Brandon Marshall 2007 -- 2015 , Larry Fitzgerald 2005 -- 2016 Most seasons , 90 + pass receptions : 7 , Larry Fitzgerald 2005 -- 2016 Most seasons , 95 + pass receptions : 6 , Brandon Marshall 2007 -- 2015 , Larry Fitzgerald 2005 -- 2016 Most seasons , 100 + pass receptions : 6 , Brandon Marshall 2007 -- 2015 Most seasons , 105 + pass receptions : 5 , Wes Welker 2007 -- 2012 Most seasons , 110 + pass receptions : 5 , Wes Welker 2007 -- 2012 Most seasons , 115 + pass receptions : 3 , Wes Welker 2009 -- 2012 Most seasons , 120 + pass receptions : 2 , Cris Carter 1994 -- 1995 , Wes Welker 2009 -- 2011 , Antonio Brown 2014 -- 2015 Most seasons , 125 + pass receptions : 2 , Antonio Brown 2014 -- 2015 Most games , 5 + pass receptions , season : 16 , Jimmy Smith 2001 , Pierre Garçon 2013 , and Antonio Brown 2013 -- 14 Most games , 6 + pass receptions , season : 15 , Marvin Harrison 2002 Most games , 7 + pass receptions , season : 14 , Antonio Brown 2014 Most games , 8 + pass receptions , season : 12 , Marvin Harrison 2002 Most games , 9 + pass receptions , season : 10 , Marvin Harrison 2002 , Julio Jones 2015 Most games , 10 + pass receptions , season : 7 , Wes Welker 2009 , Andre Johnson 2008 Most games , 11 + pass receptions , season : 5 , Marvin Harrison 2002 Most games , 12 + pass receptions , season : 4 , Cris Carter 1995 Most games , 13 + pass receptions , season : 3 , Antonio Brown 2015 Most games , 14 + pass receptions , season : 2 , Antonio Brown 2015 , Reggie Wayne 2010 Most games , 15 + pass receptions , season : 2 , Antonio Brown 2015 Most games , 16 + pass receptions , season : 2 , Antonio Brown 2015 Most games , 1 + reception , career : 296 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 2 + receptions , career : 284 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 3 + receptions , career : 256 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 4 + receptions , career : 213 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 5 + receptions , career : 166 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 6 + receptions , career : 128 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 7 + receptions , career : 86 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 8 + receptions , career : 51 , Marvin Harrison 1996 -- 2008 Most games , 9 + receptions , career : 39 , Andre Johnson 2004 -- 2014 Most games , 10 + receptions , career : 22 , Andre Johnson 2004 -- 2014 Most games , 11 + receptions , career : 13 , Andre Johnson 2004 -- 2013 Most games , 12 + receptions , career : 9 , Wes Welker 2007 -- 2014 Most games , 13 + receptions , career : 5 , Wes Welker 2007 -- 2014 Most games , 14 + receptions , career : 3 , Jason Witten 2007 -- present Most games , 15 + receptions , career : 2 , Brandon Marshall 2008 -- present , Wes Welker 2009 -- 2014 , Jason Witten 2007 -- present , Antonio Brown 2010 -- 2015 Most games , 16 + receptions , career : 2 , Brandon Marshall 2008 -- present , Antonio Brown 2010 -- 2015 Most games , 17 + receptions , career : 2 , Brandon Marshall 2008 -- present Most games , 18 + receptions , career : 2 , Brandon Marshall 2008 -- present Most games , 19 + receptions , career : 1 , Brandon Marshall 2009 , Terrell Owens 2000 Most games , 20 + receptions , career : 1 , Brandon Marshall 2009 , Terrell Owens 2000 Fewest games to record 100 career receptions : 14 , Odell Beckham Jr. 2014 -- 2015 Fewest games to record 200 career receptions : 30 , Odell Beckham Jr. 2014 -- 2016 Fewest games to record 300 career receptions : 45 , Odell Beckham Jr. 2014 -- 2017 Fewest games to record 400 career receptions : 67 , Anquan Boldin 2003 -- 2007 Fewest games to record 500 career receptions : 80 , Anquan Boldin 2003 -- 2008 , Julio Jones 2011 - 2017 Fewest games to record 600 career receptions : 96 , Antonio Brown 2010 -- 2016 Fewest games to record 700 career receptions : 114 , Marvin Harrison 1996 -- 2003 Fewest games to record 800 career receptions : 131 , Marvin Harrison 1996 -- 2004 Fewest games to record 900 career receptions : 149 , Marvin Harrison 1996 -- 2005 Fewest games to record 1,000 career receptions : 167 , Marvin Harrison 1996 -- 2006 Fewest games to record 1,100 career receptions : 190 , Marvin Harrison 1996 -- 2008 Yards receiving ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League receiving yards leaders . Most seasons leading league : 7 , Don Hutson , 1936 , 1938 -- 39 , 1941 -- 44 Most consecutive seasons leading league : 4 , Don Hutson , 1941 -- 44 Most receiving yards , career : 22,895 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most receiving yards per game average , career : 96.3 , Julio Jones , ( 7,610 yards / 79 Games ) , 2011 -- present Most receiving yards per game average , season : 129.0 , Wes Chandler , ( 1,032 yards / 8 Games ) , 1982 Most seasons 500 or more yards receiving : 18 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2003 Most seasons 1,000 or more yards receiving : 14 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 2002 Most seasons 1,500 or more yards receiving : 4 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 1995 Most consecutive seasons 500 or more yards receiving : 16 , Tony Gonzalez 1998 -- 2013 Most consecutive seasons 1,000 or more yards receiving : 11 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 1996 Most consecutive seasons 1,500 or more yards receiving : 2 , Marvin Harrison 2001 -- 2002 , Andre Johnson 2008 -- 2009 , Calvin Johnson 2011 -- 2012 , Antonio Brown 2014 -- 2015 , Julio Jones 2014 -- 2015 Most receiving yards , season : 1,964 , Calvin Johnson , 2012 Most receiving yards , two seasons , to start a career : 2,755 , Odell Beckham Jr. , 2014 -- 2015 Most receiving yards , rookie , season : 1,473 , Bill Groman ( AFL ) , 1960 Most receiving yards , no fumbles , season : 1,746 , Charley Hennigan ( AFL ) , 1961 Most receiving yards , no touchdown receptions , career : 1,516 , Gerald Riggs , 1982 - 1991 Most receiving yards , no touchdown receptions , season : 963 , Al Toon , 1991 Most receiving yards , no touchdown receptions , game : 284 , Antonio Brown , November 8 , 2015 Most receiving yards , season , at home : 1,089 , Andre Johnson , 2008 Most receiving yards , season , away : 1,025 , Calvin Johnson , 2011 Most receiving yards , season , TE : 1,327 , Rob Gronkowski , 2011 Most receiving yards , season , RB : 1,048 , Marshall Faulk , 1999 Most receiving yards , game : 336 , Flipper Anderson , Nov. 26 , 1989 ( OT ) Most receiving yards , non-overtime game : 329 , Calvin Johnson , October 27 , 2013 Most receiving yards , outdoor game : 309 , Stephone Paige , Dec 22 , 1985 Most receiving yards , outdoor away game : 303 , Jim Benton , Nov 22 , 1945 Most receiving yards , non-overtime away game : 303 , Jim Benton , Nov 22 , 1945 Most receiving yards , game , rookie : 255 , Jerry Butler , September 23 , 1979 Most receiving yards , first game : 217 , Anquan Boldin , September 7 , 2003 Most receiving yards , game , TE : 214 , Shannon Sharpe , Oct 20 , 2002 Most receiving yards , one half : 258 , Stephone Paige , Dec 22 , 1985 Most receiving yards , one quarter : 210 , Qadry Ismail , Dec 12 , 1999 Most games , 50 + receiving yards , career : 198 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 100 + receiving yards , career : 76 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 150 + receiving yards , career : 30 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2003 Most games , 200 + receiving yards , career : 5 ; Lance Alworth , 1963 -- 67 ; Calvin Johnson , 2007 -- 2015 Most games , 250 + receiving yards , career : 2 ; Julio Jones , 2014 -- 16 Most games , 50 + receiving yards , season : 16 , Antonio Brown 2013 -- 14 Most games , 90 + receiving yards , season : 13 , Michael Irvin 1995 , Antonio Brown 2014 Most games , 90 + receiving yards , rookie , season : 9 , Odell Beckham 2014 Most games , 100 + receiving yards , season : 11 , Michael Irvin 1995 , Calvin Johnson 2012 Most games , 150 + receiving yards , season : 5 ; Tim Brown , 1997 ; Jerry Rice , 1995 ; Roy Green , 1984 ; Most games , 200 + receiving yards , season : 3 , Charley Hennigan ( AFL ) , 1961 Most consecutive games , 50 + receiving yards : 35 , Antonio Brown 2013 -- 2015 Most consecutive games , 90 + receiving yards , season : 9 , Michael Irvin 1995 , Odell Beckham 2014 Most consecutive games , 90 + receiving yards , rookie , season : 9 , Odell Beckham 2014 Most consecutive games , 100 + receiving yards : 8 , Calvin Johnson 2012 Most consecutive games , 125 + receiving yards : 5 , Calvin Johnson 2012 , Pat Studstill 1966 Most consecutive games , 150 + receiving yards : 3 , Josh Gordon 2013 , Isaac Bruce 1995 , Andre Rison 1990 , Roy Green 1984 , James Lofton 1984 , Don Maynard 1968 Most consecutive games , 200 + receiving yards : 2 , Josh Gordon 2013 Most receiving yards , 2 consecutive games : 498 , Josh Gordon 2013 Most receiving yards , 3 consecutive games : 649 , Josh Gordon 2013 Most receiving yards , 4 consecutive games : 774 , Josh Gordon 2013 Longest pass reception ( see also 99 -- yard pass play ) : 99 , by 12 players , most recently Victor Cruz on December 24 , 2011 Fewest games to reach 1,000 career receiving yards : 10 , Lionel Taylor 1960 , Bill Groman 1960 Fewest games to reach 2,000 career receiving yards : 20 , Bill Groman 1960 - 1961 , Charley Hennigan 1960 - 1961 Fewest games to reach 3,000 career receiving yards : 29 , Charley Hennigan 1960 - 1962 Fewest games to reach 4,000 career receiving yards : 42 , Lance Alworth 1962 -- 1965 , Odell Beckham Jr. 2014 -- 2016 Fewest games to reach 5,000 career receiving yards : 52 , Lance Alworth 1962 -- 1966 Fewest games to reach 6,000 career receiving yards : 62 , Lance Alworth 1962 -- 1967 Fewest games to reach 7,000 career receiving yards : 72 , Lance Alworth 1962 -- 1968 , Julio Jones 2011 -- 2016 Fewest games to reach 8,000 career receiving yards : 83 , Lance Alworth 1962 -- 1969 Fewest games to reach 9,000 career receiving yards : 93 , Lance Alworth 1962 -- 1969 Fewest games to reach 10,000 career receiving yards : 115 , Calvin Johnson 2007 -- 2014 Fewest games to reach 11,000 career receiving yards : 127 , Calvin Johnson 2007 -- 2015 Fewest games to reach 12,000 career receiving yards : 142 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 1994 Fewest games to reach 13,000 career receiving yards : 160 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 1995 Average yards / reception ( edit ) Highest average gain , career ( minimum 200 receptions ) : 22.26 ( 4,996 yards / 224 receptions ) , Homer Jones , 1964 -- 70 Highest average gain , season ( minimum 24 receptions ) : 32.58 ( 782 yards / 24 receptions ) , Don Currivan , 1947 Highest average gain , game ( minimum 3 receptions ) : 63.00 ( 189 yards / 3 receptions ) , Torry Holt on September 24 , 2000 Receiving touchdowns ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League receiving touchdowns leaders . Most seasons led league : 9 , Don Hutson , 1935 -- 38 , 1940 -- 1944 Most consecutive seasons led league : 5 , Don Hutson , 1940 -- 1944 Most touchdowns , career : 197 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most touchdowns , season : 23 , Randy Moss , 2007 Most touchdowns for a TE , season ; 17 , Rob Gronkowski , 2011 Most touchdowns for a RB , season ; 9 , Billy Cannon , 1961 ; Bill Brown , 1964 ; Chuck Foreman , 1975 ; Leroy Hoard , 1991 ; Marshall Faulk , 2001 Most touchdowns , rookie season : 17 , Randy Moss , 1998 Most touchdowns , season , home : 13 , Jerry Rice , 1987 ; Marvin Harrison , 2001 ; Jordy Nelson , 2011 Most touchdowns , season , away : 14 , Randy Moss , 2007 Highest average touchdown receptions per game , season : 1.83 , Jerry Rice , ( 22 TDs / 12 Games ) , 1987 Highest average touchdown receptions per game , career : 0.853 , Don Hutson , ( 99 TDs / 116 Games ) , 1935 -- 1945 Most touchdowns , back - to - back games : 7 , Cloyce Box , Nov 23 , 1950 - Dec 3 , 1950 Most touchdowns , game : 5 , Bob Shaw on October 2 , 1950 , Jerry Rice on October 14 , 1990 ; Kellen Winslow on November 22 , 1981 Most touchdowns , one half : 4 , Don Hutson , Oct 7 , 1945 ; Dante Lavelli , Oct 14 , 1949 ; Bob Shaw , Oct 2 , 1950 ; Harold Jackson , Oct 14 , 1973 ; Paul Warfield Dec 15 , 1973 ; Ahmad Rashād , Sep 2 , 1979 ; Roy Green , Nov 13 , 1983 ; Mark Ingram , Nov 27 , 1994 ; Marcus Robinson , Nov 23 , 2003 ; Randy Moss , Nov 18 , 2007 Most touchdowns , one quarter : 4 , Don Hutson , Oct 7 , 1945 Most consecutive games , 1 + TD receptions : 13 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1987 Most consecutive games , 2 + TD receptions : 4 , Cris Carter , 1995 ; Calvin Johnson , 2011 ; Doug Baldwin , 2015 Most consecutive games , 3 + TD receptions : 3 , Cloyce Box , 1952 Most games 1 + TD receptions , career : 139 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most games 2 + TD receptions , career : 44 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 2002 Most games 3 + TD receptions , career : 11 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 2001 Most games 4 + TD receptions , career : 2 , Bob Shaw , 1949 -- 1950 ; Jerry Rice , 1990 -- 1993 ; Sterling Sharpe , 1993 -- 1994 Most games 1 + TD receptions , season : 13 , Mark Clayton , 1984 ; Jerry Rice , 1989 ; Carl Pickens , 1995 ; Randy Moss , 2007 Most games 2 + TD receptions , season : 8 , Randy Moss , 2007 Most games 3 + TD receptions , season : 4 , Sonny Randle , 1960 Most consecutive seasons , 1 + TD receptions : 20 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most consecutive seasons , 2 + TD receptions : 17 , Tony Gonzalez , 1997 -- 2013 Most consecutive seasons , 3 + TD receptions : 15 , Terrell Owens , 1996 -- 2010 Most consecutive seasons , 4 + TD receptions : 15 , Terrell Owens , 1996 -- 2010 Most consecutive seasons , 5 + TD receptions : 11 , Terrell Owens , 2000 -- 2010 ; Marvin Harrison , 1996 -- 2006 ; Cris Carter , 1991 -- 2001 ; Tim Brown , 1991 -- 2001 ; Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 ; Don Hutson , 1935 -- 1945 Most consecutive seasons , 6 + TD receptions : 11 , Marvin Harrison , 1996 -- 2006 ; Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 ; Don Hutson , 1935 -- 1945 Most consecutive seasons , 7 + TD receptions : 11 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 Most consecutive seasons , 8 + TD receptions : 11 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 Most consecutive seasons , 9 + TD receptions : 10 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1995 Most consecutive seasons , 10 + TD receptions : 8 , Marvin Harrison , 1999 -- 2006 Most consecutive seasons , 11 + TD receptions : 4 , Marvin Harrison , 1999 -- 2002 ; Lance Alworth , 1963 -- 1966 ; Art Powell , 1963 -- 1966 Most consecutive seasons , 12 + TD receptions : 3 , Jerry Rice , 1989 -- 1991 , 1993 -- 1995 ; Marvin Harrison , 1999 -- 2001 , 2004 -- 2006 ; Terrell Owens , 2000 -- 2002 ; Lance Alworth , 1964 -- 1966 ; Cris Carter , 1997 -- 1999 Most consecutive seasons , 13 + TD receptions : 3 , Jerry Rice , 1989 -- 1991 , 1993 -- 1995 ; Terrell Owens , 2000 -- 2002 ; Lance Alworth , 1964 -- 1966 Most consecutive seasons , 14 + TD receptions : 2 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1987 ; Marvin Harrison , 2000 -- 2001 Most consecutive seasons , 15 + TD receptions : 2 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1987 Most seasons with at least 1 touchdown reception : 20 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 2 touchdown receptions : 19 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 3 touchdown receptions : 18 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 4 touchdown receptions : 16 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 5 touchdown receptions : 16 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 6 touchdown receptions : 15 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 7 touchdown receptions : 15 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 8 touchdown receptions : 13 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 9 touchdown receptions : 12 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 10 touchdown receptions : 9 , Jerry Rice ; Randy Moss Most seasons with at least 11 touchdown receptions : 8 , Jerry Rice ; Randy Moss Most seasons with at least 12 touchdown receptions : 8 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 13 touchdown receptions : 8 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 14 touchdown receptions : 6 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 15 touchdown receptions : 5 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 16 touchdown receptions : 3 , Randy Moss Most seasons with at least 17 touchdown receptions : 3 , Randy Moss Most seasons with at least 18 touchdown receptions : 1 , Randy Moss , Jerry Rice , Sterling Sharpe , Mark Clayton Most seasons with at least 19 touchdown receptions : 1 , Randy Moss , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 20 touchdown receptions : 1 , Randy Moss , Jerry Rice Most touchdown receptions , 20 + yards , game 4 , Cloyce Box , 12 - 03 - 1950 ; Art Powell , 12 - 22 - 1963 ; Wesley Walker , 9 - 21 - 1986 Most touchdown receptions , 70 + yards , career : 12 , Lance Alworth , 1963 -- 1970 Most touchdown receptions , 70 + yards , season : 6 , Elroy Hirsch , 1951 Most touchdown receptions , 90 + yards , career : 3 , John Taylor , 1989 -- 1991 Most touchdown receptions , 90 + yards , game : 2 , John Taylor , Dec 11 , 1989 Fewest games to reach 50 career touchdown receptions : 54 , Lance Alworth 1962 - 1966 Yards from scrimmage ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League all - purpose yards leaders . Most seasons leading the league in yards from scrimmage , 6 Jim Brown , 1958 -- 1959 , 1961 , 1963 -- 1965 Most consecutive seasons leading the league in yards from scrimmage , 4 Thurman Thomas , 1989 -- 1992 Most yards from scrimmage , career : 23,540 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most yards from scrimmage , season : 2,509 , Chris Johnson , 2009 Most yards from scrimmage , no fumbles , season : 2,189 , Marshall Faulk , 2000 Most yards from scrimmage , no touchdowns , season : 1,124 , Clark Gaines , 1979 Most yards from scrimmage , no touchdowns , game : 307 , Antonio Brown , November 8 , 2015 Most yards from scrimmage , rookie , season : 2,212 , Eric Dickerson , 1983 Most yards from scrimmage , season , away : 1,289 , O.J. Simpson , 1976 Highest average yards from scrimmage per game , career ( 100 games ) : 125.52 , Jim Brown 1957 -- 1965 Highest average yards from scrimmage per game , career ( 40 games ) : 128.7 , Le'veon Bell 2014 - 2016 Highest average yards from scrimmage per game , season : 163.36 , Priest Holmes ( 2,237 yards / 14 games ) , 2002 Most attempts , season : 492 , ( 407 rushes , 85 receptions ) , James Wilder , 1984 Most attempts , no fumbles , season : 430 ( 397 rushes , 33 receptions ) , Gerald Riggs , 1985 Most combined attempts , no touchdowns , season : 258 ( 228 rushes , 30 receptions ) , Marcel Shipp , 2003 Most attempts , rookie , season : 441 , ( 390 rushes , 51 receptions ) , Eric Dickerson , 1983 Most yards from scrimmage , game : 336 , ( all receiving yards ) , Flipper Anderson , Nov. 26 , 1989 ( OT ) Most yards from scrimmage , non-overtime game : 330 , Billy Cannon , Dec. 10 , 1961 Most yards from scrimmage , back - to - back games : 525 , Walter Payton , Nov 20 , 1977 - Nov 24 , 1977 Most games , 50 yards from scrimmage , career : 202 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 100 yards from scrimmage , career : 108 , Walter Payton , 1975 -- 1987 Most games , 150 yards from scrimmage , career : 46 , Barry Sanders , 1989 -- 1998 Most games , 200 yards from scrimmage , career : 14 , Marshall Faulk , 1994 -- 2005 Most games , 250 yards from scrimmage , career : 5 , Marshall Faulk , 1994 -- 2005 Most games , 100 yards from scrimmage , season : 15 , Marcus Allen , 1985 ; Barry Sanders , 1997 ; Edgerrin James , 2000 ; David Johnson 2016 Most games , 150 yards from scrimmage , season : 10 , Chris Johnson , 2009 Most games , 200 yards from scrimmage , season : 5 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2003 Most games , 250 yards from scrimmage , season : 2 , Marshall Faulk , 2000 Most games , 90 yards from scrimmage , season : 16 , William Andrews , 1981 Most consecutive games , 100 yards from scrimmage : 17 , Marcus Allen , 1985 -- 1986 Most consecutive games , 200 yards from scrimmage : 3 , Le'Veon Bell , Nov 17 , 2014 , Nov 30 , 2014 , Dec 7 , 2014 . Walter Payton , Nov 13 , 1977 , Nov 20 , 1977 , Nov 24 , 1977 Most consecutive seasons , 500 or more yards from scrimmage : 16 , Tony Gonzalez , 1998 -- 2013 Most seasons , 500 or more yards from scrimmage : 18 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 1996 , 1998 -- 2003 Most consecutive seasons , 1000 or more yards from scrimmage : 13 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2002 Most seasons , 1000 or more yards from scrimmage : 14 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2002 , 2004 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 1996 , 1998 , 2001 -- 2002 Most consecutive seasons , 1500 or more yards from scrimmage : 8 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2001 -- 2008 Most seasons , 1500 or more yards from scrimmage : 10 , Walter Payton 1976 -- 1981 , 1983 -- 1986 Most consecutive seasons , 2000 or more yards from scrimmage : 4 , Marshall Faulk 1998 -- 2001 Most seasons , 2000 or more yards from scrimmage : 4 , Marshall Faulk 1998 -- 2001 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 84 , 1986 , 1988 , Walter Payton 1977 , 1983 -- 85 Fewest games to reach 1,000 yards from scrimmage : 7 , Eric Dickerson 1983 Fewest games to reach 2,000 yards from scrimmage : 14 , Eric Dickerson 1983 Fewest games to reach 3,000 yards from scrimmage : 22 , Edgerrin James 1983 - 1984 Fewest games to reach 4,000 yards from scrimmage : 30 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1984 , Edgerrin James 1999 -- 2000 Fewest games to reach 5,000 yards from scrimmage : 36 , Edgerrin James 1999 -- 2001 Fewest games to reach 6,000 yards from scrimmage : 44 , Edgerrin James 1999 -- 2002 Fewest games to reach 7,000 yards from scrimmage : 55 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1986 Fewest games to reach 8,000 yards from scrimmage : 64 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1987 Fewest games to reach 9,000 yards from scrimmage : 72 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2005 , Edgerrin James 1999 -- 2004 Fewest games to reach 10,000 yards from scrimmage : 78 , Edgerrin James 1999 -- 2004 Fewest games to reach 11,000 yards from scrimmage : 87 , Edgerrin James 1999 -- 2005 Fewest games to reach 12,000 yards from scrimmage : 95 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2006 , Edgerrin James 1999 -- 2005 Fewest games to reach 13,000 yards from scrimmage : 104 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2007 Fewest games to reach 14,000 yards from scrimmage : 111 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2007 Fewest games to reach 15,000 yards from scrimmage : 121 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2008 Fewest games to reach 16,000 yards from scrimmage : 129 , Marshall Faulk 1994 -- 2002 Fewest games to reach 17,000 yards from scrimmage : 142 , Marshall Faulk 1994 -- 2003 Fewest games to reach 18,000 yards from scrimmage : 149 , Barry Sanders 1989 - 1998 Fewest games to reach 19,000 yards from scrimmage : 164 , Walter Payton 1975 - 1986 Fewest games to reach 20,000 yards from scrimmage : 174 , Walter Payton 1975 - 1986 All - purpose ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League all - purpose yards leaders . All - purpose yardage ( or combined net yards gained ) encompasses rushing , receiving , interception returns , punt returns , kickoff returns and fumble returns . Most seasons leading league , combined net yards : 5 , Jim Brown , 1958 -- 61 , 1964 Most consecutive seasons leading league , combined net yards : 4 , Jim Brown , 1958 -- 1961 All - purpose attempts ( edit ) Most combined attempts , career : 4,939 , Emmitt Smith ( 4,409 rushes , 515 receptions , 15 fumble returns ) , 1990 -- 2004 Most combined attempts , season : 492 , James Wilder ( 407 rushes , 85 receptions , 0 returns ) , 1984 Most combined attempts , no fumbles , season : 430 , Gerald Riggs ( 397 rushes , 33 receptions ) , 1985 Most combined attempts , no touchdowns , season : 258 , Marcel Shipp ( 228 rushes , 30 receptions ) , 2003 Most combined attempts , no touchdowns , career : 300 , Larry Marshall ( 162 punt returns , 138 kickoff returns ) , 1972 -- 1978 Most consecutive combined attempts , no touchdowns , career : 512 , Marcel Shipp ( 438 rushes , 74 receptions ) , December 15 , 2002 - December 3 , 2006 Most combined attempts , rookie , season : 441 , Eric Dickerson ( 390 rushes , 51 receptions , 0 returns ) , 1983 Most combined attempts per fumble , career , minimum 2,000 attempts : 138.0 , Curtis Martin , 1995 -- 2005 Most combined attempts per fumble , career , minimum 1,000 attempts : 199.88 , Ray Rice , 2008 -- 2013 Most consecutive combined attempts , no fumbles : 870 , Steven Jackson ( 755 rushes , 115 receptions ) , Nov 3 , 2011 - January 3 , 2016 ( end of career ) Most combined attempts , no fumbles , career : 446 , Darnay Scott ( 408 receptions , 22 rushes , 15 kickoff returns , 1 fumble return ) , 1994 -- 2002 Most consecutive combined attempts , no fumbles to start a career : 589 , BenJarvus Green - Ellis ( 559 rushes , 30 receptions ) , 2008 -- 2012 Most combined attempts , game : 48 , James Wilder ( 42 rushes , 6 receptions ) , on October 30 , 1983 and LaDainian Tomlinson ( 37 rushes , 11 receptions ) , on December 1 , 2002 ( OT ) All - purpose yards ( edit ) Most yards gained , career : 23,546 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most yards gained , total , season : 2,696 , Darren Sproles , 2011 Highest average yards per game , season : 175.9 , Terry Metcalf , 1975 Highest average yards per game , career : 138.8 , Gale Sayers , 1965 - 1971 Most yards gained , total , season , home : 1,508 , Chris Johnson , 2009 Most yards gained , total , season , away : 1,455 , Timmy Brown , 1962 Most yards gained , total , rookie , season : 2,317 , Tim Brown , 1988 Most yards gained , no touchdowns , season : 2,208 , Wes Welker , 2005 Most yards gained , no fumbles , season : 2,215 , Le'veon Bell , 2014 Most yards gained , total , game : 404 , Glyn Milburn ; Dec 10 , 1995 Most games , 50 yards gained , career : 202 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 100 yards gained , career : 118 , Brian Mitchell 1990 -- 2003 Most games , 150 yards gained , career : 46 , Walter Payton 1975 -- 1986 , Barry Sanders 1989 -- 1998 Most games , 200 yards gained , career : 17 , Darren Sproles 2007 -- present Most games , 250 yards gained , career : 7 , Terry Metcalf 1974 -- 1977 Most games , 300 yards gained , career : 2 , Jacoby Ford 2010 , Josh Cribbs 2007 -- 2009 , Adrian Peterson 2007 , Lionel James 1985 , Gale Sayers 1965 -- 1966 Most games , 1 yard gained , season : 17 , Dexter Carter 1995 Most games , 93 yard gained , season : 16 , Brian Mitchell 1994 Most games , 100 yards gained , season : 15 , David Johnson 2016 , Michael Lewis 2002 , Edgerrin James 2000 , MarTay Jenkins 2000 , Derrick Mason 2000 , Barry Sanders 1997 , Marcus Allen 1985 Most games , 150 yards gained , season : 11 , Michael Lewis 2002 , Terry Metcalf 1975 , Darren Sproles 2011 Most games , 200 yards gained , season : 5 , Fred Jackson 2009 , Josh Cribbs 2009 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2003 , Walter Payton 1977 , Timmy Brown 1962 , Terry Metcalf 1975 Most games , 250 yards gained , season : 3 , Timmy Brown 1962 , Lionel James 1985 , Terry Metcalf 1977 Most games , 300 yards gained , season : 2 , Jacoby Ford 2010 , Adrian Peterson 2007 , Lionel James 1985 Most consecutive games , 100 or more yards : 23 , Gale Sayers , 1965 -- 1967 Most consecutive games , 200 or more yards : 4 , Darren Sproles , 2008 -- 2009 Most consecutive seasons , 1000 or more yards : 13 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2002 Most seasons , 1000 or more yards : 14 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2002 , 2004 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 1996 , 1998 , 2001 -- 2002 Most consecutive seasons , 1500 or more yards : 9 , Brian Mitchell , 1994 -- 2002 Most seasons , 1500 or more yards : 10 , Walter Payton 1976 -- 1981 , 1983 -- 1986 Most consecutive seasons , 2000 or more yards : 4 , Marshall Faulk 1998 -- 2001 ; Dante Hall 2002 -- 2005 ; Darren Sproles 2008 -- 2011 Most seasons , 2000 or more yards : 4 , Walter Payton 1977 , 1983 -- 1985 ; Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1984 , 1986 , 1988 ; Brian Mitchell 1994 -- 1995 , 1997 -- 1998 ; Marshall Faulk 1998 -- 2001 ; Dante Hall 2002 -- 2005 ; Tiki Barber 2000 , 2004 -- 2006 ; Darren Sproles 2008 -- 2011 Fewest games to reach 1,000 all purpose yards : 5 , Adrian Peterson 2007 Fewest games to reach 2,000 all purpose yards : 13 , Gale Sayers 1965 , James Brooks 1981 , Danny Amendola 2009 Fewest games to reach 3,000 all purpose yards : 20 , Gale Sayers 1965 - 1966 Fewest games to reach 4,000 all purpose yards : 25 , Gale Sayers 1965 - 1966 Fewest games to reach 5,000 all purpose yards : 31 , Gale Sayers 1965 - 1967 Fewest games to reach 6,000 all purpose yards : 39 , Gale Sayers 1965 - 1967 Fewest games to reach 7,000 all purpose yards : 44 , Gale Sayers 1965 - 1968 Fewest games to reach 8,000 all purpose yards : 53 , Gale Sayers 1965 - 1969 Fewest games to reach 9,000 all purpose yards : 61 , Gale Sayers 1965 - 1969 Fewest games to reach 10,000 all purpose yards : 76 , Timmy Brown 1960 - 1966 Fewest games to reach 11,000 all purpose yards : 83 , Timmy Brown 1960 - 1966 Fewest games to reach 12,000 all purpose yards : 91 , Darren Sproles 2005 - 2011 Fewest games to reach 13,000 all purpose yards : 96 , Darren Sproles 2005 - 2012 Fewest games to reach 14,000 all purpose yards : 106 , Darren Sproles 2005 - 2012 Fewest games to reach 15,000 all purpose yards : 114 , Darren Sproles 2005 - 2013 Fewest games to reach 16,000 all purpose yards : 126 , Darren Sproles 2005 - 2014 Fewest games to reach 17,000 all purpose yards : 140 , Darren Sproles 2005 - 2015 Fewest games to reach 18,000 all purpose yards : 149 , Barry Sanders 1989 - 1998 Fewest games to reach 19,000 all purpose yards : 160 , Walter Payton 1977 - 1985 Fewest games to reach 20,000 all purpose yards : 168 , Walter Payton 1977 - 1986 Interceptions ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 3 ; Everson Walls , 1981 -- 82 , 1985 ; Ed Reed , 2004 , 2008 , 2010 Most interceptions , career : 81 , Paul Krause , 1964 -- 79 Most interceptions , season : 14 , Dick `` Night Train '' Lane , 1952 Most interceptions , rookie , season : 14 , Dick `` Night Train '' Lane , 1952 Most interceptions by , game : 4 , by 19 players , most recently DeAngelo Hall on October 24 , 2010 Most interceptions , one half : 4 , DeAngelo Hall on October 24 , 2010 Most consecutive games with an interception : 8 , Tom Morrow , 1962 -- 63 Most consecutive seasons with an interception : 19 , Darrell Green , Washington Redskins , 1983 -- 2001 Most interceptions without scoring a touchdown , career : 50 , Don Burroughs , 1955 - 1964 Interception return yards ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 3 , Darren Sharper , 2002 , 2005 , 2009 Most interception return yards , career : 1,590 , Ed Reed , 2002 -- 2013 Most yards per interception return , career ( minimum 30 interceptions ) : 25.1 ( 1,331 yards / 53 INTS ) , Deion Sanders , 1989 -- 2000 , 2004 -- 2005 Most yards per interception return , career ( minimum 20 interceptions ) : 27.6 ( 608 yards / 22 INTS ) , Erik McMillan , 1989 -- 1993 Most yards per interception return , career ( minimum 10 interceptions ) : 33.8 ( 473 yards / 14 INTS ) , Malcolm Jenkins , 2009 - present Most interception return yards without scoring a touchdown , career : 736 , Jack Tatum , 1971 -- 1980 Most interception return yards , season : 376 , Darren Sharper , New Orleans Saints , 2009 Most interception return yards , rookie , season : 301 , Don Doll , Detroit Lions , 1949 Most interception return yards , game : 177 , Charlie McNeil on September 24 , 1961 Longest interception return : 108 , Ed Reed on November 23 , 2008 Interception return touchdowns ( edit ) Most interceptions returned for touchdowns , career : 12 , Rod Woodson , 1987 -- 2003 Most interceptions returned for touchdowns , season : 4 ; Ken Houston , 1971 ; Jim Kearney , 1972 ; Eric Allen 1993 Most interceptions returned for touchdowns , rookie , season : 3 ; Lem Barney , 1967 ; Ronnie Lott , 1981 ; Janoris Jenkins 2012 Most interceptions returned for touchdowns , game : 2 , by 30 players , most recently Zach Brown on December 30 , 2012 Most consecutive seasons with an interception returned for a touchdown : 6 , Charles Woodson , Green Bay Packers , 2006 -- 2011 Punting ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 4 , Sammy Baugh , 1940 -- 43 ; Jerrel Wilson , 1965 , 1968 , 1972 -- 73 Most consecutive seasons leading league : 4 , Sammy Baugh , 1940 -- 43 Punts ( edit ) Most punts , career : 1,713 , Jeff Feagles 1988 -- 2009 Most punts , season : 114 , Bob Parsons , 1981 and Chad Stanley , 2002 Most punts , rookie , season : 111 , Brad Maynard 1997 Most punts , game : 16 , Leo Araguz on October 11 , 1998 Longest punt : 98 yards , Steve O'Neal on September 21 , 1969 Punting yards ( edit ) Most punting yardage , career : 71,211 , Jeff Feagles , 1988 -- 2009 Most punting yardage , season : 5,209 , Dave Zastudil , 2012 Most punting yardage , rookie , season : 4,531 , Brad Maynard , 1997 Most punting yardage , game : 709 , Leo Araguz on October 11 , 1998 Average punting yards ( edit ) Highest average , punting , career ( minimum 250 punts ) : 47.47 ( 1,192 punts for 56,580 yards ) , Shane Lechler , 2000 -- present Highest average , punting , season ( among qualified players ) : 51.40 ( 35 punts for 1,799 yards ) , Sammy Baugh , 1940 Highest average , punting , rookie , season ( among qualified players ) : 47.84 ( 91 punts for 4,353 yards ) , Bryan Anger , 2012 Highest average , punting , game ( minimum 4 punts ) : 61.75 ( 4 punts for 247 yards ) , Bob Cifers on November 24 , 1946 Average net punting yards ( edit ) Net average has been compiled since 1976 . Highest net average , career ( minimum 250 punts ) : 41.1 ( 488 punts for 22,497 net yards ) , Pat McAfee , 2009 -- present Highest net average , season ( among qualified players ) : 44.23 ( 78 punts for 3,450 net yards ) , John Hekker , 2013 Highest net average , rookie , season ( among qualified players ) : 40.85 ( 92 punts for 3,758 net yards ) , Bryan Anger , 2012 Highest net average game ( minimum 4 punts ) : 59.50 ( 4 punts for 238 net yards ) , Rohn Stark on September 13 , 1992 Punts had blocked ( edit ) Most consecutive punts , none blocked : 1,177 , Chris Gardocki , 1992 -- 2006 Most punts had blocked , career : 14 ; Herman Weaver , 1970 -- 80 ; Harry Newsome , 1985 -- 93 Most punts had blocked , season : 6 , Harry Newsome , 1988 Punts inside the 20 ( edit ) Punts inside the 20 have been compiled since 1976 . Most punts inside the 20 , career : 554 , Jeff Feagles , 1988 -- 2009 Most punts inside the 20 , season : 46 , Dave Zastudil , 2012 Most punts inside the 20 , game : 8 ; Mark Royals on November 6 , 1994 ; Bryan Barker on November 14 , 1999 Punt returns ( edit ) Punt return attempts ( edit ) Most seasons leading league in number of punt returns : 3 , Les `` Speedy '' Duncan , 1965 -- 66 , 1971 ; Rick Upchurch , 1976 , 1978 , 1982 Most punt returns , career : 463 , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 2003 Most punt returns without a touchdown , career : 264 , Wes Welker , 2004 -- 2015 Most punt returns without a touchdown , regular season and post season , career : 273 , Wes Welker , 2004 -- 2015 Most punt returns , season : 70 , Danny Reece , 1979 Most punt returns , rookie , season : 57 , Lew Barnes , 1986 Most punt returns , game : 11 , Eddie Brown on October 9 , 1977 Fair catches ( edit ) Most fair catches , career : 231 , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 2003 Most fair catches , season : 36 , Jeremy Kerley , 2012 Most fair catches , game : 7 ; Bake Turner on November 20 , 1966 , Lem Barney on November 21 , 1976 , Bobby Morse on December 27 , 1967 and Chris Carr on November 16 , 2008 Punt return yards ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 3 , Alvin Haymond , 1965 -- 66 , 1969 Most yards gained , career : 4,999 , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 2003 Most yards gained , season : 875 , Desmond Howard , 1996 Most yards gained with zero fumbles , season : 578 , Jermaine Lewis , 2000 Most yards gained , rookie , season : 699 , Patrick Peterson , Arizona Cardinals , 2011 Most yards gained , game : 207 , LeRoy Irvin on October 11 , 1981 Longest Punt return : 103 , Robert Bailey on October 23 , 1994 Average punt return yards ( edit ) Highest average yardage , career ( minimum 75 returns ) : 12.78 ( 112 returns for 1,431 yards ) , George McAfee , 1940 -- 1950 Highest average yardage , season ( among qualified players ) : 23.00 , Herb Rich , 1950 Highest average yardage , highest average , season , rookie ( among qualified players ) : 23.00 , Herb Rich , 1950 Highest average yardage , game ( minimum 3 returns ) : 53.33 , Darius Reynaud on December 30 , 2012 Punt return touchdowns ( edit ) Most punts returned for touchdown , career : 14 Devin Hester , Chicago Bears , 2006 -- 2013 , Atlanta Falcons , 2014 -- 2015 Most punts returned for touchdown , season : 4 ; Jack Christiansen , 1951 ; Rick Upchurch , 1976 ; Devin Hester , 2007 ; Patrick Peterson , 2011 Most punts returned for touchdown , rookie , season : 4 , Jack Christiansen , 1951 ; Patrick Peterson , 2011 Most punts returned for touchdown , game : 2 , 16 times by 13 players , most recently Darius Reynaud on December 30 , 2012 Most games with two or more punts returned for touchdowns : 2 ; Jack Christiansen October 14 , 1951 and November 22 , 1951 ; Eric Metcalf October 24 , 1993 and November 2 , 1997 ; Jermaine Lewis December 7 , 1997 and December 24 , 2000 Kickoff returns ( edit ) Kickoff return attempts ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 3 , Abe Woodson , 1959 , 1962 -- 63 Most kickoff returns , career : 607 , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 2003 Most kickoff returns without a touchdown , regular season , career : 359 , Desmond Howard , 1992 -- 2002 Most consecutive kickoff returns without a touchdown , regular season and post season , career : 285 , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 1997 Most kickoff returns , season : 82 , MarTay Jenkins , 2000 Most kickoff returns , rookie , season : 73 ; Josh Scobey 2003 ; Chris Carr , 2005 Most kickoff returns , game : 10 , Desmond Howard on October 26 , 1997 and Richard Alston on November 28 , 2004 Kickoff return yards ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 3 ; Bruce Harper , 1977 -- 79 ; Tyrone Hughes , 1994 -- 96 Most yards gained , career : 14,014 , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 2003 Most yards gained , season : 2,186 , MarTay Jenkins , 2000 Most yards gained , no fumbles , season : 1,684 , Josh Scobey , 2003 Most yards gained , rookie , season : 1,752 , Chris Carr , 2005 Most yards gained , game : 304 , Tyrone Hughes on October 23 , 1994 Longest kickoff return : 109 yards , Cordarrelle Patterson on October 27 , 2013 Average kickoff return yards ( edit ) Highest average , career ( minimum 75 returns ) : 30.56 ( 91 returns for 2,781 yards ) , Gale Sayers , 1965 -- 71 Highest average , season ( among qualified players ) : 41.06 ( 18 returns for 739 yards ) , Travis Williams , 1967 Highest average , rookie , season ( among qualified players ) : 41.06 ( 18 returns for 739 yards ) , Travis Williams , 1967 Highest average , game ( minimum 3 returns ) : 73.50 ( 4 returns for 294 yards ) , Wally Triplett on October 29 , 1950 Kickoff return touchdowns ( edit ) Most touchdowns , career : 8 , Josh Cribbs , 2005 -- 2014 , Leon Washington , 2006 -- 2014 Most touchdowns , season : 4 ; Travis Williams , 1967 ; Cecil Turner , 1970 Most touchdowns , rookie season : 4 , Travis Williams , 1967 Kickoff returns , most touchdowns , game : 2 ; by 10 players , most recently Leon Washington on September 26 , 2010 . Combined kick / punt returns ( edit ) Most seasons leading the league in combined returns : 3 , Vai Sikahema , 1987 , 1989 , 1992 Most combined kick returns , career : 1,070 ( 463 punt , 607 kickoff ) , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 2003 Most combined kick returns without a touchdown , career : 404 ( 148 punt , 256 kickoff ) , Chris Carr , 2005 -- 2013 Most combined kick returns without a touchdown , season : 107 ( 34 punt , 73 kickoff ) , Chris Carr , 2005 Most combined kick returns without a touchdown , career , including postseason : 412 ( 153 punt , 259 kickoff ) , Chris Carr , 2005 -- 2013 Most combined kick returns , season : 114 ; Michael Lewis , 2002 ( 44 punt , 70 kickoff ) ; B.J. Sams , 2004 ( 55 punt , 59 kickoff ) Most combined kick returns , rookie , season : 114 ( 55 punt , 59 kickoff ) , B.J. Sams , 2004 Most combined kick returns , game : 13 ; Stump Mitchell on October 18 , 1981 ( 6 punt , 7 kickoff ) and Ronnie Harris on December 5 , 1993 ( 10 punt , 3 kickoff ) Kick / punt return yards ( edit ) Most seasons leading the league in combined return yards : 3 , Tyrone Hughes 1993 , 1995 , 1996 ; Mel Gray 1990 -- 1992 , Vai Sikahema , 1986 -- 1987 , 1989 Most consecutive seasons leading the league in combined return yards : 3 , Mel Gray 1990 -- 1992 Most yards returned , career : 19,013 ( 4,999 punt , 14,014 kickoff ) , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 2003 Most yards returned , season : 2,432 ( 625 punt , 1,807 kickoff ) , Michael Lewis , 2002 Most yards returned , no fumbles , season : 1,911 , Glyn Milburn , 1996 Most yards returned , no kickoffs or punt returns for a touchdown , season : 1,978 , Danny Amendola , 2009 ; Chris Carr , 2006 Most yards returned , no kickoffs or punt returns for a touchdowns , career : 7,349 , Chris Carr , 2005 -- 2013 Most yards returned , no kickoffs or punt returns for a touchdowns , career , including postseason : 7,470 , Chris Carr , 2005 -- 2013 Most yards returned , rookie , season : 1,938 , Chris Carr , 2005 Most yards returned , game : 347 ( 43 punt , 304 kickoff ) , Tyrone Hughes on October 23 , 1994 Kick / punt return touchdowns ( edit ) Most touchdowns , career : 19 ( 14 punt , 5 kickoff ) , Devin Hester , 2006 -- 2014 Most touchdowns , season : 6 ( 4 punt , 2 kickoff ) , Devin Hester , 2007 Most touchdowns , rookie , season : 5 ( 3 punt , 2 kickoff ) , Devin Hester , 2006 Most touchdowns , game ( any combination of kickoff and punt returns ) : 2 ; 39 times by 33 players , most recently Jeremy Ross on December 8 , 2013 ( 1 punt , 1 kickoff ) Most touchdowns , game ( with both a kickoff and a punt for a TD ) : 2 ; by 13 players , most recently Jeremy Ross on December 8 , 2013 Fumbles ( edit ) Most fumbles , career : 166 , Brett Favre , 1991 -- 2010 Most fumbles , season : 23 ; Kerry Collins , 2001 ; Daunte Culpepper , 2002 Most fumbles , game : 7 , Len Dawson , November 15 , 1964 Fumbles recovered ( edit ) Most fumbles recovered , career , own and opponents ' : 56 ( all own ) , Warren Moon , 1984 -- 2000 Most fumbles recovered , season , own and opponents ' : 12 ( all own ) , David Carr , 2002 Most fumbles recovered , game , own and opponents ' : 4 , Otto Graham on October 25 , 1953 ( all own ) Sam Etcheverry on September 17 , 1961 ( all own ) Roman Gabriel on October 12 , 1969 ( all own ) Joe Ferguson on September 18 , 1977 ( all own ) Randall Cunningham on November 30 , 1986 ( all own ) Tony Romo on September 26 , 2011 ( all own ) Patrick Peterson on September 30 , 2012 ( 3 own , 1 opponent 's ) Matthew Stafford on 2013 ( all own ) Opponent fumbles recovered ( edit ) Most opponents ' fumbles recovered , career : 30 ; Jim Marshall , 1960 -- 1979 Most opponents ' fumbles recovered , season : 9 , Don Hultz , 1963 Most opponents ' fumbles recovered , game : 3 , by 15 players , most recently Brian Young on November 9 , 2003 Fumble return yards ( edit ) Longest fumble return : 104 ; Jack Tatum on September 24 , 1972 ; Aeneas Williams on November 5 , 2000 Fumble return yards , career : 328 , DeAngelo Hall 2004 -- present Fumble return yards , season : 157 , Dwayne Rudd , 1998 Fumble return yards , rookie season : 98 , Toby Wright , 1994 Fumble return yards , game : 104 ; Jack Tatum on September 24 , 1972 ; Aeneas Williams on November 5 , 2000 Fumble return touchdowns ( edit ) Most fumble return touchdowns , career ( total ) : 6 , Jason Taylor ; 1997 -- 2011 Most fumble return touchdowns , season ( total ) : 2 ; by 41 players , most recently Bobby Wagner 2015 Most fumble return touchdowns , game ( total ) : 2 , Fred `` Dippy '' Evans , November 28 , 1948 ; Al Nesser , Oct 3 , 1920 Most fumble return touchdowns , career ( own recovered ) : 2 ; by 9 players , most recently Kevin Curtis 2003 -- 2010 Most fumble return touchdowns , season ( own recovered ) : 2 ; Ahmad Rashād , 1974 ; Del Rodgers , 1982 , Kevin Curtis 2007 Most fumble return touchdowns , career ( Opponents ' recovered ) : 6 , Jason Taylor ; 1997 -- 2011 Most fumble return touchdowns , season ( Opponents ' recovered ) : 2 ; by 38 Players , most recently Bobby Wagner 2015 Most fumble return touchdowns , game ( Opponents ' recovered ) : 2 , Fred `` Dippy '' Evans , November 28 , 1948 ; Al Nesser , Oct 3 , 1920 Fumbles forced ( edit ) Note : Forced fumbles are not an official NFL statistic and even unofficial numbers prior to 1991 are not available . Most fumbles forced , career : 54 ; Robert Mathis , 2003 -- 2016 Most fumbles forced , season : 10 ; Osi Umenyiora , 2010 ; Charles Tillman , 2012 Tackles ( edit ) Most solo tackles , career : 1,640 , Jessie Tuggle , 1987 -- 2000 Most solo tackles , game : 16 , most recently Chris Borland , 2014 Sacks ( edit ) Quarterback sack statistics have been compiled only since 1982 Most seasons leading league : 2 ; Mark Gastineau , 1983 -- 84 Reggie White , 1987 -- 88 Kevin Greene , 1994 , 96 Michael Strahan , 2001 , 2003 DeMarcus Ware , 2008 , 2010 Jared Allen , 2007 , 2011 J.J. Watt , 2012 , 2015 Most consecutive seasons leading league : 2 ; Mark Gastineau , 1983 -- 84 Reggie White , 1987 -- 88 Most sacks , career : 200 , Bruce Smith , 1985 -- 2003 Most sacks , season : 22.5 , Michael Strahan , 2001 Most sacks , rookie , season : 14.5 , Jevon Kearse , 1999 Most sacks , game : 7.0 , Derrick Thomas on November 11 , 1990 Most seasons , 1 + sacks : 19 , Bruce Smith , 1985 -- 2003 Most seasons , 10 + sacks : 13 , Bruce Smith , 1986 -- 90 , 1992 -- 98 , 2000 Most consecutive seasons , 10 + sacks : 9 , Reggie White , 1985 -- 93 Most consecutive games , sack : 11 , Jared Allen , 2011 -- 2012 Most seasons , 20 + sacks : 2 , J.J. Watt , 2012 , 2014 Records in a single decade ( edit ) All - purpose yards : 16,900 , Brian Mitchell 1990 -- 1999 Yards from scrimmage : 16,691 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 1999 Rushing yards : 13,963 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 1999 Rushing touchdowns : 138 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2000 -- 2009 Rushing attempts : 3,243 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 1999 Receptions : 868 , Torry Holt 2000 -- 2009 Receiving yards : 12,594 , Torry Holt 2000 -- 2009 Touchdown receptions : 120 , Randy Moss 2000 -- 2009 Touchdown passes : 314 , Peyton Manning 2000 -- 2009 Pass interceptions : 176 , Brett Favre 2000 -- 2009 Points : 1,169 , David Akers 2000 -- 2009 Interceptions : 59 , Emlen Tunnell 1950 -- 1959 Interception yards : 1,330 , Darren Sharper 2000 -- 2009 Fumble return yards : 242 , Jason Taylor 2000 -- 2009 Interception returns for touchdowns : 9 , Darren Sharper 2000 -- 2009 Records in a single month ( edit ) Rushing yards : 861 , Adrian Peterson December 2012 Rushing attempts : 141 , Ernest Byner December 1990 Rushing touchdowns : 12 , LaDainian Tomlinson November 2006 Receiving yards : 822 , Charley Hennigan October 1961 Games with 90 + Receiving yards , rookie : 5 , Odell Beckham November 2014 Receptions : 49 , Calvin Johnson December 2012 Receiving touchdowns : 10 , Jerry Rice November 1987 , Don Hutson November 1942 All - purpose yards : 970 , Terry Metcalf November 1975 Yards from scrimmage : 968 , Chris Johnson November 2009 Combined Touches : 161 , Edgerrin James ( 130 rushes , 31 receptions ) November 2003 Passing yards : 1,755 , Peyton Manning December 2013 Passing touchdowns : 20 , Tom Brady , October 2007 Completion percentage ( minimum 75 attempts ) : 81.8 , Peyton Manning December 2008 Passer rating ( minimum 75 attempts ) : 150.3 , Steve Young November 1993 Touchdowns : 13 , LaDainian Tomlinson November 2006 Field Goals : 20 , Olindo Mare October 1999 PATs : 28 , Stephen Gostkowski October 2007 Points : 78 , LaDainian Tomlinson November 2006 Points by a kicker : 77 , Paul Hornung October 1961 Sacks : 9.5 , Chris Doleman November 1987 , Michael Strahan December 2001 Fumble return yards : 128 , Tyrone Hughes November 1994 Interceptions : 8 , Tom Morrow September 1963 Interception return yards : 197 , Charles McNeil September 1961 , Marcus Peters December 2015 Interceptions returned for touchdowns : 3 , Ken Houston December 1971 , Eric Allen December 2000 Punt return yards : 350 , Desmond Howard December 1996 Punt returns for touchdowns : 3 , Eric Metcalf November 1997 Kickoff return yards : 759 , Jerome Mathis October 2005 Kickoffs returned for touchdowns : 3 , André Davis December 2007 Combined punt and kickoff return yards : 786 , Michael Lewis October 2002 Overtime records ( edit ) Most overtime field goals , career : 10 , Adam Vinatieri 1996 -- 2015 Longest overtime field goal : 57 yards , Sebastian Janikowski , Oakland Raiders vs. New York Jets Oct 19 , 2008 Most overtime touchdowns , career : 3 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2011 Most overtime rushing touchdowns , career : 3 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2011 Most overtime touchdown passes , career : 4 , Drew Bledsoe 1993 -- 2006 Longest overtime touchdown pass / reception : 99 yards , Ron Jaworski to Mike Quick , Philadelphia Eagles vs. Atlanta Falcons Nov 10 , 1985 Longest overtime rushing touchdown : 96 yards , Garrison Hearst , San Francisco 49ers vs. New York Jets Sep 6 , 1998 Longest overtime interception returned for a touchdown : 72 yards , Lorenzo Lynch , Arizona Cardinals vs. Seattle Seahawks Oct 29 , 1995 Longest overtime kickoff returned for a touchdown : 96 yards , Chad Morton , New York Jets vs. Buffalo Bills Sep 8 , 2002 Longest overtime fumble returned for a touchdown : 52 yards , Johnie Cooks , Baltimore Colts vs. New England Patriots Sep 4 , 1983 Longest overtime punt returned for a touchdown : 99 yards , Patrick Peterson , Arizona Cardinals vs. St. Louis Rams Nov 6 , 2011 Miscellaneous ( edit ) Most return ( of a punt , kickoff , interception , fumble , missed field goal , blocked punt / field goal ) touchdowns : 20 , Devin Hester 2006 -- present Most return ( of a punt , kick , interception or fumble ) touchdowns , including postseason : 21 , Devin Hester 2006 -- present Longest play : 109 yards , Antonio Cromartie on November 4 , 2007 ( return of a missed field goal ) , Cordarrelle Patterson on October 27 , 2013 ( kickoff return ) Most blocked kicks ( field goals / PATs / punts ) : 25 , Ted Hendricks , 1969 -- 1983 Longest return of a missed field goal : 109 yards , Antonio Cromartie on November 4 , 2007 Most missed field goal returns for touchdowns : 2 , Al Nelson 1965 -- 1973 , Carl Taseff 1951 -- 1962 Longest return of a blocked field goal : 94 yards , Bobby Smith Oct 25 , 1964 Most blocked field goal returns for touchdowns : 2 , Kyle Arrington 2010 -- 2014 , Nate Clements 2008 -- 2009 , Kevin Ross 1987 -- 1995 Longest return of a blocked punt : 67 yards , Frank Filchock Sep 28 , 1941 Most blocked punt returns for touchdowns : 3 , Ed Reed 2002 -- 2013 , Tom Flynn 1984 -- 1988 Oldest player : 48 , George Blanda , 1975 Only players to throw and catch a pass for a touchdown in the same play : 3 yards , Brad Johnson Oct 12 , 1997 ; 37 yards , Frank Ryan October 30 , 1960 Other ( edit ) Only player with 200 yards receiving and 50 yards rushing in the same game : Marshall Faulk , Dec. 26 , 1999 Only players with 150 yards receiving and 100 yards rushing in the same game : Ollie Matson Nov. 28 , 1954 ; Herschel Walker , Dec. 14 , 1986 Only players with 120 yards receiving and 120 yards rushing in the same game : Keith Lincoln Jan. 5 , 1964 ; Herschel Walker , Dec. 14 , 1986 Only player with 200 yards receiving and 10 rushing attempts in the same game : Marshall Faulk , Dec. 26 , 1999 Only player with 200 yards receiving and 1 rushing touchdown in the same game : Curtis McClinton , Dec. 19 , 1965 Only players with 150 yards receiving and 2 rushing touchdowns in the same game : Herschel Walker , Oct. 12 , 1986 ; Jahvid Best , Sep. 19 , 2010 Only player with 130 yards receiving and 3 rushing touchdowns in the same game : Reggie Bush , Dec. 3 , 2006 Only player with 90 yards receiving and 4 rushing touchdowns in the same game : Shaun Alexander , Sep. 29 , 2002 Only player with 150 yards receiving and 1 kick off return for touchdown in the same game : Gary Ballman , Nov. 17 , 1963 Only players with 150 yards receiving and 1 punt return for touchdown in the same game : Tim Dwight , Jan. 3 , 2000 ; Desean Jackson , Dec. 13 , 2009 Only player with 170 yards receiving and 1 touchdown pass in the same game : Louis Lipps , Nov. 13 , 1988 Only player with 100 yards receiving and 30 rushing attempts in the same game : Steven Jackson , Dec. 24 , 2006 Only player with 100 yards receiving and 2 punt returns for a touchdown in the same game : Steve Smith , Dec. 8 , 2002 Only player with 230 yards rushing and 1 touchdown reception in the same game : Fred Taylor , Nov. 19 , 2000 Only player with 200 yards rushing and 2 touchdown receptions in the same game : Billy Cannon , Dec. 10 , 1961 Only player with 200 yards rushing and 10 receptions in the same game : LaDainian Tomlinson , Dec. 1 , 2002 Only players with 200 yards rushing and 100 yards receiving in the same game : Keith Lincoln Jan. 5 , 1964 ; Billy Cannon , Dec. 10 , 1961 Only players with 190 yards rushing and 1 touchdown pass in the same game : LaDainian Tomlinson , Sep. 25 , 2005 Only player with 150 yards rushing and 2 touchdown passes in the same game : Walter Payton , Sep. 18 , 1983 ; Colin Kaepernick , Jan. 12 , 2013 Only player with 150 yards rushing and 3 touchdown receptions in the same game : Larry Brown , Dec. 16 , 1973 Only player with 120 yards rushing and 4 touchdown passes in the same game : Randall Cunningham , Nov 4 , 1990 Only player with 100 yards rushing and 5 touchdown passes in the same game : Cam Newton , Dec. 20 , 2015 Only player with 190 yards rushing and 1 kick off return for a touchdown in the same game : Gale Sayers , Dec. 18 , 1968 Only player with 100 yards rushing and 1 punt return for a touchdown in the same game : Gale Sayers , Dec. 12 , 1965 Only player with 200 yards from scrimmage and 1 punt return for a touchdown in the same game : Gale Sayers , Dec. 12 , 1965 Only player with 200 yards from scrimmage and 1 kick off return for a touchdown in the same game : Gale Sayers , Dec. 18 , 1968 Only player with 100 yards from scrimmage and 2 punt returns for a touchdown in the same game : Steve Smith , Dec. 8 , 2002 Only player with 80 yards from scrimmage and 2 kick off returns for a touchdown in the same game : Ron Brown , Nov. 24 , 1985 Only players with 200 yards from scrimmage and 1 touchdown pass in the same game : LaDainian Tomlinson , Sep. 25 , 2005 , Sep. 25 , 2003 ; Greg Pruitt , Sep. 26 , 1977 Only players with 250 all purpose yards and 1 touchdown pass in the same game : Terry Metcalf , Oct. 23 , 1977 ; Fred Jackson , Nov. 15 , 2009 Only player with 4 touchdown receptions and 1 rushing touchdown in the same game : Jamaal Charles , Dec. 15 , 2013 Only player with 3 touchdown receptions and 1 punt return for a touchdown in the same game : Az - Zahir Hakim , Oct. 3 , 1999 Only player with 3 touchdown passes and 1 touchdown reception in the same game : Frank Ryan , Oct. 30 , 1960 ; Jim McMahon , Sep. 29 , 1985 Only player with 4 rushing touchdowns and 1 passing touchdown in the same game : Ronnie Brown , Sep. 21 , 2008 Only player with 6 touchdown passes and 1 rushing touchdown in the same game : Mark Rypien , Nov 10 , 1991 Only player with 15 receptions and 15 rushing attempts in the same game : Rickey Young , Dec. 16 , 1979 Only player with 500 yards passing and 1 rushing touchdown in the same game : Norm Van Brocklin , Sep. 29 , 1951 ; Elvis Grbac , Nov. 5 , 2000 Only player with 400 yards passing and 2 rushing touchdowns in the same game : Aaron Rodgers , Oct 2 , 2011 Only player with 400 yards passing and 75 yards rushing in the same game : Michael Vick , Oct 2 , 2011 Only player with 300 yards passing and 3 rushing touchdowns in the same game : Jack Kemp , Oct 26 , 1963 Only player with 100 yards passing and 4 rushing touchdowns in the same game : Bobby Douglass , Nov. 4 , 1973 Only players with 300 yards passing and 100 yards rushing in the same game : Russell Wilson Oct , 19 , 2014 ; Cam Newton , Dec. 20 , 2015 Only player with 300 yards passing and 1 touchdown reception in the same game : Blake Bortles , Dec. 24 , 2016 Only player with 50 yards receiving and 50 interception return yards in the same game : Deion Sanders , Sep. 21 , 1998 Only player with 2 touchdown passes and 20 rushing attempts in the same game : Walter Payton , Sep. 18 , 1983 Only player with 250 yards passing and 150 rushing yards in the same game ; Colin Kaepernick , Jan. 12 , 2013 Only player with 1 punt return for a touchdown and 1 passing touchdown in the same game : Tom Watkins , Oct. 4 , 1964 Only players with 1 kick off return for a touchdown and 1 passing touchdown in the same game : Keith Lincoln , Sep. 16 , 1962 ; Joe Washington , Sep. 18 , 1978 Only players with 1 kick off return for a touchdown and 2 rushing touchdowns in the same game : Maurice Jones - Drew , Dec. 10 , 2006 ; David Wilson , Dec. 9 , 2012 Only players with 1 kick off return for a touchdown and 2 touchdown receptions in the same game : Bobby Mitchell , Sep. 16 , 1962 ; Gale Sayers , Dec. 12 , 1965 Only players with 1 kick off return for a touchdown and 1 interception return for a touchdown in the same game : Terrence McGee , Dec. 24 , 2005 Only players with 1 punt return for a touchdown and 1 interception return for a touchdown in the same game : Butch Byrd , Sep. 18 , 1966 ; Deion Sanders , Sep. 21 , 1998 Only player with 1 rushing touchdown and 2 interceptions in the same game : Terry Hoage , Sep. 4 , 1988 Only player with 2 kick off returns for a touchdown and 1 interception in the same game : Tyrone Hughes , Oct. 23 , 1994 Only player with 1 touchdown 1 safety in the same game : Jermaine Kearse , Oct. 6 , 2013 Age ( edit ) Oldest player to score a touchdown : 42 years , 71 days , Doug Flutie Jan 2 , 2005 Oldest player to score 2 + touchdowns in a game : 41 years , 17 days , Doug Flutie Nov 9 , 2003 Oldest player to score 3 + touchdowns in a game : 39 years , 36 days , Jerry Rice Nov 18 , 2001 Oldest player to score 4 + touchdowns in a game : 34 years , 22 days , Irving Fryar Oct 20 , 1996 Oldest player to score 5 + touchdowns in a game : 29 years , 354 days , Paul Hornung Dec 12 , 1965 Oldest player to return a punt for a touchdown : 35 years , 140 days , Tim Brown Dec 9 , 2001 Oldest player to return 2 punts for a touchdown in a game : 29 years , 283 days , Eric Metcalf Nov 2 , 1997 Oldest player to return a kickoff for a touchdown : 33 years , 276 days , Mel Gray Dec 17 , 1994 Oldest player to return 2 kickoffs for a touchdown in a game : 29 years , 166 days , Timmy Brown Nov 6 , 1966 Oldest player to return a punt and a kickoff for a touchdown in a game : 30 years , 333 days , Michael Lewis Oct 13 , 2002 Oldest player to return an interception for a touchdown : 38 years , 26 days , Albert Lewis Nov 1 , 1998 Oldest player to return 2 interceptions for a touchdown in a game : 33 years , 113 days , David Bowens Oct 24 , 2010 Oldest player to return fumble for a touchdown : 37 years , 174 days , Sam Mills Nov 24 , 1996 Oldest player to return a blocked punt for a touchdown : 35 years , 124 days , Fritz Loven Oct 13 , 1929 Oldest player to return a blocked field goal for a touchdown : 33 years , 323 days , Todd Lyght Dec 29 , 2002 Oldest player to have a 200 yard receiving game : 36 years , 300 days , Terrell Owens Oct 3 , 2010 Oldest player to have a 250 yard receiving game : 33 years , 66 days , Jerry Rice Dec 18 , 1995 Oldest player to have a 200 yard rushing game : 34 years , 321 days , John Henry Johnson Oct 10 , 1964 Oldest player to have a 250 yard rushing game : 29 years , 271 days , Spec Sanders Oct 24 1947 Oldest player to have a 250 yard rushing game since 1950 : 29 years , 139 days , O.J. Simpson Nov 25 , 1976 Oldest player to have a 300 yards from scrimmage game : 29 years , 58 days , Jim Benton Nov 22 , 1945 Oldest player to have a rushing touchdown : 42 years , 71 days , Doug Flutie Jan 2 , 2005 Oldest player to have 2 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 41 years , 17 days , Doug Flutie Nov 9 , 2003 Oldest player to have 3 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 36 years , 70 days , John Riggins Oct 13 , 1985 Oldest player to have 4 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 31 years , 17 days , Priest Holmes Oct 24 , 2004 Oldest player to have 1 + touchdown reception : 42 years , 67 days , Jerry Rice Dec 19 , 2004 Oldest player to have 2 + touchdowns receptions in a game : 40 years , 29 days , Jerry Rice Nov 11 , 2002 Oldest player to have 3 + touchdowns receptions in a game : 39 years , 36 days , Jerry Rice Nov 18 , 2001 Oldest player to have 4 + touchdowns receptions in a game : 34 years , 22 days , Irving Fryar Oct 20 , 1996 Oldest player to have a sack : 40 years , 282 days , Clay Matthews , Jr . Dec 22 , 1996 Oldest player to have 2 + sacks in a game : 40 years , 233 days , Clay Matthews , Jr . Nov 3 , 1996 Oldest player to have 3 + sacks in a game : 40 years , 233 days , Clay Matthews , Jr . Nov 3 , 1996 Oldest player to have 4 + sacks in a game : 36 years , 360 days , Chris Doleman Oct 11 , 1998 Oldest player to have 5 + sacks in a game : 33 years , 238 days , Gary Jeter Sep 18 , 1988 Oldest player to have 6 + sacks in a game : 31 years , 262 days , Fred Dean Nov 13 , 1983 Oldest player to have an interception : 41 years , 304 days , Darrell Green Dec 16 , 2001 Oldest player to have 2 + interceptions in a game : 39 years , 25 days , Charles Woodson Oct 11 , 2015 Oldest player to have 3 + interceptions in a game : 37 years , 203 days , Rod Woodson Sep 29 , 2002 Oldest player to have 4 + interceptions in a game : 30 years , 193 days , Jerry Norton Nov 26 , 1961 Oldest player to have a safety : 36 years , 199 days , Ronde Barber Oct 23 , 2011 Oldest player to throw a touchdown pass : 47 years , 88 days , George Blanda Dec 14 , 1974 Oldest player to throw 2 + touchdown passes in a game : 44 years , 72 days , George Blanda Nov 28 , 1971 Oldest player to throw 3 + touchdown passes in a game : 43 years , 38 days , George Blanda Oct 25 , 1970 Oldest player to throw 4 + touchdown passes in a game : 41 years , 54 days , George Blanda Nov 10 , 1968 Oldest player to throw 5 + touchdown passes in a game : 40 years , 342 days , Warren Moon Oct 26 , 1997 Oldest player to throw 6 + touchdown passes in a game : 38 years , 354 days , Brett Favre Sep 28 , 2008 Oldest player to throw 7 + touchdown passes in a game : 37 years , 165 days , Peyton Manning Sep 5 , 2013 Oldest player to have a 400 + yard passing game : 41 years , 28 days , Brett Favre Nov 7 , 2010 Oldest player to have a 500 + yard passing game : 36 years , 290 days , Drew Brees Nov 1 , 2015 Oldest player to start in a Super Bowl : 40 years , 105 days , Jerry Rice Jan 26 , 2003 Youngest player to score a touchdown : 20 years , 53 days , Andy Livingston Dec 13 , 1964 Youngest player to score 2 + touchdowns in a game : 20 years , 338 days , Rashaan Salaam Sep 11 , 1995 Youngest player to score 3 + touchdowns in a game : 21 years , 70 days , Rashaan Salaam Dec 17 , 1998 Youngest player to score 4 + touchdowns in a game : 21 years , 105 days , Clinton Portis Dec 15 , 2002 Youngest player to score 5 + touchdowns in a game : 22 years , 97 days , Clinton Portis Dec 7 , 2003 Youngest player to return a punt for a touchdown : 21 years , 19 days , Dexter McCluster Sep 13 , 2010 Youngest player to return 2 punts for a touchdown in a game : 23 years , 52 days , Jermaine Lewis Dec 7 , 1997 Youngest player to return a kickoff for a touchdown : 20 years , 53 days , Andy Livingston Dec 13 , 1964 Youngest player to return 2 kickoffs for a touchdown in a game : 21 years , 302 days , Travis Williams Nov 12 , 1967 Youngest player to return a punt and a kickoff for a touchdown in a game : 23 years , 151 days , Eddie Royal Oct 19 , 2009 Youngest player to return an interception for a touchdown : 21 years , 44 days , DeAngelo Hall Jan 2 , 2005 Youngest player to return 2 interceptions for a touchdown in game : 21 years , 235 days , Dan Sandifer Oct 31 1948 Youngest player to return fumble for a touchdown : 21 years , 117 days , Ahmad Carroll Nov 29 , 2004 Youngest player to return a blocked punt for a touchdown : 21 years , 63 days , Geno Hayes Oct 12 , 2008 Youngest player to return a blocked field goal for a touchdown : 22 years , 43 days , Willie Buchanon Dec 17 , 1972 Youngest player to have a 200 yard receiving game : 21 years , 87 days , Mike Evans Nov 16 , 2014 Youngest player to have a 250 yard receiving game : 21 years , 346 days , Jerry Butler Sep 23 , 1979 Youngest player to have a 200 yard rushing game : 21 years , 119 days , Clinton Portis Dec 29 , 2002 Youngest player to have a 300 yards from scrimmage game : 22 years , 228 days , Adrian Peterson Nov 4 , 2007 Youngest player to have a rushing touchdown : 20 years , 225 days , Bill Gompers Oct 31 , 1948 Youngest player to have 2 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 20 years , 338 days , Rashaan Salaam Sep 11 , 1995 Youngest player to have 3 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 21 years , 70 days , Rashaan Salaam Dec 17 , 1995 Youngest player to have 4 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 21 years , 215 days , Emmitt Smith Dec 16 , 1990 Youngest player to have 5 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 22 years , 97 days , Clinton Portis Dec 7 , 2003 Youngest player to have a touchdown reception : 20 years , 239 days , Arnie Herber Nov 27 , 1930 Youngest player to have a touchdown reception since 1950 : 20 years , 336 days , Reidel Anthony Sep 21 , 1997 Youngest player to have 2 + touchdowns receptions in a game : 21 years , 1 day , Aaron Hernandez Nov 7 , 2010 Youngest player to have 3 + touchdowns receptions in a game : 21 years , 184 days , Rob Gronkowski Nov 14 , 2010 Youngest player to have 4 + touchdowns receptions in a game : 21 years , 346 days , Jerry Butler Sep 23 , 1979 Youngest player to have a sack : 20 years , 98 days , Amobi Okoye Sep 16 , 2007 Youngest player to have 2 + sacks in a game : 20 years , 98 days , Amobi Okoye Sep 16 , 2007 Youngest player to have 3 + sacks in a game : 21 years , 321 days , Vernon Maxwell Sep 11 , 1983 Youngest player to have 4 + sacks in a game : 22 years , 124 days , Cornelius Bennett Dec 27 , 1987 Youngest player to have 5 + sacks in a game : 22 years , 193 days , Leslie O'Neal Nov 16 , 1986 Youngest player to have 6 + sacks in a game : 23 years , 314 days , Derrick Thomas Nov 11 , 1990 Youngest player to have an interception : 20 years , 345 days , Terrell Suggs Sep 21 , 2003 Youngest player to have 2 + interceptions in a game : 21 years , 117 days , Champ Bailey Oct 17 , 1999 Youngest player to have 3 + interceptions in a game : 21 years , 117 days , Champ Bailey Oct 17 , 1999 Youngest player to have 4 + interceptions in a game : 22 years , 103 days , Goose Gonsoulin Sep 18 , 1960 Youngest player to have a safety : 21 years , 328 days , Corey Lemonier Oct 13 , 2013 Youngest player to throw a touchdown pass : 20 years , 172 days , Arnie Herber Sep 21 , 1930 Youngest player to throw a touchdown pass since 1950 : 21 years , 89 days , Tommy Maddox Nov 30 , 1992 Youngest player to throw 2 + touchdown passes in a game : 20 years , 292 days , George Ratterman Aug 31 , 1947 Youngest player to throw 2 + touchdown passes in a game since 1950 : 21 years , 95 days , Tommy Maddox Dec 6 , 1992 Youngest player to throw 3 + touchdown passes in a game : 20 years , 311 days , George Ratterman Sep 19 , 1947 Youngest player to throw 3 + touchdown passes in a game since 1950 : 21 years , 95 days , Tommy Maddox Dec 6 , 1992 Youngest player to throw 4 + touchdown passes in a game : 20 years , 311 days , George Ratterman Sep 19 , 1947 Youngest player to throw 4 + touchdown passes in a game since 1950 : 21 years , 226 days , Fran Tarkenton Sep 17 , 1961 Youngest player to throw 5 + touchdown passes in a game : 21 years , 288 days , Matthew Stafford Nov 22 , 2009 Youngest player to throw 6 + touchdown passes in a game : 24 years , 287 days , Nick Foles Nov 3 , 2013 Youngest player to throw 7 + touchdown passes in a game : 24 years , 287 days , Nick Foles Nov 3 , 2013 Youngest player to have a 400 + yard passing game : 21 years , 288 days , Matthew Stafford Nov 22 , 2009 Youngest player to have a 500 + yard passing game : 23 years , 328 days , Matthew Stafford Jan 1 , 2012 Youngest player to start in a Super Bowl : 21 years , 322 days , Bryan Bulaga Feb 6 , 2011 Starts / games played ( edit ) Note : These records are not listed in the NFL Record and Fact Book . For a more detailed list of consecutive starts and games played , see List of most consecutive starts and games played by National Football League players . Most games played , career : 382 , Morten Andersen , 1982 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 Most games played , one team : 327 , Jason Hanson , Detroit Lions , 1992 -- 2012 Most starts , career : 298 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most starts , career , one team : 292 , Bruce Matthews , 1983 -- 2001 Most consecutive games played : 352 ( 363 including playoffs ) , Jeff Feagles , 1988 -- 2009 Most consecutive starts : 297 ( 321 including playoffs ) , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most consecutive starts to begin a career : 208 ( 227 including playoffs ) Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2011 Most consecutive starts to begin a career , including playoffs : 231 ( 207 regular season ; 24 playoffs ) Gene Upshaw , 1967 -- 1981 Most consecutive starts by a quarterback : 297 ( 321 including playoffs ) , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most consecutive starts by a receiver : 176 ( 185 including playoffs ) , Tim Brown , 1992 -- 2003 Most consecutive starts by a running back : 170 ( 178 including playoffs ) , Walter Payton , 1975 -- 1987 Most consecutive starts by an offensive lineman : 240 ( 259 including playoffs ) , Mick Tingelhoff , 1962 -- 1979 Most consecutive starts by a defensive lineman : 270 ( 289 including playoffs ) , Jim Marshall , 1961 -- 1978 Most consecutive starts by a linebacker : 215 ( 221 including playoffs ) , London Fletcher , 2000 -- 2013 Most consecutive starts by a defensive back : 215 ( 224 including playoffs ) , Ronde Barber , 1999 -- 2012 QB Wins ( edit ) Note : These records are not listed in NFL Record and Fact Book Most career wins , regular season plus post season , by a starting quarterback : 211 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 Most career wins , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 186 , Tom Brady , 2001 - 2017 ; Brett Favre , 1991 -- 2010 ; Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 Most career wins , regular season , by a starting quarterback , single team : 186 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2000 -- 2017 Most career wins , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 25 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 Most consecutive wins , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 23 , Peyton Manning , Indianapolis Colts , 2008 -- 2009 Most consecutive wins , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 10 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2001 , 2003 -- 2005 Most consecutive wins , regular season , to start a career for an NFL quarterback : 15 , Ben Roethlisberger , Pittsburgh Steelers , 2004 -- 2005 Most consecutive wins to start a career , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 10 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2001 , 2003 -- 2005 Most consecutive wins , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 25 , Jim McMahon , Chicago Bears , 1984 -- 1987 Most consecutive home wins , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 29 , Brett Favre , Green Bay Packers , 1995 -- 1998 Most consecutive home wins , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 31 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2006 -- 2011 Most consecutive home wins , regular season , to start a career for an NFL quarterback : 15 , Kurt Warner , St. Louis Rams , 1999 -- 2001 Most consecutive home wins , regular season and post-season to start a career for an NFL quarterback : 17 , Kurt Warner , St. Louis Rams , 1999 -- 2001 Most consecutive road wins , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 19 , Joe Montana , San Francisco 49ers , 1988 -- 1990 ; Kansas City Chiefs , 1993 Most consecutive road wins , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 18 , Joe Montana , San Francisco 49ers , 1988 -- 1990 , Kansas City Chiefs , 1993 Most road wins in a season , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 8 , Joe Montana , San Francisco 49ers , 1990 ; Kurt Warner , St. Louis Rams , 2001 ; Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2007 ; Tony Romo , Dallas Cowboys , 2014 Most consecutive road wins in a season , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 10 , Eli Manning , New York Giants , 2007 Most road wins in a season , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 10 , Eli Manning , New York Giants , 2007 Most road wins in a season , regular season , for a starting rookie NFL quarterback : 6 , Ben Roethlisberger , Pittsburgh Steelers , 2004 ; Dak Prescott , Dallas Cowboys , 2016 Most home wins in a season , regular season , for a starting rookie NFL quarterback : 8 , Russell Wilson , Seattle Seahawks , 2012 Most road wins in a season , regular season and postseason , for a starting rookie NFL quarterback : 7 , Joe Flacco , Baltimore Ravens , 2008 Most wins in a season , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 18 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2007 Most wins in a season , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 16 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2007 Most wins , regular season , by a rookie starting quarterback : 13 , Ben Roethlisberger , Pittsburgh Steelers , 2004 ; Dak Prescott , Dallas Cowboys , 2016 Most wins in a season , regular season and post-season , by a rookie starting quarterback : 14 , Ben Roethlisberger , Pittsburgh Steelers , 2004 Most wins in a season , post-season , by a rookie starting quarterback : 2 , Joe Flacco , Baltimore Ravens , 2008 ; Mark Sanchez , New York Jets , 2009 Most career home victories , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 17 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2001 -- 2017 . Most career home wins with no losses , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 7 , Kurt Warner , St. Louis Rams / Arizona Cardinals 1999 -- 2009 Most consecutive home wins , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 8 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2001 -- 2007 ; Jim Kelly , Buffalo Bills 1988 , 1990 -- 1991 , 1993 , 1995 Most consecutive seasons , 1 + postseason win , by a starting quarterback : 7 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2011 -- 2017 . Most career road wins , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 7 , Joe Flacco , Baltimore Ravens , 2008 -- 2010 , 2012 , 2014 Most consecutive career road wins , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 5 , Eli Manning , New York Giants 2007 , 2011 Most consecutive seasons , 1 + postseason win on the road , by a starting quarterback : 3 , Joe Flacco , Baltimore Ravens , 2008 -- 2010 Most consecutive seasons , 2 + postseason wins on the road , by a starting quarterback : 2 , Mark Sanchez , New York Jets , 2009 -- 2010 Most regular season and postseason overall victories by a starting quarterback in one stadium : 112 , Tom Brady , Gillette Stadium , 2002 -- 2017 . Most regular season and post season home overall victories with one team by a starting quarterback : 119 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2001 -- 2017 . Most regular season home wins with one team by a starting quarterback : 102 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2001 -- 2017 Most road wins by a starting quarterback : 85 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 Most wins in different NFL stadiums : 36 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 Most NFL teams defeated at least once , career : 32 , Brett Favre and Peyton Manning Most wins against a single opponent , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 28 , Brett Favre , Green Bay Packers , 1992 -- 2007 Minnesota Vikings , 2009 -- 2010 vs. Detroit Lions Most home wins against a single opponent , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 19 , Brett Favre , Green Bay Packers , 1992 -- 2007 Minnesota Vikings , 2009 -- 2010 vs. Detroit Lions Most consecutive wins against a single opponent , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 13 , Steve Young , San Francisco 49ers , vs. Los Angeles / St. Louis Rams , 1987 , 1991 -- 1998 ; Tom Brady , New England Patriots vs. Buffalo Bills , 2003 -- 2010 Most consecutive wins to start a career against a single opponent , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 11 , Joe Flacco , Baltimore Ravens , 2008 -- 2013 vs. Cleveland Browns Most consecutive wins against a single opponent , regular season and post season , at home , by a starting quarterback : 19 , Brett Favre , Green Bay Packers / Minnesota Vikings vs. Detroit Lions , 1992 -- 2010 Most wins against a single opponent , regular season ( and post season ) , on the road , by a starting quarterback : 13 , Brett Favre , vs. Chicago Bears , 1992 -- 2006 ; Tom Brady , vs. Buffalo Bills , 2001 -- 2016 Most consecutive wins against a single opponent , regular season ( and post season ) , on the road , by a starting quarterback : 11 , Brett Favre , Green Bay Packers vs. Chicago Bears , 1994 -- Jan. 2 , 2005 Fewest wins in a regular season by a starting quarterback who won the Super Bowl : 0 , Doug Williams , Washington Redskins 1987 Oldest starting quarterback to win a playoff game : Brett Favre ( Dallas in the 2009 Divisional Playoff game ; 40 years and 99 days ) QB losses ( edit ) Note : These records are not listed in NFL Record and Fact Book Most career losses , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 123 , Vinny Testaverde , 1987 -- 2007 Most career losses , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 13 , Peyton Manning , 1999 -- 2016 . Most career road losses , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 7 , Brett Favre , 1993 -- 2009 Most career home losses , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 6 , Peyton Manning , 1999 -- 2016 . Most consecutive losses , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 4 , Y.A. Tittle , 1957 , 1961 -- 1963 ; Warren Moon 1991 -- 1994 ; Andy Dalton 2011 -- 2014 Most consecutive road losses , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 6 , Dave Krieg , 1983 , 1984 , 1987 , 1992 -- 1994 Most consecutive road losses by a starting quarterback : 14 , Steve DeBerg , 1978 -- 1979 Most consecutive home losses by a starting quarterback : 10 , Archie Manning , 1979 -- 1980 ; Chris Weinke , 2001 -- 2002 , 2006 Most road losses in a season , by a rookie starting quarterback : 8 , Peyton Manning , Indianapolis Colts 1998 ; Derek Carr , Oakland Raiders , 2014 Most losses in a season , by a starting quarterback : 15 , Archie Manning , New Orleans Saints , 1980 ; Jeff George , Indianapolis Colts , 1991 Most consecutive losses , by a rookie starting quarterback : 14 , Chris Weinke , Carolina Panthers , 2001 Most losses in a season , by a rookie starting quarterback : 14 , Chris Weinke , Carolina Panthers , 2001 Most consecutive losses in a season , by a starting quarterback : 14 , Chris Weinke , Carolina Panthers , 2001 ; Archie Manning , New Orleans Saints , 1980 Most consecutive losses to start a season , by a starting quarterback : 14 , Archie Manning , New Orleans Saints , 1980 Most consecutive losses to finish a season , by a starting quarterback : 14 , Chris Weinke , Carolina Panthers , 2001 Most consecutive losses by a starting quarterback : 20 , Dan Pastorini , Houston Oilers , 1972 -- 1974 Most consecutive losses by a starting quarterback , regular season , to start a career : 11 , Troy Aikman , Dallas Cowboys , 1989 ; Stan Gelbaugh , 1990 -- 1991 Most consecutive games without a win by a starting quarterback , regular season , to start a career : 13 , Norm Snead ( 1 tie , 12 losses ) Most consecutive road losses by a starting quarterback , regular season , to start a career : 13 , Joey Harrington , Detroit Lions , 2002 -- 2003 ; David Klingler , Cincinnati Bengals , 1992 -- 1994 Most losses during the regular season by a starting quarterback who won the Super Bowl : 7 , Eli Manning , New York Giants , 2012 Professional football firsts ( edit ) Rushing ( edit ) First 1,000 yard rushing season : Beattie Feathers , 1,004 rushing yards , Chicago Bears , 1934 First 1,500 yard rushing season : Jim Brown , 1,527 rushing yards , Cleveland Browns , 1958 First 2,000 yard rushing season : O.J. Simpson , 2,003 rushing yards , Buffalo Bills , 1973 First 15 rushing touchdown season : Steve Van Buren , 15 rushing touchdowns , Philadelphia , 1945 First 20 rushing touchdown season : John Riggins , 24 rushing touchdowns , Washington Redskins , 1983 First 25 rushing touchdown season : Emmitt Smith , 25 rushing touchdowns , Dallas Cowboys , 1995 First 200 rush attempt season : Tuffy Leemans , 206 rush attempts , New York Giants , 1936 First 300 rush attempt season : Jim Brown , 305 rush attempts , Cleveland Browns , 1961 First 400 rush attempt season : James Wilder , 407 rush attempts , Tampa Bay Buccaneers , 1984 First 200 yard rushing game : Cliff Battles , 215 rushing yards , Boston Braves vs. New York Giants ; Oct 8 , 1933 First 250 yard rushing game : Spec Sanders , 250 rushing yards , New York Yankees vs. Chicago Rockets ; Oct 24 , 1947 First 5 rushing touchdown game : Jimmy Conzelman , 5 rushing touchdowns , Rock Island vs. Evansville ; Oct 15 , 1922 First 6 rushing touchdown game : Ernie Nevers , 6 rushing touchdowns , Chicago Cardinals vs. Chicago Bears ; Nov 28 , 1929 First 40 rushing attempt game : Lydell Mitchell , 40 rushing attempts , Baltimore Colts vs. New York Jets ; October 20 , 1974 Passing ( edit ) First 1,000 yard passing season : Curly Lambeau , 1,094 passing yards , Green Bay Packers , 1924 First 1,500 yard passing season : Cecil Isbell , 2,021 passing yards , Green Bay Packers , 1942 First 2,000 yard passing season : Cecil Isbell , 2,021 passing yards , Green Bay Packers , 1942 First 2,500 yard passing season : Sammy Baugh , 2,938 passing yards , Washington Redskins , 1947 First 3,000 yard passing season : Johnny Unitas , 3,099 passing yards , Baltimore Colts , 1960 First 3,500 yard passing season : Sonny Jurgensen , 3,723 passing yards , Washington Redskins , 1961 First 4,000 yard passing season : Joe Namath , 4,007 passing yards , New York Jets , 1967 First 4,500 yard passing season : Dan Fouts , 4,715 passing yards , San Diego Chargers , 1981 First 5,000 yard passing season : Dan Marino , 5,084 passing yards , Miami Dolphins , 1984 First 300 completion season : Fran Tarkenton , 345 completions , Minnesota Vikings , 1978 First 350 completion season : Dan Fouts , 360 completions , San Diego Chargers , 1981 First 400 completion season : Warren Moon , 404 completions , Houston Oilers , 1991 First 450 completion season : Peyton Manning , 450 completions , Indianapolis Colts , 2010 First 20 touchdown pass season : Benny Friedman , 20 touchdown passes , New York Giants , 1929 First 30 touchdown pass season : Johnny Unitas , 32 touchdown passes , Baltimore Colts , 1959 First 40 touchdown pass season : Dan Marino , 48 touchdown passes , Miami Dolphins , 1984 First 50 touchdown pass season : Tom Brady , 50 touchdown passes , New England Patriots , 2007 First 400 yard passing game : Sid Luckman , 433 passing yards , Chicago Bears vs. New York Giants ; Nov 14 , 1943 First 500 yard passing game : Norm Van Brocklin , 554 passing yards , Los Angeles Rams vs. New York Yanks ; Sep 28 , 1951 First 40 completion game : Richard Todd , 42 completions , New York Jets vs. San Francisco 49ers ; Sep 21 , 1980 First 4 touchdown pass game : Benny Friedman First 5 touchdown pass game : Ray Buivid , Chicago Bears vs. Chicago Cardinals ; December 5 , 1937 First 6 touchdown pass game : Sammy Baugh , Washington Redskins vs. Brooklyn Dodgers ; Oct 31 , 1943 First 7 touchdown pass game : Sid Luckman , Chicago Bears vs. New York Giants ; Nov 14 , 1943 First player with 100 career touchdown passes : Sammy Baugh First player with 200 career touchdown passes : Y.A. Tittle First player with 300 career touchdown passes : Fran Tarkenton First player with 400 career touchdown passes : Dan Marino First player with 500 career touchdown passes : Brett Favre First player with 10,000 career passing yards : Sammy Baugh First player with 20,000 career passing yards : Sammy Baugh First player with 30,000 career passing yards : Johnny Unitas First player with 40,000 career passing yards : Johnny Unitas First player with 50,000 career passing yards : Dan Marino First player with 60,000 career passing yards : Dan Marino First player with 70,000 career passing yards : Brett Favre First player with 1,000 career pass completions : Bobby Layne First player with 2,000 career pass completions : Y.A. Tittle First player with 3,000 career pass completions : Fran Tarkenton First player with 4,000 career pass completions : Dan Marino First player with 5,000 career pass completions : Brett Favre First player with 6,000 career pass completions : Brett Favre First player with 1,000 career pass attempts : Arnie Herber First player with 2,000 career pass attempts : Sammy Baugh First player with 3,000 career pass attempts : Bobby Layne First player with 4,000 career pass attempts : Johnny Unitas First player with 5,000 career pass attempts : Johnny Unitas First player with 6,000 career pass attempts : Fran Tarkenton First player with 7,000 career pass attempts : Dan Marino First player with 8,000 career pass attempts : Dan Marino First player with 9,000 career pass attempts : Brett Favre First player with 10,000 career pass attempts : Brett Favre First player with 100 career passing interceptions : Sammy Baugh First player with 200 career passing interceptions : Sammy Baugh First player with 300 career passing interceptions : Brett Favre Receiving ( edit ) First 50 reception season : Don Looney , 58 receptions , Philadelphia Eagles , 1940 First 100 reception season : Lionel Taylor , 100 receptions , Denver Broncos ( American Football League ) , 1961 First 100 reception , season by an NFL Player : 106 , Art Monk , 1984 First 14 reception game : Don Looney , 14 receptions , Philadelphia Eagles vs. Washington Redskins , December 1 , 1940 First 15 reception game : Tom Fears , 18 receptions , Los Angeles Rams vs. Green Bay Packers ; Dec 3 , 1950 First 20 reception game : Terrell Owens , 20 receptions , San Francisco 49ers vs. Chicago Bears ; Dec 17 , 2000 First 10 touchdown reception season : Johnny McNally , 11 touchdown receptions , Green Bay Packers , 1931 First 15 touchdown reception season : Don Hutson , 17 touchdown receptions , Green Bay Packers , 1942 First 20 touchdown reception season : Jerry Rice , 22 touchdown receptions , San Francisco , 1987 First 1,000 yard receiving season : Don Hutson , 1,211 receiving yards , Green Bay Packers , 1942 First 1,500 yard receiving season : Charley Hennigan , 1,746 receiving yards , Houston Oilers ( American Football League ) , 1961 First 200 yard receiving game : Don Hutson , 209 receiving yards , Green Bay Packers ; Oct 18 , 1942 First 250 yard receiving game : Jim Benton , 303 receiving yards , Cleveland Browns vs. Detroit Lions ; Nov 22 , 1945 First 300 yard receiving game : Jim Benton , 303 receiving yards , Cleveland Browns vs. Detroit Lions ; Nov 22 , 1945 First 4 touchdown reception game : Don Hutson , 4 touchdown receptions , Green Bay Packers vs. Detroit Lions ; Oct 7 , 1945 First 5 touchdown reception game : Bob Shaw , 5 touchdown receptions , Chicago Cardinals vs. Baltimore Colts ; Oct 2 , 1950 Scrimmage ( edit ) First 1,000 yards from Scrimmage season : Beattie Feathers , 1,178 yards from scrimmage , Chicago Bears , 1934 First 1,500 yards from Scrimmage season : Chet Mutryn , 1,617 yards from scrimmage , Buffalo Bills ( AAFC ) , 1948 ( not recognized as an NFL record ) First 2,000 yards from Scrimmage season : Jim Brown , 2,131 yards from scrimmage yards , Cleveland Browns , 1963 First 2,500 yards from Scrimmage season : Chris Johnson , 2,509 from scrimmage yards , Tennessee Titans , 2009 -- only 2,500 yard season First 300 yards from Scrimmage game : Jim Benton , 303 yards from scrimmage ( all receiving ) , Cleveland Browns vs. Detroit Lions ; Nov 22 , 1945 Combined yards ( edit ) First 1,000 combined yards season : Beattie Feathers , 1,178 combined yards , Chicago Bears , 1934 First 1,500 combined yards season : Harry Clarke , 1,575 combined yards , Chicago Bears , 1943 First 2,000 combined yards season : Spec Sanders , 2,202 combined yards , New York Yanks , 1960 First 2,500 combined yards season : Lionel James , 2,535 combined yards , San Diego Chargers , 1985 First 300 combined yards game : Jim Benton , 303 combined yards , Cleveland Browns vs. Detroit Lions ; Nov 22 , 1945 First 350 combined yards game : Billy Cannon , 373 combined yards , Houston Oilers vs. New York Titans ( American Football League ) ; Dec 10 , 1961 First 400 combined yards game : Glyn Milburn , 404 combined yards , Denver Broncos vs. Seattle Seahawks ; Dec 10 , 1995 -- only 400 combined yard game Touchdowns ( edit ) First 15 touchdown season : Don Hutson , 17 touchdowns , Green Bay Packers , 1942 First 20 touchdown season : Lenny Moore , 20 touchdowns , Baltimore Colts , 1964 First 25 touchdown season : Emmitt Smith , 25 touchdowns , Dallas Cowboys , 1995 First 30 touchdown season : LaDainian Tomlinson , 31 touchdowns , San Diego Chargers , 2006 First 5 touchdown game : Jimmy Conzelman , 5 touchdowns , Rock Island vs. Evansville ; Oct 15 , 1922 First 6 touchdown game : Ernie Nevers , 6 touchdowns Chicago Cardinals vs. Chicago Bears ; Nov 28 , 1929 Scoring ( edit ) First 100 point season : Don Hutson , 138 points , Green Bay Packers , 1942 First 150 point season : Paul Hornung , 176 points , Green Bay Packers , 1960 First 50 yard field goal , estimated : Paddy Driscoll , 50 to 55 yards , Chicago Cardinals vs. Milwaukee Badgers ; Sep 28 , 1924 ( drop kick ) First 50 yard field goal , confirmed : Glenn Presnell , 54 yards , Detroit Lions vs. Green Bay Packers ; Oct 7 , 1934 First 55 yard field goal , confirmed : Bert Rechichar , 56 yards , Baltimore Colts vs. Chicago Bears ; Sep 27 , 1953 First 60 yard field goal : Tom Dempsey , 63 yards , New Orleans Saints vs. Detroit Lions ; Nov 8 , 1970 First 5 field goal game : Bob Waterfield , 5 field goals , Los Angeles Rams vs Detroit Lions ; Dec 9 , 1951 First 6 field goal game : Gino Cappelletti , 6 field goals , Boston Patriots vs. Denver Broncos ; October 4 , 1964 First 7 field goal game : Jim Bakken , 7 field goals , St. Louis Cardinals vs. Pittsburgh Steelers ; September 24 , 1967 Starts ( edit ) First quarterback with 200 consecutive starts : Brett Favre Nov 29 , 2004 Wins ( edit ) First NFL quarterback to defeat 32 franchises : Brett Favre vs. Green Bay Packers ; Oct 5 , 2009 First NFL quarterback to defeat 31 franchises : Peyton Manning @ Carolina Panthers ; Oct 28 , 2007 First NFL quarterback to defeat 30 franchises ( Browns and Ravens counted separately ) : John Elway vs. Miami Dolphins ; Jan 9 , 1999 First NFL quarterback to defeat 28 franchises : Fran Tarkenton vs. Cincinnati Bengals ; Nov 13 , 1977 First NFL quarterback to reach 200 career wins ( regular season and postseason combined ) : Peyton Manning vs. Carolina Panthers ; February 7 , 2016 Longest play ( edit ) Longest non-scoring play : 104 yards , Percy Harvin , Minnesota Vikings vs. Atlanta Falcons ; Nov 27 , 2011 and Ameer Abdullah , Detroit Lions vs. Green Bay Packers ; Nov 15 , 2015 Longest run by a quarterback : 93 yards , Terrelle Pryor , Oakland Raiders vs. Pittsburgh Steelers ; October 27 , 2013 Longest field goal return : 109 yards Antonio Cromartie , San Diego Chargers vs. Minnesota Vikings ; November 4 , 2007 Longest run from scrimmage : 99 yards Tony Dorsett , Dallas Cowboys vs. Minnesota Vikings ; January 3 , 1983 Longest pass : 99 yards , by 13 players , most recently Eli Manning , New York Giants vs. New York Jets ; December 24 , 2011 ( Victor Cruz ) Longest kickoff return : 109 yards Cordarrelle Patterson , Minnesota Vikings vs. Green Bay Packers ; October 27 , 2013 Notes ( edit ) ^ α Official statistics were first kept in 1932 ; records prior to 1932 are unofficial . See also ( edit ) List of National Football League records ( team ) List of Super Bowl records List of gridiron football quarterbacks passing statistics References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lee , Brenden ; Gellerman , Jacob ; King , Robert , eds. ( 2015 ) . Official 2015 National Football League Record & Fact Book ( PDF ) . New York : National Football League . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Games Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hanson sets NFL Record for Most Games Played with One Team '' . Detroit Lions . September 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings - Ring of Honor '' . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Points Scored Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Points Scored Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Single - Season Points Scored Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Titans narrowly hold off Texans ' rally with Bironas ' record 8th FG '' . ESPN.com . AP . October 21 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most season 100 + points '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most points , season rookie '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference 2009_mg was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Extra Point Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Extra Point Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Extra Point Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Extra Points Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Extra Points Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most kicking made , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Extra Points Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most kicking made no misses season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most kicking made no misses , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brady throws three touchdown passes as Patriots beat Bengals '' . reuters.com . October 16 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Championship Live Blog : Jackson Rushes In 1 - Yard Score , But Gostkowski Misses Extra Point '' . boston.cbslocal.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Extra Point % Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most two point conversions , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most two point conversions , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most two point conversions , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Total Field Goals Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Field Goal Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Field Goal Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most field goals attempted , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Field Goal Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Total Field Goals Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Total Field Goals Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most field goals made , no misses , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most FG made by a rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Total Field Goals Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The San Diego Union - Tribune - San Diego , California & National News '' . www.sandiegouniontribune.com . Jump up ^ Meyer , Max ( November 20 , 2016 ) . `` Adam Vinatieri misses FG , ends historic streak '' . NFL.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Consistent Crosby '' . Jump up ^ `` Mason Crosby Stats - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Stats and Facts : Browns vs. Ravens '' . clevelandbrowns.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Kasay Stats - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Breech , John ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Bears kicker Robbie Gould : Loss to Viking falls on me '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Field Goal % Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Field Goal % 50 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Field Goal % 40 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Field Goal % under 50 yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Field Goal % under 40 yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Highest field goal percentage , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Highest field goal percentage , rookie season ( 10 + att . ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Highest field goal percentage , rookie season ( 20 + att . ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lowest field goal percentage , season ( most attempts , none made ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lowest field goal percentage , season ( minimum 10 attempts ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most field goals made , 40 + yards , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most field goals made , 50 + yards , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greg Zuerlein makes 61 - yard field goal '' . espn.go.com . November 8 , 2015 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most field goals made , 60 + yards , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 6 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 7 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + FG season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + FG season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + FG season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + FG season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 6 + FG season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Safeties Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Safeties Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most safeties , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most safeties , game '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Rushing Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Rushing Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Rushing Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Single Game Rushing Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder Query Results - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons , 200 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons , 250 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons , 300 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons , 200 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons , 250 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons , 300 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 20 attempts , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 25 attempts , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 attempts , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 35 attempts , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 40 attempts , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 20 attempts , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 25 attempts , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 attempts , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 35 attempts , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference rushing_yards_game was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Peterson 's yardage total and salary grow with each carry '' . nfl.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Player Game Finder Query Results - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 50 + yards rushing , career '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 100 + yards rushing , career '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 150 + yards rushing , career '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adrian Peterson explodes for sixth - career 200 - yard game in Vikings ' win '' . FoxSports.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 200 + yards rushing , career '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 250 + yards rushing , career '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 100 + yards rushing , season '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 150 + yards rushing , season '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 200 + yards rushing , season '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 50 + rushing yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 100 + rushing yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 150 + rushing yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 200 + rushing yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys ' Murray again tops 100 to set mark '' . Jump up ^ `` Most rushing yards by a quarterback , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Yards per Rushing Attempt Leaders ( minimum 750 attempts ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Yards per Rushing Attempt Leaders ( minimum 1,000 attempts ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FL Single - Season Yards per Rushing Attempt Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Rushing Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Rushing Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Rushing Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most rushing touchdowns , rookie , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 1 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 2 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 3 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 4 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 5 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 6 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 7 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 8 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 9 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 10 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 11 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 12 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 13 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 14 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 15 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 16 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 17 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 18 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 19 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 20 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 1 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 2 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 3 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 4 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 5 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 6 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 7 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 8 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 9 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 1 + Rushing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 2 + Rushing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 3 + Rushing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most rushing touchdowns by QB , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steve Young Hall of Fame bio '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passer Rating Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passer Rating Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Chase , Chris ( September 13 , 2015 ) . `` 11 titanic facts about Marcus Mariota 's magical NFL debut '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 100 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 105 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 110 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 115 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 120 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 125 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 130 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 135 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 140 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 145 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 150 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 155 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 158.3 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 90 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 95 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 100 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 105 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 110 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 115 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 120 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 125 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 130 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 135 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 140 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 145 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 150 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 95 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 100 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 105 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 110 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 115 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 120 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Pass Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Pass Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Pass Attempts per Game Leaders '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Pass Attempts per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Pass Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Passes Completed Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passes Completed Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passes Completed Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passes Completed per Game Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passes Completed per Game Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 300 + completions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 350 + completions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 400 + completions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Single Game Passes Completed Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dolphins ' Ryan Tannehill sets NFL record with 25 straight completions '' . cbssports.com . October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 20 + Pass Completions , Career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 25 + Pass Completions , Career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 30 + Pass Completions , Career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 35 + Pass Completions , Career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 40 + Pass Completions , Career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 20 + Pass Completions , Season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 25 + Pass Completions , Season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 30 + Pass Completions , Season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 35 + Pass Completions , Season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Pass Completion % Leaders '' . www.pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Bradford sets record for highest completion percentage in a season '' . SBNation.com. 2017 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Pass Completion % Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 80 % + pass completion rate , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 80 % + pass completion rate , season '' . Pfref.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 80 % + pass completion rate and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 80 % + pass completion rate and no INT , season '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 75 % + pass completion rate , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 75 % + pass completion rate , season '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 75 % + pass completion rate and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 75 % + pass completion rate and no INT , season '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 70 % + pass completion rate , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 70 % + pass completion rate , season '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 70 % + pass completion rate and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 70 % + pass completion '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 60 % + pass completion '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passing Yards Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passing Yards per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passing Yards per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 2,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 2,500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 3,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 3,500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 4,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 4,500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 5,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 2,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 2,500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 3,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 3,500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 4,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 4,500 + yards '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 5,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference 2017Record. 26FactBook was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder Query Results - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder Query Results - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Yowell , Keith ( 22 December 2011 ) . `` Today in Pro Football History : 1963 : Records Fall as Raiders Beat Oilers in High - Scoring Thriller '' . Jump up ^ `` Seven from Sunday - Week 9 ( 2012 ) '' ( PDF ) . NFL . November 4 , 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 200 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 250 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 300 + yards '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 350 + yards '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 400 + yards '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 450 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cash , Rana L. ( October 26 , 2014 ) . `` Ben Roethlisberger becomes first NFL player with two 500 - yard passing games '' . SportingNews.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 250 + yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kacsmar , Scott ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` Brees , Marino and the Passing Onslaught of 2011 '' . ColdHardFootballFacts.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 300 + yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 350 + yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 400 + yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 200 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 250 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 300 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 350 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 400 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Which NFL Records Can Never Be Broken ? '' . lifeslittlemysteries.com . Jump up ^ `` Jameis Winston Youngest Ever to 3,000 Yards '' . buccaneers.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Highest yards per attempt , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Highest yards per attempt , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Highest yards per attempt , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passing Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Games 1 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games 2 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games 3 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games 4 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games 5 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games 6 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games 7 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 95 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 90 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 85 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 80 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 75 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 70 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 65 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 60 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 55 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 50 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 45 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 40 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 35 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 30 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 25 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 20 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 15 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 10 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 5 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 1 -- 4 yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 1 -- 20 yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 1 yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 20 Years BF - DM '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 20 Years BF - PM '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 19 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 18 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 17 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 16 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 15 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 14 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 13 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 12 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 11 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 10 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Seven stats that put Brett Favre in a class of his own '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 1st Start 10 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 9 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 8 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 7 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 6 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 5 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 4 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 3 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 2 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 1 Year '' . Jump up ^ `` Most Passing TDs , Rookie , Season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 6 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 1 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 20 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 25 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 30 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 35 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 40 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 20 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 25 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 30 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 35 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 40 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 45 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 50 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Streak 's end shows Aaron Rodgers is ' human ' '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Peyton : First with 7 TDs since 69 '' . ESPN.com . September 6 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most passing touchdowns , rookie , game '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ cite web title = Aaron Rodgers tosses 6 TDs in half url = http://espn.go.com/nfl/story/_/id/11850669/aaron-rodgers-green-bay-packers-ties-nfl-record-6-touchdowns-half publisher = ESPN.com date = November 10 , 2014 accessdate = November 10 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` NFL Year - by - Year Passes Intercepted Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passes Intercepted Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passes Intercepted Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Texans ' Matt Schaub sets record for consecutive games with a pick - six '' . cbssports.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dak Prescott breaks Tom Brady 's record for most passes without a pick to start a career '' . cbssports.com . October 16 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 200 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 250 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . PRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 300 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 350 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 400 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 450 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 500 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 200 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 250 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 300 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 350 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 400 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 500 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 1 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 2 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 3 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 4 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 5 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 6 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 6 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 7 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 6 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 7 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 20 + completions no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 + completions no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 20 + completions no INT , season '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 + completions no INT , season '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 + pass attempts no INT , career '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 40 + pass attempts no INT , career '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 50 + pass attempts no INT , career '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 + pass attempts no INT , season '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 40 + pass attempts no INT , season '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best touchdown pass -- interception differential , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Rodgers 2014 game logs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Rodgers 2014 game logs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Individual Records : passing '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , NFL quarterbacks by times sacked in a single season Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , NFL quarterbacks by times sacked in a single game Jump up ^ `` Lowest Sack Percentage NFL Quarterbacks '' . SportingCharts.com . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Receptions Seasons Leader '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most pass receptions , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : ttp://www.pro-football-reference.com/play-index/pgl_finder.cgi?request=1&match=game&year_min=1950&year_max=2016&season_start=1&season_end=1&age_min=0&age_max=0&pos=0&game_type=R&career_game_num_min=0&career_game_num_max=499&game_num_min=0&game_num_max=99&week_num_min=0&week_num_max=99&c1stat=choose&c1comp=gt&c2stat=choose&c2comp=gt&c3stat=choose&c3comp=gt&c4stat=choose&c4comp=gt&c5comp=choose&c5gtlt=lt&c6mult=1.0&c6comp=choose&order_by=rec Jump up ^ `` Most pass receptions , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most pass receptions , game '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 1 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 2 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 3 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 4 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 5 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 6 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 7 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 8 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 9 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 10 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 11 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 12 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive seasons 50 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive seasons 60 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive seasons 70 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive seasons 90 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive seasons 100 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 5 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 10 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 15 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 20 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 25 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 30 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 35 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 40 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 45 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 50 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 55 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 60 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 65 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 70 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 75 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 80 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 85 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 90 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 95 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 100 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 105 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 110 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 115 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 120 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 125 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Receiving Yards per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Receiving Yards Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Receiving Yards per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Receiving Yards per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Receiving Yards Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Odell Beckham Jr. breaks Randy Moss ' receiving record '' . Foxsports.com . January 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Single Game Receiving Yards Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder Query Results - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder Query Results - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Not the San Diego secondary , nor bruised ribs , nor ... '' . Jump up ^ `` Late TD Lifts Bills Over Texans 24 - 21 '' . 19 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 50 + receiving yards , career '' . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 100 + receiving yards , career '' . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 150 + receiving yards , career '' . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seven from Sunday -- Week 8 ( 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . October 27 , 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 28 , 2013 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 200 + receiving yards , career '' . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 50 + receiving yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 90 + receiving yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 90 + receiving yards , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 100 + receiving yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 150 + receiving yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 200 + receiving yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 50 + receiving yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 100 + receiving yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 125 + receiving yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 150 + receiving yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 200 + receiving yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Long Reception Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Receiving Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Receiving Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael David ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Forte , Bradshaw flirting with running back receiving records '' . Pro Football Talk . NBC Sports . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Receiving Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most yards from scrimmage , season leader '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most yards from scrimmage , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most yards from scrimmage , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most yards from scrimmage , game '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DeShazier , John ( May 29 , 2010 ) . `` New Orleans Saints situation too attractive for Darren Sharper to leave '' . The Times - Picayune . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Punting Yards Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Punting Yards Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pat McAfee '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Hekker '' . ESPN.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Bears ' Hester ties Deion Sanders ' NFL mark with 19 return TDs by taking back punt vs. Skins '' . WashingtonPost.com . October 20 , 2013 . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : burke , chris ( October 27 , 2013 ) . `` Cordarrelle Patterson ties NFL record with 109 - yard kickoff return '' . Sports Illustrated . Audibles blog . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2013 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` B.J. Sams career stats '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Devin Hester career stats '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Leaderboard : Fumbles '' . profootballreference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Fumble Return Yards Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Fumble Return Yards Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Burke , Chris ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` Which NFL records will fall in 2012 '' . Sports Illustrated . Audibles blog . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chamberlain , Gene ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Charles Tillman best - kept secret on loaded Bears ' defense '' . Sporting News . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Fumbles Forced Career Leaders '' . Pro-Football - Reference . Jump up ^ Berman , Zach ( January 3 , 2010 ) . `` In setting forced fumble record , Giants defensive lineman Osi Umenyiora completes revitalized season '' . The Star - Ledger . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . After a 10 - 6 season in which Umenyiora finished with 111⁄2 sacks and an NFL - record 10 forced fumbles , the questions posed to Umenyiora related to his brilliance -- not his discontent . Jump up ^ `` Most Tackles , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Tackles , game '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Sacks Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Sacks Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Sacks Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Sacks Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WK9 Ca n't - Miss Play : Peterson 's walk - off winner '' . NFL Videos. 2011 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Seven from Sunday -- Week 7 ( 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . NFL . October 20 , 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chargers cornerback 's return longest play in NFL history '' . ESPN.com . AP . November 7 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History : Players Who 've Played In NFL At Age 40 Or Older '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2013 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions at Los Angeles Rams - October 30th , 1960 - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Career Games Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Career Games Started Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Branch , John ( April 30 , 2010 ) . `` Jeff Feagles Retires After 1,713 Punts '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Feagles retires as the league 's career leader in punts ( 1,713 ) , punting yards ( 71,211 , or more than 40 miles ) and balls downed inside the 20 - yard line ( 554 ) . He also played in 352 consecutive regular - season games , a league record . ^ Jump up to : `` Favre 's consecutive start streak comes to an end at 297 '' . NFL.com . Associated Press . December 13 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2010 . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Peyton Manning bio '' . Colts.com . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . with 208 consecutive starts , owns the longest career - opening streak of any QB in NFL history and the longest streak in Colts history ... also marked the longest career - opening streak of any player in NFL history ( 207 , OG - Gene Upshaw , Oakland , 1967 -- 81 Jump up ^ `` Brady Ties NFL Consecutive Home Wins Record '' . NBC Connecticut . 22 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons 20 at Green Bay Packers 37 '' . Profootballreference.com. 31 December 1995 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco 49ers 14 at Green Bay Packers 35 '' . Profootballreference.com. 4 January 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Carolina Panthers 13 at Green Bay Packers 30 '' . Profootballreference.com. 12 January 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers 7 at Green Bay Packers 21 '' . Profootballreference.com. 4 January 1998 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker , Doug ( 2007 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Green Bay improves to 7 -- 1 '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Dave Campbell ( 2009 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Favre takes it to the Packers : Vikings win 30 -- 23 '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brett Favre Career Splits - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Wild Card - Green Bay Packers at Detroit Lions - January 8th , 1994 - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Wild Card - Detroit Lions at Green Bay Packers - December 31st , 1994 - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Top 5 Moments in Rivalry : Chicago Bears Part 2 - Inside The Huddle '' . www.insidethehuddle.tv . Jump up ^ `` FavreWatch : Doubling back on legacy '' . ESPN.com. 2010 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre Career Game Log - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Beattie Feathers was the First Thousand Yard Rusher in the NFL '' . Voices.Yahoo.com. 2006 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Players who have had 2,000 yard single rushing seasons in the NFL '' . Voices.Yahoo.com. 2012 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Van Buren : A Runner Like No Other '' . FootballGeography.com. 2012 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Number Crunching : # 20 '' . FootballDiner.com. 2009 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Maxymuk , John ( 30 November 2007 ) . `` Strong Arm Tactics : A History and Statistical Analysis of the Professional Quarterback '' . McFarland -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Passing Yards Year - by - Year Leaders - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . 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Jump up ^ NFL 2001 Record and Fact Book , Edited by Randall Liu , pp. 436 -- 443 , Workman Publishing , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 7611 - 2480 - 2 Jump up ^ `` NFL History : 1932 '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2015 . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . 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-7564597682148729281	List of Academy Award records	List of Academy award records - wikipedia List of Academy award records This is a list of Academy Award records . This list is current as of the 90th Academy Awards ceremony held on March 4 , 2018 . Contents 1 Most awards 2 Awards for debut acting or directing performances on film 3 Big Five winners 4 Most consecutive awards 5 Academy Award firsts 6 Age - related records 7 Film records 8 Acting records 9 Miscellaneous records 10 Oscar speeches 11 Tied winners 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Most Awards ( edit ) Most awards won by a single film Three films have won 11 Academy Awards : Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) -- 15 categories available for nomination ; nominated for 12 Titanic ( 1997 ) -- 17 categories available for nomination ; nominated for 14 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) -- 17 categories available for nomination ; nominated for 11 Most nominations received by a single film Three films have received 14 nominations : All About Eve ( 1950 ) -- 16 categories available for nomination ; won 6 awards Titanic ( 1997 ) -- 17 categories available for nomination ; won 11 awards La La Land ( 2016 ) -- 17 categories available for nomination ; won 6 awards Largest sweep ( winning awards in every nominated category ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) won all 11 categories for which it was nominated : Best Picture , Director , Adapted Screenplay , Original Score , Original Song , Sound Mixing , Art Direction , Makeup , Costume Design , Film Editing , and Visual Effects Most awards won by an individual Walt Disney won 22 Oscars . Most awards won by a woman Edith Head won eight Oscars , all for Costume Design Most nominations in a single year / Most awards in a single year In 1954 , Walt Disney won four awards out of six nominations , both records . He won Best Documentary , Features for The Living Desert ; Best Documentary , Short Subjects for The Alaskan Eskimo ; Best Short Subject , Cartoons for Toot Whistle Plunk and Boom ; and Best Short Subject , Two - reel for Bear Country . He had two additional nominations in Best Short Subject , Cartoons for Rugged Bear ; and Best Short Subject , Two - reel for Ben and Me . Most awards won by a person who is still living Visual Effects Supervisor Dennis Muren has won nine Academy Awards -- six competitive awards , two `` Special Achievement '' awards , and one `` Technical Achievement '' award Most competitive awards won by a person who is still living Composer Alan Menken has won eight competitive Academy Awards Acting Katharine Hepburn won four awards , all for Best Actress Directing John Ford won the most directing awards , with four Cinematography The highest number of Academy Awards won by a cinematographer is four : Joseph Ruttenberg , in 1938 , 1942 , 1956 , and 1958 Leon Shamroy , in 1942 , 1944 , 1945 , and 1963 Art Direction Cedric Gibbons , who designed the Oscar statuette , won 11 awards out of a total of 39 nominations . Makeup Rick Baker won seven Academy Awards ( all for Best Makeup ) Most awards won by a country for Best Foreign Language Film Italy won 14 awards in this category and received , in total , 32 nominations Most nominations received by a country for Best Foreign Language Film France received 40 nominations and won the award 12 times Most awards won by a foreign - language film Two foreign - language films have won four Academy Awards : Fanny and Alexander ( 1982 ) won Best Foreign Language Film , Best Cinematography , Best Art Direction , and Best Costume Design Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) won Best Foreign Language Film , Best Art Direction , Best Original Score , and Best Cinematography Most nominations received by a foreign - language film Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) received ten nominations : Best Foreign Language Film , Best Picture , Best Director , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Original Song , Best Costume Design , Best Art Direction , Best Film Editing , Best Original Score , and Best Cinematography Awards for debut acting or directing performances on film ( edit ) The following individuals won Academy Awards for their film debut acting performances : Best Actor None Best Actress Shirley Booth ( Come Back , Little Sheba , 1952 ) Julie Andrews ( Mary Poppins , 1964 ) Barbra Streisand ( Funny Girl , 1968 ) Marlee Matlin ( Children of a Lesser God , 1986 ) Best Supporting Actor Harold Russell ( The Best Years of Our Lives , 1946 ) Timothy Hutton ( Ordinary People , 1980 ) Haing S. Ngor ( The Killing Fields , 1984 ) Best Supporting Actress Gale Sondergaard ( Anthony Adverse , 1936 ) Katina Paxinou ( For Whom the Bell Tolls , 1943 ) Mercedes McCambridge ( All the King 's Men , 1949 ) Eva Marie Saint ( On the Waterfront , 1954 ) Jo Van Fleet ( East of Eden , 1955 ) Tatum O'Neal ( Paper Moon , 1973 ) Anna Paquin ( The Piano , 1993 ) Jennifer Hudson ( Dreamgirls , 2006 ) Lupita Nyong'o ( 12 Years a Slave , 2013 ) Academy Juvenile Award Claude Jarman Jr . ( The Yearling , 1946 ) Vincent Winter ( The Little Kidnappers , 1954 ) The following individuals won Academy Awards for their film debut direction . Best Director Delbert Mann ( Marty , 1955 ) Jerome Robbins ( West Side Story , 1961 ) Robert Redford ( Ordinary People , 1980 ) James L. Brooks ( Terms of Endearment , 1983 ) Kevin Costner ( Dances with Wolves , 1990 ) Sam Mendes ( American Beauty , 1999 ) Big five winners ( edit ) Main article : List of Big Five Academy Award winners and nominees Three films have received the Big Five Academy Awards : Best Picture , Director , Actor , Actress , and Screenplay ( Original or Adapted ) . It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Most consecutive Awards ( edit ) Any awards Walt Disney was awarded a record of 10 awards in the eight consecutive years from 1931 / 32 through 1939 . Eight ( listed below ) are for Short Subject ( Cartoon ) , and two were Special Awards : one for the creation of Mickey Mouse , and one recognizing the innovation of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . Best Actress Two actresses have won two consecutive awards : Luise Rainer ( The Great Ziegfeld , 1936 and The Good Earth , 1937 ) Katharine Hepburn ( Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner , 1967 and The Lion in Winter , 1968 ) Best Actor Two actors have won two consecutive awards : Spencer Tracy -- Captains Courageous ( 1937 ) and Boys Town ( 1938 ) Tom Hanks -- Philadelphia ( 1993 ) and Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Best Director Three directors have won two consecutive awards : John Ford -- The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 ) and How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Joseph L. Mankiewicz -- A Letter to Three Wives ( 1949 ) and All About Eve ( 1950 ) Alejandro G. Iñárritu -- Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) and The Revenant ( 2015 ) Best Supporting Actor Jason Robards won two consecutive awards for All the President 's Men in 1976 and Julia in 1977 Best Supporting Actress No consecutive winner for Best Supporting Actress Best Picture David O. Selznick produced two consecutive Best Picture winners Gone with the Wind in 1939 and Rebecca in 1940 . ( He himself was not awarded the Oscars as at the time the statuette went to the studio instead of the producer . ) Best Original Screenplay No consecutive winner for Best Original Screenplay Best Adapted Screenplay Joseph L. Mankiewicz won two consecutive adapted screenplay awards for A Letter to Three Wives in 1949 and All About Eve in 1950 Robert Bolt won for Doctor Zhivago in 1965 and A Man for All Seasons in 1966 Best Cinematography Emmanuel Lubezki has won three consecutive awards for Gravity in 2013 , Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) in 2014 and The Revenant in 2015 Best Art Direction Thomas Little won three consecutive awards for Best Art Direction , Black and White , for the films How Green Was My Valley in 1941 , This Above All in 1942 , and The Song of Bernadette in 1943 . Little also won an Oscar the next year in 1944 for Best Art Direction , Color for the film Wilson . Best Film Editing Angus Wall and Kirk Baxter won for The Social Network in 2010 and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo in 2011 Best Original Score Roger Edens won three consecutive awards for composing the scores for Easter Parade ( 1948 ) , On the Town ( 1949 ) , and Annie Get Your Gun ( 1950 ) Best Original Song Three composers have won two consecutive awards for best original song , but under different award names : Henry Mancini ( music ) and Johnny Mercer ( lyrics ) shared the awards for Best Music ( Song ) for `` Moon River '' from Breakfast at Tiffany 's in 1961 and `` Days of Wine and Roses '' from Days of Wine and Roses in 1962 Alan Menken ( music ) won twice consecutively for Best Music ( Original Song ) for `` Beauty and the Beast '' from Beauty and the Beast ( lyrics by Howard Ashman ) in 1991 and `` A Whole New World '' from Aladdin ( lyrics by Tim Rice ) in 1992 Best Visual Effects Jim Rygiel and Randall William Cook won 3 consecutive visual effects Oscars for The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring , The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers , and The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King in 2001 , 2002 , and 2003 respectively . Best Sound Mixing Thomas Moulton won three consecutive awards for The Snake Pit in 1948 , Twelve O'Clock High in 1949 , and All About Eve in 1950 . Best Costume Design Edith Head won three consecutive awards for The Heiress in 1949 , All About Eve in 1950 , and A Place in the Sun in 1951 . Best Short Subject ( Cartoon ) Walt Disney won eight consecutive awards for Flowers and Trees in 1931 / 32 , Three Little Pigs in 1932 / 33 , The Tortoise and the Hare in 1934 , Three Orphan Kittens in 1935 , The Country Cousin in 1936 , The Old Mill in 1937 , Ferdinand the Bull in 1938 , and The Ugly Duckling in 1939 Best Short Subject ( Two - Reel ) Walt Disney won four consecutive awards for In Beaver Valley in 1950 , Nature 's Half Acre in 1951 , Water Birds in 1952 , and Bear Country in 1953 Best Documentary ( Feature ) Walt Disney won two consecutive awards for The Living Desert in 1953 and The Vanishing Prairie in 1954 Academy award firsts ( edit ) First woman to win Best Picture Julia Phillips for The Sting ( 1973 ) First woman to win Best Director Kathryn Bigelow for The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) First woman to win Best Animated Feature Brenda Chapman for Brave ( 2012 ) First woman to receive an Honorary Award 6 year old Shirley Temple received a Special Award in 1934 Greta Garbo received an Honorary Award in 1954 First foreign - language film to be nominated for Best Picture Grand Illusion ( 1937 ) , in French First science fiction film to be nominated for Best Picture A Clockwork Orange ( 1971 ) First horror film to be nominated for Best Picture The Exorcist ( 1973 ) First animated film to be nominated for Best Picture Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) First fantasy film to win Best Picture The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) First 3 - D films to be nominated for Best Picture Avatar and Up ( 2009 ) First film with an entirely non-white cast to win Best Picture Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) First film with an all - black cast to win Best Picture Moonlight ( 2016 ) First science - fiction film to win Best Picture The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) First animated film to be nominated for Best Foreign Language Film Waltz with Bashir ( 2008 ) , representing Israel First animated film to be nominated for Best Original Screenplay and for a Best Screenplay award in general Toy Story ( 1995 ) First animated film to be nominated for Best Adapted Screenplay Shrek ( 2001 ) First actress to be nominated for a performance in a 3 - D film Sandra Bullock for Gravity ( 2013 ) First actor to be nominated for a performance in a 3 - D film Matt Damon for The Martian ( 2015 ) First film to receive the most nominations of its year without receiving a Best Picture nomination Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) , with eight nominations First X-rated film to win Best Picture Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) . It was also the first X-rated film to be nominated for Best Picture and the only one to date to have won it . First actor to receive ten nominations for acting Laurence Olivier received his tenth nomination ( for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor ) for the film The Boys from Brazil ( 1978 ) First actress to receive ten nominations for acting Bette Davis received her tenth official nomination ( all for Best Actress ) for the film What Ever Happened to Baby Jane ? ( 1962 ) First actress to receive twenty nominations for acting Meryl Streep received her twentieth nomination ( for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress ) for the film Florence Foster Jenkins ( 2016 ) First posthumous nomination for acting Jeanne Eagels , nominated for Best Actress for The Letter ( 1929 ) First posthumous nomination for a male actor James Dean , nominated for Best Actor for East of Eden ( 1955 ) First posthumous win for acting Peter Finch won Best Actor for Network ( 1976 ) First actress to be nominated for performing in a language other than English Melina Mercouri was nominated for Best Actress for Never on Sunday ( 1960 ) , performing in Greek First actor to be nominated for performing in a language other than English Marcello Mastroianni was nominated for Best Actor for Divorce , Italian Style ( 1962 ) , performing in Italian First actress to win for performing in a language other than English Sophia Loren won Best Actress for Two Women ( 1961 ) , performing in Italian First actor to win for performing in a language other than English Robert De Niro won Best Supporting Actor for The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) , performing in Italian First actress to win for performing in a sign language Marlee Matlin won Best Actress for Children of a Lesser God ( 1986 ) , performing in American Sign Language First French actress to be nominated for performing in the French language Anouk Aimée was nominated for Best Actress for A Man and a Woman ( 1966 ) First French actress to win for performing in the French language Marion Cotillard won Best Actress for La Vie en rose ( 2007 ) . She 's the only one to date to have won it . First Nordic actress to be nominated for acting Greta Garbo ( from Sweden ) was nominated for Best Actress for Anna Christie ( 1930 ) First Nordic actor to be nominated for acting Max von Sydow ( from Sweden ) was nominated for Best Actor for Pelle the Conqueror ( 1988 ) First Nordic actress to win for acting Ingrid Bergman ( from Sweden ) won Best Actress for Gaslight ( 1944 ) First actor from Africa to be nominated for acting Basil Rathbone ( from South Africa ) , nominated for Best Supporting Actor for Romeo and Juliet ( 1936 ) First actress from Africa to win for acting Charlize Theron ( from South Africa ) , won Best Actress for Monster ( 2003 ) First actress from Asia to win for acting Miyoshi Umeki ( from Japan ) , won Best Supporting Actress for Sayonara ( 1957 ) First Asian ( and non-Caucasian ) to win Best Director Ang Lee ( from Taiwan ) for Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) First Australian actress to win Best Actress Nicole Kidman for The Hours ( 2002 ) -- Born in the U.S. First Australian actor to win Best Actor Peter Finch for Network ( 1976 ) First French actress to win Best Actress Claudette Colbert for It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) First French actor to win Best Actor Jean Dujardin for The Artist ( 2011 ) First Italian actress to win Best Actress Anna Magnani for The Rose Tattoo ( 1955 ) First Italian actor to win Best Actor Roberto Benigni for Life Is Beautiful ( 1998 ) First German actress to win Best Actress Luise Rainer for The Great Ziegfeld ( 1937 ) First German actor to win Best Actor Emil Jannings ( born in Switzerland ) for The Way of All Flesh ( 1927 ) and The Last Command ( 1928 ) First Austrian actor to win twice for acting Christoph Waltz won Best Supporting Actor for Inglorious Basterds ( 2009 ) and Django Unchained ( 2012 ) First persons from India to win in any music category A.R. Rahman won Best Original Score and Best Original Song ( `` Jai Ho '' ) for Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Gulzar also won Best Original Song ( `` Jai Ho '' ) for Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) First Middle Eastern / North African actor to be nominated for acting Omar Sharif , nominated for Best Supporting Actor for Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) First Middle Eastern movie to win Best Foreign Language Film A Separation ( 2011 ) , representing Iran First foreign actress to be nominated twice for Best Actress for foreign - language films without the films receiving a Best Foreign Language Film nomination Marion Cotillard ( from France ) won Best Actress for La Vie en Rose ( 2007 ) and was nominated for Two Days , One Night ( 2014 ) First black filmmaker to win Best Picture Steve McQueen won for producing 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) First black filmmaker to be nominated for Best Director John Singleton for Boyz n the Hood ( 1991 ) First black actress to win for acting Hattie McDaniel won Best Supporting Actress for Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) First black actor to win for acting Sidney Poitier won Best Actor for Lilies of the Field ( 1963 ) First black actress to win Best Actress Halle Berry for Monster 's Ball ( 2001 ) First black actress to win for film acting debut Jennifer Hudson won Best Supporting Actress for Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) First year in which two black actors / actresses won for acting 74th Academy Awards ( in 2002 , for 2001 ) : Denzel Washington won Best Actor for Training Day ; Halle Berry won Best Actress for Monster 's Ball First black African actor to be nominated for acting Djimon Hounsou ( born in Benin , U.S. - Benin dual citizen ) , nominated for Best Supporting Actor for In America ( 2003 ) First black writer to win for screenwriting Geoffrey S. Fletcher won Best Adapted Screenplay for Precious : Based on the Novel `` Push '' by Sapphire ( 2009 ) First African American to receive an Honorary Award James Baskett received a Special Award for his portrayal of Uncle Remus in Song of the South ( 1946 ) First Latin American director to win Best Director Alfonso Cuarón from Mexico won for Gravity in 2014 First Latin American actress to be nominated for Best Actress Fernanda Montenegro from Brazil was nominated for Best Actress for Central Station ( 1998 ) First Latin American actor to win Best Actor José Ferrer from Puerto Rico won for Cyrano de Bergerac in 1950 First Muslim actor to win in an acting category Mahershala Ali for Moonlight in 2016 First child actor to receive an Academy Award nomination Jackie Cooper , age 9 , was nominated for Best Actor for Skippy ( 1931 ) First short film to win an Academy Award outside of the Short Film categories The Red Balloon ( 1956 ) for Best Original Screenplay First professional athlete to win an Academy Award Kobe Bryant for Best Animated Short Film , Dear Basketball ( 2017 ) Age - related records ( edit ) Youngest winner of an acting award Tatum O'Neal , age 10 ( Best Supporting Actress , Paper Moon , 1973 ) Youngest nominee for an acting award Justin Henry , age 8 ( Best Supporting Actor , Kramer vs. Kramer , 1979 ) Youngest female winner of a lead acting award Marlee Matlin , age 21 ( Best Actress , Children of a Lesser God , 1986 ) Youngest male winner of a lead acting award Adrien Brody , age 29 ( Best Actor , The Pianist , 2002 ) Youngest male nominee for a lead acting award Jackie Cooper , age 9 ( Best Actor , Skippy , 1931 ) Youngest female nominee for a lead acting award Quvenzhané Wallis , age 9 ( Best Actress , Beasts of the Southern Wild , 2012 ) ( also first person born in the 21st century to be nominated for an Academy Award ) Youngest winner of an Oscar Shirley Temple , age 6 , who was awarded the inaugural ( now retired ) non-competitive Academy Juvenile Award in 1934 Youngest winner of Best Director Damien Chazelle , age 32 ( La La Land , 2016 ) Youngest nominee for Best Director John Singleton , age 24 ( Boyz n the Hood , 1991 ) Oldest winner of Best Director Clint Eastwood , age 74 ( Million Dollar Baby , 2004 ) Oldest nominee for Best Director John Huston , age 79 ( Prizzi 's Honor , 1985 ) Oldest winner of an acting award Christopher Plummer , age 82 ( Best Supporting Actor , Beginners , 2011 ) Oldest woman to win best Actress Award Jessica Tandy , age 80 ( Best Actress , Driving Miss Daisy , 1989 ) Oldest man to win Best Actor Award Henry Fonda , age 76 ( Best Actor , On Golden Pond , 1981 ) Oldest nominee for an acting award Christopher Plummer , age 88 ( Best Supporting Actor , All the Money in the World , 2017 ) Oldest nominee for a lead acting award Emmanuelle Riva , age 85 ( Best Actress , Amour , 2012 ) Oldest competitive Oscar winner James Ivory , age 89 ( Best Adapted Screenplay , Call Me by Your Name , 2017 ) . Oldest competitive Oscar nominee Agnès Varda , age 89 ( Best Documentary , Faces Places , 2017 ) Earliest - born Oscar winner by birth year George Arliss , born 10 April 1868 ( Academy Award for Best Actor , Disraeli , 1929 ) Earliest - born Oscar nominee by birth year May Robson , born 19 April 1858 ( Academy Award for Best Actress , Lady for a Day , 1933 ) Year where all four Acting winners had the oldest age average 1981 with a combined average age of 70.5 years old . Henry Fonda ( aged 77 ) John Gielgud ( also 77 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 72 ) Maureen Stapleton ( 56 ) Year where all four Acting winners had the youngest age average 1980 with a combined average age of 29 years old . Sissy Spacek ( aged 31 ) Robert De Niro ( 37 ) Timothy Hutton ( 20 ) Mary Steenburgen ( 28 ) Youngest multiple nominees for an acting award ( best actor or best supporting actor ) Nomination Name Age Film Year Date of Birth Date of Nomination 2nd Sal Mineo 7003805300000000000 ♠ 22 years , 17 days Exodus 1960 January 10 , 1939 January 27 , 1961 3rd Marlon Brando 7004109100000000000 ♠ 29 years , 318 days Julius Caesar 1953 April 3 , 1924 February 15 , 1954 4th Marlon Brando 7004112720000000000 ♠ 30 years , 315 days On the Waterfront 1954 April 3 , 1924 February 12 , 1955 5th Marlon Brando 7004123740000000000 ♠ 33 years , 321 days Sayonara 1957 April 3 , 1924 February 18 , 1958 6th Richard Burton 7004161690000000000 ♠ 44 years , 98 days Anne of the Thousand Days 1969 November 10 , 1925 February 16 , 1970 7th Jack Nicholson 7004171010000000000 ♠ 46 years , 300 days Terms of Endearment April 22 , 1937 February 16 , 1984 8th Jack Nicholson 7004178210000000000 ♠ 48 years , 289 days Prizzi 's Honor 1985 April 22 , 1937 February 5 , 1986 9th Jack Nicholson 7004185630000000000 ♠ 50 years , 301 days Ironweed April 22 , 1937 February 17 , 1988 10th Jack Nicholson 7004203910000000000 ♠ 55 years , 302 days A Few Good Men 1992 April 22 , 1937 February 18 , 1993 Youngest multiple nominees for an acting award ( best actress or best supporting actress ) Nomination Name Age Film Year Date of Birth Date of Nomination 2nd Angela Lansbury 7003740800000000000 ♠ 20 years , 103 days The Picture of Dorian Gray 1945 October 16 , 1925 January 27 , 1946 3rd Jennifer Lawrence 7003855500000000000 ♠ 23 years , 154 days American Hustle 2013 August 15 , 1990 January 16 , 2014 4th Jennifer Lawrence 7003928300000000000 ♠ 25 years , 152 days Joy 2015 August 15 , 1990 January 14 , 2016 5th Kate Winslet 7004114330000000000 ♠ 31 years , 110 days Little Children 2006 October 5 , 1975 January 23 , 2007 6th Kate Winslet 7004121630000000000 ♠ 33 years , 109 days The Reader 2008 October 5 , 1975 January 22 , 2009 7th Bette Davis 7004134530000000000 ♠ 36 years , 304 days Mr. Skeffington 1944 April 5 , 1908 February 3 , 1945 8th Meryl Streep 7004144830000000000 ♠ 39 years , 238 days A Cry in the Dark 1988 June 22 , 1949 February 15 , 1989 9th Meryl Streep 7004152110000000000 ♠ 41 years , 236 days Postcards from the Edge 1990 June 22 , 1949 February 13 , 1991 10th Meryl Streep 7004170370000000000 ♠ 46 years , 236 days The Bridges of Madison County 1995 June 22 , 1949 February 13 , 1996 Film records ( edit ) Most nominations for a single film Three films received 14 nominations : All About Eve ( 1950 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Most Oscars without winning Best Picture Cabaret won 8 awards ( 1972 ) Most nominations without winning Best Picture La La Land ( 2016 ) with 14 nominations Most nominations without any wins Two films received 11 nominations without winning any awards : The Turning Point ( 1977 ) The Color Purple ( 1985 ) Most nominations without a Best Picture nomination They Shoot Horses , Do n't They ? ( 1969 ) with 9 nominations Most Oscars without a nomination for Best Picture The Bad and the Beautiful ( 1952 ) with 5 wins Fewest nominations for a Best Picture winner Grand Hotel ( 1932 ) received only the Best Picture nomination . Nominations in the most different technical categories Five films have been nominated in all 7 technical categories ( Cinematography , Costume Design , Film Editing , Production Design / Art Direction , Sound Editing , Sound Mixing , and Visual Effects ) : Titanic ( 1997 ) Master and Commander : The Far Side of the World ( 2003 ) Hugo ( 2011 ) Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) Most nominations without a major nomination ( Picture , Director , Acting and Screenplay ) Pepe ( 1960 ) received 7 nominations with no major nominations . These 6 films got 6 nominations with no major nominations : The Rains Came ( 1939 ) Hans Christian Andersen ( 1952 ) It 's a Mad , Mad , Mad , Mad World ( 1963 ) Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) ( note : received 7 nominations when you include a `` special achievement '' ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Best picture nominees that won every nomination except Best Picture These 14 films were nominated for Best Picture and won in every category they were nominated for except Best Picture : Bad Girl ( 1931 ) , 2 / 3 The Private Life of Henry VIII ( 1932 ) , 1 / 2 Naughty Marietta ( 1935 ) , 1 / 2 The Story of Louis Pasteur ( 1936 ) , 3 / 4 The Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1938 ) , 3 / 4 Miracle on 34th Street ( 1947 ) , 3 / 4 The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) , 3 / 4 A Letter to Three Wives ( 1949 ) , 2 / 3 King Solomon 's Mines ( 1950 ) , 2 / 3 Three Coins in the Fountain ( 1954 ) , 2 / 3 Jaws ( 1975 ) , 3 / 4 Traffic ( 2000 ) , 4 / 5 The Blind Side ( 2009 ) , 1 / 2 Selma ( 2014 ) , 1 / 2 Films nominated for Best Picture with no other major nominations These 28 films were nominated for Best Picture but had no other major nominations ( this does not include films that were only nominated for Best Picture and nothing else ) : Wings ( 1927 ) , 2 nominations ( winner ) 42nd Street ( 1933 ) , 2 nominations A Farewell to Arms ( 1933 ) , 4 nominations Cleopatra ( 1934 ) , 5 nominations Flirtation Walk ( 1934 ) , 2 nominations The Gay Divorcee ( 1934 ) , 5 nominations Imitation of Life ( 1934 ) , 3 nominations The White Parade ( 1934 ) , 2 nominations David Copperfield ( 1935 ) , 3 nominations Les Misérables ( 1935 ) , 4 nominations A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1935 ) , 4 nominations ( note : really had 2 , but 2 more were write in noms ) Naughty Marietta ( 1935 ) , 2 nominations Top Hat ( 1935 ) , 4 nominations A Tale of Two Cities ( 1936 ) , 2 nominations The Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1938 ) , 4 nominations Of Mice and Men ( 1939 ) , 4 nominations The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) , 6 nominations King Solomon 's Mines ( 1950 ) , 3 nominations Decision Before Dawn ( 1951 ) , 2 nominations Three Coins in the Fountain ( 1954 ) , 3 nominations The Music Man ( 1962 ) , 6 nominations Doctor Dolittle ( 1967 ) , 9 nominations Hello , Dolly ! ( 1969 ) , 7 nominations Jaws ( 1975 ) , 4 nominations Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) , 6 nominations The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) , 6 nominations War Horse ( 2011 ) , 6 nominations Selma ( 2014 ) , 2 nominations Stories made into multiple Best Picture nominees 6 sets of Best Picture nominees share either original source material or were revised versions of the same story ( * = winner ) : Cleopatra ( 1934 ) , Cleopatra ( 1963 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) * , Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1962 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1936 ) , West Side Story ( 1960 ) * , Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) . ( The plot of another Best Picture winner , Shakespeare in Love , revolves around the original production of Romeo and Juliet ) Les Misérables ( 1935 ) , Les Misérables ( 2012 ) Pygmalion ( 1938 ) , My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) * Here Comes Mr. Jordan ( 1941 ) , Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) First Best Picture produced wholly by non-Americans Hamlet ( 1948 ) , United Kingdom First Best Picture produced wholly by non-Americans or non-British The Artist ( 2011 ) , France Most wins by a film produced wholly or partially by non-Americans The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) , Italy / Hong Kong / United Kingdom Most nominations for a film produced wholly or partially by non-Americans Two non-American films have received 13 nominations : Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) , United Kingdom / United States The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) , New Zealand / United States Best Picture with no female speaking roles Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Acting records ( edit ) Most awards for leading actress Katharine Hepburn with 4 awards ( 1933 , 1967 , 1968 * , 1981 ) ( * Hepburn tied with Barbra Streisand in 1968 . ) Most awards for leading actor Daniel Day - Lewis with 3 awards ( 1989 , 2007 , 2012 ) Most awards for supporting actor Walter Brennan with 3 awards ( 1936 , 1938 , 1940 ) Most consecutive leading actress nominations Two actresses have been nominated 5 years in a row : Bette Davis ( 1938 -- 1942 ) Greer Garson ( 1941 -- 1945 ) Most consecutive leading actor nominations Marlon Brando with four nominations ( 1951 to 1954 ) Actress with most total nominations for acting Meryl Streep with 21 nominations Actor with most total nominations for acting Jack Nicholson with 12 nominations Most acting nominations without an award Peter O'Toole with 8 nominations ( He received an Honorary Award in 2002 ) Most nominations for an actor performing in a foreign language Marcello Mastroianni with 3 nominations . He was nominated for Best Actor for Divorce , Italian Style ( 1962 ) ; A Special Day ( 1977 ) and Dark Eyes ( 1987 ) , performing in Italian Longest gap between first and second award Helen Hayes won in 1932 for The Sin of Madelon Claudet and in 1971 for Airport , a 39 - year gap Longest time span between first and last nomination and between first and last award Katharine Hepburn : 48 years from Morning Glory ( 1933 , in the 1932 / 33 awards ) until On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) Most acting nominations before first award Both Geraldine Page and Al Pacino won on their 8th nomination Most posthumous nominations James Dean with 2 ( 1955 for East of Eden and 1956 for Giant ) Shortest performance to win an acting Oscar Beatrice Straight in Network ( 1976 ) -- 5 minutes and 2 seconds Shortest performance to win a lead acting Oscar Patricia Neal in Hud ( 1963 ) -- 21 minutes and 51 seconds Shortest performance to be nominated for an acting Oscar Hermione Baddeley in Room at the Top ( 1959 ) -- 2 minutes and 19 seconds Shortest performance to be nominated for a lead acting Oscar Spencer Tracy in San Francisco ( 1936 ) -- 14 minutes and 58 seconds Longest performance to win an acting Oscar Vivien Leigh in Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) -- 2 hours , 23 minutes and 32 seconds Longest performance to win a supporting acting Oscar Tatum O'Neal in Paper Moon ( 1973 ) -- 1 hour , 6 minutes and 58 seconds Longest performance to be nominated for an acting Oscar Vivien Leigh in Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) -- 2 hours , 23 minutes and 32 seconds Longest performance to be nominated for a supporting acting Oscar Frank Finlay in Othello ( 1965 ) -- 1 hour , 30 minutes and 43 seconds Most awards by an African American actor Denzel Washington with 2 , winning Best Supporting Actor for Glory ( 1989 ) and Best Actor for Training Day ( 2001 ) Most awards for one acting performance Harold Russell played Homer Parish in The Best Years of Our Lives in 1946 . For this role he received 2 Oscars , one for Best Supporting and an honorary award for being an inspiration to all returning veterans . Most nominations for one acting performance Barry Fitzgerald was nominated as Best Actor and won for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Father Fitzgibbon in 1944 's Going My Way Years where all four Acting winners were born outside the United States 1964 Best Actor - Rex Harrison for My Fair Lady , United Kingdom Best Actress - Julie Andrews for Mary Poppins , United Kingdom Best Supporting Actor - Peter Ustinov for Topkapi , United Kingdom Best Supporting Actress - Lila Kedrova for Zorba the Greek , Russia 2007 Best Actor - Daniel Day - Lewis for There Will Be Blood , United Kingdom Best Actress - Marion Cotillard for La Vie en Rose , France Best Supporting Actor - Javier Bardem for No Country for Old Men , Spain Best Supporting Actress - Tilda Swinton for Michael Clayton , United Kingdom Miscellaneous records ( edit ) Most nominations in different decades Six decades -- John Williams , Elmer Bernstein Only people to win both a Nobel Prize and an Oscar George Bernard Shaw : Won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1925 , and an Oscar for Best Adapted Screenplay in 1938 for the film Pygmalion Bob Dylan : Won an Oscar for Best Original Song for the song `` Things Have Changed '' from Wonder Boys in 2000 , and the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2016 . Only person to win both an Olympic medal and an Oscar Kobe Bryant : Won gold medals in Basketball in 2008 and 2012 , and an Oscar for Best Animated Short Film in 2018 for the film Dear Basketball Only woman to win Best Actress and Best Original Song Barbra Streisand : Best Actress ( joint ) for Funny Girl ( 1968 ) ; Best Original Song for the Love Theme ( `` Evergreen '' ) from A Star Is Born ( 1976 ) Only person to win an Academy Award for acting and writing Emma Thompson : Best Actress for Howards End ( 1992 ) ; Best Adapted Screenplay for Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) Only person nominated for Acting , Writing , Producing , and Directing the same film Warren Beatty was nominated in the four categories for Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) , and again for Reds ( 1981 ) . Only actor to win an Academy Award for portraying a real Academy Award winner Cate Blanchett won Best Supporting Actress for portraying Katharine Hepburn in The Aviator Only actor to win an Academy Award for portraying a fictional Academy Award nominee Maggie Smith won Best Supporting Actress in California Suite Most total nominations without a win Greg P. Russell has earned 16 nominations in the Best Sound Mixing category . ( This does not include his nomination at the 89th Academy Awards for 13 Hours : The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi , which was revoked the day before the ceremony . ) Most total nominations before receiving an award Film composer Victor Young was nominated 21 times without winning . He was often nominated multiple times in one year ; twice , four times at the same Oscars . He won posthumously for Around the World in 80 Days , alongside yet another nomination ( also posthumous ) . Sound re-recording mixer Kevin O'Connell comes in at a close second , with 20 unsuccessful nominations from 1983 until 2016 , when he finally won for Hacksaw Ridge . Most nominations for a person Walt Disney with 59 ; followed by composer John Williams with 51 ; composer Alfred Newman with 43 ; production designer Cedric Gibbons with 39 ; costume designer Edith Head with 35 ; songwriter Sammy Cahn with 26 ; composer Max Steiner with 25 ; Woody Allen with 23 ; composer Victor Young with 22 ; sound mixer Kevin O'Connell , Billy Wilder and Meryl Streep tied with 21 . Most nominations for a living person Film composer John Williams with 51 Most nominated woman Edith Head with 35 Highest `` perfect score '' Sound editor Mark Berger has four nominations and four wins Most nominations for directing William Wyler with 12 nominations Most wins for producing Two producers received 3 awards : Sam Spiegel Saul Zaentz Most nominations for producing Steven Spielberg with 10 nominations Most nominations for directing in a single year Two people have received 2 nominations for Best Director in the same year : Michael Curtiz for Angels with Dirty Faces and Four Daughters in 1938 Steven Soderbergh for Erin Brockovich and Traffic in 2000 Most Best Picture awards for a film series The Godfather series with 2 ( for The Godfather and The Godfather Part II ) Most nominations and awards for a film series The Middle - earth series with 17 competitive wins out of 37 nominations ( for The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit ) . Most nominations for Best Original Screenplay Woody Allen with 16 nominations and 3 wins Longest time between the release of a film and winning an Oscar Limelight ( 1952 ) is the only film to have won an award twenty years after its official release . Since it was not released in Los Angeles County until 1972 , it was not eligible for any Academy Awards until that time . Most posthumous award wins William A. Horning won in 1958 for Best Art Direction for Gigi , and for Best Art Direction for Ben - Hur in 1959 Most posthumous award nominations Howard Ashman with four Lowest - grossing film to win Best Picture Cimarron with $1,380,000 Longest film to win Best Picture Gone with the Wind , 224 minutes ( 238 with overture , entr'acte , and exit music ) Longest film to win an award O.J. : Made in America ( 2016 ) , 467 minutes ( Academy Award for Best Documentary ) The longest fictional film to win an award was War and Peace ( 1968 ) , 431 minutes ( Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film ) Shortest film to win Best Picture Marty , 90 minutes Most acting awards for a character Portrayals of Vito Corleone won : Best Actor for Marlon Brando in The Godfather Best Supporting Actor for Robert De Niro in The Godfather Part II Most nominations for a character 3 portrayals of Queen Elizabeth I of England earned nominations for : Cate Blanchett in Elizabeth and Elizabeth : The Golden Age ( Best Actress ) Judi Dench in Shakespeare in Love ( winner , Best Supporting Actress ) 3 Portrayals of King Henry VIII of England earned nominations for : Charles Laughton in The Private Life of Henry VIII ( winner , Best Actor ) Robert Shaw in A Man for All Seasons ( Best Supporting Actor ) Richard Burton in Anne of the Thousand Days ( Best Actor ) 21 other characters have been nominated twice -- ( * ) = winning portrayal : Abraham Lincoln -- Raymond Massey , Daniel Day - Lewis ( * ) Arthur Chipping -- Robert Donat ( * ) , Peter O'Toole Cyrano de Bergerac -- Jose Ferrer ( * ) , Gerard Depardieu Esther Blodgett -- Janet Gaynor , Judy Garland `` Fast Eddie '' Felson -- Paul Newman ( * ) Father Chuck O'Malley -- Bing Crosby ( * ) Father Fitzgibbons -- Barry Fitzgerald ( * ) -- nominated for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor for the same performance in Going My Way Henry Higgins -- Leslie Howard , Rex Harrison ( * ) Howard Hughes -- Jason Robards , Leonardo DiCaprio Iris Murdoch -- Judi Dench , Kate Winslet -- portrayals of the same character at different ages in the same film ( Iris ) Joe Pendleton -- Robert Montgomery , Warren Beatty King Henry II of England -- Peter O'Toole King Henry V of England -- Laurence Olivier , Kenneth Branagh Leslie Crosbie -- Jeanne Eagels , Bette Davis Max Corkle -- James Gleason , Jack Warden Michael Corleone -- Al Pacino Norman Maine -- Fredric March , James Mason Richard Nixon -- Anthony Hopkins , Frank Langella Rocky Balboa -- Sylvester Stallone Rooster Cogburn -- John Wayne ( * ) , Jeff Bridges Rose DeWitt Bukater -- Kate Winslet and Gloria Stuart -- portray of the same character at different ages in the same film ( Titanic ) Vito Corleone -- Marlon Brando ( * ) , Robert De Niro ( * ) Most Royalty and Leaders portrayed 43 portrayals of monarchs or civil leaders ( real and fictional ) , have been nominated for acting awards , with 11 winners . The United Kingdom is the most represented nation . Overall , there have been 15 Nominations and 4 wins for portrayals of British monarchs . In addition , Vanessa Redgrave was nominated for her portrayal of Mary , Queen of Scots . 3 portrayals of British Prime Ministers have been nominated , with 3 wins The only portrayal of a non-British monarch to win an award was Yul Brynner as King Mongkut of Siam in The King and I . 9 portrayals of Presidents of the United States - 2 of them fictional - have been nominated , with Daniel Day - Lewis 's portrayal of Abraham Lincoln the only winner . Portrayals of 4 French kings and Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte have nominations . 3 portrayals of Dictators have been nominated : Forest Whitaker won for his portrayal of Idi Amin in The Last King of Scotland Charlie Chaplin and Jack Oakie were nominated for their turns as the dictators of Tomainia and Bacteria in The Great Dictator . 11 portrayals of spouses / consorts of leaders have been nominated , with Katharine Hepburn 's Eleanor of Aquitaine the only winner . Most Honorary Awards Bob Hope received 5 honorary awards -- 2 Special , 2 Honorary , and the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award . Oscar speeches ( edit ) Main article : Oscar speech Longest speech The longest Oscar speech was that given by Greer Garson at the 15th Academy Awards after she was named Best Actress for 1942 for Mrs. Miniver . Her speech ran for nearly six minutes . It was shortly after this incident that the Academy set forty - five seconds as the allotted time for an acceptance speech and began to cut the winners off after this time limit . When presenting the Best Actor award at the 24th Academy Awards , Garson quipped , `` I think I have ten minutes left over from a highly emotional speech I made a few years ago . I 'd be glad to give it to them . '' Shortest speech The shortest Oscar speech was that given by Patty Duke at the 35th Academy Awards after she was named Best Supporting Actress for 1962 for The Miracle Worker . Duke , age 16 , was the youngest person at that time to receive an Academy Award in a competitive category . Her acceptance speech was , simply , two words -- `` Thank you '' -- after which she walked off the stage . Tied winners ( edit ) There have been six two - way ties : 1931 / 32 : Best Actor -- Wallace Beery ( The Champ ) and Fredric March ( Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ) 1949 : Best Documentary Short -- A Chance to Live and So Much for So Little 1968 : Best Actress -- Katharine Hepburn ( The Lion in Winter ) and Barbra Streisand ( Funny Girl ) 1986 : Best Documentary -- Artie Shaw : Time Is All You 've Got and Down and Out in America 1994 : Best Short Film ( Live Action ) -- Franz Kafka 's It 's a Wonderful Life and Trevor 2012 : Best Sound Editing -- Paul N.J. Ottosson ( Zero Dark Thirty ) and Per Hallberg and Karen Baker Landers ( Skyfall ) See also ( edit ) Academy Awards List of Academy Award - winning films List of Academy Award - winning families List of Academy Awards for Walt Disney List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories List of actors who have appeared in multiple Best Picture Academy Award winners List of actors nominated for Academy Awards for foreign language performances List of black Academy Award winners and nominees List of Big Five Academy Award winners and nominees List of fictitious Academy Award winners and nominees List of films with all four Academy Award acting nominations List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees List of people who have won Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Awards List of people who have won multiple Academy Awards in a single year List of posthumous Academy Award winners and nominees List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees Little Golden Guy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cedric Gibbons '' . theoscarsite.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Burr , Ty ( 2007 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Beginner 's Luck '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Session Timeout -- Academy Awards ® Database -- AMPAS '' . Awardsdatabase.oscars.org. 2010 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Best Supporting Actress '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Film Guide '' . Classic Film Guide . 2010 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Best Director -- Facts & Trivia '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awards Database '' . Awardsdatabase.oscars.org. 2010 - 01 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Awards Database '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Media Awareness web site '' . Media-awareness.ca. 2010 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Best Actor '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Best Directors '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards Best Supporting Actor '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Help Page -- Academy Awards Database -- AMPAS '' . Awardsdatabase.oscars.org. 2010 - 01 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Knolle , Sharon ( 2011 - 05 - 04 ) . `` Former Child Star Jackie Cooper Dies at Age 88 '' . Blog.moviefone.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Youngest v oldest actress vie for Oscar as Lincoln leads the pack '' . The Times . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Tim ( 2013 - 01 - 10 ) . `` Quvenzhané Wallis v Emmanuelle Riva : Best actress Oscar contested by oldest and youngest ever nominees '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ EUdesign , Peter Hobbs of . `` OSCARS LISTS : RECORDS AND CURIOSITIES '' . www.eudesign.com . Jump up ^ `` Patricia Neal performance length '' . Serving Cinema . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars Shocker : ' 13 Hours ' Sound Mixer 's Nomination Revoked '' . Jump up ^ `` Academy Award Database '' . Academy Award Database . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Longest Speech In Oscar History '' . Jump up ^ Katie Roberts ( 28 February 2014 ) . `` Oscars by the Numbers : 33 Fascinating Academy Awards Statistics '' . AOL Moviefone . External links ( edit ) Oscars.org ( official Academy site ) The Academy Awards Database ( official site ) Filmsite.org Academy Awards Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Most wins per ceremony Oscar season Governors Awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting Pre-show Awards of Merit Best Picture Director Actor Actress Supporting Actor Supporting Actress Adapted Screenplay Original Screenplay Animated Feature Documentary Feature Foreign Language Film Animated Short Film Documentary Short Subject Live Action Short Film Cinematography Costume Design Film Editing Makeup and Hairstyling Original Score Original Song Production Design Sound Editing Sound Mixing Visual Effects Popular Film Special awards Governors Awards Academy Honorary Award Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Special Achievement Academy Award Academy Scientific and Technical Awards Academy Award of Merit ( non-competitive ) Scientific and Engineering Award Technical Achievement Award John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation Gordon E. Sawyer Award Student Awards Student Academy Award Former awards Merit Awards Assistant Director Dance Direction Story Special Awards Academy Juvenile Award Ceremonies ‡ ( List Book ) 1927 / 28 1928 / 29 1929 / 30 1930 / 31 1931 / 32 1932 / 33 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990 1991 1992 2017 Footnote ‡ Dates and years listed for each ceremony were the eligibility period of film release in Los Angeles County . For the first five ceremonies , the eligibility period was done on a seasonal basis , from August to July . For the 6th ceremony , held in 1934 , the eligibility period lasted from August 1 , 1932 to December 31 , 1933 . Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935 , the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31 . Book Category Portal Academy Awards lists Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Oscar season Oscar speech History of film Most wins per ceremony Combined major Oscars Superlatives Big Five All four acting categories Combined major awards Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Award careers Acting All nominees Best Actor ( by age ) Best Actress ( by age ) Best Supporting Actor ( by age ) Best Supporting Actress ( by age ) Acting noms in foreign language Actor multi-nom years Multi-Best Picture acting careers Multi-win Actors Multi-nom Actors Love curse Directing Best Director ( by age ) Film Films Foreign - language wins Foreign - language nominees Foreign - language noms in other categories Foreign - language : count by country Animated feature noms in other categories Ethnicity African Argentine Asian Australian Black Brazilian British Canadian Chilean Colombian Cuban French German - speaking Greek Hispanic - American ( U.S. ) Indian Iranian Italian Jewish Latin American Mexican New Zealand Nordic Pakistani Polish Puerto Rican Spanish Uruguayan Other Ceremonies Families False names LGBT Multi-win years Posthumous Best Picture Presenters Trophy displays Oldest and Youngest Awards for Walt Disney Women in Non-gendered Categories Book Category Portal Cinema of the United States Films Films by year Awards and events National Board of Review Awards ( 1929 ) Academy Awards ( 1929 ) New York Film Critics Circle ( 1935 ) Golden Globe Awards ( 1944 ) National Society of Film Critics Awards ( 1966 ) Los Angeles Film Critics Awards ( 1975 ) Golden Raspberry Awards ( 1981 ) Independent Spirit Awards ( 1985 ) American Society of Cinematographers Awards ( 1986 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Awards ( 1996 ) Hollywood Film Awards ( 1997 ) Guild Awards Directors Guild of America Awards ( 1936 ) Writers Guild of America Awards ( 1951 ) Producers Guild of America Awards ( 1962 ) Cinema Audio Society Awards ( 1964 ) Screen Actors Guild Awards ( 1995 ) Art Directors 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silent film actors Major film awards by countries Africa Ghana Movie Awards ( Ghana ) Africa Movie Academy Awards ( Nigeria ) South African Film and Television Awards ( South Africa ) Asia Central Didor International Film Festival ( Tajikistan ) East Golden Rooster Awards , Hong Kong Film Award , Hundred Flowers Awards and Huabiao Awards ( China ) Japan Academy Prize ( Japan ) Grand Bell Awards and Blue Dragon Film Awards ( South Korea ) Golden Horse Awards ( Taiwan ) South National Film Awards , Meril Prothom Alo Awards , Bachsas Awards ( Bangladesh ) Filmfare Awards , Filmfare Awards South , Filmfare Awards East , National Film Awards ( India ) Lux Style Awards , ARY Film Awards and Nigar Awards ( Pakistan ) Southeast Myanmar Motion Picture Awards ( Burma ) Indonesian Film Festival and Indonesian Movie Actor Awards ( Indonesia ) Malaysia Film Festival ( Malaysia ) FAMAS Award , Gawad Urian and Luna Award ( Philippines ) Suphannahong Awards ( Thailand ) Golden Lotus Awards and Golden Kite Prize ( Vietnam ) West Fajr International Film Festival ( Iran ) Ophir Award ( Israel ) International Antalya Film Festival ( Turkey ) Europe East Czech Lion Awards ( Czech Republic ) Polish Film Awards ( Poland ) Gopo Awards ( Romania ) Nika Award ( Russia ) Sun in a Net Awards ( Slovakia ) Vesna Award ( Slovenia ) Golden Dzyga ( Ukraine ) North Robert Awards and Bodil Awards ( Denmark ) Estonian Film and Television Awards ( Estonia ) Jussi Awards ( Finland ) Irish Film & Television Awards ( Ireland ) Lielais Kristaps ( Latvia ) Sidabrinė gervė ( Lithuania ) Amanda Award ( Norway ) Guldbagge Awards ( Sweden ) British Academy Film Awards ( United Kingdom ) South Heart of Sarajevo ( Bosnia and Herzegovina ) Golden Arena Awards ( Croatia ) Hellenic Film Academy Awards ( Greece ) David di Donatello and Nastro d'Argento ( Italy ) Golden Camera Awards ( Macedonia ) Sophia Awards ( Portugal ) Goya Awards ( Spain ) FEST ( Serbia ) West Austrian Film Award ( Austria ) Magritte Award ( Belgium ) César Award ( France ) Deutscher Filmpreis ( Germany ) Golden Calf ( Netherlands ) Swiss Film Award ( Switzerland ) North America Canadian Screen Awards ( Canada ) Ariel Award ( Mexico ) Academy Awards ( United States ) Oceania AACTA Awards ( Australia ) New Zealand film and television awards ( New Zealand ) South America Argentine Academy of Cinematography Arts and Sciences Awards ( Argentina ) Grande Prêmio do Cinema Brasileiro ( Brazil ) Altazor Award ( Chile ) Macondo Awards ( Colombia ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Academy_Award_records&oldid=851714288 '' Categories : Academy Awards Academy Awards lists Lists of superlatives Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español 한국어 עברית Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 24 July 2018 , at 03 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the most academy awards in his lifetime than any other person	[ "Walt Disney won 22 Oscars." ]	[ "Walt Disney" ]
-4560498251454594550	Wichita, Kansas	Wichita , Kansas - wikipedia Wichita , Kansas For the county , see Wichita County , Kansas . City and County seat in Kansas , United States Wichita , Kansas City and County seat Downtown Wichita Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : Air Capital of the World , ICT Location within Sedgwick County and Kansas KDOT map of Sedgwick County ( legend ) Coordinates : 37 ° 41 ′ 20 '' N 97 ° 20 ′ 10 '' W / 37.68889 ° N 97.33611 ° W / 37.68889 ; - 97.33611 Coordinates : 37 ° 41 ′ 20 '' N 97 ° 20 ′ 10 '' W / 37.68889 ° N 97.33611 ° W / 37.68889 ; - 97.33611 Country United States State Kansas County Sedgwick Founded 1868 Incorporated July 21 , 1870 Government Type Council - Manager Mayor Jeff Longwell City Manager Robert Layton Area City and County seat 163.59 sq mi ( 423.70 km ) Land 159.29 sq mi ( 412.56 km ) Water 4.30 sq mi ( 11.14 km ) Elevation 1,302 ft ( 397 m ) Population ( 2010 ) City and County seat 382,368 Estimate ( 2017 ) 391,586 Rank US : 50th KS : 1st Midwest : 10th Density 2,300 / sq mi ( 900 / km ) Metro 644,610 ( US : 85th ) CSA 680,398 ( US : 72nd ) Demonym ( s ) Wichitan Time zone CST ( UTC - 6 ) Summer ( DST ) CDT ( UTC - 5 ) ZIP Codes 67201 - 67221 , 67223 , 67226 - 67228 , 67230 , 67232 , 67235 , 67260 , 67275 - 67278 Area code 316 FIPS code 20 - 79000 GNIS ID 473862 Interstates U.S Highways US - 54 / US - 400 US - 81 Kansas Highways K - 96 K - 42 K - 15 K - 254 Website wichita.gov Wichita ( / ˈwɪtʃɪtɔː / WITCH - i - taw ) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Kansas . Located in south - central Kansas on the Arkansas River , it is the county seat of Sedgwick County and the principal city of the Wichita metropolitan area which had an estimated population of 644,610 in 2015 . As of 2017 , the city of Wichita had an estimated population of 391,586 . The city began as a trading post on the Chisholm Trail in the 1860s and was incorporated in 1870 . It subsequently became a destination for cattle drives north from Texas to railroads , earning it the nickname `` Cowtown '' . In the 1920s and ' 30s , businessmen and aeronautical engineers established aircraft manufacturing companies in Wichita , including Beechcraft , Cessna , and Stearman Aircraft . The city became a U.S. aircraft production hub and became known as `` The Air Capital of the World '' . Textron Aviation , Learjet , Airbus , and Spirit AeroSystems continue to operate design and manufacturing facilities in Wichita , and the city remains as a major center of the American aircraft industry . Wichita is also home to McConnell Air Force Base . As an industrial hub , Wichita is a center of culture , media , and trade . It hosts several large museums , theaters , parks , and entertainment venues , notably Intrust Bank Arena . Wichita State University is the third - largest post-secondary institution in the state . Wichita is also home to the Century II Performing Arts & Convention Center and Kansas 's largest airport , Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 2.2 Neighborhoods 2.2. 1 List of Neighborhoods 3 Demographics 3.1 2010 census 3.2 Metropolitan area 4 Economy 4.1 Aircraft manufacturing 5 Culture 5.1 Arts 5.2 Music 5.3 Events 5.4 Points of interest 5.5 In popular culture and the arts 6 Sports 6.1 Professional 6.2 College 7 Government 8 Education 8.1 Primary and secondary education 8.2 Colleges and universities 8.3 Libraries 9 Media 10 Infrastructure 10.1 Flood control 11 Transportation 11.1 Highway 11.2 Bus 11.3 Air 11.4 Rail 11.5 Walkability 12 Notable people 12.1 Civic leaders and political figures 12.2 Business 12.3 Athletes 12.4 Media and performing arts 13 Sister cities 14 Gallery 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 Further reading 19 External links History ( edit ) Main articles : History of Wichita , Kansas and Timeline of Wichita , Kansas See also : History of Kansas Archaeological evidence indicates human habitation near the confluence of the Arkansas and Little Arkansas Rivers , the site of present - day Wichita , as early as 3000 B.C. In 1541 , a Spanish expedition led by explorer Francisco Vázquez de Coronado found the area populated by the Quivira , or Wichita , people . Conflict with the Osage in the 1750s drove the Wichita further south . Prior to American settlement of the region , the site was located in the territory of the Kiowa . Claimed first by France as part of Louisiana and later acquired by the United States with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 , it became part of Kansas Territory in 1854 and then the state of Kansas in 1861 . The Wichita returned in 1864 due to the American Civil War and established a settlement on the banks of the Little Arkansas . During this period , trader Jesse Chisholm established a trading post at the site , one of several along a trail extending south to Texas which became known as the Chisholm Trail . After the war , the Wichita permanently relocated south to Indian Territory ( present - day Oklahoma ) . In 1868 , trader James R. Mead established another trading post at the site , and surveyor Darius Munger built a house for use as a hotel , community center , and post office . Business opportunities attracted area hunters and traders , and a new settlement began to form . That summer , Mead and others organized the Wichita Town Company , naming the settlement after the Wichita tribe . In 1870 , Munger and German immigrant William `` Dutch Bill '' Greiffenstein filed plats laying out the city 's first streets . Wichita formally incorporated as a city on July 21 , 1870 . 1915 Railroad Map of Sedgwick County Wichita 's position on the Chisholm Trail made it a destination for cattle drives traveling north from Texas to access railroads which led to markets in eastern U.S. cities . The Atchison , Topeka and Santa Fe Railway reached the city in 1872 . As a result , Wichita became a railhead for the cattle drives , earning it the nickname `` Cowtown '' . Across the Arkansas River , the town of Delano became a popular entertainment destination for cattlemen thanks to its saloons , brothels , and lack of law enforcement . The area had a reputation for violence until local lawmen , Wyatt Earp among them , began to assertively police the cowboys . By the end of the decade , the cattle trade had moved west to Dodge City . Wichita annexed Delano in 1880 . Rapid immigration resulted in a speculative land boom in the late 1880s , stimulating further expansion of the city . Fairmount College , which eventually grew into Wichita State University , opened in 1886 ; Garfield University , which eventually became Friends University , opened in 1887 . By 1890 , Wichita had become the third - largest city in the state after Kansas City and Topeka with a population of nearly 24,000 . After the boom , however , the city entered an economic recession , and many of the original settlers went bankrupt . In 1914 and 1915 , deposits of oil and natural gas were discovered in nearby Butler County . This triggered another economic boom in Wichita as producers established refineries , fueling stations , and headquarters in the city . By 1917 , there were five operating refineries in Wichita with another seven built in the 1920s . The careers and fortunes of future oil moguls Archibald Derby , who later founded Derby Oil , and Fred C. Koch , who established what would become Koch Industries , both began in Wichita during this period . The money generated by the oil boom enabled local entrepreneurs to invest in the nascent airplane manufacturing industry . In 1917 , Clyde Cessna built his Cessna Comet in Wichita , the first aircraft built in the city . In 1920 , two local oilmen invited Chicago aircraft builder Emil `` Matty '' Laird to manufacture his designs in Wichita , leading to the formation of the Swallow Airplane Company . Two early Swallow employees , Lloyd Stearman and Walter Beech , went on to found two prominent Wichita - based companies , Stearman Aircraft in 1926 and Beechcraft in 1932 , respectively . Cessna , meanwhile , started his own company in Wichita in 1927 . The city became such a center of the industry that the Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce dubbed it the `` Air Capital of the World '' in 1929 . Boeing B - 29 assembly line ( 1944 ) Over the following decades , aviation and aircraft manufacturing continued to drive expansion of the city . In 1934 , Stearman 's Wichita facilities became part of Boeing which would become the city 's largest employer . Initial construction of Wichita Municipal Airport finished southeast of the city in 1935 . During World War II , the site hosted Wichita Army Airfield and Boeing Airplane Company Plant No. 1 . The city experienced a population explosion during the war when it became a major manufacturing center for the Boeing B - 29 bomber . In 1951 , the U.S. Air Force announced plans to assume control of the airport to establish McConnell Air Force Base . By 1954 , all non-military air traffic had shifted to the new Wichita Mid-Continent Airport west of the city . In 1962 , Lear Jet Corporation opened with its plant adjacent to the new airport . The original Pizza Hut building , which was moved to the campus of Wichita State University ( 2004 ) Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries , several other prominent businesses and brands had their origins in Wichita . A.A. Hyde founded health care products maker Mentholatum in Wichita in 1889 . Sporting goods and camping gear retailer Coleman started in the city in the early 1900s . A number of fast food franchises started in Wichita in the 1950s and 1960s including Pizza Hut in 1958 . In the 1970s and 1980s , the city became a regional center of health care and medical research . Wichita has been a focal point of national political controversy multiple times in its history . In 1900 , famous temperance extremist Carrie Nation struck in Wichita upon learning the city was not enforcing Kansas 's prohibition ordinance . The Dockum Drug Store sit - in took place in the city in 1958 with protesters pushing for desegregation . In 1991 , thousands of anti-abortion protesters blockaded and held sit - ins at Wichita abortion clinics , particularly the clinic of George Tiller . Tiller was later killed in Wichita by an extremist in 2009 . Except for a slow period in the 1970s , Wichita has continued to grow steadily into the 21st century . In the late 1990s and 2000s , the city government and local organizations began collaborating to re-develop downtown Wichita and older neighborhoods in the city . Intrust Bank Arena opened downtown in 2010 . Boeing ended its operations in Wichita in 2014 . However , the city remains a national center of aircraft manufacturing with other companies including Spirit AeroSystems and Airbus maintaining facilities in Wichita . Wichita Mid-Continent Airport was officially renamed Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport after the Kansas native and U.S. President in 2015 . Geography ( edit ) Downtown Wichita viewed from the west bank of the Arkansas River ( 2010 ) Downtown Wichita is located at 37 ° 41 ′ 20 '' N 97 ° 20 ′ 10 '' W / 37.68889 ° N 97.33611 ° W / 37.68889 ; - 97.33611 ( 37.688888 , − 97.336111 ) at an elevation of 1,299 feet ( 396 m ) . Wichita is located in south - central Kansas at the junction of Interstate 35 and U.S. Route 54 . Located in the Midwestern United States , it is 157 mi ( 253 km ) north of Oklahoma City , 181 mi ( 291 km ) southwest of Kansas City , and 439 mi ( 707 km ) east - southeast of Denver . The city lies on the Arkansas River near the western edge of the Flint Hills in the Wellington - McPherson Lowlands region of the Great Plains . The topography of the area is characterized by the broad alluvial plain of the Arkansas River valley and the moderately rolling slopes which rise to the higher lands on either side . The Arkansas follows a winding course , south - southeast through Wichita , roughly bisecting the city . It is joined along its course by several tributaries all of which flow generally south . The largest is the Little Arkansas River , which enters the city from the north and joins the Arkansas immediately west of downtown . Further east lies Chisholm Creek which joins the Arkansas in the far southern part of the city . The Chisholm 's own tributaries drain much of the city 's eastern half ; these include the creek 's West , Middle , and East Forks as well as , further south , Gypsum Creek . The Gypsum is fed by its own tributary , Dry Creek . Two more of the Arkansas ' tributaries lie west of its course ; from east to west , these are Big Slough Creek and Cowskin Creek . Both streams run south through the western part of the city . Fourmile Creek , a tributary of the Walnut River , flows south through the far eastern part of the city . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 163.59 sq mi ( 423.70 km ) , of which 159.29 sq mi ( 412.56 km ) is land and 4.30 sq mi ( 11.14 km ) is water . As the core of the Wichita metropolitan area , the city is surrounded by suburbs . Bordering Wichita on the north are , from west to east , Valley Center , Park City , Kechi , and Bel Aire . Enclosed within east - central Wichita is Eastborough . Adjacent to the city 's east side is Andover . McConnell Air Force Base is in the extreme southeast corner of the city . To the south , from east to west , are Derby and Haysville . Goddard and Maize border Wichita to the west and northwest , respectively . Climate ( edit ) Downtown Wichita during a winter snowfall ( 2007 ) Wichita lies in the northern limits of North America 's humid subtropical climate zone ( Köppen Cfa ) , typically experiencing hot , humid summers and cold , dry winters . Located on the Great Plains , far from any large moderating influences such as mountains or large bodies of water , Wichita often experiences severe weather with thunderstorms occurring frequently during the spring and summer months . These occasionally bring large hail as well as frequent lightning , and tornadoes sometimes occur . Particularly destructive tornadoes have struck the Wichita area several times in the course of its history : in September 1965 ; during the Andover , Kansas Tornado Outbreak of April 1991 ; and during the Oklahoma tornado outbreak of May 1999 . Winters are cold and dry ; since Wichita is located roughly midway between Canada and the Gulf of Mexico , cold spells and warm spells are equally frequent . Warm air masses from the Gulf of Mexico can raise mid-winter temperatures into the 50s and even 60s while cold air masses from the Arctic can occasionally plunge the temperature below 0 ° F. Wind speed in the city averages 13 mph ( 21 km / h ) . On average , January is the coldest month , July is the hottest month , and June is the wettest month . The average temperature in the city is 56.9 ° F ( 13.8 ° C ) . Over the course of a year , the monthly daily average temperature ranges from 32.2 ° F ( 0.1 ° C ) in January to 81.1 ° F ( 27.3 ° C ) in July . The high temperature reaches or exceeds 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) an average of 62 days a year and 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) an average of 12 days a year . The minimum temperature falls to or below 10 ° F ( − 12 ° C ) on an average 8.5 days a year . The hottest temperature recorded in Wichita was 114 ° F ( 46 ° C ) in 1936 ; the coldest temperature recorded was − 22 ° F ( − 30 ° C ) on February 12 , 1899 . Readings as low as − 17 ° F ( − 27 ° C ) and as high as 111 ° F ( 44 ° C ) occurred as recently as February 10 , 2011 and July 29 -- 30 , 2012 , respectively . During an average year , Wichita receives 32.69 inches ( 830 mm ) of precipitation , most of which falls in the warmer months , and experiences 88 days of measurable precipitation . The average relative humidity is 80 % in the morning and 49 % in the evening . Annual snowfall averages 15.6 inches ( 40 cm ) . Measurable snowfall occurs an average of ten days per year with at least an inch of snow being received on five of those days . Snow depth of at least an inch occurs an average of 15 days a year . The average window for freezing temperatures is October 26 through April 11 . show Climate data for Wichita , Kansas ( 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1888 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 75 ( 24 ) 87 ( 31 ) 92 ( 33 ) 98 ( 37 ) 102 ( 39 ) 110 ( 43 ) 113 ( 45 ) 114 ( 46 ) 108 ( 42 ) 97 ( 36 ) 86 ( 30 ) 83 ( 28 ) 114 ( 46 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 42.5 ( 5.8 ) 48.2 ( 9 ) 57.9 ( 14.4 ) 67.7 ( 19.8 ) 76.7 ( 24.8 ) 86.7 ( 30.4 ) 92.3 ( 33.5 ) 91.2 ( 32.9 ) 82.5 ( 28.1 ) 69.7 ( 20.9 ) 56.2 ( 13.4 ) 43.5 ( 6.4 ) 67.9 ( 19.9 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 21.9 ( − 5.6 ) 26.1 ( − 3.3 ) 35.0 ( 1.7 ) 44.5 ( 6.9 ) 55.2 ( 12.9 ) 64.9 ( 18.3 ) 69.8 ( 21 ) 68.8 ( 20.4 ) 59.5 ( 15.3 ) 46.9 ( 8.3 ) 34.6 ( 1.4 ) 24.1 ( − 4.4 ) 45.9 ( 7.7 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 15 ( − 26 ) − 22 ( − 30 ) − 3 ( − 19 ) 15 ( − 9 ) 27 ( − 3 ) 43 ( 6 ) 51 ( 11 ) 45 ( 7 ) 31 ( − 1 ) 14 ( − 10 ) ( − 17 ) − 16 ( − 27 ) − 22 ( − 30 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.83 ( 21.1 ) 1.18 ( 30 ) 2.69 ( 68.3 ) 2.59 ( 65.8 ) 4.57 ( 116.1 ) 5.20 ( 132.1 ) 3.32 ( 84.3 ) 3.71 ( 94.2 ) 3.14 ( 79.8 ) 2.78 ( 70.6 ) 1.43 ( 36.3 ) 1.20 ( 30.5 ) 32.64 ( 829.1 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 3.6 ( 9.1 ) 3.2 ( 8.1 ) 2.3 ( 5.8 ) 0.2 ( 0.5 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.1 ( 0.3 ) 1.3 ( 3.3 ) 4.2 ( 10.7 ) 14.9 ( 37.8 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 4.7 5.4 8.2 8.0 11.4 10.0 7.3 7.9 7.0 7.0 5.3 5.7 87.9 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 3.0 2.1 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.6 2.8 10.0 Average relative humidity ( % ) 69.9 68.3 63.8 62.8 67.0 64.3 58.9 61.1 66.8 65.1 70.0 71.7 65.8 Mean monthly sunshine hours 190.9 186.4 230.4 257.8 289.8 305.0 342.1 309.2 245.6 226.3 170.2 168.7 2,922.4 Percent possible sunshine 62 62 62 65 66 69 76 73 66 65 56 57 66 Source : National Weather Service ( relative humidity and sun 1961 -- 1990 ) ; The Weather Channel Neighborhoods ( edit ) Downtown Wichita & Century II Convention Center along the Arkansas River Wichita has several recognized areas and neighborhoods . The downtown area is generally considered to be east of the Arkansas River , west of Washington Street , north of Kellogg and south of 13th Street . The downtown area contains landmarks such as Century II , the Garvey Center , and the Epic Center . Old Town is also part of downtown ; this 50 acre area is home to a cluster of night clubs , bars , restaurants , a movie theater , shops , and apartments and condominiums , many of which make use of historical warehouse - type spaces . The two most notable residential areas of Wichita are Riverside and College Hill . Riverside is northwest of the downtown area , across the Arkansas River , and surrounds the 120 - acre ( 0.49 km ) Riverside Park . College Hill is east of the downtown area , south of Wichita State University . College Hill is one of the more historic neighborhoods , along with Delano on the west side and Midtown in the north - central city . List of Neighborhoods ( edit ) A Price Woodard Auburn Hills Benjamin Hills Brookhollow Calfskin Group College Hill Cottonwood Village Country Overlook Courtland Crestview Heights Crown Heights North Crown Heights South Delano Delano Township East Front East Mt . Vernon Eastridge El Pueblo Fabrique Fairfax Fairmount Forest Hills Fox Ridge Grandview Heights Hilltop Midtown Indian Hills Indian Hills Riverbend Ken - Mar La Placita Park Lambsdale Linwood Longview MacDonald Maple Hills Matlock Heights McAdams McCormick Mead Meadowlark Murdock New Salem North Riverside Northeast Central Northeast Heights Northeast K - 96 Northeast Millair Northwest Big River Oakview Orchard Breeze Orchard Park Park Meadows Planeview United Power Riverside Riverview Rockhurst Schweiter Schweiter East Sherwood Glen Sleepy Hollow South Area South Central South City South Seneca United Southwest Southwest Village Sunflower Sunnybrook One Sunnyside The Elm The Hyde Uptown Village Westlink Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Wichita , Kansas Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1870 689 -- 1880 4,911 612.8 % 1890 23,853 385.7 % 1900 24,671 3.4 % 1910 52,450 112.6 % 1920 72,217 37.7 % 1930 111,110 53.9 % 1940 114,966 3.5 % 1950 168,279 46.4 % 1960 254,698 51.4 % 1970 276,554 8.6 % 1980 279,272 1.0 % 304,011 8.9 % 2000 344,284 13.2 % 382,368 11.1 % Est. 2016 389,902 2.0 % U.S. Decennial Census 2015 Estimate In terms of population , Wichita is the largest city in Kansas and the 48th largest city in the United States . It is racially more similar to the rest of the United States than any other major city . 2010 Census ( edit ) As of the 2010 census , there were 382,368 people , 151,818 households , and 94,862 families residing in the city . The population density was 2,304.8 per square mile ( 889.9 / km2 ) . There were 167,310 housing units at an average density of 1,022.1 per square mile ( 475.9 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 71.9 % White , 11.5 % African American , 4.8 % Asian , 1.2 % American Indian , 0.1 % Pacific Islander , 6.2 % from other races , and 4.3 % from two or more races . Hispanics and Latinos of any race were 15.3 % of the population . Of the 151,818 households , 33.4 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 44.1 % were married couples living together , 5.2 % had a male householder with no wife present , 13.1 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 37.5 % were non-families. 31.1 % of all households were made up of individuals , and 9.1 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.48 , and the average family size was 3.14 . The median age in the city was 33.9 years . 26.6 % of residents were under the age of 18 ; 10.1 % were between the ages of 18 and 24 ; 26.9 % were from 25 to 44 ; 24.9 % were from 45 to 64 ; and 11.5 % were 65 years of age or older . The gender makeup of the city was 49.3 % male and 50.7 % female . The median income for a household in the city was $44,477 , and the median income for a family was $57,088 . Males had a median income of $42,783 versus $32,155 for females . The per capita income for the city was $24,517 . About 12.1 % of families and 15.8 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 22.5 % of those under age 18 and 9.9 % of those age 65 or over . Metropolitan area ( edit ) Main article : Wichita , KS Metropolitan Statistical Area Wichita is the principal city of both the Wichita Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) and the Wichita - Winfield Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) . The Wichita MSA encompasses Sedgwick , Butler , Harvey , and Sumner counties and , as of 2010 , had a population of 623,061 , making it the 84th largest MSA in the United States . The larger Wichita - Winfield CSA also includes Cowley County and , as of 2013 , had an estimated population of 673,598 . Nearby Reno County is not a part of the Wichita MSA or Wichita - Winfield CSA , but , were it included , it would add an additional population of 64,511 as of 2010 . Economy ( edit ) Boeing plant in Wichita ( 2010 ) . Boeing was once the largest employer in Wichita ( as per a 2005 analysis ) , and aviation remains the city 's largest industry . Wichita 's principal industrial sector is manufacturing , which accounted for 21.6 percent of area employment in 2003 . Aircraft manufacturing has long dominated the local economy , and plays such an important role that it has the ability to influence the economic health of the entire region ; the state offers tax breaks and other incentives to aircraft manufacturers . Healthcare is Wichita 's second - largest industry , employing approximately 28,000 people in the local area . Since healthcare needs remain fairly consistent regardless of the economy , this field was not subject to the same pressures that affected other industries in the early 2000s . The Kansas Spine Hospital opened in 2004 , as did a critical care tower at Wesley Medical Center . In July 2010 , Via Christi Health , which is the largest provider of healthcare services in Kansas , opened a hospital that will serve the northwest area of Wichita . Via Christi Hospital on St. Teresa is the system 's fifth hospital to serve the Wichita community . Thanks to the early 20th - Century oil boom in neighboring Butler County , Kansas , Wichita became a major oil town , with dozens of oil exploration companies and support enterprises . Most famous of these was Koch Industries , today a global natural - resources conglomerate . The city was also at one time the headquarters of the former Derby Oil Company , which was purchased by Coastal Corporation in 1988 . Koch Industries and Cargill , the two largest privately held companies in the United States , both operate headquarters facilities in Wichita . Koch Industries ' primary global corporate headquarters is located in a large office - tower complex in northeast Wichita . Cargill Meat Solutions Div. , at one time the nation 's 3rd - largest beef producer , is headquartered downtown . Other firms with headquarters in Wichita include roller - coaster manufacturer Chance Morgan , gourmet food retailer Dean & Deluca , renewable energy company Alternative Energy Solutions , and Coleman Company , a manufacturer of camping and outdoor recreation supplies . Air Midwest , the nation 's first officially certificated `` commuter '' airline , was founded and headquartered in Wichita and evolved into the nation 's 8th largest regional airline prior to its dissolution in 2008 . As of 2013 , 68.2 % of the population over the age of 16 was in the labor force . 0.6 % was in the armed forces , and 67.6 % was in the civilian labor force with 61.2 % employed and 6.4 % unemployed . The occupational composition of the employed civilian labor force was : 33.3 % in management , business , science , and arts ; 25.1 % in sales and office occupations ; 17.2 % in service occupations ; 14.0 % in production , transportation , and material moving ; 10.4 % in natural resources , construction , and maintenance . The three industries employing the largest percentages of the working civilian labor force were : educational services , health care , and social assistance ( 22.3 % ) ; manufacturing ( 19.2 % ) ; and retail trade ( 11.0 % ) . The cost of living in Wichita is below average ; compared to a U.S. average of 100 , the cost of living index for the city is 84.0 . As of 2013 , the median home value in the city was $117,500 , the median selected monthly owner cost was $1,194 for housing units with a mortgage and $419 for those without , and the median gross rent was $690 . The economic analyst James Chung from Reach Advisors was hired by the Wichita Community Foundation to create a better economic picture of the current health and future growth plan for Wichita . Chung presented his report showing that Wichita has not kept up with national economic growth or the growth of other similarly sized cities in the region . The report , called Focus Forward identified that people who live in most comparable mid-sized cities in the central U.S. earn $10,000 more than Wichita residents do ; their home is worth an average of $50,000 more and their average net worth is $130,000 higher . Aircraft manufacturing ( edit ) Over 10,000 Stearman ( Boeing ) Model 75 trainer aircraft were built during the 1930s and 1940s Beechcraft Starship were built from 1983 to 1995 From the early to late 20th century , aircraft pioneers such as Clyde Cessna , `` Matty '' Laird , Lloyd Stearman , Walter Beech , Al Mooney and Bill Lear began aircraft - manufacturing enterprises that would lead to Wichita becoming the nation 's leading city in numbers of aircraft produced . The aircraft corporations E.M. Laird Aviation Company ( the nation 's first successful commercial airplane manufacturer ) , Travel Air ( started by Beech , Stearman and Cessna ) , Stearman , Cessna , Beechcraft and Mooney were all founded in Wichita between 1920 and early 1932 . By 1931 , Boeing ( of Seattle , Washington ) had absorbed Stearman , creating `` Boeing - Wichita '' , which would eventually grow to become Kansas ' largest employer . Today , Cessna Aircraft Co. ( the world 's highest - volume airplane manufacturer ) and Beechcraft remain based in Wichita having merged into Textron Aviation in 2014 , along with Learjet and Boeing 's chief subassembly supplier , Spirit AeroSystems . Airbus maintains a workforce in Wichita , and Bombardier ( parent company of Learjet ) has other divisions in Wichita as well . Over 50 other aviation businesses operate in the Wichita MSA , as well dozens of suppliers and subcontractors to the local aircraft manufacturers . In total , Wichita and its companies have manufactured an estimated 250,000 aircraft since Clyde Cessna 's first Wichita - built aircraft in 1916 . In the early 2000s , a national and international recession combined with the after effects of the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks to depress the aviation sub-sector in and around Wichita . Orders for new aircraft plummeted , prompting Wichita 's five largest aircraft manufacturers , Boeing Co. , Cessna Aircraft Co. , Bombardier Learjet Inc. , Hawker Beechcraft and Raytheon Aircraft Co. -- to slash a combined 15,000 jobs between 2001 and 2004 . In response , these companies began developing small - and mid-sized airplanes to appeal to business and corporate users . In 2007 , Wichita built 977 aircraft , ranging from single - engine light aircraft to the world 's fastest civilian jet ; one - fifth of the civilian aircraft produced in United States that year , plus numerous small military aircraft . In early 2012 , Boeing announced it would be closing its Wichita plant by the end of 2013 , which paved the road for Spirit Aerosystems to open its plant . Culture ( edit ) The historic Orpheum Theatre Arts ( edit ) Wichita is a cultural center for Kansas , home to several art museums and performing arts groups . The Wichita Art Museum is the largest art museum in the state of Kansas and contains 7,000 works in permanent collections . The Ulrich Museum of Art at Wichita State University is a modern and contemporary art museum with over 6,300 works in its permanent collection . Small art galleries are scattered around the city with some clustered in the districts of Old Town , Delano and south Commerce street . These galleries started the Final Friday Gallery crawl event , where visitors tour attractions free in the evening on the last Friday of each month . Larger museums began participating and staying open late on Final Fridays shortly after its beginning . Music ( edit ) Wichita is the music hub of central Kansas , and draws major acts from around the world , performing at various concert halls , arenas and stadiums around the area . Most major rock'n'roll and pop - music stars , and virtually all country music stars , perform there during their career . Music Theatre Wichita , Wichita Grand Opera ( both nationally renowned ) , and the Wichita Symphony Orchestra perform regularly at the Century II Convention Hall downtown . Concerts are also regularly performed by the nationally noted schools of music at Wichita 's two largest universities . The Orpheum Theatre , built in 1922 , serves as a downtown venue for smaller shows . Wichita is alleged to be the birthplace of the electric guitar , the fuzz box , and other key innovations in rock'n'roll music . Events ( edit ) The Wichita River Festival has been held in the Downtown and Old Town areas of the city since 1972 . It has featured events , musical entertainment , sporting events , traveling exhibits , cultural and historical activities , plays , interactive children 's events , a flea market , river events , a parade , block parties , a food court , fireworks , and souvenirs for the roughly 370,000 + patrons who attend each year . In 2011 , the festival was moved from May to June because of rain during previous festivals . The Wichita River Festival has seen immense growth , with record numbers in 2016 and again in 2018 . Much of that growth is attributed to attractive musical acts at the festival . The annual Wichita Black Arts Festival , held in the spring , celebrates the arts , crafts and creativity of Wichita 's large African - American community . It usually takes place in Central - Northeast Wichita . A Juneteenth event and parade also are common annual events . The International Student Association at Wichita State University presents an annual international cultural exhibition and food festival , on the campus at WSU , providing an inexpensive sampling of global culture and cuisine to the general public . One or more large Renaissance fairs occur annually , including the `` RenFair '' in conjunction with the `` Kingdom of Calontir '' of the SCA ( Society for Creative Anachronism ) . The fairs vary in length from one day to a week , typically at Sedgwick County Park or Newman University . The Wichita Public Library 's Academy Awards Shorts program is reportedly the oldest annual , complete , free public screening outside of Hollywood of the full array of short films nominated for an Academy Award ( `` Oscar '' ) . In late winter , shortly before the Academy Awards ceremonies , the films -- including all nominated documentary , live action , and animated shorts -- are presented , free , at the Library and in local theaters and other venues around Wichita . Wichita 's former Congressman , Motion Picture Association President Dan Glickman , has served as Honorary Chair of the event , and some of the filmmakers have attended and visited with the audiences . The Tallgrass Film Festival has been held in downtown Wichita since 2003 . It draws over 100 independent feature and short films from all over the world for three days each October . Notable people from the entertainment industry have attended in the past . Aviation - related events are common in the Wichita area , including air shows , fly - ins , air races , aviation conferences , exhibitions , and trade shows . The city 's two main air shows , which are generally held in alternating years , are the city - sponsored civilian Wichita Flight Festival ( originally the `` Kansas Flight Festival '' ) and the military - sponsored McConnell Air Force Base Open House and Airshow . Both are large regional air shows with famous acts and multimillion - dollar aircraft displays ( including many Wichita - built aircraft ) . In addition , numerous local , regional , and national aviation organizations host fly - ins , conferences , exhibitions and trade shows in the Wichita area on irregular schedules . Points of interest ( edit ) The Sedgwick County Historical Museum ( 2008 ) Museums and landmarks devoted to science , culture , and area history are located throughout the city . Several lie along the Arkansas River west of downtown , including the Exploration Place science and discovery center , the Mid-America All - Indian Center , the Old Cowtown living history museum , and The Keeper of the Plains statue and its associated display highlighting the daily lives of Plains Indians . The Wichita - Sedgwick County Historical Museum in downtown Wichita occupies the original Wichita city hall , built in 1892 . The museum contains artifacts that tell the story of Wichita and Sedgwick County starting from 1865 and continuing to the present day . Nearby is the 1913 Sedgwick County Memorial Hall and Soldiers and Sailors Monument . East of downtown are the Museum of World Treasures and railroad - oriented Great Plains Transportation Museum . The Coleman Factory Outlet and Museum on 235 N St. Francis street is the home of the Coleman Lantern and offers free admission . Wichita State University hosts the Lowell D. Holmes Museum of Anthropology . The Kansas Aviation Museum , housed in the Terminal and Administration building of the former Municipal Airport , is located in southeast Wichita adjacent to McConnell Air Force Base . The Keeper of the Plains ( 2013 ) Botanica , The Wichita Gardens , also located along the Arkansas River , boasts 24 themed gardens including the popular Butterfly Garden and the award - winning Sally Stone Sensory Garden . The Sedgwick County Zoo in the northwest part of Wichita is the most popular outdoor tourist attraction in the state of Kansas , and is home to more than 2,500 animals representing 500 different species . The zoo is next to Sedgwick county park and Sedgwick County Extension Arboretum . Intrust Bank Arena is the city 's primary event venue , featuring 22 suites , 2 party suites , 40 loge boxes and over 300 premium seats with a total potential capacity of over 15,000 . This arena in the middle of Wichita opened in January 2010 . Located immediately east of downtown is Old Town , the city 's entertainment district . In the early 1990s , developers transformed it from an old warehouse district into a mixed - zone neighborhood with residential space , nightclubs , restaurants , hotels , and museums . Moody 's Skidrow Beanery , at 625 E. Douglas in what was to become Old Town , was one of the more famous places in Wichita in the 1960s . It was the scene of a nationally followed First Amendment struggle and was visited by Allen Ginsberg in 1966 ( the name had been changed to the Magic Theatre Vortex Art Gallery ) where he first read his long poem `` Wichita Vortex Sutra . '' Wichita is also home to two major shopping malls : Towne East Square and Towne West Square , on opposite ends of town , and each managed by Simon Property Group . Each mall is home to four anchor stores , and has more than 100 tenants apiece . The oldest mall , Wichita Mall , was for many years largely a dead mall , but has since been converted into office space . There are also two large outdoor shopping centers , Bradley Fair on the city 's north - east side and NewMarket Square on the city 's north - west side , each with over 50 stores spread out on several acres . In 1936 , the Wichita post office contained two oil - on - canvas murals , Kansas Farming , painted by Richard Haines and Pioneer in Kansas by Ward Lockwood . Murals were produced from 1934 to 1943 in the United States through the Section of Painting and Sculpture , later called the Section of Fine Arts , of the Treasury Department . The post office building became the Federal Courthouse at 401 N. Market Street and the murals are on display in the lobby . Wichita has a number of beautiful parks and recreational areas such as Riverside park , College Hill park , and McAdams park . In popular culture and the arts ( edit ) Wichita has developed a positive reputation in U.S. media as an affordable and pleasant place to live . In July 2006 , CNN / Money and Money ranked Wichita ninth on their list of the 10 best U.S. big cities in which to live . In 2008 , MSN Real Estate ranked Wichita 1st on its list of most affordable cities . Wichita was also named the most `` Uniquely American '' city by Newsmax magazine in a May 2009 piece written by Peter Greenberg . Wichita is mentioned in the songs `` Wichita Skyline '' by Shawn Colvin , `` Seven Nation Army '' by The White Stripes , and `` Captain Bobby Stout '' by local musician Jerry Hahn . Allen Ginsberg wrote about a visit to Wichita in his poem Wichita Vortex Sutra , for which Philip Glass subsequently wrote a solo piano piece . Glen Campbell 's `` Wichita Lineman '' , written by Jimmy Webb , peaked at number 1 on Billboard 's country singles chart and at number 3 on the pop chart in 1968 . Ruby Vroom , released by the band Soul Coughing in 1994 , contains a song called `` True Dreams of Wichita '' . Also , country trio Lady Antebellum recorded the song `` Golden '' for their fifth studio album of the same name . The opening line of that song is `` Sunset falls on Wichita '' . In 1976 Charlie Daniels released the country song `` Wichita Jail '' and actor John Corbett released his country song Wichita . The city has been a setting of various works of fiction . The award - winning stage play Hospitality Suite written by Roger Rueff takes place in Wichita as does its 1999 film adaptation , The Big Kahuna . Wichita ( 1955 ) and portions of Wyatt Earp ( 1994 ) , both of which dramatize the life and career of Wyatt Earp , are set in Wichita . The short - lived 1959 -- 1960 television western Wichita Town was set during the city 's early years . Other films wholly or partially set in the city include Good Luck , Miss Wyckoff ( 1979 ) , Planes , Trains and Automobiles ( 1987 ) , The Ice Harvest ( 2005 ) , and Knight and Day ( 2010 ) . The city is also the setting of the long - running comic strip Dennis the Menace . AMD planned to release a new processor , code named Wichita , in 2012 , but the project was cancelled in favor of a newer design . Sports ( edit ) Intrust Bank Arena , home to the Wichita Thunder of the ECHL ( 2010 ) Main article : Sports in Wichita , Kansas Wichita is home to several professional , semi-professional , non-professional , and collegiate sports teams . Professional teams include the Wichita Thunder ice hockey team , Wichita Force indoor football team , and Wichita Wingnuts baseball team . Defunct professionals teams which used to play in Wichita include the Wichita Aeros and Wichita Wranglers baseball teams , the Wichita Wings indoor soccer team , the Wichita Wind ( farm team to the Edmonton Oilers in the early 1980s ) and the Wichita Wild indoor football team . Semi-pro teams include Kansas Cougars and Kansas Diamondbacks football teams . Non-professional teams include the Wichita Barbarians rugby union team and the Wichita World 11 cricket team . The city hosts the Air Capital Classic , a professional golf tournament of the Web.com Tour first played in 1990 . Collegiate teams based in the city include the Wichita State University Shockers , Newman University Jets , and the Friends University Falcons . The WSU Shockers are NCAA Division I teams which compete in men 's and women 's basketball , baseball , volleyball , track and field , tennis , and bowling . The Newman Jets are NCAA Division II teams which compete in baseball , basketball , bowling , cross country , golf , soccer , tennis , wrestling , volleyball , and cheer / dance . The Friends Falcons compete in Region IV of the NAIA in football , volleyball , soccer , cross country , basketball , tennis , track and field , and golf . Several sports venues are located in and around the city . Intrust Bank Arena , located downtown , is a 15,000 - seat multi-purpose arena that is home to the Wichita Thunder and Wichita Force . Lawrence -- Dumont Stadium , located just west of downtown , is a medium - sized baseball stadium that has been home to Wichita 's various minor - league baseball teams over the years . It is also home of the minor - league National Baseball Congress and the site of the Congress 's annual National Tournament . Wichita Ice Arena , also just west of downtown , is a public ice - skating rink used for ice - skating competitions . In addition , Century II has been used for professional wrestling tournaments , sporting - goods exhibitions , and other recreational activity . The WSU campus includes two major venues : Eck Stadium , a medium - sized stadium with a full - sized baseball field that is home to the WSU Shocker baseball team , and Charles Koch Arena , a medium - sized , dome - roofed circular arena with a collegiate basketball court that hosts the WSU Shocker basketball team . Koch Arena is also used extensively for citywide and regional high school athletic events , concerts and other entertainments . Located just north of the city is 81 Motor Speedway , an oval motor - vehicle racetrack used extensively for a wide range of car , truck and motorcycle races , and other motor sports events . Neighboring Park City is home to Hartman Arena and the Sam Fulco Pavilions , a moderate - capacity low - roofed arena developed for small rodeos , horse shows , livestock competitions , and exhibitions . In December 2017 , Wichita 's mayor announced plans to bring a Minor League Baseball to the city . The Major League Baseball - affiliated team would play in a planned new ball park . Wichita is also home to two sports museums , the Kansas Sports Hall of Fame and the Wichita Sports Hall of Fame and Museum . Professional ( edit ) Team League Sport Wichita Thunder ECHL Ice hockey Wichita Wingnuts AAIPL Baseball Wichita Force CIF Indoor football College ( edit ) School School Nickname Level # of Teams Wichita State University Shockers NCAA Division I 15 Newman University Jets NCAA Division II 16 Friends University Falcons NAIA 15 Government ( edit ) See also : List of mayors of Wichita , Kansas Under state statute , Wichita is a city of the first class . Since 1917 , it has had a council - manager form of government . The city council consists of seven members popularly elected every four years with staggered terms in office . For representative purposes , the city is divided into six districts with one council member elected from each district . The mayor is the seventh council member , elected at large . The council sets policy for the city , enacts laws and ordinances , levies taxes , approves the city budget , and appoints members to citizen commission and advisory boards . The council meets each Tuesday . The city manager is the city 's chief executive , responsible for administering city operations and personnel , submitting the annual city budget , advising the city council , preparing the council 's agenda , and oversight of non-departmental activities . The Wichita Police Department , established in 1871 , is the city 's law enforcement agency . With over 800 employees , including more than 600 commissioned officers , it is the largest law enforcement agency in Kansas . The Wichita Fire Department , organized in 1886 , operates 22 stations throughout the city . Organized into four battalions , it employs over 400 full - time firefighters . As the county seat , Wichita is the administrative center of Sedgwick County . The county courthouse is located downtown , and most departments of the county government base their operations in the city . Many departments and agencies of the U.S. Government have facilities in Wichita . The Wichita U.S. Courthouse , located downtown , is one of the three courthouses of the U.S. District Court for the District of Kansas . The U.S. Air Force operates McConnell Air Force Base immediately southeast of the city . The campus of the Robert J. Dole Department of Veterans Affairs Medical and Regional Office Center is located on U.S. 54 in east Wichita . Other agencies , including the Federal Bureau of Investigation , Food and Drug Administration , and Internal Revenue Service among others , have offices in locations around the city . Wichita lies within Kansas 's 4th U.S. Congressional District . For the purposes of representation in the Kansas Legislature , the city is located in the 16th and 25th through 32nd districts of the Kansas Senate and the 81st , 83rd through 101st , 103rd , and 105th districts of the Kansas House of Representatives . Education ( edit ) Wichita High School East ( 2012 ) Primary and secondary Education ( edit ) With over 50,000 students , Wichita Public Schools ( USD 259 ) is the largest school district in Kansas . It operates more than 90 schools in the city including 10 high schools , 16 middle schools , 61 elementary schools , and more than a dozen special schools and programs . Outlying portions of Wichita lie within suburban public school districts including Andover ( USD 385 ) , Circle ( USD 375 ) , Derby ( USD 260 ) , Goddard ( USD 265 ) , Haysville ( USD 261 ) , Maize ( USD 266 ) , and Valley Center ( USD 262 ) . There are more than 35 private and parochial schools in Wichita . The Roman Catholic Diocese of Wichita oversees 16 Catholic schools in the city including 14 elementary schools and two high schools , Bishop Carroll Catholic High School and Kapaun Mt . Carmel High School . The Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod operates two Lutheran schools in the city , Bethany Lutheran School ( Grades PK - 5 ) and Holy Cross Lutheran School ( PK - 8 ) . There are also two Seventh - day Adventist schools in Wichita , Three Angels School ( K - 8 ) and Wichita Adventist Christian Academy ( K - 10 ) . Other Christian schools in the city are Calvary Christian School ( PK - 12 ) , Central Christian Academy ( K - 8 ) , Sunrise Christian Academy ( PK - 12 ) , Trinity Academy ( 9 - 12 ) , Wichita Friends School ( PK - 6 ) , and Word of Life Traditional School ( K - 12 ) . In addition , there is an Islamic school , Anoor School ( PK - 8 ) , operated by the Islamic Society of Wichita . Non-religious private schools in the city include Wichita Collegiate School and The Independent School as well as three Montessori schools . Colleges and universities ( edit ) Three universities have their main campuses in Wichita . The largest is Wichita State University ( WSU ) , a public research university classified by Carnegie as `` R2 : Doctoral Universities -- Higher Research Activity . '' WSU has more than 14,000 students and is the third - largest university in Kansas . WSU 's main campus is in northeast Wichita with four satellite campuses located around the metro area . Friends University , a private , non-denominational Christian university , has its main campus in west Wichita as does Newman University , a private Catholic university . In addition , Wichita Area Technical College , a two - year public college , has its main campus and two satellite locations in the city . Several colleges and universities based outside Wichita operate satellite locations in and around the city . The University of Kansas School of Medicine has one of its three campuses in Wichita . Baker University , Butler Community College , Embry - Riddle Aeronautical University , Southwestern College , Tabor College , Vatterott College , and Webster University have Wichita facilities as do for - profit institutions including Heritage College and University of Phoenix . Libraries ( edit ) The Wichita Public Library is the city 's library system , presently consisting of a Central Library downtown and nine branch locations in neighborhoods around the city . The library operates several free programs for the public , including special events , technology training classes , and programs specifically for adults , children , and families . As of 2009 , its holdings included more than 1.3 million books and 2.2 million items total . Media ( edit ) Main article : Media in Wichita , Kansas The Wichita Eagle , which began publication in 1872 , is the city 's major daily newspaper . With a daily circulation of over 67,000 copies , it has the highest circulation of any newspaper published in Kansas . The Wichita Business Journal is a weekly newspaper that covers local business events and developments . Several other newspapers and magazines , including local lifestyle , neighborhood , and demographically - focused publications are also published in the city . These include , among others : The Community Voice , aimed at the city 's African American community ; the monthly East Wichita News ; F5 , a weekly alternative newspaper ; the Liberty Press , LGBT news ; Splurge ! , a local fashion and lifestyle magazine ; the Sunflower , the WSU student newspaper . The Wichita media market also includes local newspapers in several surrounding suburban communities . The Wichita radio market includes Sedgwick County and neighboring Butler and Harvey counties . Six AM and 18 FM radio stations are licensed to and / or broadcast from the city . Wichita is the principal city of the Wichita - Hutchinson , Kansas television market which consists of the western two - thirds of the state . All of the market 's network affiliates broadcast from Wichita with the ABC , CBS , CW , FOX and NBC affiliates serving the wider market through state networks of satellite and translator stations . The city also hosts a PBS member station , a Univision affiliate , and several low - power stations . Cable television service for Wichita and the surrounding area is provided by AT&T U-Verse and Cox Communications . Infrastructure ( edit ) Flood control ( edit ) Wichita suffered severe floods of the Arkansas river in 1877 , 1904 , 1916 , 1923 , 1944 , 1951 and 1955 . In 1944 the city flooded 3 times in 11 days . As a result of the 1944 flood , the idea for the Wichita - Valley Center Floodway ( locally known as the `` Big Ditch '' ) was conceived . The project was completed in 1958 . The Big Ditch diverts part of the Arkansas River 's flow around west - central Wichita , running roughly parallel to the Interstate 235 bypass . A second flood control canal lies between the lanes of Interstate 135 , running south through the central part of the city . Chisholm Creek is diverted into this canal for most of its length . The city 's flood defenses were tested in the Great Flood of 1993 . Flooding that year kept the Big Ditch full for more than a month and caused $6 million of damage to the flood control infrastructure . The damage was not fully repaired until 2007 . Transportation ( edit ) Highway ( edit ) Interstate 135 begins at this exit from the Kansas Turnpike ( Interstate 35 ) in south - central Wichita . Several federal and state highways pass through Wichita . Interstate 35 , as the Kansas Turnpike , enters the city from the south and turns northeast , running along the city 's southeastern edge and exiting through the eastern part of the city . Interstate 135 runs generally north - south through the city , its southern terminus lying at its interchange with I - 35 in south - central Wichita . Interstate 235 , a bypass route , passes through north - central , west , and south - central Wichita , traveling around the central parts of the city . Both its northern and southern termini are interchanges with I - 135 . U.S. Route 54 and U.S. Route 400 run concurrently through Wichita as Kellogg Avenue , the city 's primary east - west artery , with interchanges , from west to east , with I - 235 , I - 135 , and I - 35 . U.S. Route 81 , a north - south route , enters Wichita from the south as Broadway , turns east as 47th Street South for approximately half a mile , and then runs concurrently north with I - 135 through the rest of the city . K - 96 , an east - west route , enters the city from the northwest , runs concurrently with I - 235 through north - central Wichita , turns south for approximately a mile , running concurrently with I - 135 before splitting off to the east and traveling around northeast Wichita , ultimately terminating at an interchange with U.S. 54 / U.S. 400 in the eastern part of the city . K - 254 begins at I - 235 's interchange with I - 135 in north - central Wichita and exits the city to the northeast . K - 15 , a north - south route , enters the city from the south and joins I - 135 and U.S. 81 in south - central Wichita , running concurrently with them through the rest of the city . K - 42 enters the city from the southwest and terminates at its interchange with U.S. 54 / U.S. 400 in west - central Wichita . Bus ( edit ) Wichita Transit operates 53 buses on 18 fixed bus routes within the city . The organization reports over 2 million trips per year ( 5,400 trips per day ) on its fixed routes . Wichita Transit also operates a demand response paratransit service with 320,800 passenger trips annually . A 2005 study ranked Wichita near the bottom of the fifty largest American cities in terms of percentage of commuters using public transit . Only 0.5 % used it to get to or from work . Greyhound Lines provides intercity bus service northeast to Topeka and south to Oklahoma City , Oklahoma . Bus service is provided daily north towards Salina and west towards Pueblo , Colorado by BeeLine Express ( subcontractor of Greyhound Lines ) . The Greyhound bus station that was built in 1961 at 312 S Broadway is closing in 2016 , and services will be relocated 1 block northeast to the Wichita Transit station at 777 E Waterman . Air ( edit ) The Wichita Airport Authority manages the city 's two main public airports , Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport and Colonel James Jabara Airport . Located in the western part of the city , Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport is the city 's primary airport as well as the largest airport in the state of Kansas . Six commercial airlines ( Alaska , Allegiant , American , Delta , Southwest & United ) serve Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport with non-stop flights to several U.S. airline hubs . Jabara Airport is a general aviation facility located on the city 's northeast side . In addition , there are several privately owned airports located throughout the city . Cessna Aircraft Field and Beech Factory Airport , operated by manufacturers Cessna and Beechcraft , respectively , lie in east Wichita . Two smaller airports , Riverside Airport and Westport Airport , are located in west Wichita . Rail ( edit ) Union Station , Wichita 's former passenger rail station ( 2009 ) Two Class I railroads , BNSF Railway and Union Pacific Railroad ( UP ) , operate freight rail lines through Wichita . UP 's OKT Line runs generally north - south through the city ; north of downtown , the line consists of trackage leased to BNSF . An additional UP line enters the city from the northeast and terminates downtown . BNSF 's main line through the city enters from the north , passes through downtown , and exits to the southeast , paralleling highway K - 15 . The Wichita Terminal Association , a joint operation between BNSF and UP , provides switching service on three miles ( 5 km ) of track downtown . In addition , two lines of the Kansas and Oklahoma Railroad enter the city , one from the northwest and the other from the southwest , both terminating at their junction in west - central Wichita . Wichita has not had passenger rail service since 1979 . The nearest Amtrak station is in Newton 25 miles ( 40 km ) north , offering service on the Southwest Chief line between Los Angeles and Chicago . Amtrak offers bus service from downtown Wichita to its station in Newton as well as to its station in Oklahoma City , the northern terminus of the Heartland Flyer line . Walkability ( edit ) A 2014 study by Walk Score ranked Wichita 41st most walkable of fifty largest U.S. cities . Notable people ( edit ) Wyatt Earp served as a lawman in Wichita during the 1870s . Main article : List of people from Wichita , Kansas See also : List of Wichita State University people and List of Friends University people Civic leaders and political figures ( edit ) Wyatt Earp served as a lawman in several Western frontier towns , including Wichita . He is best known for his part in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral in Tombstone , Arizona , and as one of the Old West 's `` toughest and deadliest gunmen of his day '' . Other old west figures lived in Wichita for a while : James Earp , Cassius M. Hollister , Bat Masterson , Ed Masterson , James Masterson . Mike Pompeo , former Kansas Fourth Congressional District Representative , Director of U.S. Central Intelligence Agency , from the Wichita area . Robert Gates , former Director of U.S. Central Intelligence Agency , and Secretary of Defense , is a Wichita native , and graduate of Wichita schools . Dan Glickman , former Secretary of Agriculture , and former head of the Motion Picture Association , began his political career in Wichita , first on the school board , then as 4th District Congressman . Donald Hollowell , prominent attorney in the Civil Rights Movement , particularly in Atlanta , Georgia , who successfully sued to integrate Atlanta 's public schools and buses , and Georgia colleges and universities ; freed Martin Luther King , Jr. from prison ; and mentored civil rights attorneys ( including Vernon Jordan and Horace Ward ) . Business ( edit ) The Koch family ( particularly Charles and David Koch ) , prominent American billionaires , libertarian and conservative political activists , organizers and major donors , co-founders of the American Enterprise Institute , the Cato Institute , and Americans for Prosperity , leading financiers of 21st Century conservative and libertarian political candidates in the United States , were born in and raised in Wichita . David was the Libertarian Party 's vice-presidential nominee in the 1980 presidential election . Additionally , Dan and Frank Carney ( Pizza Hut ) , Clyde Cessna ( Cessna Aircraft ) , Walter Herschel Beech ( Beech Aircraft Company ) , Bill Lear ( Lear Jet ) , Olive Ann Beech ( Beech Aircraft Company ) all were born in or lived in Wichita . Athletes ( edit ) Athletes including Pro Football Hall of Fame running backs Gale Sayers and Barry Sanders , Basketball Hall of Famer Lynette Woodard , and current UFC flyweight fighter Tim Elliott were all born and / or raised in Wichita . Summer Olympic medal winning athletes Jim Ryun , ( silver medal , 1500 meters , 1968 ) and Nico Hernandez , ( bronze medal , boxing , 2016 ) are both from Wichita . Media and performing arts ( edit ) A number of famous actors are from Wichita , including actress Kirstie Alley , known for her role in the TV show Cheers , was born / raised in Wichita and lives in the city part - time . Actor Don Johnson of Miami Vice and Nash Bridges , lived in Wichita throughout most of his childhood . Musician Joe Walsh , founding member of the band James Gang and later member of The Eagles , is from Wichita . Heavy Metal band Manilla Road are from Wichita . Musician Jay Bentley ( born June 6 , 1964 , Wichita , Kansas ) is the bassist and co-founding member of the punk rock group Bad Religion . American Idol Season 6 finalist Phil Stacey attended high school in Wichita . Musician and Actor Kendall Schmidt , an actor on Nickelodeon Big Time Rush , was born and raised in Wichita . Early network television news commentator , spokesperson and game show panelist John Cameron Swayze , and Jim Lehrer PBS News Hour anchor - editor were both Wichita natives . Melissa McDermott was an anchor at Wichita 's KSNW before her job at CBS 's Up to the Minute in the 1980s and 1990s . Network sportscaster Andrea Joyce ( NBC , CBS , ESPN ) was first a news anchor for Wichita 's KWCH / KTVH - TV in the 1980s . Sister cities ( edit ) Cancún , Mexico - November 25 , 1975 Kaifeng , Henan , China - December 3 , 1985 Orléans , France - August 16 , 1944 , through Sister Cities International Tlalnepantla de Baz , Mexico Gallery ( edit ) Campbell Castle in Wichita 's Riverside neighborhood ( 2013 ) Century II Performing Arts & Convention Center ( 2013 ) The Commerce Street Arts District in downtown Wichita ( 2008 ) Charles Koch Arena at Wichita State University , is home to the Wichita State Shockers ( 2010 ) Davis Building at Friends University ( 2006 ) Downtown Wichita at night ( 2007 ) Eck Stadium at Wichita State University ( 2005 ) Edwin A. Ulrich Museum of Art at Wichita State University ( 2007 ) The Epic Center , the tallest building in Wichita ( 2006 ) Exploration Place science museum ( 2013 ) Locomotives on display at the Great Plains Transportation Museum ( 2007 ) Intrust Bank Arena ( 2013 ) The John Mack Bridge over the Arkansas River in south Wichita ( 2013 ) Kansas Aviation Museum , formerly Wichita Municipal Airport from 1935 to 1951 ( 2007 ) Lawrence - Dumont Stadium ( 2014 ) The Robert J. Dole Veterans Affairs Medical Center ( 2013 ) Old Sedgwick County Courthouse ( 2009 ) The Sedgwick County Soldiers and Sailors Monument ( 2013 ) The Downing Gorilla Forest at the Sedgwick County Zoo ( 2013 ) Wichita Art Museum ( 2012 ) See also ( edit ) Kansas portal United States portal Abilene Trail Arkansas Valley Interurban Railway Joyland Amusement Park Wichita Public Schools McConnell Air Force Base Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Official records for Wichita have been kept at various locations in and around the city from July 1888 to November 1953 and at the Mid-Continent Airport since December 1953 . For more information , see Threadex References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Harris , Richard ( 2002 ) . `` The Air Capital Story : Early General Aviation & Its Manufacturers '' . In Flight USA . Jump up ^ `` Travel Translator : Your guide to the local language in Wichita '' . VisitWichita.com . ^ Jump up to : Geographic Names Information System ( GNIS ) details for Wichita , Kansas ; United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) ; October 13 , 1978 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Gazetteer files 2010 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ United States Postal Service ( 2012 ) . `` USPS - Look Up a ZIP Code '' . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Wichita . CollinsDictionary.com . Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition . Retrieved October 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas : 2000 Population and Housing Unit Counts '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . July 2003 . p. 46 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population Estimates '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas '' . Population Estimates . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Miner , Prof. Craig ( Wichita State Univ . Dept. of History ) , Wichita : The Magic City , Wichita Historical Museum Association , Wichita , KS , 1988 Jump up ^ Howell , Angela and Peg Vines , The Insider 's Guide to Wichita , Wichita Eagle & Beacon Publishing , Wichita , KS , 1995 ^ Jump up to : McCoy , Daniel ( interview with Beechcraft CEO Bill Boisture ) , `` Back to Beechcraft , '' Wichita Business Journal , February 22 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Harris , Richard , `` The Air Capital Story : Early General Aviation & Its Manufacturers '' , reprinted from In Flight USA magazine on author 's own website , 2002 / 2003 ^ Jump up to : Harris , Richard , ( Chairman , Kansas Aviation Centennial ; Kansas Aviation History Speaker , Kansas Humanities Council ; Amer . Av . Historical Soc . ) , `` Kansas Aviation History : The Long Story '' , 2011 , Kansas Aviation Centennial website Jump up ^ `` Grove Park Archaeological Site '' . Historic Preservation Alliance of Wichita and Sedgwick County . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Robert L. `` Wichitas '' . Encyclopedia of the Great Plains . University of Nebraska -- Lincoln . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Sturtevant , William C. ( 1967 ) . `` Early Indian Tribes , Culture Areas , and Linguistic Stocks ( Map ) '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Purchase '' . Kansapedia . Kansas Historical Society . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas Territory '' . Kansapedia . Kansas Historical Society . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Sowers , Fred A. ( 1910 ) . `` Early History of Wichita '' . History of Wichita and Sedgwick County , Kansas . Chicago : C.F. Cooper & Co . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Elam , Earl H. ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Wichita Indians '' . Handbook of Texas ( online ed . ) . Texas State Historical Association . ^ Jump up to : Howell , Angela ; Vines , Peg ( 1995 ) . The Insider 's Guide to Wichita . Wichita , Kansas : Wichita Eagle & Beacon Publishing . ^ Jump up to : `` History of Wichita '' . Wichita Metro Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Midtown Neighborhood Plan '' ( PDF ) . Wichita - Sedgwick County Metropolitan Area Planning Department . 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Miner , Craig ( 1988 ) . Wichita : The Magic City . Wichita , Kansas : Wichita Historical Museum Association . Jump up ^ `` Oldtown History '' . OldtownWichita.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Delano 's Colorful History '' . Historic Delano , Inc . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` History of Wichita State University '' . Wichita State University . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Friends University . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Census of Population and Housing '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Overview '' . Delano Neighborhood Plan . City of Wichita , Kansas . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Price , Jay M. ( 2005 ) . El Dorado : legacy of an oil boom . Charleston , SC : Arcadia . ISBN 978 - 0738539713 . Jump up ^ `` Petroleum Refining : A 125 Year Kansas Legacy '' ( PDF ) . Kansas Department of Health and Environment . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Dilsaver , Dick ( November 18 , 1967 ) . `` Fred Koch , Industrialist , Dies in Utah '' . The Wichita Beacon . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Aeronautical Yearbook , 1929 '' . Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Tanner , Beccy ( January 5 , 2012 ) . `` Boeing 's Wichita history dates to 1927 '' . The Wichita Eagle . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Building '' . Kansas Aviation Museum . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Herman , Arthur . Freedom 's Forge : How American Business Produced Victory in World War II , pp. 297 - 300 , 307 - 8 , 314 - 318 , 321 , Random House , New York , NY , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6964 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Learjet : A Brief History '' ( PDF ) . Bombardier Inc . January 2008 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wichita , Kansas '' . Encyclopedia of the Great Plains . University of Nebraska -- Lincoln . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Mentholatum . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` First Light ( 1900 - 1929 ) '' . Coleman Company . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Bronze Sculpture of Lunch Counter for Downtown Park is Tribute to Civil Rights Activists '' . The Wichita Eagle . February 4 , 1998 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Wilkerson , Isabel ( August 4 , 1991 ) . `` Drive Against Abortion Finds a Symbol : Wichita '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Davey , Monica ; Stumpe , Joe ( May 31 , 2009 ) . `` Abortion Doctor Shot to Death in Kansas Church '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Wichita Downtown Development Corp '' . OldtownWichita.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Neil , Denise ( December 6 , 2014 ) . `` After 5 years , Intrust Bank Arena still battles image problem '' . The Wichita Eagle . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ McMillin , Molly ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` End of an era : Boeing in final stages of leaving Wichita '' . The Wichita Eagle . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Airbus Americas '' . OldtownWichita.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Siebenmark , Jerry . `` Eisenhower 's granddaughter helps Wichita rename its airport '' . The Wichita Eagle . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 - 2004 Official Transportation Map '' ( PDF ) . Kansas Department of Transportation . 2003 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` City Distance Tool '' . Geobytes . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ecoregions of Nebraska and Kansas '' ( PDF ) . Environmental Protection Agency . 2001 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Arkansas River and Wellington - McPherson Lowlands - Introduction '' . Kansas Geological Survey . May 3 , 2005 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Sedgwick County Geohydrology - Geography '' . Kansas Geological Survey . December 1965 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` City of Wichita '' ( PDF ) . Kansas Department of Transportation . June 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` General Highway Map - Sedgwick County , Kansas '' ( PDF ) . Kansas Department of Transportation . June 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Peel , M.C. ; Finlayson , B.L. ; McMahon , T.A. ( March 1 , 2007 ) . `` Updated Köppen - Geiger climate classification map '' ( PDF ) . Hydrology and Earth System Sciences . Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions ( 4 ) : 439 -- 473 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas Tornado History - Historical Tornado Facts '' . Tornadochaser.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 Wichita - area tornado '' . Jump up ^ `` PHOTOS : 1965 Wichita tornado '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Weather for Wichita , Kansas , United States of America '' . Weatherbase . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Average weather for Wichita , KS '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Weather Service Forecast Office - Wichita , KS . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : KS WICHITA '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for WICHITA / MID-CONTINENT ARPT KS 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ http://www.ait-themes.com , AitThemes.com , . `` Wichita Nightlife and Food - WichitaGov '' . www.wichitagov.org . Jump up ^ `` City of Wichita - Historic Preservation Main '' . Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau . `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Race and Ethnicity in the United States - Statistical Atlas '' . statisticalatlas.com . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder 2 '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` OMB Bulletin No. 10 - 02 '' ( PDF ) . Office of Management and Budget . December 1 , 2009 . p. 59 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` OMB Bulletin No. 10 - 02 '' ( PDF ) . Office of Management and Budget . December 1 , 2009 . p. 117 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( 2011 ) . `` Metro Area Populations as of July 2011 : 2011 - United States -- Metropolitan Statistical Area '' . 2011 American City Business Journals , Inc . American City Business Journals , Inc . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2013 '' . 2013 Population Estimates . United States Census Bureau , Population Division . August 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2014 . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Occupancy Status : 2010 - United States -- Combined Statistical Area '' . 2010 Census National Summary File of Redistricting Data . United States Census Bureau , Population Division . 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Occupancy Status : 2010 - State -- County / County Equivalent '' . 2010 Census Redistricting Data ( Public Law 94 - 171 ) Summary File . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Hawker Beechcraft secures $40 million incentive package to remain in Wichita '' . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wichita Chamber of Commerce '' . Wichitakansas.org . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Hospital ready for visitors '' , Wichita Eagle and Kansas.com , July 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Forbes article '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` uipl_3002c2a3. html . '' United States Department of Labor . Retrieved on May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wichita , Kansas '' . City-Data.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Wichita must change its thinking to stop decline , start to grow , analyst says '' . kansas . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Focus Forward Strategic Initiatives Wichita Community Foundation '' . wichitacf.org . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Bissionette , Bruce , The Wichita 4 : Cessna , Moellendick , Beech & Stearman ( from interviews with Matty Laird , Lloyd Stearman , Olive Ann Beech , Dwayne Wallace , Rawdon , Burnham , and other principals ) , Aviation Heritage Books , Destin , FL , 1999 . ^ Jump up to : Rowe , Frank J. ( aviation engineering executive ) & Prof. Craig . Miner ( Wichita State Univ . Dept. of History ) . Borne on the South Wind : A Century of Kansas Aviation , Wichita Eagle & Beacon Publishing Co. , Wichita . 1994 ( the standard reference work on Kansas aviation history ) ^ Jump up to : Penner , Marci , editor , and Richard Harris , contributor , in `` Wichita Aviation Industry '' in `` 8 Wonders of Kansas Commerce '' on the Kansas Sampler website of the Kansas Sampler Foundation , sponsored by the Kansas Humanities Council for the Kansas 150 Sesquicentennial , 2010 -- 2011 . Jump up ^ General Aviation Manufacturers Association ( GAMA ) , GAMA Statistical Databook & Industry Outlook 2007 , Washington , D.C. GAMA ( General Aviation Manufacturers Association ) , GAMA Statistical Databook & Industry Outlook 2010 , Washington , D.C. ( which includes historical data for previous 10 years ) Jump up ^ `` Boeing to close Wichita Facility by end of 2013 '' . Boeing to close Wichita Facility by end of 2013 . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wichita Art Museum Visitor Information '' . Wichitaartmuseum.org . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Ulrich Museum of Art at Wichita State University . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Who knew Wichita was such a talent pipeline to Broadway ? '' March 29 , 2017 , Wichita Eagle , retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leiker , Amy Renee , `` Opera singer Sam Ramey to coach vocal music at WSU , '' August 29 , 2012 , Wichita Eagle , retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` River Festival estimates record attendance '' . wichita.bizjournals.com . Jump up ^ `` Riverfest attendance and button sales up , arrests down '' . kansas . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Riverfest slowly turning critics to fans with killer concert lineups '' . kansas . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Wichita Public Library - Programs - 28th Annual Academy Awards Shorts , website of the Wichita Public Library , City of Wichita , Wichita , Kansas , 03 / 03 / 2014 , downloaded 09 / 22 / 2014 Jump up ^ `` 26th Annual Academy Awards Shorts , '' press release , Wichita Public Library , as posted on ( OldtownWichita.com ) , Wichita , Kansas , Jan. 24 , 2012 , downloaded Sept. 22 , 2014 Jump up ^ Pocowatchit , Rod `` Wichita Public Library to present Oscar - nominated short films , '' Wichita Eagle , Wichita , Kansas Feb 17 , 2012 , Updated : Feb 17 , 2012 , downloaded Sep 22 , 2014 Jump up ^ Pocowatchit , Rod `` Wichita Public Library Presents : Oscar Nominated Shorts 2014 '' press release , The Orpheum Theatre , Wichita , Kansas January 3 , 2014 , downloaded Sep 22 , 2014 Jump up ^ Horn , John , Associated Press , `` Obscure Oscar Nominated Films Face Battle , '' as published in The Sunday Gazette , March 12 , 1998 , Schenectady , New York , photocopied by Google News Archive Search , downloaded Sep 22 , 2014 Jump up ^ Jackson , Susan M. , `` Academy Award director to speak in Wichita , '' The Kansan , Salina , Kansas , March 26 , 2010 , downloaded September 22 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Tallgrass Film Association '' . Tallgrass Film Association . Jump up ^ Wichita Flight Festival official website , visited 2014 - 09 - 22 Jump up ^ Brisbin , Airman 1st Class Katrina M. , `` ' Wings Over McConnell ' showcases Airmen , '' press release , Public Affairs Office , 22nd Air Refueling Wing , U.S. Air Force , McConnell Air Force Base , Wichita , KS , Posted February 10 , 2012 , Updated March 10 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Our Building '' . The Wichita - Sedgwick County Historical Museum . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Keith Stokes . `` Coleman Factory Outlet and Museum - Wichita , Kansas '' . Kansastravel.org . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Wichita Kansas Attractions '' . Wichitalinks.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` INTRUST Bank Arena '' . INTRUST Bank Arena . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Search '' . INTRUST Bank Arena . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Old Town '' . OldtownWichita.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Moody 's Skid Row Beanery by Pat O'Connor : 1960s Wichita , KS Beatniks , Hoboes : Moody Connell Beats In Kansas '' . Vlib.us . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Rengers , Carrie ( June 16 , 2009 ) . `` Office This reaches 75 percent occupancy with two new tenants Have You Heard ? Wichita Eagle Blogs '' . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 8 Wonders of Kansas Art '' . kansassampler.org . Kansas Sampler Foundation . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best Places to Live 2006 '' . Money Magazine . 2006 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 MSN Real Estate best bargain markets '' . MSN Real Estate . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Peter . `` Newsmax Magazine Rates the Top 25 Most Uniquely American Cities And Towns '' . Newsmax . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Swanbeck , John ( director ) ( 1999 ) . The Big Kahuna ( Film ) . U.S.A. : Lions Gate Films . Jump up ^ Tourneur , Jacques ( director ) ( 1955 ) . Wichita ( Film ) . U.S.A. : Allied Artists Pictures Corporation . Jump up ^ Kasdan , Lawrence ( director ) ( 1994 ) . Wyatt Earp ( Film ) . U.S.A. : Warner Bros . Jump up ^ `` Wichita Town '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Chomsky , Marvin J. ( director ) ( 1979 ) . Good Luck , Miss Wyckoff ( Film ) . U.S.A. : Bel Air / Gradison Productions . Jump up ^ Hughes , John ( director ) ( 1987 ) . Planes , Trains & Automobiles ( Film ) . U.S.A. : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Ramis , Harold ( director ) ( 2005 ) . The Ice Harvest ( Film ) . U.S.A. : Focus Features . Jump up ^ Knight and Day at AllMovie Jump up ^ AP ( June 2 , 2001 ) . `` ' Dennis the Menace ' creator dies at 81 ; strip to continue '' . The Topeka Capital - Journal . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` KSCOUGARS.COM '' . www.kscougars.com . Jump up ^ `` Kansas Diamondbacks '' . www.hometeamsonline.com . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Wichita Rugby . Jump up ^ `` Wichita World XI Cricket Club -- Cricket Club in the Wichita Kansas Area '' . www.wwxicc.org . Jump up ^ `` Mayor announces plan to bring affiliated baseball team to Wichita '' . KWCH.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lefler , Dion . `` No team reveal yet , but Wichita is inching closer to MLB farm team '' . Kansas.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas Sports Hall of Fame - Home '' . kshof.org . Jump up ^ `` Wichita Sports hall of fame '' . Wichita Sports hall of fame . ^ Jump up to : `` Wichita '' . Directory of Kansas Public Officials . The League of Kansas Municipalities . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` City Manager '' . City of Wichita . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` City Council '' . City of Wichita . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Wichita Police Department '' . City of Wichita . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` - Departmental Information '' . City of Wichita . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` About Us ( Wichita Fire Department ) '' . City of Wichita , Kansas . January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sedgwick County , Kansas Government '' . Sedgwick County , Kansas . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Courthouse Information '' . U.S. District Court for the District of Kansas . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ Topic - Newcomers '' . U.S. Air Force . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Locations - Robert J. Dole Department of Veterans Affairs Medical and Regional Office Center '' . U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Division - Territory / Jurisdiction '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` FDA Southwest Regional / District Offices '' . U.S. Department of Health & Human Services . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Contact My Local Office in Kansas '' . Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 - 13 Demographic Snapshot '' . Wichita Public Schools . October 1 , 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Directory of Buildings '' ( PDF ) . Wichita Public Schools . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` South Central Kansas School Districts '' . ALTEC at University of Kansas . 2003 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Education '' . Wichita Metro Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 - 2011 School Directory '' . Roman Catholic Diocese of Wichita . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Classes '' . Bethany Lutheran School . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Holy Cross Lutheran School '' . Holy Cross Lutheran School . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Three Angels School '' . Three Angels Seventh - day Adventist Church . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Wichita Adventist Christian Academy '' . Wichita Adventist Christian Academy . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Private Schools '' ( PDF ) . Wichta Metro Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Wichita State University '' . College Portraits of Undergraduate Education . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` College Comparison Tool '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite Campuses '' . Wichita State University . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Friends Fact Sheet '' . Friends University . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 - 11 Admission Brochure '' . Newman University . p. 5 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Wichita Area Technical College '' . College Navigator . National Center for Education Statistics . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Campuses '' . Wichita Area Technical College . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` School of Medicine '' . KU Medical Center . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Education '' . Wichita Metro Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` McConnell Campus '' . Embry - Riddle Aeronautical University . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Heritage College - Wichita '' . College Navigator . National Center for Education Statistics . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` ITT Technical Institute - Wichita '' . College Navigator . National Center for Education Statistics . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Library locations '' . Wichita Public Library . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Free programs '' . Wichita Public Library . January 10 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Wichita Public Library - 2009 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Wichita Public Library . p. 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Wichita Eagle '' . Mondo Times . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Highest Circulation Kansas Newspapers '' . Mondo Times . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Wichita Business Journal '' . Mondo Times . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Wichita Kansas Newspapers '' . Mondo Newspapers . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Voice It Wichita.com '' . TCV Publishing . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` East Wichita News '' . Clifton Square . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` F5 '' . F5 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Liberty Press '' . Mondo Times . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Backstory '' . SplurgeMag . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . The Sunflower . October 13 , 2008 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Arbitron Radio Metro Map '' ( PDF ) . Arbitron . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Stations in Wichita , Kansas '' . Radio - Locator . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV Market Maps - Kansas '' . EchoStar Knowledge Base . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Us '' . KAKE . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` About Us - kwch.com '' . KWCH . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` About KSCW '' . KSCW - DT . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Us - Fox Kansas '' . KSAS . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Us - myTVwichita '' . KMTW . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Us - KSN TV '' . KSN . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Us '' . KPTS . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Wichita - Hutchinson Television Stations '' . Station Index . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Telephone & Utilities '' . Wichita Metro Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Tanner , Beccy ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` Ad Astra : Idea for Big Ditch grew after Wichita had sustained series of major floods '' . kansas.com . The Wichita Eagle . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Storm Water Management '' . City of Wichita . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Wichita and Valley Center Local Protection Project '' . United States Army Corps of Engineers . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` Flood - control ditch needs $6 M in repairs '' . ljworld.com . Lawrence Journal World . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wichita Transit '' . City of Wichita . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Christie , Les ( June 13 , 2007 ) . `` New Yorkers are top transit users '' . CNNmoney.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ [email protected] , beeline - express , . `` Beeline Express '' . www.beeline-express.com . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . www.greyhound.com . Jump up ^ `` Greyhound relocating to city 's downtown transit station '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Mid-Continent Airport History '' . Wichita Airport Authority . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Airline Information '' . Wichita Airport Authority . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` KAAO - Colonel James Jabara Airport '' . AirNav.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` KCEA - Cessna Aircraft Field Airport '' . AirNav.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` KBEC - Beech Factory Airport '' . AirNav.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` K32 - Riverside Airport '' . AirNav.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 71K - Westport Airport '' . AirNav.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Getting Around the Metro Area '' . Wichita Metro Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` UPRR Common Line Names '' . Union Pacific Railroad . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas Operating Division '' ( PDF ) . BNSF Railway. April 1 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Rail Plan 2005 - 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Kansas Department of Transportation . pp. 66 -- 67 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Wistrom , Brent ( January 11 , 2010 ) . `` Proposed Amtrak line would mean millions for Wichita '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Thruway Bus Connection ties two Amtrak routes together through Wichita '' . Amtrak. April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` City and Neighborhood Rankings '' . Walk Score . 2014 . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cummins , Ann ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Wyatt Earp 's Tombstone Vendetta '' . KNAU Public Radio . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bing , Bonnie , `` Successful Wichita natives praise their schooling here , '' Feb. 26 , 2012 , Wichita Eagle , retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GLICKMAN , Daniel Robert ( 1944 - ) '' , Biographical Information , Bioguide , U.S. Congress official website , retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ obituary : `` Donald L. Hollowell , 87 , Lawyer Who Fought for Civil Rights , '' January 2 , 2005 , New York Times , retrieved May 23 , 2017 Jump up ^ Suggs , Ernie , Donald L. Hollowell Obituary : `` Civil rights pioneer made friends , history '' , December 29 , 2004 , Atlanta Journal - Constitution , Atlanta , Georgia , as transcribed at Legacy.com , retrieved May 23 , 2017 Jump up ^ Associated Press ( Atlanta , Ga . ) , `` Wichita civil rights lawyer recalled , '' January 2 , 2005 , Topeka Capital - Journal , retrieved May 23 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Biography '' ( of Donald L. Hollowell ) , in Donald L. Hollowell Professorship , Office of Communications , Georgia School of Social Work at University of Georgia , retrieved May 23 , 2017 Jump up ^ Crosby , Emilye , Tomiko Brown - Nagin , Charlayne Hunter - Gault ; Polly J. Price , Kenneth W. Mack and Sarah H. Brown , as cited in ( book ) `` Reviews : '' Saving the Soul of Georgia : Donald L. Hollowell and the Struggle for Civil Rights , by Maurice C. Daniels ( foreword by Vernon E. Jordan Jr . ) , University of Georgia Press , retrieved May 23 , 2017 Jump up ^ Goldman , Andrew ( July 25 , 2010 ) . `` The Billionaire 's Party : David Koch is New York 's second - richest man , a celebrated patron of the arts , and the tea party 's wallet '' . New York magazine . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Koch Industries : Summary '' . OpenSecrets.org . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ LeMann , Nicholas , reviewer , book review : `` Billionaire Boys Club : ' Sons of Wichita , ' by Daniel Schulman '' , May 23 , 2014 , Sunday Book Review , New York Times , retrieved early 2017 Jump up ^ `` The Biggest , Most Influential Political Donors On The 2015 Forbes 400 , '' , September 30 , 2015 , Forbes , retrieved May 23 , 2017 Jump up ^ Curtis , Charlotte ( October 16 , 1984 ) . `` Man Without a Candidate '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kirstie Alley '' . Soylent Communications . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Jumelages et Relations Internationales - Avignon '' . Avignon.fr ( in French ) . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Atlas français de la coopération décentralisée et des autres actions extérieures '' . Ministère des affaires étrangères ( in French ) . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Interactive City Directory '' . Sister Cities International . Further reading ( edit ) See also : List of books about Sedgwick County , Kansas and List of books about State of Kansas Wichita : Illustrated History 1868 to 1880 ; Eunice S. Chapter ; 52 pages ; 1914 . ( Download 3MB PDF eBook ) History of Wichita and Sedgwick County Kansas : Past and present , including an account of the cities , towns , and villages of the county ; 2 Volumes ; O.H. Bentley ; C.F. Cooper & Co ; 454 / 479 pages ; 1910 . ( Volume1 - Download 20MB PDF eBook ) , ( Volume2 - Download 31MB PDF eBook ) External links ( edit ) Find more aboutWichita , Kansasat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata City City of Wichita Wichita - Directory of Public Officials Wichita Metro Chamber of Commerce Greater Wichita Convention & Visitors Bureau Wichita Area Sister Cities Schools USD 259 , local school district Newspapers The Wichita Eagle , local daily newspaper The College Hill Commoner , local neighborhood newspaper Historical Wichita - Sedgwick County Historical Museum Discover Historic Wichita , Brochure with Map / List / Photos / Description of 121 Registered Historic Landmarks Carthalite - Wichita 's Beautiful Concrete , Fall 2007 issue of American Bungalow magazine Wichita History at a Glance Wichita Photo Archives at WSU Historic photos of Wichita African - American community on YouTube , from Hatteberg 's People on KAKE TV news Travel Wichita Mid-Continent Airport ( ICT ) Maps Wichita City Map , KSDOT City of Wichita General Demographics Education Geography and climate Government History Timeline Media Metropolitan area Notable people Sports Transportation Neighborhoods College Hill Delano Downtown Wichita El Pueblo Midtown Riverside Landmarks and culture Botanica Epic Center Joyland The Keeper of the Plains Music Theatre Wichita Orpheum Theatre Sedgwick County Extension Arboretum Sedgwick County Zoo Towne East Square Towne West Square Wichita Public Library Wichita Symphony Orchestra Museums Exploration Place Great Plains Transportation Museum Kansas Aviation Museum Kansas Sports Hall of Fame Mid-America All - Indian Center Museum of World Treasures Old Cowtown Museum Wichita Art Museum Wichita - Sedgwick County Historical Museum Event venues Century II Performing Arts & Convention Center Cessna Stadium Charles Koch Arena Cotillion Ballroom Eck Stadium Hartman Arena Intrust Bank Arena Kansas Coliseum Lawrence -- Dumont Stadium Colleges and universities Friends University Newman University University of Kansas School of Medicine Wichita Area Technical College Wichita State University hide Municipalities and communities of Sedgwick County , Kansas , United States County seat : Wichita Cities Andale Bel Aire Bentley Cheney Clearwater Colwich Derby Eastborough Garden Plain Goddard Haysville Kechi Maize Mount Hope Mulvane ‡ Park City Sedgwick ‡ Valley Center Viola Wichita CDPs McConnell AFB Oaklawn - Sunview Unincorporated communities Anness Bayneville Bellaire Berwet Clonmel Furley Greenwich Greenwich Heights Murray Gill Peck ‡ Prospect St. Marks St. Mary Aleppo St. Paul Schulte Sunnydale Waco Wego Townships Afton Attica Delano Eagle Erie Garden Plain Grand River Grant Greeley Gypsum Illinois Kechi Lincoln Minneha Morton Ninnescah Ohio Park Payne Riverside Rockford Salem Sherman Union Valley Center Viola Waco Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties All - America City Award : Hall of Fame Akron , Ohio Anchorage , Alaska Asheville , North Carolina Baltimore Boston Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus , Ohio Dayton , Ohio Des Moines , Iowa Edinburg , Texas Fayetteville , North Carolina Fort Wayne , Indiana Fort Worth , Texas Gastonia , North Carolina Grand Island , Nebraska Grand Rapids , Michigan Hickory , North Carolina Independence , Missouri Kansas City , Missouri Laurinburg , North Carolina New Haven , Connecticut Peoria , Illinois Philadelphia Phoenix , Arizona Roanoke , Virginia Rockville , Maryland Saint Paul , Minnesota San Antonio Seward , Alaska Shreveport , Louisiana Tacoma , Washington Toledo , Ohio Tupelo , Mississippi Wichita , Kansas Worcester , Massachusetts Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in Kansas Jeff Longwell ( Wichita ) Carl R. Gerlach ( Overland Park ) David Alvey ( Kansas City ) Michelle De La Isla ( Topeka ) Michael Copeland ( Olathe ) GND : 4236712 - 8 LCCN : n79148824 NARA : 10046508 VIAF : 244627762 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wichita,_Kansas&oldid=850393355 '' Categories : Wichita , Kansas Wichita metropolitan area Cities in Kansas County seats in Kansas Cities in Sedgwick County , Kansas Populated places established in 1868 Populated places on the Arkansas River 1868 establishments in Kansas Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use mdy dates from February 2018 Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bamanankan Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hornjoserbsce Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Italiano עברית Kapampangan ქართული Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кырык мары Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Taqbaylit ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray Yorùbá 粵語中文 77 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 16 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the largest city in kansas on the arkansas river	[ "Wichita (/ˈwɪtʃɪtɔː/ WITCH-i-taw)[8]\nis the largest city in the U.S. state of Kansas.[9][5] Located in south-central Kansas on the Arkansas River, it is the county seat of Sedgwick County and the principal city of the Wichita metropolitan area[3][5][10] which had an estimated population of 644,610 in 2015.[11] As of 2017, the city of Wichita had an estimated population of 391,586.[6]\n" ]	[ "Wichita" ]
-7726110842173348528	Politics of Indonesia	Politics of Indonesia - wikipedia Politics of Indonesia Jump to : navigation , search See also : Government of Indonesia Indonesia This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Indonesia Pancasila ( national philosophy ) Constitution Executive ( show ) President ( list ) Joko Widodo Vice President ( list ) Jusuf Kalla Cabinet Regional government Legislative ( show ) People 's Consultative Assembly People 's Representative Council Regional Representative Council Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court Constitutional Court Judicial Commission Elections ( show ) Political parties Recent elections Legislative : 2004 2009 2014 Presidential : 2004 2009 2014 Administrative divisions ( show ) Provinces ( first level ) Regencies and cities ( second level ) Districts and subdistricts ( third level ) Villages ( fourth level ) Foreign relations Other countries Atlas The Politics of Indonesia take place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic , whereby the President of Indonesia is both head of state and head of government , and of a multi-party system . Executive power is exercised by the government . Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two People 's Representative Councils . The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature . The 1945 constitution provided for a limited separation of executive , legislative and judicial power . The governmental system has been described as `` presidential with parliamentary characteristics . '' Following the Indonesian riots of May 1998 and the resignation of President Suharto , several political reforms were set in motion via amendments to the Constitution of Indonesia , which resulted in changes to all branches of government . The Economist Intelligence Unit has rated Indonesia as `` flawed democracy '' in 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Liberal democracy era 1.2 Guided Democracy era 1.3 Transition to the New Order 1.4 New order era 1.5 The reform era 2 Executive branch 3 Legislative branch 4 Political parties and elections 5 Judicial branch 6 Foreign relations 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Liberal Democracy era ( edit ) Further information : Liberal democracy period in Indonesia An era of Liberal Democracy ( Indonesian : Demokrasi Liberal ) in Indonesia began on August 17 , 1950 following the dissolution of the federal United States of Indonesia less than a year after its formation , and ended with the imposition of martial law and President Sukarno 's decree regarding the introduction of Guided Democracy on July 5 , 1959 . It saw a number of important events , including the 1955 Bandung Conference , Indonesia 's first general and Constitutional Assembly elections , and an extended period of political instability , with no cabinet lasting as long as two years . Guided Democracy era ( edit ) Further information : Guided Democracy in Indonesia Guided Democracy ( Indonesian : Demokrasi Terpimpin ) was the political system in place in Indonesia from 1957 until the New Order began in 1966 . It was the brainchild of President Sukarno , and was an attempt to bring about political stability . Sukarno believed that Western - style democracy was inappropriate for Indonesia 's situation . Instead , he sought a system based on the traditional village system of discussion and consensus , which occurred under the guidance of village elders . Transition to the New Order ( edit ) Further information : Transition to the New Order Indonesia 's transition to the `` New Order '' in the mid-1960s , ousted the country 's first president , Sukarno , after 22 years in the position . One of the most tumultuous periods in the country 's modern history , it was the commencement of Suharto 's 31 - year presidency . Described as the great dhalang ( `` puppet master '' ) , Sukarno drew power from balancing the opposing and increasingly antagonistic forces of the army and Indonesian Communist Party ( PKI ) . By 1965 , the PKI extensively penetrated all levels of government and gained influence at the expense of the army . On 30 September 1965 , six of the military 's most senior officers were killed in an action ( generally labelled an `` attempted coup '' ) by the so - called 30 September Movement , a group from within the armed forces . Within a few hours , Major General Suharto mobilised forces under his command and took control of Jakarta . Anti-communists , initially following the army 's lead , went on a violent purge of communists throughout the country , killing an estimated half million people and destroying the PKI , which was officially blamed for the crisis . The politically weakened Sukarno was forced to transfer key political and military powers to General Suharto , who had become head of the armed forces . In March 1967 , the Indonesian parliament ( MPRS ) named General Suharto acting president . He was formally appointed president one year later . Sukarno lived under virtual house arrest until his death in 1970 . In contrast to the stormy nationalism , revolutionary rhetoric , and economic failure that characterised the early 1960s under the left - leaning Sukarno , Suharto 's pro-Western `` New Order '' stabilized the economy but continued the policies of Pancasila . New Order era ( edit ) Further information : New Order ( Indonesia ) The New Order ( Indonesian : Orde Baru ) is the term coined by the second Indonesian President Suharto to characterise his regime as he came to power in 1966 . Suharto used this term to contrast his rule with that of his predecessor , Sukarno ( dubbed the `` Old Order , '' or Orde Lama ) . The term `` New Order '' in more recent times has become synonymous with the Suharto years ( 1966 -- 1998 ) . Immediately following the attempted coup in 1965 , the political situation was uncertain , but the Suharto 's New Order found much popular support from groups wanting a separation from Indonesia 's problems since its independence . The ' generation of 66 ' ( Angkatan 66 ) epitomised talk of a new group of young leaders and new intellectual thought . Following Indonesia 's communal and political conflicts , and its economic collapse and social breakdown of the late 1950s through to the mid-1960s , the `` New Order '' was committed to achieving and maintaining political order , economic development , and the removal of mass participation in the political process . The features of the `` New Order '' established from the late 1960s were thus a strong political role for the military , the bureaucratisation and corporatisation of political and societal organisations , and selective but effective repression of opponents . Strident anti-communism remained a hallmark of the regime for its subsequent 32 years . Within a few years , however , many of its original allies had become indifferent or averse to the New Order , which comprised a military faction supported by a narrow civilian group . Among much of the pro-democracy movement which forced Suharto to resign in the 1998 Indonesian Revolution and then gained power , the term `` New Order '' has come to be used pejoratively . It is frequently employed to describe figures who were either tied to the Suharto period , or who upheld the practises of his authoritarian regime , such as corruption , collusion and nepotism ( widely known by the acronym KKN : korupsi , kolusi , nepotisme ) . The reform era ( edit ) Further information : Post-Suharto era Map showing the parties / organisations with the largest vote share per province in Indonesia 's elections from 1971 to 2014 The Post-Suharto era in Indonesia began with the fall of Suharto in 1998 during which Indonesia has been in a period of transition , an era known in Indonesia as Reformasi ( English : Reform ) . A more open and liberal political - social environment ensued following the resignation of authoritarian President Suharto , ending the three decades of the New Order period . A constitutional reform process lasted from 1999 to 2002 , with four constitutional amendments producing important changes . Among these are term limits of up to 2 five - year terms for the President and Vice-President , and measures to institute checks and balances . The highest state institution is the People 's Consultative Assembly ( MPR ) , whose functions previously included electing the president and vice-president ( since 2004 the president has been elected directly by the people ) , establishing broad guidelines of state policy , and amending the constitution . The 695 - member MPR includes all 550 members of the People 's Representative Council ( DPR ) ( the House of Representatives ) plus 130 `` regional representatives '' elected by the twenty - six provincial parliaments and sixty - five appointed members from societal groups The DPR , which is the premier legislative institution , originally included 462 members elected through a mixed proportional / district representational system and thirty - eight appointed members of the armed forces ( TNI ) and police ( POLRI ) . TNI / POLRI representation in the DPR and MPR ended in 2004 . Societal group representation in the MPR was eliminated in 2004 through further constitutional change . Having served as rubberstamp bodies in the past , the DPR and MPR have gained considerable power and are increasingly assertive in oversight of the executive branch . Under constitutional changes in 2004 , the MPR became a bicameral legislature , with the creation of the Dewan Perwakilan Daerah ( DPD ) , in which each province is represented by four members , although its legislative powers are more limited than those of the DPR . Through his appointed cabinet , the president retains the authority to conduct the administration of the government . A general election in June 1999 produced the first freely elected national , provincial and regional parliaments in over forty years . In October 1999 the MPR elected a compromise candidate , Abdurrahman Wahid , as the country 's fourth president , and Megawati Sukarnoputri -- a daughter of Sukarno , the country 's first president -- as the vice-president . Megawati 's PDI - P party had won the largest share of the vote ( 34 % ) in the general election , while Golkar , the dominant party during the Soeharto era , came in second ( 22 % ) . Several other , mostly Islamic parties won shares large enough to be seated in the DPR . Further democratic elections took place in 2004 and 2009 . The Indonesian political system before and after the constitutional amendments Executive branch ( edit ) Main office holders Office Name Party Since President Joko Widodo Indonesian Democratic Party - Struggle 20 October 2014 Vice President Jusuf Kalla No Party 20 October 2014 The president and vice-president are selected by vote of the citizens for five - year terms . Prior to 2004 , they were chosen by People 's Consultative Assembly . The last election was held 9 July 2014 . The president heads the Kabinet Kerja which means the cabinet of work . The President of Indonesia is directly elected for a maximum of two five - year terms , and is the head of state , commander - in - chief of Indonesian armed forces and responsible for domestic governance and policy - making and foreign affairs . The president appoints a cabinet , who do not have to be elected members of the legislature . Legislative branch ( edit ) The legislative building complex . The People 's Representative Council . The People 's Consultative Assembly ( Indonesian : Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat , MPR ) is the legislative branch in Indonesia 's political system . Following elections in 2004 , the MPR became a bicameral parliament , with the creation of the DPD as its second chamber in an effort to increase regional representation . The Regional Representatives Council ( Indonesian : Dewan Perwakilan Daerah , DPD ) is the upper house of The People 's Consultative Assembly . The lower house is The People 's Representative Council ( Indonesian : Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat , DPR ) , sometimes referred to as the House of Representatives , which has 560 members , elected for a five - year term by proportional representation in multi-member constituencies . Political parties and elections ( edit ) For other political parties , see List of political parties in Indonesia . An overview on elections and election results is included in Elections in Indonesia . The General Elections Commission ( Indonesian : Komisi Pemilihan Umum , KPU ) is the body responsible for running both parliamentary and presidential elections in Indonesia . Article 22E ( 5 ) of the Constitution rules that the Commission is national , permanent , and independent . Prior to the General Election of 2004 , KPU was made up of members who were also members of political parties . However , members of KPU must now be non-partisan . Main article : Indonesian presidential election , 2014 e d Summary of 9 July 2014 Indonesian presidential election result Candidate Running mate Parties Votes % Joko Widodo Jusuf Kalla Indonesian Democratic Party -- Struggle ( Partai Demokrasi Indonesia - Perjuangan ) 70,997,833 53.15 Prabowo Subianto Hatta Rajasa Great Indonesia Movement Party ( Partai Gerakan Indonesia Raya ) 62,576,444 46.85 Total 133,574,277 100.00 Valid votes 133,574,277 98.98 Spoilt and null votes 1,379,690 1.02 Turnout 134,953,967 69.58 Abstentions 58,990,183 30.42 Registered voters 193,944,150 Source : KPU Main article : Indonesian legislative election , 2014 e d Summary of the 9 April 2014 Indonesian People 's Representative Council election results Parties Votes % Swing Seats % + / - Indonesian Democratic Party -- Struggle ( Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan , PDI -- P ) 23,681,471 18.95 4.92 109 19.47 15 Party of the Functional Groups ( Partai Golongan Karya , Golkar ) 18,432,312 14.75 0.30 91 16.25 15 Great Indonesia Movement Party ( Partai Gerakan Indonesia Raya , Gerindra ) 14,760,371 11.81 7.35 73 13.04 47 Democratic Party ( Partai Demokrat , PD ) 12,728,913 10.19 10.66 61 10.89 87 National Mandate Party ( Partai Amanat Nasional , PAN ) 9,481,621 7.59 1.58 49 8.75 National Awakening Party ( Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa , PKB ) 11,298,957 9.04 4.10 47 8.39 19 Prosperous Justice Party ( Partai Keadilan Sejahtera , PKS ) 8,480,204 6.79 1.09 40 7.14 17 United Development Party ( Partai Persatuan Pembangunan , PPP ) 8,157,488 6.53 1.21 39 6.96 Nasdem Party ( Partai Nasdem , Nasdem ) 8,402,812 6.72 New 35 6.25 New People 's Conscience Party ( Partai Hati Nurani Rakyat , Hanura ) 6,579,498 5.26 1.49 16 2.86 Crescent Star Party ( Partai Bulan Bintang , PBB ) 1,825,750 1.46 0.33 0 0.00 Indonesian Justice and Unity Party ( Partai Keadilan dan Persatuan Indonesia , PKPI ) 1,143,094 0.91 0.01 0 0.00 Total 124,972,491 100.00 560 100.00 Spoilt and null votes 14,601,436 7.86 6.57 Voter turnout 139,573,927 75.11 4.12 Electorate 185,826,024 Source : General Election Commission and People 's Representative Council website Note : Seat change totals are displayed only for parties which stood in the previous election , including those which changed party names Parties contesting in Aceh only Aceh Party ( Partai Aceh ) Aceh National Party ( Partai Nasional Aceh , PNA ) New Aceh Peace Party ( Partai Damai Aceh , PDA ) New Source : Note : 1 . Results are pending to appeals made in the Constitutional Court . 2 . Aceh local parties only contested for the regional legislative assemblies , not the DPR . Results are included here for completeness . The remainder of the votes were won by national parties . Judicial branch ( edit ) The Indonesian Supreme Court ( Indonesian : Mahkamah Agung ) is the highest level of the judicial branch . Its judges are appointed by the president . The Constitutional Court ( Indonesian : Mahkamah Konstitusi ) rules on constitutional and political matters , while a Judicial Commission ( Indonesian : Komisi Yudisial ) oversees the judges . Foreign relations ( edit ) Main article : Foreign relations of Indonesia During the regime of president Suharto , Indonesia built strong relations with the United States and had difficult relations with the People 's Republic of China owing to Indonesia 's anti-communist policies and domestic tensions with the Chinese community . It received international denunciation for its annexation of East Timor in 1978 . Indonesia is a founding member of the Association of South East Asian Nations , and thereby a member of both ASEAN + 3 and the East Asia Summit . Since the 1980s , Indonesia has worked to develop close political and economic ties between South East Asian nations , and is also influential in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation . Indonesia was heavily criticised between 1975 and 1999 for allegedly suppressing human rights in East Timor , and for supporting violence against the East Timorese following the latter 's secession and independence in 1999 . Since 2001 , the government of Indonesia has co-operated with the US in cracking down on Islamic fundamentalism and terrorist groups . See also ( edit ) Indonesia portal Constitution of Indonesia Administrative divisions of Indonesia List of Presidents of Indonesia List of Vice-Presidents of Indonesia Foreign relations of Indonesia Corruption in Indonesia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ King , Blair . A Inside Indonesia : Constitutional tinkering : The search for consensus is taking time Archived 29 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine . access date 23 May 2009 Jump up ^ King , Blair . A Inside Indonesia : Constitutional tinkering : The search for consensus is taking time Archived 29 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine . access date 23 May 2009 Jump up ^ solutions , EIU digital . `` Democracy Index 2016 - The Economist Intelligence Unit '' . www.eiu.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Ricklefs ( 1991 ) , pp. 271 - 283 Jump up ^ Chris Hilton ( writer and director ) ( 2001 ) . Shadowplay ( Television documentary ) . Vagabond Films and Hilton Cordell Productions . ; Ricklefs ( 1991 ) , pages 280 -- 283 , 284 , 287 -- 290 Jump up ^ Robert Cribb ( 2002 ) . `` Unresolved Problems in the Indonesian Killings of 1965 - 1966 '' . Asian Survey . 42 ( 4 ) : 550 -- 563 . doi : 10.1525 / as. 2002.42. 4.550 . ; Friend ( 2003 ) , page 107 - 109 , 113 . Jump up ^ Stop talk of KKN Archived 26 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... The Jakarta Post ( 24 August 2001 ) . Jump up ^ US Indonesia Diplomatic and Political Cooperation Handbook , Int'l Business Publications , 2007 , ISBN 1433053306 , page CRS - 5 Jump up ^ Robin Bush , Nahdlatul Ulama and the Struggle for Power Within Islam and Politics in Indonesia , Institute of Southeast Asian Studies , 2009 , ISBN 9812308768 , page 111 Jump up ^ Ryan Ver Berkmoes , Lonely Planet Indonesia , 2010 , ISBN 1741048303 , page 49 Jump up ^ Denny Indrayana ( 2008 ) , pp. 360 - 361 Jump up ^ Denny Indrayana ( 2008 ) , pp. 361 - 362 Jump up ^ Denny Indrayana ( 2008 ) , pp. 293 - 296 Jump up ^ `` Indonesia 's military : Business as usual '' . 16 August 2002 . Jump up ^ Denny Indrayana ( 2008 ) , pp. 265 , 361 , 441 Jump up ^ Denny Indrayana ( 2008 ) , pp. 361 , 443 , 440 Jump up ^ Denny Indrayana ( 2008 ) , pp. 264 - 265 , 367 Jump up ^ The Jakarta Post ( 22 July 2014 ) . `` Jokowi named president - elect '' . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Inggried Dwi Wedhaswary . `` PDI - P Pemenang Pemilu Legislatif 2014 '' ( in Indonesian ) . Kompas . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.kpu.go.id/koleksigambar/952014_SK_KPU_411.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.kpu.go.id/koleksigambar/952014_SK_KPU_412.pdf Jump up ^ Palupi Annisa Auliani . `` Lebih dari 14 Juta Suara Pemilu Legislatif 2014 Rusak ? '' ( in Indonesian ) . Kompas . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Deytri Robekka Aritonang . `` Ini Sebaran Kursi Partai di 33 Provinsi '' ( in Indonesian ) . Kompas . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Denny Indrayana ( 2008 ) , p266 - 267 Further reading ( edit ) Denny Indrayana ( 2008 ) Indonesian Constitutional Reform 1999 - 2002 : An Evaluation of Constitution - Making in Transition , Kompas Book Publishing , Jakarta ISBN 978 - 979 - 709 - 394 - 5 O'Rourke , Kevin . 2002 . Reformasi : the struggle for power in post-Soeharto Indonesia . Crows Nest , NSW : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 1 - 86508 - 754 - 8 Schwarz , Adam . 2000 . A nation in waiting : Indonesia 's search for stability . Boulder , CO : Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 3650 - 3 External links ( edit ) Republic of Indonesia - National portal Government of Indonesia Executive Branch National Government Elected Officials President of Indonesia list Vice President of Indonesia list Cabinet ( List ) and Ministries Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs Coordinating Minister for Human Development and Cultural Affairs Coordinating Minister for Maritime Affairs Coordinating Minister for Political , Legal , and Security Affairs Agriculture Administrative and Bureaucratic Reform Communication and Informatics Technology Cooperation and Small & Medium Enterprises Defence Education and Culture Energy and Mineral Resources Environment and Forestry Female Empowerment and Child Protection Finance Foreign Affairs Health Home Affairs Industry Land and Spatial Planning Law and Human Rights Manpower Maritime Affairs and Fisheries National Development Planning Public Works and Public Housing Religious Affairs Research , Technology and Higher Education Social Services State Owned Enterprises Ministry of State Secretariat Tourism Trade Transportation Village , Disadvantaged Regions and Transmigration Youth and Sports Affairs Non-Ministrial Government Agency National Archives of Indonesia Creative Economy Agency Geospatial Information Agency State Intelligence Maritime Security Agency Civil Service Population and Family Planning Investment Coordination Meteorology , Climatology and Geophysics National Anti-Narcotics Agency National Disaster Management National Agency for Combating Terrorism Indonesian Workers Placement and Protection Financial and Development Comptroller Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency National Agency of Drug and Food Control Technological Assessment and Application National Development Planning National Land Agency Central Statistics Search and Rescue Indonesian Standardization Body National Nuclear Energy Agency State Administration Body Indonesian Institute of Sciences Government Procurement Policy National Resilience National Institute of Aeronautics and Space State Code and Cyber Agency National Library of Indonesia Non-Structural Agency Corruption Eradication Commission Financial Services Authority Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Center General Elections Commission National Team for Transportation Safety and Security Local Government Governor Regent or Mayor Legislative Branch National Government People 's Consultative Assembly People 's Representative Council Regional Representative Council Local Government Regional People 's Representative Council Judicial Branch Supreme Court Constitutional Court Judicial Commission Other Government Agencies Bank Indonesia Military and Police Indonesian National Armed Forces Air Force Army Marine Corps Navy Indonesian National Police Mobile Brigade Corps Municipal Police Indonesia portal WikiProject Commons Category Indonesia articles History Timeline Hinduism - Buddhism era Spread of Islam VOC era ( 1603 -- 1800 ) Dutch East Indies ( 1800 -- 1942 ) Japanese occupation ( 1942 -- 45 ) National Revolution ( 1945 -- 49 ) Liberal democracy era ( 1950 -- 57 ) Guided Democracy ( 1957 -- 65 ) Transitional period ( 1965 -- 66 ) New Order ( 1966 -- 98 ) Reformasi ( since 1998 ) Geography Cities Deforestation Earthquakes Environmental issues Geology Islands Lakes Mountains National parks Natural history Fauna Flora Rivers Volcanoes Politics Administrative divisions Provinces Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights Law enforcement Military History Pancasila People 's Consultative Assembly Police Political parties President Economy Agriculture Aviation Banks Energy History Palm oil production Science and technology Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Water supply and sanitation Culture Architecture Art Batik Cinema Cuisine Dance Ikat Heroes Legends Literature Martial arts Media Music Properties Public holidays Sport Video gaming Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health Languages Indonesian Nusantara Religion Women Symbols Anthem Costume Emblem Faunal emblems Asian arowana Javan hawk - 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Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Indonesia&oldid=841897874 '' Categories : Politics of Indonesia Government of Indonesia Politics of Southeast Asia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Indonesian - language sources ( id ) EngvarB from September 2015 Use dmy dates from September 2015 Articles containing Indonesian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Português Tiếng Việt 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 19 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the system of government in indonesia	[ "The Politics of Indonesia take place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Indonesia is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two People's Representative Councils. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.[1]" ]	[ "presidential representative democratic republic" ]
-6957315255800559581	Hi Honey, I'm Home!	Hi Honey , I 'm home ! - Wikipedia Hi Honey , I 'm home ! Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hi Honey , I 'm Home ! Genre Sitcom , Satire Created by Rick Mitz Penny Stallings Barry Secunda Starring Charlotte Booker Stephen C. Bradbury Julie Benz Peter Benson Susan Cella Theme music composer Rupert Holmes Opening theme `` Hi Honey , I 'm Home ! '' performed by Rupert Holmes Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 14 ( 1 unaired ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Rick Mitz Producer ( s ) Penny Stallings Running time 22 -- 24 minutes Production company ( s ) RiPe Productions Nick at Nite ( MTV Networks ) Distributor Viacom Enterprises ( Viacom ) Release Original network ABC ( Season 1 ) Nick at Nite ( Season 1 & 2 ) Original release July 19 , 1991 ( 1991 - 07 - 19 ) -- July 12 , 1992 ( 1992 - 07 - 12 ) Hi Honey , I 'm Home ! is an American television sitcom that ran from July 19 , 1991 , to July 12 , 1992 for 13 episodes . Each week , a new episode of the series aired on ABC as part of its Friday night TGIF lineup . The same episode would re-air Sunday night on Nickelodeon as part of the channel 's Nick at Nite lineup . ABC stopped airing the series after the sixth episode of the first season . The show 's second and final season only aired on Nick at Nite before being canceled in July 1992 . The series was taped before a live audience in Nickelodeon Studios at Universal Studios Florida . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Characters 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 1991 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 1992 ) 4 References 5 External links Premise ( edit ) The Nielsens ( named after the Nielsen ratings ) are a family of fictional characters from a 1950s sitcom that has been canceled ; they have been relocated to a real world New Jersey suburb in 1991 , which is different from the world they know . They use a device called a Turnerizer ( named after Ted Turner ) to switch between color and black - and - white within their home . Mike Duff , the teenage son of the family next door , is the only real - world person who knows their secret . In most episodes , there are guest appearances by actors from classic TV shows , playing their characters ; e.g. , Gale Gordon appears in episode 1 as Theodore J. Mooney ( from The Lucy Show ) . Characters ( edit ) Honey Nielsen ( Charlotte Booker ) -- An archetypal 1950s sitcom housewife and mom . Her catchphrase is `` Oh , pooh ! '' whenever anything went wrong ( although at the end of the original pilot , she said `` Oh , hell ! '' ) . Elaine is her friend , although she does n't understand the modern era , and she occasionally helps Elaine realize that there are still some times when simplicity works . Mike looks to her as a surrogate mother , since Elaine works full - time and goes to night school and is n't around a lot . Lloyd Nielsen ( Stephen C. Bradbury ) -- The bumbling , clueless dad . He tends to think himself automatically right in any conflict because he is a man , but can not keep a job for any real length of time . He clashes with Elaine 's liberalism . Babs Nielsen ( Julie Benz ) -- The Nielsens ' pretty , popular , and well - endowed , but spoiled and vain , teenage daughter . Target of a crush by Mike Duff , which she does n't reciprocate . Chucky Nielsen ( Danny Gura ) -- The Nielsens ' chubby and naive younger son . Is sometimes used as a pawn by Skunk . Elaine Duff ( Susan Cella ) -- Sarcastic next - door neighbor to the Nielsens and single mom to two sons . Her husband left her for another woman after she worked to put him through college . Her hyper - liberalism is contrasted with Lloyd 's conservative viewpoints and thus clashes with him at times . She works full - time and attends night school , so she is seldom home . She attempts to teach Honey about the realism of the 1990s while Honey sometimes helps Elaine to remember the simplicity that epitomized the 1950s . Mike Duff ( Peter Benson ) -- Elaine Duff 's couch potato teenage son who knows the real identities of the Nielsens , as he is something of a television junkie . Has a crush on Babs which is n't reciprocated . He , along with his mother , try to teach the Nielsens about life in the 1990s . Mike sometimes looks to Honey as the mother he always wanted since Elaine is seldom home , due to her work and school schedule . Sidney `` Skunk '' Duff ( Eric Kushnick ) -- Elaine 's youngest , trouble making son , known for a developing criminal career . Elaine is not fully able to handle him . He is always demanding that he wants to live with his father , as opposed to his mother . The original unaired pilot featured two actors who were later recast . Actress Dee Hoty was originally cast as Elaine Duff , but was replaced by Susan Cella . Future Backstreet Boy A.J. McLean was originally cast as Sidney `` Skunk '' Duff and was replaced by Eric Kushnick . The pilot was then re-shot with the different actors and aired . The original pilot eventually aired during Nickelodeon 's `` Nick Knew Them When '' anniversary marathon on June 27 , 1999 , highlighting A.J. McLean 's involvement in the program . Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 1991 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date `` Meet the Nielsens '' July 19 , 1991 ( 1991 - 07 - 19 ) In this episode , Mike Duff finds Hi Honey , I 'm Home has been canceled , only to discover that the people from the show have just moved next door to him . Honey gets him to promise never to reveal that he knows their secret . Lloyd suddenly springs a dinner on Honey that she was n't expecting , and this time , she ca n't make a miracle happen . Mike begins to teach her about modern life . Guest star : Gale Gordon as Theodore J. Mooney from The Lucy Show . `` Make My Bed '' July 26 , 1991 ( 1991 - 07 - 26 ) After a robbery experience , Honey goes to a self - defense class with Elaine . Lloyd prefers his gun collection , which actually draws robbers to the house . In classic male form , Lloyd faints , but Elaine and Honey manage to repel the intruders , with Honey daring them to `` Go ahead , make my bed ! '' Guest star : Barbara Billingsley as June Cleaver from Leave It To Beaver . `` Fur Flies '' August 2 , 1991 ( 1991 - 08 - 02 ) Lloyd forces Honey to choose between her marriage to him and her friendship with Elaine , leaving Honey quite depressed and Elaine quite irate . Lloyd gets an unexpected visit from Alice and Trixie , who indicate that he and Elaine have very similar qualities ( which explains the marriage and the friendship ) , that Honey must be friendly with Elaine , and that women are much smarter than Lloyd thinks they are . Honey proves this by becoming Lloyd 's temporary duplicate and clone , even handcuffing herself to him . Finally , she decides to `` draw the line '' and demand that he respect her friendships the same as she 's always respected his . Guest stars : Audrey Meadows and Joyce Randolph as Alice Kramden and Trixie Norton from The Honeymooners . `` Hi Mom , I 'm Not Home '' August 9 , 1991 ( 1991 - 08 - 09 ) It 's Mike 's birthday , and Elaine wants to spend it with him , but she has to work too much , so he spends his time with Honey . Elaine feels this is a personal affront , because she and Mike were once best pals . Upon learning how Elaine feels , Honey beseeches help from Lucy ... Guest star : Jim Nabors as Gomer Pyle from The Andy Griffith Show and Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. . 5 5 `` Grey Skies '' August 16 , 1991 ( 1991 - 08 - 16 ) Lloyd 's inability to find a job leads to him losing his television person - hood and becoming a normal man with a severe case of depression . Elaine convinces Honey to take Lloyd to a therapist . She also gets him hired , but pays his salary until Lloyd overheard her . Then Mike and company try to restore his spirits with a variation of This is your life ! that does n't go well . Lloyd only recovers when he gets a visit from Grandpa ( Munster ) Dracula . Guest star : Al Lewis as Grandpa ( Munster ) Dracula from The Munsters . 6 6 `` SRP '' August 23 , 1991 ( 1991 - 08 - 23 ) The Nielsens have a chance to go back on the air , as a timeslot has opened up . But it 's on the night before Mike has finally gotten Babs to go out with him . In desperation , he confesses the truth about the Neilsons to Elaine , who discounts him but warns Honey and asks if Mike is around too much . This is a threat to their ability to return to television . Mike later steals the Turner - izer device , but has a nightmare about the consequences and returns it , bidding the team a fond farewell . Honey realizes she ca n't abandon Mike , so she improvises a new script for the family to follow , with herself as a smoker , Babs as a mother , Lloyd as a transvestite , and Chucky as a tattooed delinquent . The SRP representative is not pleased , and gives the slot to the beloathed Brady Bunch . Guest star : Ann B. Davis as Alice Nelson from The Brady Bunch . * The original , unaired pilot aired on Nickelodeon on June 27 , 1999 . Season 2 ( 1992 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 7 `` That Kind of Girl '' June 6 , 1992 ( 1992 - 06 - 06 ) The Neilsons learn about sex . 8 `` Honey 's First Job '' June 7 , 1992 ( 1992 - 06 - 07 ) Honey gets a job as a waitress in a biker bar . Guest star : Eva Gabor as Lisa Douglas from Green Acres . 9 `` Take My Son Please '' June 14 , 1992 ( 1992 - 06 - 14 ) Skunk desires new Skyhooks shoes , which Elaine wo n't pay for . Chucky desires to be friends with someone , anyone . So Skunk convinces Chucky to help he and another friend steal from a vacationing neighbor 's house in order to get the money for the shoes . Chucky is then left behind and arrested . The Neilsons are angry , and Chucky is punished . He refuses to rat the other thieves out , but Honey suspects Skunk . Elaine is outraged . Later on , she interrogates Skunk herself , but he denies it . But the truth comes out when Elaine and Chucky arrive in the house , and Chucky asks Skunk if they can be friends . Skunk refuses , saying Chucky got caught . Chucky pleads that he was loyal , and did n't expose him , but Skunk is unmoved . In anger , Chucky tells Skunk to kiss his Skyhooks goodbye , and microwaves them . Skunk prepared to attack Chucky , only to have a very angry Elaine put a stop to that . She decides to send him to his father , as he 's always saying he 'd rather be with him anyway . But in the end , she foolishly backs down . This does not mean , however , that Skunk gets away without punishment ... Guest star : Ken Osmond as Eddie Haskell from Leave It to Beaver . 10 `` Elaine Takes a Wife '' June 21 , 1992 ( 1992 - 06 - 21 ) Elaine , who keeps asking Honey for favors , feels that Lloyd is taking advantage of Honey 's kindness , and convinces Elaine to look at a college catalogue . Mike finds that Babs is doing the same thing to him . A few days later , Mike and Honey , and Georgette Baxter , meet at the same class , `` The Doormat Dilema -- say yes to no . '' Georgette is the teacher , it turns out . She uses the idea of the U.S.S. Minnow and Mike and Honey being stranded . Mike is repairing the ship , while Honey is keeping the place clean , and she finds a sandwich . She gives it to him at first , then offers half to him , but spurred on by Georgette , Honey learns to become more assertive . She ca n't say no , but Georgette suggests she sing it . Honey can do that , and does so with great gusto . Mike wants the sandwich because he feels he needs his strength , but Honey counters that her work is just as important . In their increasing anger , they shout `` Elaine '' and `` Babs '' , then refuse to give Georgette back her sandwich . Mike rips up the homework he 's been doing for Babs , while Honey sings `` No '' to Elaine , and forces her to realize that she does n't respect her fellow woman as much as she thinks she does . Guest star : Georgia Engel as Georgette Franklin Baxter from The Mary Tyler Moore Show . 5 11 `` Date From Heck '' June 28 , 1992 ( 1992 - 06 - 28 ) Honey decides to fix Elaine up with several different men so she wo n't have to go to a banquet on her own . All of the men are a disaster . In desperation , she rings up an old friend , Don ... `` Oh . It 's Donna , now ? '' But at the very end , a man from the environmentalist group `` Green Planet '' comes to the door to sign petitions . Hyper - liberal Elaine gladly accepts his petition , and his compliments , and thinks he 'll make a perfect date for the banquet . Guest star : Rose Marie as Sally Rogers from The Dick Van Dyke Show . 6 12 `` Honey Gets Busted '' July 5 , 1992 ( 1992 - 07 - 05 ) While cleaning out her house of junk , Elaine gives a bust clock to Lloyd . He takes it to an appraiser , and finds it to be financially valuable . This causes a feud between the neighbors , and when the clock disappears , they go up to The Persons ' court . There , Honey and Mike reveal that they took the clock because Honey could n't stand the greed on either side . The judge breaks the clock , and the money is split equally between the families . Guest star : Doug Llewelyn from The People 's Court . 7 13 `` The Many Loves of Mike Duff '' July 12 , 1992 ( 1992 - 07 - 12 ) Mike wants to go to the dance with Babs , who still rejects him . He has a friend named Mo who 's a mechanic 's daughter and has learned the trade well . She likes Mike , and gladly lends him a car to impress Babs , but when Babs betrays him , he and Mo decide to go to the dance . Then he betrays Mo , and ends up alone as both girls go to the dance , Babs with her father and Mo with someone else , looking ladylike for the first time . Guest star : Dwayne Hickman as Dobie Gillis from The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle F. ( 2007 - 10 - 17 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows , 1946 - Present ( 9 ed . ) . Ballantine Books . p. 609 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 49773 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Hi Honey , I 'm Home ! on IMDb Hi Honey , I 'm Home ! at TV.com Hi Honey , I 'm Home ! at epguides.com ( hide ) TGIF 8 Simple Rules ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Aliens in the Family ( 1996 ) Baby Talk ( 1991 -- 1992 ) The Big House ( 2004 ) Billy ( 1992 ) Boy Meets World ( 1993 -- 2000 ) Brother 's Keeper ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Camp Wilder ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Complete Savages ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Clueless ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Dinosaurs ( 1991 -- 1993 ) Family Matters ( 1989 -- 1997 ) Full House ( 1989 -- 1991 ) George Lopez ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Getting By ( 1993 ) Going Places ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Hangin ' with Mr. Cooper ( 1993 -- 1996 ) Hi Honey , I 'm Home ! ( 1991 ) Home Free ( 1993 ) Hope & Faith ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Hughleys ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Just the Ten of Us ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Less than Perfect ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Life with Bonnie ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Married to the Kellys ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Muppets Tonight ( 1996 ) New Attitude ( 1990 ) Odd Man Out ( 1999 -- 2000 ) On Our Own ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Perfect Strangers ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Sabrina the Teenage Witch ( 1996 -- 2000 ) Sister , Sister ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Step By Step ( 1991 -- 1997 ) Teen Angel ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Two of a Kind ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Where I Live ( 1993 ) You Wish ( 1997 -- 1998 ) T G I f Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hi_Honey,_I%27m_Home!&oldid=800034333 '' Categories : 1991 American television series debuts 1992 American television series endings 1990s American television series 1990s American comedy television series 1990s Nickelodeon shows American Broadcasting Company network shows TGIF ( ABC ) American television sitcoms English - language television programs Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series about television Television shows set in New Jersey Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 06 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does honey i'm home come from	[ "Hi Honey, I'm Home! is an American television sitcom that ran from July 19, 1991, to July 12, 1992 for 13 episodes. Each week, a new episode of the series aired on ABC as part of its Friday night TGIF lineup. The same episode would re-air Sunday night on Nickelodeon as part of the channel's Nick at Nite lineup. ABC stopped airing the series after the sixth episode of the first season. The show's second and final season only aired on Nick at Nite before being canceled in July 1992.[1] The series was taped before a live audience in Nickelodeon Studios at Universal Studios Florida." ]	[ "American television sitcom" ]
-5733169624291682130	Kushan Empire	Kushan Empire - Wikipedia Kushan Empire Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Kingdom of Kush . `` Kushan '' redirects here . For the village in Iran , see Kushan , Iran . For the fictional video game race , see Homeworld . Kushan Empire Κυϸανο ( Bactrian ) कुषाण साम्राज्य ( Sanskrit ) Βασιλεία Κοσσανῶν ( Greek ) Nomadic empire 30 -- 375 Kushan territories ( full line ) and maximum extent of Kushan dominions under Kanishka the Great ( dotted line ) , according to the Rabatak inscription . Capital Bagram ( Kapiśi ) Peshawar ( Puruṣapura ) Taxila ( Takṣaśilā ) Mathura ( Mathurā ) Languages Greek ( official until ca . 127 ) Bactrian ( official from ca . 127 ) Unofficial regional languages : Gurjari - Gandhari , Sogdian , Chorasmian , Tocharian , Saka dialects , Prakrit Liturgical language : Sanskrit Religion Hinduism Buddhism Bactrian religion Zoroastrianism Government Monarchy Emperor 30 -- 80 Kujula Kadphises 350 -- 375 Kipunada Historical era Classical Antiquity Kujula Kadphises unites Yuezhi tribes into a confederation 30 Subjugated by the Sasanians , Guptas and Hepthalites 375 Area 3,800,000 km ( 1,500,000 sq mi ) Currency Kushan drachma Preceded by Succeeded by Indo - Parthian Kingdom Indo - Scythians Sasanian Empire Gupta Empire Hephthalite Empire Khasa kingdom Today part of Afghanistan China Kyrgyzstan India Nepal Pakistan Tajikistan Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Part of a series on the History of India Ancient ( show ) Madrasian Culture Soanian , c . 500,000 BCE Neolithic , c. 7600 -- c. 3300 BCE Bhirrana 7570 - 6200 BCE Jhusi 7106 BCE Lahuradewa 7000 BCE Mehrgarh 7000 - 2600 BCE Indus Valley Civilization , c. 3300 -- c. 1700 BCE Post Indus Valley Period , c. 1700 -- c. 1500 BCE Vedic Civilization , c. 1500 -- c. 500 BCE Early Vedic Period Rise of Śramaṇa movement Later Vedic Period Spread of Jainism - Parshvanatha Spread of Jainism - Mahavira Rise of Buddhism Mahajanapadas , c. 500 -- c. 345 BCE Nanda Dynasty , c. 345 -- c. 322 BCE Classical ( show ) Maurya Dynasty , c. 322 -- c. 185 BCE Shunga Dynasty , c. 185 -- c. 75 BCE Kanva Dynasty , c. 75 -- c. 30 BCE Kushan Dynasty , c. 30 -- c. 230 CE Satavahana Dynasty , c. 30 BCE -- c. 220 CE Gupta Dynasty , c. 200 -- c. 550 CE Early medieval ( show ) Chalukya Dynasty , c. 543 -- c. 753 CE Harsha 's Dynasty , c. 606 CE -- c. 647 CE Karakota Dynasty , c. 724 -- c. 760 CE Arab Invasion , c. 738 CE Tripartite Struggle , c. 760 -- c. 973 CE Gurjara - Pratihara Dynasty Rastrakuta Dynasty Pala Dynasty Chola Dynasty , c. 848 -- c. 1251 CE 2nd Chalukya Dynasty , c. 973 -- c. 1187 CE Late medieval ( show ) Delhi Sultanate , c. 1206 -- c. 1526 CE Slave Dynasty Khalji Dynasty Tugluq Dynasty Sayyid Dynasty Lodhi Dynasty Pandyan Dynasty , c. 1251 -- c. 1323 CE Vijayanagara , c. 1336 -- c. 1646 CE Bengal Sultanate , c. 1342 -- c. 1576 CE Early modern ( show ) Mughal Dynasty , c. 1526 -- c. 1540 CE Suri Dynasty , c. 1540 -- c. 1556 CE Mughal Dynasty , c. 1556 -- c. 1857 CE Bengal Subah , c. 1576 -- c. 1757 CE Maratha Empire , c. 1674 -- c. 1818 CE Company Raj , c. 1757 -- c. 1858 CE Kingdom of Mysore , c. 1760 -- c. 1799 CE Sikh Empire , c. 1799 -- c. 1849 CE Modern ( show ) The Great Rebellion , c. 1857 -- c. 1858 CE British Raj , c. 1858 -- c. 1947 CE Independence Movement Independent India , c. 1947 CE -- present Related articles ( show ) Timeline of Indian History Dynasties in Indian History Economic History Demographic History Linguistic History Architectural History Art History Literary History Philosophical History History of Religion Musical History Education History Coinage History Science and Technology History List of Inventions and Discoveries Military History Naval History Wars involving India Part of a series on the History of Afghanistan Timeline Ancient ( show ) Indus Valley Civilisation 2200 -- 1800 BC Oxus civilization 2100 -- 1800 BC Aryans 1700 -- 700 BC Median Empire 728 -- 550 BC Achaemenid Empire 550 -- 330 BC Seleucid Empire 330 -- 150 BC Maurya Empire 305 -- 180 BC Greco - Bactrian Kingdom 256 -- 125 BC Parthian Empire 247 BC -- 224 AD Indo - Greek Kingdom 180 -- 130 BC Indo - Scythian Kingdom 155 -- 80 ? BC Kushan Empire 135 BC -- 248 AD Indo - Parthian Kingdom 20 BC -- 50 ? AD Sasanian Empire 230 -- 651 Kidarite Kingdom 320 -- 465 Alchon Huns 380 -- 560 Hephthalite Empire 410 -- 557 Nezak Huns 484 -- 711 Medieval ( show ) Kabul Shahi 565 -- 879 Principality of Chaghaniyan 7th -- 8th centuries Rashidun Caliphate 652 -- 661 Umayyads 661 -- 750 Abbasids 750 -- 821 Tahirids 821 -- 873 Saffarids 863 -- 900 Samanids 875 -- 999 Ghaznavids 963 -- 1187 Ghurids before 879 -- 1215 Seljuks 1037 -- 1194 Khwarezmids 1215 -- 1231 Qarlughids 1224 -- 1266 Ilkhanate 1258 -- 1353 Chagatai Khanate 1225 -- 1370 Khaljis 1290 -- 1320 Karts 1245 -- 1381 Timurids 1370 -- 1507 Arghuns 1479 -- 1522 Modern ( show ) Mughals 1501 -- 1738 Safavids 1510 -- 1709 Hotak dynasty 1709 -- 1738 Afsharid dynasty 1738 -- 1747 Durrani Empire 1747 -- 1826 Emirate of Afghanistan 1826 -- 1919 Kingdom of Afghanistan 1919 -- 1973 Republic of Afghanistan 1973 -- 1978 Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 1978 -- 1992 Islamic State of Afghanistan 1992 -- 2001 Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 1996 -- 2004 Interim / Transitional Administration 2001 -- 2004 Islamic Republic of Afghanistan since 2004 Book Category Portal Part of a series on the History of Afghanistan Timeline Ancient ( show ) Indus Valley Civilisation 2200 -- 1800 BC Oxus civilization 2100 -- 1800 BC Aryans 1700 -- 700 BC Median Empire 728 -- 550 BC Achaemenid Empire 550 -- 330 BC Seleucid Empire 330 -- 150 BC Maurya Empire 305 -- 180 BC Greco - Bactrian Kingdom 256 -- 125 BC Parthian Empire 247 BC -- 224 AD Indo - Greek Kingdom 180 -- 130 BC Indo - Scythian Kingdom 155 -- 80 ? BC Kushan Empire 135 BC -- 248 AD Indo - Parthian Kingdom 20 BC -- 50 ? AD Sasanian Empire 230 -- 651 Kidarite Kingdom 320 -- 465 Alchon Huns 380 -- 560 Hephthalite Empire 410 -- 557 Nezak Huns 484 -- 711 Medieval ( show ) Kabul Shahi 565 -- 879 Principality of Chaghaniyan 7th -- 8th centuries Rashidun Caliphate 652 -- 661 Umayyads 661 -- 750 Abbasids 750 -- 821 Tahirids 821 -- 873 Saffarids 863 -- 900 Samanids 875 -- 999 Ghaznavids 963 -- 1187 Ghurids before 879 -- 1215 Seljuks 1037 -- 1194 Khwarezmids 1215 -- 1231 Qarlughids 1224 -- 1266 Ilkhanate 1258 -- 1353 Chagatai Khanate 1225 -- 1370 Khaljis 1290 -- 1320 Karts 1245 -- 1381 Timurids 1370 -- 1507 Arghuns 1479 -- 1522 Modern ( show ) Mughals 1501 -- 1738 Safavids 1510 -- 1709 Hotak dynasty 1709 -- 1738 Afsharid dynasty 1738 -- 1747 Durrani Empire 1747 -- 1826 Emirate of Afghanistan 1826 -- 1919 Kingdom of Afghanistan 1919 -- 1973 Republic of Afghanistan 1973 -- 1978 Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 1978 -- 1992 Islamic State of Afghanistan 1992 -- 2001 Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 1996 -- 2004 Interim / Transitional Administration 2001 -- 2004 Islamic Republic of Afghanistan since 2004 Book Category Portal Part of a series on the History of Tajikistan Early history Medieval history Early modern history Russian vassalage Soviet rule Since independence Timeline Tajikistan portal The Kushan Empire ( Ancient Greek : Βασιλεία Κοσσανῶν ; Bactrian : Κυϸανο , Kushano ; Sanskrit : कुषाण साम्राज्य Kuṣāṇa Samrajya ; BHS : Guṣāṇa - vaṃśa ; Chinese : 貴霜帝國 ; Parthian : Kušan - xšaθr ) was a syncretic empire , formed by the Yuezhi , in the Bactrian territories in the early 1st century . It spread to encompass much of Afghanistan , present - day Pakistan and then the northern parts of India at least as far as Saketa and Sarnath near Varanasi ( Benares ) , where inscriptions have been found dating to the era of the Kushan Emperor Kanishka the Great . Kanishka was a great patron of Buddhism ; however , as Kushans expanded southward toward the Indian subcontinent the deities of their later coinage came to reflect its new Hindu majority . The Kushans were one of five branches of the Yuezhi confederation , a possibly Iranic or Tocharian , Indo - European nomadic people who migrated from Gansu and settled in ancient Bactria . The Kushans possibly used the Greek language initially for administrative purposes , but soon began to use Bactrian language . Kanishka sent his armies north of the Karakoram mountains , capturing territories as far as Kashgar , Khotan and Yarkant , in the Tarim Basin of modern - day Xinjiang , China . A direct road from Gandhara to China remained under Kushan control for more than a century , encouraging travel across the Karakoram and facilitating the spread of Mahayana Buddhism to China . The Kushan dynasty had diplomatic contacts with the Roman Empire , Sasanian Persia , the Aksumite Empire and Han Dynasty of China . While much philosophy , art , and science was created within its borders , the only textual record of the empire 's history today comes from inscriptions and accounts in other languages , particularly Chinese . The Kushan empire fragmented into semi-independent kingdoms in the 3rd century AD , which fell to the Sasanians invading from the west , establishing the Kushano - Sasanian Kingdom in the areas of Sogdiana , Bactria and Gandhara . In the 4th century , the Guptas , an Indian dynasty also pressed from the east . The last of the Kushan and Kushano - Sasanian kingdoms were eventually overwhelmed by invaders from the north , known as the Kidarites , and then the Hepthalites . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Early Kushans 3 Diverse cultural influences 4 Territorial expansion 5 Main Kushan rulers 5.1 Kujula Kadphises ( c. 30 -- c. 80 ) 5.2 Vima Taktu or Sadashkana ( c. 80 -- c. 95 ) 5.3 Vima Kadphises ( c. 95 -- c. 127 ) 5.4 Kanishka I ( c. 127 -- c. 140 ) 5.5 Vāsishka ( c. 140 -- c. 160 ) 5.6 Huvishka ( c. 160 -- c. 190 ) 5.7 Vasudeva I ( c. 190 -- c. 230 ) 6 Kushan deities 7 Kushans and Buddhism 7.1 Kushan art 8 Contacts with Rome 9 Contacts with China 10 Decline 11 Rulers 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Origins ( edit ) Chinese sources describe the Guishuang ( 貴霜 ) , i.e. the Kushans , as one of the five aristocratic tribes of the Yuezhi , with some people claiming they were a loose confederation of Indo - European peoples , though many scholars are still unconvinced that they originally spoke an Indo - European language . As the historian John E. Hill has put it : `` For well over a century ... there have been many arguments about the ethnic and linguistic origins of the Great Yuezhi or Da Yuezhi ( 大月氏 ) , Kushans ( 貴霜 ) , and the Tochari , and still there is little consensus '' . The Yuezhi were described in the Records of the Great Historian 史記 and the Book of Han 漢書 as living in the grasslands of Gansu , in the northwest of modern - day China , until their King was beheaded by the Huns from Siberia ( the Xiongnu 匈奴 ) who were also at war with China , which eventually forced them to migrate west in 176 -- 160 BCE . The five tribes constituting the Yuezhi are known in Chinese history as Xiūmì ( 休密 ) , Guìshuāng ( 貴霜 ) , Shuāngmǐ ( 雙靡 ) , Xìdùn ( 肸頓 ) , and Dūmì ( 都密 ) . The Yuezhi reached the Hellenic kingdom of Greco - Bactria ( in northern Afghanistan and Uzbekistan ) around 135 BC . The displaced Greek dynasties resettled to the southeast in areas of the Hindu Kush and the Indus basin ( in present - day Afghanistan and Pakistan ) , occupying the western part of the Indo - Greek Kingdom . Early Kushans ( edit ) Head of a Kushan prince ( Khalchayan palace , Uzbekistan ) . Some traces remain of the presence of the Kushans in the area of Bactria and Sogdiana . Archaeological structures are known in Takht - I - Sangin , Surkh Kotal ( a monumental temple ) , and in the palace of Khalchayan . Various sculptures and friezes are known , representing horse - riding archers , and , significantly , men with artificially deformed skulls , such as the Kushan prince of Khalchayan ( a practice well attested in nomadic Central Asia ) . The Chinese first referred to these people as the Yuezhi and said they established the Kushan Empire , although the relationship between the Yuezhi and the Kushans is still unclear . On the ruins of ancient Hellenistic cities such as Ai - Khanoum , the Kushans are known to have built fortresses . The first known Kushan king Heraios ( 1 - 30 CE ) . The earliest documented ruler , and the first one to proclaim himself as a Kushan ruler , was Heraios . He calls himself a `` tyrant '' in Greek on his coins , and also exhibits skull deformation . He may have been an ally of the Greeks , and he shared the same style of coinage . Heraios may have been the father of the first Kushan emperor Kujula Kadphises . Ban Gu 's Book of Han tells us the Kushans ( Kuei - shuang ) divided up Bactria in 128 BC . Fan Ye 's Book of the Later Han `` relates how the chief of the Kushans , Ch'iu - shiu - ch'ueh ( the Kujula Kadphises of coins ) , founded by means of the submission of the other Yueh - chih clans the Kushan Empire , known to the Greeks and Romans under the name of Empire of the Indo - Scythians . '' The Chinese Hou Hanshu 後漢書 chronicles gives an account of the formation of the Kushan empire based on a report made by the Chinese general Ban Yong to the Chinese Emperor c. 125 AD : More than a hundred years later ( than the conquest of Bactria by the Da Yuezhi ) , the prince ( xihou ) of Guishuang ( Badakhshan ) established himself as king , and his dynasty was called that of the Guishuang ( Kushan ) King . He invaded Anxi ( Indo - Parthia ) , and took the Gaofu ( Kabul ) region . He also defeated the whole of the kingdoms of Puda ( Paktiya ) and Jibin ( Kapisha and Gandhara ) . Qiujiuque ( Kujula Kadphises ) was more than eighty years old when he died . His son , Yangaozhen ( probably Vema Tahk ( tu ) or , possibly , his brother Sadaṣkaṇa ) , became king in his place . He defeated Tianzhu ( North - western India ) and installed Generals to supervise and lead it . The Yuezhi then became extremely rich . All the kingdoms call ( their king ) the Guishuang ( Kushan ) king , but the Han call them by their original name , Da Yuezhi . -- Hou Hanshu Diverse cultural influences ( edit ) Greek alphabet ( narrow columns ) with Kushan script ( wide columns ) . A Buddhist devotee in Kushan dress , Mathura , 2nd century . The Kushan dress is generally depicted as quite stiff , and it is thought it was often made of leather ( Francine Tissot , `` Gandhara '' ) . In the 1st century BCE , the Guishuang ( Ch : 貴霜 ) gained prominence over the other Yuezhi tribes , and welded them into a tight confederation under yabgu ( Commander ) Kujula Kadphises . The name Guishuang was adopted in the West and modified into Kushan to designate the confederation , although the Chinese continued to call them Yuezhi . Gradually wresting control of the area from the Scythian tribes , the Kushans expanded south into the region traditionally known as Gandhara ( an area primarily in Pakistan 's Pothowar and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region but going in an arc to include the Kabul valley and part of Qandahar in Afghanistan ) and established twin capitals in Begram and Peshawar , then known as Kapisa and Pushklavati respectively . The Kushan writing system used the Greek alphabet , with the addition of the letter Sho ( associated with the Greek Sampi ) . The Kushans adopted elements of the Hellenistic culture of Bactria . They adopted the Greek alphabet to suit their own language ( with the additional development of the letter Þ `` sh '' , as in `` Kushan '' ) and soon began minting coinage on the Greek model . On their coins they used Greek language legends combined with Pali legends ( in the Kharoshthi script ) , until the first few years of the reign of Kanishka . After that date , they used Kushan language legends ( in an adapted Greek script ) , combined with legends in Greek ( Greek script ) and legends in Prakrit ( Kharoshthi script ) . The Kushans `` adopted many local beliefs and customs , including Zoroastrianism and the two rising religions in the region , the Greek cults and Buddhism '' . From the time of Vima Takto , many Kushans started adopting aspects of Buddhist culture , and like the Egyptians , they absorbed the strong remnants of the Greek culture of the Hellenistic Kingdoms , becoming at least partly Hellenised . The great Kushan emperor Vima Kadphises may have embraced Saivism ( a sect of Hinduism ) , as surmised by coins minted during the period . The following Kushan emperors represented a wide variety of faiths including Zoroastrianism , Buddhism , and possibly Saivism . The rule of the Kushans linked the seagoing trade of the Indian Ocean with the commerce of the Silk Road through the long - civilized Indus Valley . At the height of the dynasty , the Kushans loosely ruled a territory that extended to the Aral Sea through present - day Uzbekistan , Afghanistan , and Pakistan into northern India . The loose unity and comparative peace of such a vast expanse encouraged long - distance trade , brought Chinese silks to Rome , and created strings of flourishing urban centers . Territorial expansion ( edit ) Kushan king or prince , Greco - Buddhist art of Gandhara , 2nd - 3rd century CE . Rosenfield notes that archaeological evidence of a Kushan rule of long duration is present in an area stretching from Surkh Kotal , Begram , the summer capital of the Kushans , Peshawar , the capital under Kanishka I , Taxila , and Mathura , the winter capital of the Kushans . Other areas of probable rule include Khwarezm , Kausambi ( excavations of Allahabad University ) , Sanchi and Sarnath ( inscriptions with names and dates of Kushan kings ) , Malwa and Maharashtra , and Odisha ( imitation of Kushan coins , and large Kushan hoards ) . Remains of a Kushan fortress in Sirsukh , Pakistan . Kushan invasions in the 1st century CE had been given as an explanation for the migration of Indians from the Indian Subcontinent toward Southeast Asia according to proponents of a Greater India theory by 20th - century Indian nationalists . However , there is no evidence to support this hypothesis . The recently discovered Rabatak inscription confirms the account of the Hou Hanshu , Weilüe , and inscriptions dated early in the Kanishka era ( incept probably 127 CE ) , that large Kushan dominions expanded into the heartland of northern India in the early 2nd century CE . Lines 4 to 7 of the inscription describe the cities which were under the rule of Kanishka , among which six names are identifiable : Ujjain , Kundina , Saketa , Kausambi , Pataliputra , and Champa ( although the text is not clear whether Champa was a possession of Kanishka or just beyond it ) . The Kushan state was bounded to the south by the Pārata state of Balochistan , western Pakistan , Afghanistan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Uzbekistan , and Turkmenistan . Turkmenistan was known for the kushan Buddhist city of Merv . As late as the 3rd century AD , decorated coins of Huvishka were dedicated at Bodh Gaya together with other gold offerings under the `` Enlightenment Throne '' of the Buddha , suggesting direct Kushan influence in the area during that period . Northward , in the 2nd century AD , the Kushans under Kanishka made various forays into the Tarim Basin , where they had various contacts with the Chinese . Both archaeological findings and literary evidence suggest Kushan rule , in Kashgar , Yarkand and Khotan . Main Kushan rulers ( edit ) Offerings found in Bodh Gaya under the `` Enlightenment Throne of the Buddha '' , with an impression of an imitation of a coin of the Kushan emperor Huvishka , 2nd century CE . British Museum . Kujula Kadphises ( c. 30 -- c. 80 ) ( edit ) ... the prince ( elavoor ) of Guishuang , named thilac ( Kujula Kadphises ) , attacked and exterminated the four other xihou . He established himself as king , and his dynasty was called that of the Guishuang ( Kushan ) King . He invaded Anxi ( Indo - Parthia ) and took the Gaofu ( Kabul ) region . He also defeated the whole of the kingdoms of Puda ( Paktiya ) and Jibin ( Kapisha and Gandhara ) . Qiujiuque ( Kujula Kadphises ) was more than eighty years old when he died . '' -- Hou Hanshu These conquests probably took place sometime between 45 and 60 and laid the basis for the Kushan Empire which was rapidly expanded by his descendants . Kujula issued an extensive series of coins and fathered at least two sons , Sadaṣkaṇa ( who is known from only two inscriptions , especially the Rabatak inscription , and apparently never ruled ) , and seemingly Vima Takto . Kujula Kadphises was the great - grandfather of Kanishka . Vima Taktu or Sadashkana ( c. 80 -- c. 95 ) ( edit ) Vima Takto ( Ancient Chinese : 閻膏珍 Yangaozhen ) is mentioned in the Rabatak inscription ( another son , Sadashkana , is mentioned in an inscription of Senavarman , the King of Odi ) . He was the predecessor of Vima Kadphises , and Kanishka I. He expanded the Kushan Empire into the northwest of South Asia . The Hou Hanshu says : `` His son , Yangaozhen ( probably Vema Tahk ( tu ) or , possibly , his brother Sadaṣkaṇa ) , became king in his place . He defeated Tianzhu ( North - western India ) and installed Generals to supervise and lead it . The Yuezhi then became extremely rich . All the kingdoms call ( their king ) the Guishuang ( Kushan ) king , but the Han call them by their original name , Da Yuezhi . '' -- Hou Hanshu Vima Kadphises ( c. 95 -- c. 127 ) ( edit ) Vima Kadphises ( Kushan language : Οοημο Καδφισης ) was a Kushan emperor from around 90 -- 100 CE , the son of Sadashkana and the grandson of Kujula Kadphises , and the father of Kanishka I , as detailed by the Rabatak inscription . Vima Kadphises added to the Kushan territory by his conquests in Afghanistan and north - west Pakistan . He issued an extensive series of coins and inscriptions . He issued gold coins in addition to the existing copper and silver coinage . Kanishka I ( c. 127 -- c. 140 ) ( edit ) Main article : Kanishka Kanishka , Mathura art , Mathura Museum . The rule of Kanishka the Great , fifth Kushan king , lasted for about 13 years from c. 127 . Upon his accession , Kanishka ruled a huge territory ( virtually all of northern India ) , south to Ujjain and Kundina and east beyond Pataliputra , according to the Rabatak inscription : The Qila Mubarak fort at Bathinda , India was built by Kanishka the Great . In the year one , it has been proclaimed unto India , unto the whole realm of the governing class , including Koonadeano ( Kaundiny , Kundina ) and the city of Ozeno ( Ozene , Ujjain ) and the city of Zageda ( Saketa ) and the city of Kozambo ( Kausambi ) and the city of Palabotro ( Pataliputra ) and so long unto ( i.e. , as far as ) the city of Ziri - tambo ( Sri - Champa ) . -- Rabatak inscription , Lines 4 -- 6 His territory was administered from two capitals : Purushapura ( now Peshawar in northwestern Pakistan ) and Mathura , in northern India . He is also credited ( along with Raja Dab ) for building the massive , ancient Fort at Bathinda ( Qila Mubarak ) , in the modern city of Bathinda , Indian Punjab . The Kushans also had a summer capital in Bagram ( then known as Kapisa ) , where the `` Begram Treasure '' , comprising works of art from Greece to China , has been found . According to the Rabatak inscription , Kanishka was the son of Vima Kadphises , the grandson of Sadashkana , and the great - grandson of Kujula Kadphises . Kanishka 's era is now generally accepted to have begun in 127 on the basis of Harry Falk 's ground - breaking research . Kanishka 's era was used as a calendar reference by the Kushans for about a century , until the decline of the Kushan realm . Vasishka ( c. 140 -- c. 160 ) ( edit ) Vāsishka was a Kushan emperor who seems to have had a 20 - year reign following Kanishka . His rule is recorded as far south as Sanchi ( near Vidisa ) , where several inscriptions in his name have been found , dated to the year 22 ( the Sanchi inscription of `` Vaksushana '' -- i.e. , Vasishka Kushana ) and year 28 ( the Sanchi inscription of Vasaska -- i.e. , Vasishka ) of the Kanishka era . Huvishka ( c. 160 -- c. 190 ) ( edit ) Huvishka ( Kushan : Οοηϸκι , `` Ooishki '' ) was a Kushan emperor from about 20 years after the death of Kanishka ( assumed on the best evidence available to be in 140 ) until the succession of Vasudeva I about thirty years later . His rule was a period of retrenchment and consolidation for the Empire . In particular he devoted time and effort early in his reign to the exertion of greater control over the city of Mathura . Vasudeva I ( c. 190 -- c. 230 ) ( edit ) Vasudeva I ( Kushan : Βαζοδηο `` Bazodeo '' , Chinese : 波調 `` Bodiao '' ) was the last of the `` Great Kushans . '' Named inscriptions dating from year 64 to 98 of Kanishka 's era suggest his reign extended from at least 191 to 225 AD . He was the last great Kushan emperor , and the end of his rule coincides with the invasion of the Sasanians as far as northwestern India , and the establishment of the Indo - Sasanians or Kushanshahs in what is nowadays Afghanistan , Pakistan and northwestern India from around 240 AD . Kushan deities ( edit ) Kumara / Kartikeya with a Kushan devotee , 2nd century CE . Kushan prince making a donation to a Boddhisattva . The Kushan religious pantheon is extremely varied , as revealed by their coins that were made in gold , silver , and copper . These coins contained more than thirty different gods , belonging mainly to their own Iranic , Greek , and Indo - Aryan worlds as well . Kushan coins had images of Kushan Kings , Buddha , and figures from the Indo - Aryan and Iranian pantheons . Greek deities , with Greek names are represented on early coins . During Kanishka 's reign , the language of the coinage changes to Bactrian ( though it remained in Greek script for all kings ) . After Huvishka , only two divinities appear on the coins : Ardoxsho and Oesho ( see details below ) . The Iranic entities depicted on coinage include : Αρδοχþο ( ardoxsho , Ashi Vanghuhi ) Aþαειχþo ( ashaeixsho , Asha Vahishta ) Αθþο ( athsho , Atar ) Φαρρο ( pharro , Khwarenah ) Λροοασπο ( lrooaspa , Drvaspa ) Μαναοβαγο , ( manaobago , Vohu Manah ) Μαο ( mao , Mah ) Μιθρο , Μιιρο , Μιορο , Μιυρο ( mithro and variants , Mithra ) Μοζδοοανο ( mozdooano , Mazda * vana `` Mazda the victorious ? '' ) Νανα , Ναναια , Ναναϸαο ( variations of pan-Asiatic nana , Sogdian nny , Nana ) Οαδο ( oado Vata ) Oαxþo ( oaxsho , `` Oxus '' ) Ooρoμoζδο ( ooromozdo , Ahura Mazda ) Οραλαγνο ( orlagno , Verethragna ) Τιερο ( tiero , Tir ) Representation of entities from Greek mythology and Hellenistic syncretism are : Ηλιος ( Helios ) , Ηφαηστος ( Hephaistos ) , Σαληνη ( Selene ) , Ανημος ( Anemos ) . Further , the coins of Huvishka also portray the demi - god erakilo Heracles , and the Egyptian god sarapo Sarapis The Indic entities represented on coinage include : Βοδδο ( boddo , Buddha ) Μετραγο Βοδδο ( metrago boddo , bodhisattava Maitreya ) Mαασηνo ( maaseno , Mahasena ) Σκανδo koμαρo ( skando komaro , Skanda Kumara ) þακαμανο Βοδδο ( shakamano boddho , Shakyamuni Buddha ) Οηϸο ( oesho ) , long considered to represent Indic Shiva , but also identified as Avestan Vayu conflated with Shiva . Two copper coins of Huvishka bear a ' Ganesa ' legend , but instead of depicting the typical theriomorphic figure of Ganesha , have a figure of an archer holding a full - length bow with string inwards and an arrow . This is typically a depiction of Rudra , but in the case of these two coins is generally assumed to represent Shiva . Images of Kushan worshippers Kushan worshipper with Zeus / Serapis / Ohrmazd , Bactria , 3rd century CE . Kushan worshipper with Pharro , Bactria , 3rd century AD . Kushan worshipper with Shiva / Oesho , Bactria , 3rd century CE . Deities on Kushan coinage Mahasena on a coin of Huvishka Four - faced Oesho Rishti Manaobago Pharro Ardochsho Oesho or Shiva Oesho or Shiva with bull Skanda and Visakha Gold coin of Kanishka the Great , with a depiction of the Buddha , with the legend `` Boddo '' in Greek script ; Ahin Posh Herakles . Kushan Carnelian seal representing the `` ΑΔϷΟ '' ( adsho Atar ) , with triratana symbol left , and Kanishka the Great 's dynastic mark right Buddha Kushan coins showing half - length bust of Vima Kadphises in various poses , holding mace - scepter or laurel branch in right hand ; flames at shoulder , tamgha to right or left . On the other side of coin is a deity with a bull . Some consider the deity as Shiva because he is in ithyphallic state , holds a trident , and the Nandi bull is his mount , as in Hindu mythology . Others suggest him as Oesho , Zoroastrian Vayu . Kushans and Buddhism ( edit ) Kanishka the Great inaugurates Mahayana Buddhism . Illustration from 1910 Early Mahayana Buddhist triad . From left to right , a Kushan devotee , Maitreya , the Buddha , Avalokitesvara , and a Buddhist monk . 2nd -- 3rd century , Gandhara The Kushans inherited the Greco - Buddhist traditions of the Indo - Greek Kingdom they replaced , and their patronage of Buddhist institutions allowed them to grow as a commercial power . Between the mid-1st century and the mid-3rd century , Buddhism , patronized by the Kushans , extended to China and other Asian countries through the Silk Road . Kanishka is renowned in Buddhist tradition for having convened a great Buddhist council in Kashmir . Along with his predecessors in the region , the Indo - Greek king Menander I ( Milinda ) and the Indian emperors Ashoka and Harsha Vardhana , Kanishka is considered by Buddhism as one of its greatest benefactors . During the 1st century AD , Buddhist books were being produced and carried by monks , and their trader patrons . Also , monasteries were being established along these land routes that went from China and other parts of Asia . With the development of Buddhist books , it caused a new written language called Gandhara . Gandhara consists of eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan . Scholars are said to have found many Buddhist scrolls that contained the Gandhari language . The reign of Huvishka corresponds to the first known epigraphic evidence of the Buddha Amitabha , on the bottom part of a 2nd - century statue which has been found in Govindo - Nagar , and now at the Mathura Museum . The statue is dated to `` the 28th year of the reign of Huvishka '' , and dedicated to `` Amitabha Buddha '' by a family of merchants . There is also some evidence that Huvishka himself was a follower of Mahāyāna Buddhism . A Sanskrit manuscript fragment in the Schøyen Collection describes Huvishka as one who has `` set forth in the Mahāyāna . '' Kushan Art ( edit ) Standing Female , 1st century CE Terracotta . This lively female figure comes from an area of Pakistan where merchants from around the Mediterranean had long maintained trading posts . The area , known in antiquity as Gandhara , developed an unusual hybrid style of art and culture that was at once Hellenic and Indic . Brooklyn Museum The art and culture of Gandhara , at the crossroads of the Kushan hegemony , continued the traditions of Greco - Buddhist art and are the best known expressions of Kushan influences to Westerners . Several direct depictions of Kushans are known from Gandhara , where they are represented with a tunic , belt and trousers and play the role of devotees to the Buddha , as well as the Bodhisattva and future Buddha Maitreya . During the Kushan Empire , many images of Gandhara share a strong resemblance to the features of Greek , Syrian , Persian and Indian figures . These Western - looking stylistic signatures often include heavy drapery and curly hair , representing a composite ( the Greeks , for example , often possessed curly hair ) . In the iconography , they are never associated however with the very Hellenistic `` Standing Buddha '' statues , which might therefore correspond to an earlier historical period . Contacts with Rome ( edit ) Main article : Roman trade with India Greco - Roman gladiator on a glass vessel , Begram , 2nd century Several Roman sources describe the visit of ambassadors from the Kings of Bactria and India during the 2nd century , probably referring to the Kushans . Coin of the Roman Emperor Trajan , found together with coins of Kanishka the Great at the Ahin Posh Monastery Historia Augusta , speaking of Emperor Hadrian ( 117 -- 138 ) tells : Reges Bactrianorum legatos ad eum , amicitiae petendae causa , supplices miserunt `` The kings of the Bactrians sent supplicant ambassadors to him , to seek his friendship . '' Also in 138 , according to Aurelius Victor ( Epitome ‚ XV , 4 ) , and Appian ( Praef. , 7 ) , Antoninus Pius , successor to Hadrian , received some Indian , Bactrian , and Hyrcanian ambassadors . `` Precious things from Da Qin ( the Roman Empire ) can be found there ( in Tianzhu or Northwestern India ) , as well as fine cotton cloths , fine wool carpets , perfumes of all sorts , sugar candy , pepper , ginger , and black salt . '' -- Hou Hanshu The summer capital of the Kushan Empire in Begram has yielded a considerable amount of goods imported from the Roman Empire -- in particular , various types of glassware . Contacts with China ( edit ) Map showing the Eurasia in 2nd Century AD , Kushan shared a border with the Chinese empire of Han . A bronze coin of Kanishka the Great found in Khotan , Tarim Basin During the 1st and 2nd century , the Kushan Empire expanded militarily to the north and occupied parts of the Tarim Basin , their original grounds , putting them at the center of the profitable Central Asian commerce with the Roman Empire . They are related to have collaborated militarily with the Chinese against nomadic incursion , particularly when they collaborated with the Han Dynasty general Ban Chao against the Sogdians in 84 , when the latter were trying to support a revolt by the king of Kashgar . Around 85 , they also assisted the Chinese general in an attack on Turpan , east of the Tarim Basin . The Kushan Buddhist monk Lokaksema , first known translator of Buddhist Mahayana scriptures into Chinese , c. 170 . In recognition for their support to the Chinese , the Kushans requested a Han princess , but were denied , even after they had sent presents to the Chinese court . In retaliation , they marched on Ban Chao in 86 with a force of 70,000 , but were defeated by a smaller Chinese force . The Yuezhi retreated and paid tribute to the Chinese Empire during the reign of emperor He of Han ( 89 -- 106 ) . Later , around 116 , the Kushans under Kanishka established a kingdom centered on Kashgar , also taking control of Khotan and Yarkand , which were Chinese dependencies in the Tarim Basin , modern Xinjiang . They introduced the Brahmi script , the Indian Prakrit language for administration , and expanded the influence of Greco - Buddhist art which developed into Serindian art . Eastern Han inscriptions on lead ingot , using barbarous Greek alphabet in the style of the Kushans , excavated in Shaanxi , 1st - 2nd century CE . The Kushans are again recorded to have sent presents to the Chinese court in 158 -- 159 during the reign of emperor Huan of Han . Following these interactions , cultural exchanges further increased , and Kushan Buddhist missionaries , such as Lokaksema , became active in the Chinese capital cities of Loyang and sometimes Nanjing , where they particularly distinguished themselves by their translation work . They were the first recorded promoters of Hinayana and Mahayana scriptures in China , greatly contributing to the Silk Road transmission of Buddhism . Decline ( edit ) Hormizd I Kushanshah ( 277 - 286 CE ) , king of the Indo - Sasanians , maintained Sasanian rule in former Kushan territories of the northwest . Naqsh - e Rustam Bahram II panel . After the death of Vasudeva I in 225 , the Kushan empire split into western and eastern halves . The Western Kushans ( in Afghanistan ) were soon subjugated by the Persian Sasanian Empire and lost Sogdiana , Bactria and Gandhara to them . The Sasanians deposed the Western dynasty and replaced them with Persian vassals known as the Kushanshas ( also called Indo - Sasanians or Kushano - Sasanians ) . The Eastern Kushan kingdom was based in the Punjab . Around 270 their territories on the Gangetic plain became independent under local dynasties such as the Yaudheyas . Then in the mid-4th century they were subjugated by the Gupta Empire under Samudragupta . In 360 a Kidarite Hun named Kidara overthrew the Indo - Sasanians and remnants of the old Kushan dynasty , and established the Kidarite Kingdom . The Kushan style of Kidarite coins indicates they claimed Kushan heritage . The Kidarite seem to have been rather prosperous , although on a smaller scale than their Kushan predecessors . These remnants of the Kushan empire were ultimately wiped out in the 5th century by the invasions of the Hephthalites , the Alchon Huns and the Nezak Huns in the northwest , and the rise of the Gupta empire in the east . Rulers ( edit ) Listing of Kushan royal tamgas . Heraios ( c. 1 -- 30 ) , first Kushan ruler , generally Kushan ruling period is disputed Kujula Kadphises ( c. 30 -- c. 80 ) Vima Takto ( c. 80 -- c. 95 ) , alias Soter Megas or `` Great Saviour . '' Vima Kadphises ( c. 95 -- c. 127 ) the first great Kushan emperor Kanishka the Great ( 127 -- c. 140 ) Vāsishka ( c. 140 -- c. 160 ) Huvishka ( c. 160 -- c. 190 ) Vasudeva I ( c. 190 -- to at least 230 ) , the last of the great Kushan emperors Kanishka II ( c. 230 -- 240 ) Vashishka ( c. 240 -- 250 ) Kanishka III ( c. 250 -- 275 ) Vasudeva II ( c. 275 -- 310 ) Vasudeva III reported son of Vasudeva II , a King , uncertain . Vasudeva IV reported possible child of Vasudeva III , ruling in Kandahar , uncertain . Vasudeva V , or `` Vasudeva of Kabul '' reported possible child of Vasudeva IV , ruling in Kabul , uncertain . Chhu ( c. 310 ? -- 325 ? ) Shaka I ( c. 325 -- 345 ) Kipunada ( c. 345 -- 375 ) See also ( edit ) Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan Indo - Parthian Kingdom Kucha , another Tocharian - speaking kingdom ( with a related etymology ) History of Pakistan Mathura Taxila Notes ( edit ) Kushan devotee , Mathura . Jump up ^ `` The Rabatak inscription claims that in the year 1 Kanishka I 's authority was proclaimed in India , in all the satrapies and in different cities like Koonadeano ( Kundina ) , Ozeno ( Ujjain ) , Kozambo ( Kausambi ) , Zagedo ( Saketa ) , Palabotro ( Pataliputra ) and Ziri - Tambo ( Janjgir - Champa ) . These cities lay to the east and south of Mathura , up to which locality Wima had already carried his victorious arm . Therefore they must have been captured or subdued by Kanishka I himself . '' `` Ancient Indian Inscriptions '' , S.R. Goyal , p. 93 . See also the analysis of Sims - Williams and J. Cribb , who had a central role in the decipherment : `` A new Bactrian inscription of Kanishka the Great '' , in `` Silk Road Art and Archaeology '' No4 , 1995 -- 1996 . Also Mukherjee B.N. `` The Great Kushanan Testament '' , Indian Museum Bulletin . Jump up ^ The Kushans at first retained the Greek language for administrative purposes but soon began to use Bactrian . The Bactrian Rabatak inscription ( discovered in 1993 and deciphered in 2000 ) records that the Kushan king Kanishka the Great ( c. 127 AD ) , discarded Greek ( Ionian ) as the language of administration and adopted Bactrian ( `` Arya language '' ) , from Falk ( 2001 ) : `` The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the Kuṣâṇas . '' Harry Falk . Silk Road Art and Archaeology VII , p. 133 . ^ Jump up to : The Bactrian Rabatak inscription ( discovered in 1993 and deciphered in 2000 ) records that the Kushan king Kanishka the Great ( c. 127 AD ) , discarded Greek ( Ionian ) as the language of administration and adopted Bactrian ( `` Arya language '' ) , from Falk ( 2001 ) : `` The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the Kuṣâṇas . '' Harry Falk . Silk Road Art and Archaeology VII , p. 133 . Jump up ^ André Wink , Al - Hind , the Making of the Indo - Islamic World : The Slavic Kings and the Islamic conquest , 11th - 13th centuries , ( Oxford University Press , 1997 ) , 57 . Jump up ^ The Silk Road in World History By Xinru Liu , Pg. 61 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Golden 1992 , p. 56 . ^ Jump up to : `` Afghanistan : Central Asian and Sassanian Rule , ca . 150 B.C. - 700 A.D. '' United States : Library of Congress Country Studies . 1997 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ The Dynasty Arts of the Kushans , University of California Press , 1967 , p. 5 Jump up ^ http://www.kushan.org/general/other/part1.htm and Si - Yu - Ki , Buddhist Records of the Western World , ( Tr . Samuel Beal : Travels of Fa - Hian , The Mission of Sung - Yun and Hwei - S ? ng , Books 1 -- 5 ) , Kegan Paul , Trench , Trubner & Co. Ltd . London . 1906 and Hill ( 2009 ) , pp. 29 , 318 -- 350 Jump up ^ which began about 127 CE . `` Falk 2001 , pp. 121 -- 136 '' , Falk ( 2001 ) , pp. 121 -- 136 , Falk , Harry ( 2004 ) , pp. 167 -- 176 and Hill ( 2009 ) , pp. 29 , 33 , 368 -- 371 . Jump up ^ Grégoire Frumkin ( 1970 ) . Archaeology in Soviet Central Asia . Brill Archive . pp. 51 -- . GGKEY : 4NPLATFACBB . Jump up ^ Rafi U. Samad ( 2011 ) . The Grandeur of Gandhara : The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat , Peshawar , Kabul and Indus Valleys . Algora Publishing . pp. 93 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87586 - 859 - 2 . Jump up ^ Runion , Meredith L. ( 2007 ) . The history of Afghanistan . Westport : Greenwood Press . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33798 - 7 . The Yuezhi people conquered Bactria in the second century BCE. and divided the country into five chiefdoms , one of which would become the Kushan Empire . Recognizing the importance of unification , these five tribes combined under the one dominate Kushan tribe , and the primary rulers descended from the Yuezhi . ^ Jump up to : Liu , Xinrui ( 2001 ) . Adas , Michael , ed . Agricultural and pastoral societies in ancient and classical history . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . p. 156 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56639 - 832 - 9 . Jump up ^ Enoki , Koshelenko & Haidary 1994 , pp. 171 -- 191 Jump up ^ Girshman , Roman . `` Ancient Iran : The movement of Iranian peoples '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . At the end of the 3rd century , there began in Chinese Turkistan a long migration of the Yuezhi , an Iranian people who invaded Bactria about 130 bc , putting an end to the Greco - Bactrian kingdom there . ( In the 1st century bc they created the Kushān dynasty , whose rule extended from Afghanistan to the Ganges River and from Russian Turkistan to the estuary of the Indus . ) Jump up ^ Pulleyblank 1966 , pp. 9 -- 39 Jump up ^ Mallory 1989 , pp. 59 -- 60 Jump up ^ Mallory 1997 , pp. 591 -- 593 Jump up ^ Mallory & Mair ( 2000 ) , pp. 270 -- 297 . ^ Jump up to : Loewe & Shaughnessy 1999 , pp. 87 -- 88 Jump up ^ Benjamin , Craig ( October 2003 ) . `` The Yuezhi Migration and Sogdia '' . Transoxiana Webfestschrift . Transoxiana. 1 ( Ēran ud Anērān ) . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zhang Qian '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ West 2009 , pp. 713 -- 717 Jump up ^ `` They are , by almost unanimous opinion , Indo - Europeans , probably the most oriental of those who occupied the steppes . '' Roux , p. 90 Jump up ^ Hill ( 2009 ) , p. 36 and notes . Jump up ^ `` Kushan Empire ( ca . 2nd century B.C. & # 150 ; 3rd century A.D. ) Thematic Essay Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History The Metropolitan Museum of Art '' . metmuseum.org . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Hill ( 2009 ) , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Loewe , Michael A.N. ( 1979 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Hulsewé , Anthony François Paulus . China in Central Asia : The Early Stage : 125 BC -- AD 23 ; an Annotated Translation of Chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty . Brill . pp. 1 -- 70 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 05884 - 2 . pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Lebedynsky , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Lebedynsky , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Grousset , Rene ( 1970 ) . The Empire of the Steppes . Rutgers University Press . p. 32 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 1304 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Hill ( 2009 ) , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Chavannes ( 1907 ) , pp. 190 -- 192 . Jump up ^ S. Frederick Starr , Lost Enlightenment : Central Asia 's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press , 2013 , p. 53 Jump up ^ Starr , p. 53 ^ Jump up to : Rosenfield , p. 41 . Jump up ^ For `` Malwa and Maharashtra , for which it is speculated that the Kushans had an alliance with the Western Kshatrapas '' , see : Rosenfield , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Hall , D.G.E. ( 1981 ) . A History of South - East Asia , Fourth Edition . Hong Kong : Macmillan Education Ltd. p. 17 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 24163 - 0 . Jump up ^ For a translation of the full text of the Rabatak inscription see : Mukherjee , B.N. , `` The Great Kushana Testament '' , Indian Museum Bulletin , Calcutta , 1995 . This translation is quoted in : Goyal ( 2005 ) , p. 88 . Jump up ^ For quotation : `` The Rabatak inscription claims that in the year 1 Kanishka I 's authority was proclaimed in India , in all the satrapies and in different cities like Koonadeano ( Kundina ) , Ozeno ( Ujjain ) , Kozambo ( Kausambi ) , Zagedo ( Saketa ) , Palabotro ( Pataliputra ) and Ziri - Tambo ( Janjgir - Champa ) . These cities lay to the east and south of Mathura , up to which locality Wima had already carried his victorious arm . Therefore they must have been captured or subdued by Kanishka I himself . '' see : Goyal , p. 93 . Jump up ^ See also the analysis of Sims - Williams and J. Cribb , specialists of the field , who had a central role in the decipherment : `` A new Bactrian inscription of Kanishka the Great '' , in Silk Road Art and Archaeology No. 4 , 1995 -- 1996 . pp. 75 -- 142 . Jump up ^ Sims - Williams , Nicholas . `` Bactrian Documents from Ancient Afghanistan '' . Archived from the original on 10 June 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ British Museum display , Asian Art room . Jump up ^ The Sino - Kharosthi coins of Khotan part 2 , Numismatic Chronicle ( 1984 ) , pp. 129 - 152. , by Joe Cribb Jump up ^ Falk ( 2001 ) , pp. 121 -- 136 . Jump up ^ Falk ( 2004 ) , pp. 167 -- 176 . Jump up ^ Xinru Liu , The Silk Road in World History ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2010 ) , 47 . Jump up ^ Sivaramamurti , p. 56 - 59 . ^ Jump up to : Loeschner , Hans ( 2012 ) The Stūpa of the Kushan Emperor Kanishka the Great Sino - Platonic Papers , No. 227 ( July 2012 ) ; page 11 ^ Jump up to : Bopearachchi , O. ( 2007 ) . Some observations on the chronology of the early Kushans . Res Orientales , 17 , 41 - 53 Jump up ^ Sims - Williams , Nicolas . `` Bactrian Language '' . Encyclopaedia Iranica. 3 . London : Routledge & Kegan Paul . Jump up ^ H. Humbach , 1975 , p. 402 - 408 . K. Tanabe , 1997 , p. 277 , M. Carter , 1995 , p. 152 . J. Cribb , 1997 , p. 40 . References cited in `` De l'Indus à l'Oxus '' . ^ Jump up to : Metropolitan Museum of Art exhibition Jump up ^ Perkins , J. ( 2007 ) . Three - headed Śiva on the Reverse of Vima Kadphises 's Copper Coinage . South Asian Studies , 23 ( 1 ) , 31 - 37 Jump up ^ Xinru Liu , The Silk Road in World History ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2010 ) , 42 . Jump up ^ Xinru Liu , The Silk Road in World History ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2010 ) , 58 . Jump up ^ Neelis , Jason . Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks . 2010 . p. 141 Jump up ^ Birmingham Museum of Art ( 2010 ) . Birmingham Museum of Art : guide to the collection . ( Birmingham , Ala ) : Birmingham Museum of Art . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904832 - 77 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hill ( 2009 ) , p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : de Crespigny , Rafe. ( 2007 ) . A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms ( 23 - 220 AD ) . Leiden : Koninklijke Brill. page 5 - 6 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 15605 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Torday , Laszlo. ( 1997 ) . Mounted Archers : The Beginnings of Central Asian History . Durham : The Durham Academic Press. page 393 . ISBN 1 - 900838 - 03 - 6 . Jump up ^ Joe Cribb , 1974 , `` Chinese lead ingots with barbarous Greek inscriptions in Coin Hoards '' pp. 76 - 8 ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : The Glorious History of Kushana Empire , Adesh Katariya , 2012 , p. 69 References ( edit ) Avari , Burjor ( 2007 ) . India : The Ancient Past . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35616 - 9 . Bopearachchi , Osmund ( 2003 ) . De l'Indus à l'Oxus , Archéologie de l'Asie Centrale ( in French ) . Lattes : Association imago - musée de Lattes . ISBN 2 - 9516679 - 2 - 2 . Chavannes , Édouard ( 1906 ) . Trois Généraux Chinois de la dynastie des Han Orientaux . Pan Tch'ao ( 32 -- 102 p.C. ) ; -- son fils Pan Yong ; -- Leang K'in ( 112 p.C. ) . Chapitre LXXVII du Heou Han chou ' ' . T'oung pao 7 . Faccenna , Domenico ( 1980 ) . Butkara I ( Swāt , Pakistan ) 1956 -- 1962 , Volume III 1 ( in English ) . Rome : IsMEO ( Istituto Italiano Per Il Medio Ed Estremo Oriente ) . Chavannes , Édouard ( 1907 ) . Les pays d'occident d'après le Heou Han chou . T'oung pao 8 . pp. 149 -- 244 . Enoki , K. ; Koshelenko , G.A. ; Haidary , Z. ( 1 January 1994 ) . `` The Yu'eh - chih and their migrations '' . In Harmatta , János . History of Civilizations of Central Asia : The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations , 700 B.C. to A.D. 250 . UNESCO . pp. 171 -- 191 . ISBN 9231028464 . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Falk , Harry . 1995 -- 1996 . Silk Road Art and Archaeology IV . Falk , Harry . 2001 . `` The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the Kuṣāṇas . '' Silk Road Art and Archaeology VII , pp. 121 -- 136 . Falk , Harry . 2004 . `` The Kaniṣka era in Gupta records . '' Harry Falk . Silk Road Art and Archaeology X , pp. 167 -- 176 . Golden , Peter B. ( 1992 ) . An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples . Harrassowitz Verlag . Goyal , S.R. `` Ancient Indian Inscriptions '' Kusumanjali Book World , Jodhpur ( India ) , 2005 . Hill , John E. 2004 . The Peoples of the West from the Weilüe 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢 : A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE . Draft annotated English translation . ( 3 ) Hill , John E. ( 2009 ) . Through the Jade Gate to Rome : A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty , First to Second Centuries CE . BookSurge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4392 - 2134 - 1 . Lebedynsky , Iaroslav ( 2006 ) . Les Saces . Paris : Editions Errance . ISBN 2 - 87772 - 337 - 2 . Loewe , Michael ; Shaughnessy , Edward L. ( 1999 ) . The Cambridge History of Ancient China : From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 5214 - 7030 - 7 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 01 . Mallory , J.P. ( 1989 ) . In Search of the Indo - Europeans : Language , Archaeology , and Myth . Thames and Hudson . ISBN 050005052X . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Mallory , J.P. ( 1997 ) . Encyclopedia of Indo - European Culture . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 1884964982 . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Mallory , J.P. ; Mair , Victor H. ( 2000 ) . `` The Tarim Mummies : Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West '' . London : Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05101 - 1 ... Pulleyblank , Edwin G. ( 1966 ) . Chinese and Indo - Europeans . University of British Columbia , Department of Asian Studies . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Rosenfield , John M. ( 1993 ) . The Dynastic Art of the Kushans . New Delhi : Munshiram Manoharlal . ISBN 81 - 215 - 0579 - 8 . Sivaramamurti , C. ( 1976 ) . Śatarudrīya : Vibhūti of Śiva 's Iconography . Delhi : Abhinav Publications . Roux , Jean - Paul , L'Asie Centrale , Histoire et Civilization ( French ) , Fayard , 1997 , ISBN 978 - 2 - 213 - 59894 - 9 `` Red Sandstone Railing Pillar . '' The British Museum Quarterly , vol. 30 , no . 1 / 2 , 1965 , pp. 64 -- 64 . www.jstor.org/stable/4422925 . Masson , V.M. `` The Forgotten Kushan Empire : New Discoveries at Zar - Tepe . '' Archaeology , vol. 37 , no . 1 , 1984 , pp. 32 -- 37 . www.jstor.org/stable/41728802 . Hoey , W . `` The Word Kozola as Used of Kadphises on Ku͟s͟hān Coins . '' Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland , 1902 , pp. 428 -- 429 . www.jstor.org/stable/25208419 . West , Barbara A. ( January 1 , 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 1438119135 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 29 . Further reading ( edit ) Benjamin , Craig ( 2007 ) . The Yuezhi : Origin , Migration and the Conquest of Northern Bactria . ISD . ISBN 250352429X . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Dorn'eich , Chris M. ( 2008 ) . Chinese sources on the History of the Niusi - Wusi - Asi ( oi ) - Rishi ( ka ) - Arsi - Arshi - Ruzhi and their Kueishuang - Kushan Dynasty . Shiji 110 / Hanshu 94A : The Xiongnu : Synopsis of Chinese original Text and several Western Translations with Extant Annotations . Berlin . To read or download go to : ( 4 ) Foucher , M.A. 1901 . `` Notes sur la geographie ancienne du Gandhâra ( commentaire à un chaptaire de Hiuen - Tsang ) . '' BEFEO No. 4 , Oct. 1901 , pp. 322 -- 369 . Hargreaves , H. ( 1910 -- 11 ) : `` Excavations at Shāh - jī - kī Dhērī '' ; Archaeological Survey of India , 1910 -- 11 , pp. 25 -- 32 . Harmatta , János , ed. , 1994 . History of civilizations of Central Asia , Volume II . The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations : 700 B.C. to A.D. 250 . Paris , UNESCO Publishing . Konow , Sten . Editor . 1929 . Kharoshthī Inscriptions with Exception of those of Asoka . Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum , Vol. II , Part I. Reprint : Indological Book House , Varanasi , 1969 . Lerner , Martin ( 1984 ) . The flame and the lotus : Indian and Southeast Asian art from the Kronos collections . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 0 - 87099 - 374 - 7 . Litvinsky , B.A. , ed. , 1996 . History of civilizations of Central Asia , Volume III . The crossroads of civilizations : A.D. 250 to 750 . Paris , UNESCO Publishing . Liu , Xinru 2001 `` Migration and Settlement of the Yuezhi - Kushan : Interaction and Interdependence of Nomadic and Sedentary Societies . '' Journal of World History , Volume 12 , No. 2 , Fall 2001 . University of Hawaii Press , pp. 261 -- 292 . ( 5 ) . Sarianidi , Viktor. 1985 . The Golden Hoard of Bactria : From the Tillya - tepe Excavations in Northern Afghanistan . Harry N. Abrams , Inc . New York . Sims - Williams , Nicholas . 1998 . `` Further notes on the Bactrian inscription of Rabatak , with an Appendix on the names of Kujula Kadphises and Vima Taktu in Chinese . '' Proceedings of the Third European Conference of Iranian Studies Part 1 : Old and Middle Iranian Studies . Edited by Nicholas Sims - Williams . Wiesbaden. 1998 , pp. 79 -- 93 . Spooner , D.B. 1908 -- 9 . `` Excavations at Shāh - jī - kī Dhērī . '' ; Archaeological Survey of India , 1908 -- 9 , pp. 38 -- 59 . Watson , Burton . Trans . 1993 . Records of the Grand Historian of China : Han Dynasty II . Translated from the Shiji of Sima Qian . Chapter 123 : `` The Account of Dayuan , '' Columbia University Press . Revised Edition . ISBN 0 - 231 - 08166 - 9 ; ISBN 0 - 231 - 08167 - 7 ( pbk . ) Zürcher , E. ( 1968 ) . `` The Yüeh - chih and Kaniṣka in the Chinese sources . '' Papers on the Date of Kaniṣka . Basham , A.L. , ed. , 1968 . Leiden : E.J. Brill . pp. 346 -- 393 . Kennedy , J. `` The Later Kushans . '' Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland , 1913 , pp. 1054 -- 1064 . www.jstor.org/stable/25189078 . Rife , J.L. `` The Making of Roman India by Grant Parker ( review ) . '' American Journal of Philology , vol. 135 no . 4 , 2014 , pp. 672 -- 675 . Project MUSE , doi : 10.1353 / ajp. 2014.0046 . Iloliev , A. `` King of Men : _̔ Ali ibn Abi Talib in Pamiri Folktales . '' Journal of Shi'a Islamic Studies , vol. 8 no . 3 , 2015 , pp. 307 -- 323 . Project MUSE , doi : 10.1353 / isl. 2015.0036 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kushan Empire . Kushan dynasty in Encyclopædia Britannica Metropolitan Museum capsule history New documents help fix controversial Kushan dating Coins of the Kushans on wildwinds.com Antique Indian Coins Brief Guide to Kushan History The CoinIndia Online Catalogue of Kushan Coins Dedicated resource to study of Kushan Empire Ancient South Asia and Central Asia Archaeology and prehistory Proto - Indo - Iranians Bactria -- Margiana Archaeological Complex ( BMAC ) Indo - Aryan migration theory Swat culture Genetics and archaeogenetics History of the horse Historical peoples and clans Saka Indo - Scythians Yuezhi Kambojas Sakaldwipiya Parsi Kidarites Alchon Huns Hephthalites Nezak Huns States Greco - Bactrian Kingdom Indo - Greek Kingdom Indo - Parthian Kingdom Kushan Empire Kamboja Kingdom Mythology and literature Shakdvipa Āryāvarta Indo - Scythians in Indian literature Uttaramadra Uttarakuru Middle kingdoms of India Timeline and cultural period Northwestern India ( Punjab - Sapta Sindhu ) Indo - Gangetic Plain Central India Southern India Upper Gangetic Plain ( Kuru - Panchala ) Middle Gangetic Plain Lower Gangetic Plain IRON AGE Culture Late Vedic Period Late Vedic Period ( Brahmin ideology ) Painted Grey Ware culture Late Vedic Period ( Kshatriya / Shramanic culture ) Northern Black Polished Ware Pre-history 6th century BC Gandhara Kuru - Panchala Magadha Adivasi ( tribes ) Culture Persian - Greek influences `` Second Urbanisation '' Rise of Shramana movements Jainism - Buddhism - Ājīvika - Yoga Pre-history 5th century BC ( Persian rule ) Shishunaga dynasty Adivasi ( tribes ) 4th century BC ( Greek conquests ) Nanda empire HISTORICAL AGE Culture Spread of Buddhism Pre-history Sangam period ( 300 BC -- 200 AD ) 3rd century BC Maurya Empire Early Cholas Early Pandyan Kingdom Satavahana dynasty Cheras 46 other small kingdoms in Ancient Thamizhagam Culture Preclassical Hinduism - `` Hindu Synthesis '' ( ca . 200 BC - 300 AD ) Epics - Puranas - Ramayana - Mahabharata - Bhagavad Gita - Brahma Sutras - Smarta Tradition Mahayana Buddhism Sangam period ( continued ) ( 300 BC -- 200 AD ) 2nd century BC Indo - Greek Kingdom Shunga Empire Maha - Meghavahana Dynasty Early Cholas Early Pandyan Kingdom Satavahana dynasty Cheras 46 other small kingdoms in Ancient Thamizhagam 1st century BC 1st century AD Indo - Scythians Indo - Parthians Kuninda Kingdom 2nd century Kushan Empire 3rd century Kushano - Sasanian Kingdom Kushan Empire Western Satraps Kamarupa kingdom Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Culture `` Golden Age of Hinduism '' ( ca . AD 320 - 650 ) Puranas Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism 4th century Kidarites Gupta Empire Varman dynasty Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Kadamba Dynasty Western Ganga Dynasty 5th century Hephthalite Empire Alchon Huns Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Vishnukundina 6th century Nezak Huns Kabul Shahi Maitraka Adivasi ( tribes ) Badami Chalukyas Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Culture Late - Classical Hinduism ( ca . AD 650 - 1100 ) Advaita Vedanta - Tantra Decline of Buddhism in India 7th century Indo - Sassanids Vakataka dynasty Empire of Harsha Mlechchha dynasty Adivasi ( tribes ) Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Pandyan Kingdom ( Revival ) Pallava 8th century Kabul Shahi Pala Empire Pandyan Kingdom Kalachuri 9th century Gurjara - Pratihara Rashtrakuta dynasty Pandyan Kingdom Medieval Cholas Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Cholas ) Chera Perumals of Makkotai 10th century Ghaznavids Pala dynasty Kamboja - Pala dynasty Kalyani Chalukyas Medieval Cholas Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Cholas ) Chera Perumals of Makkotai Rashtrakuta hide References and sources for table References Jump up ^ Samuel Jump up ^ Samuel Jump up ^ Michaels ( 2004 ) p. 39 Jump up ^ Hiltebeitel ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Michaels ( 2004 ) p. 39 Jump up ^ Hiltebeitel ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Micheals ( 2004 ) p. 40 Jump up ^ Michaels ( 2004 ) p. 41 Sources Flood , Gavin D. ( 1996 ) , An Introduction to Hinduism , Cambridge University Press Hiltebeitel , Alf ( 2002 ) , Hinduism . In : Joseph Kitagawa , `` The Religious Traditions of Asia : Religion , History , and Culture '' , Routledge Michaels , Axel ( 2004 ) , Hinduism . Past and present , Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press Samuel , Geoffrey ( 2010 ) , The Origins of Yoga and Tantra . Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century , Cambridge University Press `` The template below ( Empires ) is being considered for merging . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Empires Ancient Akkadian Egyptian Assyrian Babylonian Carthaginian Chinese Qin Han Three Kingdoms Jin North and South Hellenistic Macedonian Seleucid Hittite Indian Nanda Maurya Satavahana Shunga Gupta Harsha Iranian Elamite Median Achaemenid Parthian Sasanian Kushan Mongol Xianbei Xiongnu Roman Western Eastern Teotihuacan Post-classical Arab Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Fatimid Córdoba Aragonese Angevin Aztec Benin Bornu Bruneian Bulgarian First Second Byzantine Nicaea Trebizond Chinese Sui Tang Song Yuan Ethiopian Zagwe Solomonic Georgian Hunnic Inca Indian Chola Gurjara - Pratihara Pala Eastern Ganga dynasty Delhi Vijayanagara Iranian Samanid Kanem Khmer Latin Majapahit Malaccan Mali Mongol Yuan Golden Horde Chagatai Khanate Ilkhanate Moroccan Idrisid Almoravid Almohad Marinid North Sea Oyo Holy - Roman Carolingian Serbian Somali Ajuran Ifatite Adalite Mogadishan Warsangali Songhai Srivijaya Tibetan Turko - Persian Ghaznavid Great Seljuk Khwarezmian Timurid Vietnamese Ly Tran Le Wagadou Modern Ashanti Austrian Austro - Hungarian Brazilian Central African Chinese Ming Qing China Manchukuo Ethiopian French First Second German First / Old Reich Second Reich Third Reich Haitian First Second Indian Maratha Sikh Mughal British Raj Iranian Safavid Afsharid Japanese Johor Korean Mexican First Second Moroccan Saadi Alaouite Russian Somali Gobroon Majeerteen Hobyo Dervish Soviet Swedish Tongan Turkish Ottoman Karaman Ramazan Vietnamese Tay Son Nguyen Vietnam Colonial American Belgian British English Danish Dutch French German Italian Japanese Omani Norwegian Portuguese Spanish Swedish Lists Empires largest ancient great powers medieval great powers modern great powers Kushan Empire Emperors , territories and chronology Territories / dates Western India Western Pakistan Balochistan Paropamisadae Arachosia Bajaur Gandhara Western Punjab Eastern Punjab Mathura Pataliputra INDO - SCYTHIAN KINGDOM INDO - GREEK KINGDOM Indo - Scythian Northern Satraps 25 BCE -- 10 CE Indo - Scythian dynasty of the APRACHARAJAS Vijayamitra ( ruled 12 BCE - 15 CE ) Liaka Kusulaka Patika Kusulaka Zeionises Kharahostes ( ruled 10 BCE -- 10 CE ) Mujatria Strato II and Strato III Hagana 10 - 20CE INDO - PARTHIAN KINGDOM Gondophares Indravasu INDO - PARTHIAN KINGDOM Gondophares Rajuvula 20 - 30 CE Ubouzanes Pakores Vispavarma ( ruled c. 0 - 20 CE ) Sarpedones Bhadayasa Sodasa 30 - 40 CE KUSHAN EMPIRE Kujula Kadphises Indravarma Abdagases ... ... 40 - 45 CE Aspavarma Gadana ... ... 45 - 50 CE Sasan Sases ... ... 50 - 75 CE ... ... 75 - 100 CE Indo - Scythian dynasty of the WESTERN SATRAPS Chastana Vima Takto ... ... 100 - 120 CE Abhiraka Vima Kadphises ... ... 120 CE Bhumaka Nahapana PARATARAJAS Yolamira Kanishka I Great Satrap Kharapallana and Satrap Vanaspara for Kanishka I 130 - 230 CE Jayadaman Rudradaman I Damajadasri I Jivadaman Rudrasimha I Isvaradatta Rudrasimha I Jivadaman Rudrasena I Bagamira Arjuna Hvaramira Mirahvara Vāsishka ( c. 140 -- c. 160 ) Huvishka ( c. 160 -- c. 190 ) Vasudeva I ( c. 190 -- to at least 230 ) 230 - 280 CE Samghadaman Damasena Damajadasri II Viradaman Yasodaman I Vijayasena Damajadasri III Rudrasena II Visvasimha Miratakhma Kozana Bhimarjuna Koziya Datarvharna Datarvharna INDO - SASANIANS Ardashir I , Sassanid king and `` Kushanshah '' ( c. 230 -- 250 ) Peroz I , `` Kushanshah '' ( c. 250 -- 265 ) Hormizd I , `` Kushanshah '' ( c. 265 -- 295 ) Kanishka II ( c. 230 -- 240 ) Vashishka ( c. 240 -- 250 ) Kanishka III ( c. 250 -- 275 ) 280 - 300 Bhratadarman Datayola II Hormizd II , `` Kushanshah '' ( c. 295 -- 300 ) Vasudeva II ( c. 275 -- 310 ) 300 - 320 CE Visvasena Rudrasimha II Jivadaman Peroz II , `` Kushanshah '' ( c. 300 -- 325 ) Vasudeva III Vasudeva IV Vasudeva V Chhu ( c. 310 ? -- 325 ) 320 - 388 CE Yasodaman II Rudradaman II Rudrasena III Simhasena Rudrasena IV Shapur II Sassanid king and `` Kushanshah '' ( c. 325 ) Varhran I , Varhran II , Varhran III `` Kushanshahs '' ( c. 325 -- 350 ) Peroz III `` Kushanshah '' ( c. 350 -- 360 ) HEPHTHALITE / HUNAS invasions Shaka I ( c. 325 -- 345 ) Kipunada ( c. 345 -- 375 ) GUPTA EMPIRE Chandragupta I Samudragupta 388 - 396 CE Rudrasimha III Chandragupta II NDL : 00567066 Jump up ^ From the dated inscription on the Rukhana reliquary Jump up ^ An Inscribed Silver Buddhist Reliquary of the Time of King Kharaosta and Prince Indravarman , Richard Salomon , Journal of the American Oriental Society , Vol. 116 , No. 3 ( Jul . - Sep. , 1996 ) , pp. 442 ( 6 ) Jump up ^ A Kharosthī Reliquary Inscription of the Time of the Apraca Prince Visnuvarma , by Richard Salomon , South Asian Studies 11 1995 , Pages 27 - 32 , Published online : 09 Aug 2010 ( 7 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kushan_Empire&oldid=842442888 '' Categories : Former monarchies of Asia Former countries in Asia Nomadic empires Former empires States and territories established in the 30s States and territories disestablished in the 4th century Kushan Empire History of Central Asia Former empires in Asia Ancient history of Afghanistan Ancient history of Pakistan Empires and kingdoms of India 375 disestablishments History of Buddhism Buddhism in India Buddhism in Afghanistan Buddhism in Pakistan Dynasties of India Lists of monarchs Nomadic groups in Eurasia History of Tajikistan 1st - century establishments in India 4th - century disestablishments in India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2015 Use Indian English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles containing Bactrian - language text Articles containing Sanskrit - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Pages using infobox former country with unknown parameters Articles containing Parthian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2010 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from April 2010 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from April 2010 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Alemannisch Ænglisc Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Malti मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语粵語中文 Lingua Franca Nova 71 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 13 : 55 . 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About Wikipedia	when did the kushan empire begin and end	[ "\n\nKushan Empire\n\n\nΚυϸανο (Bactrian)\nकुषाण साम्राज्य (Sanskrit)\nΒασιλεία Κοσσανῶν (Greek)\n\n\nNomadic empire\n\n\n\n\n\n\n30–375\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKushan territories (full line) and maximum extent of Kushan dominions under Kanishka the Great (dotted line), according to the Rabatak inscription.[1]\n\n\n\nCapital\nBagram (Kapiśi)\nPeshawar (Puruṣapura)\nTaxila (Takṣaśilā)\nMathura (Mathurā)\n\n\nLanguages\nGreek (official until ca. 127)[2]\nBactrian[3] (official from ca. 127)\nUnofficial regional languages:\nGurjari-Gandhari, Sogdian, Chorasmian, Tocharian, Saka dialects, Prakrit\nLiturgical language:\nSanskrit\n\n\nReligion\nHinduism[4]\nBuddhism[5]\nBactrian religion\nZoroastrianism[6]\n\n\nGovernment\nMonarchy\n\n\nEmperor\n\n\n\n • \n30–80\nKujula Kadphises\n\n\n • \n350–375\nKipunada\n\n\nHistorical era\nClassical Antiquity\n\n\n • \nKujula Kadphises unites Yuezhi tribes into a confederation\n30\n\n\n • \nSubjugated by the Sasanians, Guptas and Hepthalites[7]\n375\n\n\nArea\n3,800,000 km2 (1,500,000 sq mi)\n\n\nCurrency\nKushan drachma\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPreceded by\nSucceeded by\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIndo-Parthian Kingdom\n\n\n\nIndo-Scythians\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSasanian Empire\n\n\n\nGupta Empire\n\n\n\nHephthalite Empire\n\n\n\nKhasa kingdom\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nToday part of\n Afghanistan\n China\n Kyrgyzstan\n India\n Nepal\n Pakistan\n Tajikistan\n Uzbekistan\n Turkmenistan\n\n" ]	[ "30–375" ]
-4393306344497846455	Roman numerals	Roman numerals - wikipedia Roman numerals `` Latin numerals '' redirects here . For counting in Latin , see Latin § Numbers . Roman numerals on stern of a British clipper ship showing draft in feet . The numbers range from 13 to 22 , from bottom to top . Numeral systems Hindu -- Arabic numeral system Western Arabic Eastern Arabic Bengali Gurmukhi Indian Sinhala Tamil Balinese Burmese Dzongkha Gujarati Javanese Khmer Lao Mongolian Thai East Asian Chinese Suzhou Hokkien Japanese Korean Vietnamese Counting rods Alphabetic Abjad Armenian Āryabhaṭa Cyrillic Ge'ez Georgian Greek Hebrew Roman Former Aegean Attic Babylonian Brahmi Chuvash Egyptian Etruscan Inuit Kharosthi Mayan Muisca Quipu Prehistoric Positional systems by base 5 6 8 10 12 16 20 60 Non-standard positional numeral systems Bijective numeration ( 1 ) Signed - digit representation ( Balanced ternary ) factorial negative Complex - base system ( 2i ) Non-integer representation ( φ ) mixed Asymmetric numeral systems List of numeral systems The numeric system represented by Roman numerals originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages . Numbers in this system are represented by combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet . Roman numerals , as used today , are based on seven symbols : Symbol V X Value 5 10 50 100 500 1,000 The use of Roman numerals continued long after the decline of the Roman Empire . From the 14th century on , Roman numerals began to be replaced in most contexts by the more convenient Hindu - Arabic numerals ; however , this process was gradual , and the use of Roman numerals persists in some minor applications to this day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Roman numeric system 1.1 Basic decimal pattern 1.2 Alternative forms 2 History 2.1 Pre-Roman times and ancient Rome 2.1. 1 Hypotheses about the origin of Roman numerals 2.1. 1.1 Tally marks 2.1. 1.2 Hand signals 2.1. 1.3 Intermediate symbols deriving from few original symbols 2.2 Middle Ages and Renaissance 2.3 Modern use 2.3. 1 Specific disciplines 2.3. 2 Modern use in continental Europe 3 Special values 3.1 Zero 3.2 Fractions 3.3 Large numbers 3.3. 1 Apostrophus 3.3. 2 Vinculum 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources 7 Further reading 8 External links Roman numeric system Basic decimal pattern The original pattern for Roman numerals used the symbols I , V. and X ( 1 , 5 , and 10 ) as simple tally marks . Each marker for 1 ( I ) added a unit value up to 5 ( V ) , and was then added to ( V ) to make the numbers from 6 to 9 : I , II , III , IIII , V , VI , VII , VIII , VIIII , X . The numerals for 4 ( IIII ) and 9 ( VIIII ) proved problematic ( among other things , they are easily confused with III and VIII ) , and are generally replaced with IV ( one less than 5 ) and IX ( one less than 10 ) . This feature of Roman numerals is called subtractive notation . The numbers from 1 to 10 ( including subtractive notation for 4 and 9 ) are expressed in Roman numerals as follows : I , II , III , IV , V , VI , VII , VIII , IX , X . The system being basically decimal , tens and hundreds follow the same pattern : Thus 10 to 100 ( counting in tens , with X taking the place of I , L taking the place of V and C taking the place of X ) : X , XX , XXX , XL , L , LX , LXX , LXXX , XC , C . Note that 40 ( XL ) and 90 ( XC ) follow the same subtractive pattern as 4 and 9 . Similarly , 100 to 1000 ( counting in hundreds ) : C , CC , CCC , CD , D , DC , DCC , DCCC , CM , M . Many numbers include hundreds , units and tens . The Roman numeral system being basically decimal , each `` place '' is added separately , in descending sequence from left to right , as with `` arabic '' numbers . For example , the number 39 is XXXIX , ( three tens and a ten less one ) , 246 is CCXLVI ( two hundreds , a fifty less ten , a five and a one . As each place has its own notation there is no need for place keeping zeros , so `` missing places '' can be simply omitted : thus 207 , for instance , is written CCVII ( two hundreds , a five and two ones ) and 1066 becomes MLXVI ( a thousand , a fifty and a ten , a five and a one ) Roman numerals for large numbers are nowadays seen mainly in the form of year numbers ( other uses are detailed later in this article ) , as in these examples : 1776 as MDCCLXXVI , the date written on the book held by the Statue of Liberty . 1954 as MCMLIV , as in the trailer for the movie The Last Time I Saw Paris 1990 as MCMXC , used as the title of musical project Enigma 's debut album MCMXC a.D. , named after the year of its release . 2014 as MMXIV , the year of the games of the XXII ( 22nd ) Olympic Winter Games ( in Sochi ) 2018 as MMXVIII . Alternative forms A typical clock face with Roman numerals in Bad Salzdetfurth , Germany The `` standard '' forms described above reflect typical modern usage rather than a universally accepted convention . Usage in ancient Rome varied greatly and remained inconsistent in medieval and modern times . Inscriptions dating from the Roman period not infrequently use `` additive '' forms such as IIII and VIIII for `` 4 '' and `` 9 '' instead of IV and IX . There are even instances of both forms appearing within the same document . While in standard usage subtractive notation is limited to use of `` adjacent '' numerals , so that 99 ( for example ) is written XCIX , forms such as IC are not unknown . XIIX or IIXX are sometimes used for `` 18 '' instead of XVIII . The Latin word for `` eighteen '' is often rendered as the equivalent of `` twenty less two '' , ( duodeviginti ) which may be the source of this usage . Sometimes V and L are not used , with instances such as IIIIII and XXXXXX rather than VI or LX . An inscription on Admiralty Arch , London . The number is 1910 , for which MCMX would be more usual . Clock faces that use Roman numerals normally show IIII for four o'clock but IX for nine o'clock , a practice that goes back to very early clocks such as the Wells Cathedral clock of the late 14th century . However , this is far from universal : for example , the clock on the Palace of Westminster in London ( aka `` Big Ben '' ) uses a `` normal '' IV . At the beginning of the 20th century , different representations of 900 ( conventionally CM ) appeared in several inscribed dates . For instance , 1910 is shown on Admiralty Arch , London , as MDCCCCX rather than MCMX , while on the north entrance to the Saint Louis Art Museum , 1903 is inscribed as MDCDIII rather than MCMIII . History Pre-roman times and ancient Rome Although Roman numerals came to be written with letters of the Roman alphabet , they were originally independent symbols . The Etruscans , for example , used 𐌠 , 𐌡 , 𐌢 , 𐌣 , 𐌚 , and ⊕ for I , V , X , L , C , and M , of which only I and X happened to be letters in their alphabet . Hypotheses about the origin of Roman numerals Tally marks One hypothesis is that the Etrusco - Roman numerals actually derive from notches on tally sticks , which continued to be used by Italian and Dalmatian shepherds into the 19th century . Thus , ⟨ I ⟩ descends not from the letter ⟨ I ⟩ but from a notch scored across the stick . Every fifth notch was double cut i.e. ⋀ , ⋁ , ⋋ , ⋌ , etc . ) , and every tenth was cross cut ( X ) , IIIIΛIIIIXIIIIΛIIIIXII ... ) , much like European tally marks today . This produced a positional system : Eight on a counting stick was eight tallies , IIIIΛIII , or the eighth of a longer series of tallies ; either way , it could be abbreviated ΛIII ( or VIII ) , as the existence of a Λ implies four prior notches . By extension , eighteen was the eighth tally after the first ten , which could be abbreviated X , and so was XΛIII . Likewise , number four on the stick was the I - notch that could be felt just before the cut of the Λ ( V ) , so it could be written as either IIII or IΛ ( IV ) . Thus the system was neither additive nor subtractive in its conception , but ordinal . When the tallies were transferred to writing , the marks were easily identified with the existing Roman letters I , V and X . The tenth V or X along the stick received an extra stroke . Thus 50 was written variously as N , И , K , Ψ , ⋔ , etc. , but perhaps most often as a chicken - track shape like a superimposed V and I : ↆ . This had flattened to Ʇ ( an inverted T ) by the time of Augustus , and soon thereafter became identified with the graphically similar letter L. Likewise , 100 was variously Ж , ⋉ , ⋈ , H , or as any of the symbols for 50 above plus an extra stroke . The form Ж ( that is , a superimposed X and I like : 𐌟 ) came to predominate . It was written variously as > I < or ↃIC , was then abbreviated to Ↄ or C , with C variant finally winning out because , as a letter , it stood for centum , Latin for `` hundred '' . The hundredth V or X was marked with a box or circle . Thus 500 was like a Ↄ superimposed on a ⋌ or ⊢ , becoming D or Ð by the time of Augustus , under the graphic influence of the letter ⟨ D ⟩ . It was later identified as the letter D ; an alternative symbol for `` thousand '' was ( I ) ( or CIↃ or CꟾↃ ) , and half of a thousand or `` five hundred '' is the right half of the symbol , I ) ( or IↃ or ꟾↃ ) , and this may have been converted into ⟨ D ⟩ . This at least was the etymology given to it later on . Meanwhile , 1000 was a circled or boxed X : X , ⊗ , ⊕ , and by Augustinian times was partially identified with the Greek letter Φ phi . Over time , the symbol changed to Ψ and ↀ . The latter symbol further evolved into ∞ , then ⋈ , and eventually changed to M under the influence of the Latin word mille `` thousand '' . Hand signals Alfred Hooper has an alternative hypothesis for the origin of the Roman numeral system , for small numbers . Hooper contends that the digits are related to hand gestures for counting . For example , the numbers I , II , III , IIII correspond to the number of fingers held up for another to see . V , then represents that hand upright with fingers together and thumb apart . Numbers 6 -- 10 , are represented with two hands as follows ( left hand , right hand ) 6 = ( V , I ) , 7 = ( V , II ) , 8 = ( V , III ) , 9 = ( V , IIII ) , 10 = ( V , V ) and X results from either crossing of the thumbs , or holding both hands up in a cross . Another possibility is that each I represents a finger and V represents the thumb of one hand . This way the numbers between 1 -- 10 can be counted on one hand using the order : I = P , II = PR , III = PRM , IV = IT , V = T , VI = TP , VII = TPR , VIII = TPRM , IX = IN , X = N ( P = Pinky , R = Ring , M = Middle , I = Index , T = Thumb N = No Fingers / Other Hand ) . This pattern can also be continued using the other hand with the fingers representing X and the thumb L . Intermediate symbols deriving from few original symbols A third hypothesis about the origins states that the basic ciphers were I , X , C and Φ ( or ⊕ ) and that the intermediary ones were derived from taking half of those ( half an X is V , half a C is L and half a Φ / ⊕ is D ) . The Φ was later replaced with M , the initial of Mille ( the Latin word for `` thousand '' ) . Middle Ages and Renaissance Minuscule ( lower - case ) letters were developed in the Middle Ages , well after the demise of the Western Roman Empire , and since that time lower - case versions of Roman numbers have also been commonly used : i , ii , iii , iv , and so on . Since the Middle Ages , a `` j '' has sometimes been substituted for the final `` i '' of a `` lower - case '' Roman numeral , such as `` iij '' for 3 or `` vij '' for 7 . This `` j '' can be considered a swash variant of `` i '' ( see example ( 1 ) ) . The use of a final `` j '' is still used in medical prescriptions to prevent tampering with or misinterpretation of a number after it is written . Numerals in documents and inscriptions from the Middle Ages sometimes include additional symbols , which today are called `` medieval Roman numerals '' . Some simply substitute another letter for the standard one ( such as `` A '' for `` V '' , or `` Q '' for `` D '' ) , while others serve as abbreviations for compound numerals ( `` O '' for `` XI '' , or `` F '' for `` XL '' ) . Although they are still listed today in some dictionaries , they are long out of use . Number Medieval abbreviation Notes and etymology 5 Resembles an upside - down V. Also said to equal 500 . 6 ↅ Either from a ligature of VI , or the Greek numeral 6 : stigma ( Ϛ ) . 7 S , Z Presumed abbreviation of septem , Latin for 7 . 11 O Presumed abbreviation of onze , French for 11 . 40 Presumed abbreviation of English forty . 70 Also could stand for 7 , with the same derivation . 80 90 Presumed abbreviation of nonaginta , Latin for 90 . ( N.B. N is also used for `` nothing '' ( nullus ) ) . 150 Y Possibly derived from the lowercase y 's shape . 151 Unusual , origin unknown ; also said to stand for 250 . 160 Possibly derived from Greek tetra , as 4 × 40 = 160 . 200 Could also stand for 2 ( see also 𐆙 , the symbol for the dupondius ) . From a barring of two I 's . 250 300 400 P , G 500 Q Redundant with D ; abbreviates quingenti , Latin for 500 . 2000 Z Chronograms , messages with dates encoded into them , were popular during the Renaissance era . The chronogram would be a phrase containing the letters I , V , X , L , C , D , and M. By putting these letters together , the reader would obtain a number , usually indicating a particular year . Modern use By the 11th century , Hindu -- Arabic numerals had been introduced into Europe from al - Andalus , by way of Arab traders and arithmetic treatises . Roman numerals , however , proved very persistent , remaining in common use in the West well into the 14th and 15th centuries , even in accounting and other business records ( where the actual calculations would have been made using an abacus ) . Replacement by their more convenient `` Arabic '' equivalents was quite gradual , and Roman numerals are still used today in certain contexts . A few examples of their current use are : Spanish Real using `` IIII '' instead of `` IV '' as regnal number of Charles IV of Spain Names of monarchs and popes , e.g. Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom , Pope Benedict XVI . These are referred to as regnal numbers and are usually read as ordinals ; e.g. II is pronounced `` the second '' . This tradition began in Europe sporadically in the Middle Ages , gaining widespread use in England only during the reign of Henry VIII . Previously , the monarch was not known by numeral but by an epithet such as Edward the Confessor . Some monarchs ( e.g. Charles IV of Spain and Louis XIV of France ) seem to have preferred the use of IIII instead of IV on their coinage ( see illustration ) . Generational suffixes , particularly in the US , for people sharing the same name across generations , for example William Howard Taft IV . In the French Republican Calendar , initiated during the French Revolution , years were numbered by Roman numerals -- from the year I ( 1792 ) when this calendar was introduced to the year XIV ( 1805 ) when it was abandoned . The year of production of films , television shows and other works of art within the work itself . It has been suggested -- by BBC News , perhaps facetiously -- that this was originally done `` in an attempt to disguise the age of films or television programmes . '' Outside reference to the work will use regular Hindu -- Arabic numerals . Hour marks on timepieces . In this context , 4 is usually written IIII . The year of construction on building faces and cornerstones . Page numbering of prefaces and introductions of books , and sometimes of annexes , too . Book volume and chapter numbers , as well as the several acts within a play ( e.g. Act iii , Scene 2 ) . Sequels of some movies , video games , and other works ( as in Rocky II ) . Outlines that use numbers to show hierarchical relationships . Occurrences of a recurring grand event , for instance : The Summer and Winter Olympic Games ( e.g. the XXI Olympic Winter Games ; the Games of the XXX Olympiad ) The Super Bowl , the annual championship game of the National Football League ( e.g. Super Bowl XXXVII ; Super Bowl 50 is a one - time exception ) WrestleMania , the annual professional wrestling event for the WWE ( e.g. WrestleMania XXX ) . This usage has also been inconsistent . Specific disciplines Entrance to section LII ( 52 ) of the Colosseum , with numerals still visible In astronomy , the natural satellites or `` moons '' of the planets are traditionally designated by capital Roman numerals appended to the planet 's name . For example , Titan 's designation is Saturn VI . In chemistry , Roman numerals are often used to denote the groups of the periodic table . They are also used in the IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry , for the oxidation number of cations which can take on several different positive charges . They are also used for naming phases of polymorphic crystals , such as ice . In computing , Roman numerals may be used in identifiers which are limited to alphabetic characters by syntactic constraints of the programming language . In LaTeX , for instance , \ labelitemiii refers to the label of an item in the third level iii of a nested list environment . In military unit designation , Roman numerals are often used to distinguish between units at different levels . This reduces possible confusion , especially when viewing operational or strategic level maps . In particular , army corps are often numbered using Roman numerals ( for example the American XVIII Airborne Corps or the WW2 - era German III Panzerkorps ) with Hindu - Arabic numerals being used for divisions and armies . In music , Roman numerals are used in several contexts : Movements are often numbered using Roman numerals . In music theory , the diatonic functions are identified using Roman numerals . ( See : Roman numeral analysis ) Individual strings of stringed instruments , such as the violin , are often denoted by Roman numerals , with higher numbers denoting lower strings . In pharmacy , Roman numerals are used in some contexts , including S to denote `` one half '' and N to mean `` nothing '' . ( See the sections below on `` zero '' and `` fractions '' . ) In photography , Roman numerals ( with zero ) are used to denote varying levels of brightness when using the Zone System . In seismology , Roman numerals are used to designate degrees of the Mercalli intensity scale of earthquakes . In tarot , Roman numerals ( with zero ) are used to denote the cards of the Major Arcana . In theology and biblical scholarship , the Septuagint is often referred to as LXX , as this translation of the Old Testament into Greek is named for the legendary number of its translators ( septuaginta being Latin for `` seventy '' ) . In entomology , the broods of the thirteen and seventeen year periodical cicadas are identified by Roman numerals . In advanced mathematics ( including trigonometry , statistics , and calculus ) , when a graph includes negative numbers , its quadrants are named using I , II , III , and IV . These quadrant names signify positive numbers on both axes , negative numbers on the X axis , negative numbers on both axes , and negative numbers on the Y axis , respectively . The use of Roman numerals to designate quadrants avoids confusion , since Hindu - Arabic numerals are used for the actual data represented in the graph . Modern use in continental Europe Some uses that are rare or never seen in English speaking countries are relatively common in continental Europe . For instance : Capital or small capital Roman numerals are widely used in Romance languages to denote centuries , e.g. the French xviii siècle and the Spanish siglo XVIII mean `` 18th century '' . Slavic languages in and adjacent to Russia similarly favour Roman numerals ( XVIII век ) . On the other hand , in Slavic languages in Central Europe , like most Germanic languages , one writes `` 18 . '' ( with a period ) before the local word for `` century '' . Boris Yeltsin 's signature , dated 10 November 1988 . The month is specified by `` XI '' rather than `` 11 '' . Mixed Roman and Hindu - Arabic numerals are sometimes used in numeric representations of dates ( especially in formal letters and official documents , but also on tombstones ) . The month is written in Roman numerals , while the day is in Hindu - Arabic numerals : `` 14. VI. 1789 '' and `` VI. 14.1789 '' both refer unambiguously to 14 June 1789 . Timetable on a shop window in Vilnius Roman numerals are sometimes used to represent the days of the week in hours - of - operation signs displayed in windows or on doors of businesses , and also sometimes in railway and bus timetables . Monday , taken as the first day of the week , is represented by I. Sunday is represented by VII . The hours of operation signs are tables composed of two columns where the left column is the day of the week in Roman numerals and the right column is a range of hours of operation from starting time to closing time . In the example case ( left ) , the business opens from 10 AM to 7 PM on weekdays , 10 AM to 5 PM on Saturdays and is closed on Sundays . Note that the listing uses 24 - hour time . Sign at 17.9 km on route SS4 Salaria , north of Rome Roman numerals may also be used for floor numbering . For instance , apartments in central Amsterdam are indicated as 138 - III , with both a Hindu - Arabic numeral ( number of the block or house ) and a Roman numeral ( floor number ) . The apartment on the ground floor is indicated as ' 138 - huis ' . In Italy , where roads outside built - up areas have kilometre signs , major roads and motorways also mark 100 - metre subdivisionals , using Roman numerals from I to IX for the smaller intervals . The sign `` IX 17 '' thus marks kilometre 17.9 . A notable exception to the use of Roman numerals in Europe is in Greece , where Greek numerals ( based on the Greek alphabet ) are generally used in contexts where Roman numerals would be used elsewhere . Special values Zero The number zero does not have its own Roman numeral , but the word nulla ( the Latin word meaning `` none '' ) was used by medieval scholars in lieu of 0 . Dionysius Exiguus was known to use nulla alongside Roman numerals in 525 . About 725 , Bede or one of his colleagues used the letter N , the initial of nulla or of nihil ( the Latin word for `` nothing '' ) , in a table of epacts , all written in Roman numerals . Fractions A triens coin ( 1 / 3 or 4 / 12 of an as ) . Note the four dots indicating its value . A semis coin ( 1 / 2 or 6 / 12 of an as ) . Note the S indicating its value . Though the Romans used a decimal system for whole numbers , reflecting how they counted in Latin , they used a duodecimal system for fractions , because the divisibility of twelve ( 12 = 2 × 3 ) makes it easier to handle the common fractions of 1 / 3 and 1 / 4 than does a system based on ten ( 10 = 2 × 5 ) . On coins , many of which had values that were duodecimal fractions of the unit as , they used a tally - like notational system based on twelfths and halves . A dot ( ) indicated an uncia `` twelfth '' , the source of the English words inch and ounce ; dots were repeated for fractions up to five twelfths . Six twelfths ( one half ) was abbreviated as the letter S for semis `` half '' . Uncia dots were added to S for fractions from seven to eleven twelfths , just as tallies were added to V for whole numbers from six to nine . Each fraction from 1 / 12 to 12 / 12 had a name in Roman times ; these corresponded to the names of the related coins : Fraction Roman numeral Name ( nominative and genitive ) Meaning 1 / 12 Uncia , unciae `` Ounce '' 2 / 12 = 1 / 6 or : Sextans , sextantis `` Sixth '' 3 / 12 = 1 / 4 or ∴ Quadrans , quadrantis `` Quarter '' 4 / 12 = 1 / 3 or : : Triens , trientis `` Third '' 5 / 12 or : : Quincunx , quincuncis `` Five - ounce '' ( quinque unciae → quincunx ) 6 / 12 = 1 / 2 Semis , semissis `` Half '' 7 / 12 S Septunx , septuncis `` Seven - ounce '' ( septem unciae → septunx ) 8 / 12 = 2 / 3 S or S : Bes , bessis `` Twice '' ( as in `` twice a third '' ) 9 / 12 = 3 / 4 S or S : Dodrans , dodrantis or nonuncium , nonuncii `` Less a quarter '' ( de-quadrans → dodrans ) or `` ninth ounce '' ( nona uncia → nonuncium ) 10 / 12 = 5 / 6 S or S : : Dextans , dextantis or decunx , decuncis `` Less a sixth '' ( de-sextans → dextans ) or `` ten ounces '' ( decem unciae → decunx ) 11 / 12 S or S : : Deunx , deuncis `` Less an ounce '' ( de-uncia → deunx ) 12 / 12 = 1 As , assis `` Unit '' The arrangement of the dots was variable and not necessarily linear . Five dots arranged like ( ⁙ ) ( as on the face of a die ) are known as a quincunx , from the name of the Roman fraction / coin . The Latin words sextans and quadrans are the source of the English words sextant and quadrant . Other Roman fractional notations included the following : 1 / 8 sescuncia , sescunciae ( from sesqui - + uncia , i.e. 11⁄2 uncias ) , represented by a sequence of the symbols for the semuncia and the uncia . 1 / 24 semuncia , semunciae ( from semi - + uncia , i.e. 1⁄2 uncia ) , represented by several variant glyphs deriving from the shape of the Greek letter sigma ( Σ ) , one variant resembling the pound sign ( £ ) without the horizontal line ( s ) and another resembling the Cyrillic letter Є . 1 / 36 binae sextulae , binarum sextularum ( `` two sextulas '' ) or duella , duellae , represented by a sequence of two reversed Ss ( ƧƧ ) . 1 / 48 sicilicus , sicilici , represented by a reversed C ( Ɔ ) . 1 / 72 sextula , sextulae ( 1 / 6 of an uncia ) , represented by a reversed S ( Ƨ ) . 1 / 144 = 12 dimidia sextula , dimidiae sextulae ( `` half a sextula '' ) , represented by a reversed S crossed by a horizontal line ( 𐆔 ) . 1 / 288 scripulum , scripuli ( a scruple ) , represented by the symbol ℈ . 1 / 1728 = 12 siliqua , siliquae , represented by a symbol resembling closing guillemets ( 𐆕 ) . Large numbers A number of systems were developed for the expression of larger numbers that can not be conveniently expressed using the normal seven letter symbols of conventional Roman numerals . `` 1630 '' on the Westerkerk in Amsterdam , with the date expressed in `` apostrophus '' notation . Apostrophus One of these was the apostrophus , in which 500 ( usually written as `` D '' ) was written as Ɔ , while 1,000 was written as C Ɔ instead of `` M '' . This is a system of encasing numbers to denote thousands ( the Cs and Ɔs functioned in this case as the Roman equivalent of parentheses ) , and has its origins in Etruscan numeral usage . Each extra set of C combined with Ɔ , raises C Ɔ by a factor of ten , for example , CC ƆƆ is 10,000 and CCC ƆƆƆ is 100,000 . Whereas the Ɔ ( representing 500 ) is raised by a factor of ten by combining it with a Ɔ , for example , ƆƆ is 5,000 , and ƆƆƆ is 50,000 . The D and M used to represent 500 and 1,000 in conventional Roman numerals were probably derived from Ɔ and C Ɔ , respectively . For example : Base number C Ɔ = 1,000 CC ƆƆ = 10,000 CCC ƆƆƆ = 100,000 with Ɔ Ɔ = 500 C Ɔ Ɔ = 1,500 ( broken down as C Ɔ plus Ɔ ) CC ƆƆ Ɔ = 10,500 ( broken down as CC ƆƆ plus Ɔ ) CCC ƆƆƆ Ɔ = 100,500 ( broken down as CCC ƆƆƆ plus Ɔ ) with ƆƆ ƆƆ = 5,000 CC ƆƆ ƆƆ = 15,000 ( broken down as CC ƆƆ plus ƆƆ ) CCC ƆƆƆ ƆƆ = 105,000 ( broken down as CCC ƆƆƆ plus ƆƆ ) with ƆƆƆ ƆƆƆ = 50,000 CCC ƆƆƆ ƆƆƆ = 150,000 ( broken down as CCC ƆƆƆ plus ƆƆƆ ) Sometimes C Ɔ was reduced to ↀ for 1,000 . John Wallis is often credited for introducing the symbol for infinity ( modern ∞ ) , and one conjecture is that he based it on this usage , since 1,000 was hyperbolically used to represent very large numbers . Similarly , ƆƆ for 5,000 was reduced to ↁ ; CC ƆƆ for 10,000 to ↂ ; ƆƆƆ for 50,000 to ↇ ; and CCC ƆƆƆ for 100,000 to ↈ . Page from a 16th - century manual , showing a mixture of apostrophus and vinculum numbers ( see in particular the ways of writing 10,000 ) . Vinculum Another system is the vinculum , where a conventional Roman numeral is multiplied by 1,000 by adding an overline . Although mathematical historian David Eugene Smith disputes that this was part of ancient Roman usage , the notation was certainly in use in the Middle Ages , and is at least a convenient and `` conventional '' way to express numbers greater than 3,999 in Roman numerals . For instance : IV for 4,000 XXV for 25,000 Adding vertical lines ( or brackets ) before and after the numeral seems to have been used ( at least by late medieval times ) to multiply a Roman numeral by 10 : thus M for 10,000 rather than X ( perhaps under the influence of Arabic / Hindu numerals , which were by this time coming into use ) . In combination with the overline the bracketed forms might be used to raise the multiplier to ( say ) ten ( or one hundred ) thousand , thus : VIII for 80,000 ( or 800,000 ) XX for 200,000 ( or 2,000,000 ) This needs to be distinguished from the custom of adding both underline and overline to a Roman numeral , simply to make it clear that it is a number , e.g. MCMLXVII . See also Egyptian numerals Etruscan numerals Kharosthi numerals Roman abacus Proto - writing Roman numerals in Unicode Pentimal system References Jump up ^ Gordon , Arthur E. ( 1982 ) . Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0520050797 . Alphabetic symbols for larger numbers , such as Q for 500,000 , have also been used to various degrees of standardization . Jump up ^ Reddy , Indra K. ; Khan , Mansoor A. ( 2003 ) . Essential Math and Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians . CRC Press . ISBN 9780203495346 . Jump up ^ Dela Cruz , M.L.P. ; Torres , H.D. ( 2009 ) . Number Smart Quest for Mastery : Teacher 's Edition . Rex Bookstore , Inc . ISBN 9789712352164 . Jump up ^ Martelli , Alex ; Ascher , David ( 2002 ) . Python Cookbook . O'Reilly Media Inc . ISBN 9780596001674 . Jump up ^ `` What book is the Statue of Liberty holding ? What is its significance ? '' . Quora . Jump up ^ Hayes , David P. `` Guide to Roman Numerals '' . Copyright Registration and Renewal Information Chart and Web Site . Jump up ^ Adams , Cecil ( February 23 , 1990 ) . `` What is the proper way to style Roman numerals for the 1990s ? '' . The Straight Dope . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Joyce Maire ; Spawforth , Anthony J.S. ( 1996 ) . `` numbers , Roman '' . In Hornblower , Simon ; Spawforth , Anthony . Oxford Classical Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 866172 - X . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Benjamin Hall ( 1923 ) . The Revised Latin Primer . London : Longmans , Green & Co . Jump up ^ Milham , W.I. ( 1947 ) . Time & Timekeepers . New York : Macmillan . p. 196 . ^ Jump up to : Pickover , Clifford A. ( 2003 ) , Wonders of Numbers : Adventures in Mathematics , Mind , and Meaning , Oxford University Press , p. 282 , ISBN 9780195348002 . Jump up ^ Adams , Cecil ; Zotti , Ed ( 1988 ) . More of the straight dope . Ballantine Books . p. 154 . ISBN 9780345351456 ... Jump up ^ `` Gallery : Museum 's North Entrance ( 1910 ) '' . Saint Louis Art Museum . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . The inscription over the North Entrance to the Museum reads : `` Dedicated to Art and Free to All MDCDIII '' . These Roman numerals translate to 1903 , indicating that the engraving was part of the original building designed for the 1904 World 's Fair . ^ Jump up to : Ifrah , Georges ( 2000 ) . The Universal History of Numbers : From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer . Translated by David Bellos , E.F. Harding , Sophie Wood , Ian Monk . John Wiley & Sons . ^ Jump up to : Asimov , Isaac ( 1977 ) ( 1966 ) . Asimov On Numbers . Pocket Books , a division of Simon & Schuster , Inc. p. 9 . Jump up ^ Alfred Hooper . The River Mathematics ( New York , H. Holt , 1945 ) . Jump up ^ Keyser , Paul ( 1988 ) . `` The Origin of the Latin Numerals 1 to 1000 '' . American Journal of Archaeology. 92 : 529 -- 546 . JSTOR 505248 . Jump up ^ Sturmer , Julius W. Course in Pharmaceutical and Chemical Arithmetic , 3rd ed . ( LaFayette , IN : Burt - Terry - Wilson , 1906 ) . p25 Retrieved on 2010 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Bastedo , Walter A. Materia Medica : Pharmacology , Therapeutics and Prescription Writing for Students and Practitioners , 2nd ed . ( Philadelphia , PA : W.B. Saunders , 1919 ) p582 Retrieved on 2010 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Capelli , A. Dictionary of Latin Abbreviations. 1912 . Jump up ^ Perry , David J. Proposal to Add Additional Ancient Roman Characters to UCS . Jump up ^ Bang , Jørgen . Fremmedordbog , Berlingske Ordbøger , 1962 ( Danish ) Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( 2012 - 01 - 13 ) . `` TV Q&A : ABC News , ' Storage Wars ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ NFL wo n't use Roman numerals for Super Bowl 50 , nfl.com , Retrieved November 5 , 2014 Jump up ^ Bachenheimer , Bonnie S. ( 2010 ) . Manual for Pharmacy Technicians . ISBN 158528307X . Jump up ^ Lexique des règles typographiques en usage à l'imprimerie nationale ( in French ) ( 6th ed . ) . Paris : Imprimerie nationale . March 2011 . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7433 - 0482 - 9 . On composera en chiffres romains petites capitales les nombres concernant : ↲ 1 . Les siècles . Jump up ^ Beginners latin , Nationalarchives.gov.uk , Retrieved December 1 , 2013 Jump up ^ Roman Arithmetic , Southwestern Adventist University , Retrieved December 1 , 2013 Jump up ^ Roman Numerals History , Retrieved December 1 , 2013 Jump up ^ Faith Wallis , trans . Bede : The Reckoning of Time ( 725 ) , Liverpool : Liverpool Univ . Pr. , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 85323 - 693 - 3 . Jump up ^ Byrhtferth 's Enchiridion ( 1016 ) . Edited by Peter S. Baker and Michael Lapidge . Early English Text Society 1995 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 722416 - 8 . Jump up ^ C.W. Jones , ed. , Opera Didascalica , vol . 123C in Corpus Christianorum , Series Latina . Jump up ^ Maher , David W. ; Makowski , John F. , `` Literary Evidence for Roman Arithmetic with Fractions '' , Classical Philology 96 ( 2011 ) : 376 -- 399 . Jump up ^ `` Merriam - Webster Unabridged Dictionary '' . Jump up ^ Smith , David Eugene ( 1958 ) ( 1925 ) , History of Mathematics , II , p. 60 , ISBN 0 - 486 - 20430 - 8 Sources Menninger , Karl ( 1992 ) . Number Words and Number Symbols : A Cultural History of Numbers . Dover Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 27096 - 8 . Library resources about Roman numerals Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Further reading Aczel , Amir D. 2015 . Finding Zero : A Mathematician 's Odyssey to Uncover the Origins of Numbers . 1st edition . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . Goines , David Lance . A Constructed Roman Alphabet : A Geometric Analysis of the Greek and Roman Capitals and of the Arabic Numerals . Boston : D.R. Godine , 1982 . Houston , Stephen D. 2012 . The Shape of Script : How and Why Writing Systems Change . Santa Fe , NM : School for Advanced Research Press . Taisbak , Christian M. 1965 . `` Roman numerals and the abacus . '' Classica et medievalia 26 : 147 -- 60 . External links Look up Appendix : Roman numerals or roman numeral in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roman numerals . FAQ : Why do clocks with Roman numerals use `` IIII '' instead of `` IV '' ? 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does lx stand for in roman numerals	[ "The numerals for 4 (IIII) and 9 (VIIII) proved problematic (among other things, they are easily confused with III and VIII), and are generally replaced with IV (one less than 5) and IX (one less than 10). This feature of Roman numerals is called subtractive notation." ]	[ "9" ]
1453206387939679395	2016 Australian Open – Men's Singles	2016 Australian Open -- men 's singles - wikipedia 2016 Australian Open -- men 's singles Jump to : navigation , search Men 's Singles 2016 Australian Open Champion Novak Djokovic Runner - up Andy Murray Final score 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 5 , 7 -- 6 Details Draw 128 ( 16 Q / 8 WC ) Seeds 32 Events Singles men women boys girls Doubles men women mixed boys girls Legends men women mixed WC Singles men women quad WC Doubles men women quad ← 2015 Australian Open 2017 → Main article : 2016 Australian Open Novak Djokovic was the defending champion and successfully defended his title , defeating Andy Murray , 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 5 , 7 -- 6 in a rematch of the previous year 's final , and the fourth Australian Open final between the pair . Djokovic also equaled Roy Emerson 's all - time men 's record of six Australian Open singles titles . Murray also became the second man in the Open Era ( after Ivan Lendl ) to lose five Grand Slam finals at one event , and is the only one to have the distinction without having won the title . Australian Lleyton Hewitt , a 2005 finalist , two - time Grand Slam champion and former world No. 1 , played his last professional singles matches . He lost to David Ferrer in the second round . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seeds 2 Qualifying 3 Wildcards 4 Draw 4.1 Key 4.2 Finals 4.3 Top half 4.3. 1 Section 1 4.3. 2 Section 2 4.3. 3 Section 3 4.3. 4 Section 4 4.4 Bottom half 4.4. 1 Section 5 4.4. 2 Section 6 4.4. 3 Section 7 4.4. 4 Section 8 5 Nationalities in the field 6 References 7 External links Seeds ( edit ) 01 . Novak Djokovic ( Champion ) 02 . Andy Murray ( Final ) 03 . Roger Federer ( Semifinals ) 04 . Stan Wawrinka ( Fourth round ) 05 . Rafael Nadal ( First round ) 06 . Tomáš Berdych ( Quarterfinals ) 07 . Kei Nishikori ( Quarterfinals ) 08 . David Ferrer ( Quarterfinals ) 09 . Jo - Wilfried Tsonga ( Fourth round ) 10 . John Isner ( Fourth round ) 11 . Kevin Anderson ( First round , retired ) 12 . Marin Čilić ( Third round ) 13 . Milos Raonic ( Semifinals ) 14 . Gilles Simon ( Fourth round ) 15 . David Goffin ( Fourth round ) 16 . Bernard Tomic ( Fourth round ) 17 . Benoît Paire ( First round ) 18 . Feliciano López ( Third round ) 19 . Dominic Thiem ( Third round ) 20 . Fabio Fognini ( First round ) 21 . Viktor Troicki ( Third round ) 22 . Ivo Karlović ( First round , retired ) 23 . Gaël Monfils ( Quarterfinals ) 24 . Roberto Bautista Agut ( Fourth round ) 25 . Jack Sock ( Second round ) 26 . Guillermo García - López ( Third round ) 27 . Grigor Dimitrov ( Third round ) 28 . Andreas Seppi ( Third round ) 29 . Nick Kyrgios ( Third round ) 30 . Jérémy Chardy ( Second round ) 31 . Steve Johnson ( Third round ) 32 . João Sousa ( Third round ) Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section . Qualifying ( edit ) Main article : 2016 Australian Open -- Men 's Singles Qualifying Wildcards ( edit ) Main article : 2016 Australian Open -- Main Draw Wildcard Entries Draw ( edit ) Key ( edit ) Q = Qualifier WC = Wild Card LL = Lucky Loser Alt = Alternate SE = Special Exempt PR = Protected Ranking w / o = Walkover r = Retired d = Defaulted Finals ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Novak Djokovic 6 6 6 7 Kei Nishikori Novak Djokovic 6 6 6 Roger Federer 6 Roger Federer 7 6 6 6 Tomáš Berdych 6 Novak Djokovic 6 7 7 Andy Murray 5 6 23 Gaël Monfils 6 13 Milos Raonic 6 6 6 13 Milos Raonic 6 5 7 Andy Murray 7 6 6 6 8 David Ferrer 7 Andy Murray 6 6 6 6 Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round N Djokovic 6 6 6 H Chung N Djokovic 6 6 7 WC Q Halys 6 6 6 7 WC Q Halys 6 I Dodig 7 5 N Djokovic 6 7 7 F Krajinović 0 28 A Seppi 5 6 D Kudla 6 6 0 D Kudla 5 T Gabashvili 6 6 6 28 A Seppi 7 6 6 28 A Seppi 7 6 7 N Djokovic 6 6 6 6 22 I Karlović 6 14 G Simon 7 6 F Delbonis 7 6 F Delbonis 7 6 7 6 J Veselý 6 6 6 Q R Olivo 6 6 7 5 Q R Olivo 7 6 6 F Delbonis E Donskoy 6 6 6 14 G Simon 6 6 6 Í Cervantes 6 E Donskoy 7 6 6 5 V Pospisil 7 14 G Simon 6 5 7 7 14 G Simon 6 6 6 6 Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 9 J-W Tsonga 6 6 6 M Baghdatis 6 9 J-W Tsonga 7 6 6 WC O Jasika 6 6 6 WC O Jasika 5 I Marchenko 6 0 9 J-W Tsonga 6 7 7 P Andújar 7 6 Q P-H Herbert 6 6 Q P-H Herbert 5 6 7 6 Q P-H Herbert 6 6 6 WC N Rubin 7 7 7 WC N Rubin 0 17 B Paire 6 6 6 9 J-W Tsonga 26 G García - López 6 6 6 7 K Nishikori 6 6 6 P-H Mathieu 26 G García - López 6 7 6 V Estrella Burgos 6 6 Q D Brands 6 6 Q D Brands 6 7 6 26 G García - López 5 6 A Krajicek 6 6 6 7 K Nishikori 7 6 6 Q D Wu A Krajicek 6 P Kohlschreiber 7 K Nishikori 6 7 6 7 K Nishikori 6 6 6 Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round R Federer 6 6 6 N Basilashvili R Federer 6 7 6 R Berankis 6 A Dolgopolov 5 A Dolgopolov 6 6 6 R Federer 6 6 6 Q J Kovalík 6 5 27 G Dimitrov 6 Q M Trungelliti 6 7 7 Q M Trungelliti 6 5 P Lorenzi 6 27 G Dimitrov 6 6 7 27 G Dimitrov 6 7 6 R Federer 6 6 6 19 D Thiem 6 7 7 15 D Goffin L Mayer 6 6 6 19 D Thiem 6 6 6 PR J Benneteau 7 6 N Almagro N Almagro 6 6 6 7 19 D Thiem 6 6 5 K Edmund 6 6 6 15 D Goffin 6 7 7 D Džumhur 7 6 6 D Džumhur 6 S Stakhovsky 6 15 D Goffin 6 0 6 6 15 D Goffin 6 6 6 Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 12 M Čilić 6 7 6 6 T de Bakker 7 5 12 M Čilić 6 6 7 A Ramos - Viñolas 6 6 6 A Ramos - Viñolas 6 B Ćorić 12 M Čilić 6 5 D Lajović 6 6 6 0 24 R Bautista Agut 6 7 7 S Querrey 7 6 0 D Lajović 6 6 M Kližan 6 6 24 R Bautista Agut 6 6 6 24 R Bautista Agut 6 6 6 24 R Bautista Agut 6 6 29 N Kyrgios 6 7 6 6 T Berdych 6 6 6 P Carreño 5 29 N Kyrgios 6 7 7 WC Y Nishioka 6 P Cuevas 5 6 P Cuevas 7 6 6 29 N Kyrgios 6 R Haase 6 6 T Berdych 6 6 6 Q M Bašić 7 6 6 Q M Bašić 0 Y Bhambri 5 6 T Berdych 6 6 6 6 T Berdych 7 6 6 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 5 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 5 R Nadal 6 6 6 6 F Verdasco 7 7 6 F Verdasco 6 6 B Becker 6 D Sela 6 6 7 D Sela 6 6 6 D Sela 5 6 6 Q R Harrison 5 A Kuznetsov 7 6 7 A Kuznetsov 7 6 6 A Kuznetsov 6 7 7 E Gulbis 5 6 7 11 30 J Chardy 6 6 30 J Chardy 7 6 6 13 A Kuznetsov 5 6 6 23 G Monfils 6 6 6 23 G Monfils 7 6 7 Q Y Sugita 23 G Monfils 7 6 6 M Cecchinato 6 N Mahut 5 N Mahut 6 6 6 23 G Monfils 7 6 6 Q S Robert 6 6 6 Q S Robert 5 LL B Fratangelo Q S Robert 6 6 7 7 R Ram 7 6 6 R Ram 7 6 5 5 11 K Anderson 6 7 0 Section 6 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 13 M Raonic 6 6 6 L Pouille 13 M Raonic 7 7 7 M Jaziri 5 6 6 6 6 T Robredo 6 6 5 T Robredo 7 7 8 13 M Raonic 6 6 6 D Gimeno - Traver 6 21 V Troicki Q T Smyczek 6 6 6 Q T Smyczek 6 6 D Muñoz de la Nava 6 6 6 21 V Troicki 6 7 7 21 V Troicki 6 7 6 13 M Raonic 6 6 5 6 25 J Sock 6 0 6 6 S Wawrinka 7 6 Q T Fritz 6 6 25 J Sock 6 6 T Daniel 6 5 7 7 L Rosol 7 7 6 L Rosol 7 7 5 6 6 L Rosol 6 Q T Ito 7 S Wawrinka 6 6 7 Q R Štěpánek 6 6 6 6 Q R Štěpánek PR D Tursunov 6 0 S Wawrinka 6 6 6 S Wawrinka 7 6 0 Section 7 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 8 D Ferrer 6 6 6 Q P Gojowczyk 8 D Ferrer 6 6 6 WC J Duckworth 6 WC L Hewitt WC L Hewitt 7 6 6 8 D Ferrer 6 6 6 T Bellucci 6 6 6 31 S Johnson WC J Thompson T Bellucci A Bedene 6 31 S Johnson 6 6 6 31 S Johnson 6 6 7 8 D Ferrer 6 6 7 18 F López 6 6 6 10 J Isner 5 Q D Evans 0 18 F López 7 6 7 6 6 S Darcis 6 6 5 G Pella 6 7 6 7 G Pella 6 7 6 18 F López 7 6 WC M Ebden 6 10 J Isner 6 7 6 6 M Granollers 6 6 6 M Granollers 6 6 J Janowicz 6 10 J Isner 6 7 7 10 J Isner 6 7 6 Section 8 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 16 B Tomic 6 6 6 6 D Istomin 7 16 B Tomic 6 6 6 7 S Bolelli 7 7 6 7 S Bolelli 7 5 PR B Baker 6 6 7 6 16 B Tomic 6 7 6 J Millman 5 7 5 J Millman 6 D Schwartzman 6 7 6 0 J Millman 6 6 7 G Müller 7 7 6 7 G Müller 6 6 5 20 F Fognini 6 6 7 6 16 B Tomic 6 32 J Sousa 6 6 6 A Murray 6 6 7 M Kukushkin 32 J Sousa 6 7 6 S Giraldo 6 6 6 S Giraldo 5 6 D Young 6 32 J Sousa 6 A Mannarino 6 6 A Murray 6 6 6 S Groth 7 6 6 S Groth 0 A Zverev A Murray 6 6 6 A Murray 6 6 6 Flag Icon Key List of National Flags Nationalities in the field ( edit ) North America ( 17 ) South America ( 9 ) Europe ( 79 ) Oceania ( 9 ) Asia ( 12 ) Africa ( 2 ) Canada ( 2 ) Argentina ( 6 ) Austria ( 1 ) Australia ( 9 ) China ( 1 ) South Africa ( 1 ) Dominican Republic ( 1 ) Brazil ( 1 ) Belgium ( 2 ) Cyprus ( 1 ) Tunisia ( 1 ) United States ( 14 ) Colombia ( 1 ) Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 2 ) India ( 1 ) Uruguay ( 1 ) Bulgaria ( 1 ) Israel ( 1 ) Croatia ( 4 ) Japan ( 5 ) Czech Republic ( 4 ) Kazakhstan ( 1 ) France ( 13 ) South Korea ( 1 ) Georgia ( 1 ) Uzbekistan ( 1 ) Germany ( 5 ) Italy ( 5 ) Latvia ( 1 ) Lithuania ( 1 ) Luxembourg ( 1 ) Netherlands ( 2 ) Poland ( 1 ) Portugal ( 1 ) Russia ( 4 ) Serbia ( 4 ) Slovakia ( 2 ) Spain ( 15 ) Switzerland ( 2 ) Ukraine ( 3 ) United Kingdom ( 4 ) References ( edit ) General Men 's Singles drawsheet on ausopen.com Specific Jump up ^ `` Novak Djokovic beats Andy Murray to win the 2016 Australian Open final '' . Guardian . 31 January 2016 . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Novak Djokovic beats Andy Murray to win sixth Australian Open title '' . BBC Sport. 31 January 2016 . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lleyton Hewitt to retire from tennis after 2016 Australian Open , Pat Rafter stands down as Davis Cup captain '' . abc.net.au . External links ( edit ) 2016 Australian Open -- Men 's Singles at the International Tennis Federation Australian Open men 's singles drawsheets Pre-Open era 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 -- 1918 ( WWI ) 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 -- 1945 ( WWII ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 Open era 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2016 ATP World Tour `` 2015 2017 '' Grand Slam events Australian Open ( S , D , X ) French Open ( S , D , X ) Wimbledon ( S , D , X ) US Open ( S , D , X ) ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Indian Wells ( S , D ) Miami ( S , D ) Monte Carlo ( S , D ) Madrid ( S , D ) Rome ( S , D ) Montreal ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) Shanghai ( S , D ) Paris ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 500 series Rotterdam ( S , D ) Rio ( S , D ) Dubai ( S , D ) Acapulco ( S , D ) Barcelona ( S , D ) London ( S , D ) Halle ( S , D ) Hamburg ( S , D ) Washington D.C. ( S , D ) Beijing ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Vienna ( S , D ) Basel ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 250 series Brisbane ( S , D ) Chennai ( S , D ) Doha ( S , D ) Sydney ( S , D ) Auckland ( S , D ) Montpellier ( S , D ) Sofia ( S , D ) Quito ( S , D ) Buenos Aires ( S , D ) Memphis ( S , D ) Delray Beach ( S , D ) Marseille ( S , D ) São Paulo ( S , D ) Marrakesh ( S , D ) Houston ( S , D ) Bucharest ( S , D ) Munich ( S , D ) Estoril ( S , D ) Istanbul ( S , D ) Nice ( S , D ) Geneva ( S , D ) ' s - Hertogenbosch ( S , D ) Stuttgart ( S , D ) Nottingham ( S , D ) Newport ( S , D ) Båstad ( S , D ) Umag ( S , D ) Gstaad ( S , D ) Kitzbühel ( S , D ) Atlanta ( S , D ) Winston - Salem ( S , D ) Metz ( S , D ) St. Petersburg ( S , D ) Shenzhen ( S , D ) Chengdu ( S , D ) Stockholm ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) Antwerp ( S , D ) Team events Davis Cup ( World Group + Play - offs Americas Asia / Oceania Europe / Africa ) Summer Olympic Games , Rio de Janeiro ( S , D , X ) ATP World Tour Finals , London ( S , D ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_Australian_Open_ -- _Men % 27s_Singles&oldid = 826319881 '' Categories : 2016 Australian Open Australian Open ( tennis ) by year -- Men 's Singles Hidden categories : Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 13 : 03 . About Wikipedia	who has won the 2016 australian open men's single title	[ "Novak Djokovic was the defending champion and successfully defended his title, defeating Andy Murray, 6–1, 7–5, 7–6(7–3) in a rematch of the previous year's final, and the fourth Australian Open final between the pair. Djokovic also equaled Roy Emerson's all-time men's record of six Australian Open singles titles. [1][2] Murray also became the second man in the Open Era (after Ivan Lendl) to lose five Grand Slam finals at one event, and is the only one to have the distinction without having won the title." ]	[ "Novak Djokovic" ]
-2758239948944642436	Charlie Hunnam	Charlie Hunnam - wikipedia Charlie Hunnam Jump to : navigation , search Charlie Hunnam Hunnam at the Berlinale 2017 Charles Matthew Hunnam ( 1980 - 04 - 10 ) 10 April 1980 ( age 37 ) Newcastle , Tyne and Wear , England Nationality English Education Heaton Manor School Queen Elizabeth Grammar School Occupation Actor Years active 1998 -- present Spouse ( s ) Katharine Towne ( m . 1999 -- 2002 ) Partner ( s ) Morgana McNelis ( 2005 -- present ) Charles Matthew Hunnam ( born 10 April 1980 ) is an English actor . He is known for his roles as Jackson `` Jax '' Teller in the FX drama series Sons of Anarchy ( 2008 -- 14 ) , Pete Dunham in Green Street ( 2005 ) , Nathan Maloney in the Channel 4 drama Queer as Folk ( 1999 -- 2000 ) , Lloyd Haythe in the Fox comedy series Undeclared ( 2001 -- 02 ) , the title role in Nicholas Nickleby ( 2002 ) , Raleigh Becket in Pacific Rim ( 2013 ) , Percy Fawcett in The Lost City of Z ( 2017 ) , and in the title role of Guy Ritchie 's King Arthur : Legend of the Sword ( 2017 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early work 2.2 2008 -- 2012 2.3 2013 -- present 2.4 Screenplays 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Hunnam was born in Newcastle upon Tyne , England , the son of William `` Billy '' Hunnam ( 1952 -- 2013 ) , a scrap metal merchant , and Jane ( née Bell ) Hunnam , a business owner . He lived in Australia from the age of 5 to 13 before moving back to the United Kingdom . His maternal grandmother was a portrait artist in Newcastle . Hunnam was the second child , born after brother William `` Billy '' . He has two younger half - brothers , Oliver and Christian , on his mother 's side . His parents divorced when he was 2 years old , and he moved to the village of Melmerby , Cumbria when he was 12 , as his mother remarried . He went to Heaton Manor School in Newcastle . After moving , he went to Ullswater Community College then Queen Elizabeth Grammar School in Penrith , Cumbria . He attended Cumbria College of Art and Design , now faculty of University of Cumbria , where he graduated with a degree in the theory and history of film with a side in performing arts . Career ( edit ) Early work ( edit ) Hunnam was discovered at the age of 17 in a shoe shop on Christmas Eve while clowning around buying shoes for his brother . A production manager for the Newcastle - based children 's show Byker Grove approached Hunnam and he was later cast in his first role as Jason in three episodes of the show . He also had a brief modeling career where he did a photo shoot for Kangols Caps and then decided modeling was not for him . Hunnam 's first major role came at age 18 when he was cast by Russell T Davies as 15 - year - old schoolboy Nathan Maloney in Davies ' Channel 4 drama Queer as Folk . He followed this up with his role as Daz in the film Whatever Happened to Harold Smith ? ( 1999 ) and then moved to the United States . His career expanded to include a recurring role as Gregor Ryder in the WB series Young Americans . He then appeared in the short - lived Fox series Undeclared as an English drama student called Lloyd Haythe . Despite critical acclaim , the series was cancelled after one season . Hunnam then appeared on the large screen in Abandon ( 2002 ) , Nicholas Nickleby ( 2002 ) , and Cold Mountain ( 2003 ) . Hunnam has stated that he does not wish to simply take any role that is offered , saying , `` I have 60 years to make the money , but the choices I make in the next five years are really going to define my career . '' This decision resulted in his return to the UK to take the lead role of Pete Dunham in the film Green Street Hooligans ( 2005 ) ; however , his attempt at delivering a Cockney accent resulted in his inclusion in many critics ' `` worst accents in movie history '' lists . Hunnam said his role as Patric , a member of `` The Fishes '' in Children of Men ( 2006 ) , was the final part in his `` trilogy of mad men '' . `` I played the psycho in Cold Mountain , my character in Green Street hooligan is fairly psychotic and now I 've got this role . '' 2008 -- 2012 ( edit ) Hunnam at the San Diego Comic Con , 25 July 2010 From 2008 to 2014 , Hunnam starred as Jackson `` Jax '' Teller in Sons of Anarchy , a show about a prominent motorcycle club in a small fictional California town . Hunnam was cast after Kurt Sutter , the creator of the show , saw him in Green Street . His portrayal as Jax Teller has led Hunnam to receive a Critics ' Choice Television Award nomination , three EWwy Award nominations for Best Lead Actor in a Drama series , and a PAAFTJ Award nomination for Best Cast in a Drama Series . In 2011 , Hunnam played the role of Gavin Nichols in the philosophical drama / thriller The Ledge by Matthew Chapman . In 2012 , he starred as the title character in the indie comedy 3 , 2 , 1 ... Frankie Go Boom alongside his Sons of Anarchy co-star Ron Perlman . Hunnam said he considered the day he filmed scenes with Perlman the best and funniest day of filming he 's had in his career . He also appeared as Jay , an ex-boxer , in Stefan Ruzowitzky 's crime drama Deadfall ( 2012 ) . 2013 -- present ( edit ) Hunnam at the 2016 San Diego Comic Con International Hunnam starred as Raleigh Becket in Guillermo del Toro 's sci - fi film Pacific Rim , which opened in July 2013 and grossed $411 million worldwide . It was announced on 2 September 2013 that Hunnam would play the lead role of Christian Grey in the film adaptation of E.L. James ' novel Fifty Shades of Grey . However , on 12 October 2013 , Universal Pictures announced that Hunnam had withdrawn from the film due to conflicts with the schedule of his series Sons of Anarchy . On 2 June 2014 , Hunnam was awarded a Huading Award for Best Global Emerging Actor , for his role as Raleigh in Pacific Rim due to the film performing well in Asian markets . Hunnam reunited with del Toro in the horror film Crimson Peak , alongside Mia Wasikowska , Tom Hiddleston , and Jessica Chastain . The film began shooting in February 2014 and was released on 16 October 2015 . Hunnam starred as geographer Percy Fawcett in James Gray 's adventure drama The Lost City of Z , filmed from August - October 2015 , premiered at the New York Film Festival in 2016 , and was released in April 2017 . Hunnam also starred in Guy Ritchie 's action - adventure film King Arthur : Legend of the Sword , which was filmed between March and July 2015 and was released in May 2017 . Screenplays ( edit ) Immediately prior to getting cast on Sons of Anarchy , Hunnam sold his screenplay Vlad to Summit Entertainment with Brad Pitt 's Plan B Studios co-producing . The film is being directed by music video director and photographer Anthony Mandler , and will focus on the real - life story of Vlad the Impaler . Hunnam learned the story from locals in Romania while shooting Cold Mountain . He stated that he had not acted in 18 months and was so broke that if he had not managed to sell the script he would have had to sell his house and move back to England to live with his mother . Hunnam is also developing a screenplay based on a 2011 Rolling Stone article that he optioned about Edgar Valdez Villareal , an American drug lord who ran one of the biggest cartels in Mexico . Another project he has in development is a film about gypsy culture in Britain , which he hopes to direct . He stated that it is `` a part of English society that 's really seldom been explored , but is one of the most colourful and interesting parts of British society . '' Personal life ( edit ) Hunnam met actress Katharine Towne in 1999 when they both auditioned for roles on Dawson 's Creek . After dating for three weeks , they married in Las Vegas and divorced in 2002 . Hunnam has been dating artist Morgana McNelis since 2005 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 Whatever Happened to Harold Smith ? Daz 2002 Abandon Embry Larkin Nicholas Nickleby Nicholas Nickleby 2003 Cold Mountain Boise 2005 Green Street Pete Dunham 2006 Children of Men Patric 2011 Ledge , The The Ledge Gavin Nichols 2012 3 , 2 , 1 ... Frankie Go Boom Frankie Deadfall Jay 2013 Pacific Rim Raleigh Becket 2015 Crimson Peak Alan McMichael 2016 The Lost City of Z Percy Fawcett 2017 King Arthur : Legend of the Sword King Arthur Papillon Henri Charrière 2019 A Million Little Pieces Bob Frey Jr . Post-production Triple Frontier Filming Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 Byker Grove Jason Chuckle 3 episodes 1999 My Wonderful Life Wes Episode : `` Moving On '' 1999 -- 2000 Queer as Folk Nathan Maloney 10 episodes 1999 Microsoap Brad Episode : `` 2.6 '' 2000 Young Americans Gregor Ryder 3 episodes 2001 -- 2002 Undeclared Lloyd Haythe 18 episodes 2008 -- 2014 Sons of Anarchy Jackson `` Jax '' Teller 92 episodes Awards and nominations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Award Category Work Result 2002 National Board of Review Best Acting by an Ensemble Nicholas Nickleby Won 2013 Huading Awards Huading Award for Best Global Emerging Actor Pacific Rim Won 2017 CinemaCon Award Male Star of the Year King Arthur : Legend of the Sword Won Television ( edit ) Year Award Category Work Result 2011 EWwy Award EWwy Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series Sons of Anarchy Nominated 2012 Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated EWwy Award EWwy Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 2013 Pan-American Association of Film & Television Journalists Best Cast in a Drama Series Nominated 2014 EWwy Award EWwy Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Actor Nominated Satellite Awards Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam : Biography '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Rivkin , Annabell ( 2 September 2005 ) . `` Hollywood Blonde '' . The Evening Standard . Jump up ^ `` High Street card shop one of the best in UK '' . Kent and Sussex Courier. 24 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Dawkins , Walter ( 24 November 2011 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam 's biker is riding a tightrope in ' Sons of Anarchy ' '' . LA Times . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nerdist Podcast : Charlie Hunnam '' . Nerdist. 8 July 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Person Details for Charles Matthew Hunnam , `` England and Wales Birth Registration Index , 1837 - 2008 '' -- FamilySearch.org `` . familysearch.org . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charlie Hunnam on Sons of Anarchy , Pacific Rim , and Henry David Thoreau '' . Showbizjunkies.com. 2 September 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam Facebook fansite '' . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Charlie Hunnam Talks 3 , 2 , 1 ... Frankie Go Boom , Internet Piracy , More '' . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Charlie Hunnam ? '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CHARLIE HUNNAM , WHO GREW UP IN NORTH CUMBRIA , LANDS LEAD ROLE IN FIFTY SHADES OF GREY MOVIE '' . News & Star . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam coming home for new movie role '' . ChronicleLive . Archived from the original on 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Alumni '' . University of Cumbria ( UK ) . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Appearance '' . The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . NBC . 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Roth , Jon ( 21 February 2016 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam on His Calvin Klein Campaign , Leaving Sons of Anarchy , and His Next Not - So - Big Role '' . GQ . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam Q&A '' . Female First . 11 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Holmes , Barry J ( 25 April 2010 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam : The Queer as Folk star has grown into a burly biker with a top - rated cable show '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Worst Cockney Accent Film Set '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Homesick in Hollywood '' . IC Newcastle. 25 June 2006 . Retrieved 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Gerard ( 8 May 2009 ) . `` Sons of Anarchy -- Wheels on fire '' . The Independent . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` June - 2013 - Pan-American Association of Film & Television Journalists '' . wordpress.com . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( 8 April 2011 ) . `` '' The Ledge , '' Featuring Charlie Hunnam , Liv Tyler , Patrick Wilson , Terrence Howard , Due in July `` . Playbill . Archived from the original on 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Zakarin , Jordan ( 3 May 2012 ) . `` ' Frankie Go Boom ' Poster Features a Transgender Ron Perlman ( Photo ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( 11 October 2012 ) . `` Interviews : 3 , 2 , 1 ... Frankie Go Boom '' . Comingsoon . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` ' Deadfall ' preems at Arclight '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Nelson , Rob ( 25 April 2012 ) . `` Review : ' Deadfall ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Casting Call : Charlie Hunnam to Star in Guillermo del Toro 's PACIFIC RIM ; Amber Heard and Shiloh Fernandez Like SYRUP '' . Collider . Retrieved 5 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Schillaci , Sophie ( 2 September 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam to Play Christian Grey in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 12 October 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam Falls Out of ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . PMC . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam gets special honor at China 's Huading Film Awards - Daily Mail Online '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Charlie Hunnam Talks Sons of Anarchy Final Season & Starring In New Movie : Crimson Peak ! . YouTube . 2 June 2014 . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 18 January 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam in Early Talks to Join Guillermo Del Toro 's ' Crimson Peak ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 30 January 2014 ) . `` Legendary , Universal Date Guillermo del Toro 's ' Crimson Peak ' for October 2015 '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Perry ( 29 July 2015 ) . `` Robert Pattinson Spotted with Brad Pitt , while FKA Twigs tries on Wedding Dresses '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam on ' Sons , ' ' Fifty Shades ' fallout , and what 's next '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr . `` ' Sons Of Anarchy 's Charlie Hunnam Is Guy Ritchie 's Choice For King Arthur - Deadline '' . Deadline . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford . `` Charlie Hunnam , Margot Robbie Eyed for ' The Mountain Between Us ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Guy Ritchie 's King Arthur Film Gallops To 2017 , ' Lights Out ' On July 22 , 2016 : WB Release Date Changes '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy Star Talks About His Vlad Script '' . DreadCentral . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Story of ' Vlad ' the Impaler Wo n't Touch on Vampirism '' . BloodyDisgusting . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( 2 September 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam confirmed as Christian Grey in ' 50 Shades of Grey ' movie '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GQ&A : Charlie Hunnam '' . British GQ . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hunnam ready for battle in Pacific Rim '' . St Albert Leader . Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam Recalls ' Terrible , Painful , Expensive ' Three - Year Marriage To Actress Katharine Towne '' . Us Weekly . 17 April 2017 . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hunnam Credits Failed Marriage For Helping Him Find Fame '' . Contact Music . 7 November 2003 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Kimble , Lindsay ( 10 March 2016 ) . `` Who Is Morgana McNelis ? Five Things to Know About Charlie Hunnam 's Girlfriend '' . People . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam Has A Message For Fangirls Bullying Longtime Girlfriend '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam asks fans to stop attacking his girlfriend '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam Asks Fans to Stop Attacking His Girlfriend : ' She Is an Intelligent , Beautiful , Kind Person ' '' . PEOPLE.com . Jump up ^ WSJ Staff . `` Who Was Nominated for the 2015 People 's Choice Awards ( Full List ) '' . WSJ . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charlie Hunnam . Charlie Hunnam on IMDb VIAF : 19368443 LCCN : no2003057702 ISNI : 0000 0001 1468 5619 GND : 1019452625 SUDOC : 161680224 BNF : cb150244846 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlie_Hunnam&oldid=832741857 '' Categories : 1980 births Living people 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors British expatriate male actors in the United States English expatriates in the United States English male film actors English male television actors People from Newcastle upon Tyne Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2013 EngvarB from April 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2014 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 19 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is jax real name from sons of anarchy	[ "Charles Matthew Hunnam (born 10 April 1980)[1] is an English actor. He is known for his roles as Jackson \"Jax\" Teller in the FX drama series Sons of Anarchy (2008–14), Pete Dunham in Green Street (2005), Nathan Maloney in the Channel 4 drama Queer as Folk (1999–2000), Lloyd Haythe in the Fox comedy series Undeclared (2001–02), the title role in Nicholas Nickleby (2002), Raleigh Becket in Pacific Rim (2013), Percy Fawcett in The Lost City of Z (2017), and in the title role of Guy Ritchie's King Arthur: Legend of the Sword (2017)." ]	[ "Jackson \"Jax\" Teller" ]
-4019971967075404306	Indian Engineering Services	Indian Engineering Services - Wikipedia Indian Engineering Services Indian Engineering Services are the civil services that meet the technical and managerial functions of the Government of India . Like in most countries , the Government of India recruits its civil servants and officials on the basis of merit , and middle management positions in the bureaucracy are filled through competitive exams . Many candidates take these exams , competing for limited posts . IES officers are selected by the union government on the recommendations made by the Union Public Service Commission ( UPSC ) . A combined three - stage competitive examination ( comprising five tests ) , called the Engineering Services Examination ( ESE ) , is conducted by the UPSC for recruitment to the Indian Engineering Services . In 2015 , a total of 434 candidates were recommended through ESE , with the least selection ratio ever . In 2010 , a total of 157,649 candidates applied for 434 vacancies ( including all branches and cadres ) . In 2011 , a total of 693 candidates were recommended for appointments in these four lists including 317 General , 209 Other Backward Classes , 113 Scheduled Castes and 54 Scheduled Tribes ( including 44 candidates belonging to the Physically Handicapped category ) . ESE 2012 was conducted for the recruitment of candidates to as many as 560 posts , which included 47 vacancies available only for the PH ( physically handicapped ) category . ESE 2013 was conducted for the recruitment of candidates to as many as 763 posts , which also included 19 vacancies available only for the PH ( physically handicapped ) category . ESE is therefore considered as the toughest exam in India and amongst the toughest in the world due to fewer posts having a selection ratio of 0.00275 ( based on 2010 statistics ) and its technical nature . Most IES officers are of reputed colleges like IITs , NITs and Indian Institute of Science . Because of this difficult selection procedure , IES officers carry high respect and status in society and are able to manage activities in diverse areas . Government spending comprises more than 15 percent of India 's GDP and given the extent of tasks and functions managed by the public sector , this extends to a fairly broad segment of the economy covering the railways , roads , defense , manufacturing , inspection , supply , construction , public works , power , telecommunications , etc . All appointments to the Group A services are made by the President of India . Contents 1 Civil engineering 2 Mechanical engineering 3 Electrical engineering 4 Electronics & telecommunication engineering 5 Functions of officers 6 Eligibility 6.1 Nationality 6.2 Educational qualifications 6.3 Age limits 7 Examination 7.1 Application 7.2 Application fee 7.3 Test centres 7.4 Plan of examination 7.4. 1 Personality Test 8 Notable officers 9 External links 10 References Civil engineering ( edit ) Border Roads Engineering Service ( Border Roads Organisation ) Central Engineering Service ( Central Public Works Department ) Central Engineering Service ( Ministry of Road Transport & Highways ) Central Water Engineering Service ( Central Water Commission ) Indian Defence Service of Engineers ( Military Engineer Services ) Indian Ordnance Factories Service ( IOFS ) Indian Railway Service of Engineers Indian Railway Stores Service Survey of India Service P & T Building Works Service ( DoT , Ministry of Communication & Information Technology ) Military Engineer Services ( QS & C ) Mechanical engineering ( edit ) Indian Naval Material Management Service ( INMMS ) Border Roads Engineering Service ( Border Roads Organisation ) Central Electrical & Mechanical Engineering Service ( Central Public Works Department ) Central Engineering Service ( Ministry of Road Transport & Highways ) Central Power Engineering Service ( Central Electricity Authority ) Central Water Engineering Service ( Central Water Commission ) Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineers ( EME ) , Indian Army Defence Aeronautical Quality Assurance Service Indian Defence Service of Engineers ( Military Engineer Services ) Indian Inspection Service ( Directorate General of Supply and Disposals Indian Naval Armament Service ( Directorate of Naval Armament ) Indian Naval Stores Service ( Indian Navy ) Indian Ordnance Factories Service ( IOFS ) Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineers Indian Railway Stores Service Indian Supply Service ( Directorate General of Supply and Disposals ) Geological Survey of India Indian Skill Development Services Electrical engineering ( edit ) Central Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Service ( Central Public Works Department ) Central Power Engineering Service Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineers ( EME ) , Indian Army Indian Defence Service of Engineers ( Military Engineer Services ) Defence Aeronautical Assurance Service Indian Naval Armament Service ( Directorate of Naval Armament ) Indian Naval Material Management Service ( INMMS ) Indian Ordnance Factories Service ( IOFS ) Indian Railway Service of Electrical Engineers Indian Railway Stores Service Indian Supply Service ( Directorate General of Supply and Disposals ) P & T Building Works Service ( Department of Telecommunications ( DOT ) , Ministry of Communications ) Indian Skill Development Services Electronics & telecommunication engineering ( edit ) Indian Naval Material Management Service ( INMMS ) Central Power Engineering Service ( Central Electricity Authority ) Corps of Electronics and Mechanical Engineers ( EME ) , Indian Army Defence Aeronautical Quality Assurance Service Indian Inspection Service ( Directorate General of Supply and Disposals ) Indian Naval Armament Service ( Directorate of Naval Armament ) Indian Naval Stores Service ( Indian Navy ) Indian Ordnance Factories Service ( IOFS ) Indian Radio Regulatory Service Indian Railway Service of Signal Engineers Indian Railway Stores Service Indian Supply Service ( Directorate General of Supply and Disposals ) Indian Telecommunication Service Functions of officers ( edit ) The nature of work performed by these bureaucrats largely depends on their engineering branch and the service or cadre they are recruited in . However , they can move to any cadre , organisation , agency , department , ministry or PSU of the Government of India . They are appointed in the posts analogous to their present one , either on deputation basis which is of a fixed tenure ( at least 5 years and extensible ) after which the officer returns to their parent cadre or on absorption basis where the official leaves the parent cadre and is `` absorbed '' permanently into the new cadre . Eligibility ( edit ) Nationality ( edit ) The candidate must be one of the following : A citizen of India A citizen of Nepal or a subject of Bhutan a person of Indian origin who has migrated from Pakistan , Bangladesh , Myanmar , Sri Lanka , Kenya , Uganda , Tanzania , Zambia , Malawi , Zaire , Ethiopia or Vietnam with the intention of permanently settling in India . Educational qualifications ( edit ) At least a bachelor 's degree in Engineering ( B.E. / B. Tech ) from a recognised university or equivalent . M.Sc. degree or its equivalent with Wireless Communications , Electronics , Radio Physics or Radio Engineering as special subjects also acceptable for certain services / posts only . Age limits ( edit ) 21 -- 30 years on 1 August of the year of Engineering Services Examination . The upper age limit relaxation is provided to candidates as follows : A maximum of three years for OBC candidates ( Non Creamy Layer only ) A maximum of four years in case of Defence Services personnel disabled in operations during hostilities with any foreign country or in a disturbed area and released as a consequence thereof A maximum of five years for candidates belonging to a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe A maximum of five years if a candidate had ordinarily been domiciled in the State of Jammu & Kashmir during the period from 1 January 1980 to 31 December 1989 A maximum of five years in case of ex-servicemen including commissioned officers and ECOs / SSCOs who have rendered at least five years military service as on 1 August . Examination ( edit ) Application ( edit ) Candidates are required to apply online only , using UPSC 's official website . Application fee ( edit ) The application fee of the online form for General category male candidates is ₹ 200 , while no fee is required by female and reserved category applicants . Test centres ( edit ) The test is conducted in June every year at centres across India , namely : Agartala , Ahmedabad , Aizwal , Aligarh , Allahabad , Bangalore , Bareilly , Bhopal , Chandigarh , Chennai , Cuttack , Dehradun , Delhi , Dharwad , Dispur , Gangtok , Hyderabad , Imphal , Itanagar , Jaipur , Jammu , Jorhat , Kochi , Kohima , Kolkata , Lucknow , Madurai , Mumbai , Nagpur , Panaji ( Goa ) , Patna , Port Blair , Raipur , Ranchi , Sambalpur , Shillong , Shimla , Srinagar , Thiruvananthapuram , Tirupati , Udaipur and Visakhapatnam . Plan of Examination ( edit ) Based on the recommendations of expert committees formed by the Union Public Service Commission , the Government of India has conveyed its approval to the following structural changes in the scheme and syllabi of the Engineering Services Examination to be implemented from the year 2017 onwards . Revised scheme of examination Stage - I : Engineering Services ( Preliminary / Stage - I ) Examination ( Objective Type Papers ) Paper - I ( common for all candidates ) General Studies and Engineering Aptitude Paper 2 hours duration 200 marks ( max . ) Paper - II Engineering Discipline - Specific Paper 3 hours duration 300 Marks ( max . ) Stage - I Sub-total 500 marks ( max . ) Minimum qualifying marks for each paper are at the discretion of the Commission . Only those candidates qualifying at this stage are permitted to appear for Stage - II examination . Stage - II Engineering Services ( Main / Stage - II ) ) Examination ( conventional type papers ) Paper - I Engineering Discipline - Specific Paper - I 3 hours duration 300 Marks ( max . ) Paper - II Engineering Discipline - Specific Paper - II 3 hours duration 300 marks ( max . ) Stage - II Sub-total 600 marks ( max . ) Stage - I + Stage - II Sub-total 1100 marks ( max . ) Only those candidates qualifying at this stage ( i.e. Stage - I + Stage - II ) are permitted to appear for Stage - III examination . Stage - III : Personality Test 200 marks ( max . ) Stage - I + Stage - II + Stage - III Total 1300 marks ( max . ) Only those candidates qualifying at this Stage ( i.e. Stage I + Stage II + Stage III ) are included in the Final Merit List of Engineering Services Exam . Thus the marks secured by the candidates in the Stage - I ( objective type papers ) of the Engineering Services Examination should be added to the marks secured in the Stage - II ( conventional type papers ) of the examination and Stage - III ( personality test ) and accordingly , such marks secured by the candidates in Stage - I should also be counted for merit . Personality test ( edit ) This is the final stage ; candidates who qualify the written exam are called for the interview , which carries 200 marks . Officially called `` Personality Test '' , the object of the interview is to assess the personal suitability of the candidate for a career in public service by a board of competent and unbiased observers . The test is intended to judge the mental caliber of a candidate . In broad terms this is an assessment of not only his intellectual qualities but also social traits and interest in current affairs . Some of the qualitiesjudged are mental alertness , critical powers of assimilation , clear and logical exposition , balance of judgement , variety and depth of interest , ability for social cohesion and leadership , and intellectual and moral integrity . The technique of the interview is not that of a strict cross-examination but of a natural , though directed and purposive conversation which is intended to reveal the mental qualities of the candidate . The interview test is not intended to be a test either of the specialized or general knowledge of the candidates which has been already tested through their written papers . Candidates are expected to have taken an intelligent interest not only in their special subjects of academic study but also in the events happening around them both within and outside their own state or country as well as in modern currents of thought and in new discoveries which should rouse the curiosity of well educated youth . These four stages ensure that the candidates selected are best suited to handle the responsibilities which will be entrusted to them . The selected candidates then undergo training at the institutes of their respective cadres that makes them acquainted with the area of work , the cadre or service they are engaged in . Notable officers ( edit ) Narinder Singh Kapany - former IOFS officer , FREng , `` father of fibre optics '' , also known as `` The Man who Bent Light '' ; invented fibre optics that revolutionalised telecommunication , power transmission , laparoscopic and endoscopic surgery . Named as one of the seven `` Unsung Heroes of the 20th century '' by Fortune magazine for his Nobel Prize deserving invention . Former professor at Stanford , Universities of California at Berkeley , Santa Barbara and Santa Cruz . He has more than 150 patents to his credit . Nalini Ranjan Mohanty - former IOFS officer ; secured All India 2nd Rank in the Engineering Services Examination of 1965 ; served as the Chairman & Managing Director of Hindustan Aeronautics Limited ; director of Kudremukh Iron Ore Company , Mahanadi Coalfields , National Aluminium Company , and Bharat Earth Movers ; awarded Padma Shri in 2004 by the Government of India for his role in the development of LCA - Tejas Rajendra K. Pachauri - former IRSME officer ; Chair of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change when the organisation received the Nobel Prize in 2007 ; Director General of The Energy and Resources Institute , India ; rceived Padma Bhushan , Padma Vibhushan from the Government of India , Order of the White Rose of Finland from the Finnish Government , Order of the Rising Sun , Gold and Silver Star from the Japanese Government and Légion d'Honneur from the French Government H.P.S. Ahluwalia - former IOFS officer , FRGS ; author ; mountaineer ; social worker ; first Indian to climb Mount Everest . Founder & Chairman of Indian Spinal Injuries Centre . Awarded Arjuna Award , Padma Shri and Padma Bhushan by the Government of India . Also served as a Commissioned officer in the Indian Army and Member of Planning Commission ( India ) . Ashwani Lohani - IRSME officer , known as `` Mr. Turnaround '' for his ability to turn around sick entities . Current Chairman of the Indian Railways , and former Chairman & Managing Director of Air India . Holds a Limca Record for having four engineering `` degree equivalents '' in Mechanical Engineering , Electrical Engineering , Metallurgical Engineering and Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering from Institution of Engineers , India ; a place in the Guinness Book of World Records for successfully running the ' Fairy Queen Express ' , the world 's oldest working steam locomotive . Also served as DRM , Delhi Division ; Director , National Rail Museum ; Director , Ministry of Tourism , Govt of India ; Chief Administrative Officer , Rail Alternate Fuels ; Commissioner and Managing Director of Madhya Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation and Chairman & Managing Director India Tourism Development Corporation . K.C. Banerjee - Joined as an IOFS officer . Awarded Padma Shri , India 's fourth highest civilian honour by the Government of India , presented by the President of India in 1967 , for his contributions during the Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 as the General Manager of Rifle Factory Ishapore . O.P. Bahl - Served as an IOFS officer . Former Additional Director General Ordnance Factories & Member , Ordnance Factory Board . Awarded Padma Shri in 1972 by the Government of India in the Civil Service category for his efforts during the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 . G.B. Meemamsi - Former ITS officer . Founding Director of C - DOT , also known as the `` Father of Rural Automatic Exchange ( RAX ) '' , that revolutionised telecommunication in India . Awarded Padma Shri in 1998 by the Government of India . Satyendra Dubey - Whistleblower against corruption , served as Project Director of the Golden Quadrilateral Project of National Highways Authority of India ( NHAI ) at Koderma . He was assassinated while exposing corruption which led to huge public uproar . Following the outcry , Parliament of India passed the Whistle Blowers Protection Act , 2011 . E. Sreedharan - Former IRSE officer . `` Metro Man of India '' , Former Chairman & Managing Director of the Konkan Railway , Cochin Shipyard Limited and the Delhi Metro . He retired as the Member of the Indian Railway Board . Awarded Padma Shri and Padma Vibhushan by the Government of India , Order of the Rising Sun , Gold and Silver Star by the Japanese Government and Légion d'Honneur by the French Government . External links ( edit ) Complete details of ESE including Syllabi Union Public Service Commission ( Official Website ) The Central Civil Services Conduct Rules of 1964 Central Secretariat Manual of Office Procedure 12th edition References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 702 candidates clear Indian Engg Services exam Business Standard News '' . Business-standard.com. 2014 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 June 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:lrVGmQFnynIJ:www.iesacademy.com/docs/ENGINEERING%2520SERVICES%2520EXAMINATION%25202010%2520vacancy.pdf+&hl=en&gl=in&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgv48gDqOhqqI8nQmAou6pgT_-cBhxBC31ZYChrynKmrSHc0ONFAqSo0YZJd1M6t0ZoL-CBuBJG9DMsRy-46DVrhtJjVfcNLprjQAf5QG23UWTP0xfEfve8objugRb-qQRZZDRf&sig=AHIEtbQwsyQ-eM4ikv_d2D4TW7Plc-3bMQ Jump up ^ `` UPSC Engineering Services Examination 2011 results announced : North , News - India Today '' . Indiatoday.intoday.in. 2012 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` IES Exam 2012 - UPSC Engineering Services Examination 2012 online application details '' . Assam Journal . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Welcome to '' . UPSC. 2016 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` ' Civil services , IES have large contingent from IIT - Delhi ' '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IDSE '' . Retrieved 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.engineersmind.com/2012/10/revu-muthyala-raju-ies-ias-topper/ Jump up ^ Indian Engineering Services Jump up ^ `` IES opens new avenues for young engineers - Tirupati '' . The Hindu . 2010 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` CCS ( CCA ) Rules '' . Persmin.gov.in . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Central Staffing Scheme 2008 - List of Services '' . Centralstaffing.gov.in . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 1 October 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Tribune - Windows - Main Feature '' . Tribuneindia.com. 2000 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` How India missed another Nobel Prize - Rediff.com India News '' . News.rediff.com. 2009 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` First Indian group to scale Mt Everest feted Zee News '' . Zeenews.india.com. 2015 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Youngest and first : Indian Everest conquerors meet - Rediff.com India News '' . News.rediff.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` AI 's new chief features in record books , has garden named after him - Rediff.com Business '' . Rediff.com. 2015 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ashwani Lohani in Limca Book india '' . Hindustan Times . 2016 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Rifle Factory Ishapore welcomes you '' . Rfi.nic.in . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://archive.india.gov.in/myindia/padmashri_awards_list1.php?start=1810 Jump up ^ http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=126342 Jump up ^ http://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/remembering-founder-executive-director-of-c-dot-gb-meemamsi/50379357 Civil service Concepts Public sector Government agency Bureaucracy Bureaucrat Technocracy Diplomat Public administration Public policy Public service By country Australia Bangladesh Brazil Canada China European Union France Germany Hong Kong India Ireland Italy Japan Malaysia New Zealand Nigeria Northern Ireland Pakistan Russia Singapore Sri Lanka United Kingdom United States Categories National civil service commissions Government occupations Civil service by country See also : Civil service reform in developing countries Standardised tests in India Service Civil Services Examination Engineering Services Examination Combined Defence Services Examination Combined Medical Services Examination Indian Police Service Limited Competitive Examination Services Selection Board Teacher Eligibility Test The National Council for Human Resource in Health in India Admissions Joint Entrance Examination All India Pre Medical Test Combined Aptitude Test Common Admission Test Common Entrance Examination for Design Common Entrance Test Common Law Admission Test Common Management Admission Test Common Proficiency Test Competitive examination Engineering Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Joint Entrance Examination Common Engineering Entrance Examination ( proposal ) Joint Admission Test to M.Sc . Joint Management Entrance Test National Eligibility Test National Entrance Screening Test NIT MCA Common Entrance Test Policy Aptitude Test Special Class Railway Apprentice Management Aptitude Test State level Gujarat Common Entrance Test KEAM MP - PET MHT - CET Odisha Joint Entrance Examination Rajasthan Pre-Engineering Test Joint Employment Test SEE - UPTU Tamilnadu Common Entrance Test Tamil Nadu Professional Courses Entrance Examination West Bengal Joint Entrance Examination Assam Combined Entrance Examination Misc All India Engineering Entrance Examination National Board of Examinations Madhyamik Medical Council of India Screening Test Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Engineering_Services&oldid=851892560 '' Categories : Civil Services of India Indian Engineering Services Central Civil Services ( India ) Engineering education in India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use Indian English from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 07 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the age limit for ies exam	[ "21–30 years on 1 August of the year of Engineering Services Examination.[14]\n" ]	[ "21–30" ]
-7066129258480860604	30th parallel north	30th parallel north - wikipedia 30th parallel north Jump to : navigation , search 30 ° 30th parallel north ( show ) Map all coordinates using OSM Map all coordinates using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF The 30th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 30 degrees north of the Earth 's equatorial plane . It stands one - third of the way between the equator and the North Pole and crosses Africa , Asia , the Pacific Ocean , North America and the Atlantic Ocean . It is the approximate southern border of the horse latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere , meaning that much of the land area touching the 30th parallel is arid or semi-arid . If there is a source of wind from a body of water the area would more likely be subtropical . At this latitude the sun is visible for 14 hours , 5 minutes during the summer solstice and 10 hours , 13 minutes during the winter solstice . On 21 June , the maximum altitude of the sun is 83.83 degrees and 36.17 degrees on 21 December . At this latitude : One degree of longitude = 96.49 km or 59.95 mi One minute of longitude = 1.61 km or 1.00 mi One second of longitude = 26.80 m or 87.93 ft Around the world ( edit ) Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards , the parallel 30 ° north passes through : Co-ordinates Country , territory or sea Notes 30 ° 0 ′ N 0 ° 0 ′ E / 30.000 ° N 0.000 ° E / 30.000 ; 0.000 ( Prime Meridian ) Algeria 30 ° 0 ′ N 9 ° 28 ′ E / 30.000 ° N 9.467 ° E / 30.000 ; 9.467 ( Libya ) Libya 30 ° 0 ′ N 24 ° 56 ′ E / 30.000 ° N 24.933 ° E / 30.000 ; 24.933 ( Egypt ) Egypt 30 ° 0 ′ N 34 ° 32 ′ E / 30.000 ° N 34.533 ° E / 30.000 ; 34.533 ( Israel ) Israel 30 ° 0 ′ N 35 ° 11 ′ E / 30.000 ° N 35.183 ° E / 30.000 ; 35.183 ( Jordan ) Jordan 30 ° 0 ′ N 38 ° 0 ′ E / 30.000 ° N 38.000 ° E / 30.000 ; 38.000 ( Saudi Arabia ) Saudi Arabia 30 ° 0 ′ N 43 ° 38 ′ E / 30.000 ° N 43.633 ° E / 30.000 ; 43.633 ( Iraq ) Iraq 30 ° 0 ′ N 47 ° 9 ′ E / 30.000 ° N 47.150 ° E / 30.000 ; 47.150 ( Kuwait ) Kuwait Mainland and Warbah Island 30 ° 0 ′ N 48 ° 9 ′ E / 30.000 ° N 48.150 ° E / 30.000 ; 48.150 ( Persian Gulf ) Persian Gulf 30 ° 0 ′ N 48 ° 16 ′ E / 30.000 ° N 48.267 ° E / 30.000 ; 48.267 ( Iraq ) Iraq 30 ° 0 ′ N 48 ° 27 ′ E / 30.000 ° N 48.450 ° E / 30.000 ; 48.450 ( Iran ) Iran 30 ° 0 ′ N 48 ° 40 ′ E / 30.000 ° N 48.667 ° E / 30.000 ; 48.667 ( Persian Gulf ) Persian Gulf 30 ° 0 ′ N 49 ° 33 ′ E / 30.000 ° N 49.550 ° E / 30.000 ; 49.550 ( Iran ) Iran For about 2 km 30 ° 0 ′ N 49 ° 34 ′ E / 30.000 ° N 49.567 ° E / 30.000 ; 49.567 ( Persian Gulf ) Persian Gulf 30 ° 0 ′ N 50 ° 9 ′ E / 30.000 ° N 50.150 ° E / 30.000 ; 50.150 ( Iran ) Iran 30 ° 0 ′ N 61 ° 0 ′ E / 30.000 ° N 61.000 ° E / 30.000 ; 61.000 ( Afghanistan ) Afghanistan 30 ° 0 ′ N 66 ° 19 ′ E / 30.000 ° N 66.317 ° E / 30.000 ; 66.317 ( Pakistan ) Pakistan Balochistan Punjab 30 ° 0 ′ N 73 ° 33 ′ E / 30.000 ° N 73.550 ° E / 30.000 ; 73.550 ( India ) India Rajasthan Punjab Haryana Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand 30 ° 0 ′ N 80 ° 43 ′ E / 30.000 ° N 80.717 ° E / 30.000 ; 80.717 ( Nepal ) Nepal 30 ° 0 ′ N 82 ° 30 ′ E / 30.000 ° N 82.500 ° E / 30.000 ; 82.500 ( China ) People 's Republic of China Tibet Sichuan Chongqing Hubei Hunan Hubei Anhui Jiangxi Anhui Zhejiang -- passing just north of Ningbo 30 ° 0 ′ N 121 ° 38 ′ E / 30.000 ° N 121.633 ° E / 30.000 ; 121.633 ( East China Sea ) East China Sea Hangzhou Bay 30 ° 0 ′ N 121 ° 50 ′ E / 30.000 ° N 121.833 ° E / 30.000 ; 121.833 ( China ) People 's Republic of China Zhejiang ( islands of Jintang , Zhoushan and Mount Putuo ) 30 ° 0 ′ N 122 ° 24 ′ E / 30.000 ° N 122.400 ° E / 30.000 ; 122.400 ( East China Sea ) East China Sea Hangzhou Bay 30 ° 0 ′ N 129 ° 55 ′ E / 30.000 ° N 129.917 ° E / 30.000 ; 129.917 ( Japan ) Japan Island of Kuchinoshima 30 ° 0 ′ N 129 ° 55 ′ E / 30.000 ° N 129.917 ° E / 30.000 ; 129.917 ( Pacific Ocean ) Pacific Ocean 30 ° 0 ′ N 115 ° 48 ′ W / 30.000 ° N 115.800 ° W / 30.000 ; - 115.800 ( Mexico ) Mexico Baja California 30 ° 0 ′ N 114 ° 32 ′ W / 30.000 ° N 114.533 ° W / 30.000 ; - 114.533 ( Gulf of California ) Gulf of California 30 ° 0 ′ N 112 ° 44 ′ W / 30.000 ° N 112.733 ° W / 30.000 ; - 112.733 ( Mexico ) Mexico Sonora Chihuahua 30 ° 0 ′ N 104 ° 41 ′ W / 30.000 ° N 104.683 ° W / 30.000 ; - 104.683 ( United States ) United States Texas -- passes through Houston as well as through the George Bush Intercontinental Airport Louisiana -- passes through New Orleans 30 ° 0 ′ N 89 ° 27 ′ W / 30.000 ° N 89.450 ° W / 30.000 ; - 89.450 ( Gulf of Mexico ) Gulf of Mexico 30 ° 0 ′ N 88 ° 50 ′ W / 30.000 ° N 88.833 ° W / 30.000 ; - 88.833 ( United States ) United States Louisiana - Chandeleur Islands 30 ° 0 ′ N 88 ° 50 ′ W / 30.000 ° N 88.833 ° W / 30.000 ; - 88.833 ( Gulf of Mexico ) Gulf of Mexico 30 ° 0 ′ N 85 ° 30 ′ W / 30.000 ° N 85.500 ° W / 30.000 ; - 85.500 ( United States ) United States Florida 30 ° 0 ′ N 84 ° 22 ′ W / 30.000 ° N 84.367 ° W / 30.000 ; - 84.367 ( Gulf of Mexico ) Gulf of Mexico Apalachee Bay 30 ° 0 ′ N 83 ° 51 ′ W / 30.000 ° N 83.850 ° W / 30.000 ; - 83.850 ( United States ) United States Florida 30 ° 0 ′ N 81 ° 19 ′ W / 30.000 ° N 81.317 ° W / 30.000 ; - 81.317 ( Atlantic Ocean ) Atlantic Ocean 30 ° 0 ′ N 9 ° 43 ′ W / 30.000 ° N 9.717 ° W / 30.000 ; - 9.717 ( Morocco ) Morocco 30 ° 0 ′ N 5 ° 8 ′ W / 30.000 ° N 5.133 ° W / 30.000 ; - 5.133 ( Algeria ) Algeria See also ( edit ) 29th parallel north 31st parallel north 30th parallel south Subtropical ridge References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/Dur_OneYear.php Jump up ^ https://www.google.com/maps/place/30 ° 00 % 2700.0 % 22N + 90 ° 05 % 2700.0 % 22W Circles of latitude / Meridians Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle W 0 ° E 30 ° 60 ° 90 ° 120 ° 150 ° 180 ° 30 ° 60 ° 90 ° 120 ° 150 ° 180 ° 5 ° 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 95 ° 105 ° 115 ° 125 ° 135 ° 145 ° 155 ° 165 ° 175 ° 5 ° 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 95 ° 105 ° 115 ° 125 ° 135 ° 145 ° 155 ° 165 ° 175 ° 10 ° 20 ° 40 ° 50 ° 70 ° 80 ° 100 ° 110 ° 130 ° 140 ° 160 ° 170 ° 10 ° 20 ° 40 ° 50 ° 70 ° 80 ° 100 ° 110 ° 130 ° 140 ° 160 ° 170 ° 0 ° 10 ° 20 ° 30 ° 40 ° 50 ° 60 ° 70 ° 80 ° 90 ° 10 ° 20 ° 30 ° 40 ° 50 ° 60 ° 70 ° 80 ° 90 ° 5 ° N 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 5 ° S 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 45x90 45x90 45x90 45x90 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=30th_parallel_north&oldid=774243712 '' Categories : Lines of latitude Hidden categories : Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Talk About Wikipedia Bosanski Dansk Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Ilokano Македонски 日本語 Português ไทย Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2017 , at 04 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	in which hemisphere is the 30degree line of latitude located	[ "It is the approximate southern border of the horse latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, meaning that much of the land area touching the 30th parallel is arid or semi-arid. If there is a source of wind from a body of water the area would more likely be subtropical." ]	[ "Northern Hemisphere" ]
-2157193218907119481	The X Factor (UK series 15)	The X Factor ( UK series 15 ) - wikipedia The X Factor ( UK series 15 ) hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : consistent tone Please help improve this article if you can . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require copy editing for consistent spelling and date format ; removal of copy - edit vio ! . You can assist by editing it . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The X Factor Series 15 Broadcast from 1 September 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 01 ) -- present Judges Simon Cowell Louis Tomlinson Ayda Field Robbie Williams Presenter ( s ) Dermot O'Leary ( ITV ) Co-presenter ( s ) Becca Dudley ( ITV Hub ) Tinea Taylor ( ITV Hub ) Broadcaster ITV ITV Hub ( Xtra Bites ) Chronology ◀ 2018 The X Factor is a British television music competition to find new singing talent . The fifteenth series began airing on ITV on 1 September 2018 , presented by Dermot O'Leary . Simon Cowell returned alongside new judges Louis Tomlinson , Ayda Field ( credited as Ayda Williams ) and Robbie Williams who replace departing judges Nicole Scherzinger , Sharon Osbourne and Louis Walsh . Contents 1 Judges and presenters 2 Selection process 2.1 Auditions 2.2 Deliberations 2.3 Six Chair Challenge 2.4 Judges ' Houses 3 Finalists 4 Live shows 4.1 Musical guests 4.2 Results summary 4.3 Live show details 4.3. 1 Week 1 ( 20 / 21 October ) 4.3. 2 Week 2 ( 27 / 28 October ) 4.3. 3 Week 3 ( 3 / 4 November ) 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 6 Controversies 6.1 Felix Shepherd 6.2 Sharon Osbourne 7 References 8 External links Judges and presenters ( edit ) Series 15 Judges Simon Cowell Louis Tomlinson Ayda Field Robbie Williams On 6 June 2018 , it was announced that Sharon Osbourne would return to judge the fifteenth series , but only for the live shows , due to her ongoing work commitments in the United States . The next day , long - serving judge Louis Walsh announced that after thirteen years on the show , he would leave to focus on other projects . Earlier in the year , it was reported that Nicole Scherzinger would not return as a judge for the fifteenth series . On 30 September 2018 , Osbourne announced her decision to no longer appear as a judge during the live shows , stating that she had `` seen the new judges finding their rhythm and are doing brilliantly '' . This was clarified during an interview with Jane Moore for The Sun , where Osbourne confirmed she was originally hired as a full - time judge on the panel , fired , then rehired , and ultimately declined a reduced role on the show . Simon Cowell confirmed his return as head judge and Dermot O'Leary 's return as presenter . After much speculation , it was announced on 16 July 2018 that Ayda Field ( credited as Ayda Williams ) , Louis Tomlinson and Robbie Williams would join Cowell on the series ' judging panel . On 30 July 2018 a promo for the series -- featuring judges Cowell , Ayda Williams and Robbie Williams -- aired during a Love Island commercial break on ITV2 . On 23 August 2018 , it was announced that Just Eat 's Xtra Bites would return after a first series , presented by Becca Dudley again , and she would be joined by a co-host named Tinea Taylor . Selection process ( edit ) Auditions ( edit ) Auditions for performers took place only at London 's SSE Arena , Wembley , on 18 -- 20 , 22 -- 24 and 26 -- 28 July 2018 . Deliberations ( edit ) Instead of the traditional bootcamp stages , a deliberation stage ( similar to that employed by Britain 's Got Talent ) was introduced to cut down the number of performers at the six - chair challenge . This took place on 30 July 2018 at the Tobacco Dock in London . It was broadcast on a single episode on 23 September 2018 after the final auditions show . After the `` deliberation '' and `` reveal '' stages , but before the start of the `` six - chair challenge '' , the judges found out the categories they are mentoring : Cowell mentored the `` Girls '' , Field mentored the `` Overs '' , Williams mentored the `` Groups '' , and Tomlinson mentored the `` Boys '' ... Six chair challenge ( edit ) The Six Chair Challenge took place over the course of three days , from 1 - 3 August 2018 , at the SSE Arena in Wembley . A new twist was added with the introduction of a golden button , similar to Britain 's Got Talent 's Golden Buzzer . When this was pressed , the act in question was guaranteed a ' Safe Seat ' , and would go straight through to Judges ' Houses . The Six Chair Challenge was aired over 3 episodes starting on 29 September 2018 and finished on 6 October 2018 . Judges ' Houses ( edit ) It was announced by O'Leary during an appearance on This Morning that the Judges ' Houses would be filmed in late September , 2018 , and that three of the judges ' houses would be in Los Angeles ( Cowell , Field and Williams ) ; Tomlinson 's houses would be hosted in Ibiza . Cowell judged from Malibu , while Field and Williams each judged their categories separately from their home in Beverley Hills . The guest judges were announced to be : Adam Lambert and Leona Lewis in assisting Ayda , David Walliams with Robbie , and Paula Abdul , Randy Jackson , Ryan Seacrest , Diane Warren , Babyface , Lewis and Sinitta to assist Cowell , who hosted a house party consisting of various singers , songwriters and record producers for the Girls to perform in front of . Liam Payne and Nile Rodgers were announced to assist Tomlinson . Maria Laroco was not able to secure the correct visa in time to travel to Malibu with the remaining Girls for this stage of the competition . Unlike similar instances where the affected contestants withdrew from the competition , Laroco sang to Cowell via video link from a London studio . 16 finalists were put through to the live shows at this stage , 4 from each category . This last - minute change was lobbied by Cowell who was unable to narrow his Girls down to just 3 ; the other judges were then allowed one more act each for their own categories as well . Summary of Judges ' Houses Judge Location Assistants Contestants eliminated Cowell Girls Malibu Paula Abdul , Randy Jackson , Ryan Seacrest , Diane Warren , Babyface , Michelle Visage , Adam Lambert , Leona Lewis , Sinitta , Paul Anka , Tricky Stewart and Dallas Austin Georgia Burgess , Maria Laroco Field Overs Beverly Hills Adam Lambert and Leona Lewis Ricky John , Louise Setara Tomlinson Boys Ibiza Liam Payne and Nile Rodgers J - Sol , Thomas Pound Williams Groups Beverly Hills David Walliams Panda and Burgandy , Sweet Sense Finalists ( edit ) Main article : List of The X Factor finalists ( UK series 15 ) -- Eliminated Category ( Mentor ) Acts Boys ( Tomlinson ) Dalton Harris Armstrong Martins Brendan Murray Anthony Russell Girls ( Cowell ) Shan Ako Scarlett Lee Bella Penfold Molly Scott Overs ( Field ) Janice Robinson Giovanni Spano Danny Tetley Olatunji Yearwood Groups ( Williams ) Acacia & Aaliyah LMA Choir Misunderstood United Vibe Live shows ( edit ) The finalists were announced after each category performed at Judges ' Houses . There will be 16 finalists ( 4 from each category ) this year . The Live Shows will be broadcast for 7 weeks from 20 October to 2 December . This year the live shows reverts to the previous format of all performances on the Saturday night and the results show on the Sunday night . However , due to the last - minute change to 16 finalists for the reduced number of live shows , many of these live shows will be double eliminations . Musical guests ( edit ) Rak - Su , the winners of the previous series , and Keala Settle performed on the first live results show . Kylie Minogue and Little Mix both performed on the second live results show . James Arthur and Liam Payne will perform on the third live results show . Results summary ( edit ) Colour key -- Contestant was in the bottom two / three and had to perform again in the sing - off -- Contestant was in the bottom three but received the fewest votes and was immediately eliminated -- Contestant received the fewest public votes and was immediately eliminated ( no sing - off ) -- Contestant received the most public votes Weekly results per contestant Contestant Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Saturday Sunday Acacia & Aaliyah Safe Safe Shan Ako Safe Safe Dalton Harris Safe Safe Scarlett Lee Safe Safe Misunderstood Safe Safe Brendan Murray Safe 12th Bella Penfold Safe Safe Anthony Russell Safe Safe Molly Scott Safe Safe Giovanni Spano Safe Safe Danny Tetley Safe Safe United Vibe Safe Safe LMA Choir Safe 13th Eliminated ( week 2 ) Janice Robinson Bottom three 14th Eliminated ( week 2 ) Armstrong Martins Bottom three Eliminated ( week 1 ) Olatunji Yearwood 16th Eliminated ( week 1 ) Sing - off Robinson , Martins LMA Choir , Murray No sing - off or judges ' votes : results were based on public votes alone Williams ' vote to eliminate Martins Murray Field 's vote to eliminate Martins LMA Choir Tomlinson 's vote to eliminate Robinson LMA Choir Cowell 's vote to eliminate Martins Murray Eliminated Olatunji Yearwood Fewest votes to save Janice Robinson Fewest votes to save Armstrong Martins 3 of 4 votes Majority LMA Choir 2 of 4 votes Deadlock Reference ( s ) Live show details ( edit ) Week 1 ( 20 / 21 October ) ( edit ) Theme : This is Me Musical guests : Keala Settle ( `` This Is Me '' ) and Rak - Su ( `` I Want You To Freak '' ) This week 's results show featured a double elimination . The three acts with the fewest votes were announced as the bottom three , and the act out of the three with the fewest public votes was then automatically eliminated . The remaining two acts then performed in the final showdown for the judges ' votes . Contestants ' performances on the first live show Act Order Song Result Misunderstood `` Chewing Gum '' ( original song ) Safe Anthony Russell `` Issues '' Safe Danny Tetley `` Hero '' Safe Molly Scott `` Fake Love '' Sa1e Janice Robinson 5 `` Clarity '' Bottom three Brendan Murray 6 `` Break Free '' Safe Bella Penfold 7 `` Beneath Your Beautiful '' Safe Armstrong Martins 8 `` Story of My Life '' Bottom three Giovanni Spano 9 `` Saturday Night 's Alright for Fighting '' Safe United Vibe 10 `` Slow Hands '' Safe Shan Ako 11 `` Imagine '' Safe Olatunji Yearwood 12 `` Jiggle It '' ( original song ) Eliminated Scarlett Lee 13 `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' Safe LMA Choir 14 `` Circle of Life '' Safe Acacia & Aaliyah 15 `` Finesse '' Safe Dalton Harris 16 `` Life On Mars ? '' Safe Sing - off details Janice Robinson `` The Climb '' Saved Armstrong Martins `` True Colors '' Eliminated Judges ' votes to eliminate Field : Armstrong Martins - backed her own act , Janice Robinson . Tomlinson : Janice Robinson - backed his own act , Armstrong Martins . Williams : Armstrong Martins - gave no reason . Cowell : Armstrong Martins - believed the sing - off performances were n't the right songs for either performer but decided that despite Armstrong being more interesting , Robinson , who he felt had slipped in excitement since her audition , was the better singer . Week 2 ( 27 / 28 October ) ( edit ) Theme : Guilty Pleasures Musical guests : Little Mix ( `` Woman Like Me '' ) and Kylie Minogue ( `` A Lifetime to Repair '' ) Boyband United Vibe were asked to change their name by Cowell , who criticised their name . Williams even agreed that United Vibe is a `` terrible '' name and invited fans to pitch them new monikers on Twitter . `` I think Simon 's right , we need to pick a name for you , ' cause United Vibe is terrible , '' he added . `` Come on Twitter , give us a name , what should these boys be called ? '' This week 's results show featured a double elimination . Lines were frozen on Sunday at 7 : 30pm , 30 minutes before the results show , and Janice Robinson was eliminated after the special guest performance from Little Mix after receiving the fewest votes . Lines then reopened and the two acts with the next fewest votes then performed in the sing - off . Contestants ' performances on the second live show Act Order Song Result LMA Choir `` Proud Mary '' Bottom three Shan Ako `` Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word '' Safe Danny Tetley `` Crazy for You '' Safe Brendan Murray `` Believe '' Bottom three Misunderstood 5 `` Close to You '' Safe Molly Scott 6 `` Little Do You Know '' Safe Dalton Harris 7 `` I Have Nothing '' Safe Scarlett Lee 8 `` Always On My Mind '' Safe Acacia & Aaliyah 9 `` All My Life '' / `` Shutdown '' Safe Giovanni Spano 10 `` ... Baby One More Time '' Safe Anthony Russell 11 `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' Safe United Vibe 12 `` Party in the U.S.A. '' Safe Bella Penfold 13 `` Diamonds Are Forever '' / `` Diamonds from Sierra Leone '' Safe Janice Robinson 14 `` Show Me Love '' Eliminated Sing - off details LMA Choir `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Eliminated Brendan Murray `` High and Dry '' Saved Judges ' votes to eliminate Williams : Brendan Murray - backed his own act , LMA Choir . Tomlinson : LMA Choir - backed his own act , Brendan Murray . Cowell : Brendan Murray - gave no reason . Field : LMA Choir - could not decide so chose to take it to deadlock . With the acts in the sing - off receiving two votes each , the result was deadlocked and reverted to the earlier public vote . LMA Choir were eliminated as the act with the fewest public votes . Week 3 ( 3 / 4 November ) ( edit ) Theme : Fright Night Musical guests : James Arthur and Liam Payne Contestants ' performances on the third live show Act Order Song Result Acacia & Aaliyah TBA `` TBA '' TBA Shan Ako TBA `` TBA '' TBA Dalton Harris TBA `` TBA '' TBA Scarlett Lee TBA `` TBA '' TBA Misunderstood TBA `` TBA '' TBA Brendan Murray TBA `` TBA '' TBA Bella Penfold TBA `` TBA '' TBA Anthony Russell TBA `` TBA '' TBA Molly Scott TBA `` TBA '' TBA Giovanni Spano TBA `` TBA '' TBA Danny Tetley TBA `` TBA '' TBA United Vibe TBA `` TBA '' TBA Sing - off details TBA `` TBA '' TBA TBA `` TBA '' TBA Judges ' votes to eliminate Williams : Field : Tomlinson : Cowell : Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) As of August 2018 , all official ratings include those who watched on demand via the ITV Hub . Episode Air date Official rating ( millions ) Weekly rank Auditions 1 1 September 7.59 Auditions 2 2 September 6.43 11 Auditions 3 8 September 6.57 13 Auditions 4 9 September 6.38 Outside top 15 Auditions 5 15 September 7.08 10 Auditions 6 16 September 6.08 Outside top 15 Auditions 7 22 September 6.59 15 Auditions 8 23 September 6.34 Outside top 15 Six - chair challenge 1 29 September TBA TBA Six - chair challenge 2 30 September TBA TBA Six - chair challenge 3 6 October TBA TBA Judges Houses 1 7 October TBA TBA Judges Houses 2 13 October TBA TBA Judges Houses 3 14 October TBA TBA Live show 1 20 October TBA TBA Live results 1 21 October TBA TBA Live show 2 27 October TBA TBA Live results 2 28 October TBA TBA ^ 1 The ratings over a 28 - day period , including the broadcasts on ITV and streaming through ITV Hub using BARB 's 4 - figure dashboard system ( includes viewers watching on tablets / smartphones ) . ^ 2 The rank for the combined ITV , ITV HD and ITV + 1 broadcasts , compared with all channels for that week , from Monday to Sunday . Controversies ( edit ) Felix Shepherd ( edit ) During the audition stage , 20 - year - old trans man Felix Shepherd impressed the judges with his rendition of `` All I Want '' by Kodaline , and received a standing ovation from the crowd . Before singing , Williams asked him about his background ; Shepherd said he was there to prove to people that he was `` more than just a transgender guy . '' Williams responded by asking him : `` So when you were born , what was your name ? '' , thus dead - naming him . Although many fans of the show were supportive of the representation , many were outraged at Williams ' actions , though Shepherd stated that he was n't offended by Williams . Sharon Osbourne ( edit ) On 5 September 2018 , whilst on Howard Stern 's radio show , Osbourne accused Cowell of underpaying her for the new series . She used some offensive language to criticise Cowell and the show 's auditionees , which led to a backlash from fans who suggested that Osbourne should be replaced . Osbourne subsequently announced her decision to not participate during the live shows . Various sources reported that Osbourne had been fired over the interview and Stern stated that he believed she had been tipped off to keep quiet . Osbourne later refuted Stern 's allegations and stated that her comments were only made in jest and were not to be taken literally , but that they were misappropriated by other people including The X Factor 's production company due to Stern wanting to give Cowell a bad reputation by using his radio show . She added that although the company wanted to fire her , Cowell was not upset with the comments and wanted her to remain on the show , but that it was ultimately her decision to step down out of fear of awkwardness between her and fellow judges Williams and Field , with whom she is close friends with , though she did not rule out a return to the show in the future . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( 7 June 2018 ) . `` Louis Walsh quits The X Factor , after 13 years '' . Digital Spy . United Kingdom . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Daly , Helen ( 2018 - 06 - 07 ) . `` X Factor 2018 judges : Sharon Osbourne lands new deal '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Lenniger , Shea ( 2 October 2018 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne Says Goodbye to UK X Factor '' . Billboard . United States : Eldridge Industries . Retrieved 3 October 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.thesun.co.uk/tvandshowbiz/7421363/sharon-osbourne-x-factor-sacking-drama/ Jump up ^ `` New X Factor judges ( finally ) confirmed '' . BBC News . United Kingdom . 17 July 2018 . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` X Factor 2018 : Judges star in new Love Island themed teaser '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Just Eat Xtra Bites is back for series 2 with a new host ; Tinea Taylor joins Becca Dudley ! ! ! '' . www.itv.com. 23 August 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` X Factor 2018 judges ' categories REVEALED - spoilers ! '' . TellyMix. 2018 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` X Factor introduces brand new twist to the six chair challenge '' . TellyMix. 2018 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Capital . `` Guest Judges Confirmed '' . Metro Newspaper UK . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Radio Times Jump up ^ https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/1034113/The-x-factor-2018-live-shows-how-many-live-shows-are-there-uk-judges-finalists-itv Jump up ^ `` It 's been such a crazy year since we won @ TheXFactor and this Sunday we 'll be back where it started performing our brand new single I Want You To Freak ! ! ! 🙌 🏾 '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : @ LittleMix ( 24 October 2018 ) . `` @ LittleMix : We 're coming back to @ TheXFactor ! 💃 🏽 Ca n't wait to be back on that stage performing # WomanLikeMe this Sunday night ! Tune in on @ ITV ♥ ️ X the girls '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 25 October 2018 -- via Twitter . line feed character in title = at position 49 ( help ) Jump up ^ `` It 's been such a crazy year since we won @ TheXFactor and this Sunday we 'll be back where it started performing our brand new single I Want You To Freak ! ! ! 🙌 🏾 '' . Twitter . 17 October 2018 . Retrieved 18 October 2018 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/TheXFactor/status/1053678766130688000?s=19 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/TheXFactor/status/1056142636480892928 ^ Jump up to : `` Four screen dashboard ( see relevant week under - select 28 day data ) '' . BARB . Retrieved 15 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Robbie Williams slammed by X Factor fans for asking trans contestant his ' birth name ' '' . PinkNews . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Robbie Williams draws criticism after asking transgender X Factor contestant about their birth name '' . Gay Times . 2018 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Beaumont - Thomas , Ben ( 2018 - 09 - 05 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne accuses Simon Cowell of underpaying her for X Factor '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 09 . External links ( edit ) The X Factor at itv.com The X Factor at stv.tv hide The X Factor ( UK ) Discography Controversy and criticism Series Main 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Celebrity Battle of the Stars Finalists Series 1 Steve Brookstein G4 Tabby Callaghan Rowetta Satchell Roberta Howett Series 2 Shayne Ward Andy Abraham Journey South Brenda Edwards Chico Slimani The Conway Sisters Maria Lawson Series 3 Leona Lewis Ray Quinn Ben Mills The MacDonald Brothers Kerry McGregor Series 4 Leon Jackson Rhydian Roberts Same Difference Niki Evans Hope Matthew Protheroe Daniel de Bourg Series 5 Alexandra Burke JLS Eoghan Quigg Diana Vickers Ruth Lorenzo Laura White Series 6 Joe McElderry Olly Murs Stacey Solomon Jedward Lucie Jones Rachel Adedeji Series 7 Matt Cardle Rebecca Ferguson One Direction Cher Lloyd Mary Byrne Katie Waissel Aiden Grimshaw Belle Amie John Adeleye Series 8 Little Mix Marcus Collins Amelia Lily Misha B Janet Devlin Kitty Brucknell Frankie Cocozza Series 9 James Arthur Jahméne Douglas Christopher Maloney Union J Rylan Clark Ella Henderson Lucy Spraggan Carolynne Poole Series 10 Sam Bailey Nicholas McDonald Luke Friend Rough Copy Kingsland Road Series 11 Ben Haenow Fleur East Andrea Faustini Lauren Platt Stereo Kicks Stevi Ritchie Only the Young Jake Quickenden Chloe Jasmine Blonde Electra Series 12 Louisa Johnson Reggie ' n ' Bollie 4th Impact Series 13 Matt Terry Saara Aalto 5 After Midnight Honey G Ryan Lawrie Series 14 Rak - Su Alisah Bonaobra Spencer Sutherland Series 15 Brendan Murray Janice Robinson Olatunji Yearwood Singles Winners singles `` Against All Odds '' `` That 's My Goal '' `` A Moment Like This '' `` When You Believe '' `` Hallelujah '' `` The Climb '' `` When We Collide '' `` Cannonball '' `` Impossible '' `` Skyscraper '' `` Something I Need '' `` Forever Young '' `` When Christmas Comes Around '' `` Dimelo '' Charity singles `` Hero '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Heroes '' `` Wishing on a Star '' Related articles The X Factor franchise The Xtra Factor I Ca n't Sing ! The X Factor Musical X Factor Around the World Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_X_Factor_(UK_series_15)&oldid=866519150 '' Categories : 2018 British television seasons 2018 in British music The X Factor ( UK TV series ) The X Factor ( TV series ) seasons Hidden categories : CS1 errors : invisible characters Articles needing cleanup from August 2018 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from August 2018 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from August 2018 Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from August 2018 All articles needing copy edit Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use dmy dates from August 2018 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Gaeilge Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 20 : 51 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	who's judging the x factor this year	[ "The X FactorSeries 15Broadcast from\n1 September 2018 (2018-09-01) – presentJudges\n\nSimon Cowell\nLouis Tomlinson\nAyda Field\nRobbie Williams\nPresenter(s)\nDermot O'Leary (ITV)Co-presenter(s)\n\nBecca Dudley (ITV Hub)\nTinea Taylor (ITV Hub)\nBroadcaster\n\nITV\nITV Hub (Xtra Bites)\nChronology\n◀\n2018\n", "The X FactorSeries 15Broadcast from\n1 September 2018 (2018-09-01) – presentJudges\n\nSimon Cowell\nLouis Tomlinson\nAyda Field\nRobbie Williams\nPresenter(s)\nDermot O'Leary (ITV)Co-presenter(s)\n\nBecca Dudley (ITV Hub)\nTinea Taylor (ITV Hub)\nBroadcaster\n\nITV\nITV Hub (Xtra Bites)\nChronology\n◀\n2018\n", "The X FactorSeries 15Broadcast from\n1 September 2018 (2018-09-01) – presentJudges\n\nSimon Cowell\nLouis Tomlinson\nAyda Field\nRobbie Williams\nPresenter(s)\nDermot O'Leary (ITV)Co-presenter(s)\n\nBecca Dudley (ITV Hub)\nTinea Taylor (ITV Hub)\nBroadcaster\n\nITV\nITV Hub (Xtra Bites)\nChronology\n◀\n2018\n", "The X FactorSeries 15Broadcast from\n1 September 2018 (2018-09-01) – presentJudges\n\nSimon Cowell\nLouis Tomlinson\nAyda Field\nRobbie Williams\nPresenter(s)\nDermot O'Leary (ITV)Co-presenter(s)\n\nBecca Dudley (ITV Hub)\nTinea Taylor (ITV Hub)\nBroadcaster\n\nITV\nITV Hub (Xtra Bites)\nChronology\n◀\n2018\n" ]	[ "Simon Cowell", "Louis Tomlinson", "Ayda Field", "Robbie Williams" ]
-2073554646069014687	Mariska Hargitay	Mariska Hargitay - wikipedia Mariska Hargitay Jump to : navigation , search Mariska Hargitay Hargitay in November 2011 Mariska Magdolna Hargitay ( 1964 - 01 - 23 ) January 23 , 1964 ( age 53 ) Santa Monica , California , U.S. Education Marymount High School Alma mater University of California , Los Angeles Occupation Actress , director , executive producer Years active 1983 -- present Spouse ( s ) Peter Hermann ( m . 2004 ) Children Parent ( s ) Mickey Hargitay Jayne Mansfield Relatives Jayne Marie Mansfield ( maternal half - sister ) Signature Mariska Magdolna Hargitay ( / məˈrɪʃkə ˈhɑːrɡɪteɪ / mə - RISH - kə HAR - gi - tay ; born January 23 , 1964 ) is an American actress best known for her role as Detective / Sergeant / Lieutenant Olivia Benson on the NBC drama series Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , for which she has earned multiple awards and nominations , including winning a Primetime Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award . The daughter of bodybuilder and actor Mickey Hargitay and actress Jayne Mansfield , Hargitay made her film debut in the 1985 horror - comedy film Ghoulies and her major television debut in the 1986 adventure drama series Downtown . She appeared in numerous roles in film and television shows throughout the late 1980s and 1990s before being cast as Olivia Benson , a role that led to her founding the Joyful Heart Foundation , which provides support to women who have been sexually abused . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit 3 Personal life 3.1 Health problems 4 Charity work 5 Filmography 5.1 Television 5.2 Film 5.3 Video games 5.4 Director 5.5 Producer 5.6 Music videos 6 Awards and accolades 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Early Life ( edit ) Hargitay was born at St. John 's Hospital in Santa Monica , California , the daughter of actress and 1950s - era sex symbol Jayne Mansfield . Her father was the Hungarian - born former Mr. Universe Mickey Hargitay . Her first and middle names are Hungarian and refer to Mary Magdalene ( Mariska is a diminutive of Mary ) . Hargitay was raised Roman Catholic . She has two older brothers , Miklós and Zoltán , and three half - siblings , Jayne Marie Mansfield and Antonio `` Tony '' Cimber ( from her mother 's first and third marriages , respectively ) and Tina Hargitay ( from her father 's first marriage ) . Hargitay 's parents divorced in May 1963 , but a judge later found their Mexican divorce invalid . They reconciled a few months before Hargitay 's birth in January 1964 , but soon separated again . In August 1964 her mother successfully petitioned the court to rule the Mexican divorce legal . A few weeks later , Mansfield married the director Matt Cimber , who had directed her in a 1964 production of the William Inge play Bus Stop . On June 29 , 1967 , Mansfield was killed in an automobile accident on a stretch of U.S. Route 90 between New Orleans and Bay St. Louis , Mississippi . Her boyfriend , Sam Brody , and the driver were also killed . Asleep in the back of the vehicle , Hargitay , then three and a half years old , was left with a zigzag scar on one side of her head . Her brothers Miklós and Zoltán were also in the car , but escaped with minor injuries . After the death of their mother , the three siblings were raised by their father and his third wife , Ellen Siano . Hargitay dislikes comparisons with her famous mother and at age 18 said , `` My dad was Mr. Universe , so it would be fun for me to be Miss Universe . '' While a student at her Catholic secondary school , Marymount High School , Hargitay was active in cheerleading , student government , athletics , and the theater program . She enjoyed acting and enrolled at UCLA after graduation from high school in 1982 . That same year , Hargitay was crowned Miss Beverly Hills USA . By the time she was a freshman in college , Hargitay had an agent and several small roles to her credit . She attended UCLA School of Theater Film and Television ( where she was a member of Kappa Kappa Gamma ) . She left before completing her degree when she began her acting career . Hargitay attended Groundlings Theatre and School in Los Angeles . Her improv teacher was Kathy Griffin . Griffin stated in an interview , `` We started class , and in the Groundlings curriculum , one of the first exercises you do is the cliched ' trust ' game . I made everyone stand in a circle , with me in the center , and I said , being onstage , you have to trust your fellow actors , especially when you 're an improviser . You 're going to be there for each other , and they 're going to be there for you . For example , I 'm going to fall back , knowing that you 'll catch me . Then I let myself fall backward , and sure enough , I was caught . Everyone gets out some nervous laughter , and then they all took turns doing it . By the time it got around to Mariska Hargitay , we 'd already done it with ten or eleven students , and they had clearly gotten the point . Then it was Mariska 's turn . ' Okay , Mariska , cross your arms in front of you and gently fall back , ' I said . She fell back and nobody caught her . She fell flat on her ass . I was horrified . This had never happened in one of my classes before . '' Career ( edit ) In 1982 , after Hargitay was crowned Miss Beverly Hills USA , she then competed in the Miss California USA pageant the following year , placing fourth runner - up to Julie Hayek , who was later crowned Miss USA . In 1984 , she appeared in Ronnie Milsap 's music video for `` She Loves My Car '' . A year later she had a small role in the horror film , Ghoulies . Hargitay said in 1986 that she never thought about doing television until a role for the one - hour adventure drama series Downtown was offered . In 1988 , she had a recurring role as Carly Fixx in the soap opera Falcon Crest . She portrayed police officer Angela Garcia in the 1992 series Tequila and Bonetti , and appeared in an episode of the fourth season of Seinfeld . Two years later , Hargitay portrayed Didi Edelstein , the sexy next - door neighbor , in the 1995 sitcom Ca n't Hurry Love , which starred Nancy McKeon . In 1997 , Hargitay played detective Nina Echeverria on the drama series Prince Street , and had a recurring role as Cynthia Hooper during the fourth season of ER . Hargitay has appeared on numerous other television programs , including : Freddy 's Nightmares ; Ellen ; All - American Girl ; Baywatch ; Cracker ; Gabriel 's Fire ; In the Heat of the Night ; The Single Guy ; Wiseguy and thirtysomething . Her voice is featured on the 2005 video game True Crime : New York City . Hargitay also had a minor role in the 1995 film Leaving Las Vegas , and briefly replaced Gabrielle Fitzpatrick as Dulcea , in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie , although her scenes were cut from the film and was let go when Fitzpatrick recovered from her surgery and returned to the film . Hargitay on set of season 12 of Law & Order : SVU in August 2010 In January 2007 she and her son , August , appeared in a Got Milk ? advertisement . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( edit ) Casting for the lead characters of NBC police procedural television drama series Law & Order : Special Victims Unit occurred in the spring of 1999 . Dick Wolf , along with officials from NBC and Studios USA , were at the final auditions for the two leads at Rockefeller Center . The last round had been narrowed down to six finalists . For the female lead -- Detective Olivia Benson -- Samantha Mathis , Reiko Aylesworth , and Hargitay were being considered . For the male role -- Detective Elliot Stabler -- the finalists were Tim Matheson , John Slattery , and Christopher Meloni . Meloni and Hargitay had auditioned in the final round together and after the actors left , there was a moment of dead silence , after which Wolf blurted out , `` Oh well . There 's no doubt who we should choose -- Hargitay and Meloni . '' The duo , who Wolf believed had the perfect chemistry from the first time he saw them together , were his first choice . Garth Ancier , then head of NBC Entertainment , agreed , and the rest of the panel assembled voiced their assent . Hargitay trained as a rape crisis advocate to prepare for the role of Benson . During the last months of her pregnancy in 2006 , she took maternity leave from SVU , and was temporarily replaced by Connie Nielsen . In May 2009 , after the show 's tenth season , Hargitay and Meloni 's contracts expired when they were reportedly making $375,000 -- $385,000 per episode . During negotiations in April for a new contract , the duo attempted to receive a percentage of the show 's profits as other high - profile Law and Order actors had done in the past . It was rumored that NBC threatened to replace Hargitay and Meloni if they persisted in their demands . However , two months later it was officially reported that both their contracts had been renewed for two more years . When the thirteenth season was about to air , initial reports indicated that Hargitay would appear in only the first 13 episodes . However , NBC chairman Bob Greenblatt later clarified that she would be in every episode of the season . As of August 2012 , Hargitay was earning approximately $400,000 -- $500,000 per episode . Personal Life ( edit ) Hargitay in May 2007 Hargitay speaks five languages : English , French , Hungarian , Spanish , and Italian . On August 28 , 2004 , in Santa Barbara , California , Hargitay married Peter Hermann , an actor whom she met on the set of Law & Order : SVU , on which he plays the recurring role of Defense Attorney Trevor Langan . On June 28 , 2006 , Hargitay gave birth to their son , August Miklos Friedrich Hermann , by an emergency caesarean section . In April 2011 , she and her husband adopted Amaya Josephine and attended her birth . In October 2011 , she and her husband adopted a baby boy , Andrew Nicolas Hargitay Hermann , who had been born in mid-2011 . Upon winning her Emmy on August 27 , 2006 , Hargitay made a point of thanking her father . On September 14 , 2006 , her father died from multiple myeloma in Los Angeles , California , at age 80 . Health problems ( edit ) In late December 2008 , Hargitay suffered a partially collapsed lung after taking a fall during a stunt on the set of SVU . She underwent surgery in January and returned to work shortly afterward . On March 3 , 2009 , she was hospitalized after suffering chest pains related to the injury . She missed one episode on SVU 's tenth season . Charity work ( edit ) Hargitay reading Oh ! The Places You 'll Go ! by Dr. Seuss at the 2010 White House Easter Egg Roll Hargitay is founder and president of the Joyful Heart Foundation , an organization established in 2004 to provide support to survivors of sexual assault , domestic violence , and child abuse . According to Hargitay , she was inspired by an encounter with a school of dolphins that surrounded her while she was swimming off the coast of Hawaii at the age of 15 . The encounter , which had ignited profound spiritual feelings within her , was one that Hargitay hoped to share with others . As of November 2010 , the Joyful Heart Foundation has sent over 5,000 women and children on therapeutic programs in New York , Los Angeles , and Hawaii , which combine yoga , meditation , massage , journaling , and swimming with dolphins . Hargitay said , I started getting fan mail from survivors who felt a connection to Olivia . In many of these letters , people would disclose their personal stories of abuse -- some for the very first time . I remember getting the sense that many were living in isolation with so much shame , but the shame belonged to the perpetrators . I wanted to help find a way to help people reclaim their lives and live them with a renewed sense of possibility and hope . And that 's what we work to do every day at Joyful Heart . According to Hargitay , the Foundation has raised $20 million and helped approximately 5,000 survivors as of April 2011 . Reference to the Joyful Heart Foundation was worked into episodes of Special Victims Unit , via a necklace containing two pendants representing the Foundation that Hargitay 's character began wearing in the show 's 13th season . Hargitay has worked with Michigan Police and Wayne County Prosecutor Kym Worthy to raise awareness about the statistics of untested rape kits . While planning to produce a documentary called Shelved , about the thousands of untested rape kits , Hargitay call this lack of testing `` the clearest and most shocking demonstration of how we regard these crimes in our country . Hargitay appeared in the 17th season of NBC 's The More You Know public service announcements in 2006 , and again in the spring of 2009 . She is an honorary board member director of the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation . On September 27 , 2011 , Hargitay donated $100,000 to her alma mater , the UCLA School of Theater Film and Television for scholarship . In 2012 , Hargitay campaigned for the reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act ( VAWA ) . On February 17 , 2012 , Hargitay made a donation of $35,800 to the Obama Victory Fund , the maximum individual contribution allowed by law at the time . Filmography ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1986 Downtown Jesse Smith 14 episodes 1988 In the Heat of the Night Audine Higgs Episode : `` ... And Then You Die '' 1988 Freddy 's Nightmares Marsha Wildmon Episode : `` Freddy 's Tricks and Treats '' 1988 Falcon Crest Carly Fixx 15 episodes 1989 Finish Line Lisa Karsh Television film 1989 Baywatch Lisa Peters Episode : `` Second Wave '' 1990 Wiseguy Debbie Vitale Episode : `` Romp '' 1990 thirtysomething Courtney Dunn Episode : `` Fathers and Lovers '' 1990 Booker Michelle Larkina Episode : `` Black Diamond Run '' 1990 Gabriel 's Fire Carmen Episode : `` Windows '' 1991 `` Adam - 12 ( 1990 TV series ) '' Michelle Brown Episode : `` Anatomy of a rape '' 1992 Tequila and Bonetti Officer Angela Garcia 11 episodes 1992 Grapevine Katie Episode : `` The Katie and Adam Story '' 1993 Hotel Room Diane Episode : `` Getting Rid of Robert '' Episode : `` Blackout '' 1993 Blind Side Melanie Television film 1993 Key West Laurel Episode : `` Less Moonlight '' 1993 Seinfeld Melissa Shannon Episode : `` The Pilot '' Gambler V : Playing for Keeps Etta Place Television film 1995 All - American Girl Jane Episode : `` Young Americans '' 1995 -- 96 Ca n't Hurry Love Didi Edelstein 19 episodes Ellen Dara Episode : `` The Mugging '' Single Guy , The The Single Guy Kate Conklin / The Mounted Cop Episode : `` Mounted Cop '' Episode : `` Kept Man '' Episode : `` The Virgin '' 1997 Night Sins Paige Price Television film 1997 Prince Street Det . Nina Echeverria 6 episodes 1997 Cracker Det . Penny Hatfield Episode : `` True Romance 1 '' 1997 The Advocate 's Devil Rendi Television film 1997 -- 98 ER Cynthia Hooper 13 episodes 1999 Love , American Style Wendy Segment : `` Love And The Blind Date '' 1999 -- present Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Detective / Sergeant / Lieutenant Olivia Benson 411 episodes 2000 , 2005 Law & Order Detective Olivia Benson Episode : `` Entitled '' Episode : `` Fools For Love '' Episode : `` Flaw '' Plain Truth Ellie Harrison Television film 2005 Law & Order : Trial by Jury Detective Olivia Benson Episode : `` Day '' Kathy Griffin : My Life on the D - List Herself Episode : `` Kathy with a Z '' 2011 Barefoot Contessa Herself Episode : `` Sweet Charity '' 2014 -- 16 Chicago P.D. Sergeant / Lieutenant Olivia Benson Episode : `` They 'll Have to Go Through Me '' Episode : `` The Number of Rats '' Episode : `` The Song of Gregory Williams Yates '' 2015 Chicago Fire Episode : `` We Called Her Jellybean '' 2015 The Jim Gaffigan Show Herself Episode : `` Maria '' 2017 Nightcap Herself Episode : `` Guest in a Snake '' Film ( edit ) Hargitay attending the 60th Primetime Emmy Awards on September 21 , 2008 . She received eight consecutive Primetime Emmy Award nominations from 2004 to 2011 , winning once in 2006 . Year Title Role Notes 1985 Ghoulies Donna 1986 Welcome to 18 Joey Jocks Nicole 1988 Mr. Universe Herself ( Mickey Hargitay 's daughter ) 1991 Hard Time Romance Anita 1991 Perfect Weapon , The The Perfect Weapon Jennifer 1991 Strawberry Road Jill Banner 1993 Bank Robber Marisa Benoit 1995 Leaving Las Vegas Hooker at Bar 1999 Lake Placid Myra Okubo Perfume Darcy ( as Marishka Hargitay ) 2006 Tales from Earthsea Tenar Voice 2008 Love Guru , The The Love Guru Herself Cameo Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2005 True Crime : New York City Deena Dixon Voice Director ( edit ) Year Title Episodes 2014 -- Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Criminal Stories ( 2014 ) Padre Sandunguero ( 2015 ) A Misunderstanding ( 2016 ) Sheltered Outcasts ( 2016 ) Motherly Love ( 2017 ) Producer ( edit ) Year Title Notes 2014 -- present Law & Order : Special Victims Unit seasons 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 2017 I am Evidence Music videos ( edit ) Year Title Artist Role Ref 1984 `` She Loves My Car '' Ronnie Milsap 2015 `` Bad Blood '' Taylor Swift Justice Awards and accolades ( edit ) Hargitay won an Emmy and Golden Globe for her role as Detective Olivia Benson . She received UCLA 's TFT Distinguished Alumni Award in 2011 and was honored at the school 's June commencement ceremony . Hargitay was awarded with the 2,511 th star of the Hollywood Walk of Fame on November 8 , 2013 . Her star is placed next to the star of her mother , which is located at 6328 Hollywood Boulevard . All awards and nominations are for the television show Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , except for the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards , won by Taylor Swift and all of the celebrities that appeared in the music video for her song `` Bad Blood '' . Year Award Result 2000 Satellite Awards Best Performance by an Actress in a Series , Drama Nominated Viewers for Quality Television Awards Best Actress in a Quality Drama Series Nominated TV Guide Award Favorite Actress in a New Series Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Gracie Allen Awards Individual Achievement for Best Female Lead - Drama - Series Won Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Nominated 2005 Golden Globe Award Best Performance by an Actress in a Television Series - Drama Won Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Nominated 2006 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Won 2007 TV Land Awards Favorite Lady Gumshoe Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Nominated 2008 Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Nominated 2009 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Female TV Star Nominated Gracie Allen Awards Outstanding Female Lead - Drama Series Won Golden Globe Awards Best Performance by an Actress in a Television Series - Drama Nominated Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Drama Actress Nominated 2011 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Crime Fighter Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Nominated 2012 Muse Awards New York Women in Film & Television Won TV Guide Award Favorite Actress Nominated 2013 Star on the Walk of Fame Television Won 2014 People 's Choice Awards People 's Choice for Best Dramatic Actress Nominated Gracie Allen Awards Outstanding Female Actor in a Leading Role in a Drama Won TV Guide Award Favorite Actress Nominated 2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Crime Drama TV Actress Nominated MTV Video Music Award Video of the Year Won 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Crime Drama TV Actress Nominated 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Crime Drama TV Actress Nominated Gracie Awards Actress in a Leading Role - Drama Won Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mariska Hargitay Biography '' . Encyclopedia of Biography. 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Focus Forum '' . The Times - Picayune . Advance Publications . October 1 , 1995 . p . T14 . Jump up ^ Inside the Actors Studio : Mariska Hargitay ( television production ) . The Actors Studio . September 22 , 2014 . Mariska says her own first name and the name of her father ; the interviewer , James Lipton , also says her full name near the start of the show . Jump up ^ `` Jayne shows new baby '' . The Cumberland News . Cumberland , Maryland . January 25 , 1964 . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A. Keeps , David ( December 10 , 1998 ) . `` Mariska Hargitay : Staying Sane When Life Is Moving Fast '' . Annie Daly . Good Housekeeping . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved August 12 , 2010 . Though she was raised Catholic and has a very strong faith , Hargitay calls herself a Christian who does n't go to church every Sunday . Jump up ^ Graydon , Carter E. ( June 7 , 1982 ) . `` People : Jun. 7 , 1982 '' . Time . Time Inc. p. 2 . Jump up ^ Woliman Rusoff , Jane ( February 14 , 2001 ) . `` Jayne 's little girl kicks on '' . Herald Sun . The Herald and Weekly Times : H10 . ^ Jump up to : Graydon , Carter E. ( June 7 , 1982 ) . `` People : Jun. 7 , 1982 '' . Time . Time Inc. p. 1 . Retrieved August 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bruin Life 1983 , The Yearbook at UCLA '' . University of California , Los Angeles . Internet Archive. 1983 . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NOTABLE ALUMNI ACTORS '' . UCLA School of Theater , Film and Television . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Virtel , Louis ( March 4 , 2010 ) . `` Was Kathy Griffin 's Censored SVU Scene Payback from an Injured Mariska Hargitay ? '' . Movieline . PMC . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gladstone , Mark ( January 10 , 1983 ) . `` New Rules Make Runner - up in Beauty Contest a Winner '' ( PDF ) . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Buck , Jerry ( January 7 , 1988 ) . `` Mariska Hargitay Joins ' Falcon Crest ' Cast '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Mills , Bart ( August 12 , 1986 ) . `` Hargitay goes ` Downtown ' '' . Daily Breeze : C1 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with David Yost Part 2 '' . Anime Festival Orlando 2010 . YouTube . Augusta 25 , 2010 . accessed August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The hottest mom in Hollywood '' . Self . No . January 2007 . Condé Nast Publications . January 1 , 2007 . pp. 24 -- 25 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2008 . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Green , Susan ; Dawn , Randee ( 2009 ) . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Unofficial Companion . BenBella Books , Inc. p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933771 - 88 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Oglethorpe , Alice . `` Real American Heroes '' Shape , November 2010 , Page 186 Jump up ^ Silverman , Stephen ( January 25 , 2006 ) . `` Maternity Leave Looms for Mariska Hargitay '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SVU `` Replaces '' Benson `` . TV Guide . February 1 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( June 29 , 2009 ) . `` Meloni , Hargitay seal deal with ' SVU ' '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Denise ( June 29 , 2009 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' stars Christopher Meloni and Mariska Hargitay sign on for two more years '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 8 , 2009 ) . `` ' SVU ' exclusive : NBC to replace Chris and Mariska ? ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 14 , 2011 ) . `` Law & Order : SVU Scoop : Hargitay Inks New Deal , Jennifer Love Hewitt May Succeed Her '' . TVLine . PMC . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' : Mariska Hargitay is n't going anywhere , NBC chief says '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Battaglio , Stephen ; Schneider , Michael ( August 26 , 2013 ) . `` What They Earn '' . TV Guide . pp. 16 - 20 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 20 , 2012 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Star Mariska Hargitay Inks New Deal With Universal Television ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Diaz , Johnny ( November 13 , 2005 ) . `` Speaking volumes : Use of Spanish booms on network programs '' . The Boston Globe . The New York Times Company : N1 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Law & Order 's Mariska Hargitay Gets Married '' . People . Time Inc . September 2 , 2004 . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ravitz , Justin ( October 19 , 2011 ) . `` Mariska Hargitay Adopts For Second Time in Six Months : New Details '' . Us Weekly . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2015 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Masterson , Lawrie ( September 17 , 2007 ) . `` Mum 's the word for Mariska '' . Sunday Herald Sun . The Herald and Weekly Times : X06 . Jump up ^ Kimpton , Roger ( Summer 2010 ) . `` Hollywood on the Palisades '' . Palisade : 13 . Jump up ^ Triggs , Charlotte ( April 6 , 2011 ) . `` Mariska Hargitay Adopts a Baby '' . People . Time Inc . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2016 . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Amy ( October 19 , 2011 ) . `` Mariska Hargitay adopts second baby in 6 months : Give ' em an ' A ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2011 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Triggs , Charlotte ( October 19 , 2011 ) . `` Mariska Hargitay Adopts Son Andrew Nicolas '' . People . Time Inc . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mariska Hargitay '' . Television Academy . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biography for Mariska Hargitay '' . Turner Classic Movies . Time Warner . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bonawitz , Amy ( September 19 , 2006 ) . `` Actor Mickey Hargitay Dead At 80 '' . CBS News . CBS Corporation . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2011 . Retrieved September 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ McLellan , Dennis ( September 20 , 2006 ) , `` Bodybuilder - actor Mickey Hargitay dies '' , Bangor Daily News , p. 25 , retrieved January 25 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Mariska Hargitay Says `` Stunt '' Led to Partially Collapsed Lung `` . TVGuide . OpenGate Capital . May 19 , 2009 . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mariska Hargitay hospitalized for chest pains '' . Access Hollywood . March 4 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2016 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 -- via Today . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ; Megan Masters ( March 16 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive ! SVU Boss : Mariska Hargitay Will Be Back This Season '' . E ! Online . Comcast . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved March 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Martin , Crystal . `` Behind the Scenes with Mariska Hargitay '' . Redbook . Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Guide : What 's Worth Watching '' . TV Guide : 8 . July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( February 19 , 2010 ) . `` SVU 's Mariska Hargitay Helps Trauma Survivors On - Screen and Off '' . TV Guide . Lionsgate . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2010 . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sonia Harmon , Kate Meyers and Susan Pocharski . `` Ladies Who Give Back '' , Ladies ' Home Journal ( April 2011 ) , pages 84 -- 85 Jump up ^ Keck , William . `` Ask Keck '' . TV Guide . November 7 , 2011 . Page 10 . Jump up ^ `` 100 serial rapists identified by DNA among ignored rape kits '' . Russia Today . March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Universal 's `` The More You Know '' Launches Its 17th Season of Public Service Announcements with new Theme , New Look and New Faces '' ( PDF ) . The More You Know . NBC Universal . December 16 , 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 3 , 2010 . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The More You Know '' . The National Domestic Violence Hotline . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2011 . Retrieved August 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MMRF Honorary Board of Directors '' . 2007 . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2010 . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( September 27 , 2011 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU 's ' Mariska Hargitay Donates $100,000 to UCLA '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hargitay , Mariska ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` Violence Against Women Act Helps Restore Lives '' . The Huffington Post Jump up ^ `` Mariska Hargitay Political Campaign Contributions 2012 Election Cycle '' . CampaginMoney.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The surreal music - video masterpiece in Mariska Hargitay 's past '' . the Bleader . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift 's ' Bad Blood ' Video : Cindy Crawford , Mariska Hargitay , Ellen Pompeo Posters REVEALED ( SEE PICS ) '' . Fashion & Style . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2015 . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariska Hargitay to join mum on Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . Hollywood.com . November 1 , 2013 . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All stars of the Bad Blod music video to win a Moon Man award '' . Instagram.com . November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . References ( edit ) D'Arminio , Aubry . Mariska Hargitay Biography . Allrovi ( All Media Guide ) . Circa 2007 . Accessed January 24 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mariska Hargitay . Official website Joyful Heart Foundation , founded by Hargitay Mariska Hargitay on IMDb Awards for Mariska Hargitay Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Linda Cristal ( 1969 ) Peggy Lipton ( 1970 ) Patricia Neal ( 1971 ) Gail Fisher ( 1972 ) Lee Remick ( 1973 ) Angie Dickinson ( 1974 ) Lee Remick ( 1975 ) Susan Blakely ( 1976 ) Lesley Ann Warren ( 1977 ) Rosemary Harris ( 1978 ) Natalie Wood ( 1979 ) Yoko Shimada ( 1980 ) Linda Evans / Barbara Bel Geddes ( 1981 ) Joan Collins ( 1982 ) Jane Wyman ( 1983 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1984 ) Sharon Gless ( 1985 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1986 ) Susan Dey ( 1987 ) Jill Eikenberry ( 1988 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1989 ) Sharon Gless / Patricia Wettig ( 1990 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1991 ) Regina Taylor ( 1992 ) Kathy Baker ( 1993 ) Claire Danes ( 1994 ) Jane Seymour ( 1995 ) Gillian Anderson ( 1996 ) Christine Lahti ( 1997 ) Keri Russell ( 1998 ) Edie Falco ( 1999 ) Sela Ward ( 2000 ) Jennifer Garner ( 2001 ) Edie Falco ( 2002 ) Frances Conroy ( 2003 ) Mariska Hargitay ( 2004 ) Geena Davis ( 2005 ) Kyra Sedgwick ( 2006 ) Glenn Close ( 2007 ) Anna Paquin ( 2008 ) Julianna Margulies ( 2009 ) Katey Sagal ( 2010 ) Claire Danes ( 2011 ) Claire Danes ( 2012 ) Robin Wright ( 2013 ) Ruth Wilson ( 2014 ) Taraji P. Henson ( 2015 ) Claire Foy ( 2016 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Helen Hayes ( 1952 ) Loretta Young ( 1954 ) Loretta Young ( 1956 ) Loretta Young ( 1959 ) Barbara Stanwyck ( 1961 ) Barbara Stanwyck ( 1966 ) Barbara Bain ( 1967 ) Barbara Bain ( 1968 ) Barbara Bain ( 1969 ) Susan Hampshire ( 1970 ) Susan Hampshire ( 1971 ) Glenda Jackson ( 1972 ) Michael Learned ( 1973 ) Michael Learned ( 1974 ) Jean Marsh ( 1975 ) Michael Learned ( 1976 ) Lindsay Wagner ( 1977 ) Sada Thompson ( 1978 ) Mariette Hartley ( 1979 ) Barbara Bel Geddes ( 1980 ) Barbara Babcock ( 1981 ) Michael Learned ( 1982 ) Tyne Daly ( 1983 ) Tyne Daly ( 1984 ) Tyne Daly ( 1985 ) Sharon Gless ( 1986 ) Sharon Gless ( 1987 ) Tyne Daly ( 1988 ) Dana Delany ( 1989 ) Patricia Wettig ( 1990 ) Patricia Wettig ( 1991 ) Dana Delany ( 1992 ) Kathy Baker ( 1993 ) Sela Ward ( 1994 ) Kathy Baker ( 1995 ) Kathy Baker ( 1996 ) Gillian Anderson ( 1997 ) Christine Lahti ( 1998 ) Edie Falco ( 1999 ) Sela Ward ( 2000 ) Edie Falco ( 2001 ) Allison Janney ( 2002 ) Edie Falco ( 2003 ) Allison Janney ( 2004 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2005 ) Mariska Hargitay ( 2006 ) Sally Field ( 2007 ) Glenn Close ( 2008 ) Glenn Close ( 2009 ) Kyra Sedgwick ( 2010 ) Julianna Margulies ( 2011 ) Claire Danes ( 2012 ) Claire Danes ( 2013 ) Julianna Margulies ( 2014 ) Viola Davis ( 2015 ) Tatiana Maslany ( 2016 ) Elisabeth Moss ( 2017 ) VIAF : 61756676 LCCN : nr2002001211 ISNI : 0000 0001 1473 6009 BNF : cb14185376t ( data ) NKC : xx0151924 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariska_Hargitay&oldid=814840539 '' Categories : 1964 births 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Activists from California Actresses from Santa Monica , California American film actresses American humanitarians American people of English descent American people of German descent American people of Hungarian descent American Roman Catholics American television actresses American television directors Best Drama Actress Golden Globe ( television ) winners Living people Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Award winners UCLA Film School alumni Sexual abuse victims activists Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2016 Biography with signature Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Български Čeština Corsu Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 06 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays olivia on law and order svu	[ "Mariska Magdolna Hargitay (/məˈrɪʃkə ˈhɑːrɡɪteɪ/ mə-RISH-kə HAR-gi-tay; born January 23, 1964)[1][2][3] is an American actress best known for her role as Detective/Sergeant/Lieutenant Olivia Benson on the NBC drama series Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, for which she has earned multiple awards and nominations, including winning a Primetime Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award." ]	[ "Mariska Magdolna Hargitay" ]

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