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-7352574459126375548 | Civil Rights Act of 1964 | Civil Rights Act of 1964 - wikipedia Civil Rights Act of 1964 This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 31 July 2018 . This article is about the 1964 Civil Rights Act . For other American laws called Civil Rights Acts , see Civil Rights Act . Civil Rights Act of 1964 Long title An act to enforce the constitutional right to vote , to confer jurisdiction upon the district courts of the United States of America to provide injunctive relief against discrimination in public accommodations , to authorize the Attorney General to institute suits to protect constitutional rights in public facilities and public education , to extend the Commission on Civil Rights , to prevent discrimination in federally assisted programs , to establish a Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity , and for other purposes . Enacted by the 88th United States Congress Effective July 2 , 1964 Citations Public law 88 - 352 Statutes at Large 78 Stat. 241 Codification Acts amended Civil Rights Act of 1957 Civil Rights Act of 1960 Titles amended 42 Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 7152 by Emanuel Celler ( D -- NY ) on June 20 , 1963 Committee consideration by Judiciary Passed the House on February 10 , 1964 ( 290 -- 130 ) Passed the Senate on June 19 , 1964 ( 73 -- 27 ) with amendment House agreed to Senate amendment on July 2 , 1964 ( 289 -- 126 ) Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2 , 1964 Major amendments Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 Civil Rights Act of 1991 No Child Left Behind Act Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 United States Supreme Court cases Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States ( 1964 ) Katzenbach v. McClung ( 1964 ) Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education ( 1969 ) Griggs v. Duke Power Co. ( 1971 ) Ricci v. DeStefano ( 2009 ) The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ( Pub. L. 88 -- 352 , 78 Stat. 241 , enacted July 2 , 1964 ) is a landmark civil rights and US labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race , color , religion , sex , or national origin . It prohibits unequal application of voter registration requirements , racial segregation in schools , employment , and public accommodations . Powers given to enforce the act were initially weak , but were supplemented during later years . Congress asserted its authority to legislate under several different parts of the United States Constitution , principally its power to regulate interstate commerce under Article One ( section 8 ) , its duty to guarantee all citizens equal protection of the laws under the Fourteenth Amendment and its duty to protect voting rights under the Fifteenth Amendment . The legislation had been proposed by President John F. Kennedy in June 1963 , but opposed by filibuster in the Senate . Thereafter , President Lyndon B. Johnson pushed the bill forward , which in its final form was passed in the U.S. Congress by a Senate vote of 73 -- 27 and House vote of 289 -- 126 . The Act was signed into law by President Johnson on July 2 , 1964 , at the White House . Contents 1 Origins 2 Legislative history 2.1 House of Representatives 2.2 Johnson 's appeal to Congress 2.3 Lobbying efforts 2.4 Passage in the Senate 2.5 Vote totals 2.5. 1 By party 2.5. 2 By party and region 3 Women 's rights 4 Desegregation 5 Political repercussions 6 Major features 6.1 Title I 6.2 Title II 6.3 Title III 6.4 Title IV 6.5 Title V 6.6 Title VI 6.7 Title VII 6.7. 1 Precedents and history 6.8 Title VIII 6.9 Title IX 6.10 Title X 6.11 Title XI 7 Continued resistance 8 Amendments 9 Subsequent court rulings 10 Influence 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Origins ( edit ) First page of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 John F. Kennedy addresses the nation about civil rights on June 11 , 1963 . The bill was called for by President John F. Kennedy in his Report to the American People on Civil Rights of June 11 , 1963 , in which he asked for legislation `` giving all Americans the right to be served in facilities which are open to the public -- hotels , restaurants , theaters , retail stores , and similar establishments '' , as well as `` greater protection for the right to vote '' . Kennedy delivered this speech following the immediate aftermath of the Birmingham campaign and the growing number of demonstrations and protests throughout the southern United States . Kennedy was moved to action following the elevated racial tensions and wave of black riots in the spring 1963 . Emulating the Civil Rights Act of 1875 , Kennedy 's civil rights bill included provisions to ban discrimination in public accommodations , and to enable the U.S. Attorney General to join in lawsuits against state governments which operated segregated school systems , among other provisions . However , it did not include a number of provisions deemed essential by civil rights leaders including protection against police brutality , ending discrimination in private employment , or granting the Justice Department power to initiate desegregation or job discrimination lawsuits . Legislative History ( edit ) House of Representatives ( edit ) Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . Among the guests behind him is Martin Luther King , Jr . On June 11 , 1963 , President Kennedy met with the Republican leaders to discuss the legislation before his television address to the nation that evening . Two days later , Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen and Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield both voiced support for the president 's bill , except for provisions guaranteeing equal access to places of public accommodations . This led to several Republican Congressmen drafting a compromise bill to be considered . On June 19 , the president sent his bill to Congress as it was originally written , saying legislative action was `` imperative '' . The president 's bill went first to the House of Representatives , where it was referred to the Judiciary Committee , chaired by Emanuel Celler , a Democrat from New York . After a series of hearings on the bill , Celler 's committee strengthened the act , adding provisions to ban racial discrimination in employment , providing greater protection to black voters , eliminating segregation in all publicly owned facilities ( not just schools ) , and strengthening the anti-segregation clauses regarding public facilities such as lunch counters . They also added authorization for the Attorney General to file lawsuits to protect individuals against the deprivation of any rights secured by the Constitution or U.S. law . In essence , this was the controversial `` Title III '' that had been removed from the 1957 and 1960 Acts . Civil rights organizations pressed hard for this provision because it could be used to protect peaceful protesters and black voters from police brutality and suppression of free speech rights . Kennedy called the congressional leaders to the White House in late October , 1963 to line up the necessary votes in the House for passage . The bill was reported out of the Judiciary Committee in November 1963 , and referred to the Rules Committee , whose chairman , Howard W. Smith , a Democrat and avid segregationist from Virginia , indicated his intention to keep the bill bottled up indefinitely . Johnson 's appeal to Congress ( edit ) The assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22 , 1963 , changed the political situation . Kennedy 's successor as president , Lyndon Johnson , made use of his experience in legislative politics , along with the bully pulpit he wielded as president , in support of the bill . In his first address to a joint session of Congress on November 27 , 1963 , Johnson told the legislators , `` No memorial oration or eulogy could more eloquently honor President Kennedy 's memory than the earliest possible passage of the civil rights bill for which he fought so long . '' Judiciary Committee chairman Celler filed a petition to discharge the bill from the Rules Committee ; it required the support of a majority of House members to move the bill to the floor . Initially Celler had a difficult time acquiring the signatures necessary , with many congressmen who supported the civil rights bill itself remaining cautious about violating normal House procedure with the rare use of a discharge petition . By the time of the 1963 winter recess , 50 signatures were still needed . The record of the roll call vote kept by the House Clerk on final passage of the bill After the return of Congress from its winter recess , however , it was apparent that public opinion in the North favored the bill and that the petition would acquire the necessary signatures . To avert the humiliation of a successful discharge petition , Chairman Smith relented and allowed the bill to pass through the Rules Committee . Lobbying efforts ( edit ) Lobbying support for the Civil Rights Act was coordinated by the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights , a coalition of 70 liberal and labor organizations . The principal lobbyists for the Leadership Conference were civil rights lawyer Joseph L. Rauh Jr. and Clarence Mitchell , Sr. of the NAACP . Passage in the Senate ( edit ) Martin Luther King , Jr. and Malcolm X at the United States Capitol on March 26 , 1964 . Both men had come to hear the Senate debate on the bill . This was the only time the two men ever met ; their meeting lasted only one minute . Johnson , who wanted the bill passed as soon as possible , ensured that the bill would be quickly considered by the Senate . Normally , the bill would have been referred to the Senate Judiciary Committee , chaired by Senator James O. Eastland , Democrat from Mississippi . Given Eastland 's firm opposition , it seemed impossible that the bill would reach the Senate floor . Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield took a novel approach to prevent the bill from being relegated to Judiciary Committee limbo . Having initially waived a second reading of the bill , which would have led to it being immediately referred to Judiciary , Mansfield gave the bill a second reading on February 26 , 1964 , and then proposed , in the absence of precedent for instances when a second reading did not immediately follow the first , that the bill bypass the Judiciary Committee and immediately be sent to the Senate floor for debate . When the bill came before the full Senate for debate on March 30 , 1964 , the `` Southern Bloc '' of 18 southern Democratic Senators and one Republican Senator led by Richard Russell ( D - GA ) launched a filibuster to prevent its passage . Said Russell : `` We will resist to the bitter end any measure or any movement which would have a tendency to bring about social equality and intermingling and amalgamation of the races in our ( Southern ) states . '' Strong opposition to the bill also came from Senator Strom Thurmond ( D - SC ) : `` This so - called Civil Rights Proposals , which the President has sent to Capitol Hill for enactment into law , are unconstitutional , unnecessary , unwise and extend beyond the realm of reason . This is the worst civil - rights package ever presented to the Congress and is reminiscent of the Reconstruction proposals and actions of the radical Republican Congress . '' After 54 days of filibuster , Senators Hubert Humphrey ( D - MN ) , Mike Mansfield ( D - MT ) , Everett Dirksen ( R - IL ) , and Thomas Kuchel ( R - CA ) , introduced a substitute bill that they hoped would attract enough Republican swing votes in addition to the core liberal Democrats behind the legislation to end the filibuster . The compromise bill was weaker than the House version in regard to government power to regulate the conduct of private business , but it was not so weak as to cause the House to reconsider the legislation . On the morning of June 10 , 1964 , Senator Robert Byrd ( D-W.Va . ) completed a filibustering address that he had begun 14 hours and 13 minutes earlier opposing the legislation . Until then , the measure had occupied the Senate for 60 working days , including six Saturdays . A day earlier , Democratic Whip Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota , the bill 's manager , concluded he had the 67 votes required at that time to end the debate and end the filibuster . With six wavering senators providing a four - vote victory margin , the final tally stood at 71 to 29 . Never in history had the Senate been able to muster enough votes to cut off a filibuster on a civil rights bill . And only once in the 37 years since 1927 had it agreed to cloture for any measure . `` Remarks upon Signing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 '' Play media Public statement by Lyndon B. Johnson of July 2 , 1964 about the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . `` Remarks upon Signing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 '' audio only Problems playing these files ? See media help . On June 19 , the substitute ( compromise ) bill passed the Senate by a vote of 73 -- 27 , and quickly passed through the House -- Senate conference committee , which adopted the Senate version of the bill . The conference bill was passed by both houses of Congress , and was signed into law by President Johnson on July 2 , 1964 . Vote totals ( edit ) Totals are in `` Yea -- Nay '' format : The original House version : 290 -- 130 ( 69 -- 31 % ) Cloture in the Senate : 71 -- 29 ( 71 -- 29 % ) The Senate version : 73 -- 27 ( 73 -- 27 % ) The Senate version , as voted on by the House : 289 -- 126 ( 70 -- 30 % ) By Party ( edit ) The original House version : Democratic Party : 152 -- 96 ( 61 -- 39 % ) Republican Party : 138 -- 34 ( 80 -- 20 % ) Cloture in the Senate : Democratic Party : 44 -- 23 ( 66 -- 34 % ) Republican Party : 27 -- 6 ( 82 -- 18 % ) The Senate version : Democratic Party : 46 -- 21 ( 69 -- 31 % ) Republican Party : 27 -- 6 ( 82 -- 18 % ) The Senate version , voted on by the House : Democratic Party : 153 -- 91 ( 63 -- 37 % ) Republican Party : 136 -- 35 ( 80 -- 20 % ) By Party and region ( edit ) Note : `` Southern '' , as used in this section , refers to members of Congress from the eleven states that made up the Confederate States of America in the American Civil War . `` Northern '' refers to members from the other 39 states , regardless of the geographic location of those states . The original House version : Southern Democrats : 7 -- 87 ( 7 -- 93 % ) Southern Republicans : 0 -- 10 ( 0 -- 100 % ) Northern Democrats : 145 -- 9 ( 94 -- 6 % ) Northern Republicans : 138 -- 24 ( 85 -- 15 % ) The Senate version : Southern Democrats : 1 -- 20 ( 5 -- 95 % ) ( only Ralph Yarborough of Texas voted in favor ) Southern Republicans : 0 -- 1 ( 0 -- 100 % ) ( John Tower of Texas ) Northern Democrats : 45 -- 1 ( 98 -- 2 % ) ( only Robert Byrd of West Virginia voted against ) Northern Republicans : 27 -- 5 ( 84 -- 16 % ) Women 's Rights ( edit ) Engrossing copy of H.R. 7152 , which added sex to the categories of persons against whom the bill prohibited discrimination , as passed by the House of Representatives Just one year earlier , the same Congress had passed the Equal Pay Act of 1963 , which prohibited wage differentials based on sex . The prohibition on sex discrimination was added to the Civil Rights Act by Howard W. Smith , a powerful Virginia Democrat who chaired the House Rules Committee and who strongly opposed the legislation . Smith 's amendment was passed by a teller vote of 168 to 133 . Historians debate Smith 's motivation , whether it was a cynical attempt to defeat the bill by someone opposed to civil rights both for blacks and women , or an attempt to support their rights by broadening the bill to include women . Smith expected that Republicans , who had included equal rights for women in their party 's platform since 1944 , would probably vote for the amendment . Historians speculate that Smith was trying to embarrass northern Democrats who opposed civil rights for women because the clause was opposed by labor unions . Representative Carl Elliott of Alabama later claimed , `` Smith did n't give a damn about women 's rights ... he was trying to knock off votes either then or down the line because there was always a hard core of men who did n't favor women 's rights , '' and the Congressional Record records that Smith was greeted by laughter when he introduced the amendment . Smith asserted that he was not joking ; he sincerely supported the amendment and , indeed , along with Rep. Martha Griffiths , he was the chief spokesperson for the amendment . For twenty years Smith had sponsored the Equal Rights Amendment ( with no linkage to racial issues ) in the House because he believed in it . He for decades had been close to the National Woman 's Party and its leader Alice Paul , who was also the leader in winning the right to vote for women in 1920 , the author of the first Equal Rights Amendment , and a chief supporter of equal rights proposals since then . She and other feminists had worked with Smith since 1945 trying to find a way to include sex as a protected civil rights category . Now was the moment . Griffiths argued that the new law would protect black women but not white women , and that was unfair to white women . Furthermore , she argued that the laws `` protecting '' women from unpleasant jobs were actually designed to enable men to monopolize those jobs , and that was unfair to women who were not allowed to try out for those jobs . The amendment passed with the votes of Republicans and Southern Democrats . The final law passed with the votes of Republicans and Northern Democrats . Thus , as Justice William Rehnquist explained in Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson , `` The prohibition against discrimination based on sex was added to Title VII at the last minute on the floor of the House of Representatives ... the bill quickly passed as amended , and we are left with little legislative history to guide us in interpreting the Act 's prohibition against discrimination based on ' sex . ' '' Desegregation ( edit ) One of the most damaging arguments by the bill 's opponents was that once passed , the bill would require forced busing to achieve certain racial quotas in schools . Proponents of the bill , such as Emanuel Celler and Jacob Javits , said that the bill would not authorize such measures . Leading sponsor Senator Hubert Humphrey ( D - MN ) wrote two amendments specifically designed to outlaw busing . Humphrey said `` if the bill were to compel it , it would be a violation ( of the Constitution ) , because it would be handling the matter on the basis of race and we would be transporting children because of race . '' While Javits said any government official who sought to use the bill for busing purposes `` would be making a fool of himself , '' two years later the Department of Health , Education and Welfare said that Southern school districts would be required to meet mathematical ratios of students by busing . Political repercussions ( edit ) See also : Realigning election President Johnson speaks to a television camera at the signing of the Civil Rights Act . The bill divided and engendered a long - term change in the demographic support of both parties . President Johnson realized that supporting this bill would risk losing the South 's overwhelming support of the Democratic Party . Both Attorney General Robert Kennedy and Vice President Johnson had pushed for the introduction of the civil rights legislation . Johnson told Kennedy aide Ted Sorensen that `` I know the risks are great and we might lose the South , but those sorts of states may be lost anyway . '' Senator Richard Russell , Jr. later warned President Johnson that his strong support for the civil rights bill `` will not only cost you the South , it will cost you the election '' . Johnson , however , went on to win the 1964 election by one of the biggest landslides in American history . The South , which had five states swing Republican in 1964 , became a stronghold of the Republican Party by the 1990s . Although majorities in both parties voted for the bill , there were notable exceptions . Though he opposed forced segregation , Republican Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona voted against the bill , remarking , `` You ca n't legislate morality . '' Goldwater had supported previous attempts to pass civil rights legislation in 1957 and 1960 as well as the 24th Amendment outlawing the poll tax . He stated that the reason for his opposition to the 1964 bill was Title II , which in his opinion violated individual liberty and states ' rights . Democrats and Republicans from the Southern states opposed the bill and led an unsuccessful 83 - day filibuster , including Senators Albert Gore , Sr. ( D - TN ) and J. William Fulbright ( D - AR ) , as well as Senator Robert Byrd ( D - WV ) , who personally filibustered for 14 hours straight . Major Features ( edit ) ( The full text of the Act is available online . ) Title I ( edit ) Barred unequal application of voter registration requirements . Title I did not eliminate literacy tests , which were one of the main methods used to exclude Black voters , other racial minorities , and poor Whites in the South , nor did it address economic retaliation , police repression , or physical violence against nonwhite voters . While the Act did require that voting rules and procedures be applied equally to all races , it did not abolish the concept of voter `` qualification '' , that is to say , it accepted the idea that citizens do not have an automatic right to vote but rather might have to meet some standard beyond citizenship . It was the Voting Rights Act , enacted one year later in 1965 , that directly addressed and eliminated most voting qualifications beyond citizenship . Title II ( edit ) Outlawed discrimination based on race , color , religion or national origin in hotels , motels , restaurants , theaters , and all other public accommodations engaged in interstate commerce ; exempted private clubs without defining the term `` private '' . Title III ( edit ) Prohibited state and municipal governments from denying access to public facilities on grounds of race , color , religion or national origin . Title IV ( edit ) Encouraged the desegregation of public schools and authorized the U.S. Attorney General to file suits to enforce said act . Title v. ( edit ) Expanded the Civil Rights Commission established by the earlier Civil Rights Act of 1957 with additional powers , rules and procedures . Title VI ( edit ) Prevents discrimination by government agencies that receive federal funds . If an agency is found in violation of Title VI , that agency may lose its federal funding . General This title declares it to be the policy of the United States that discrimination on the ground of race , color , or national origin shall not occur in connection with programs and activities receiving Federal financial assistance and authorizes and directs the appropriate Federal departments and agencies to take action to carry out this policy . This title is not intended to apply to foreign assistance programs . Section 601 -- This section states the general principle that no person in the United States shall be excluded from participation in or otherwise discriminated against on the ground of race , color , or national origin under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance . Section 602 directs each Federal agency administering a program of Federal financial assistance by way of grant , contract , or loan to take action pursuant to rule , regulation , or order of general applicability to effectuate the principle of section 601 in a manner consistent with the achievement of the objectives of the statute authorizing the assistance . In seeking the effect compliance with its requirements imposed under this section , an agency is authorized to terminate or to refuse to grant or to continue assistance under a program to any recipient as to whom there has been an express finding pursuant to a hearing of a failure to comply with the requirements under that program , and it may also employ any other means authorized by law . However , each agency is directed first to seek compliance with its requirements by voluntary means . Section 603 provides that any agency action taken pursuant to section 602 shall be subject to such judicial review as would be available for similar actions by that agency on other grounds . Where the agency action consists of terminating or refusing to grant or to continue financial assistance because of a finding of a failure of the recipient to comply with the agency 's requirements imposed under section 602 , and the agency action would not otherwise be subject to judicial review under existing law , judicial review shall nevertheless be available to any person aggrieved as provided in section 10 of the Administrative Procedure Act ( 5 U.S.C. § 1009 ) . The section also states explicitly that in the latter situation such agency action shall not be deemed committed to unreviewable agency discretion within the meaning of section 10 . The purpose of this provision is to obviate the possible argument that although section 603 provides for review in accordance with section 10 , section 10 itself has an exception for action `` committed to agency discretion , '' which might otherwise be carried over into section 603 . It is not the purpose of this provision of section 603 , however , otherwise to alter the scope of judicial review as presently provided in section 10 ( e ) of the Administrative Procedure Act . Title VII ( edit ) See also : United States labor law and Employment discrimination law in the United States Title VII of the Act , codified as Subchapter VI of Chapter 21 of title 42 of the United States Code , prohibits discrimination by covered employers on the basis of race , color , religion , sex or national origin ( see 42 U.S.C. § 2000e - 2 ) . Title VII applies to and covers an employer `` who has fifteen ( 15 ) or more employees for each working day in each of twenty or more calendar weeks in the current or preceding calendar year '' as written in the Definitions section under 42 U.S.C. § 2000e ( b ) . Title VII also prohibits discrimination against an individual because of his or her association with another individual of a particular race , color , religion , sex , or national origin , such as by an interracial marriage . The EEO Title VII has also been supplemented with legislation prohibiting pregnancy , age , and disability discrimination ( See Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 , Age Discrimination in Employment Act , Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ) . In very narrowly defined situations , an employer is permitted to discriminate on the basis of a protected trait where the trait is a bona fide occupational qualification ( BFOQ ) reasonably necessary to the normal operation of that particular business or enterprise . To prove the bona fide occupational qualifications defense , an employer must prove three elements : a direct relationship between the protected trait and the ability to perform the duties of the job , the BFOQ relates to the `` essence '' or `` central mission of the employer 's business '' , and there is no less - restrictive or reasonable alternative ( United Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls , Inc. , 499 U.S. 187 ( 1991 ) 111 S. Ct. 1196 ) . The Bona Fide Occupational Qualification exception is an extremely narrow exception to the general prohibition of discrimination based on protected traits ( Dothard v. Rawlinson , 433 U.S. 321 ( 1977 ) 97 S. Ct. 2720 ) . An employer or customer 's preference for an individual of a particular religion is not sufficient to establish a Bona Fide Occupational Qualification ( Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Kamehameha School -- Bishop Estate , 990 F. 2d 458 ( 9th Cir. 1993 ) ) . Title VII allows for any employer , labor organization , joint labor - management committee , or employment agency to bypass the `` unlawful employment practice '' for any person involved with the Communist Party of the United States or of any other organization required to register as a Communist - action or Communist - front organization by final order of the Subversive Activities Control Board pursuant to the Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950 . There are partial and whole exceptions to Title VII for four types of employers : Federal government ; ( Comment : The proscriptions against employment discrimination under Title VII are now applicable to certain federal government offices under 42 U.S.C. Section 2000e - 16 ) Federally recognized Native American tribes Religious groups performing work connected to the group 's activities , including associated education institutions ; Bona fide nonprofit private membership organizations . The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( EEOC ) as well as certain state fair employment practices agencies ( FEPAs ) enforce Title VII ( see 42 U.S.C. § 2000e - 4 ) . The EEOC and state FEPAs investigate , mediate , and may file lawsuits on behalf of employees . Where a state law is contradicted by a federal law , it is overridden . Every state , except Arkansas and Mississippi , maintains a state FEPA ( see EEOC and state FEPA directory ) . Title VII also provides that an individual can bring a private lawsuit . An individual must file a complaint of discrimination with the EEOC within 180 days of learning of the discrimination or the individual may lose the right to file a lawsuit . Title VII only applies to employers who employ 15 or more employees for 20 or more weeks in the current or preceding calendar year ( 42 U.S.C. § 2000e ( b ) ) . Precedents and History ( edit ) In the early 1980s , the EEOC and some federal courts began holding that sexual harassment is also prohibited under the Act . In 1986 , the Supreme Court held in Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson , 477 U.S. 57 ( 1986 ) , that sexual harassment is sex discrimination and is prohibited by Title VII . This case filed by plaintiff Mechelle Vinson was the first in the history of the court to recognize sexual harassment as actionable . Following 1986 , court cases in which the plaintiff suffers no economic loss can potentially argue for a violation of Title VII if the discrimination resulted in a hostile work environment . Same - sex sexual harassment has also been held in a unanimous decision written by Justice Scalia to be prohibited by Title VII ( Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services , Inc. , 523 U.S. 75 ( 1998 ) , 118 S. Ct. 998 ) . In 2012 , the EEOC ruled that employment discrimination on the basis of gender identity or transgender status is prohibited under Title VII . The decision held that discrimination on the basis of gender identity qualified as discrimination on the basis of sex whether the discrimination was due to sex stereotyping , discomfort with the fact of an individual 's transition , or discrimination due to a perceived change in the individual 's sex . In 2014 , the EEOC initiated two lawsuits against private companies for discrimination on the basis of gender identity , with additional litigation under consideration . As of November 2014 , Commissioner Chai Feldblum is making an active effort to increase awareness of Title VII remedies for individuals discriminated on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity . On December 15 , 2014 , under a memorandum issued by Attorney General Eric Holder , the United States Department of Justice ( DoJ ) took a position that aligned with the EEOC , namely the prohibition of sex discrimination under Title VII encompassed the prohibition of discrimination based on gender identity or transgender status . DoJ had already stopped opposing claims of discrimination brought by federal transgender employees . In October 2017 , Attorney General Jeff Sessions issued a directive that withdrew the Holder memorandum . According to a copy of the directive reviewed by BuzzFeed News , Sessions stated that Title VII should be narrowly interpreted to cover discrimination between `` men and women '' . Attorney General Session stated as a matter of law , `` Title VII does not prohibit discrimination based on gender identity per se . '' Devin O'Malley , speaking on behalf of the DoJ , stated `` the last administration abandoned that fundamental principle ( that the Department of Justice can not expand the law beyond what Congress has provided ) , which necessitated today 's action . '' Sharon McGowan , a lawyer with Lambda Legal who previously served in the Civil Rights division of DoJ , rejected that argument , saying `` ( T ) his memo is not actually a reflection of the law as it is -- it 's a reflection of what the DOJ wishes the law were '' and `` The Justice Department is actually getting back in the business of making anti-transgender law in court . '' On December 11 , 2017 , the United States Supreme Court refused to hear an appeal in Evans v. Georgia Regional Hospital , in which a lower court ruled against the plaintiff , who had argued Title VII protections applied to sexual orientation . The 11th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals stated in its earlier ruling that only the Supreme Court could determine if Title VII applied . Title viii ( edit ) Required compilation of voter - registration and voting data in geographic areas specified by the Commission on Civil Rights . Title IX ( edit ) Title IX made it easier to move civil rights cases from state courts to federal court . This was of crucial importance to civil rights activists who contended that they could not get fair trials in state courts . Title IX of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 should not be confused with Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 , which prohibits sex discrimination in federally funded education programs and activities . Title X ( edit ) Established the Community Relations Service , tasked with assisting in community disputes involving claims of discrimination . Title XI ( edit ) Title XI gives a defendant accused of certain categories of criminal contempt in a matter arising under title II , III , IV , V , VI , or VII of the Act the right to a jury trial . If convicted , the defendant can be fined an amount not to exceed $1,000 or imprisoned for not more than six months . Continued resistance ( edit ) There were white business owners who claimed that Congress did not have the constitutional authority to ban segregation in public accommodations . For example , Moreton Rolleston , the owner of a motel in Atlanta , Georgia , said he should not be forced to serve black travelers , saying , `` the fundamental question ... is whether or not Congress has the power to take away the liberty of an individual to run his business as he sees fit in the selection and choice of his customers '' . Rolleston claimed that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a breach of the Fourteenth Amendment and also violated the Fifth and Thirteenth Amendments by depriving him of `` liberty and property without due process '' . In Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States ( 1964 ) , the Supreme Court held that Congress drew its authority from the Constitution 's Commerce Clause , rejecting Rolleston 's claims . Resistance to the public accommodation clause continued for years on the ground , especially in the South . When local college students in Orangeburg , South Carolina attempted to desegregate a bowling alley in 1968 , they were violently attacked , leading to rioting and what became known as the `` Orangeburg massacre . '' Resistance by school boards continued into the next decade , with the most significant declines in black - white school segregation only occurring at the end of the 1960s and the start of the 1970s in the aftermath of the Green v. County School Board of New Kent County ( 1968 ) court decision . Amendments ( edit ) Between 1965 and 1972 , Title VII lacked any strong enforcement provisions . Instead , the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was authorized only to investigate external claims of discrimination . The EEOC could then refer cases to the Justice Department for litigation if reasonable cause was found . The EEOC documented the nature and magnitude of discriminatory employment practices , the first study of this kind done . In 1972 , Congress passed the Equal Employment Opportunity Act . The Act amended Title VII and gave EEOC authority to initiate its own enforcement litigation . The EEOC now played a major role in guiding judicial interpretations of civil rights legislation . The commission was also permitted for the first time to define `` discrimination , '' a term excluded from the 1964 Act . Subsequent Court rulings ( edit ) The Constitutionality of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was , at the time , in some dispute as it applied to the private sector . In the landmark Civil Rights Cases the United States Supreme Court had ruled , in 1883 , that Congress did not have the power to prohibit discrimination in the private sector , thus stripping the Civil Rights Act of 1875 of much of its ability to protect civil rights . In the late 19th and early 20th century , the legal justification for voiding the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was part of a larger trend by members of the United States Supreme Court to invalidate most government regulations of the private sector , except when dealing with laws designed to protect traditional public morality . In the 1930s , during the New Deal , the majority of the Supreme Court justices gradually shifted their legal theory to allow for greater government regulation of the private sector under the commerce clause , thus paving the way for the Federal government to enact civil rights laws prohibiting both public and private sector discrimination on the basis of the commerce clause . After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed , the Supreme Court upheld the law 's application to the private sector , on the grounds that Congress has the power to regulate commerce between the States . The landmark case Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States established the constitutionality of the law , but it did not settle all of the legal questions surrounding the law . In Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp. , a 1971 Supreme Court case regarding the gender provisions of the Act , the Court ruled that a company could not discriminate against a potential female employee because she had a preschool - age child unless they did the same with potential male employees . A federal court overruled an Ohio state law that barred women from obtaining jobs which required the ability to lift 25 pounds and required women to take lunch breaks when men were not required to . In Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations , the United States Supreme Court decided that printing separate job listings for men and women was illegal , which ended that practice among the country 's newspapers . The United States Civil Service Commission ended the practice among federal jobs which designated them `` women only '' or `` men only '' . In 1974 , the Supreme Court also ruled that the San Francisco school district was violating non-English speaking students ' rights under the 1964 act by placing them in regular classes rather than providing some sort of accommodation for them . In 1975 , a federal civil rights agency warned a Phoenix , Arizona school that its end - of - year father - son and mother - daughter baseball games were illegal according to the 1964 Civil Rights Act . President Gerald Ford intervened , and the games were allowed to continue . In 1977 , the Supreme Court struck down state minimum height requirements for police officers as violating the Act ; women usually could not meet these requirements . On April 4 , 2017 , the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit in Chicago , sitting en banc , ruled that Title VII of the Act forbids discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation by a vote of 8 -- 3 . Over the prior month , panels of both the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit in Atlanta and the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in New York City had reached the opposite conclusion , finding that Title VII sex discrimination does not include claims based on sexual orientation . Influence ( edit ) Despite its lack of influence during its time , the Civil Rights Act of 1964 had considerable impact on later civil rights legislation in the United States . It paved the way for future legislation that was not limited to African American civil rights . The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 -- which has been called `` the most important piece of federal legislation since the Civil Rights Act of 1964 '' -- was influenced both by the structure and substance of the previous Civil Rights Act of 1964 . The act was arguably of equal importance , and `` draws substantially from the structure of that landmark legislation ( Civil Rights Act of 1964 ) '' . The Americans With Disabilities Act paralleled its landmark predecessor structurally , drawing upon many of the same titles and statutes . For example , `` Title I of the ADA , which bans employment discrimination by private employers on the basis of disability , parallels Title VII of the Act '' . Similarly , Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act , `` which proscribes discrimination on the basis of disability in public accommodations , tracks Title II of the 1964 Act while expanding upon the list of public accommodations covered . '' The Americans with Disabilities Act extended `` the principle of nondiscrimination to people with disabilities '' , an idea unsought in the United States before the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . The Act also influenced later civil rights legislation , such as the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Civil Rights Act of 1968 , aiding not only African Americans , but also women . See also ( edit ) US labor law Civil Rights Movement Affirmative action in the United States Bennett Amendment Bourke B. Hickenlooper Other civil rights legislation Civil Rights Act of 1866 Civil Rights Act of 1871 Civil Rights Act of 1875 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Civil Rights Act of 1960 Civil Rights Act of 1968 Civil Rights Act of 1991 Employment Non-Discrimination Act Equal Pay Act of 1963 Equality Act of 2015 Enforcement Act of 1870 First Enforcement Act of 1871 Second Enforcement Act of 1871 Lodge Bill Reconstruction Acts Voting Rights Act of 1965 Court cases Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States ( 1964 ) Katzenbach v. McClung ( 1964 ) Griggs v. Duke Power Co. ( 1971 ) Washington v. Davis ( 1976 ) Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio ( 1989 ) Ricci v. DeStefano ( 2009 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` H.R. 7152 . PASSAGE . '' GovTrack.us . Jump up ^ `` HR. 7152 . PASSAGE '' . GovTrack.us . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 7152 . CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 . ADOPTION OF A RESOLUTION ( H. RES. 789 ) PROVIDING FOR HOUSE APPROVAL OF THE BILL AS AMENDED BY THE SENATE . '' GovTrack.us . Jump up ^ Milestones In The History of Equal Employment Opportunity Commission : 1972 Accessed July 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ Wright , Susan ( 2005 ) , The Civil Rights Act of 1964 : Landmark Antidiscrimination Legislation , The Rosen Publishing Group , ISBN 1 - 4042 - 0455 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Transcript of Civil Rights Act ( 1964 ) '' . Retrieved July 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Radio and television address on civil rights , 11 June 1963 '' . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . 1963 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Eyes on the Prize : America 's Civil Rights Years , episode 4 `` No Easy Walk ( 1961 -- 1963 ) '' `` . Jump up ^ Civil Rights Act Passes in the House ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Loevy , Robert ( 1997 ) , The Civil Rights Act of 1964 : The Passage of the Law that Ended Racial Segregation , State University of New York Press , p. 171 . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 3362 - 5 Jump up ^ Golway , Terry and Krantz , Les ( 2010 ) , JFK : Day by Day , Running Press , p. 284 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7624 - 3742 - 9 Jump up ^ Reeves , Richard ( 1993 ) , President Kennedy : Profile of Power , pp. 628 -- 631 Jump up ^ `` Transition to Johnson '' . UPI . Jump up ^ `` History of The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights & The Leadership Conference Education Fund -- The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights '' . Jump up ^ Cone , James H. ( 1991 ) . Martin & Malcolm & America : A Dream or a Nightmare . p. 2 . ISBN 0 - 88344 - 721 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` A Case History : The 1964 Civil Rights Act '' . The Dirksen Congressional Center . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Civil Rights Act : What JFK , LBJ , Martin Luther King and Malcolm X had to say '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ 1963 Year In Review -- Part 1 -- Civil Rights Bill United Press International , 1963 Jump up ^ Civil Rights Act -- Battle in the Senate ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Civil Rights Filibuster Ended -- United States Senate Jump up ^ Dallek , Robert ( 2004 ) , Lyndon B. Johnson : Portrait of a President , p. 169 ^ Jump up to : King , Desmond ( 1995 ) . Separate and Unequal : Black Americans and the US Federal Government . p. 311 . Jump up ^ Jeong , Gyung - Ho ; Gary J. Miller ; Itai Sened ( 2009 - 03 - 14 ) . Closing The Deal : Negotiating Civil Rights Legislation . 67th Annual Conference of the Midwest Political Science Association . p. 29 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ EL . `` Were Republicans Really ... ? '' . Guardian . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . Jump up ^ U.S. House of Representatives . Office of the Clerk of the House . 4 / 1 / 1789 - ( 25 September 1964 ) . `` Excerpt of the Engrossing Copy of H.R. 7152 , the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , Showing Amendments '' -- via US National Archives Research Catalog . Jump up ^ Freeman , Jo . `` How ' Sex ' Got Into Title VII : Persistent Opportunism as a Maker of Public Policy , '' Law and Inequality : A Journal of Theory and Practice , Vol. 9 , No. 2 , March 1991 , pp 163 -- 184 . online version Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Rosalind ( 2008 ) , Divided Lives : American Women in the Twentieth Century , pp. 187 -- 88 Jump up ^ Gittinger , Ted and Fisher , Allen , LBJ Champions the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , Part 2 , Prologue Magazine , The National Archives , Summer 2004 , Vol. 36 , No. 2 ( `` Certainly Smith hoped that such a divisive issue would torpedo the civil rights bill , if not in the House , then in the Senate . '' ) ^ Jump up to : Frum , David ( 2000 ) . How We Got Here : The ' 70s . pp. 245 -- 246 , 249 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 04195 - 7 . Jump up ^ The American Presidency Project Jump up ^ Dierenfield , Bruce J ( 1981 ) . `` Conservative Outrage : the Defeat in 1966 of Representative Howard W. Smith of Virginia '' . Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 89 ( 2 ) : 194 . ^ Jump up to : Gold , Michael Evan . A Tale of Two Amendments : The Reasons Congress Added Sex to Title VII and Their Implication for the Issue of Comparable Worth . Faculty Publications -- Collective Bargaining , Labor Law , and Labor History . Cornell , 1981 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Olson , Lynne ( 2001 ) , Freedom 's Daughters : The Unsung Heroines of the Civil Rights Movement , p. 360 Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Rosalind ( 2008 ) , Divided Lives : American Women in the Twentieth Century , p. 187 notes that Smith had been working for years with two Virginia feminists on the issue . Jump up ^ Harrison , Cynthia ( 1989 ) , On Account of Sex : The Politics of Women 's Issues , 1945 -- 1968 , p. 179 Jump up ^ ( 477 U.S. 57 , 63 -- 64 ) ^ Jump up to : Frum , David ( 2000 ) . How We Got Here : The ' 70s . pp. 251 -- 252 . Jump up ^ Kotz , Nick ( 2005 ) , Judgment Days : Lyndon Baines Johnson , Martin Luther King , Jr. , and the Laws that Changed America , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Branch , Taylor ( 1998 ) , Pillar of Fire , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Brownstein , Ronald ( May 23 , 2009 ) . `` For GOP , A Southern Exposure '' . National Journal . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Robert Sherrill ( 25 May 2001 ) . `` Conservatism as Phoenix '' . The Nation . Jump up ^ Voting Rights ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ `` Major Features of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 '' . CongressLink . The Dirksen Congressional Center . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2014 . Retrieved March 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights Act of 1964 Title II '' . Wake Forest University . ^ Jump up to : `` Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- CRA -- Title VII -- Equal Employment Opportunities -- 42 US Code Chapter 21 '' . finduslaw . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Parr v. Woodmen of the World Life Insurance Company , 791 F. 2d 888 ( 11th Cir. 1986 ) . Jump up ^ `` Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 '' . Finduslaw.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/civil-rights-act/images/act-06.jpg Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Labor Employment and Training Administration . ( 1999 ) `` Chapter 2 : Laws and Regulations with Implications for Assessments '' . ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : 1946 - , Cochran , Augustus B. , ( 2004 ) . Sexual harassment and the law : the Mechelle Vinson case . Lawrence , Kan. : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0700613234 . OCLC 53284947 . Jump up ^ Macy v. Holder , EEOC Appeal No. 0120120821 ( April 20 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Quinones , Sam ( April 25 , 2012 ) . `` EEOC rules job protections also apply to transgender people '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Mica ( September 9 , 2014 ) . `` U.S. government lawsuits target transgender discrimination in workplace '' . Reuters . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What You Should Know about EEOC and the Enforcement Protections for LGBT Workers '' . Equal Employment Opportunity Commission . Jump up ^ Chai Feldblum ( @ chaifeldblum ) ( 6 November 2014 ) . `` ICYMI -- EEOC helping LGBT people get protection from discrimination under sex discrimination laws '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Geidner , Chris ( 18 December 2014 ) . `` Justice Department Will Now Support Transgender Discrimination Claims In Litigation '' . BuzzFeed News . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Holden , Dominic ( 5 October 2017 ) . `` Jeff Sessions Just Reversed A Policy That Protects Transgender Workers From Discrimination '' . BuzzFeed News . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Goico , Allison L. ; Geller , Hayley ( 6 October 2017 ) . `` US Attorney General Jefferson Sessions Issues New Guidance On Transgender Employees '' . The National Law Review . Dinsmore & Shohl LLP . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Chung , Andrew ( 11 December 2017 ) . `` U.S. high court turns away dispute over gay worker protections '' . Reuters . Reuters . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sandoval - Strausz , A.K. ( Spring 2005 ) . `` Travelers , Strangers , and Jim Crow : Law , Public Accommodations , and Civil Rights in America '' . Law and History Review . 23 ( 1 ) : 53 -- 94 . doi : 10.1017 / s0738248000000055 . JSTOR 30042844 . Jump up ^ Alan Taylor . `` 1964 : Civil Rights Battles '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ Wolcott , Victoria W. ( 16 August 2012 ) . `` Race , Riots , and Roller Coasters : The Struggle over Segregated Recreation in America '' . University of Pennsylvania Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Sean F. Reardon , Ann Owens , `` 60 Years After Brown : Trends and Consequences of School Segregation '' Annual Review of Sociology Vol. 14 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Equal Employment Opportunity Commission '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Jump up ^ `` The Civil Rights Act of March 1 , 1875 '' , www.gmu.edu . Jump up ^ Frum , David ( 2000 ) . How We Got Here : The ' 70s . p. 270 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Alison ( 5 April 2017 ) . `` The shrewdness of Judge Wood 's opinion in LGBT workplace bias case '' . Reuters . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Briscoe , Tony ( 4 April 2017 ) . `` Court : Civil Rights Act covers LGBT workplace bias '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Haag , Matthew ; Chokshi , Niraj ( 5 April 2017 ) . `` Civil Rights Act Protects Gay Workers , Court Rules '' . The New York Times . p . A17 . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Dinerstein , Robert D. ( ) . The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 : Progeny of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . American Bar Association . JSTOR . References ( edit ) Branch , Taylor ( 1998 ) , Pillar of Fire : America in the King Years 1963 -- 65 , New York : Simon & Schuster . Brauer , Carl M. , `` Women Activists , Southern Conservatives , and the Prohibition of Sexual Discrimination in Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act '' , 49 Journal of Southern History , February 1983 . Burstein , Paul ( 1985 ) , Discrimination , Jobs and Politics : The Struggle for Equal Employment Opportunity in the United States since the New Deal , Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Finley , Keith M. ( 2008 ) , Delaying the Dream : Southern Senators and the Fight Against Civil Rights , 1938 -- 1965 , Baton Rouge : LSU Press . Freeman , Jo . `` How ' Sex ' Got Into Title VII : Persistent Opportunism as a Maker of Public Policy '' Law and Inequality : A Journal of Theory and Practice , Vol. 9 , No. 2 , March 1991 , pp. 163 -- 184 . online version Graham , Hugh ( 1990 ) , The Civil Rights Era : Origins and Development of National Policy , 1960 -- 1972 , New York : Oxford University Press . Gregory , Raymond F. ( 2014 ) . The Civil Rights Act and the Battle to End Workplace Discrimination . Lanham , MD : Rowman and Littlefield . Harrison , Cynthia ( 1988 ) , On Account of Sex : The Politics of Women 's Issues 1945 -- 1968 , Berkeley , CA : University of California Press . Jeong , Gyung - Ho , Gary J. Miller , and Itai Sened , `` Closing the Deal : Negotiating Civil Rights Legislation '' , American Political Science Review , 103 ( Nov. 2009 ) Loevy , Robert D. ( 1990 ) , To End All Segregation : The Politics of the Passage of The Civil Rights Act of 1964 , Lanham , MD : University Press of America . Loevy , Robert D. ed. ( 1997 ) , The Civil Rights Act of 1964 : The Passage of the Law That Ended Racial Segregation , Albany , NY : State University of New York Press . Loevy , Robert D . `` The Presidency and Domestic Policy : The Civil Rights Act of 1964 , '' in David C. Kozak and Kenneth N. Ciboski , ed. , The American Presidency ( Chicago : Nelson Hall , 1985 ) , pp. 411 -- 419 . online version Mann , Robert ( 1996 ) . The Walls of Jericho : Lyndon Johnson , Hubert Humphrey , Richard Russell , and the Struggle for Civil Rights . Pedriana , Nicholas , and Stryker , Robin . `` The Strength of a Weak Agency : Enforcement of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the Expansion of State Capacity , 1965 -- 1971 , '' American Journal of Sociology , Nov 2004 , Vol. 110 Issue 3 , pp 709 -- 760 Rodriguez , Daniel B. and Weingast , Barry R . `` The Positive Political Theory of Legislative History : New Perspectives on the 1964 Civil Rights Act and Its Interpretation '' , University of Pennsylvania Law Review , Vol. 151 . ( 2003 ) online Rothstein , Mark A. , Andria S. Knapp & Lance Liebman ( 1987 ) . Employment Law : Cases and Materials . Foundation Press . Warren , Dan R. ( 2008 ) , If It Takes All Summer : Martin Luther King , the KKK , and States ' Rights in St. Augustine , 1964 , Tuscaloosa , AL : University of Alabama Press . Whalen , Charles and Whalen , Barbara ( 1985 ) , The Longest Debate : A Legislative History of the 1964 Civil Rights Act , Cabin John , MD : Seven Locks Press . Woods , Randall B. ( 2006 ) , LBJ : Architect of American Ambition , New York : Free Press , ch 22 . Zimmer , Michael J. , Charles A. Sullivan & Richard F. Richards , Cases and Materials on Employment Discrimination , Little , Brown and Company ( 1982 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Civil Rights Act of 1964 . Civil Rights Act of 1964 bill Major Features of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and A Case History : The 1964 Civil Rights Act as provided by The Dirksen Center Text of Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Title VII -- 42 US Code Chapter 21 ( Employment Discrimination ) Martin Luther King 's famous `` I Have a Dream '' speech , plus background including Civil Rights bill . 1963 March on Washington , civil rights including JFK death date . Presidency book excerpt , the legislative history of this bill as it became an Act . Background facts including enactment date . Directory of EEOC offices , addresses , and hours of operation . President Lyndon B. Johnson 's Radio and Television Remarks Upon Signing the Civil Rights Bill Civil Rights Movement Veterans 50th Anniversary of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 curated by Michigan State University 's Diversity of Excellence through Artistic Expression Civil Rights Act of 1964 , Civil Rights Digital Library Civil rights movement Notable events ( timeline ) Prior to 1954 Lynching in the United States Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton White America , Inc . Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones J. Charles Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore Harriette Moore Harry T. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mahatma Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Mary McLeod Bethune Related Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh , Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture In popular culture King Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial The New Jim Crow ( 2010 ) Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers Lyndon B. Johnson 36th President of the United States ( 1963 -- 1969 ) 37th Vice President of the United States ( 1961 -- 1963 ) U.S. Senator from Texas ( 1949 -- 1961 ) U.S. Representative for TX - 10 ( 1937 -- 1949 ) Presidency 1963 inauguration 1965 inauguration Great Society Architectural Barriers Act Child Nutrition Act Civil Rights Act of 1964 Department of Housing and Urban Development Department of Transportation Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 Head Start Program Job Corps Elementary and Secondary Education Act Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Fair Housing Act of 1968 Food Stamp Act of 1964 Glassboro Summit Gun Control Act of 1968 Higher Education Act of 1965 Upward Bound TRIO Teacher Corps Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 Johnson Doctrine Dominican Republic occupation Medicare Medicaid Meritorious Service Medal National Endowment for the Arts National Endowment for the Humanities Non-Discrimination in Federal contracts Executive Order 11375 Older Americans Act Operation CHAOS Outer Space Treaty Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 Vietnam War Gulf of Tonkin Resolution `` Credibility gap '' VISTA Voting Rights Act of 1965 War on Poverty White House Conference on Civil Rights White House preservation State of the Union Address , 1966 1968 Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court controversies Life Early years and career Operation Texas Texas Broadcasting Company Johnson Amendment Bashir Ahmad Legacy Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Lyndon Baines Johnson Day Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs Memorial Grove on the Potomac U.S. Postage stamp Books Bibliography Elections United States House of Representatives special elections , 1937 United States House of Representatives elections , 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 United States Senate special elections , 1941 United States Senate elections , 1948 1954 1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries , 1960 1964 1968 Democratic National Convention 1956 1960 1964 United States presidential election , 1960 1964 Popular culture Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture Daisy advertisement Johnson cult The Years of Lyndon Johnson Path to War , ( 2002 film ) All the Way ( 2012 play , 2016 film ) LBJ ( 2017 film ) Family Claudia `` Lady Bird '' Taylor Johnson ( wife ) Lynda Bird Johnson Robb ( daughter ) Luci Baines Johnson ( daughter ) Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr. ( father ) Rebekah Baines Johnson ( mother ) Sam Houston Johnson ( brother ) Samuel Ealy Johnson , Sr. ( grandfather ) Joseph Wilson Baines ( grandfather ) George Washington Baines ( great - grandfather ) Chuck Robb ( son - in - law ) ← John F. Kennedy Richard Nixon → Category Alice Paul Initiated and co-strategized 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage National Woman 's Party Silent Sentinels Night of Terror Equal Rights Amendment Women 's rights in the 1964 Civil Rights Act Main associates Alva Belmont Lucy Burns Crystal Eastman Inez Haynes Irwin Dora Lewis Inez Milholland Doris Stevens Mabel Vernon Life Paulsdale Women 's Social and Political Union Legacy Belmont - Paul Women 's Equality National Monument 2012 ten - dollar coin 2020 United States ten - dollar bill Iron Jawed Angels ( 2004 film ) Related 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution Women 's suffrage in the United States History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal GND : 4406045 - 2 LCCN : n84150184 NARA : 10648275 VIAF : 177423171 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&oldid=852823216 '' Categories : Civil rights movement Anti-discrimination law in the United States Liberalism in the United States United States federal civil rights legislation United States federal criminal legislation United States federal labor legislation Anti-racism in the United States History of the United States ( 1945 -- 64 ) 88th United States Congress 1964 in American law 1964 in labour relations July 1964 events 1964 in American politics Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Português Română Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська Yorùbá 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 16 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was civil rights act of 1964 signed | [
"The legislation had been proposed by President John F. Kennedy in June 1963, but opposed by filibuster in the Senate. Thereafter, President Lyndon B. Johnson pushed the bill forward, which in its final form was passed in the U.S. Congress by a Senate vote of 73–27 and House vote of 289–126. The Act was signed into law by President Johnson on July 2, 1964, at the White House.\n"
] | [
"at the White House"
] |
-2518390024396368257 | Charmed (2018 TV series) | Charmed ( 2018 TV series ) - wikipedia Charmed ( 2018 TV series ) This article is about the 2018 CW series . For the 1998 WB series , see Charmed . For other uses , see Charmed ( disambiguation ) . Charmed Genre Drama Fantasy Supernatural fiction Based on Charmed by Constance M. Burge Developed by Jennie Snyder Urman Jessica O'Toole Amy Rardin Starring Melonie Diaz Madeleine Mantock Sarah Jeffery Ser'Darius Blain Ellen Tamaki Rupert Evans Nick Hargrove Composer ( s ) Will Bates Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 3 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jessica O'Toole Amy Rardin Jennie Snyder Urman Ben Silverman Brad Silberling Howard Owens Carter Covington Production location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography Tami Reiker Editor ( s ) Gregg Featherman Camera setup Single - camera Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Poppy Productions Reveal Entertainment Propagate CBS Television Studios Distributor CBS Television Distribution Release Original network The CW Original release October 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 14 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows Charmed ( 1998 -- 2006 ) External links Website Charmed is an American fantasy drama television series developed by Jennie Snyder Urman , Jessica O'Toole , and Amy Rardin . It is a reboot of The WB series of the same name , created by Constance M. Burge , which originally aired from 1998 to 2006 . Charmed was ordered to pilot in January 2018 by The CW and received a series order in May 2018 . The series , which premiered in the United States on October 14 , 2018 , follows the lives of three sisters -- Macy ( Madeleine Mantock ) , Mel ( Melonie Diaz ) and Maggie ( Sarah Jeffery ) -- who , after the death of their mother , discover they are The Charmed Ones , the most powerful witches , and together they possess the `` Power of Three '' . Each sister has a magical power , which they use to help protect innocent lives from supernatural demons . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Broadcast 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Controversies 6.3. 1 Original cast and fan reactions 6.3. 2 Accusations of colorism 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) Set in the fictional college town of Hilltowne , Michigan , the series begins with sisters Mel ( Melonie Diaz ) and Maggie Vera ( Sarah Jeffery ) living with their mother Marisol ( Valerie Cruz ) , who shortly afterward is attacked and killed by an unknown demonic force . Three months later , Mel and Maggie discover that they have an older half - sister , Macy Vaughn ( Madeleine Mantock ) , who was kept a secret by their mother for years but recently moved to Hilltowne to accept a new job at the local university . After the first time the sisters are under the same roof , they unexpectedly start exhibiting new magical abilities ; the eldest Macy receives the power of telekinesis , middle sister Mel can freeze time , and the youngest Maggie can hear people 's thoughts . Soon afterward , their whitelighter -- an advisor who protects and guides witches -- Harry Greenwood ( Rupert Evans ) gathers all three sisters together and reveals to them that they are witches , as was their mother . Marisol had bound her daughters ' powers when they were born so they could live normal lives and was in the process of unbinding those powers on the night she was murdered . The sisters ultimately accept their new destiny as The Charmed Ones , the most powerful trio of witches who protect innocents and vanquish supernatural demons . The reboot changes several elements from the original Charmed series , including moving the fictional setting from San Francisco to Hilltowne ; making the middle sister a lesbian ; giving the youngest sister the power of telepathy instead of premonition ; changing the family name from Halliwell to Vera ; and having all three of the sisters ' alliterative names begin with M instead of P. Additionally , the reboot has a more diverse cast with different ethnicities ; Mantock is of Afro - Caribbean descent , Diaz is of Latino descent , and Jeffery is an African American and Indigenous Canadian . However , in the series they all play Latino sisters , with Mantock 's character Macy being an Afro - Latina . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Melonie Diaz as Melanie `` Mel '' Vera , the middle half - sister in the family . A `` strong - willed feminist '' and `` passionate , outspoken activist , '' Mel is a graduate student in the women 's studies department at Hilltowne University . She is also a lesbian in an on - and - off again relationship with Niko ( Ellen Tamaki ) , a detective on the Hilltowne police force . Mel has the power of time - freezing , similar to the original middle sister Piper Halliwell ( Holly Marie Combs ) from the original series . Madeleine Mantock as Macy Vaughn , the eldest half - sister . She is a `` practical '' , `` driven '' , `` shy '' and `` intense science nerd '' . Macy has a Ph. D. in molecular genetics and initially moves to Hilltowne , Michigan to work in the university lab . Once she arrives in town , Macy discovers that she has two younger half - sisters . Macy has the power of telekinesis , similar to the original eldest sister Prue Halliwell ( Shannen Doherty ) of the original Charmed series . Sarah Jeffery as Maggie Vera , the youngest half - sister . She is a `` bubbly '' , `` fun - loving '' and `` kindhearted '' freshman at Hilltowne University who is pledging a sorority . Maggie is initially mortified to learn that she is a witch as she wants to be well - liked and fit in . Maggie has the power of telepathy , the ability to read the thoughts of other people . This is one of the first differences from the original show as the original youngest sister Phoebe Halliwell ( Alyssa Milano ) from the original series initally had the power of premonition . Ser'Darius Blain as Galvin Burdette , a molecular geneticist who works at the Hilltowne University lab with Macy Vaughn . He is `` outgoing '' and `` generous '' , and is the first person who befriends Macy when she moves to Hilltowne . Ellen Tamaki as Niko Hamada , a `` smart '' and `` determined '' detective with the Hilltowne police department . She is in an on - and - off again relationship with Mel Vera . Rupert Evans as Harry Greenwood , the sisters ' Whitelighter -- a guardian angel who protects and guides witches . In his former life , Harry was an actor in London before being recruited into the British Secret Service , where he later died and was chosen to become a Whitelighter . In the first episode , Harry initially poses as a professor and the chair of the women 's studies department at Hilltowne University , until he gathers all three sisters together to reunite them of their destiny as the Charmed Ones . Nick Hargrove as Parker , a friend of Maggie Vera . He is the president of the Phi Delta Upsilon fraternity . He and Maggie become friends after he defends her from a rude customer at her waitressing job . Recurring ( edit ) Charlie Gillespie as Brian , Maggie Vera 's `` on - again off - again '' boyfriend who she went to high school with . Natalie Hall as Lucy , Maggie 's sorority sister and the president of Kappa Tau Kappa sorority . Brendon Zub as Detective Bailey , Nico 's detective partner . Guest ( edit ) Valerie Cruz as Marisol Vera , the sisters ' biological mother and a witch . Marisol had bound each of her daughters ' powers when they were born so they could lead normal lives . In the first episode , Marisol was in the process of unbinding their powers when she was attacked and killed by an unknown demon . Craig Parker as Alastair Caine , CEO of Morningstar Biotech and a benefactor of the Hilltowne University laboratory , where Macy works . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Brad Silberling Story by : Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin & Jennie Snyder Urman and Constance M. Burge Teleplay by : Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin October 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 14 ) 101 1.57 One night , Maggie and Mel Vera come home to discover that their mother , Marisol , has been murdered after receiving a frantic text ordering them to come home . Three months later , the sisters are estranged , with Mel blaming Maggie for Marisol 's death and Maggie deciding to leave their home for a chance to join a sorority . At the same time , Macy Vaughn , a molecular geneticist , is hired to work at Hilltowne University under Thaine , a professor recently reinstated after being accused of sexual harassment . Macy introduces herself to Maggie and Mel as their older half - sister , and the three are then brought before Harry Greenwood , who introduces himself as their `` Whitelighter '' and explains that they are witches and that their mother had been trying to undo the binding spells she placed to hide their powers before she was killed . He gives them 48 hours to decide whether to accept their powers or return to their original lives . After Macy helps Maggie exorcise a demon from her ex , Brian , they realize that everything Harry told them is true . The next day , Mel is lured into a trap by Thaine , who reveals that he is really the archdemon Taydeus . Macy , Maggie , and Mel are able to use the `` Power of Three '' to kill Taydeus , but learn that he is not the demon who killed their mother . Later that night , Mel finds a ouija board that the sisters use to contact Marisol 's spirit . In turn , she warns them not to trust Harry . `` Let This Mother Out '' Vanessa Parise Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin October 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 21 ) 102 1.32 After Harry warns them that ouija boards are easily manipulated by evil spirits , the girls decide to use a truth serum to determine whether or not he 's lying . While obtaining an ingredient for the serum , Macy learns about a `` black blob '' that escaped from the university lab . Maggie finds that her power increasingly makes it difficult to have a social life . Mel uses the board against Harry 's instructions , and Macy is forced to destroy it to protect her ; this drives a wedge between them . The truth serum is accidentally given to Niko instead of Harry , and she admits to cheating on Mel with her ex-fiancee . Maggie persuades her sister to help her cast a spell to free Marisol 's spirit from the board . She reveals that Harry killed her , and that he plans to steal their powers . The girls are told to use the Prism of Souls to trap him , but Mel becomes doubtful and stabs Marisol , exposing her as a demon . Maggie then destroys her by using her phone as a mirror . Harry decides to start training the girls , and informs them that the blob is a form of the Harbinger , the demon whose arrival foretells the beginning of apocalypse . The Harbinger is then shown choosing a coma patient , Angela Wu , as its host . `` Sweet Tooth '' Norman Buckley Joey Falco October 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 28 ) 103 1.13 Harry 's training is not going well , especially since Maggie is juggling both her commitment to her sorority and her duty as a Charmed One . Harry also forces Mel to wear a special talisman that allows him to track her as punishment for misusing her power . The girls craft a plan to find the Harbinger , but when Maggie uses magic to throw a party at their house , she persuades them to use it as an opportunity to lure it out . She also tries to help Macy spice up her costume for Gavin . After learning that three virgins have been killed and drained of their blood , the girls and Harry try to seal off the house , though not before Angela , now a full demon , enters . Mel tells Harry that she feels smothered because she has never had to hide who she is from others . The protection spell fails , exposing Angela 's presence ; Macy , a virgin , uses her own blood to lure it outside . The binding spell fails ( due to the consequences of Maggie using magic for personal gain ) and Mel casts a forbidden spell to defeat Angela , nearly killing Macy as well . Harry reveals that he is protective because another witch he served , Fiona , killed herself after being institutionalized . The girls then chain up the Harbinger in the attic until their superiors , the Elders , arrive . `` Exorcise Your Demons '' Melanie Mayron Marcos Luevanos November 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 04 ) 104 TBD 5 `` Other Women '' Amyn Kaderali George Northy November 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 11 ) 105 TBD Gina Rodriguez will direct the eleventh episode of the season . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) A reboot of the original series had been announced since October 2013 , when it was originally being developed for CBS by Party of Five co-creator Christopher Keyser and Sydney Sidner . The pilot script was going to center `` around four sisters who discover their destiny -- to battle against the forces of evil using their witchcraft . '' However , CBS ultimately decided not to move forward with the reboot . On January 5 , 2017 , it was announced that The CW network was developing a new reboot of Charmed by Jane the Virgin showrunner Jennie Snyder Urman for the 2017 -- 18 television season . Both Urman and director Brad Silberling were approached in 2016 by CBS Television Studios ( who own the rights to Charmed ) to work on a reboot of the show . The original pilot script was going to be set in 1976 about three witches ( Tina , Paige and Annie ) , who are not related but are brought together to fight evil in a small New England town . At the time , The CW president Mark Pedowitz stated that the reboot would not be a prequel to the original series , but described it as `` a self - contained , self - sustained '' and `` very standalone show . '' However , on February 3 , 2017 , The Hollywood Reporter announced that the reboot would be redeveloped and delayed until the 2018 -- 19 season , as the pilot draft script `` did n't come in the way the network had hoped '' and that Urman , who had prior commitments with Jane the Virgin , did not have enough time to fully commit to the reboot for the 2017 -- 18 season . Pedowitz gave an update on the reboot during the Television Critics Association summer press tour in August 2017 , saying that it was still in the redevelopment process and that the network was waiting to see what Urman had come up with for the redeveloped script . On January 25 , 2018 , The CW officially ordered the Charmed reboot to pilot . The redeveloped script was changed to be set in the present day and was described by The CW as `` a fierce , funny , feminist reboot '' centered on `` three sisters in a college town who , after the tragic death of their mother , are stunned to discover they are witches . '' The description also stated that the reboot would revolve around the sisters `` vanquishing supernatural demons '' and `` tearing down the patriarchy , '' while `` maintaining familial bonds . '' In an interview with the Metro newspaper , Silberling stated that the appeal of the reboot is to be `` fun and contemporary '' with its timely social observations . The pilot episode was written by Jane the Virgin writers Jessica O'Toole and Amy Rardin , and was based on a story by Urman . All three women are also executive producers of the reboot alongside Silberling , Ben Silverman , Howard Owens , and Carter Covington . The pilot episode was also directed by Silberling . On May 11 , The CW picked up the pilot and ordered the Charmed reboot to series . A preview trailer was released after The CW 's upfronts presentation on May 17 , followed by videos of first - look scenes . The CW initially ordered 13 episodes for the first season . However , on October 8 The CW ordered five more additional scripts , bringing the first season 's total number of episodes to 18 . Casting ( edit ) On February 7 , 2018 , TVLine revealed the reboot 's casting details , with the three sisters bearing the unofficial names of Macy , Mel and Madison Pruitt . The casting details revealed that all ethnicities were being sought for each of the roles ; and that one of the sisters would be a lesbian , a major change from the original Charmed series . TVLine also revealed that casting was underway for the trio 's `` devilishly handsome '' advisor / whitelighter Harry , Macy 's `` documentary filmmaker - boyfriend '' Galvin , Madison 's `` sensitive loner ex-beau '' Brian , and Mel 's detective girlfriend Soo Jin . Madison 's name was later changed to Maggie , the sisters ' family name was changed to Vera , and Soo Jin 's name was changed to Niko . In mid-February 2018 , Ser'Darius Blain was the first to be cast as Galvin , followed by film actress Melonie Diaz as the middle sister Mel , and former Shades of Blue actress Sarah Jeffery as the youngest sister Maggie . Later that month , former The Man in the High Castle British actor Rupert Evans was cast as Harry . In early March 2018 , former Into the Badlands British actress Madeleine Mantock was cast as the eldest sister Macy . Charlie Gillespie and Ellen Tamaki were the last to be cast in the roles of Brian and Niko , respectively . The three lead actresses playing the Vera sisters are of different ethnicities ; Mantock is of Afro - Caribbean descent , Diaz is of Latino descent , and Jeffery is an African American and Indigenous Canadian . However , in the series they all play Latino sisters , with Mantock 's character Macy being an Afro - Latina . Executive producer Brad Silberling stated that the Vera sisters are `` very different in terms of personalities and ethnicities '' to the Halliwell sisters of the original series , who were all straight white women . The CW 's president Mark Pedowitz stated that the network was pleased with the choice of casting and the way executive producer Jennie Snyder Urman `` reimagined '' the series . In October 2018 , it was announced that Nick Hargrove was cast as Parker initially in a recurring capacity and later promoted to a series regular . Filming ( edit ) Charmed is filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia . The pilot episode was filmed from March 19 to April 7 , 2018 . Filming for the remainder of the first season began on August 13 , 2018 . Broadcast ( edit ) In the United States , Charmed premiered on The CW on October 14 , 2018 . It airs on Sunday nights at 9 : 00 pm , with Supergirl as its lead - in at 8 : 00 pm . The pairing of Charmed and Supergirl returned the network to original programming on Sunday evenings for the first time since the 2008 -- 09 television season . The CW president Mark Pedowitz explained , `` We wanted to have an established show on Sunday night . We wanted name value with Charmed on there . We felt that it was two shows that are empowered women . We were making a statement that we were not kidding , that we 're not phoning it in on Sunday night , that we were going to compete . '' In Canada , Charmed premiered on the W Network the same day as the US broadcast , while in Greece and Spain it premiered the following day on Cosmote Cinema 4HD and HBO España , respectively . In Australia , Charmed premiered on Eleven on October 16 , 2018 . In Belgium , the show will air on RTL , while in Turkey it will air on Digiturk . In the United Kingdom , Charmed will be shown on E4 . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' October 14 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.57 0.6 1.39 2.96 `` Let This Mother Out '' October 21 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.32 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` Sweet Tooth '' October 28 , 2018 0.3 / 1 1.13 TBD TBD TBD TBD Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 65 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.55 / 10 , based on 10 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` Charmed 's updates are as fun as they are surprisingly feminist -- and with a sharper focus , it could conjure up an even stronger show than the one that came before it '' . Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 56 out of 100 , based on 8 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Controversies ( edit ) Original cast and fan reactions ( edit ) Shortly after the pilot 's announcement in January 2018 , Holly Marie Combs , a cast member from the original Charmed series , took to Twitter and criticized The CW 's decision to reboot the show without any input from the original cast or crew . Combs claimed to have an issue with The CW 's `` reimagining '' of Charmed as the network , formerly known as The WB , chose not to renew the show in 2006 for a ninth season . Combs accused The CW of trying to cash in on the Charmed name and concept , while `` capitalizing '' on the original cast and crew 's hard work . Combs also took issue with the network 's description of a `` feminist '' reboot , which she felt implied the original series was not , by sarcastically tweeting : `` Guess we forgot to do that the first go around . Hmph . '' Combs then implied that the reboot should have a new title , as she felt that it is a brand new show with no ties to the original Charmed . She tweeted that television reboots or remakes `` usually have storylines so similar to the original that they are legally required to use the same title and buy the rights to that title '' , further adding , `` If it 's not similar than ( sic ) it 's just another show . A new show with a new title . '' Another original cast member , Shannen Doherty , gave a more positive approach to the reboot on Twitter , stating that it was a testament to the original that a reboot was even being considered . She further added that she was `` intrigued by the idea that a new generation might be comforted , inspired like you all were . Charmed helped us all in some way . '' However , Doherty admitted that she did take issue with The CW 's description of a `` feminist '' reboot , by tweeting that their wording was `` terrible and a bit offensive , '' but understood that `` everyone makes mistakes . '' Rose McGowan was also positive towards the reboot and showed her support to the new lead actresses by tweeting `` fly girls , fly . '' McGowan also added that she has no issues with the reboot and wished `` everyone the best . '' News of the reboot was met with a mixed response from fans of the original series . Some fans were positive about the reboot , while others were not impressed about the changes made to the series . Following the reboot announcement , fans took to Twitter and began to share the # StopCharmedReboot hashtag in attempts to prevent The CW from moving forward with the pilot . The CW 's president Mark Pedowitz stated that he would like the fans to give the reboot a chance , telling fans that `` before you make a decision , watch the series . '' In an interview with HuffPost in May 2018 , Combs spoke up about the reboot again , this time criticizing the show 's marketing and the casting of younger actors . She stated that although she appreciates `` the jobs and opportunities the Charmed reboot has created , '' she `` will never understand what is fierce , funny , or feminist in creating a show that basically says the original actresses are too old to do a job they did 12 years ago . '' Accusations of colorism ( edit ) While the series has been praised for its diversity by casting three women of color in the lead roles , it has also received backlash for being promoted as a Latina - led series while only one of the leads identifies as Latina . Mantock , who learned Spanish for the role , said of the matter , `` I 'm open with the writers and trying to be respectful because I 'm Afro - Caribbean . I 'm not actually Afro - Latina and I want to make that inquiry because Melanie ( Diaz ) is actually the only person in her real life who is Latina . '' Jeffery further explained , `` I know that we are representing the Latina community . I actually am African - American . I 'm not Latina , which is a common misconception . '' Samantha Chavarria felt that , `` the latest reveals around the cast 's ethnicities do highlight the very real fact that in their effort to promote a reboot , the CW used colorism and exploitation to spark our excitement and interest . '' Conversely , Patrick Gomez of EW was more forgiving of the casting because the actresses were unknown and that a search into their ethnicities would 've been inappropriate , adding , `` I hope people celebrate the fact that an African - American and an Afro - Caribbean woman are being cast as ' Latinas ' because Afro - Latinx people are not given even a fraction of the visibility they should have in on - camera representations of Latinx people . '' Princess Weekes of The Mary Sue affirmed Chavarria 's assessment of The CW 's use of colorism , but felt that the actresses were n't to blame . `` When the creatives realized they 'd cast two black actresses who were not Latina in this show , they should have changed the narrative to reflect that . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Littleton , Cynthia ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` CW Gives Series Orders to ' Charmed , ' ' Roswell , New Mexico ' and Three Other Dramas '' . Variety . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Ilana ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` Charmed : Watch the trailer for the Latina reboot '' . The Independent . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Romano , Nick ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` How the Charmed reboot updates the Power of Three '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ; Petski , Denise ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` The CW Fall 2018 - 19 Schedule : ' Supergirl ' Moves To Sunday , Paired With ' Charmed ' ; ' Arrow ' To Monday ; ' Jane ' To Midseason '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Charmed Reboot Ordered to Series '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Charmed Reboot : How Does The CW 's Pilot Compare to the Original Series ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Kayleigh ( April 21 , 2018 ) . `` Everything You Need to Know About the ' Charmed ' Reboot '' . Marie Claire . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Weaver , Nicole ( October 9 , 2018 ) . `` Shockingly Two of the ' Latina ' Stars in the ' Charmed ' Reboot Are n't Actually Latina '' . Cheatsheet.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Weekes , Princess ( October 8 , 2018 ) . `` The CW 's Charmed Has Been Branded as a Latina Reboot and That 's Not Entirely True '' . The Mary Sue . Retrieved October 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Assassin ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Charmed & In the Dark -- Key Art , Synopsis & Character Details '' . Spoilertv.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed ( Press Release ) '' ( PDF ) . CBS Press Express . August 2018 . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Charmed : Melonie Diaz Cast as Lesbian Witch Mel in CW Reboot '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Charmed Photos : Reboot Cast vs. Original Stars -- The Middle Sister '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Charmed ' Reboot Pilot Casts ' Into the Badlands ' Alum Madeleine Mantock '' . Variety . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Charmed Reboot Adds LGBTQIA+ Twist -- Plus : Meet Macy , Mel and Madison '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Charmed Photos : Reboot Cast vs. Original Stars -- The Oldest Sister '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ' Charmed ' Revival Cast Breaks Down How The Series Will Be Different From Original ( Exclusive ) . Entertainment Tonight . May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Charmed ' : Sarah Jeffery Cast As A Lead In The CW Reboot Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Charmed Photos : Reboot Cast vs. Original Stars -- The Youngest Sister '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Charmed Reboot Pilot Casts Jumanji Actor as Key Love Interest '' . 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Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Charmed Reboot From Jane the Virgin EP Moves Forward at The CW '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Aussiello , Michael ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` Charmed Update : CW Boss Says Reboot Will Be ' Standalone ' Show '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` CW 's ' Charmed , ' ' Lost Boys ' Reboots Will Be Redeveloped Next Season ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Matthew ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` CW Reveals Status of Charmed Reboot '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Charmed ' Reboot Lands CW Pilot Order '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Charmed ' : Madeleine Mantock To Star In The CW Reboot Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Charmed ' `` Feminist '' Reboot From Jennie Snyder Urman & ' Dead Inside ' From Bill Lawrence Get CW Pilot Orders `` . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` The CW Picks Up ' Charmed ' & ' Roswell ' Reboots , ' TVD ' / ' Originals Offshoot , ' In The Dark ' & Greg Berlanti Pilot To Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McHenry , Jackson ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` Unite the Power of Three and Watch the Trailer for the CW 's Charmed Reboot '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` The CW New Series Trailers : ' Charmed ' & ' All American ' & First - Look Scenes '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lee , Jess ( October 9 , 2018 ) . `` Charmed reboot 's future is looking bright as The CW makes big decision '' . Digital Spy . 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Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( February 19 , 2018 ) . `` Filming in Vancouver : Charmed , Herbie the Love Bug , Van Helsing , and more '' . Inside Vancouver . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gittins , Susan ( July 27 , 2018 ) . `` Start : Charmed Season 1 Pushed Two Weeks to Mid-August Start of Filming in Vancouver '' . Hollywoodnorth. buzz . Retrieved July 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC Production List '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall Premiere Dates , Including New ' Super ' Sunday '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Villarreal , Yvonne ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` The CW is saying goodbye to ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' and hello to Sundays with ' Charmed ' reboot '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed '' . W Network . Retrieved October 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Νέα τηλεοπτική σεζόν COSMOTE TV : Πάνω από 45 νέες σειρές & κύκλοι σειρών '' . Banking News ( in Greek ) . September 4 , 2018 . Retrieved September 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rodera , Alejandro ( September 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Charmed ' : El reboot de ' Embrujadas ' llegará a España de la mano de HBO el 15 de octubre '' . FormulaTV ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved September 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed Reboot : What We Know So Far '' . Tenplay . September 28 , 2018 . Retrieved October 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ White , Peter ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` CBSI Strikes RTL Belgium Deal ; Walter Presents Buys Dramas ; NBCU Backs Oz Drama Indie -- Global Briefs '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ White , Peter ( July 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' FBI ' & ' Charmed ' Head To Turkey As CBS Studios International Strikes Major Deal With Digiturk '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ White , Peter ( September 27 , 2018 ) . `` The CW 's ' Charmed ' & CBS ' ' Happy Together ' Head To UK 's E4 Via CBS Studios International Deal '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( October 23 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Ratings for Week of Oct. 8 : ' Manifest ' Doubles In Week 3 '' . Variety . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed ( 2018 ) Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald , Lindsay ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` Holly Marie Combs Is NOT Happy About the Charmed Reboot '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Charmed ' Star Rips CW 's ' Feminist ' Reboot : ' Guess We Forgot to Do That the First Go Around ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( January 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Charmed ' star Holly Marie Combs dismisses CW reboot plan '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ridgely , Charlie ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Shannen Doherty Reacts to ' Charmed ' Reboot News '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Shannen Doherty Weighs in on the CW 's Charmed Reboot : ' I 'm Intrigued by the Idea ' '' . E ! Online . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Magictr ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Charmed , The Reboot : Rose McGowan ( Paige ) Provides Support to New Actresses '' . The Koz Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Old School ' Charmed ' Fans Are Trying To Stop The Reboot '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lulla ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` Charmed 2018 ( The CW ) pilot preview : Is the # STOPCHARMEDREBOOT movement worth the trouble ? '' . Season-zero.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mathews , Liam ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` The CW Responds to Charmed Reboot Backlash '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Amatulli , Jenna ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Break Out The Book Of Shadows , The ' Charmed ' Reboot Trailer Is Here '' . HuffPost . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Knight , Claire ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` Holly Marie Combs slams ' Charmed ' reboot for ageing out its original stars '' . The Fix . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Weekes , Princess ( October 8 , 2018 ) . `` The CW 's Charmed Has Been Branded as a Latina Reboot and That 's Not Entirely True '' . The Mary Sue . Retrieved October 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Nicole ( October 9 , 2018 ) . `` Shockingly Two of the `` Latina '' Stars in the ' Charmed ' Reboot Are n't Actually Latina `` . Cheat Sheet . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Chavarria , Samantha ( October 12 , 2018 ) . `` Turns Out The `` Latina Charmed '' Reboot Is n't Quite As Full Of Representation As The CW Led On `` . Fierce . Retrieved October 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Patrick ( October 12 , 2018 ) . `` The Latinas on the Charmed reboot are n't all played by Latinas , and that 's okay : Opinion '' . Fierce . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . General references `` Charmed Episode Guide '' . TV Guide . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . `` Shows A-Z -- Charmed on CW '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . 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"Charmed is an American fantasy drama television series developed by Jennie Snyder Urman, Jessica O'Toole, and Amy Rardin. It is a reboot of The WB series of the same name, created by Constance M. Burge, which originally aired from 1998 to 2006. Charmed was ordered to pilot in January 2018 by The CW and received a series order in May 2018. The series, which premiered in the United States on October 14, 2018, follows the lives of three sisters—Macy (Madeleine Mantock), Mel (Melonie Diaz) and Maggie (Sarah Jeffery)—who, after the death of their mother, discover they are The Charmed Ones, the most powerful witches, and together they possess the \"Power of Three\". Each sister has a magical power, which they use to help protect innocent lives from supernatural demons.\n"
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-2158371699313419262 | List of Thomas & Friends voice actors | List of Thomas & Friends voice actors - wikipedia List of Thomas & Friends voice actors Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Thomas ( the Tank Engine ) & Friends is a British children 's television series , first broadcast on the ITV network on 9 October 1984 . It is based on The Railway Series of books by the Reverend Wilbert Awdry and his son , Christopher Awdry . These books deal with the adventures of a group of anthropomorphised trains and road vehicles who live on the fictional Island of Sodor . The books were based on stories Wilbert told to entertain his son , Christopher during his recovery from measles . Many of the stories are based on events from Awdry 's personal experience . Until 2008 , all characters were voiced by the narrator . Voices were given to the characters following the switch to full CGI animation in 2009 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Voices 1.2 Former voices 1.3 Guest voices 1.4 Online videos 1.5 Thomas and the Magic Railroad voices 2 Narrators 2.1 Current narrator ( s ) 2.2 Former narrators 2.3 Guest narrators 2.4 Timeline 3 References 4 External links 4.1 Official websites 4.2 Other sites Cast ( edit ) Voices ( edit ) Actor / Actress Region Role ( s ) Joseph May US Thomas ( `` The Adventure Begins '' onwards ) John Hasler UK UK / US Rheneas ( series 20 onwards ) David Bedella Victor , Carlos , The Mayor of Sodor and the Cuban man Jamie Campbell Bower Skiff Jonathan Broadbent Bill , Ben and The First Slip Coach Nathan Clarke Alfie Olivia Colman Marion Jules de Jongh US Emily , Lady Hatt ( Season 13 , `` Day of the Diesels '' , and Season 15 ) , the Duchess of Boxford , Stephen Hatt ( `` Diesel 's Special Delivery '' ) , Bridget Hatt , Bridget Hatt 's friends , Mavis ( Season 13 -- 16 ) , the teacher , the laundry lady , some children , small little boy , the ginger - haired boy ( `` Diesel 's Special Delivery '' , `` Emily and Dash '' , `` Percy the Snowman '' , `` Emily 's Winter Party Special '' and `` Pouty James '' ) , little girl in the red dress , the blond - haired boy ( Season 15 -- 18 ) , the blond - haired girl , and the school children UK / US Emily ( `` 4 - D Bubbling Boilers '' only ) and Alicia Botti Jonathan Forbes Connor Teresa Gallagher UK Emily , Lady Hatt ( Season 13 , `` Day of the Diesels '' and Season 15 ) , The Duchess of Boxford , Stephen Hatt ( `` Diesel 's Special Delivery '' ) , Bridget Hatt , Bridget Hatt 's friends , the teacher , the laundry lady , small little boy , some children , the school children , little girl in the red dress , the blonde - hair girl , the blonde - hair boy and Albert 's wife US The blond - haired girl and the blonde - haired boy ( `` Very Important Sheep '' ) UK / US Belle , Frieda , Gina , Mavis , Annie , Clarabel , Judy , Lady Hatt ( Season 17 only and Season 21 onwards ) , the teacher ( Season 18 only ) , the ginger - hair boy , the shouting little boy , the lady with the big hat , some passengers , the Knapford Station speaker ( `` The Adventure Begins '' ) , some children ( `` The Adventure Begins '' onwards ) , the school children ( `` Lost Property '' ) , Stephen Hatt , Bridget Hatt , the lady in the blue dress , the barrow fan ( `` Reds vs. Blues '' and `` Useful Railway '' ) , Albert 's wife ( `` Thomas the Babysitter '' and `` Unscheduled Stops '' ) , the lady in the spring green dress , the female puppet show entertainer , little girl in the turquoise dress with pink flowers , the lady in the white dress and gray vest , the lady in the white shirt , light brown skirt and hat , the lady in the grayish white shirt , blackish gray skirt , and white pearl necklace , the chubby little boy in dark green shirt and dark gray shorts and the lady in the yellow dress and hat Bob Golding Stephen , Sidney ( series 17 onwards ) , Ivan , some dock workers ( `` Tale of the Brave '' ) and a railway inspector ( `` Lost Property '' ) Mike Grady Sir Robert Norramby Rasmus Hardiker Philip and Some Troublesome Trucks ( `` The Fastest Red Engine on Sodor '' only ) UK Monty William Hope US Edward , Toby , Stephen Hatt ( `` Thomas and the Runaway Kite '' only ) , Whiff , Bash , Rocky , Farmer McColl , the Duke of Boxford , the blond - haired boy ( `` Merry Misty Island '' and `` The Way She Does It '' only ) , the Maithwaite stationmaster ( `` Double Trouble '' and `` Wonky Whistle '' only ) , the man in the gray shirt and black pants ( `` Race to the Rescue '' ) , the Dock Manager and the Wellsworth Station worker UK / US Bert ( the Diesel ) ( series 16 onwards ) , a railway inspector , a steamworks worker ( `` Wonky Whistle '' ) , 2 farmhands ( `` Wonky Whistle '' ) , a workman ( `` Toad and the Whale '' ) , Passenger , and Farmer McColl ( `` Philip 's Number '' only ) Togo Igawa Hiro Rufus Jones Flying Scotsman Ashna Kapur UK The blond - haired girl ( `` Very Important Sheep '' ) Steven Kynman Porter , Jack and the dock manager ( `` Tale of the Brave '' only ) US Charlie ( `` The Great Race '' onwards ) and Butch ( series 17 onwards ) UK / US Duck , Ryan ( series 20 onwards ) , Dart ( Season 17 onwards ) , Paxton ( `` Blue Mountain Mystery '' onwards ) , Peter Sam , `` The Third Slip Coach '' , a workman ( Journey Beyond Sodor ) , a railway inspector ( Season 17 ) and the bird watcher ( `` Who 's Geoffrey ? '' ) Michael Legge Luke Oliver McCue UK The blond - haired boy ( `` Very Important Sheep '' ) Ian McCue UK / US The Blue Sea Serpent David Menkin Porter ( US ; series 17 onwards / UK ; `` Pouty James '' and `` Cranky at the End of the Line '' only ) and Stanley ( `` The Truth About Toby '' only ) US Jack Joe Mills UK / US Douglas , Oliver , Toad , the Welsh bird watcher ( `` Thomas and the Emergency Cable '' ) , and a Knapford Station yard workman ( `` Toad and the Whale '' ) Lucy Montgomery Lexi , Hannah and Carly Tracy - Ann Oberman Daisy ( series 20 onwards ) Maggie Ollerenshaw Henrietta Rebecca O'Mara Caitlin and the Second Slip Coach Nigel Pilkington UK Percy ( Series 19 onwards ) , and Trevor UK / US A passenger Rob Rackstraw James ( US ; Season 19 onwards / UK ; `` Tit for Tat '' onwards ) , Donald ( Season 20 onwards ) , Raul , Axel , Étienne , Flynn ( Season 19 onwards ) , Bradford , The Great Railway Show announcer , some passengers , the man in the blue shirt and light brown hat , The Bird Watcher ( `` The Railcar and the Coaches '' ) , Fergus Duncan , The Welsh Bird Watcher ( `` Mike 's Whistle '' ) , The Thin Clergyman ( `` Tit for Tat '' ) , and The Red Sea Serpent . UK Toby ( Season 19 onwards ) US Monty Christopher Ragland Percy ( Season 19 onwards ) and Trevor UK / US The Troublesome Trucks ( `` The Adventure Begins '' onwards ) Miranda Raison Millie and the Knapford Station speaker Kerry Shale UK Thomas and Spencer ( `` Hero of the Rails '' , originally ) US Henry , Gordon , James ( `` Hero of the Rails '' -- Season 18 ) , Dash , Scruff , Harold , Max , Kevin , Sir Topham Hatt ( `` Hero of the Rails '' -- Season 18 ) , Sir Lowham Hatt , Mr. Percival , Farmer Trotter , The Maithwaite stationmaster ( `` Time For a Story '' and `` A Blooming Mess '' ) , a railway inspector , the photographer ( Season 16 ) , the railway coal inspector , the zoo keeper and some workmen UK / US Kevin ( `` Hasty Hannah '' only ) , Diesel ( series 19 onwards ) , ' Arry , some groaning passengers ( `` Calm Down Caitlin '' ) and the man on the bridge John Schwab Vinnie , Bridlington Diesel , Ulli US Stanley ( Series 20 onwards , excluding `` Saving Time '' ) Nicola Stapleton UK / US Rosie ( Season 21 onwards ) Tom Stourton Duncan , Rex , Terence and The Fat Clergyman Tim Whitnall Timothy , Mike , Jerome , Oliver the Excavator , Reg , the deputy minister and some workmen US The man in the hat ( `` Spencer 's VIP '' ) UK Max Keith Wickham Edward , Henry , Gordon , James ( `` Hero of the Rails '' -- Season 20 , excluding `` Tit for Tat '' ) , Whiff , Dash , Harold , the Thin Controller , the railway coal inspector , the man at the fire , the Wellsworth station worker , The Man in the Gray Shirt and Black Pants , the Fat Controller 's assistant , some workmen , some passengers , Gator 's driver , and steamworks workman UK / US Harvey , Glynn , Salty , Den , Norman , Stafford , Skarloey , Sir Handel , Bert ( the small engine ) , Bertie , Captain , Sir Topham Hatt ( UK ; `` Hero of the Rails '' onwards , US ; `` The Adventure Begins '' onwards ) , Dowager Hatt , Sir Lowham Hatt , Lord Callan , the photographer ( `` Wild Water Rescue '' ) , a railway inspector , the great composer , the Maron station speaker , the Wellsworth stationmaster , Thomas ' guard , the grumpy passenger , Father Christmas , the groundsman , the postman , Gordon 's driver ( `` The Adventure Begins '' ) , James ' guard ( `` The Adventure Begins '' ) , a Knapford station worker ( `` The Adventure Begins '' ) , some workmen , sometsignalmen , the dock manager ( `` Who 's Geoffrey ? '' only ) , a Sodor search & rescue centre worker ( `` Toad and the Whale '' ) , a policeman ( `` Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure '' ) , a diver ( `` Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure '' ) , The Man in the Hat , some passengers , Albert ( `` Thomas the Babysitter '' ) , Mr. Bubbles , the man in the sea green shirt and glasses , the Welsh bird watcher ( `` Sidney Sings and Three Steam Engines Gruff '' ) , one of Dowager Hatt 's friends ( `` Best Engine Ever '' and `` Sidney Sings '' ) , the museum manager , male puppet show entertainer , the man in the gray shirt and black pants , the Great Railway Show judge , the fat clergyman , the man in the blackish gray shirt and blackish gray pants , Willie the lazy farmer , the man in the black shirt and black pants , Franz , The Man in the Whitish Brown Shirt and Brown Pants , and The Station Announcer . Robert Wilfort Samson and the Great Railway Show judge ( `` The Great Race '' ) Matt Wilkinson UK Spencer , Stanley , Charlie , Bash , Scruff , Rocky , Cranky , Butch ( Season 16 onwards ) , Kevin , Stephen Hatt ( `` Thomas and the Runaway Kite '' ) , Farmer McColl , the Duke of Boxford , the photographer ( series 16 ) , the Maithwaite stationmaster , Farmer Trotter , the Knapford stationmaster , the bird watcher ( `` Henry 's Good Deeds '' ) , the blond - haired boy ( `` Merry Misty Island '' ) , the dock manager , a railway inspector , some dock workers , the island inspector , the Sodor search & rescue centre manager , the Blue Mountain Quarry workman , the zoo keeper and the man with the hat UK / US Diesel 10 , Winston , Rusty , Merrick , Captain Joe and some workmen Glenn Wrage US Spencer , Ferdinand , Cranky , the Sodor search & rescue centre manager , Sir Topham Hatt 's Assistant , Gator 's driver and a Steamworks worker Former voices ( edit ) Actor / Actress Region Role ( s ) Rupert Degas UK Butch ( series 15 ) UK / US Dart ( `` Day of the Diesels '' -- Season 16 ) , Flynn ( `` Day of the Diesels '' -- Season 16 ) and Bertie ( Season 15 and 16 ) Michael Brandon US Diesel ( Season 13 -- 16 ) and Mr. Bubbles ( Series 13 -- 15 ) Martin Sherman Thomas ( `` Hero of the Rails '' -- Season 18 ) , Henry ( originally ) , Percy ( `` Hero of the Rails '' -- Season 18 ) , Diesel ( `` King of the Railway '' - Series 18 ) , The Bird Watcher ( `` Henry 's Good Deeds '' ) and some children ( `` Time for a Story '' , `` Pop Goes Thomas '' and `` Toby and Bash '' ) Ben Small Stanley ( Season 15 ) and Charlie ( Season 16 -- 18 ) UK Thomas ( `` Hero of the Rails '' -- series 18 ) , Toby ( `` Hero of the Rails '' -- Season 18 ) and Ferdinand ( `` Misty Island Rescue '' -- Season 16 ) UK / US Rheneas ( Season 16 -- 18 ) , Flynn ( series 17 only ) , Troublesome Trucks ( Season 16 -- 18 ) and Owen ( `` Blue Mountain Mystery '' -- Season 18 ) Guest voices ( edit ) Actor / Actress Role ( s ) Clive Mantle Gator ( `` Tale of the Brave '' and Series 18 only ) Sir John Hurt Sailor John ( `` Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure '' only ) Eddie Redmayne Ryan ( `` Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure '' ) Tina Desai Ashima Hugh Bonneville Merlin Darren Boyd Theo Jim Howick Hurricane Sophie Colquhoun Frankie Colin McFarlane Bulgy and Beresford Online videos ( edit ) Actor / Actress Role ( s ) Sabrina Frederick - Traub Tracy Matthew Richardson Shane Thomas and the Magic Railroad voices ( edit ) Actor / Actress Role ( s ) Notes Eddie Glen Thomas John Bellis Originally Keith Scott Diesel 10 Neil Crone Gordon , Diesel 10 , Splatter and a tumbleweed Troublesome Trucks Originally Kevin Frank Henry , Dodge , Bertie and Harold Patrick Breen Splatter and Dodge ( Splodge ) Originally Susan Roman James Michael Angelis Originally Percy Linda Ballantyne Colm Feore Toby Shelley - Elizabeth Skinner Annie and Clarabel Britt Allcroft Lady Narrators ( edit ) Current narrator ( s ) ( edit ) Actor Region Years Peroid John Hasler UK 2018 -- present Season 22 -- present Joseph May US Former narrators ( edit ) Actor Region Years Period Ringo Starr UK / US UK : 1984 -- 86 US : 1984 -- 90 Season 1 and 2 Michael Angelis UK : 1991 -- 2012 US : 2002 - 2004 Season 3 -- 16 Alec Baldwin US : 1998 -- 2003 UK / US : 2000 Season 5 and 6 / Thomas and the Magic Railroad Mark Moraghan 2013 -- 17 Season 17 -- 21 / re-dubbed 5 episode of Season 13 - 15 George Carlin US 1984 -- 96 Season 1 - 4 Michael Brandon 2003 -- 12 Season 7 -- 16 / re-dubbed 6 episodes of Season 6 Guest narrators ( edit ) Actor / Actress Region Years Period Mara Wilson UK / US 2000 Thomas and the Magic Railroad ( Originally ) Gwyneth Paltrow 2008 original script of The Great Discvoery Pierce Brosnan 2008 The Great Discovery / original cut of season 12 Timeline ( edit ) Series Narrator 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Ringo Starr Michael Angelis George Carlin Alec Baldwin Michael Brandon Pierce Brosnan * Mark Moraghan John Hasler Joseph May A light green cell indicates the narrator who officially narrated the series . An orange cell indicates the narrator who re-narrated the series . * Pierce Brosnan narrated the original cut of Series 12 , but withdrew from the series , and his narrations left unreleased . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ John Hasler ( @ john_hasler ) ( 19 January 2016 ) . `` @ NickN05L31 @ MrDankEngine Thanks for that . I 've recorded Rheneas for season 20 . Happy to be specific now : ) '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ? s = 03 Jump up ^ Tracy Ann Oberman ( @ TracyAnnO ) ( 20 August 2016 ) . `` @ Diesel104472 I am Daisy the Diesel Car . She 's v funny '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Christopher Ragland ( @ cgragland ) ( 27 May 2015 ) . `` @ Wellsworth96 no , I do the UK and U.S. Trucks ... only do Percy U.S. '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ John Schwab ( @ johnschwab ) ( 17 November 2016 ) . `` @ ElliotKW Yes , that 's me . Thanks for watching '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thomas and Friends . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Thomas and Friends Official websites ( edit ) Official website Awdry Family Site Other sites ( edit ) Thomas and Friends at TV.com Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends on IMDb ( hide ) The Railway Series and Thomas & Friends Engines Thomas Edward Henry Gordon James Percy Toby Duck Donald and Douglas Oliver Emily Bill and Ben Diesel Mavis Salty Harvey Diesel 10 Narrow - gauge engines Skarloey Rheneas Sir Handel Peter Sam Rusty Duncan Duke Minimum - gauge engines Mike Bert Rex Other characters The Fat Controller The Thin Controller The Small Controller Annie and Clarabel Bertie Harold Terence Trevor Major characters in The Railway Series Minor characters in The Railway Series Railways North Western Skarloey Culdee Fell Arlesdale Mid Sodor Sodor & Mainland The Other Railway Places The Island of Sodor Locations in Thomas and Friends The Railway Series books by the Rev. W. Awdry List of Railway Series books Major characters Minor characters Authors Rev. W.V. Awdry ( creator ) Christopher Awdry Illustrators C. Reginald Dalby John T. Kenney Peter and Gunvor Edwards Clive Spong Thomas & Friends , the television show Characters Railway engines Narrow - gauge engines Arlesdale engines Rolling stock Non-rail vehicles People and animals Film characters Television series 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Films and specials Thomas and the Magic Railroad ( 2000 ) Calling All Engines ! ( 2005 ) The Great Discovery ( 2008 ) Hero of the Rails ( 2009 ) Misty Island Rescue ( 2010 ) Day of the Diesels ( 2011 ) Blue Mountain Mystery ( 2012 ) King of the Railway ( 2013 ) Tale of the Brave ( 2014 ) The Adventure Begins ( 2015 ) Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure ( 2015 ) The Great Race ( 2016 ) Journey Beyond Sodor ( 2017 ) Big World ! Big Adventures ! ( 2018 ) Production List of Thomas & Friends voice actors Merchandise Annuals Day out with Thomas My Thomas Story Library Thomas Land at Drayton Manor Thomas the Tank Engine pictureback books Related Shining Time Station Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Thomas_%26_Friends_voice_actors&oldid=836993881 '' Categories : Thomas & Friends Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 02 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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"\n\nActor/Actress\nRegion\nRole(s)\n\n\nJoseph May\nUS\nThomas (\"The Adventure Begins\" onwards)\n\n\nJohn Hasler\nUK\n\n\nUK/US\nRheneas (series 20 onwards)[1]\n\n\nDavid Bedella\nVictor, Carlos, The Mayor of Sodor and the Cuban man\n\n\nJamie Campbell Bower\nSkiff\n\n\nJonathan Broadbent\nBill, Ben and The First Slip Coach\n\n\nNathan Clarke\nAlfie\n\n\nOlivia Colman\nMarion\n\n\nJules de Jongh\nUS\nEmily, Lady Hatt (Season 13, \"Day of the Diesels\", and Season 15), the Duchess of Boxford, Stephen Hatt (\"Diesel's Special Delivery\"), Bridget Hatt, Bridget Hatt's friends, Mavis (Season 13–16), the teacher, the laundry lady, some children, small little boy, the ginger-haired boy (\"Diesel's Special Delivery\", \"Emily and Dash\", \"Percy the Snowman\", \"Emily's Winter Party Special\" and \"Pouty James\"), little girl in the red dress, the blond-haired boy (Season 15–18), the blond-haired girl, and the school children\n\n\nUK/US\nEmily (\"4-D Bubbling Boilers\" only) and Alicia Botti\n\n\nJonathan Forbes\nConnor\n\n\nTeresa Gallagher\nUK\nEmily, Lady Hatt (Season 13, \"Day of the Diesels\" and Season 15), The Duchess of Boxford, Stephen Hatt (\"Diesel's Special Delivery\"), Bridget Hatt, Bridget Hatt's friends, the teacher, the laundry lady, small little boy, some children, the school children, little girl in the red dress, the blonde-hair girl, the blonde-hair boy and Albert's wife\n\n\nUS\nThe blond-haired girl and the blonde-haired boy (\"Very Important Sheep\")\n\n\nUK/US\nBelle, Frieda, Gina, Mavis, Annie, Clarabel, Judy, Lady Hatt (Season 17 only and Season 21 onwards), the teacher (Season 18 only), the ginger-hair boy, the shouting little boy, the lady with the big hat, some passengers, the Knapford Station speaker (\"The Adventure Begins\"), some children (\"The Adventure Begins\" onwards), the school children (\"Lost Property\"), Stephen Hatt, Bridget Hatt, the lady in the blue dress, the barrow fan (\"Reds vs. Blues\" and \"Useful Railway\"), Albert's wife (\"Thomas the Babysitter\" and \"Unscheduled Stops\"), the lady in the spring green dress, the female puppet show entertainer, little girl in the turquoise dress with pink flowers, the lady in the white dress and gray vest, the lady in the white shirt, light brown skirt and hat, the lady in the grayish white shirt, blackish gray skirt, and white pearl necklace, the chubby little boy in dark green shirt and dark gray shorts and the lady in the yellow dress and hat\n\n\nBob Golding\nStephen, Sidney (series 17 onwards), Ivan, some dock workers (\"Tale of the Brave\") and a railway inspector (\"Lost Property\")\n\n\nMike Grady\nSir Robert Norramby\n\n\nRasmus Hardiker\nPhilip and Some Troublesome Trucks (\"The Fastest Red Engine on Sodor\" only)\n\n\nUK\nMonty\n\n\nWilliam Hope\nUS\nEdward, Toby, Stephen Hatt (\"Thomas and the Runaway Kite\" only), Whiff, Bash, Rocky, Farmer McColl, the Duke of Boxford, the blond-haired boy (\"Merry Misty Island\" and \"The Way She Does It\" only), the Maithwaite stationmaster (\"Double Trouble\" and \"Wonky Whistle\" only), the man in the gray shirt and black pants (\"Race to the Rescue\"), the Dock Manager and the Wellsworth Station worker\n\n\nUK/US\nBert (the Diesel) (series 16 onwards), a railway inspector, a steamworks worker (\"Wonky Whistle\"), 2 farmhands (\"Wonky Whistle\"), a workman (\"Toad and the Whale\"), Passenger, and Farmer McColl (\"Philip's Number\" only)\n\n\nTogo Igawa\nHiro\n\n\nRufus Jones\nFlying Scotsman\n\n\nAshna Kapur\nUK\nThe blond-haired girl (\"Very Important Sheep\")\n\n\nSteven Kynman\nPorter, Jack and the dock manager (\"Tale of the Brave\" only)\n\n\nUS\nCharlie (\"The Great Race\" onwards) and Butch (series 17 onwards)\n\n\nUK/US\nDuck, Ryan (series 20 onwards), Dart (Season 17 onwards), Paxton (\"Blue Mountain Mystery\" onwards), Peter Sam, \"The Third Slip Coach\", a workman (Journey Beyond Sodor), a railway inspector (Season 17) and the bird watcher (\"Who's Geoffrey?\")\n\n\nMichael Legge\nLuke\n\n\nOliver McCue\nUK\nThe blond-haired boy (\"Very Important Sheep\")\n\n\nIan McCue\nUK/US\nThe Blue Sea Serpent\n\n\nDavid Menkin\nPorter (US; series 17 onwards/UK; \"Pouty James\" and \"Cranky at the End of the Line\" only) and Stanley (\"The Truth About Toby\" only)\n\n\nUS\nJack\n\n\nJoe Mills\nUK/US\nDouglas, Oliver, Toad, the Welsh bird watcher (\"Thomas and the Emergency Cable\"), and a Knapford Station yard workman (\"Toad and the Whale\")\n\n\nLucy Montgomery\nLexi, Hannah and Carly\n\n\nTracy-Ann Oberman[2]\nDaisy (series 20 onwards)\n\n\nMaggie Ollerenshaw\nHenrietta\n\n\nRebecca O'Mara\nCaitlin and the Second Slip Coach\n\n\nNigel Pilkington\nUK\nPercy (Series 19 onwards), and Trevor\n\n\nUK/US\nA passenger\n\n\nRob Rackstraw\nJames (US; Season 19 onwards/UK; \"Tit for Tat\" onwards), Donald (Season 20 onwards), Raul, Axel, Étienne, Flynn (Season 19 onwards), Bradford, The Great Railway Show announcer, some passengers, the man in the blue shirt and light brown hat, The Bird Watcher (\"The Railcar and the Coaches\"), Fergus Duncan, The Welsh Bird Watcher (\"Mike's Whistle\"), The Thin Clergyman (\"Tit for Tat\"), and The Red Sea Serpent.\n\n\nUK\nToby (Season 19 onwards)\n\n\nUS\nMonty\n\n\nChristopher Ragland[3]\nPercy (Season 19 onwards) and Trevor\n\n\nUK/US\nThe Troublesome Trucks (\"The Adventure Begins\" onwards)\n\n\nMiranda Raison\nMillie and the Knapford Station speaker\n\n\nKerry Shale\nUK\nThomas and Spencer (\"Hero of the Rails\", originally)\n\n\nUS\nHenry, Gordon, James (\"Hero of the Rails\" – Season 18), Dash, Scruff, Harold, Max, Kevin, Sir Topham Hatt (\"Hero of the Rails\" – Season 18), Sir Lowham Hatt, Mr. Percival, Farmer Trotter, The Maithwaite stationmaster (\"Time For a Story\" and \"A Blooming Mess\"), a railway inspector, the photographer (Season 16), the railway coal inspector, the zoo keeper and some workmen\n\n\nUK/US\nKevin (\"Hasty Hannah\" only), Diesel (series 19 onwards), 'Arry, some groaning passengers (\"Calm Down Caitlin\") and the man on the bridge\n\n\nJohn Schwab\nVinnie, Bridlington Diesel, Ulli\n\n\nUS\nStanley (Series 20 onwards, excluding \"Saving Time\")[4]\n\n\nNicola Stapleton\nUK/US\nRosie (Season 21 onwards)\n\n\nTom Stourton\nDuncan, Rex, Terence and The Fat Clergyman\n\n\nTim Whitnall\nTimothy, Mike, Jerome, Oliver the Excavator, Reg, the deputy minister and some workmen\n\n\nUS\nThe man in the hat (\"Spencer's VIP\")\n\n\nUK\nMax\n\n\nKeith Wickham\nEdward, Henry, Gordon, James (\"Hero of the Rails\" – Season 20, excluding \"Tit for Tat\"), Whiff, Dash, Harold, the Thin Controller, the railway coal inspector, the man at the fire, the Wellsworth station worker, The Man in the Gray Shirt and Black Pants, the Fat Controller's assistant, some workmen, some passengers, Gator's driver, and steamworks workman\n\n\nUK/US\nHarvey, Glynn, Salty, Den, Norman, Stafford, Skarloey, Sir Handel, Bert (the small engine), Bertie, Captain, Sir Topham Hatt (UK; \"Hero of the Rails\" onwards, US; \"The Adventure Begins\" onwards), Dowager Hatt, Sir Lowham Hatt, Lord Callan, the photographer (\"Wild Water Rescue\"), a railway inspector, the great composer, the Maron station speaker, the Wellsworth stationmaster, Thomas' guard, the grumpy passenger, Father Christmas, the groundsman, the postman, Gordon's driver (\"The Adventure Begins\"), James' guard (\"The Adventure Begins\"), a Knapford station worker (\"The Adventure Begins\"), some workmen, sometsignalmen, the dock manager (\"Who's Geoffrey?\" only), a Sodor search & rescue centre worker (\"Toad and the Whale\"), a policeman (\"Sodor's Legend of the Lost Treasure\"), a diver (\"Sodor's Legend of the Lost Treasure\"), The Man in the Hat, some passengers, Albert (\"Thomas the Babysitter\"), Mr. Bubbles, the man in the sea green shirt and glasses, the Welsh bird watcher (\"Sidney Sings and Three Steam Engines Gruff\"), one of Dowager Hatt's friends (\"Best Engine Ever\" and \"Sidney Sings\"), the museum manager, male puppet show entertainer, the man in the gray shirt and black pants, the Great Railway Show judge, the fat clergyman, the man in the blackish gray shirt and blackish gray pants, Willie the lazy farmer, the man in the black shirt and black pants, Franz, The Man in the Whitish Brown Shirt and Brown Pants, and The Station Announcer.\n\n\nRobert Wilfort\nSamson and the Great Railway Show judge (\"The Great Race\")\n\n\nMatt Wilkinson\nUK\nSpencer, Stanley, Charlie, Bash, Scruff, Rocky, Cranky, Butch (Season 16 onwards), Kevin, Stephen Hatt (\"Thomas and the Runaway Kite\"), Farmer McColl, the Duke of Boxford, the photographer (series 16), the Maithwaite stationmaster, Farmer Trotter, the Knapford stationmaster, the bird watcher (\"Henry's Good Deeds\"), the blond-haired boy (\"Merry Misty Island\"), the dock manager, a railway inspector, some dock workers, the island inspector, the Sodor search & rescue centre manager, the Blue Mountain Quarry workman, the zoo keeper and the man with the hat\n\n\nUK/US\nDiesel 10, Winston, Rusty, Merrick, Captain Joe and some workmen\n\n\nGlenn Wrage\nUS\nSpencer, Ferdinand, Cranky, the Sodor search & rescue centre manager, Sir Topham Hatt's Assistant, Gator's driver and a Steamworks worker\n\n",
"\n\nActor/Actress\nRegion\nRole(s)\n\n\nJoseph May\nUS\nThomas (\"The Adventure Begins\" onwards)\n\n\nJohn Hasler\nUK\n\n\nUK/US\nRheneas (series 20 onwards)[1]\n\n\nDavid Bedella\nVictor, Carlos, The Mayor of Sodor and the Cuban man\n\n\nJamie Campbell Bower\nSkiff\n\n\nJonathan Broadbent\nBill, Ben and The First Slip Coach\n\n\nNathan Clarke\nAlfie\n\n\nOlivia Colman\nMarion\n\n\nJules de Jongh\nUS\nEmily, Lady Hatt (Season 13, \"Day of the Diesels\", and Season 15), the Duchess of Boxford, Stephen Hatt (\"Diesel's Special Delivery\"), Bridget Hatt, Bridget Hatt's friends, Mavis (Season 13–16), the teacher, the laundry lady, some children, small little boy, the ginger-haired boy (\"Diesel's Special Delivery\", \"Emily and Dash\", \"Percy the Snowman\", \"Emily's Winter Party Special\" and \"Pouty James\"), little girl in the red dress, the blond-haired boy (Season 15–18), the blond-haired girl, and the school children\n\n\nUK/US\nEmily (\"4-D Bubbling Boilers\" only) and Alicia Botti\n\n\nJonathan Forbes\nConnor\n\n\nTeresa Gallagher\nUK\nEmily, Lady Hatt (Season 13, \"Day of the Diesels\" and Season 15), The Duchess of Boxford, Stephen Hatt (\"Diesel's Special Delivery\"), Bridget Hatt, Bridget Hatt's friends, the teacher, the laundry lady, small little boy, some children, the school children, little girl in the red dress, the blonde-hair girl, the blonde-hair boy and Albert's wife\n\n\nUS\nThe blond-haired girl and the blonde-haired boy (\"Very Important Sheep\")\n\n\nUK/US\nBelle, Frieda, Gina, Mavis, Annie, Clarabel, Judy, Lady Hatt (Season 17 only and Season 21 onwards), the teacher (Season 18 only), the ginger-hair boy, the shouting little boy, the lady with the big hat, some passengers, the Knapford Station speaker (\"The Adventure Begins\"), some children (\"The Adventure Begins\" onwards), the school children (\"Lost Property\"), Stephen Hatt, Bridget Hatt, the lady in the blue dress, the barrow fan (\"Reds vs. Blues\" and \"Useful Railway\"), Albert's wife (\"Thomas the Babysitter\" and \"Unscheduled Stops\"), the lady in the spring green dress, the female puppet show entertainer, little girl in the turquoise dress with pink flowers, the lady in the white dress and gray vest, the lady in the white shirt, light brown skirt and hat, the lady in the grayish white shirt, blackish gray skirt, and white pearl necklace, the chubby little boy in dark green shirt and dark gray shorts and the lady in the yellow dress and hat\n\n\nBob Golding\nStephen, Sidney (series 17 onwards), Ivan, some dock workers (\"Tale of the Brave\") and a railway inspector (\"Lost Property\")\n\n\nMike Grady\nSir Robert Norramby\n\n\nRasmus Hardiker\nPhilip and Some Troublesome Trucks (\"The Fastest Red Engine on Sodor\" only)\n\n\nUK\nMonty\n\n\nWilliam Hope\nUS\nEdward, Toby, Stephen Hatt (\"Thomas and the Runaway Kite\" only), Whiff, Bash, Rocky, Farmer McColl, the Duke of Boxford, the blond-haired boy (\"Merry Misty Island\" and \"The Way She Does It\" only), the Maithwaite stationmaster (\"Double Trouble\" and \"Wonky Whistle\" only), the man in the gray shirt and black pants (\"Race to the Rescue\"), the Dock Manager and the Wellsworth Station worker\n\n\nUK/US\nBert (the Diesel) (series 16 onwards), a railway inspector, a steamworks worker (\"Wonky Whistle\"), 2 farmhands (\"Wonky Whistle\"), a workman (\"Toad and the Whale\"), Passenger, and Farmer McColl (\"Philip's Number\" only)\n\n\nTogo Igawa\nHiro\n\n\nRufus Jones\nFlying Scotsman\n\n\nAshna Kapur\nUK\nThe blond-haired girl (\"Very Important Sheep\")\n\n\nSteven Kynman\nPorter, Jack and the dock manager (\"Tale of the Brave\" only)\n\n\nUS\nCharlie (\"The Great Race\" onwards) and Butch (series 17 onwards)\n\n\nUK/US\nDuck, Ryan (series 20 onwards), Dart (Season 17 onwards), Paxton (\"Blue Mountain Mystery\" onwards), Peter Sam, \"The Third Slip Coach\", a workman (Journey Beyond Sodor), a railway inspector (Season 17) and the bird watcher (\"Who's Geoffrey?\")\n\n\nMichael Legge\nLuke\n\n\nOliver McCue\nUK\nThe blond-haired boy (\"Very Important Sheep\")\n\n\nIan McCue\nUK/US\nThe Blue Sea Serpent\n\n\nDavid Menkin\nPorter (US; series 17 onwards/UK; \"Pouty James\" and \"Cranky at the End of the Line\" only) and Stanley (\"The Truth About Toby\" only)\n\n\nUS\nJack\n\n\nJoe Mills\nUK/US\nDouglas, Oliver, Toad, the Welsh bird watcher (\"Thomas and the Emergency Cable\"), and a Knapford Station yard workman (\"Toad and the Whale\")\n\n\nLucy Montgomery\nLexi, Hannah and Carly\n\n\nTracy-Ann Oberman[2]\nDaisy (series 20 onwards)\n\n\nMaggie Ollerenshaw\nHenrietta\n\n\nRebecca O'Mara\nCaitlin and the Second Slip Coach\n\n\nNigel Pilkington\nUK\nPercy (Series 19 onwards), and Trevor\n\n\nUK/US\nA passenger\n\n\nRob Rackstraw\nJames (US; Season 19 onwards/UK; \"Tit for Tat\" onwards), Donald (Season 20 onwards), Raul, Axel, Étienne, Flynn (Season 19 onwards), Bradford, The Great Railway Show announcer, some passengers, the man in the blue shirt and light brown hat, The Bird Watcher (\"The Railcar and the Coaches\"), Fergus Duncan, The Welsh Bird Watcher (\"Mike's Whistle\"), The Thin Clergyman (\"Tit for Tat\"), and The Red Sea Serpent.\n\n\nUK\nToby (Season 19 onwards)\n\n\nUS\nMonty\n\n\nChristopher Ragland[3]\nPercy (Season 19 onwards) and Trevor\n\n\nUK/US\nThe Troublesome Trucks (\"The Adventure Begins\" onwards)\n\n\nMiranda Raison\nMillie and the Knapford Station speaker\n\n\nKerry Shale\nUK\nThomas and Spencer (\"Hero of the Rails\", originally)\n\n\nUS\nHenry, Gordon, James (\"Hero of the Rails\" – Season 18), Dash, Scruff, Harold, Max, Kevin, Sir Topham Hatt (\"Hero of the Rails\" – Season 18), Sir Lowham Hatt, Mr. Percival, Farmer Trotter, The Maithwaite stationmaster (\"Time For a Story\" and \"A Blooming Mess\"), a railway inspector, the photographer (Season 16), the railway coal inspector, the zoo keeper and some workmen\n\n\nUK/US\nKevin (\"Hasty Hannah\" only), Diesel (series 19 onwards), 'Arry, some groaning passengers (\"Calm Down Caitlin\") and the man on the bridge\n\n\nJohn Schwab\nVinnie, Bridlington Diesel, Ulli\n\n\nUS\nStanley (Series 20 onwards, excluding \"Saving Time\")[4]\n\n\nNicola Stapleton\nUK/US\nRosie (Season 21 onwards)\n\n\nTom Stourton\nDuncan, Rex, Terence and The Fat Clergyman\n\n\nTim Whitnall\nTimothy, Mike, Jerome, Oliver the Excavator, Reg, the deputy minister and some workmen\n\n\nUS\nThe man in the hat (\"Spencer's VIP\")\n\n\nUK\nMax\n\n\nKeith Wickham\nEdward, Henry, Gordon, James (\"Hero of the Rails\" – Season 20, excluding \"Tit for Tat\"), Whiff, Dash, Harold, the Thin Controller, the railway coal inspector, the man at the fire, the Wellsworth station worker, The Man in the Gray Shirt and Black Pants, the Fat Controller's assistant, some workmen, some passengers, Gator's driver, and steamworks workman\n\n\nUK/US\nHarvey, Glynn, Salty, Den, Norman, Stafford, Skarloey, Sir Handel, Bert (the small engine), Bertie, Captain, Sir Topham Hatt (UK; \"Hero of the Rails\" onwards, US; \"The Adventure Begins\" onwards), Dowager Hatt, Sir Lowham Hatt, Lord Callan, the photographer (\"Wild Water Rescue\"), a railway inspector, the great composer, the Maron station speaker, the Wellsworth stationmaster, Thomas' guard, the grumpy passenger, Father Christmas, the groundsman, the postman, Gordon's driver (\"The Adventure Begins\"), James' guard (\"The Adventure Begins\"), a Knapford station worker (\"The Adventure Begins\"), some workmen, sometsignalmen, the dock manager (\"Who's Geoffrey?\" only), a Sodor search & rescue centre worker (\"Toad and the Whale\"), a policeman (\"Sodor's Legend of the Lost Treasure\"), a diver (\"Sodor's Legend of the Lost Treasure\"), The Man in the Hat, some passengers, Albert (\"Thomas the Babysitter\"), Mr. Bubbles, the man in the sea green shirt and glasses, the Welsh bird watcher (\"Sidney Sings and Three Steam Engines Gruff\"), one of Dowager Hatt's friends (\"Best Engine Ever\" and \"Sidney Sings\"), the museum manager, male puppet show entertainer, the man in the gray shirt and black pants, the Great Railway Show judge, the fat clergyman, the man in the blackish gray shirt and blackish gray pants, Willie the lazy farmer, the man in the black shirt and black pants, Franz, The Man in the Whitish Brown Shirt and Brown Pants, and The Station Announcer.\n\n\nRobert Wilfort\nSamson and the Great Railway Show judge (\"The Great Race\")\n\n\nMatt Wilkinson\nUK\nSpencer, Stanley, Charlie, Bash, Scruff, Rocky, Cranky, Butch (Season 16 onwards), Kevin, Stephen Hatt (\"Thomas and the Runaway Kite\"), Farmer McColl, the Duke of Boxford, the photographer (series 16), the Maithwaite stationmaster, Farmer Trotter, the Knapford stationmaster, the bird watcher (\"Henry's Good Deeds\"), the blond-haired boy (\"Merry Misty Island\"), the dock manager, a railway inspector, some dock workers, the island inspector, the Sodor search & rescue centre manager, the Blue Mountain Quarry workman, the zoo keeper and the man with the hat\n\n\nUK/US\nDiesel 10, Winston, Rusty, Merrick, Captain Joe and some workmen\n\n\nGlenn Wrage\nUS\nSpencer, Ferdinand, Cranky, the Sodor search & rescue centre manager, Sir Topham Hatt's Assistant, Gator's driver and a Steamworks worker\n\n"
] | [
"Joseph May",
"John Hasler"
] |
-65105804671481094 | List of Presidents of the Indian National Congress | List of Presidents of the Indian National Congress - wikipedia List of Presidents of the Indian National Congress Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Indian National Congress About Presidents History Election history Committees All India Central Election Pradesh Working Frontals Mahila Minority Students Youth Trade The Indian National Congress ( INC ) is one of the two major parties in the political system of Republic of India . The President of the Indian National Congress is the elected head of the party responsible for managing the party 's relationship with the general public , developing and communicating party policy especially on election platforms . The President of the All India Congress Committee , and therefore of the Indian National Congress Party ( INC ) as a whole , is known as the Congress President . Since the party was established in 1885 , 60 people have served as president . The first , Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee , presided over the first session of the Indian National Congress held at Bombay in 1885 from 28 December to 31 December . The most recently serving president is Rahul Gandhi . The president of INC at the time of India 's independence was J.B. Kripalani . Annie Besant was the first woman president of INC whereas , Sarojini Naidu was the first Indian woman president . There are six members of Nehru -- Gandhi family who have been Congress Presidents . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Presidents 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) During 1885 - 1933 , the presidency had a term of 1 year only . Traditionally , the post rotated between prominent members of the party , successive terms for the same person being frowned upon . During Jawaharlal Nehru 's premiership , he rarely held the Presidency of INC , even though he was always head of the Legislative Party . Indira Gandhi however , institutionalized the practice of having the same person as the Congress President and the Prime Minister after the first Congress split of 1969 . Her son Rajiv Gandhi continued that practice . Narasimha Rao , too held both the Congress President and the Prime Minister 's posts . Sitaram Kesri held the post after INC was voted out . But as the INC never returned to power under his leadership , he did n't hold the two posts together . During 2000 - 09 , INC did not host a conference for the first time in history . In 2004 , when the INC was voted back into power , Manmohan Singh became the first Prime Minister , not to be the president of the party . Sonia Gandhi is the longest serving president of the Congress party , having held the office for nineteen years from 1998 to 2017 . Her son Rahul Gandhi is the current Congress President . Presidents ( edit ) No . Name of President Picture Life span Year of Presidency Place of Conference Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee 29 December 1844 -- 1906 1885 Bombay Dadabhai Naoroji 4 September 1825 -- 1917 1886 Calcutta Badruddin Tyabji 10 October 1844 -- 1906 1887 Madras George Yule 1829 -- 1892 1888 Allahabad 5 William Wedderburn 1838 -- 1918 1889 Bombay 6 Pherozeshah Mehta 4 August 1845 -- 1915 1890 Calcutta 7 Anandacharlu August 1843 -- 1908 1891 Nagpur 8 Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee 29 December 1844 -- 1906 1892 Allahabad 9 Dadabhai Naoroji 4 September 1825 -- 1917 1893 Lahore 10 Alfred Webb 1834 -- 1908 1894 Madras 11 Surendranath Banerjee 10 November 1848 -- 1925 1895 Poona 12 Rahimtulla M. Sayani 5 April 1847 -- 1902 1896 Calcutta 13 C. Sankaran Nair 11 July 1857 -- 1934 1897 Amravati 14 Anandamohan Bose 23 September 1847 -- 1906 1898 Madras 15 Romesh Chunder Dutt 13 August 1848 -- 1909 1899 Lucknow 16 N.G. Chandavarkar 2 December 1855 -- 1923 1900 Lahore 17 Dinshaw Edulji Wacha 2 August 1844 -- 1936 1901 Calcutta 18 Surendranath Banerjee 10 November 1825 -- 1917 1902 Ahmedabad 19 Lalmohan Ghosh 1848 -- 1909 1903 Madras 20 Henry Cotton 1845 -- 1915 1904 Bombay 21 Gopal Krishna Gokhale 9 May 1866 -- 1915 1905 Benares 22 Dadabhai Naoroji 4 September 1825 -- 1917 1906 Calcutta 23 Rashbihari Ghosh 23 December 1845 -- 1921 1907 Surat 24 Rashbihari Ghosh 23 December 1845 -- 1921 1908 Madras 25 Madan Mohan Malaviya 25 December 1861 -- 1946 1909 Lahore 26 William Wedderburn 1838 -- 1918 1910 Allahabad 27 Bishan Narayan Dar 1864 -- 1916 1911 Calcutta 28 Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar 1857 -- 1921 1912 Bankipore 29 Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur ? -- 1919 1913 Karachi 30 Bhupendra Nath Bose 1859 -- 1924 1914 Madras 31 Lord Satyendra Prasanna Sinha March 1863 -- 1928 1915 Bombay 32 Ambica Charan Mazumdar 1850 -- 1922 1916 Lucknow 33 Annie Besant 1 October 1847 -- 1933 1917 Calcutta 34 Madan Mohan Malaviya 25 December 1861 -- 1946 1918 Delhi 35 Syed Hasan Imam 31 August 1871 -- 1933 1918 Bombay ( Special Session ) 36 Motilal Nehru 6 May 1861 -- 6 February 1931 1919 Amritsar 37 Lala Lajpat Rai 28 January 1865 -- 17 November 1928 1920 Calcutta ( Special Session ) 38 C. Vijayaraghavachariar 1852 -- 19 April 1944 1920 Nagpur 39 Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das ( President ) Hakim Ajmal Khan ( Acting President ) 1863 -- 29 December 1927 1921 Ahmedabad 40 Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das 5 November 1870 -- 16 June 1925 1922 Gaya 41 Mohammad Ali Jouhar 10 December 1878 -- 4 January 1931 1923 Kakinada 42 Abul Kalam Azad 1888 -- 22 February 1958 1923 Delhi ( Special Session ) 43 Mohandas Gandhi 2 October 1869 -- 30 January 1948 1924 Belgaum 44 Sarojini Naidu 13 February 1879 -- 2 March 1949 1925 Kanpur 45 S. Srinivasa Iyengar September 11 , 1874 -- 19 May 1941 1926 Gauhati 46 Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari 25 December 1880 -- 10 May 1936 1927 Madras 47 Motilal Nehru 6 May 1861 -- 6 February 1931 1928 Calcutta 48 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 -- 27 May 1964 1929 & 30 Lahore 49 Vallabhbhai Patel 31 October 1875 -- 15 December 1950 1931 Karachi 50 Madan Mohan Malaviya 25 December 1861 -- 1946 1932 Delhi 51 Nellie Sengupta 1886 -- 1973 1933 Calcutta 52 Rajendra Prasad 3 December 1884 -- 28 February 1963 1934 & 35 Bombay 53 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 -- 27 May 1964 1936 Lucknow 54 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 -- 27 May 1964 1937 Faizpur 55 Subhas Chandra Bose 23 January 1897 -- 18 August 1945 1938 Haripura 56 Subhas Chandra Bose ( resigned ) Rajendra Prasad replaced Bose after the session . 23 January 1897 -- 18 August 1945 1939 Jabalpur 57 Abul Kalam Azad 1888 -- 22 February 1958 1940 -- 46 Ramgarh 58 J.B. Kripalani 1888 -- 19 March 1982 1947 Meerut 59 Pattabhi Sitaraimayya 24 December 1880 -- 17 December 1959 1948 & 49 Jaipur 60 Purushottam Das Tandon 1 August 1882 -- 1 July 1961 1950 Nasik 61 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 -- 27 May 1964 1951 & 52 Delhi 62 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 -- 27 May 1964 1953 Hyderabad 63 Jawaharlal Nehru 14 November 1889 -- 27 May 1964 1954 Calcutta 64 U.N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 -- 1977 1955 Avadi 65 U.N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 -- 1977 1956 Amritsar 66 U.N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 -- 1977 1957 Indore 67 U.N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 -- 1977 1958 Gauhati 68 U.N. Dhebar 21 September 1905 -- 1977 1959 Nagpur 69 Indira Gandhi 19 November 1917 -- 31 October 1984 1959 Delhi ( Special Session ) 70 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 19 May 1913 -- 1 June 1996 1960 Bangalore 71 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 19 May 1913 -- 1 June 1996 1961 Bhavnagar 72 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 19 May 1913 -- 1 June 1996 1962 & 63 Patna 73 K. Kamaraj 15 July 1903 -- 2 October 1975 1964 Bhubaneswar 74 K. Kamaraj 15 July 1903 -- 2 October 1975 1965 Durgapur 75 K. Kamaraj 15 July 1903 -- 2 October 1975 1966 & 67 Jaipur 76 S. Nijalingappa 10 December 1902 -- 9 August 2000 1968 Hyderabad 77 S. Nijalingappa 10 December 1902 -- 9 August 2000 1969 Faridabad 78 Jagjivan Ram 5 April 1908 -- 6 July 1986 1970 & 71 Bombay 79 Shankar Dayal Sharma 19 August 1918 -- 26 December 1999 1972 -- 74 Calcutta 80 Devakanta Barua 22 February 1914 -- 1996 1975 -- 77 Chandigarh 81 Indira Gandhi 19 November 1917 -- 31 October 1984 1978 -- 83 Delhi 82 Indira Gandhi 19 November 1917 -- 31 October 1984 1983 & 84 Calcutta 83 Rajiv Gandhi 20 August 1944 -- 21 May 1991 1985 -- 91 Bombay 84 P.V. Narasimha Rao 28 June 1921 -- 23 December 2004 1992 -- 96 Tirupati 85 Sitaram Kesri November 1919 -- 24 October 2000 1996 -- 98 Calcutta 86 Sonia Gandhi 9 December 1946 1998 -- 2017 Calcutta 87 Rahul Gandhi 19 June 1970 2017 - Present Delhi See also ( edit ) List of Presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sonia Gandhi ( Indian politician ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) ( 1 ) Official Indian National Congress website Indian National Congress Seva Dal Minority Congress Youth Congress National Students Union of India ( NSUI ) Indian National Trade Union Congress ( INTUC ) Congress Karma Parishad History Statewise Election history of Congress Party Nehru -- Gandhi family Congress Radio 10 Janpath The Emergency Bofors scandal INA Defence Committee Indian National Congress ( Organisation ) Breakaway parties Internal Organisations Congress President Working President Congress Working Committee Central Election Committee All India Congress Committee Pradesh Congress Committees ( PCC ) Andhra Pradesh CC Assam PCC Bihar PCC Chhattisgarh PCC Core group Gujarat PCC Karnataka PCC Kerala PCC Maharashtra PCC Mizoram PCC Mumbai PCC Punjab PCC Tamil Nadu PCC Telangana PCC Uttarakhand PCC West Bengal PCC Presidents Banerjee Naoroji Tyabji Yule Wedderburn Mehta Charlappa Banerjee Naoroji Webb Banerjee Sayani Nair A.M. Bose Dutt Chandavarkar Wacha Banerjee L. Ghosh H. Cotton Gokhale Naoroji R. Ghosh ( 1907 -- 1908 ) Malaviya Wedderburn Dar Mudholkar Bahadur B.N. Bose Sinha Mazumdar Besant Malaviya Imam M. Nehru Rai C. Vijayaraghavachariar Khan Das M. Ali A.K. Azad Mahatma Gandhi Naidu Iyengar Ansari Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru S.V. Patel Malaviya ( 1932 -- 1933 ) Nellie Sengupta Rajendra Prasad ( 1934 -- 1935 ) Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1936 -- 1937 ) S.C. Bose ( 1938 -- 1939 ) A.K. Azad ( 1940 -- 1946 ) J.B. Kripalani Sitaramayya ( 1948 -- 1949 ) Tandon Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1951 -- 1954 ) Dhebar ( 1955 -- 1959 ) Indira Gandhi Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 1960 -- 1963 ) K. Kamaraj ( 1964 -- 1967 ) S. Nijalingappa ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Jagjivan Ram ( 1970 -- 1971 ) S.D. Sharma ( 1972 -- 1974 ) Baruah ( 1975 -- 1977 ) Indira Gandhi ( 1978 -- 1984 ) Rajiv Gandhi ( 1985 -- 1991 ) Narasimha Rao ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Kesri ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Sonia Gandhi ( 1998 -- 2017 ) Rahul Gandhi ( 2017 - present ) Leaders in the Lok Sabha Gandhi Rao Pawar S. Gandhi Mukherjee Shinde Kharge Leaders in the Rajya Sabha Manmohan Singh Vora Patel Sharma Azad Ramesh Antony Digvijay Chidambaram Singhvi Sibal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress&oldid=817225057 '' Categories : Presidents of the Indian National Congress 1885 establishments in India Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch हिन्दी മലയാളം Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 00 : 52 . About Wikipedia | the first woman president of indian national congress was | [
"Since the party was established in 1885, 60 people have served as president. The first, Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee, presided over the first session of the Indian National Congress held at Bombay in 1885 from 28 December to 31 December. The most recently serving president is Rahul Gandhi. The president of INC at the time of India's independence was J. B. Kripalani. Annie Besant was the first woman president of INC whereas, Sarojini Naidu was the first Indian woman president. There are six members of Nehru–Gandhi family who have been Congress Presidents."
] | [
"Annie Besant"
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699183755928595345 | Babe Ruth | Babe Ruth - wikipedia Babe Ruth Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the baseball player . For other uses , see Babe Ruth ( disambiguation ) . Babe Ruth Ruth in 1920 Outfielder / Pitcher Born : ( 1895 - 02 - 06 ) February 6 , 1895 Baltimore , Maryland Died : August 16 , 1948 ( 1948 - 08 - 16 ) ( aged 53 ) Manhattan , New York Batted : Left Threw : Left MLB debut July 11 , 1914 , for the Boston Red Sox Last MLB appearance May 30 , 1935 , for the Boston Braves MLB statistics Batting average . 342 Hits 2,873 Home runs 714 Runs batted in 2,213 Win -- loss record 94 -- 46 Earned run average 2.28 Teams Boston Red Sox ( 1914 -- 1919 ) New York Yankees ( 1920 -- 1934 ) Boston Braves ( 1935 ) Career highlights and awards 2 × All - Star ( 1933 , 1934 ) 7 × World Series champion ( 1915 , 1916 , 1918 , 1923 , 1927 , 1928 , 1932 ) AL MVP ( 1923 ) AL batting champion ( 1924 ) 12 × AL home run leader ( 1918 -- 1921 , 1923 , 1924 , 1926 -- 1931 ) 6 × AL RBI leader ( 1919 -- 1921 , 1923 , 1926 , 1928 ) AL ERA leader ( 1916 ) New York Yankees No. 3 retired Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame Major League Baseball All - Century Team Major League Baseball All - Time Team Other career achievements and records Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame Inducted 1936 Vote 95.13 % George Herman `` Babe '' Ruth Jr . ( February 6 , 1895 -- August 16 , 1948 ) was an American professional baseball player whose career in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) spanned 22 seasons , from 1914 through 1935 . Nicknamed `` The Bambino '' and `` The Sultan of Swat '' , he began his MLB career as a stellar left - handed pitcher for the Boston Red Sox , but achieved his greatest fame as a slugging outfielder for the New York Yankees . Ruth established many MLB batting ( and some pitching ) records , including career home runs ( 714 ) , runs batted in ( RBIs ) ( 2,213 ) , bases on balls ( 2,062 ) , slugging percentage (. 690 ) , and on - base plus slugging ( OPS ) ( 1.164 ) ; the latter two still stand today . Ruth is regarded as one of the greatest sports heroes in American culture and is considered by many to be the greatest baseball player of all time . In 1936 , Ruth was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame as one of its `` first five '' inaugural members . At age seven , Ruth was sent to St. Mary 's Industrial School for Boys , a reformatory where he learned life lessons and baseball skills from Brother Matthias Boutlier of the Christian Brothers , the school 's disciplinarian and a capable baseball player . In 1914 , Ruth was signed to play minor - league baseball for the Baltimore Orioles but was soon sold to the Red Sox . By 1916 , he had built a reputation as an outstanding pitcher who sometimes hit long home runs , a feat unusual for any player in the pre-1920 dead - ball era . Although Ruth twice won 23 games in a season as a pitcher and was a member of three World Series championship teams with Boston , he wanted to play every day and was allowed to convert to an outfielder . With regular playing time , he broke the MLB single - season home run record in 1919 . After that season , Red Sox owner Harry Frazee sold Ruth to the Yankees amid controversy . The trade fueled Boston 's subsequent 86 year championship drought and popularized the `` Curse of the Bambino '' superstition . In his 15 years with the Yankees , Ruth helped the team win seven American League ( AL ) championships and four World Series championships . His big swing led to escalating home run totals that not only drew fans to the ballpark and boosted the sport 's popularity but also helped usher in baseball 's live - ball era , which evolved from a low - scoring game of strategy to a sport where the home run was a major factor . As part of the Yankees ' vaunted `` Murderer 's Row '' lineup of 1927 , Ruth hit 60 home runs , which extended his MLB single - season record . Ruth 's last season with the Yankees was 1934 ; he retired from the game the following year , after a short stint with the Boston Braves . During his career , Ruth led the AL in home runs during a season twelve times . Ruth 's legendary power and charismatic personality made him a larger - than - life figure during the Roaring Twenties . During his career , he was the target of intense press and public attention for his baseball exploits and off - field penchants for drinking and womanizing . His often reckless lifestyle was tempered by his willingness to do good by visiting children at hospitals and orphanages . After his retirement as a player , he was denied a managerial job in baseball , most likely due to poor behavior during parts of his playing career . In his final years , Ruth made many public appearances , especially in support of American efforts in World War II . In 1946 , he became ill with cancer , which claimed his life two years later . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 Professional baseball 2.1 Minor league , Baltimore Orioles 2.2 Boston Red Sox ( 1914 -- 1919 ) 2.2. 1 Developing star 2.2. 2 Emergence as a hitter 2.3 Sale to New York 2.4 New York Yankees ( 1920 -- 1934 ) 2.4. 1 Initial success ( 1920 -- 1923 ) 2.4. 2 Batting title and `` bellyache '' ( 1924 -- 1925 ) 2.4. 3 Murderer 's Row ( 1926 -- 1928 ) 2.4. 4 `` Called shot '' and final Yankee years ( 1929 -- 1934 ) 2.5 Boston Braves ( 1935 ) 3 Retirement 3.1 1935 -- 1946 4 Personal life 5 Cancer and death ( 1946 -- 48 ) 6 Memorial and museum 7 Contemporary impact 8 Legacy 9 See also 10 Notes and references 10.1 Notes 10.2 References 11 Bibliography 12 Further reading 12.1 Articles 12.2 Books 13 External links Early years Babe Ruth birthplace in Baltimore , Maryland George Herman Ruth Jr. was born in 1895 at 216 Emory Street in the Pigtown section of Baltimore , Maryland . Ruth 's parents , George Herman Ruth Sr. ( 1871 -- 1918 ) and Katherine Schamberger , were both of German American ancestry . According to the 1880 census , his parents were born in Maryland . His paternal grandparents were from Prussia and Hanover . Ruth Sr. worked a series of jobs that included lightning rod salesman and streetcar operator . The elder Ruth then became a counterman in a family - owned combination grocery and saloon business on Frederick Street . George Ruth Jr. was born in the house of his maternal grandfather , Pius Schamberger , a German immigrant and trade unionist . Only one of young George 's seven siblings , his younger sister Mamie , survived infancy . Many details of Ruth 's childhood are unknown , including the date of his parents ' marriage . As a child , Ruth spoke German . When young George was a toddler , the family moved to 339 South Goodyear Street , not far from the rail yards ; by the time the boy was 6 , his father had a saloon with an upstairs apartment at 426 West Camden Street . Details are equally scanty about why young George was sent at the age of 7 to St. Mary 's Industrial School for Boys , a reformatory and orphanage . As an adult , Babe Ruth reminisced that as a youth he had been running the streets and rarely attending school , as well was drinking beer when his father was not looking . Some accounts say that following a violent incident at his father 's saloon , the city authorities decided that this environment was unsuitable for a small child . George , Jr. entered St. Mary 's on June 13 , 1902 . He was recorded as `` incorrigible '' and spent much of the next twelve years there . Ruth ( top row , center ) at St. Mary 's Industrial School for Boys in Baltimore , Maryland , in 1912 Although St. Mary 's boys received an education , students were also expected to learn work skills and help operate the school , particularly once the boys turned 12 . Ruth became a shirtmaker and was also proficient as a carpenter . He would adjust his own shirt collars , rather than having a tailor do so , even during his well - paid baseball career . The boys , aged 5 to 21 , did most work around the facility , from cooking to shoemaking , and renovated St. Mary 's in 1912 . The food was simple , and the Xaverian Brothers who ran the school insisted on strict discipline ; corporal punishment was common . Ruth 's nickname there was `` Niggerlips '' , as he had large facial features and was darker than most boys at the all - white reformatory . Ruth was sometimes allowed to rejoin his family , or was placed at St. James 's Home , a supervised residence with work in the community , but he was always returned to St. Mary 's . He was rarely visited by his family ; his mother died when he was 12 and by some accounts , he was permitted to leave St. Mary 's only to attend the funeral . How Ruth came to play baseball there is uncertain : according to one account , his placement at St. Mary 's was due in part to repeatedly breaking Baltimore 's windows with long hits while playing street ball ; by another , he was told to join a team on his first day at St. Mary 's by the school 's athletic director , Brother Herman , becoming a catcher even though left - handers rarely play that position . During his time there he also played third base and shortstop , again unusual for a left - hander , and was forced to wear mitts and gloves made for right - handers . He was encouraged in his pursuits by the school 's Prefect of Discipline , Brother Matthias Boutlier , a native of Nova Scotia . A large man , Brother Matthias was greatly respected by the boys both for his strength and for his fairness . For the rest of his life , Ruth would praise Brother Matthias , and his running and hitting styles closely resembled his teacher 's . Ruth stated , `` I think I was born as a hitter the first day I ever saw him hit a baseball . '' The older man became a mentor and role model to George ; biographer Robert W. Creamer commented on the closeness between the two : Ruth ( top row , left ) at St. Mary 's , 1912 Ruth revered Brother Matthias ... which is remarkable , considering that Matthias was in charge of making boys behave and that Ruth was one of the great natural misbehavers of all time ... George Ruth caught Brother Matthias ' attention early , and the calm , considerable attention the big man gave the young hellraiser from the waterfront struck a spark of response in the boy 's soul ... ( that may have ) blunted a few of the more savage teeth in the gross man whom I have heard at least a half - dozen of his baseball contemporaries describe with admiring awe and wonder as `` an animal . '' The school 's influence remained with Ruth in other ways . He was a lifelong Catholic who would sometimes attend Mass after carousing all night , and he became a well - known member of the Knights of Columbus . He would visit orphanages , schools , and hospitals throughout his life , often avoiding publicity . He was generous to St. Mary 's as he became famous and rich , donating money and his presence at fundraisers , and spending $5,000 to buy Brother Matthias a Cadillac in 1926 -- subsequently replacing it when it was destroyed in an accident . Most of the boys at St. Mary 's played baseball in organized leagues at different levels of proficiency . Ruth later estimated that he played 200 games a year as he steadily climbed the ladder of success . Although he played all positions at one time or another ( including infield positions generally reserved for right - handers ) , he gained stardom as a pitcher . According to Brother Matthias , Ruth was standing to one side laughing at the bumbling pitching efforts of fellow students , and Matthias told him to go in and see if he could do better . Ruth had become the best pitcher at St. Mary 's , and when he was 18 in 1913 , he was allowed to leave the premises to play weekend games on teams that were drawn from the community . He was mentioned in several newspaper articles , for both his pitching prowess and ability to hit long home runs . Professional baseball Minor league , Baltimore Orioles In early 1914 , Ruth signed a professional baseball contract with Jack Dunn , who owned and managed the minor - league Baltimore Orioles , an International League team . The circumstances of Ruth 's signing are not known with certainty ; historical fact is obscured by stories that can not all be true . By some accounts , Dunn was urged to attend a game between an all - star team from St. Mary 's and one from another Xaverian facility , Mount St. Mary 's College . Some versions have Ruth running away before the eagerly awaited game , to return in time to be punished , and then pitching St. Mary 's to victory as Dunn watched . Others have Washington Senators pitcher Joe Engel , a Mount St. Mary 's graduate , pitching in an alumni game after watching a preliminary contest between the college 's freshmen and a team from St. Mary 's , including Ruth . Engel watched Ruth play , then told Dunn about him at a chance meeting in Washington . Ruth , in his autobiography , stated only that he worked out for Dunn for a half - hour , and was signed . According to biographer Kal Wagenheim , there were legal difficulties to be straightened out as Ruth was supposed to remain at the school until he turned 21 . Baseball card depicting Ruth as a Baltimore Oriole , 1914 The train journey to spring training in Fayetteville , North Carolina , in early March was likely Ruth 's first outside the Baltimore area . The rookie ballplayer was the subject of various pranks by the veterans , who were probably also the source of his famous nickname . There are various accounts of how Ruth came to be called Babe , but most center on his being referred to as `` Dunnie 's babe '' or a variant . `` Babe '' was at that time a common nickname in baseball , with perhaps the most famous to that point being Pittsburgh Pirates pitcher and 1909 World Series hero Babe Adams , who appeared younger than he was . Ruth made his first appearance as a professional ballplayer in an inter-squad game on March 7 , 1914 . He played shortstop and pitched the last two innings of a 15 -- 9 victory . In his second at - bat , Ruth hit a long home run to right field ; the blast was locally reported to be longer than a legendary shot hit by Jim Thorpe in Fayetteville . Ruth made first appearance against a team in organized baseball in an exhibition game versus the major - league Philadelphia Phillies . Ruth pitched the middle three innings and gave up two runs in the fourth , but then settled down and pitched a scoreless fifth and sixth innings . In a game against the Phillies the following afternoon , Ruth entered during the sixth inning and did not allow a run the rest of the way . The Orioles scored seven runs in the bottom of the eighth inining to overcome a 6 -- 0 deficit , and Ruth was the winning pitcher . Once the regular season began , Ruth was a star pitcher who was also dangerous at the plate . The team performed well , yet received almost no attention from the Baltimore press . A third major league , the Federal League , had begun play , and the local franchise , the Baltimore Terrapins , restored that city to the major leagues for the first time since 1902 . Few fans visited Oriole Park , where Ruth and his teammates labored in relative obscurity . Ruth may have been offered a bonus and a larger salary to jump to the Terrapins ; when rumors to that effect swept Baltimore , giving Ruth the most publicity he had experienced to date , a Terrapins official denied it , stating it was their policy not to sign players under contract to Dunn . The competition from the Terrapins caused Dunn to sustain large losses . Although by late June the Orioles were in first place , having won over two - thirds of their games , the paid attendance dropped as low as 150 . Dunn explored a possible move by the Orioles to Richmond , Virginia , as well as the sale of a minority interest in the club . These possibilities fell through , leaving Dunn with little choice other than to sell his best players to major league teams to raise money . He offered Ruth to the reigning World Series champions , Connie Mack 's Philadelphia Athletics , but Mack had his own financial problems . The Cincinnati Reds and New York Giants expressed interest in Ruth , but Dunn sold his contract , along with those of pitchers Ernie Shore and Ben Egan , to the Boston Red Sox of the American League ( AL ) on July 4 . The sale price was announced as $25,000 but other reports lower the amount to half that , or possibly $8,500 plus the cancellation of a $3,000 loan . Ruth remained with the Orioles for several days while the Red Sox completed a road trip , and reported to the team in Boston on July 11 . Boston Red Sox ( 1914 -- 1919 ) Developing star Ruth pitching for the Boston Red Sox On July 11 , 1914 , Ruth arrived in Boston with Egan and Shore . Ruth later told the story of how that morning he had met Helen Woodford , who was the girl that would be his first wife . She was a 16 - year - old waitress at Landers Coffee Shop , and Ruth related that she served him when he had breakfast there . Other stories , though , suggested that the meeting occurred on another day , and perhaps under other circumstances . Regardless of when he began to woo his first wife , he won his first game as a pitcher for the Red Sox that afternoon , 4 -- 3 , over the Cleveland Naps . His catcher was Bill Carrigan , who was also the Red Sox manager . Shore was given a start by Carrigan the next day ; he won that and his second start and thereafter was pitched regularly . Ruth lost his second start , and was thereafter little used . As a batter in his major - league debut , Ruth went 0 - for - 2 against left - hander Willie Mitchell , striking out in his first at bat , before being removed for a pinch hitter in the seventh inning . Ruth was not much noticed by the fans , as Bostonians watched the Red Sox 's crosstown rivals , the Braves , begin a legendary comeback that would take them from last place on the Fourth of July to the 1914 World Series championship . Egan was traded to Cleveland after two weeks on the Boston roster . During his time as a Red Sox , he kept an eye on the inexperienced Ruth , much as Dunn had in Baltimore . When he was traded , no one took his place as supervisor . Ruth 's new teammates considered him brash , and would have preferred him , as a rookie , to remain quiet and inconspicuous . When Ruth insisted on taking batting practice despite his being both a rookie who did not play regularly , and a pitcher , he arrived to find his bats sawn in half . His teammates nicknamed him `` the Big Baboon '' , a name the swarthy Ruth , who had disliked the nickname `` Niggerlips '' at St. Mary 's , detested . Ruth had received a raise on promotion to the major leagues , and quickly acquired tastes for fine food , liquor , and women , among other temptations . Manager Carrigan allowed Ruth to pitch two exhibition games in mid-August . Although Ruth won both against minor - league competition , he was not restored to the pitching rotation . It is uncertain why Carrigan did not give Ruth additional opportunities to pitch . There are legends -- filmed for the screen in The Babe Ruth Story ( 1948 ) -- that the young pitcher had a habit of signaling his intent to throw a curveball by sticking out his tongue slightly , and that he was easy to hit until this changed . Creamer pointed out that it is common for inexperienced pitchers to display such habits , and the need to break Ruth of his would not constitute a reason to not use him at all . The biographer suggested that Carrigan was unwilling to use Ruth due to poor behavior by the rookie . 1914 Providence Grays with Babe Ruth ( top row , center ) On July 30 , 1914 , Boston owner Joseph Lannin had purchased the minor - league Providence Grays , members of the International League . The Providence team had been owned by several people associated with the Detroit Tigers , including star hitter Ty Cobb , and as part of the transaction , a Providence pitcher was sent to the Tigers . To soothe Providence fans upset at losing a star , Lannin announced that the Red Sox would soon send a replacement to the Grays . This was intended to be Ruth , but his departure for Providence was delayed when Cincinnati Reds owner Garry Herrmann claimed him off waivers . After Lannin wrote to Herrmann explaining that the Red Sox wanted Ruth in Providence so he could develop as a player , and would not release him to a major league club , Herrmann allowed Ruth to be sent to the minors . Carrigan later stated that Ruth was not sent down to Providence to make him a better player , but to help the Grays win the International League pennant ( league championship ) . Ruth joined the Grays on August 18 , 1914 . After Dunn 's deals , the Baltimore Orioles managed to hold on to first place until August 15 , after which they continued to fade , leaving the pennant race between Providence and Rochester . Ruth was deeply impressed by Providence manager `` Wild Bill '' Donovan , previously a star pitcher with a 25 -- 4 win -- loss record for Detroit in 1907 ; in later years , he credited Donovan with teaching him much about pitching . Ruth was often called upon to pitch , in one stretch starting ( and winning ) four games in eight days . On September 5 at Maple Leaf Park in Toronto , Ruth pitched a one - hit 9 -- 0 victory , and hit his first professional home run , his only one as a minor leaguer , off Ellis Johnson . Recalled to Boston after Providence finished the season in first place , he pitched and won a game for the Red Sox against the New York Yankees on October 2 , getting his first major league hit , a double . Ruth finished the season with a record of 2 -- 1 as a major leaguer and 23 -- 8 in the International League ( for Baltimore and Providence ) . Once the season concluded , Ruth married Helen in Ellicott City , Maryland . Creamer speculated that they did not marry in Baltimore , where the newlyweds boarded with George Ruth Sr. , to avoid possible interference from those at St. Mary 's -- both bride and groom were not yet of age and Ruth remained on parole from that institution until his 21st birthday . In March 1915 , Ruth reported to Hot Springs , Arkansas for his first major league spring training . Despite a relatively successful first season , he was not slated to start regularly for the Red Sox , who already had two stellar left - handed pitchers : the established stars Dutch Leonard , who had broken the record for the lowest earned run average ( ERA ) in a single season ; and Ray Collins , a 20 - game winner in both 1913 and 1914 . Ruth was ineffective in his first start , taking the loss in the third game of the season . Injuries and ineffective pitching by other Boston pitchers gave Ruth another chance , and after some good relief appearances , Carrigan allowed Ruth another start , and he won a rain - shortened seven inning game . Ten days later , the manager had him start against the New York Yankees at the Polo Grounds . Ruth took a 3 -- 2 lead into the ninth , but lost the game 4 -- 3 in 13 innings . Ruth , hitting ninth as was customary for pitchers , hit a massive home run into the upper deck in right field off of Jack Warhop . At the time , home runs were rare in baseball , and Ruth 's majestic shot awed the crowd . The winning pitcher , Warhop , would in August 1915 conclude a major league career of eight seasons , undistinguished but for being the first major league pitcher to give up a home run to Babe Ruth . Ruth during batting practice in 1916 . Carrigan was sufficiently impressed by Ruth 's pitching to give him a spot in the starting rotation . Ruth finished the 1915 season 18 -- 8 as a pitcher ; as a hitter , he batted . 315 and had four home runs . The Red Sox won the AL pennant , but with the pitching staff healthy , Ruth was not called upon to pitch in the 1915 World Series against the Philadelphia Phillies . Boston won in five games ; Ruth was used as a pinch hitter in Game Five , but grounded out against Phillies ace Grover Cleveland Alexander . Despite his success as a pitcher , Ruth was acquiring a reputation for long home runs ; at Sportsman 's Park against the St. Louis Browns , a Ruth hit soared over Grand Avenue , breaking the window of a Chevrolet dealership . In 1916 , there was attention focused on Ruth for his pitching , as he engaged in repeated pitching duels with the ace of the Washington Senators , Walter Johnson . The two met five times during the season , with Ruth winning four and Johnson one ( Ruth had a no decision in Johnson 's victory ) . Two of Ruth 's victories were by the score of 1 -- 0 , one in a 13 - inning game . Of the 1 -- 0 shutout decided without extra innings , AL President Ban Johnson stated , `` That was one of the best ball games I have ever seen . '' For the season , Ruth went 23 -- 12 , with a 1.75 ERA and nine shutouts , both of which led the league . Ruth 's nine shutouts in 1916 set a league record for left - handers that would remain unmatched until Ron Guidry tied it in 1978 . The Red Sox won the pennant and World Series again , this time defeating the Brooklyn Superbas ( as the Dodgers were then known ) in five games . Ruth started and won Game 2 , 2 -- 1 , in 14 innings . Until another game of that length was played in 2005 , this was the longest World Series game , and Ruth 's pitching performance is still the longest postseason complete game victory . Carrigan retired as player and manager after 1916 , returning to his native Maine to be a businessman . Ruth , who played under four managers who are in the National Baseball Hall of Fame , always maintained that Carrigan , who is not enshrined there , was the best skipper he ever played for . There were other changes in the Red Sox organization that offseason , as Lannin sold the team to a three - man group headed by New York theatrical promoter Harry Frazee . Jack Barry was hired by Frazee as manager . Emergence as a hitter Ruth went 24 -- 13 with a 2.01 ERA and six shutouts in 1917 , but the Sox finished in second place in the league , nine games behind the Chicago White Sox in the standings . On June 23 at Washington , Ruth made a memorable pitching start . When home plate umpire ' Brick ' Owens called the first four pitches as balls , Ruth threw a punch at him , and was ejected from the game and later suspended for ten days and fined $100 . Ernie Shore was called in to relieve Ruth , and was allowed eight warm - up pitches . The runner who had reached base on the walk was caught stealing , and Shore retired all 26 batters he faced to win the game . Shore 's feat was listed as a perfect game for many years ; in 1991 , Major League Baseball 's ( MLB ) Committee on Statistical Accuracy caused it to be listed as a combined no - hitter . In 1917 , Ruth was little - used as a batter , other than for his plate appearances while pitching , and hit . 325 with two home runs . Ruth in 1918 , his penultimate year with the Red Sox The entry of the United States into World War I occurred at the start of the season and overshadowed the sport . Conscription was introduced in September 1917 , and most baseball players in the big leagues were of draft age . This included Barry , who was a player - manager , and who joined the Naval Reserve in an attempt to avoid the draft , only to be called up after the 1917 season . Frazee hired International League President Ed Barrow as Red Sox manager . Barrow had spent the previous 30 years in a variety of baseball jobs , though he never played the game professionally . With the major leagues shorthanded due to the war , Barrow had many holes in the Red Sox lineup to fill . Ruth also noticed these vacancies in the lineup ; he was dissatisfied in the role of a pitcher who appeared every four or five days and wanted to play every day at another position . Barrow used Ruth at first base and in the outfield during the exhibition season , but he restricted him to pitching as the team moved towards Boston and the season opener . At the time , Ruth was possibly the best left - handed pitcher in baseball , and allowing him to play another position was an experiment that could have backfired . Inexperienced as a manager , Barrow had player Harry Hooper advise him on baseball game strategy . Hooper urged his manager to allow Ruth to play another position when he was not pitching , arguing to Barrow , who had invested in the club , that the crowds were larger on days when Ruth played , as they were attracted by his hitting . Barrow gave in early in May ; Ruth promptly hit home runs in four consecutive games ( one an exhibition ) , the last off of Walter Johnson . For the first time in his career ( disregarding pinch - hitting appearances ) , Ruth was assigned a place in the batting order higher than ninth . Although Barrow predicted that Ruth would beg to return to pitching the first time he experienced a batting slump , that did not occur . Barrow used Ruth primarily as an outfielder in the war - shortened 1918 season . Ruth hit . 300 , with 11 home runs , enough to secure him a share of the major league home run title with Tillie Walker of the Philadelphia Athletics . He was still occasionally used as a pitcher , and had a 13 -- 7 record with a 2.22 ERA . In 1918 , the Red Sox won their third pennant in four years and faced the Chicago Cubs in the World Series , which began on September 5 , the earliest date in history . The season had been shortened because the government had ruled that baseball players who were eligible for the military would have to be inducted or work in critical war industries , such as armaments plants . Ruth pitched and won Game One for the Red Sox , a 1 -- 0 shutout . Before Game Four , Ruth injured his left hand in a fight ; he pitched anyway . He gave up seven hits and six walks , but was helped by outstanding fielding behind him and by his own batting efforts , as a fourth - inning triple by Ruth gave his team a 2 -- 0 lead . The Cubs tied the game in the eighth inning , but the Red Sox scored to take a 3 -- 2 again in the bottom of that inning . After Ruth gave up a hit and a walk to start the ninth inning , he was relieved on the mound by Joe Bush . To keep Ruth and his bat in the game , he was sent to play left field . Bush retired the side to give Ruth his second win of the Series , and the third and last World Series pitching victory of his career , against no defeats , in three pitching appearances . Ruth 's effort gave his team a three - games - to - one lead , and two days later the Red Sox won their third Series in four years , four - games - to - two . Before allowing the Cubs to score in Game Four , Ruth pitched 29 ⁄ consecutive scoreless innings , a record for the World Series that stood for more than 40 years until 1961 , broken by Whitey Ford after Ruth 's death . Ruth was prouder of that record than he was of any of his batting feats . Ruth in 1919 With the World Series over , Ruth gained exemption from the war draft by accepting a nominal position with a Pennsylvania steel mill . Many industrial establishments took pride in their baseball teams and sought to hire major leaguers . The end of the war in November set Ruth free to play baseball without such contrivances . During the 1919 season , Ruth was used as a pitcher in only 17 of his 130 games and compiled an 8 -- 5 record . Barrow used him as a pitcher mostly in the early part of the season , when the Red Sox manager still had hopes of a second consecutive pennant . By late June , the Red Sox were clearly out of the race , and Barrow had no objection to Ruth concentrating on his hitting , if only because it drew people to the ballpark . Ruth had hit a home run against the Yankees on Opening Day , and another during a month - long batting slump that soon followed . Relieved of his pitching duties , Ruth began an unprecedented spell of slugging home runs , which gave him widespread public and press attention . Even his failures were seen as majestic -- one sportswriter noted , `` When Ruth misses a swipe at the ball , the stands quiver '' . Two home runs by Ruth on July 5 , and one in each of two consecutive games a week later , raised his season total to 11 , tying his career best from 1918 . The first record to fall was the AL single - season mark of 16 , set by Ralph `` Socks '' Seybold in 1902 . Ruth matched that on July 29 , then pulled ahead toward the major league record of 24 , set by Buck Freeman in 1899 . Ruth reached this on September 8 , by which time , writers had discovered that Ned Williamson of the 1884 Chicago White Stockings had hit 27 -- though in a ballpark where the distance to right field was only 215 feet ( 66 m ) . On September 20 , `` Babe Ruth Day '' at Fenway Park , Ruth won the game with a home run in the bottom of the ninth inning , tying Williamson . He broke the record four days later against the Yankees at the Polo Grounds , and hit one more against the Senators to finish with 29 . The home run at Washington made Ruth the first major league player to hit a home run at all eight ballparks in his league . In spite of Ruth 's hitting heroics , the Red Sox finished sixth , 20 ⁄ games behind the league champion White Sox . Sale to New York As an out - of - towner from New York City , Frazee had been regarded with suspicion by Boston 's sportswriters and baseball fans when he bought the team . He won them over with success on the field and a willingness to build the Red Sox by purchasing or trading for players . He offered the Senators $60,000 for Walter Johnson , but Washington owner Clark Griffith was unwilling . Even so , Frazee was successful in bringing other players to Boston , especially as replacements for players in the military . This willingness to spend for players helped the Red Sox secure the 1918 title . The 1919 season saw record - breaking attendance , and Ruth 's home runs for Boston made him a national sensation . In March 1919 Ruth was reported as having accepted a three - year contract for a total of $27,000 , after protracted negotiations . Nevertheless , on December 26 , 1919 , Frazee sold Ruth 's contract to the New York Yankees . Ruth in his first year with the New York Yankees , 1920 Not all of the circumstances concerning the sale are known , but brewer and former congressman Jacob Ruppert , the New York team 's principal owner , reportedly asked Yankee manager Miller Huggins what the team needed to be successful . `` Get Ruth from Boston '' , Huggins supposedly replied , noting that Frazee was perennially in need of money to finance his theatrical productions . In any event , there was precedent for the Ruth transaction : when Boston pitcher Carl Mays left the Red Sox in a 1919 dispute , Frazee had settled the matter by selling Mays to the Yankees , though over the opposition of AL President Johnson . According to one of Ruth 's biographers , Jim Reisler , `` why Frazee needed cash in 1919 -- and large infusions of it quickly -- is still , more than 80 years later , a bit of a mystery '' . The often - told story is that Frazee needed money to finance the musical No , No , Nanette , which was a Broadway hit and brought Frazee financial security . That play did not open until 1925 , however , by which time Frazee had sold the Red Sox . Still , the story may be true in essence : No , No , Nanette was based on a Frazee - produced play , My Lady Friends , which opened in 1919 . There were other financial pressures on Frazee , despite his team 's success . Ruth , fully aware of baseball 's popularity and his role in it , wanted to renegotiate his contract , signed before the 1919 season for $10,000 per year through 1921 . He demanded that his salary be doubled , or he would sit out the season and cash in on his popularity through other ventures . Ruth 's salary demands were causing other players to ask for more money . Additionally , Frazee still owed Lannin as much as $125,000 from the purchase of the club . Although Ruppert and his co-owner , Colonel Tillinghast Huston , were both wealthy , and had aggressively purchased and traded for players in 1918 and 1919 to build a winning team , Ruppert faced losses in his brewing interests as Prohibition was implemented , and if their team left the Polo Grounds , where the Yankees were the tenants of the New York Giants , building a stadium in New York would be expensive . Nevertheless , when Frazee , who moved in the same social circles as Huston , hinted to the colonel that Ruth was available for the right price , the Yankees owners quickly pursued the purchase . Frazee sold the rights to Babe Ruth for $100,000 , the largest sum ever paid for a baseball player . The deal also involved a $350,000 loan from Ruppert to Frazee , secured by a mortgage on Fenway Park . Once it was agreed , Frazee informed Barrow , who , stunned , told the owner that he was getting the worse end of the bargain . Cynics have suggested that Barrow may have played a larger role in the Ruth sale , as less than a year after , he became the Yankee general manager , and in the following years made a number of purchases of Red Sox players from Frazee . The $100,000 price included $25,000 in cash , and notes for the same amount due November 1 in 1920 , 1921 , and 1922 ; Ruppert and Huston assisted Frazee in selling the notes to banks for immediate cash . The transaction was contingent on Ruth signing a new contract , which was quickly accomplished -- Ruth agreed to fulfill the remaining two years on his contract , but was given a $20,000 bonus , payable over two seasons . The deal was announced on January 6 , 1920 . Reaction in Boston was mixed : some fans were embittered at the loss of Ruth ; others conceded that the slugger had become difficult to deal with . The New York Times suggested presciently , `` The short right field wall at the Polo Grounds should prove an easy target for Ruth next season and , playing seventy - seven games at home , it would not be surprising if Ruth surpassed his home run record of twenty - nine circuit clouts next Summer . '' According to Reisler , `` The Yankees had pulled off the sports steal of the century . '' According to Marty Appel in his history of the Yankees , the transaction , `` changed the fortunes of two high - profile franchises for decades '' . The Red Sox , winners of five of the first sixteen World Series , those played between 1903 and 1919 , would not win another pennant until 1946 , or another World Series until 2004 , a drought attributed in baseball superstition to Frazee 's sale of Ruth and sometimes dubbed the `` Curse of the Bambino '' . The Yankees , on the other hand , had not won the AL championship prior to their acquisition of Ruth . They won seven AL pennants and four World Series with Ruth , and lead baseball with 40 pennants and 27 World Series titles in their history . New York Yankees ( 1920 -- 1934 ) Initial success ( 1920 -- 1923 ) When Ruth signed with the Yankees , he completed his transition from a pitcher to a power - hitting outfielder . His fifteen - season Yankee career consisted of over 2,000 games , and Ruth broke many batting records while making only five widely scattered appearances on the mound , winning all of them . At the end of April 1920 , the Yankees were 4 -- 7 , with the Red Sox leading the league with a 10 -- 2 mark . Ruth had done little , having injured himself swinging the bat . Both situations began to change on May 1 , when Ruth hit a tape measure home that sent the ball completely out of the Polo Grounds , a feat believed to have been previously accomplished only by Shoeless Joe Jackson . The Yankees won , 6 -- 0 , taking three out of four from the Red Sox . Ruth hit his second home run on May 2 , and by the end of the month had set a major league record for home runs in a month with 11 , and promptly broke it with 13 in June . Fans responded with record attendance figures . On May 16 , Ruth and the Yankees drew 38,600 to the Polo Grounds , a record for the ballpark , and 15,000 fans were turned away . Large crowds jammed stadiums to see Ruth play when the Yankees were on the road . `` How Does He Do It ? '' In this Clifford Berryman cartoon , presidential candidates Warren G. Harding and James M. Cox wonder at Ruth 's record home run pace . The home runs kept on coming . Ruth tied his own record of 29 on July 15 and broke it with home runs in both games of a doubleheader four days later . By the end of July , he had 37 , but his pace slackened somewhat after that . Nevertheless , on September 4 , he both tied and broke the organized baseball record for home runs in a season , snapping Perry Werden 's 1895 mark of 44 in the minor Western League . The Yankees played well as a team , battling for the league lead early in the summer , but slumped in August in the AL pennant battle with Chicago and Cleveland . The pennant and the World Series were won by Cleveland , who surged ahead after the Black Sox Scandal broke on September 28 and led to the suspension of many of Chicago 's top players , including Shoeless Joe Jackson . The Yankees finished third , but drew 1.2 million fans to the Polo Grounds , the first time a team had drawn a seven - figure attendance . The rest of the league sold 600,000 more tickets , many fans there to see Ruth , who led the league with 54 home runs , 158 runs , and 137 runs batted in ( RBIs ) . In 1920 and afterwards , Ruth was aided in his power hitting by the fact that A.J. Reach Company -- the maker of baseballs used in the major leagues -- was using a more efficient machine to wind the yarn found within the baseball . The new baseballs went into play in 1920 and ushered the start of the live - ball era ; the number of home runs across the major leagues increased by 184 over the previous year . Baseball statistician Bill James pointed out that while Ruth was likely aided by the change in the baseball , there were other factors at work , including the gradual abolition of the spitball ( accelerated after the death of Ray Chapman , struck by a pitched ball thrown by Mays in August 1920 ) and the more frequent use of new baseballs ( also a response to Chapman 's death ) . Nevertheless , James theorized that Ruth 's 1920 explosion might have happened in 1919 , had a full season of 154 games been played rather than 140 , had Ruth refrained from pitching 133 innings that season , and if he were playing at any other home field but Fenway Park , where he hit only 9 of 29 home runs . Ruth and Shoeless Joe Jackson looking at one of Babe 's home run bats , 1920 Yankees business manager Harry Sparrow had died early in the 1920 season . Ruppert and Huston hired Barrow to replace him . The two men quickly made a deal with Frazee for New York to acquire some of the players who would be mainstays of the early Yankee pennant - winning teams , including catcher Wally Schang and pitcher Waite Hoyt . The 21 - year - old Hoyt became close to Ruth : The outrageous life fascinated Hoyt , the do n't - give - a-shit freedom of it , the nonstop , pell - mell charge into excess . How did a man drink so much and never get drunk ? ... The puzzle of Babe Ruth never was dull , no matter how many times Hoyt picked up the pieces and stared at them . After games he would follow the crowd to the Babe 's suite . No matter what the town , the beer would be iced and the bottles would fill the bathtub . Ruth hit home runs early and often in the 1921 season , during which he broke Roger Connor 's mark for home runs in a career , 138 . Each of the almost 600 home runs Ruth hit in his career after that extended his own record . After a slow start , the Yankees were soon locked in a tight pennant race with Cleveland , winners of the 1920 World Series . On September 15 , Ruth hit his 55th home run , shattering his year - old single season record . In late September , the Yankees visited Cleveland and won three out of four games , giving them the upper hand in the race , and clinched their first pennant a few days later . Ruth finished the regular season with 59 home runs , batting . 378 and with a slugging percentage of . 846 . The Yankees had high expectations when they met the New York Giants in the 1921 World Series , every game of which was played in the Polo Grounds . The Yankees won the first two games with Ruth in the lineup . However , Ruth badly scraped his elbow during Game 2 when he slid into third base ( he had walked and stolen both second and third bases ) . After the game , he was told by the team physician not to play the rest of the series . Despite this advice , he did play in the next three games , and pinch - hit in Game Eight of the best - of - nine series , but the Yankees lost , five games to three . Ruth hit . 316 , drove in five runs and hit his first World Series home run . Babe Ruth in the stands on Opening Day , April 12 , 1922 , at Griffith Stadium in Washington , D.C. After the Series , Ruth and teammates Bob Meusel and Bill Piercy participated in a barnstorming tour in the Northeast . A rule then in force prohibited World Series participants from playing in exhibition games during the offseason , the purpose being to prevent Series participants from replicating the Series and undermining its value . Baseball Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis suspended the trio until May 20 , 1922 , and fined them their 1921 World Series checks . In August 1922 , the rule was changed to allow limited barnstorming for World Series participants , with Landis 's permission required . On March 6 , 1922 , Ruth signed a new contract for three years at $52,000 a year . This was the largest sum ever paid to a ballplayer up to that point , and it represented 40 % of the team 's player payroll . Despite his suspension , Ruth was named the Yankees ' new on - field captain prior to the 1922 season . During the suspension , he worked out with the team in the morning and played exhibition games with the Yankees on their off days . He and Meusel returned on May 20 to a sellout crowd at the Polo Grounds , but Ruth batted 0 - for - 4 and was booed . On May 25 , he was thrown out of the game for throwing dust in umpire George Hildebrand 's face , then climbed into the stands to confront a heckler . Ban Johnson ordered him fined , suspended , and stripped of position as team captain . In his shortened season , Ruth appeared in 110 games , batted . 315 , with 35 home runs , and drove in 99 runs , but the 1922 season was a disappointment in comparison to his two previous dominating years . Despite Ruth 's off - year , the Yankees managed to win the pennant and faced the New York Giants in the World Series for the second consecutive year . In the Series , Giants manager John McGraw instructed his pitchers to throw him nothing but curveballs , and Ruth never adjusted . Ruth had just two hits in seventeen at bats , and the Yankees lost to the Giants for the second straight year , by 4 -- 0 ( with one tie game ) . Sportswriter Joe Vila called him , `` an exploded phenomenon '' . After the season , Ruth was a guest at an Elks Club banquet , set up by Ruth 's agent with Yankee team support . There , each speaker , concluding with future New York mayor Jimmy Walker , censured him for his poor behavior . An emotional Ruth promised reform , and , to the surprise of many , followed through . When he reported to spring training , he was in his best shape as a Yankee , weighing only 210 pounds ( 95 kg ) . The Yankees ' status as tenants of the Giants at the Polo Grounds had become increasingly uneasy , and in 1922 , Giants owner Charles Stoneham stated that the Yankees ' lease , expiring after that season , would not be renewed . Ruppert and Huston had long contemplated a new stadium , and had taken an option on property at 161st Street and River Avenue in the Bronx . Yankee Stadium was completed in time for the home opener on April 18 , 1923 , at which the Babe hit the first home run in what was quickly dubbed `` the House that Ruth Built '' . The ballpark was designed with Ruth in mind : although the venue 's left - field fence was further from home plate than at the Polo Grounds , Yankee Stadium 's right - field fence was closer , making home runs easier to hit for left - handed batters . To spare Ruth 's eyes , right field -- his defensive position -- was not pointed into the afternoon sun , as was traditional ; left fielder Meusel was soon suffering headaches from squinting toward home plate . During the 1923 season , The Yankees were never seriously challenged and won the AL pennant by 17 games . Ruth finished the season with a career - high . 393 batting average and 41 home runs , which tied Cy Williams for the most in the major - leagues that year . Ruth hit a career high 45 doubles in 1923 , and he reached base 379 times , then a major league record . For the third straight year , the Yankees faced the Giants in the World Series , which Ruth dominated . He batted . 368 , walked eight times , scored eight runs , hit three home runs and slugged 1.000 during the series , as the Yankees christened their new stadium with their first World Series championship , four games to two . Batting title and `` bellyache '' ( 1924 -- 1925 ) Ruth after losing consciousness from running into the wall at Griffith Stadium during a game against the Washington Senators on July 5 , 1924 . Ruth insisted on staying in the game , despite evident pain and a bruised pelvic bone , and hit a double in his next at - bat . Note the absence of a warning track along the outfield wall . In 1924 , the Yankees were favored to become the first team to win four consecutive pennants . Plagued by injuries , they found themselves in a battle with the Senators . Although the Yankees won 18 of 22 at one point in September , the Senators beat out the Yankees by two games . Ruth hit . 378 , winning his only AL batting title , with a league - leading 46 home runs . Ruth had kept up his efforts to stay in shape in 1923 and 1924 , but by early 1925 weighed nearly 260 pounds ( 120 kg ) . His annual visit to Hot Springs , Arkansas , where he exercised and took saunas early in the year , did him no good as he spent much of the time carousing in the resort town . He became ill while there , and suffered relapses during spring training . Ruth collapsed in Asheville , North Carolina , as the team journeyed north . He was put on a train for New York , where he was briefly hospitalized . A rumor circulated that he had died , prompting British newspapers to print a premature obituary . In New York , Ruth collapsed again and was found unconscious in his hotel bathroom . He was taken to a hospital where he suffered multiple convulsions . After sportswriter W.O. McGeehan wrote that Ruth 's illness was due to binging on hot dogs and soda pop before a game , it became known as `` the bellyache heard ' round the world '' . However , the exact cause of his ailment has never been confirmed and remains a mystery . Glenn Stout , in his history of the Yankees , notes that the Ruth legend is `` still one of the most sheltered in sports '' ; he suggests that alcohol was at the root of Ruth 's illness , pointing to the fact that Ruth remained six weeks at St. Vincent 's Hospital but was allowed to leave , under supervision , for workouts with the team for part of that time . He concludes that the hospitalization was behavior - related . Playing just 98 games , Ruth had his worst season as a Yankee ; he finished with a . 290 average and 25 home runs . The Yankees finished next to last in the AL with a 69 -- 85 record , their last season with a losing record until 1965 . Murderer 's Row ( 1926 -- 1928 ) Ruth spent part of the offseason of 1925 -- 26 working out at Artie McGovern 's gym , where he got back into shape . Barrow and Huggins had rebuilt the team and surrounded the veteran core with good young players like Tony Lazzeri and Lou Gehrig , but the Yankees were not expected to win the pennant . Ruth returned to his normal production during 1926 , when he batted . 372 with 47 home runs and 146 RBIs . The Yankees built a 10 - game lead by mid-June and coasted to win the pennant by three games . The St. Louis Cardinals had won the National League with the lowest winning percentage for a pennant winner to that point (. 578 ) and the Yankees were expected to win the World Series easily . Although the Yankees won the opener in New York , St. Louis took Games Two and Three . In Game Four , Ruth hit three home runs -- the first time this had been done in a World Series game -- to lead the Yankees to victory . In the fifth game , Ruth caught a ball as he crashed into the fence . The play was described by baseball writers as a defensive gem . New York took that game , but Grover Cleveland Alexander won Game Six for St. Louis to tie the Series at three games each , then got very drunk . He was nevertheless inserted into Game Seven in the seventh inning and shut down the Yankees to win the game , 3 -- 2 , and win the Series . Ruth had hit his fourth home run of the Series earlier in the game , and was the only Yankee to reach base off Alexander , walking in the ninth inning before being caught stealing to end the game . Although Ruth 's attempt to steal second is often deemed a baserunning blunder , Creamer pointed out that the Yankees ' chances of tying the game would have been greatly improved with a runner in scoring position . Ruth took time off in 1927 to star with Anna Q. Nilsson in this First National silent production Babe Comes Home . This film is now lost . The 1926 World Series was also known for Ruth 's promise to Johnny Sylvester , a hospitalized 11 - year - old boy . Ruth promised the child that he would hit a home run on his behalf . Sylvester had been injured in a fall from a horse , and a friend of Sylvester 's father gave the boy two autographed baseballs signed by Yankees and Cardinals . The friend relayed a promise from Ruth ( who did not know the boy ) that he would hit a home run for him . After the Series , Ruth visited the boy in the hospital . When the matter became public , the press greatly inflated it , and by some accounts , Ruth allegedly saved the boy 's life by visiting him , emotionally promising to hit a home run , and doing so . The 1927 New York Yankees team is considered one of the greatest squads to ever take the field . Known as Murderer 's Row because of the power of its lineup , the team clinched first place on Labor Day , won a then - AL - record 110 games and took the AL pennant by 19 games . There was no suspense in the pennant race , and the nation turned its attention to Ruth 's pursuit of his own single - season home run record of 59 round trippers . Ruth was not alone in this chase . Teammate Lou Gehrig proved to be a slugger who was capable of challenging Ruth for his home run crown ; he tied Ruth with 24 home runs late in June . Through July and August , the dynamic duo was never separated by more than two home runs . Gehrig took the lead , 45 -- 44 , in the first game of a doubleheader at Fenway Park early in September ; Ruth responded with two blasts of his own to take the lead , as it proved permanently -- Gehrig finished with 47 . Even so , as of September 6 , Ruth was still several games off his 1921 pace , and going into the final series against the Senators , had only 57 . He hit two in the first game of the series , including one off of Paul Hopkins , facing his first major league batter , to tie the record . The following day , September 30 , he broke it with his 60th homer , in the eighth inning off Tom Zachary to break a 2 -- 2 tie . `` Sixty ! Let 's see some son of a bitch try to top that one '' , Ruth exulted after the game . In addition to his career - high 60 home runs , Ruth batted . 356 , drove in 164 runs and slugged . 772 . In the 1927 World Series , the Yankees swept the Pittsburgh Pirates in four games ; the National Leaguers were disheartened after watching the Yankees take batting practice before Game One , with ball after ball leaving Forbes Field . According to Appel , `` The 1927 New York Yankees . Even today , the words inspire awe ... all baseball success is measured against the ' 27 team . '' Lou Gehrig , Tris Speaker , Ty Cobb , and Babe , 1928 The following season started off well for the Yankees , who led the league in the early going . But the Yankees were plagued by injuries , erratic pitching and inconsistent play . The Philadelphia Athletics , rebuilding after some lean years , erased the Yankees ' big lead and even took over first place briefly in early September . The Yankees , however , regained first place when they beat the Athletics three out of four games in a pivotal series at Yankee Stadium later that month , and clinched the pennant in the final weekend of the season . Ruth 's play in 1928 mirrored his team 's performance . He got off to a hot start and on August 1 , he had 42 home runs . This put him ahead of his 60 home run pace from the previous season . He then slumped for the latter part of the season , and he hit just twelve home runs in the last two months . Ruth 's batting average also fell to . 323 , well below his career average . Nevertheless , he ended the season with 54 home runs . The Yankees swept the favored Cardinals in four games in the World Series , with Ruth batting . 625 and hitting three home runs in Game Four , including one off Alexander . `` Called shot '' and final Yankee years ( 1929 -- 1934 ) Further information : Babe Ruth 's called shot 1933 Goudey Sport Kings baseball card Before the 1929 season , Ruppert ( who had bought out Huston in 1923 ) announced that the Yankees would wear uniform numbers to allow fans at cavernous Yankee Stadium to easily identify the players . The Cardinals and Indians had each experimented with uniform numbers ; the Yankees were the first to use them on both home and away uniforms . Ruth batted third and was given number 3 . According to a long - standing baseball legend , the Yankees adopted their now - iconic pinstriped uniforms in hopes of making Ruth look slimmer . In truth , though , they had been wearing pinstripes since Ruppert bought the team in 1915 . Although the Yankees started well , the Athletics soon proved they were the better team in 1929 , splitting two series with the Yankees in the first month of the season , then taking advantage of a Yankee losing streak in mid-May to gain first place . Although Ruth performed well , the Yankees were not able to catch the Athletics -- Connie Mack had built another great team . Tragedy struck the Yankees late in the year as manager Huggins died at 51 of erysipelas , a bacterial skin infection , on September 25 , only ten days after he had last directed the team . Despite their past differences , Ruth praised Huggins and described him as a `` great guy '' . The Yankees finished second , 18 games behind the Athletics . Ruth hit . 345 during the season , with 46 home runs and 154 RBIs . On October 17 , the Yankees hired Bob Shawkey as manager ; he was their fourth choice . Ruth had politicked for the job of player - manager , but Ruppert and Barrow never seriously considered him for the position . Stout deemed this the first hint Ruth would have no future with the Yankees once he retired as a player . Shawkey , a former Yankees player and teammate of Ruth , would prove unable to command the slugger 's respect . On January 7 , 1930 , salary negotiations between the Yankees and Ruth quickly broke down . Having just concluded a three - year contract at an annual salary of $70,000 , Ruth promptly rejected both the Yankees ' initial proposal of $70,000 for one year and their ' final ' offer of two years at seventy - five -- the latter figure equalling the annual salary of then US President Herbert Hoover ; instead , Ruth demanded at least $85,000 and three years . When asked why he thought he was `` worth more than the President of the United States , '' Ruth responded : `` Say , if I had n't been sick last summer , I 'd have broken hell out of that home run record ! Besides , the President gets a four - year contract . I 'm only asking for three . '' Exactly two months later , a compromise was reached , with Ruth settling for two years at an unprecedented $80,000 per year . In 1930 , Ruth hit . 359 with 49 home runs ( his best in his years after 1928 ) and 153 RBIs , and pitched his first game in nine years , a complete game victory . Nevertheless , the Athletics won their second consecutive pennant and World Series , as the Yankees finished in third place , sixteen games back . At the end of the season , Shawkey was fired and replaced with Cubs manager Joe McCarthy , though Ruth again unsuccessfully sought the job . McCarthy was a disciplinarian , but chose not to interfere with Ruth , and the slugger for his part did not seek conflict with the manager . The team improved in 1931 , but was no match for the Athletics , who won 107 games , 13 ⁄ games in front of the Yankees . Ruth , for his part , hit . 373 , with 46 home runs and 163 RBIs . He had 31 doubles , his most since 1924 . In the 1932 season , the Yankees went 107 -- 47 and won the pennant . Ruth 's effectiveness had decreased somewhat , but he still hit . 341 with 41 home runs and 137 RBIs . Nevertheless , he was sidelined twice due to injuries during the season . The Yankees faced the Cubs , McCarthy 's former team , in the 1932 World Series . There was bad blood between the two teams as the Yankees resented the Cubs only awarding half a World Series share to Mark Koenig , a former Yankee . The games at Yankee Stadium had not been sellouts ; both were won by the home team , with Ruth collecting two singles , but scoring four runs as he was walked four times by the Cubs pitchers . In Chicago , Ruth was resentful at the hostile crowds that met the Yankees ' train and jeered them at the hotel . The crowd for Game Three included New York Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt , the Democratic candidate for president , who sat with Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak . Many in the crowd threw lemons at Ruth , a sign of derision , and others ( as well as the Cubs themselves ) shouted abuse at Ruth and other Yankees . They were briefly silenced when Ruth hit a three - run home run off Charlie Root in the first inning , but soon revived , and the Cubs tied the score at 4 -- 4 in the fourth inning . When Ruth came to the plate in the top of the fifth , the Chicago crowd and players , led by pitcher Guy Bush , were screaming insults at Ruth . With the count at two balls and one strike , Ruth gestured , possibly in the direction of center field , and after the next pitch ( a strike ) , may have pointed there with one hand . Ruth hit the fifth pitch over the center field fence ; estimates were that it traveled nearly 500 feet ( 150 m ) . Whether or not Ruth intended to indicate where he planned to ( and did ) hit the ball , the incident has gone down in legend as Babe Ruth 's called shot . The Yankees won Game Three , and the following day clinched the Series with another victory . During that game , Bush hit Ruth on the arm with a pitch , causing words to be exchanged and provoking a game - winning Yankee rally . Ruth remained productive in 1933 . He batted . 301 , with 34 home runs , 103 RBIs , and a league - leading 114 walks , as the Yankees finished in second place , seven games behind the Senators . Athletics manager Connie Mack selected him to play right field in the first Major League Baseball All - Star Game , held on July 6 , 1933 , at Comiskey Park in Chicago . He hit the first home run in the All - Star Game 's history , a two - run blast against Bill Hallahan during the third inning , which helped the AL win the game 4 -- 2 . During the final game of the 1933 season , as a publicity stunt organized by his team , Ruth was called upon and pitched a complete game victory against the Red Sox , his final appearance as a pitcher . Despite unremarkable pitching numbers , Ruth had a 5 -- 0 record in five games for the Yankees , raising his career totals to 94 -- 46 . In 1934 , Ruth played in his last full season with the Yankees . By this time , years of high living were starting to catch up with him . His conditioning had deteriorated to the point that he could no longer field or run . He accepted a pay cut to $35,000 from Ruppert , but he was still the highest - paid player in the major leagues . He could still handle a bat and recorded a . 288 batting average with 22 home runs ; these were statistics that Reisler described as `` merely mortal '' . Ruth was selected to the AL All - Star team for the second consecutive year , even though he was in the twilight of his career . During the game , New York Giants pitcher Carl Hubbell struck out Ruth and four other future Hall - of - Famers consecutively . The Yankees finished second again , seven games behind the Tigers . Boston Braves ( 1935 ) Ruth in 1935 with the Boston Braves . This was his last year as a player . Although Ruth knew he was nearly finished as a player , he desired to remain in baseball as a manager . He was often spoken of as a possible candidate as managerial jobs opened up , but in 1932 , when he was mentioned as a contender for the Red Sox position , Ruth stated that he was not yet ready to leave the field . There were rumors that Ruth was a likely candidate each time when the Cleveland Indians , Cincinnati Reds , and Detroit Tigers were looking for a manager , but nothing came of them . Just before the 1934 season , Ruppert offered to make Ruth the manager of the Yankees ' top minor - league team , the Newark Bears , but he was talked out of it by his wife , Claire , and his business manager , Christy Walsh . Shortly afterward , Tigers owner Frank Navin made a proposal to Ruppert and Barrow -- if the Yankees traded Ruth to Detroit , Navin would name Ruth player - manager . Navin believed Ruth would not only bring a winning attitude to a team that had not finished higher than third since 1923 , but would also revive the Tigers ' sagging attendance figures . Navin asked Ruth to come to Detroit for an interview . However , Ruth balked , since Walsh had already arranged for him to take part in a celebrity golf tournament in Hawaii . Ruth and Navin negotiated over the phone while Ruth was in Hawaii , but those talks foundered when Navin refused to give Ruth a portion of the Tigers ' box office proceeds . Early in the 1934 season , Ruth openly campaigned to become the Yankees manager . However , the Yankee job was never a serious possibility . Ruppert always supported McCarthy , who would remain in his position for another 12 seasons . Ruth and McCarthy 's relationship had been lukewarm at best , and Ruth 's managerial ambitions further chilled their relations . By the end of the season , Ruth hinted that he would retire unless Ruppert named him manager of the Yankees . When the time came , Ruppert wanted his slugger to leave the team without drama or hard feelings . During the 1934 -- 35 offseason , Ruth circled the world with his wife ; the trip included a barnstorming tour of the Far East . At his final stop in the United Kingdom before returning home , Ruth was introduced to cricket by Australian player Alan Fairfax , and after having little luck in a cricketer 's stance , stood as a baseball batter and launched some massive shots around the field , destroying the bat in the process . Although Fairfax regretted that he could not have the time to make Ruth a cricket player , Ruth had lost any interest in such a career upon learning that the best batsmen made only about $40 per week . Also during the offseason , Ruppert had been sounding out the other clubs in hopes of finding one that would be willing to take Ruth as a manager and / or a player . However , the only serious offer came from Athletics owner - manager Connie Mack , who gave some thought to stepping down as manager in favor of Ruth . However , Mack later dropped the idea , saying that Ruth 's wife would be running the team in a month if Ruth ever took over . While the barnstorming tour was under way , Ruppert began negotiating with Boston Braves owner Judge Emil Fuchs , who wanted Ruth as a gate attraction . The Braves had enjoyed modest recent success , finishing fourth in the National League in both 1933 and 1934 , but the team drew poorly at the box office . Unable to afford the rent at Braves Field , Fuchs had considered holding dog races there when the Braves were not at home , only to be turned down by Landis . After a series of phone calls , letters , and meetings , the Yankees traded Ruth to the Braves on February 26 , 1935 . Ruppert had stated that he would not release Ruth to go to another team as a full - time player . For this reason , it was announced that Ruth would become a team vice president and would be consulted on all club transactions , in addition to playing . He was also made assistant manager to Braves skipper Bill McKechnie . In a long letter to Ruth a few days before the press conference , Fuchs promised Ruth a share in the Braves ' profits , with the possibility of becoming co-owner of the team . Fuchs also raised the possibility of Ruth succeeding McKechnie as manager , perhaps as early as 1936 . Ruppert called the deal `` the greatest opportunity Ruth ever had '' . There was considerable attention as Ruth reported for spring training . He did not hit his first home run of the spring until after the team had left Florida , and was beginning the road north in Savannah . He hit two in an exhibition against the Bears . Amid much press attention , Ruth played his first home game in Boston in over 16 years . Before an opening - day crowd of over 25,000 , including five of New England 's six state governors , Ruth accounted for all of the Braves ' runs in a 4 -- 2 defeat of the New York Giants , hitting a two - run home run , singling to drive in a third run and later in the inning scoring the fourth . Although age and weight had slowed him , he made a running catch in left field that sportswriters deemed the defensive highlight of the game . Ruth had two hits in the second game of the season , but it quickly went downhill both for him and the Braves from there . The season soon settled down to a routine of Ruth performing poorly on the few occasions he even played at all , and the Braves lost most of their games . As April passed into May , Ruth 's physical deterioration became even more pronounced . While he remained productive at the plate early on , he could do little else . His conditioning had become so poor that he could barely trot around the bases . He made so many errors that three Braves pitchers told McKechnie that they would not take the mound if he was in the lineup . Before long , Ruth stopped hitting as well . He grew increasingly annoyed that McKechnie ignored most of his advice . For his part , McKechnie later said that Ruth 's huge salary and refusal to stay with the team while on the road made it nearly impossible to enforce discipline . Ruth soon realized that Fuchs had deceived him , and had no intention of making him manager or giving him any significant off - field duties . He later stated that his only duties as vice president consisted of making public appearances and autographing tickets . Ruth also found out that far from giving him a share of the profits , Fuchs wanted him to invest some of his money in the team in a last - ditch effort to improve its balance sheet . As it turned out , both Fuchs and Ruppert had known all along that Ruth 's non-playing positions were meaningless . By the end of the first month of the season , Ruth concluded he was finished even as a part - time player . As early as May 12 , he asked Fuchs to let him retire . Ultimately , Fuchs persuaded Ruth to remain at least until after the Memorial Day doubleheader in Philadelphia . In the interim was a western road trip , at which the rival teams had scheduled days to honor him . In Chicago and St. Louis , Ruth performed poorly , and his batting average sank to . 155 , with only two additional home runs for a total of three on the season so far . In the first two games in Pittsburgh , Ruth had only one hit , though a long fly caught by Paul Waner probably would have been a home run in any other ballpark besides Forbes Field . Ruth played in the third game of the Pittsburgh series on May 25 , 1935 , and added one more tale to his playing legend . Ruth went 4 - for - 4 , including three home runs , though the Braves lost the game 11 -- 7 . The last two were off Ruth 's old Cubs nemesis , Guy Bush . The final home run , both of the game and of Ruth 's career , sailed over the upper deck in right field and out of the ballpark , the first time anyone had hit a fair ball completely out of Forbes Field . Ruth was urged to make this his last game , but he had given his word to Fuchs and played in Cincinnati and Philadelphia . The first game of the doubleheader in Philadelphia -- the Braves lost both -- was his final major league appearance . Ruth retired on June 2 after an argument with Fuchs . He finished 1935 with a . 181 average -- easily his worst as a full - time position player -- and the final six of his 714 home runs . The Braves , 10 -- 27 when Ruth left , finished 38 -- 115 , at . 248 the worst winning percentage in modern National League history . Insolvent like his team , Fuchs gave up control of the Braves before the end of the season ; the National League took over the franchise at the end of the year . Retirement 1935 -- 1946 Ruth with Gary Cooper in the 1942 film The Pride of the Yankees Although Fuchs had given Ruth his unconditional release , no major league team expressed an interest in hiring him in any capacity . Ruth still hoped to be hired as a manager if he could not play anymore , but only one managerial position , Cleveland , became available between Ruth 's retirement and the end of the 1937 season . Asked if he had considered Ruth for the job , Indians owner Alva Bradley replied negatively . The writer Creamer believed Ruth was unfairly treated in never being given an opportunity to manage a major league club . The author believed there was not necessarily a relationship between personal conduct and managerial success , noting that McGraw , Billy Martin , and Bobby Valentine were winners despite character flaws . Team owners and general managers assessed Ruth 's flamboyant personal habits as a reason to exclude him from a managerial job ; Barrow said of him , `` How can he manage other men when he ca n't even manage himself ? '' Ruth played much golf and in a few exhibition baseball games , where he demonstrated a continuing ability to draw large crowds . This appeal contributed to the Dodgers hiring him as first base coach in 1938 . When Ruth was hired , Brooklyn general manager Larry MacPhail made it clear that Ruth would not be considered for the manager 's job if , as expected , Burleigh Grimes retired at the end of the season . Although much was said about what Ruth could teach the younger players , in practice , his duties were to appear on the field in uniform and encourage base runners -- he was not called upon to relay signs . He got along well with everyone except team captain Leo Durocher , who was hired as Grimes ' replacement at season 's end . Ruth then left his job as a first base coach and would never again work in any capacity in the game of baseball . On July 4 , 1939 , Ruth spoke on Lou Gehrig Appreciation Day at Yankee Stadium as members of the 1927 Yankees and a sellout crowd turned out to honor the first baseman , who was forced into premature retirement by ALS disease , which would kill him two years later . The next week , Ruth went to Cooperstown , New York , for the formal opening of the Baseball Hall of Fame . Three years earlier , he was one of the first five players elected to the hall . As radio broadcasts of baseball games became popular , Ruth sought a job in that field , arguing that his celebrity and knowledge of baseball would assure large audiences , but he received no offers . During World War II , he made many personal appearances to advance the war effort , including his last appearance as a player at Yankee Stadium , in a 1943 exhibition for the Army - Navy Relief Fund . He hit a long fly ball off Walter Johnson ; the blast left the field , curving foul , but Ruth circled the bases anyway . In 1946 , he made a final effort to gain a job in baseball when he contacted new Yankees boss MacPhail , but he was sent a rejection letter . Personal life Ruth and his first wife , Helen Woodford , 1915 Ruth met Helen Woodford ( 1897 -- 1929 ) , by some accounts , in a coffee shop in Boston where she was a waitress , and they were married as teenagers on October 17 , 1914 . Although Ruth later claimed to have been married in Elkton , Maryland , records show that they were married at St. Paul 's Catholic Church in Ellicott City . They adopted a daughter , Dorothy ( 1921 -- 1989 ) , in 1921 . Ruth and Helen separated around 1925 , reportedly due to his repeated infidelities . They appeared in public as a couple for the last time during the 1926 World Series . Helen died in January 1929 at age 31 in a house fire in Watertown , Massachusetts , in a house owned by Edward Kinder , a dentist with whom she had been living as `` Mrs. Kinder '' . In her book , My Dad , the Babe , Dorothy claimed that she was Ruth 's biological child by a mistress named Juanita Jennings . She died in 1989 . On April 17 , 1929 ( only three months after the death of his first wife ) Ruth married actress and model Claire Merritt Hodgson ( 1897 -- 1976 ) and adopted her daughter Julia ; he was 34 and she was 31 . It was the second and final marriage for both parties . By one account , Julia and Dorothy were , through no fault of their own , the reason for the seven - year rift in Ruth 's relationship with teammate Lou Gehrig . Sometime in 1932 , during a conversation that she assumed was private , Gehrig 's mother remarked , `` It 's a shame ( Claire ) does n't dress Dorothy as nicely as she dresses her own daughter . '' When the comment inevitably got back to Ruth , he angrily told Gehrig to tell his mother to mind her own business . Gehrig , in turn , took offense at what he perceived as Ruth 's comment about his mother . The two men reportedly never spoke off the field until they reconciled at Yankee Stadium on Lou Gehrig Appreciation Day , July 4 , 1939 , which was shortly after Gehrig 's retirement from baseball . Although Ruth was married throughout most of his baseball career , when Colonel Huston asked him to tone down his lifestyle , the player said , `` I 'll promise to go easier on drinking and to get to bed earlier , but not for you , fifty thousand dollars , or two - hundred and fifty thousand dollars will I give up women . They 're too much fun . '' Cancer and death ( 1946 -- 48 ) As early as the war years , doctors had cautioned Ruth to take better care of his health , and he grudgingly followed their advice , limiting his drinking and not going on a proposed trip to support the troops in the South Pacific . In 1946 , Ruth began experiencing severe pain over his left eye and had difficulty swallowing . In November 1946 , Ruth entered French Hospital in New York for tests , which revealed that he had an inoperable malignant tumor at the base of his skull and in his neck . The malady was a lesion known as nasopharyngeal carcinoma , or `` lymphoepithelioma . '' His name and fame gave him access to experimental treatments , and he was one of the first cancer patients to receive both drugs and radiation treatment simultaneously . Having lost 80 pounds ( 36 kg ) , he was discharged from the hospital in February and went to Florida to recuperate . He returned to New York and Yankee Stadium after the season started . The new commissioner , Happy Chandler ( Judge Landis had died in 1944 ) , proclaimed April 27 , 1947 , Babe Ruth Day around the major leagues , with the most significant observance to be at Yankee Stadium . A number of teammates and others spoke in honor of Ruth , who briefly addressed the crowd of almost 60,000 . Around this time , developments in chemotherapy offered some hope for Ruth . The doctors had not told Ruth that he had cancer because of his family 's fear that he might do himself harm . They treated him with teropterin , a folic acid derivative ; he may have been the first human subject . Ruth showed dramatic improvement during the summer of 1947 , so much so that his case was presented by his doctors at a scientific meeting , without using his name . He was able to travel around the country , doing promotional work for the Ford Motor Company on American Legion Baseball . He appeared again at another day in his honor at Yankee Stadium in September , but was not well enough to pitch in an old - timers game as he had hoped . Babe Ruth 's number 3 was retired by the New York Yankees in 1948 . The improvement was only a temporary remission , and by late 1947 , Ruth was unable to help with the writing of his autobiography , The Babe Ruth Story , which was almost entirely ghostwritten . In and out of the hospital in Manhattan , he left for Florida in February 1948 , doing what activities he could . After six weeks he returned to New York to appear at a book - signing party . He also traveled to California to witness the filming of the book . On June 5 , 1948 , a `` gaunt and hollowed out '' Ruth visited Yale University to donate a manuscript of The Babe Ruth Story to its library . On June 13 , Ruth visited Yankee Stadium for the final time in his life , appearing at the 25th anniversary celebrations of `` The House that Ruth Built '' . By this time he had lost much weight and had difficulty walking . Introduced along with his surviving teammates from 1923 , Ruth used a bat as a cane . Nat Fein 's photo of Ruth taken from behind , standing near home plate and facing `` Ruthville '' ( right field ) became one of baseball 's most famous and widely circulated photographs , and won the Pulitzer Prize . Ruth made one final trip on behalf of American Legion Baseball , then entered Memorial Hospital , where he would die . He was never told he had cancer , but before his death , had surmised it . He was able to leave the hospital for a few short trips , including a final visit to Baltimore . On July 26 , 1948 , Ruth left the hospital to attend the premiere of the film The Babe Ruth Story . Shortly thereafter , Ruth returned to the hospital for the final time . He was barely able to speak . Ruth 's condition gradually grew worse ; only a few visitors were allowed to see him , one of whom was National League president and future Commissioner of Baseball Ford Frick . `` Ruth was so thin it was unbelievable . He had been such a big man and his arms were just skinny little bones , and his face was so haggard '' , Frick said years later . Thousands of New Yorkers , including many children , stood vigil outside the hospital in Ruth 's final days . On August 16 , 1948 , at 8 : 01 p.m. , Ruth died in his sleep at the age of 53 . His open casket was placed on display in the rotunda of Yankee Stadium , where it remained for two days ; 77,000 people filed past to pay him tribute . His funeral Mass took place at St. Patrick 's Cathedral ; a crowd estimated at 75,000 waited outside . Ruth was buried on a hillside in Section 25 at the Gate of Heaven Cemetery in Hawthorne , New York . An epitaph by Cardinal Spellman appears on his headstone . His second wife , Claire Merritt Ruth , would be interred with him 28 years later in 1976 . Memorial and Museum Tribute to Babe Ruth , Monument Park , as seen at the original Yankee Stadium On April 19 , 1949 , the Yankees unveiled a granite monument in Ruth 's honor in center field of Yankee Stadium . The monument was located in the field of play next to a flagpole and similar tributes to Huggins and Gehrig until the stadium was remodeled from 1974 to 1975 , which resulted in the outfield fences moving inward and enclosing the monuments from the playing field . This area was known thereafter as Monument Park . Yankee Stadium , `` the House that Ruth Built '' , was replaced after the 2008 season with a new Yankee Stadium across the street from the old one ; Monument Park was subsequently moved to the new venue behind the center field fence . Ruth 's uniform number 3 has been retired by the Yankees , and he is one of five Yankees players or managers to have a granite monument within the stadium . The Babe Ruth Birthplace Museum is located at 216 Emory Street , a Baltimore row house where Ruth was born , and three blocks west of Oriole Park at Camden Yards , where the AL 's Baltimore Orioles play . The property was restored and opened to the public in 1973 by the non-profit Babe Ruth Birthplace Foundation , Inc . Ruth 's widow , Claire , his two daughters , Dorothy and Julia , and his sister , Mamie , helped select and install exhibits for the museum . Contemporary impact Ruth was the first baseball star to be the subject of overwhelming public adulation . Baseball had been known for star players such as Ty Cobb and `` Shoeless Joe '' Jackson , but both men had uneasy relations with fans . In Cobb 's case , the incidents were sometimes marked by violence . Ruth 's biographers agreed that he benefited from the timing of his ascension to `` Home Run King '' . The country had been hit hard by both the war and the 1918 flu pandemic and longed for something to help put these traumas behind it . Ruth also resonated in a country which felt , in the aftermath of the war , that it took second place to no one . Montville argued that Ruth was a larger - than - life figure who was capable of unprecedented athletic feats in the nation 's largest city . The Babe became an icon of the significant social changes that marked the early 1920s . In his history of the Yankees , Glenn Stout noted that `` Ruth was New York incarnate -- uncouth and raw , flamboyant and flashy , oversized , out of scale , and absolutely unstoppable '' . During his lifetime , Ruth had become a symbol of the United States . During World War II , Japanese soldiers could think of no greater insult than to yell in English , `` To hell with Babe Ruth '' , to anger American soldiers . Ruth replied that he hoped that `` every Jap that mention ( ed ) my name gets shot '' . Creamer recorded that `` Babe Ruth transcended sport and moved far beyond the artificial limits of baselines and outfield fences and sports pages '' . Wagenheim stated , `` He appealed to a deeply rooted American yearning for the definitive climax : clean , quick , unarguable . '' According to Glenn Stout , `` Ruth 's home runs were exalted , uplifting experience that meant more to fans than any runs they were responsible for . A Babe Ruth home run was an event unto itself , one that meant anything was possible . '' Ruth 's penchant for hitting home runs altered how baseball is played . Prior to 1920 , home runs were unusual , and managers tried to win games by getting a runner on base and bringing him around to score through such means as the stolen base , the bunt , and the hit and run . Advocates of what was dubbed `` inside baseball '' , such as Giants manager McGraw , disliked the home run , considering it a blot on the purity of the game . According to sportswriter W.A. Phelon , after the 1920 season , Ruth 's breakout performance that season and the response in excitement and attendance , `` settled , for all time to come , that the American public is nuttier over the Home Run than the Clever Fielding or the Hitless Pitching . Viva el Home Run and two times viva Babe Ruth , exponent of the home run , and overshadowing star . '' Bill James noted , `` When the owners discovered that the fans liked to see home runs , and when the foundations of the games were simultaneously imperiled by disgrace ( in the Black Sox Scandal ) , then there was no turning back . '' While a few , such as McGraw and Cobb , decried the passing of the old - style play , teams quickly began to seek and develop sluggers . According to contemporary sportswriter Grantland Rice , only two sports figures of the 1920s approached Ruth in popularity -- boxer Jack Dempsey and racehorse Man o ' War . One of the factors that contributed to Ruth 's broad appeal was the uncertainty about his family and early life . Ruth appeared to exemplify the American success story , that even an uneducated , unsophisticated youth , without any family wealth or connections , can do something better than anyone else in the world . Montville noted that `` the fog ( surrounding his childhood ) will make him forever accessible , universal . He will be the patron saint of American possibility . '' Similarly , the fact that Ruth played in the pre-television era , when a relatively small portion of his fans had the opportunity to see him play allowed his legend to grow through word of mouth and the hyperbole of sports reporters . Reisler noted that recent sluggers who surpassed Ruth 's 60 - home run mark , such as Mark McGwire and Barry Bonds , generated much less excitement than when Ruth repeatedly broke the single - season home run record in the 1920s . Ruth dominated a relatively small sports world , while Americans of the present era have many sports available to watch . Legacy The unveiling of a Babe Ruth memorial plaque in Baltimore 's old Memorial Stadium in 1955 with Claire Ruth , his widow , present . Creamer termed Ruth `` a unique figure in the social history of the United States '' . Ruth has even entered the language : a dominant figure in a field , whether within or outside sports , is often referred to as `` the Babe Ruth '' of that field . Similarly , `` Ruthian '' has come to mean in sports , `` colossal , dramatic , prodigious , magnificent ; with great power . '' In 2006 , Montville noted that more books have been written about Ruth than any other member of the Baseball Hall of Fame . At least five of these books ( including Creamer 's and Wagenheim 's ) were written in 1973 and 1974 . The books were timed to capitalize on the increase in public interest in Ruth as Henry Aaron approached his career home run mark , which he broke on April 8 , 1974 . As he approached Ruth 's record , Aaron stated , `` I ca n't remember a day this year or last when I did not hear the name of Babe Ruth . '' Montville suggested that Ruth is probably even more popular today than he was when his career home run record was broken by Aaron . The long ball era that Ruth started continues in baseball , to the delight of the fans . Owners build ballparks to encourage home runs , which are featured on SportsCenter and Baseball Tonight each evening during the season . The questions of performance - enhancing drug use , which dogged later home run hitters such as McGwire and Bonds , do nothing to diminish Ruth 's reputation ; his overindulgences with beer and hot dogs seem part of a simpler time . In various surveys and rankings , Ruth has been named the greatest baseball player of all time . In 1998 , The Sporting News ranked him number one on the list of `` Baseball 's 100 Greatest Players '' . In 1999 , baseball fans named Ruth to the Major League Baseball All - Century Team . He was named baseball 's Greatest Player Ever in a ballot commemorating the 100th anniversary of professional baseball in 1969 . The Associated Press reported in 1993 that Muhammad Ali was tied with Babe Ruth as the most recognized athletes in America . In a 1999 ESPN poll , he was ranked as the second - greatest U.S. athlete of the century , behind Michael Jordan . In 1983 , the United States Postal Service honored Ruth with the issuance of a twenty - cent stamp . Several of the most expensive items of sports memorabilia and baseball memorabilia ever sold at auction are associated with Ruth . As of November 2016 , the most expensive piece of sports memorabilia ever sold is Ruth 's 1920 Yankees jersey , which sold for $4,415,658 in 2012 . The bat with which he hit the first home run at Yankee Stadium is in The Guinness Book of World Records as the most expensive baseball bat sold at auction , having fetched $1,265,000 on December 2 , 2004 . A hat of Ruth 's from the 1934 season set a record for a baseball cap when David Wells sold it at auction for $537,278 in 2012 . In 2017 , Charlie Sheen sold Ruth 's 1927 World Series ring for $2,093,927 at auction . It easily broke the record for a championship ring previously set when Julius Erving 's 1974 ABA championship ring sold for $460,741 in 2011 . Ruth memorabilia at the Baseball Hall of Fame ( 2014 ) One long - term survivor of the craze over Ruth may be the Baby Ruth candy bar . The original company to market the confectionery , the Curtis Candy Company , maintained that the bar was named after Ruth Cleveland , daughter of former president Grover Cleveland . She died in 1904 and the bar was first marketed in 1921 , at the height of the craze over the slugger . The slugger later sought to market candy bearing his name ; he was refused a trademark because of the Baby Ruth bar . Corporate files from 1921 are no longer extant ; the brand has changed hands several times and is now owned by the Nestlé company . The Ruth estate licensed his likeness for use in an advertising campaign for Baby Ruth in 1995 . Due to a marketing arrangement , in 2005 , the Baby Ruth bar became the official candy bar of Major League Baseball . Montville noted the continuing relevance of Babe Ruth in American culture , more than three - quarters of a century after he last swung a bat in a major league game : The fascination with his life and career continues . He is a bombastic , sloppy hero from our bombastic , sloppy history , origins undetermined , a folk tale of American success . His moon face is as recognizable today as it was when he stared out at Tom Zachary on a certain September afternoon in 1927 . If sport has become the national religion , Babe Ruth is the patron saint . He stands at the heart of the game he played , the promise of a warm summer night , a bag of peanuts , and a beer . And just maybe , the longest ball hit out of the park . See also Biography portal Baseball portal List of career achievements by Babe Ruth Babe Ruth Award Babe Ruth Home Run Award Babe Ruth League DHL Hometown Heroes List of Major League Baseball home run records List of Major League Baseball runs batted in records The Year Babe Ruth Hit 104 Home Runs Notes and references Notes Jump up ^ Ruth long thought his birthday was February 7 , 1894 . This was in fact the birthday of an elder brother of the same name , who died soon after birth . Ruth learned this when he needed a passport in 1934 . Jump up ^ The American League had eight teams from 1901 to 1960 . Jump up ^ There was no World Series in 1904 or 1994 . References ^ Jump up to : Corcoran , Cliff ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` 99 cool facts about Babe Ruth '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2014 . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Creamer , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ Smelser pp. 5 -- 8 Jump up ^ Smelser , pp. 7 -- 9 Jump up ^ Creamer , p. 11 Jump up ^ Sowell , Thomas ( 1996 ) , Migrations and Cultures : A World View , New York : Basic Books , p. 82 , ... it may be indicative of how long German cultural ties endured ( in the United States ) that the German language was spoken in childhood by such disparate twentieth - century American figures as famed writer H.L. Mencken , baseball stars Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig , and by the Nobel Prize - winning economist George Stigler . Jump up ^ Wagenheim , pp. 13 -- 14 Jump up ^ Creamer , pp. 29 -- 31 Jump up ^ Montville , pp. 8 -- 11 Jump up ^ Montville , pp. 19 -- 23 Jump up ^ Creamer , pp. 39 -- 40 Jump up ^ Wagenheim , p. 14 Jump up ^ Creamer , p. 32 Jump up ^ Creamer , pp. 35 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Montville , pp. 24 -- 26 ^ Jump up to : Creamer , p. 37 Jump up ^ Reisler , p. 22 Jump up ^ Montville , pp. 28 -- 29 Jump up ^ Montville , pp. 26 -- 28 Jump up ^ Wagenheim , p. 17 Jump up ^ Creamer , pp. 48 -- 51 Jump up ^ Wagenheim , pp. 19 . Jump up ^ Wagenheim , pp. 20 -- 21 Jump up ^ Montville , p. 36 Jump up ^ Wagenheim , p. 22 Jump up ^ Creamer , pp. 61 -- 62 Jump up ^ Creamer , pp. 66 -- 67 Jump up ^ Creamer , pp. 72 -- 77 Jump up ^ Montville , pp. 38 -- 40 Jump up ^ Creamer , pp. 78 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Wagenheim , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Montville , pp. 40 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Montville , pp. 41 -- 44 Jump up ^ Creamer , p. 87 Jump up ^ Montville , pp. 43 -- 44 Jump up ^ Wagenheim , pp. 27 -- 29 Jump up ^ Creamer , pp. 52 -- 55 Jump up ^ Creamer , pp. 89 -- 90 Jump up ^ Montville , p. 44 Jump up ^ Creamer , pp. 92 -- 93 Jump up ^ Castrovince , Anthony ( 10 July 2014 ) . `` Ten facts for 100th anniversary of the Babe 's debut '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Creamer , pp. 99 -- 100 Jump up ^ Creamer , p. 103 Jump up ^ Creamer , p. 106 Jump up ^ Montville , pp. 50 -- 52 Jump up ^ Wagenheim , p. 33 Jump up ^ Montville , pp. 56 -- 57 Jump up ^ Montville , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Schlueter , Roger . `` Verlander 's 2011 was epic '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Berg , Ted . `` 12 longest games in MLB postseason history '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wagenheim , p. 38 Jump up ^ Creamer , pp. 33 , 85 Jump up ^ Creamer , p. 133 Jump up ^ Creamer , p. 134 ^ Jump up to : Rackham , Rob ( 2016 ) . Babe Ruth at the Boston Red Sox . Blurb . p. 32 . ISBN 1367441498 . Jump up ^ Creamer , pp. 138 -- 140 Jump up ^ Montville , p. 59 ^ Jump up to : Wagenheim , pp. 273 -- 274 ^ Jump up to : Montville , pp. 67 -- 69 ^ Jump up to : Creamer , p. 153 Jump up ^ Wagenheim , p. 42 Jump up ^ Creamer , pp. 153 -- 170 Jump up ^ Creamer , pp. 170 -- 181 Jump up ^ Montville , pp. 78 -- 80 Jump up ^ Creamer , pp. 196 -- 197 Jump up ^ Montville , pp. 88 -- 90 Jump up ^ Creamer , p. 203 Jump up ^ Reisler , pp. 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Creamer , pp. 204 -- 205 Jump up ^ Reisler , pp. 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Reisler , p. 3 ^ Jump up to : Reisler , p. 5 ^ Jump up to : Creamer , p. 20 Jump up ^ Montville , pp. 101 -- 102 Jump up ^ Stout , p. 83 Jump up ^ Creamer , pp. 205 -- 207 Jump up ^ Reisler , p. 1 ^ Jump up to : Creamer , pp. 208 -- 209 ^ Jump up to : Reisler , p. 2 Jump up ^ Stout , pp. 86 -- 88 Jump up ^ `` Ruth Bought By New York Americans For $125,000 , Highest Price in Baseball Annals '' . The New York Times . January 6 , 1920 . Jump up ^ Appel , p. 94 Jump up ^ Appel , pp. 96 -- 97 Jump up ^ `` Results and recaps '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stout , p. 90 Jump up ^ Reisler , pp. 74 -- 75 Jump up ^ Montville , pp. 112 -- 113 Jump up ^ Creamer , p. 225 Jump up ^ Creamer , p. 226 Jump up ^ Wagenheim , p. 75 Jump up ^ Stout , p. 92 Jump up ^ Reisler , pp. 100 -- 101 Jump up ^ James , pp. 120 -- 122 Jump up ^ Stout , p. 93 Jump up ^ Creamer , p. 131 Jump up ^ Montville , p. 156 Jump up ^ Creamer , pp. 204 , 238 -- 240 Jump up ^ Spatz & Steinberg , p. 355 . Jump up ^ Wagenheim , pp. 95 -- 96 Jump up ^ Creamer , pp. 241 -- 243 Jump up ^ Montville , pp. 142 -- 144 Jump up ^ Montville , p. 145 ^ Jump up to : Pietrusza , p. 239 Jump up ^ Creamer , p. 255 Jump up ^ Pietrusza , p. 240 Jump up ^ Creamer , pp. 258 -- 259 Jump up ^ Stout , pp. 103 -- 104 ^ Jump up to : Stout , p. 104 Jump up ^ Graham , pp. 75 -- 76 ^ Jump up to : Stout , p. 105 Jump up ^ Beschloss , Michael ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Babe Ruth Knocked Out '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Graham , pp. 101 -- 102 Jump up ^ Stout , p. 112 Jump up ^ Montville , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Montville , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Robert McCoppin ( September 11 , 2008 ) . `` Freak sports injuries : Now that 's a bad break ! '' . Daily Herald . Retrieved August 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Montville , p. 204 Jump up ^ Stout , pp. 112 -- 113 Jump up ^ Stout , pp. 113 , 460 -- 462 Jump up ^ Stout , pp. 116 -- 117 Jump up ^ Creamer , pp. 304 -- 305 Jump up ^ Wagenheim , pp. 154 -- 155 Jump up ^ Creamer , p. 306 Jump up ^ Creamer , pp. 327 -- 328 Jump up ^ Stout , pp. 126 -- 131 Jump up ^ Graham , pp. 127 -- 134 Jump up ^ Montville , pp. 255 -- 261 Jump up ^ Graham , pp. 134 -- 137 Jump up ^ Appel , p. 151 Jump up ^ Graham , pp. 144 -- 146 Jump up ^ Montville , pp. 273 -- 277 Jump up ^ Appel , pp. 162 -- 163 Jump up ^ Sherman , p. 9 Jump up ^ Edmondson , Rubie . The Yankees permanently adopted pinstripes 98 years ago today . USA Today , 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Stout , pp. 140 -- 141 Jump up ^ Appel , pp. 164 -- 165 ^ Jump up to : Stout , p. 461 Jump up ^ Chipman , William J. ( Associated Press ) ( October 18 , 1929 ) . `` Bob Shawkey Is Named Manager of the Yankees : Veteran Pitcher Gets Job When Fletcher Prefers to Remain as Coach of Club ; Appointment of Shawkey Comes as Surprise in Baseball Circles , Where Three Others Were Predicted '' . The Schenectady Gazette . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stout , p. 143 ^ Jump up to : Stout , p. 144 ^ Jump up to : Vidmer , Richards ( January 8 , 1930 ) . `` Yanks Refuse Ruth 's Demand For $100,000 ; Star Asks That Figure On 3 - Year Contract or $85,000 and No Exhibitions '' . The New York Herald Tribune . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bell , Brian ( Associated Press ) ( January 8 , 1930 ) . `` Babe Ruth Refuses to Sign $75,000 Contract : Asks for Long Term Contract at Huge Figure '' . The St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reuters ( January 8 , 1930 ) . `` Baseball : Babe Ruth 's Earnings '' . The Scotsman . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ United Press ( March 8 , 1930 ) . `` Ruth Accepts $80,000 Contract '' . The Pittsburgh Press . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Montville , p. 303 Jump up ^ Montville , p. 304 ^ Jump up to : Stout , p. 148 Jump up ^ Sherman , p. 41 Jump up ^ Appel , p. 177 Jump up ^ Sherman , pp. 69 -- 87 Jump up ^ Montville , p. 311 Jump up ^ Creamer , p. 362 Jump up ^ Creamer , p. 371 Jump up ^ Creamer , pp. 371 -- 372 ^ Jump up to : Neyer , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Wagenheim , p. 221 Jump up ^ Reisler , p. 256 Jump up ^ Appel , p. 170 ^ Jump up to : Montville , pp. 322 -- 323 . Jump up ^ Ferkovich , Scott . A Look Back at When Babe Ruth Nearly Became the Detroit Tigers ' Player - Manager . Seamheads.com , 2014 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Powers , Jimmy ( October 9 , 1934 ) . `` Ruth to Quit Unless Given Manager Job '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Montville , p. 336 . Jump up ^ Neyer , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Neyer , pp. 42 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Montville , pp. 337 -- 339 . Jump up ^ Montville , p. 339 . Jump up ^ Creamer , p. 393 . Jump up ^ Neyer , pp. 43 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Allen , Lee . The National League Story . Hill & Wang , 1961 . Jump up ^ Montville , p. 340 . ^ Jump up to : Neyer , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Creamer , pp. 388 -- 390 . Jump up ^ Creamer , pp. 395 -- 397 Jump up ^ Creamer , pp. 396 -- 400 Jump up ^ Montville , p. 344 . ^ Jump up to : Creamer , pp. 399 -- 405 . Jump up ^ Sherman , p. 17 Jump up ^ Wagenheim , pp. 247 -- 249 . Jump up ^ Montville , pp. 355 -- 356 . Jump up ^ Creamer , pp. 84 , 100 Jump up ^ Shoken , Fred ( January 3 , 2012 ) . `` Babe Ruth , Elkton , and the Battle of Waterloo '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Creamer , p. 281 Jump up ^ Creamer , p. 336 . Jump up ^ Pirone , Dorothy ; Chris Martens ( 1988 ) . My Dad , The Babe : Growing up with an American Hero . Boston : Quinlan Press . p. 250 . ISBN 1 - 55770 - 031 - 1 . OCLC 17652057 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dorothy R. Pirone , 68 , Babe Ruth 's Daughter '' . The New York Times . May 20 , 1989 . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wiessner , Christian ( September 22 , 2008 ) . `` Baseball says goodbye as Yankee Stadium retired '' . Thomson Reuters . Reuters . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kerasotis , Peter ( March 10 , 2014 ) . `` Home , at the Other House That Ruth Built '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Creamer , p. 415 . Jump up ^ Lieb , Fred ( 1977 ) . Baseball As I Have Known It . New York : Cowar , McCann and Geoghagen . p. 158 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 7962 - 9 . Jump up ^ Wagenheim , pp. 252 -- 253 . Jump up ^ Maloney WJ , Weinberg MA . A comprehensive analysis of Babe Ruth 's head and neck cancer . J Am Dent Assoc. 2008 Jul ; 139 ( 7 ) : 926 - 32 . PubMed PMID 18594078 . Jump up ^ Montville , pp. 357 -- 358 . Jump up ^ Creamer , pp. 418 -- 419 . ^ Jump up to : Montville , p. 360 . Jump up ^ Creamer , pp. 418 -- 420 . Jump up ^ Montville , pp. 361 -- 362 . Jump up ^ Malafronte , Chip ( September 19 , 2012 ) . `` New Haven 200 : Babe Ruth meets future President George H.W. Bush in 1948 at Yale Field '' . New Haven Register . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wagenheim , pp. 267 -- 268 . Jump up ^ Creamer , pp. 423 -- 424 Jump up ^ Montville , pp. 366 -- 367 . Jump up ^ Roden , Ralph ( April 20 , 1949 ) . `` Six Home Teams Score Victories in Opener '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 8 . Retrieved September 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Retired numbers '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Coffey , Wayne ( February 25 , 2009 ) . `` Babe Ruth , other monuments , settle in new Yankee Stadium home '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( September 21 , 2010 ) . `` Everyone agrees : Steinbrenner 's plaque is big '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : History : Babe Ruth Birthplace Museum webpage . Official website of the Babe Ruth Birthplace Museum and the Sports Legends Museum at Camden Yards . Babe Ruth Birthplace Foundation , Inc . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Locations webpage . Official website of the Babe Ruth Birthplace Museum and the Sports Legends Museum at Camden Yards . Babe Ruth Birthplace Foundation , Inc . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reisler , pp. xii -- xiii . Jump up ^ Montville , pp. 106 -- 107 . ^ Jump up to : Stout , p. 86 Jump up ^ Bullock , Steven R. ( 2004 ) . Playing for Their Nation : Baseball and the American Military during World War II . University of Nebraska Press . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 1337 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Creamer , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Wagenheim , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Reisler , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Reisler , p. 236 . Jump up ^ James , p. 122 Jump up ^ Reisler , pp. 237 -- 239 . Jump up ^ Reisler , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Montville , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Wagenheim , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Reisler , p. xv . Jump up ^ Dickson , Paul ( 2011 ) . The Dickson Baseball Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton & Co. p. 731 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 07349 - 2 . Jump up ^ Montville , pp. 1 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Montville , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball 's 100 Greatest Players '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` All - Century Team final voting '' . ESPN . Associated Press . October 23 , 1999 . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilstein , Steve ( May 17 , 1993 ) . `` Retton , Hammill most popular American athletes '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` ESPN : Top North American Athletes of the Century '' . ESPN SportsCentury . ESPN.com . September 14 , 1999 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Babe Ruth '' . United States Postal Service . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Belaska , John ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Most Expensive Baseball Memorabilia Ever Sold At Auction '' . The Richest . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 15 Most Expensive Pieces of Sports Memorabilia Ever Sold '' . The Sportster . January 24 , 2016 . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most expensive baseball bat sold at auction '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Boren , Cindy ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Babe Ruth 's jersey , cap bring record prices '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( 1 July 2017 ) . `` Charlie Sheen 's classic Babe Ruth articles fetch nearly $4.4 million '' . ESPN . ABC News . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Smelser , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( June 6 , 2006 ) . `` Baseball adopts a candy , whatever it 's named for '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Montville , p. 367 . Bibliography Appel , Marty ( 2012 ) . Pinstripe Empire : The New York Yankees From Before the Babe to After the Boss . New York : Bloombury USA . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60819 - 492 - 6 . Creamer , Robert W. ( 1992 ) ( 1974 ) . Babe : The Legend Comes to Life ( First Fireside ed . ) . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 76070 - X . Graham , Frank ( 1943 ) . The New York Yankees : An Informal History . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . OCLC 1825210 . James , Bill ( 2003 ) ( 2001 ) . The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract ( First Free Press trade paperback ed . ) . New York : Free Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 2722 - 3 . Montville , Leigh ( 2006 ) . The Big Bam : The Life and Times of Babe Ruth . New York : Broadway Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7679 - 1971 - 5 . Neyer , Rob ( 2000 ) . Rob Neyer 's Big Book of Baseball Blunders . New York City : Fireside Books . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 8491 - 7 . Peluso , Ralph ( 2014 ) . 512 . Missouri : Solstice Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1625261342 . Pietrusza , David ( 1998 ) . Judge and Jury : The Life and Times of Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis . South Bend , Indiana : Diamond Communications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 888698 - 09 - 1 . Rackham , Rob ( 2016 ) . Babe Ruth at the Boston Red Sox . ISBN 1367441498 Reisler , Jim ( 2004 ) . Babe Ruth : Launching the Legend . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 143244 - 2 . Sherman , Ed ( 2014 ) . Babe Ruth 's Called Shot : The Myth and Mystery of Baseball 's Greatest Home Run . Guilford , Connecticut : Lyons Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7627 - 8539 - 1 . Smelser , Marshall ( 1975 ) . The Life That Ruth Built . New York : Quadrangle / New York Times Book Co . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 0540 - 7 . Spatz , Lyle ; Steinberg , Lyle ( 2010 ) . 1921 : The Yankees , The Giants , & The Battle For Baseball Supremacy in New York . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 3999 - 9 . Stout , Glenn ( 2016 ) . The Selling of the Babe : The Deal That Changed Baseball and Created a Legend . Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 1250064317 Stout , Glenn ( 2002 ) . Yankee Century : 100 Years of New York Yankees Baseball . New York : Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 08527 - 0 . Wagenheim , Kal ( 1974 ) . Babe Ruth : His Life and Legend . New York : Praeger Publishers . ISBN 0 - 275 - 19980 - 0 . Further reading Articles Wray , John . `` George Sisler Is Better All - Round Player Than Babe Ruth , Says Rickey '' . The Claremore Messenger ( May 9 , 1919 ) , p. 4 Ruth , Babe ; as told to Westbrook Pegler ( uncredited ) . `` Ruth , As a Kid , Learns to Play in Any Position '' . The Chicago Tribune . August 9 , 1920 . Reid , Sidney . `` Meet the American Hero ! An Interview With Babe Ruth '' . The Independent . August 14 , 1920 . Vol. 103 , No. 3732 . pp. 170 - 171 and 192 - 194 . Goewey , Edwin . `` What Babe Has Done to Baseball '' . Leslie 's Illustrated Weekly . July 23 , 1921 . Vol. 133 , No. 3430 . pp. 128 - 129 and 142 . Fullerton , Hugh . `` Why Babe Ruth is Greatest Home - Run Hitter '' . Popular Science Monthly . October 1921 . Vol. 99 , No. 4 . pp. 19 - 21 and 110 . Britt , Raymond . `` On the Sidelines : Another Popular Idol Upset by the Public Who Made Him '' . Outing . August 1922 . Vol. 80 , No. 5 . Broun , Heywood . `` Cutting the Heart of the Plate '' . Judge . August 12 , 1922 . Vol. 82 , No. 2128 . Salsinger , H.D. `` When ' Babe ' Ruth Was Beaten by John McGraw '' . Literary Digest . December 2 , 1922 . pp. 57 -- 61 . Chadwick , George . `` Ban Johnson Bans Babe Ruth Bludgeon '' . The Delmarvia Star . August 19 , 1923 . Crump , Irving . `` The Power Behind Babe Ruth 's Big Bat : Artie McGovern Tells His Training Secrets '' . Boys ' Life . June 1927 . Albelli , A.A. `` Babe Ruth 's Homerun Secrets '' . Popular Mechanics . March 1928 . Associated Press . `` ' My Final Year as a Regular , ' Says Babe Ruth : Home Run King Wants Job as Manager '' . The Chicago Tribune . August 11 , 1934 . Brietz , Eddie ( AP ) . `` Three Major League Clubs After Ruth : Babe Wanted as Assistant to Managers '' . The St. Petersburg Independent . December 14 , 1934 . Utley , William . `` Unemployment Problem Solved ; Babe Finds Job '' . The Palouse Republic . March 29 , 1935 . Abrams , Al . `` Sidelights on Sports '' . The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . May 27 , 1935 . Meier , Ted ( AP ) . `` Babe Ruth May Return to Bat '' . The Prescott Courier . June 9 , 1944 . Associated Press . `` Baseball Pays Tribute to Babe Ruth Tomorrow '' . The Nashua Telegraph . April 26 , 1947 . Mosher , Jeff . `` Playing Square : Ruth 's Holdout Sieges Here In Sunshine City Made Baseball History '' . The St. Petersburg Independent . August 17 , 1948 . Smith , Ellen . `` Where They Lived '' . New York Magazine . March 7 , 1983 . Seelhorst , Mary . `` PM People : Babe Ruth '' . Popular Mechanics . June 2003 . Books Meany , Tom ( 1947 ) . Babe Ruth : The Big Moments of the Big Fella . New York : A.S. Barnes . Ruth , Babe ; Considine , Tom ( 1948 ) . The Babe Ruth Story . New York : E.P. Dutton . Ruth , Babe ; Cobb , William R. ( 2011 ) . Playing the Game : My Early Years in Baseball . Minneola , NY : Dover Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 47694 - 0 . External links Find more aboutBabe Ruthat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata BabeRuth.com -- Official site Babe Ruth at DMOZ Babe Ruth at the Baseball Hall of Fame Babe Ruth Birthplace and Museum Babe Ruth on IMDb Works by or about Babe Ruth in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) Career statistics and player information from MLB , or Baseball - Reference , or Fangraphs , or The Baseball Cube , or Baseball - Reference ( Minors ) In March 2011 , the VOA Special English service of the Voice of America broadcast a 15 - minute program on Babe Ruth . A transcript and MP3 of the program , intended for English learners , can be found at Babe Ruth , 1895 -- 1948 : America 's Greatest Baseball Player ( show ) Awards and achievements Preceded by Bob Groom No - hit game June 23 , 1917 w / Ernie Shore Succeeded by Dutch Leonard Records Preceded by Roger Connor Career home run record holder 1921 -- 74 Succeeded by Hank Aaron Preceded by Ned Williamson Single season home run record holder 1919 -- 60 Succeeded by Roger Maris Sporting positions Preceded by Roger Peckinpaugh New York Yankees team captain May 20 , 1922 -- May 25 , 1922 Succeeded by Everett Scott Babe Ruth Main Career achievements Babe Ruth 's called shot Curse of the Bambino Family Claire Merritt Ruth ( second wife ) Dorothy Ruth ( daughter ) Popular culture Heading Home ( 1920 film ) The Babe Ruth Story ( 1948 film ) The Babe ( 1992 film ) The Year Babe Ruth Hit 104 Home Runs Other Babe Ruth Award Babe Ruth Home Run Award Babe Ruth League Home Plate Farm Book : Babe Ruth Articles related to Babe Ruth Major League Baseball All - Century Team Pitchers Nolan Ryan Sandy Koufax Cy Young Roger Clemens Bob Gibson Walter Johnson Warren Spahn Christy Mathewson Lefty Grove Catchers Johnny Bench Yogi Berra Infielders Lou Gehrig Mark McGwire Jackie Robinson Rogers Hornsby Mike Schmidt Brooks Robinson Cal Ripken Jr . 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'' Robert Merrill John Sterling Ronan Tynan `` Here Come the Yankees '' `` New York , New York '' `` God Bless America '' The Pride of the Yankees The Babe Ruth Story Damn Yankees musical film The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant Safe at Home ! 61 * The Bronx is Burning Ladies and Gentlemen , the Bronx Is Burning The Bronx Is Burning The Bronx Zoo The Scout Bronx Bombers The Last Night of the Yankee Dynasty Everyone 's Hero Four Days in October Henry & Me Gene Monahan Dandy Freddy Sez George Costanza Paul Olden Yankee Stadium Legacy Yankees HOPE Week Yankeeography Yankees Classics Lore Curse of the Bambino Johnny Sylvester Murderers ' Row Babe Ruth 's called shot Ed Lucas M&M Boys Harmonica Incident 1978 AL East tie - breaker game Pine Tar Incident Jeffrey Maier The Yankee Years Core Four Perfect games Don Larsen David Wells David Cone Rivalries Boston Red Sox Subway Series New York Mets Los Angeles Dodgers San Francisco Giants Monument Park honorees Mel Allen Ed Barrow Yogi Berra Bill Dickey Joe DiMaggio Whitey Ford Lou Gehrig Lefty Gomez Goose Gossage Ron Guidry Elston Howard Miller Huggins Reggie Jackson Derek Jeter Mickey Mantle Roger Maris Billy Martin Tino Martinez Don Mattingly Joe McCarthy Thurman Munson Paul O'Neill Andy Pettitte Jorge Posada Willie Randolph Allie Reynolds Phil Rizzuto Red Ruffing Jacob Ruppert Babe Ruth Bob Sheppard George Steinbrenner Casey Stengel Mel Stottlemyre Joe Torre Bernie Williams Key personnel Owners : Yankee Global Enterprises Hal Steinbrenner Hank Steinbrenner General Manager : Brian Cashman Manager : Vacant Championships ( 27 ) 1923 1927 1928 1932 1936 1937 1938 1939 1941 1943 1947 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1956 1958 1961 1962 1977 1978 1998 1999 2000 2009 American League Pennants ( 40 ) 1921 1922 1923 1926 1927 1928 1932 1936 1937 1938 1939 1941 1942 1943 1947 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1955 1956 1957 1958 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1976 1977 1978 1981 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2009 Division titles ( 18 ) 1976 1977 1978 1980 1981 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2009 2011 2012 2017 Wild Card titles ( 6 ) 1995 1997 2007 2015 2017 Minors AAA Scranton / Wilkes - Barre RailRiders AA Trenton Thunder A Adv . Tampa Yankees Charleston RiverDogs Short A Staten Island Yankees Rookie Adv . Pulaski Yankees Rookie GCL Yankees East GCL Yankees West DSL Yankees Seasons ( 118 ) 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Book : New York Yankees New York Yankees retired numbers 1 Billy Martin 2 Derek Jeter 3 Babe Ruth 4 Lou Gehrig 5 Joe DiMaggio 6 Joe Torre 7 Mickey Mantle 8 Bill Dickey & Yogi Berra 9 Roger Maris 10 Phil Rizzuto 15 Thurman Munson 16 Whitey Ford 20 Jorge Posada 23 Don Mattingly 32 Elston Howard 37 Casey Stengel 42 Mariano Rivera 44 Reggie Jackson 46 Andy Pettitte 49 Ron Guidry 51 Bernie Williams New York Yankees captains Clark Griffith Kid Elberfeld Frank Chance Hal Chase Roger Peckinpaugh Babe Ruth Everett Scott Lou Gehrig Thurman Munson Graig Nettles Willie Randolph * Ron Guidry * Don Mattingly Derek Jeter * denotes co-captain American League season home run leaders 1901 : Lajoie 1902 : Seybold 1903 : Freeman 1904 : H. Davis 1905 : H. Davis 1906 : H. Davis 1907 : H. Davis 1908 : Crawford 1909 : Cobb 1910 : Stahl 1911 : Baker 1912 : Baker & Speaker 1913 : Baker 1914 : Baker 1915 : Roth 1916 : Pipp 1917 : Pipp 1918 : Ruth & Walker 1919 : Ruth 1920 : Ruth 1921 : Ruth 1922 : K. Williams 1923 : Ruth 1924 : Ruth 1925 : Meusel 1926 : Ruth 1927 : Ruth 1928 : Ruth 1929 : Ruth 1930 : Ruth 1931 : Ruth & Gehrig 1932 : Foxx 1933 : Foxx 1934 : Gehrig 1935 : Greenberg & Foxx 1936 : Gehrig 1937 : DiMaggio 1938 : Greenberg 1939 : Foxx 1940 : Greenberg 1941 : T. Williams 1942 : T. Williams 1943 : York 1944 : Etten 1945 : Stephens 1946 : Greenberg 1947 : T. Williams 1948 : DiMaggio 1949 : T. Williams 1950 : Rosen 1951 : Zernial 1952 : Doby 1953 : Rosen 1954 : Doby 1955 : Mantle 1956 : Mantle 1957 : Sievers 1958 : Mantle 1959 : Killebrew & Colavito 1960 : Mantle 1961 : Maris 1962 : Killebrew 1963 : Killebrew 1964 : Killebrew 1965 : Conigliaro 1966 : Robinson 1967 : Yastrzemski & Killebrew 1968 : Howard 1969 : Killebrew 1970 : Howard 1971 : Melton 1972 : Allen 1973 : Jackson 1974 : Allen 1975 : Jackson & Scott 1976 : Nettles 1977 : Rice 1978 : Rice 1979 : Thomas 1980 : Jackson & Oglivie 1981 : Grich , Murray , Evans & Armas 1982 : Jackson & Thomas 1983 : Rice 1984 : Armas 1985 : Evans 1986 : Barfield 1987 : McGwire 1988 : Canseco 1989 : McGriff 1990 : Fielder 1991 : Canseco & Fielder 1992 : González 1993 : González 1994 : Griffey Jr . 1995 : Belle 1996 : McGwire 1997 : Griffey Jr . 1998 : Griffey Jr . 1999 : Griffey Jr . 2000 : Glaus 2001 : Rodriguez 2002 : Rodriguez 2003 : Rodriguez 2004 : Ramirez 2005 : Rodriguez 2006 : Ortiz 2007 : Rodriguez 2008 : Cabrera 2009 : Peña & Teixiera 2010 : Bautista 2011 : Bautista 2012 : Cabrera 2013 : C. Davis 2014 : Cruz 2015 : C. Davis 2016 : Trumbo 2017 : Judge American League batting champions 1901 : Lajoie 1902 : Disputed 1903 : Lajoie 1904 : Lajoie 1905 : Flick 1906 : Stone 1907 : Cobb 1908 : Cobb 1909 : Cobb 1910 : Disputed 1911 : Cobb 1912 : Cobb 1913 : Cobb 1914 : Cobb 1915 : Cobb 1916 : Speaker 1917 : Cobb 1918 : Cobb 1919 : Cobb 1920 : Sisler 1921 : Heilmann 1922 : Sisler 1923 : Heilmann 1924 : Ruth 1925 : Heilmann 1926 : Manush 1927 : Heilmann 1928 : Goslin 1929 : Fonseca 1930 : Simmons 1931 : Simmons 1932 : Alexander 1933 : Foxx 1934 : Gehrig 1935 : Myer 1936 : Appling 1937 : Gehringer 1938 : Foxx 1939 : DiMaggio 1940 : DiMaggio 1941 : T. Williams 1942 : T. Williams 1943 : Appling 1944 : Boudreau 1945 : Stirnweiss 1946 : Vernon 1947 : T. Williams 1948 : T. Williams 1949 : Kell 1950 : Goodman 1951 : Fain 1952 : Fain 1953 : Vernon 1954 : Ávila 1955 : Kaline 1956 : Mantle 1957 : T. Williams 1958 : T. Williams 1959 : Kuenn 1960 : Runnels 1961 : Cash 1962 : Runnels 1963 : Yastrzemski 1964 : Oliva 1965 : Oliva 1966 : Robinson 1967 : Yastrzemski 1968 : Yastrzemski 1969 : Carew 1970 : Johnson 1971 : Oliva 1972 : Carew 1973 : Carew 1974 : Carew 1975 : Carew 1976 : Brett 1977 : Carew 1978 : Carew 1979 : Lynn 1980 : Brett 1981 : Lansford 1982 : Wilson 1983 : Boggs 1984 : Mattingly 1985 : Boggs 1986 : Boggs 1987 : Boggs 1988 : Boggs 1989 : Puckett 1990 : Brett 1991 : Franco 1992 : Martínez 1993 : Olerud 1994 : O'Neill 1995 : Martínez 1996 : Rodriguez 1997 : Thomas 1998 : B. Williams 1999 : Garciaparra 2000 : Garciaparra 2001 : Suzuki 2002 : Ramirez 2003 : Mueller 2004 : Suzuki 2005 : Young 2006 : Mauer 2007 : Ordóñez 2008 : Mauer 2009 : Mauer 2010 : Hamilton 2011 : Cabrera 2012 : Cabrera 2013 : Cabrera 2014 : Altuve 2015 : Cabrera 2016 : Altuve 2017 : Altuve American League season runs batted in leaders 1901 : Lajoie 1902 : Freeman 1903 : Freeman 1904 : Lajoie 1905 : H. Davis 1906 : H. Davis 1907 : Cobb 1908 : Cobb 1909 : Cobb 1910 : Crawford 1911 : Cobb 1912 : Baker 1913 : Baker 1914 : Crawford 1915 : Veach & Crawford 1916 : Pratt 1917 : Veach 1918 : Veach 1919 : Ruth 1920 : Ruth 1921 : Ruth 1922 : K. Williams 1923 : Ruth 1924 : Goslin 1925 : Meusel 1926 : Ruth 1927 : Gehrig 1928 : Ruth & Gehrig 1929 : Simmons 1930 : Gehrig 1931 : Gehrig 1932 : Foxx 1933 : Foxx 1934 : Gehrig 1935 : Greenberg 1936 : Trosky 1937 : Greenberg 1938 : Foxx 1939 : T. Williams 1940 : Greenberg 1941 : DiMaggio 1942 : T. Williams 1943 : York 1944 : Stephens 1945 : Etten 1946 : Greenberg 1947 : T. Williams 1948 : DiMaggio 1949 : T. Williams & Stephens 1950 : Dropo & Stephens 1951 : Zernial 1952 : Rosen 1953 : Rosen 1954 : Doby 1955 : R. Boone & Jensen 1956 : Mantle 1957 : Sievers 1958 : Jensen 1959 : Jensen 1960 : Maris 1961 : Gentile & Maris 1962 : Killebrew 1963 : Stuart 1964 : B. Robinson 1965 : Colavito 1966 : F. Robinson 1967 : Yastrzemski 1968 : Harrelson 1969 : Killebrew 1970 : Howard 1971 : Killebrew 1972 : Allen 1973 : Jackson 1974 : Burroughs 1975 : Scott 1976 : May 1977 : Hisle 1978 : Rice 1979 : Baylor 1980 : Cooper 1981 : Murray 1982 : McRae 1983 : Rice & Cooper 1984 : Armas 1985 : Mattingly 1986 : Carter 1987 : Bell 1988 : Canseco 1989 : Sierra 1990 : Fielder 1991 : Fielder 1992 : Fielder 1993 : Belle 1994 : Puckett 1995 : Belle & Vaughn 1996 : Belle 1997 : Griffey Jr . 1998 : González 1999 : Ramirez 2000 : Martínez 2001 : B. Boone 2002 : Rodriguez 2003 : Delgado 2004 : Tejada 2005 : Ortiz 2006 : Ortiz 2007 : Rodriguez 2008 : Hamilton 2009 : Teixeira 2010 : Cabrera 2011 : Granderson 2012 : Cabrera 2013 : C. Davis 2014 : Trout 2015 : Donaldson 2016 : Encarnación & Ortiz 2017 : Cruz American League season ERA leaders 1901 : Young 1902 : Siever 1903 : E. Moore 1904 : Joss 1905 : Waddell 1906 : White 1907 : Walsh 1908 : Joss 1909 : Krause 1910 : Walsh 1911 : Gregg 1912 : W. Johnson 1913 : W. Johnson 1914 : Leonard 1915 : Wood 1916 : Ruth 1917 : Cicotte 1918 : W. Johnson 1919 : W. Johnson 1920 : Shawkey 1921 : Faber 1922 : Faber 1923 : Coveleski 1924 : W. Johnson 1925 : Coveleski 1926 : Grove 1927 : W. Moore 1928 : Braxton 1929 : Grove 1930 : Grove 1931 : Grove 1932 : Grove 1933 : Harder 1934 : Gomez 1935 : Grove 1936 : Grove 1937 : Gomez 1938 : Grove 1939 : Grove 1940 : Feller 1941 : T. Lee 1942 : Lyons 1943 : Chandler 1944 : Trout 1945 : Newhouser 1946 : Newhouser 1947 : Haynes 1948 : Bearden 1949 : Garcia 1950 : Wynn 1951 : Rogovin 1952 : Reynolds 1953 : Lopat 1954 : Garcia 1955 : Pierce 1956 : Ford 1957 : Shantz 1958 : Ford 1959 : Wilhelm 1960 : Baumann 1961 : Donovan 1962 : Aguirre 1963 : Peters 1964 : Chance 1965 : McDowell 1966 : Peters 1967 : Horlen 1968 : Tiant 1969 : Bosman 1970 : Seguí 1971 : Blue 1972 : Tiant 1973 : Palmer 1974 : Hunter 1975 : Palmer 1976 : Fidrych 1977 : Tanana 1978 : Guidry 1979 : Guidry 1980 : May 1981 : Righetti 1982 : Sutcliffe 1983 : Honeycutt 1984 : Boddicker 1985 : Stieb 1986 : Clemens 1987 : Key 1988 : Anderson 1989 : Saberhagen 1990 : Clemens 1991 : Clemens 1992 : Clemens 1993 : Appier 1994 : Ontiveros 1995 : R. Johnson 1996 : Guzmán 1997 : Clemens 1998 : Clemens 1999 : Martínez 2000 : Martínez 2001 : García 2002 : Martínez 2003 : Martínez 2004 : Santana 2005 : Millwood 2006 : Santana 2007 : Lackey 2008 : C. Lee 2009 : Greinke 2010 : Hernández 2011 : Verlander 2012 : Price 2013 : An . Sánchez 2014 : Hernández 2015 : Price 2016 : Aa . Sanchez 2017 : Kluber AL League Award 1922 : George Sisler 1923 : Babe Ruth 1924 : Walter Johnson 1925 : Roger Peckinpaugh 1926 : George Burns 1927 : Lou Gehrig 1928 : Mickey Cochrane 500 home run club Barry Bonds Hank Aaron Babe Ruth Alex Rodriguez Willie Mays Ken Griffey Jr . Albert Pujols Jim Thome Sammy Sosa Frank Robinson Mark McGwire Harmon Killebrew Rafael Palmeiro Reggie Jackson Manny Ramirez Mike Schmidt David Ortiz Mickey Mantle Jimmie Foxx Willie McCovey Frank Thomas Ted Williams Ernie Banks Eddie Mathews Mel Ott Gary Sheffield Eddie Murray Italics denotes active player Book : 500 home run club Baseball Hall of Fame Class of 1936 BBWAA Vote Ty Cobb ( 98.2 % ) Walter Johnson ( 83.6 % ) Christy Mathewson ( 90.7 % ) Babe Ruth ( 95.1 % ) Honus Wagner ( 95.1 % ) Veterans Committee none Members of the National Baseball Hall of Fame Pitchers Alexander Bender Blyleven M. Brown R. Brown Bunning Carlton Chesbro Clarkson Cooper Coveleski Cummings Day Dean Dihigo Drysdale Eckersley Faber Feller Fingers Ford B. Foster Galvin B. Gibson Glavine Gomez Gossage Grimes Grove Haines Hoyt Hubbell Hunter Jenkins R. Johnson W. Johnson Joss Keefe Koufax Lemon Lyons Maddux Marichal Marquard Martínez Mathewson McGinnity Méndez Newhouser Nichols Niekro Paige Palmer Pennock Perry Plank Radbourn Rixey Roberts Rogan Ruffing Rusie Ryan Seaver H. Smith Smoltz Spahn Sutter Sutton Vance Waddell Walsh Welch Wilhelm J. Williams Willis Wynn Young Catchers Bench Berra Bresnahan Campanella Carter Cochrane Dickey Ewing Ferrell Fisk J. Gibson Hartnett Lombardi Mackey Piazza Rodríguez Santop Schalk First basemen Anson Bagwell Beckley Bottomley Brouthers Cepeda Chance Connor Foxx Gehrig Greenberg G. Kelly Killebrew Leonard McCovey Mize Murray Pérez Sisler Suttles Taylor Terry Thomas Second basemen Alomar Biggio Carew E. Collins Doerr Evers Fox Frisch Gehringer Gordon Grant Herman Hornsby Lajoie Lazzeri Mazeroski McPhee Morgan J. Robinson Sandberg Schoendienst Third basemen Baker Boggs Brett J. Collins Dandridge J. Johnson Kell Lindstrom Mathews Molitor B. Robinson Santo Schmidt Traynor J. Wilson D. White Shortstops Aparicio Appling Bancroft Banks Boudreau Cronin Davis T. Jackson Jennings Larkin Lloyd Maranville Reese Ripken Jr . Rizzuto Sewell O. Smith Tinker Vaughan Wagner Wallace Ward Wells Yount Outfielders Aaron Ashburn Averill Bell Brock W. Brown Burkett Carey Charleston Clarke Clemente Cobb Combs Crawford Cuyler Dawson Delahanty DiMaggio Doby Duffy Flick Goslin Griffey Jr . Gwynn Hafey Hamilton Heilmann Henderson Hill Hooper Irvin R. Jackson Kaline Keeler Kelley K. Kelly Kiner Klein Mantle Manush Mays T. McCarthy Medwick Musial O'Rourke Ott Puckett Raines J. Rice S. Rice F. Robinson Roush Ruth Simmons Slaughter Snider Speaker Stargell Stearnes Thompson Torriente L. Waner P. Waner Wheat B. Williams T. Williams H. Wilson Winfield Yastrzemski Youngs Managers Alston Anderson Cox Durocher Hanlon Harris Herzog Huggins La Russa Lasorda López Mack J. McCarthy McGraw McKechnie W. Robinson Selee Southworth Stengel Torre Weaver D. Williams Executives / pioneers Barrow Bulkeley Cartwright Chadwick Chandler Comiskey Dreyfuss R. Foster Frick Giles Gillick Griffith Harridge Hulbert B. Johnson Kuhn Landis La . MacPhail Le . MacPhail Manley O'Malley Pompez Posey Rickey Ruppert Schuerholz Selig Spalding Veeck Weiss S. White Wilkinson G. Wright H. Wright Yawkey Umpires Barlick Chylak Conlan Connolly Evans Harvey Hubbard Klem McGowan O'Day New York Yankees Hall of Famers Inductees in Yankees cap Yogi Berra Jack Chesbro Earle Combs Joe DiMaggio Bill Dickey Whitey Ford Lou Gehrig Lefty Gomez Joe Gordon Goose Gossage Waite Hoyt Reggie Jackson Tony Lazzeri Mickey Mantle Phil Rizzuto Red Ruffing Babe Ruth Inductees who played for the Yankees Home Run Baker Wade Boggs Roger Bresnahan Frank Chance Stan Coveleski Clark Griffith Burleigh Grimes Bucky Harris Rickey Henderson Catfish Hunter Randy Johnson Willie Keeler Joe McGinnity John McGraw Johnny Mize Phil Niekro Herb Pennock Gaylord Perry Tim Raines Branch Rickey Wilbert Robinson Joe Sewell Enos Slaughter Dazzy Vance Paul Waner Dave Winfield Yankees ' managers Miller Huggins Bob Lemon Joe McCarthy Casey Stengel Joe Torre Yankees ' executives Ed Barrow Larry MacPhail Lee MacPhail George Weiss Frick Award Mel Allen Red Barber Buck Canel Jerry Coleman Joe Garagiola Curt Gowdy Russ Hodges Boston Red Sox 1915 World Series champions Jack Barry Hick Cady Bill Carrigan Ray Collins Rube Foster Del Gainer Larry Gardner Vean Gregg Olaf Henriksen Dick Hoblitzell Harry Hooper Hal Janvrin Dutch Leonard Duffy Lewis Carl Mays Herb Pennock Babe Ruth Everett Scott Ernie Shore Tris Speaker Pinch Thomas Heinie Wagner Smoky Joe Wood Manager Bill Carrigan Regular season Boston Red Sox 1916 World Series champions Hick Cady Bill Carrigan Rube Foster Del Gainer Larry Gardner Olaf Henriksen Dick Hoblitzell Harry Hooper Hal Janvrin Dutch Leonard Duffy Lewis Carl Mays Mike McNally Babe Ruth Everett Scott Ernie Shore Chick Shorten Pinch Thomas Tilly Walker Jimmy Walsh Manager Bill Carrigan Regular season Boston Red Sox 1918 World Series champions Sam Agnew Joe Bush Jean Dubuc Harry Hooper Sam Jones Carl Mays Stuffy McInnis Hack Miller Babe Ruth Wally Schang Everett Scott Dave Shean Amos Strunk Fred Thomas George Whiteman Manager Ed Barrow Regular season New York Yankees 1923 World Series champions Benny Bengough Joe Bush Joe Dugan Mike Gazella Hinkey Haines Harvey Hendrick Fred Hofmann Waite Hoyt Ernie Johnson Sam Jones Carl Mays Mike McNally Bob Meusel Herb Pennock George Pipgras Wally Pipp Babe Ruth Wally Schang Everett Scott Bob Shawkey Elmer Smith Aaron Ward Whitey Witt Manager Miller Huggins Regular season Giants -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Yankees 1927 World Series champions Benny Bengough Pat Collins Earle Combs Joe Dugan Cedric Durst Mike Gazella Lou Gehrig Joe Giard Johnny Grabowski Waite Hoyt Mark Koenig Tony Lazzeri Bob Meusel Wilcy Moore Ray Morehart Ben Paschal Herb Pennock George Pipgras Dutch Ruether Babe Ruth Bob Shawkey Urban Shocker Myles Thomas Julie Wera Manager Miller Huggins Coaches Art Fletcher Charley O'Leary Regular season Murderers ' Row New York Yankees 1928 World Series champions Benny Bengough George Burns Archie Campbell Pat Collins Earle Combs Bill Dickey Joe Dugan Leo Durocher Cedric Durst Mike Gazella Lou Gehrig Johnny Grabowski Fred Heimach Waite Hoyt Hank Johnson Mark Koenig Tony Lazzeri Wilcy Moore Bob Meusel Ben Paschal Herb Pennock George Pipgras Gene Robertson Babe Ruth Al Shealy Myles Thomas Tom Zachary Manager Miller Huggins Coaches Art Fletcher Charley O'Leary Regular season New York Yankees 1932 World Series champions 1 Earle Combs 2 Lyn Lary 3 Babe Ruth 4 Lou Gehrig 5 Frankie Crosetti 6 Ben Chapman 7 Jack Saltzgaver 8 Bill Dickey 9 Art Jorgens 10 George Pipgras 11 Lefty Gomez 12 Herb Pennock 14 Ed Wells 15 Red Ruffing 16 Wilcy Moore 17 Danny MacFayden 18 Johnny Allen 19 Jumbo Brown 20 Charlie Devens 20 Johnny Murphy 21 Joe Sewell 22 Doc Farrell 23 Tony Lazzeri 24 Sammy Byrd 26 Joe Glenn 27 Myril Hoag 28 Ivy Andrews 32 Eddie Phillips Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 29 Art Fletcher 30 Jimmy Burke 31 Cy Perkins Regular season Babe Ruth 's called shot VIAF : 25892145 LCCN : n79141360 ISNI : 0000 0000 8436 0580 GND : 1050518748 SUDOC : 162484674 MusicBrainz : 3c7754fa - 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"After that season, Red Sox owner Harry Frazee sold Ruth to the Yankees amid controversy. The trade fueled Boston's subsequent 86 year championship drought and popularized the \"Curse of the Bambino\" superstition. In his 15 years with the Yankees, Ruth helped the team win seven American League (AL) championships and four World Series championships. His big swing led to escalating home run totals that not only drew fans to the ballpark and boosted the sport's popularity but also helped usher in baseball's live-ball era, which evolved from a low-scoring game of strategy to a sport where the home run was a major factor. As part of the Yankees' vaunted \"Murderer's Row\" lineup of 1927, Ruth hit 60 home runs, which extended his MLB single-season record. Ruth's last season with the Yankees was 1934; he retired from the game the following year, after a short stint with the Boston Braves. During his career, Ruth led the AL in home runs during a season twelve times."
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6543691238040335564 | Man of Constant Sorrow | Man of Constant Sorrow - wikipedia Man of Constant Sorrow Jump to : navigation , search `` Man of Constant Sorrow '' Song by Dick Burnett Published 1913 Recorded 1927 ( unreleased ) Genre Folk Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Traditional `` Man of Constant Sorrow '' ( also known as `` I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow '' ) is a traditional American folk song first published by Dick Burnett , a partially blind fiddler from Kentucky . The song was originally titled `` Farewell Song '' in a songbook by Burnett dated to around 1913 . An early version was recorded by Emry Arthur in 1928 , which gave the song its current titles . There exist a number of versions of the song that differ in their lyrics and melodies . The song was popularized by The Stanley Brothers who recorded the song in the 1950s , and many versions were recorded in the 1960s , most notably by Bob Dylan . Variations of the song have also been recorded under the titles of `` Girl of Constant Sorrow '' by Joan Baez , `` Maid of Constant Sorrow '' by Judy Collins , and `` Sorrow '' by Peter , Paul and Mary . In 1970 the song was recorded by Ginger Baker 's Air Force , with vocals by Denny Laine , and reached No. 85 on the Billboard Chart . Public interest in the song was renewed after the release of the 2000 film O Brother , Where Art Thou ? , where it plays a central role in the plot . The song , with lead vocal by Dan Tyminski , was also included in the film 's highly successful , multiple - platinum - selling soundtrack . This recording won a Grammy for Best Country Collaboration at the 44th Annual Grammy Awards in 2002 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Lyrical variations 3 Notable recordings and cover versions 3.1 Stanley Brothers 3.2 Bob Dylan 3.3 Ginger Baker 's Air Force 3.3. 1 Charts 3.4 Soggy Bottom Boys 3.4. 1 Charts 3.5 Others 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Origin ( edit ) The song was first published in 1913 as `` Farewell Song '' in a six - song songbook by Dick Burnett , titled Songs Sung by R.D. Burnett -- The Blind Man -- Monticello , Kentucky . Some uncertainty however exists as to whether Dick Burnett himself wrote the song . In an interview he gave toward the end of his life , Burnett himself indicated he could not remember : Charles Wolfe : `` What about this `` Farewell Song '' -- ' I am a man of constant sorrow ' -- did you write it ? '' Richard Burnett : `` No , I think I got the ballad from somebody -- I dunno . It may be my song ... '' The date of its composition , or at least of the editing of certain lyrics by Burnett , can be fixed at about 1913 if Burnett did write the song . It is known that Burnett was blinded in 1907 , and since the second stanza of `` Farewell Song '' mentions that the singer has been blind six years , that would put the date at 1913 . Burnett may have tailored a pre-existing song to fit his blindness , and some claimed that Burnett wrote the song in 1907 , deriving it from `` The White Rose '' and `` Down in the Tennessee Valley '' . Burnett also said he thought he based the melody on an old Baptist hymn he remembered as `` Wandering Boy '' . However , according to hymnologist John Garst , no song with this or a similar title had a tune that can be identified with `` Constant Sorrow '' . Garst nevertheless noted that parts of the lyrics suggest a possible antecedent hymn , and that the term `` man of sorrows '' is religious in nature and appears in Isaiah 53 : 3 . Emry Arthur , a friend of Burnett and who released a recording of the song in 1928 , also claimed to have written the song . Arthur titled his recording `` I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow '' , which became the name the song is now popularly known . The lyrics of Burnett and Arthur are very similar with minor variations , and as Arthur 's song was the earliest recording of the song that was released , the tune and lyrics of Arthur 's version became the source from which most later versions were ultimately derived . A number of similar songs were found in Kentucky and Virginia in the early 20th century . English folk song collector Cecil Sharp collected four versions of the song in 1917 - 1918 as `` In Old Virginny '' , which were published in 1932 in English Folk Songs from the Southern Appalachians . The lyrics were different in details from Burnett 's but similar in tone . In a version from 1918 by Mrs Frances Richards , who probably learnt it from her father , the first verse is nearly identical to Burnett / Arthur 's version , with minor changes and Virginia substituting for Kentucky . The song is thought to be related to several songs such as `` East Virginia Blues '' . Norman Lee Vass of Virginia claimed his brother Mat wrote the song in the 1890s , and the Virginia versions of the song show some relationship to Vass 's version , even though his melody and most of his verses are unique . It is thought that this variant was influenced by `` Come All You Fair and Tender Ladies '' / `` The Little Sparrow '' . An older version was dated to around 1850 , but with texts that differ substantially . John Garst traced elements of the song back to the hymns of the early 1800s , suggesting similarity in its tune to `` Tender - Hearted Christians '' and `` Judgment Hymn '' , and similarity in its lyrics to `` Christ Suffering '' , which included the lines `` He was a man of constant sorrow / He went a mourner all his days . '' On October 13 , 2009 , on the Diane Rehm Show , Ralph Stanley of the Stanley Brothers , whose autobiography is titled Man of Constant Sorrow , discussed the song , its origin , and his effort to revive it : `` Man of Constant Sorrow '' is probably two or three hundred years old . But the first time I heard it when I was y'know , like a small boy , my daddy -- my father -- he had some of the words to it , and I heard him sing it , and we -- my brother and me -- we put a few more words to it , and brought it back in existence . I guess if it had n't been for that it 'd have been gone forever . I 'm proud to be the one that brought that song back , because I think it 's wonderful . '' Lyrical variations ( edit ) There are many variations in the lyrics in different versions of the songs . Most versions of the song have the singer riding a train fleeing trouble , regretting not seeing his old love and contemplating his future death , with the promise that he will meet his friends or lover again on the beautiful or golden shore . Most variants start with similar lines in the first verse as the 1913 Burnett 's version , some with variations such as gender and state of origin , as well as other minor changes in wordings : I am a man of constant sorrow , I 've seen trouble all of my days ; I 'll bid farewell to old Kentucky , The place where I was born and raised . The 1928 recording by Emry Arthur is largely consistent with Burnett 's lyrics , with minor differences . However , the reference to blindness in the second verse of Burnett 's lyrics , `` six long year I 've been blind '' , had been changed to `` six long years I 've been in trouble '' , a change also found in other later versions that contain the verse . Around 1936 , Sarah Ogan Gunning rewrote the traditional `` Man '' into a more personal `` Girl '' . Gunning remembered the melody from a 78 - rpm hillbilly record ( Emry Arthur , 1928 ) she had heard some years before in the mountains , but the lyrics she wrote was considerably different from the original after the first verse . The change of gender is also found in Joan Baez 's `` Girl of Constant Sorrow '' and another variant of the song similar to Baez 's , Judy Collins 's title song from her album A Maid of Constant Sorrow . In 1950 , The Stanley Brothers recorded a version of the song they had learnt from their father . The Stanley Brothers ' version contains some modifications to the lyrics , with an entire verse of Burnett 's version removed , the last line is also different and `` parents '' of the second verse have turned into `` friends '' . The performances of the song by the Stanley Brothers and Mike Seeger contributed to the song 's popularity in the urban folksong circles during the American folk music revival of the 50s and 60s . Bob Dylan recorded his version in 1961 , which is a rewrite based on versions performed by other folk singers such as Joan Baez and Mike Seeger . A verse of the Stanley 's version had been removed , and other verses significantly rearranged and rewritten . Dylan also added personal elements in his version , changing `` friends '' to `` mother '' in reference to his then girlfriend Suze Rotolo 's mother . In Dylan 's version , Kentucky was changed to Colorado ; this change of the state of origin is common , for example , Kentucky is changed to California in `` Girl of Constant Sorrow '' by Joan Baez and `` Maid of Constant Sorrow '' by Judy Collins . Aside from the lyrics , there are also significant variations in the melody of the song in many of these versions . Notable Recordings and cover versions ( edit ) `` I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow '' Song by Emry Arthur Released January 18 , 1928 ( 1928 - 01 - 18 ) Format 78 rpm record Genre Old - time Length 3 : 18 Label Vocalion Songwriter ( s ) Unknown Burnett recorded the song in 1927 with Columbia , unfortunately the song was never released , moreover the master of the recording was destroyed . The first recorded version to be commercially released was by Emry Arthur , on January 18 , 1928 . Arthur performed the song playing his guitar and accompanied by banjoist Dock Boggs . The record was released by Vocalion Records ( Vo 5208 ) and sold well , and he recorded it again in 1931 . As the first released recording of the song , its melody and lyrics formed the basis for subsequent versions and variations . Although a few singers had also recorded the song , it faded to relative obscurity until The Stanley Brothers recorded their version in 1950 and helped popularized the song in the 1960s . The use of the song in the 2000 film O Brother , Where Art Thou ? led to its renewed popularity in the 21st century . The song has since been covered by many singers , from the Norwegian girl - group Katzenjammer to the winner of the eighth season of The Voice Sawyer Fredericks . Stanley Brothers ( edit ) `` I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow '' Song by The Stanley Brothers Released May 1951 ( 1951 - 05 ) Format 78 rpm record Recorded November 3 , 1950 ( 1950 - 11 - 03 ) Genre Folk , Bluegrass Length 2 : 56 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Unknown On November 3 , 1950 , The Stanley Brothers recorded their version of the song with Columbia Records at the Castle Studios in Nashville . The Stanleys learned the song from their father Lee Stanley who had turned the song into a hymn sung a cappella in the Primitive Baptist tradition . The arrangement of the song in the recording however was their own and they performed the song in a faster tempo . This recording , titled `` I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow '' , was released in May 1951 together with `` The Lonesome River '' as a single ( Columbia 20816 ) . Neither Burnett nor Arthur copyrighted the song , which allowed Carter Stanley to copyright the song as his own work . On September 15 , 1959 , the Stanley Brothers re-recorded the song on King Records for their album Everybody 's Country Favorite . Ralph Stanley sang the solo all the way through in the 1950 version , but in the 1959 version he was joined by other members of the band in added refrains . The fiddle and mandolin of the early version were also replaced by guitar , and a verse was omitted . This version ( King 45 - 5269 ) was released together with `` How Mountain Girls Can Love '' as a single that October 1959 . In July 1959 , the Stanley Brothers performed the song at the Newport Folk Festival , which brought the song to the attention of other folk singers . It led to a number of recordings of the song in the 1960s , most notably by Joan Baez ( 1960 ) , Bob Dylan ( 1961 ) , Judy Collins ( 1961 ) , and Peter , Paul and Mary ( 1962 ) . Bob Dylan ( edit ) In November 1961 Bob Dylan recorded the song , which was included as a track on his 1962 eponymous debut album as `` Man of Constant Sorrow '' . Dylan 's version is a rewrite of the versions sung by Joan Baez , New Lost City Ramblers ( Mike Seeger 's band ) , and others in the early 1960s . Dylan also performed the song during his first national US television appearance , in the spring of 1963 . Dylan 's version of the song was used by other singers and bands of 1960s and 70s , such as Rod Stewart and Ginger Baker 's Air Force . Dylan performed a different version of the song that is a new adaptation of Stanleys ' lyrics in his 1988 Never Ending Tour . He also performed the song intermittently in the 1990s , as well as in his European tour in 2002 . A performance was released in 2005 on the Martin Scorsese PBS television documentary on Dylan , No Direction Home , and on the accompanying soundtrack album , The Bootleg Series Vol. 7 : No Direction Home . Ginger Baker 's Air Force ( edit ) `` Man of Constant Sorrow '' Song by Ginger Baker 's Air Force from the album Ginger Baker 's Air Force Released March 1970 ( 1970 - 03 ) Format LP record Genre Rock Length 3 : 31 Label ATCO Records , Polydor Songwriter ( s ) Unknown The song was recorded in 1970 by Ginger Baker 's Air Force and sung by Air Force guitarist and vocalist ( and former Moody Blues , future Wings member ) Denny Laine . The single was studio recorded , but a live version , recorded at the Royal Albert Hall , was included in their eponymous 1970 debut album . The band used a melody similar to Dylan 's , and for the most part also Dylan 's lyrics ( but substituting ' Birmingham ' for ' Colorado ' ) . The arrangement differed significantly , with violin , electric guitar , and saxophones , although it stayed mainly in the major scales of A , D and E. It was the band 's only chart single . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 85 Soggy Bottom Boys ( edit ) `` I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow '' Song by The Soggy Bottom Boys from the album O Brother , Where Art Thou ? Released December 5 , 2000 ( 2000 - 12 - 05 ) Format CD , Music download Genre Bluegrass , country , folk , blues Length 4 : 20 Label Mercury Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Unknown Producer ( s ) T Bone Burnett Audio sample file help A notable cover , titled `` I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow '' , was produced by the fictional folk / bluegrass group The Soggy Bottom Boys from the film O Brother , Where Art Thou ? . The producer T Bone Burnett had previously suggested the Stanley Brothers ' recording as a song for The Dude in the Coen brothers ' film The Big Lebowski , but it did not make the cut . For their next collaboration O Brother , Where Art Thou ? , he realized that the song would suit the main character well . The initial plan was for the song to be sung by the film 's lead actor , George Clooney , however , it was found that his recording was not up to the required standard . Burnett later said that he had only two or three weeks to work with Clooney , which was not enough time to prepare Clooney for the recording of a credible hit country record . The song was recorded by Dan Tyminski ( lead vocal ) , with Harley Allen and Pat Enright , based on the Stanleys ' version . Tyminski also wrote , played , and changed the guitar part of the arrangement . Two versions by Tyminski were found in the soundtrack album , with different backup instruments . In the film , it was a hit for the Soggy Bottom Boys , and would later become a real hit off - screen . Tyminski has performed the song at the Crossroads Guitar Festival with Ron Block and live with Alison Krauss . The song received a CMA Award for `` Single of the Year '' in 2001 and a Grammy for `` Best Country Collaboration with Vocals '' in 2002 . The song was also named Song of the Year by the International Bluegrass Music Association in 2001 . It peaked at No. 35 on Billboard 's Hot Country Songs chart . It has sold over a million copies in the United States by November 2016 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 167 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 35 Others ( edit ) 1920 's -- American Delta blues artist Delta Blind Billy in his song `` Hidden Man Blues '' had the line `` Man of sorrow all my days / Left the home where I been raised . '' 1937 -- Alan Lomax made a recording of Sarah Ogan Gunning 's version , `` I Am a Girl of Constant Sorrow '' , for the Library of Congress 's Archive of American Folk Song . Her version was also covered by other singers such as Peggy Seeger ( her melody however is more similar to Arthur 's version ) , Tossi Aaron , and Barbara Dane . She recorded the song again at the 1964 Newport Folk Festival , and also released a recording in her album , Girl of Constant Sorrow , in 1965 . 1947 -- Lee and Juanita Moore 's performance at a radio station WPAQ was recorded and later released in 1999 . They were granted a new copyright registration in 1939 for their treatment of the song . 1960 -- A version of the song , `` Girl of Constant Sorrow '' , was recorded by Joan Baez in the summer of 1960 . This version however was left off the original release of her debut album Joan Baez in 1960 on the Vanguard label , but was included as a bonus track on the 2001 CD - reissue version of the album . Baez has also recorded `` Man of Constant Sorrow '' with no change in gender . 1961 -- Judy Collins 's 1961 debut album , A Maid of Constant Sorrow , took its name from a variant of the song which was included on the album . 1961 -- Roscoe Holcomb recorded a version . 1962 -- It appears on Mike Seeger 's album Old Time Country Music , Folkways FA 2325 . Mike Seeger recorded three versions of the song . 1962 -- in their 1962 self - titled debut album , Peter , Paul and Mary recorded another version as `` Sorrow '' . 1966 -- It was recorded by Waylon Jennings on his 1966 major - label debut Folk - Country . 1969 -- Rod Stewart covered the song in his debut solo album . It was based on Dylan 's version but with his own arrangement . 1972 -- An a cappella version appears on The Dillards ' 1972 LP Roots and Branches . This version had only two verses and replaced Kentucky with Missouri . 1992 - A flute and cello duet was recorded by Chris Norman and Pete Sutherland for Norman 's album Man With The Wooden Flute. 3 years later , this version would later be used in Tony Gatlif 's film Mondo . 1993 -- `` Man of Constant Sorrow '' was one of many songs recorded by Jerry Garcia , David Grisman , and Tony Rice one weekend in February 1993 . Jerry 's taped copy of the session was later stolen by his pizza delivery man , eventually became an underground classic , and finally edited and released in 2000 as The Pizza Tapes . 2003 - Skeewiff `` Man of Constant Sorrow '' was ranked 96 in the Triple J Hottest 100 , 2003 , released on Volume 11 disk 1 track 20 . 2012 - Charm City Devils released `` Man Of Constant Sorrow '' which charted on various Billboard rock charts - No. 25 on Mainstream Rock Songs No. 22 on Active Rock , and No. 48 on Hot Rock Songs . 2015 -- Dwight Yoakam covered the song in his album Second Hand Heart . Yoakam 's rendition has been described as having a `` rockabilly '' sound . 2015 -- Blitzen Trapper covered the song exclusively for the black comedy -- crime drama television series Fargo , which played over the credits of the `` Rhinoceros '' episode of the second season . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' O Brother ' Soundtrack Rules 44th Annual Grammy Awards '' . BMI . February 27 , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Steve Sullivan ( October 4 , 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 2 . Scarecrow Press . pp. 254 -- 255 . ISBN 978 - 0810882959 . Jump up ^ `` Man of Constant Sorrow -- Richard Burnett 's Story , '' Old Time Music , No. 10 ( Autumn 1973 ) , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Todd Harvey ( 2001 ) . The Formative Dylan : Transmission and Stylistic Influences 1961 - 1963 . Scarecrow Press . pp. 65 -- 67 . ISBN 978 - 0810841154 . ^ Jump up to : John Garst ( 2002 ) . Charles K. Wolfe , James E. Akenson , eds . Country Music Annual 2002 . University Press of Kentucky . pp. 28 -- 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 0991 - 6 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Isaiah 53 : 3 '' . Bible Gateway . ^ Jump up to : Steve Sullivan ( October 4 , 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 2 . Scarecrow Press . pp. 296 -- 297 . ISBN 978 - 0810882959 . Jump up ^ John Garst ( 2002 ) . Charles K. Wolfe , James E. Akenson , eds . Country Music Annual 2002 . University Press of Kentucky . pp. 30 -- 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 0991 - 6 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Dr. Ralph Stanley : `` Man of Constant Sorrow : My Life and Times '' autobiography due out Oct 15 `` . www.bluegrassjournal.com . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stanley discusses song 's origins on the Diane Rehm Show Archived 2009 - 10 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . ( link to audio program 's web page ) ^ Jump up to : `` Folk Telephone : `` Man of Constant Sorrow '' `` . The Music Court . June 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Williams ( December 15 , 2009 ) . Bob Dylan : Performance Artist 1986 - 1990 And Beyond ( Mind Out Of Time ) ( Kindle ed . ) . Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0857121189 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sarah Ogan Gunning - Girl of Constant Sorrow '' . Folk Legacy . ^ Jump up to : Evan Schlansky ( June 30 , 2011 ) . `` Behind The Song : `` Man Of Constant Sorrow '' `` . American Songwriter . ^ Jump up to : Oliver Trager ( 2004 ) . Keys to the Rain : The Definitive Bob Dylan Encyclopedia . Billboard Books . pp. 411 -- 412 . ISBN 978 - 0823079742 . Jump up ^ Robert Shelton ( 4 April 2011 ) . No Direction Home : The Life and Music of Bob Dylan . Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 1849389112 . Jump up ^ Robert Shelton ( 4 April 2011 ) . No Direction Home : The Life and Music of Bob Dylan . Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 1617130120 . Jump up ^ Greil Marcus ( 2010 ) . Bob Dylan by Greil Marcus : Writings 1968 - 2010 . PublicAffairs , U.S. p. 394 . ISBN 9781586489199 . Jump up ^ Charles K. Wolfe ( November 26 , 1996 ) . Kentucky Country : Folk and Country Music of Kentucky ( Reprint ed . ) . University Press of Kentucky . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 0813108797 . ^ Jump up to : David W. Johnson ( 24 January 2013 ) . Lonesome Melodies : The Lives and Music of the Stanley Brothers . University Press of Mississippi . pp. 23 -- 24 . ISBN 978 - 1617036460 . Jump up ^ `` Sawyer Fredericks Auditions For The Voice With `` I Am A Man Of Constant Sorrow '' `` . The San Francisco Globe . March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Brothers , The & Clinch Mountain Boys , The * -- The Lonesome River / I 'm A Man Of Constant Sorrow '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ Gary B. Reid ( December 15 , 2014 ) . The Music of the Stanley Brothers . University of Illinois Press . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 0252080333 . Jump up ^ David W. Johnson ( 24 January 2013 ) . Lonesome Melodies : The Lives and Music of the Stanley Brothers . University Press of Mississippi . p. 169 . ISBN 978 - 1617036460 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Brothers '' . Bluegrass discography . Jump up ^ Gary B. Reid ( December 15 , 2014 ) . The Music of the Stanley Brothers . University of Illinois Press . p. 100 . ISBN 978 - 0252080333 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Moon ( August 4 , 2008 ) . 1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die . Workman Publishing Company . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0761139638 . Jump up ^ Richard Middleton ( September 5 , 2013 ) . Voicing the Popular : On the Subjects of Popular Music ( ebook ed . ) . ISBN 9781136092824 . Jump up ^ Jerry Hopkins ( September 20 , 1969 ) . `` ' New ' Bob Dylan Album Bootlegged in L.A. '' RollingStone . Jump up ^ Michael Gray ( 21 September 2006 ) . The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia . Bloomsbury Academic . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 0826469335 . Jump up ^ John Nogowski ( 15 July 2008 ) . Bob Dylan : A Descriptive , Critical Discography and Filmography , 1961 - 2007 ( 2nd Revised ed . ) . McFarland & Co Inc . ISBN 978 - 0786435180 . Jump up ^ Vince Farinaccio ( 2007 ) . Nothing to Turn Off : The Films and Video of Bob Dylan . p. 246 . Jump up ^ `` Ginger Baker 's Air Force '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Ginger Baker 's Air Force Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : T Bone Bennett ( August 22 , 2011 ) . `` O Brother , Where Art Thou ? '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Ben Child ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` Ten things we learned from George Clooney 's Reddit AMA '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Recipient History '' . IBMA . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Singles Sales Report : November 28 , 2016 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Soggy Bottom Boys Feat. Dan Tyminski -- I Am A Man Of Constant Sorrow '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Soggy Bottom Boys Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Delta Blind Billy - Hidden man blues '' . Jump up ^ `` WPAQ : Voice of the Blue Ridge Mountains '' . Allmusic . Jump up ^ Joan Baez Allmusic link Jump up ^ James E. Perone ( October 17 , 2012 ) . The Album : A Guide to Pop Music 's Most Provocative , Influential , and Important Creations . Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0313379062 . Jump up ^ `` Joan Baez -- Very Early Joan '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ Trent Moorman ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Judy Collins Has Done Everything ( Except Busking ) '' . The Stranger . Jump up ^ Bill C. Malone ( 24 October 2011 ) . Music from the True Vine : Mike Seeger 's Life and Musical Journey . The University of North Carolina Press . p. 119 . ISBN 978 - 0807835104 . Jump up ^ Craig Rosen ( 30 September 1996 ) . The Billboard book of number one albums : the inside story behind pop music 's blockbuster records . Billboard Books . Jump up ^ Vladimir Bogdanov ; Chris Woodstra ; Stephen Thomas Erlewine ( November 1 , 2003 ) . All Music Guide to Country : The Definitive Guide to Country Music . Backbeat Books . p. 376 . ISBN 978 - 0879307608 . Jump up ^ Eric v.d. Luft ( October 9 , 2009 ) . Die at the Right Time ! : A Subjective Cultural History of the American Sixties . Gegensatz Press . Jump up ^ John Einarson ( 2001 ) . Desperados : The Roots of Country Rock . Cooper Square Press . p. 206 . ISBN 978 - 0815410652 . Jump up ^ Vladimir Bogdanov , Chris Woodstra , Stephen Thomas Erlewine ( 19 December 2003 ) . All Music Guide to Country : The Definitive Guide to Country Music ( 2nd Revised ed . ) . Backbeat Books . ISBN 978 - 0879307608 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Hottest 100 - History - 2003 '' . www.abc.net.au . Jump up ^ `` Mainstream Rock songs : August 4 , 2012 '' . Billboard . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Active Rock : June 30 , 2012 '' . Billboard . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Hot Rock Songs : June 9 , 2012 '' . Billboard . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Review : Dwight Yoakam , ' Second Hand Heart ' '' . NPR.org . Jump up ^ Sterling Whitaker ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Dwight Yoakam Announces Details of 15th Studio Album '' . Taste of Country . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Fargo ' - ' Rhinoceros ' : Assault on precinct Luverne ? '' . HitFix . November 17 , 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) John Garst ( 2002 ) . `` '' Man of Constant Sorrow `` : Antecedents and Tradition '' . In Charles K. Wolfe , James E. Akenson . Country Music Annual 2002 . University Press of Kentucky . pp. 26 -- 53 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 0991 - 6 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) External links ( edit ) `` Folk Telephone : `` Man of Constant Sorrow '' `` . The Music Court . June 18 , 2010 . Contains lyrics for Burnett 's and the 1950 Stanley Brothers ' versions `` Man of Constant Sorrow '' . Bob Dylan 's Musical Roots . Lyrics for Bob Dylan 's 1961 recording and Stanley Brothers ' 1959 version from Newport Folk Festival Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics - Maid of Constant Sorrow by Judy Collins Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics - Man of Constant Sorrow by The Soggy Bottom Boys Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Man_of_Constant_Sorrow&oldid=838897279 '' Categories : Year of song unknown Songwriter unknown 1913 songs 2000 singles American folk songs Peter , Paul and Mary songs Bob Dylan songs Rod Stewart songs The Stanley Brothers songs Songs about Kentucky Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Euskara Français Italiano Norsk nynorsk Polski Română Русский Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 30 April 2018 , at 00 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the song man of constant sorrow | [
"\"Man of Constant Sorrow\" (also known as \"I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow\") is a traditional American folk song first published by Dick Burnett, a partially blind fiddler from Kentucky. The song was originally titled \"Farewell Song\" in a songbook by Burnett dated to around 1913. An early version was recorded by Emry Arthur in 1928, which gave the song its current titles."
] | [
"Dick Burnett,"
] |
3690146535411085677 | Alexa & Katie | Alexa & Katie - Wikipedia Alexa & Katie Alexa & Katie Genre Sitcom Created by Heather Wordham Starring Paris Berelc Isabel May Composer ( s ) Matt Mariano Zach Stretten - Carlson Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 13 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Heather Wordham Matthew Carlson Cinematography Christian La Fountaine , ASC Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 23 -- 30 minutes Production company ( s ) Vanity Logo Productions Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Original release March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) -- present External links Website Alexa & Katie is a Netflix original sitcom created by Heather Wordham . Matthew Carlson serves as showrunner . The first season premiered on Netflix on March 23 , 2018 , and consists of 13 episodes . In April 2018 , Netflix renewed the series for a second season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 4 Episodes 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Lifelong best friends Alexa and Katie are eagerly anticipating the start of their freshman year of high school . The two friends confront a crisis when Alexa discovers that she is ill and starts undergoing treatment for cancer , which leaves them feeling like outsiders at a time when what seems to matter most is fitting in. The girls try to navigate through high school while dealing with the illness . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Paris Berelc as Alexa Isabel May as Katie Tiffani Thiessen as Lori Eddie Shin as Dave Emery Kelly as Lucas Finn Carr as Jack Jolie Jenkins as Jennifer Recurring ( edit ) Kerri Medders as Gwenny Merit Leighton as Hannah Jack Griffo as Dylan Iman Benson as Reagan Production ( edit ) Alexa & Katie is the first multi-camera sitcom produced by Netflix . On April 9 , 2018 , Netflix renewed the series for a second season , with Wordham set to take over as showrunner . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Bad Hair Day '' Andy Cadiff Heather Wordham March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Alexa has cancer , however after the doctor clears her for school , she and her best friend Katie get ready to start their first day of high school . However due to Alexa 's chemo her hair begins to fall out , which leaves her distressed . She convices Katie to teepee her rival Gwenny 's house , but they then realize they accidentally teepee 'd their principal Trugly 's house . After being suspended for three days , Dave then finds out that Alexa knew she was teepee'ing Trugly , making Katie upset . After Jennifer returns Katie 's ski cap , which Alexa had borrowed when they teepee 'd Trugly 's house , Katie finds Alexa 's hair in the cap and realizes why Alexa wanted to get in trouble . After Katie confronts Alexa , Katie helps Alexa by shaving her hair off with Alexa . `` Wigs '' Andy Cadiff Heather Wordham March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) After the girls shaved their hair off , they go to a department store to buy wigs . The wig Katie wants to buy , however , costs $300 , more than she can afford . Not wanting to let Alexa know about her money troubles , she buys the wig anyway , along with a brightly colored one . Meanwhile , Dave struggles with seeing Alexa without any hair . `` Basketball '' Jeff Melman Matthew Carlson March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Alexa wants to try out for the basketball team and compete with her rival , but due to her chemo , she is n't allowed to . Katie tries out for her as a sign of support . Subsequently , a rumor starts to spread that someone in the grade has cancer . Lori starts to work from home to be closer to Alexa , but it does n't work out . During basketball try - outs , Katie 's wig falls off and her bald head is revealed , leading everyone to believe she is the one with cancer . `` Ungroundable '' Jeff Melman Nancy Cohen March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Alexa continually ropes Katie into doing bad things with her to prove to her that her mother wo n't ground her . Eventually , Lori comes to her senses and grounds Alexa , and for getting a bad grade on her math test , hires a tutor , which is Lucas 's friend Dylan . 5 `` The Play , Part 1 '' Jeff Melman Gary Murphy March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) As everyone thinks Katie is the one with cancer , she is left wondering if she is getting special treatment after she is given the lead in the school play . Jennifer asks Lucas to babysit Jack , however it proves harder than he thought . 6 `` Picture Day '' Victor Gonzalez Ray Lancon March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Alexa reveals she is the one with cancer , and everyone starts being very nice to her - even her rival , Gwenny . She continually plays pranks on Gwenny to get her to start being mean to her again , which ultimately works . Jennifer and Jack form a rivalry with Dave over football . 7 `` The Play , Part 2 '' Jeff Melman Todd Linden March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Katie starts to ignore Alexa more and more , as she becomes focused on the play . Lori gives Katie life lessons during rehearals , which annoys Jennifer . 8 `` Support Group '' Phill Lewis Erin Wagoner March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Katie starts to feel left out as Alexa , who is back in hospital , is receiving support from her fellow cancer patients . Lori stresses over her care , and bakes a load of cookies to try to bribe the hospital nurse into giving Alexa special treatment . 9 `` Winter Luau '' Trevor Kirschner Kamon Naddaf March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Due to her low immune system , Alexa is ordered to stay home , however she video - chats with Katie on an iPad to access her lessons . Jennifer gets upset when Jack asks Dave to go to his school career day instead of her . 10 `` Thanksgiving '' Trevor Kirschner Gary Murphy March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Alexa cooks Thanksgiving dinner , however it does n't take long for it to ruin . Meanwhile , Katie tries to reconnect with her father , but gets upset when he continues to treat her like a little girl . 11 `` Secret Sleepover '' Katy Garretson Nancy Cohen March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Dave and Lori take Lucas on a trip to pilot - school interviews , leaving Alexa home for the weekend , at Jennifer 's . However , she and Katie get up to no good while they are gone . Ryan asks Katie to the winter formal . 12 `` Winter Formal , Part 1 '' Andy Cadiff Blake J. Williger March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Jack takes a ' stray ' cat under his wing , which Dave develops an allergic reaction to . While Dylan and Alexa try to get closer , Lucas persistently interrupts the two and tries to break them apart . 13 `` Winter Formal , Part 2 '' Andy Cadiff Matthew Carlson March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Alexa and Katie get ready for the Winter Formal . Alexa convices Katie to ask Ryan to the dance , and Hannah tells everyone . Eventaully , the news gets to Ryan , and he says yes before Katie can even ask him . On the day of the dance , they find out there is a flu outbreak , meaning Alexa ca n't go . However Katie get an idea which will allow Alexa to go ; wearing a medical mask . Upon entering the dance , Alexa finds everyone with masks , including Gwenny . The episode end with everyone dancing to Katy Perry 's `` Firework '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vlada Gelda ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix Orders High School - Set Teen Comedy Series Alexa & Katie '' . TV Line . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Denise Petski ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Alexa & Katie ' Gets Premiere Date On Netflix ; First - Look Photos '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix Orders High - School Multi-Camera Comedy Series ' Alexa & Katie ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Alexa & Katie ' Renewed For Second Season By Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . 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Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexa_%26_Katie&oldid=846459377 '' Categories : 2010s American teen sitcoms 2018 American television series debuts American high school television series English - language television programs Netflix original programming Television series about cancer Television series about friendship Netflix children 's programming United States comedy television series stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 22 : 26 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who plays lucas mendoza in alexa and katie | [
"Emery Kelly as Lucas"
] | [
"Emery Kelly"
] |
-6322805540565487616 | Army Air Corps (United Kingdom) | Army Air Corps ( United Kingdom ) - wikipedia Army Air Corps ( United Kingdom ) Jump to : navigation , search Army Air Corps Cap Badge of the Army Air Corps . Active 1942 -- 1949 1957 -- present Country United Kingdom Branch British Army Type Army aviation Role Battlefield support , reconnaissance Size 2,000 personnel Approx. 200 aircraft Garrison / HQ 1 Regiment : Yeovilton 2 Regiment : Middle Wallop 3 Regiment : Wattisham 4 Regiment : Wattisham 5 Regiment : Aldergrove 6 Regiment : Army Reserve 7 Regiment : Middle Wallop March Quick : Recce Flight Slow : Thievish Magpie Battle honours Falkland Islands 1982 Wadi al Batin , Gulf 1991 Basra , Iraq 2003 Commanders Colonel - in - Chief HRH The Prince of Wales Colonel of the Regiment General The Rt Hon . The Lord Dannatt KCB CBE MC Insignia Tactical Recognition Flash Aircraft flown Attack Apache AH1 Patrol Lynx AH7 / AH9A Reconnaissance Gazelle AH1 Islander AL1 Wildcat AH1 Trainer Eurocopter Squirrel AS350BB Tutor T1 Transport Bell 212 HP Lynx AH9A AS365N3 Dauphin II Islander AL1 The Army Air Corps ( AAC ) is a component of the British Army , first formed in 1942 during the Second World War by grouping the various airborne units of the British Army ( which are no longer part of the AAC ) . Today , there are eight regiments ( 7 Regular Army and 1 Reserve ) of the AAC as well as four Independent Flights and two Independent Squadrons deployed in support of British Army operations across the world . They are located in Britain , Brunei , Canada , and Germany . Some AAC squadrons provide the offensive and air assault elements of 16 Air Assault Brigade through Joint Helicopter Command . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 First formation : 1942 -- 1949 1.2 Second formation : 1957 -- present 1.2. 1 Cold War 1.2. 2 War on Terror 2 Today 2.1 Personnel 2.2 Mascot 2.3 Aircraft 3 Structure 3.1 Regiments 3.2 Joint Special Forces Aviation Wing 3.3 Independent units 4 Former units 5 Future 5.1 Training 6 Battle honours 7 Order of precedence 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links History ( edit ) First formation : 1942 -- 1949 ( edit ) See also : Royal Flying Corps The British Army first took to the sky during the 19th century with the use of observation balloons . In 1911 the Air Battalion of the Royal Engineers was the first heavier - than - air British military aviation unit . The following year , the Battalion was expanded into the Military Wing of the Royal Flying Corps which saw action throughout most of the First World War until 1 April 1918 , when it was merged with the Royal Naval Air Service to form the Royal Air Force . Between the wars , the Army used RAF co-operation squadrons . At the beginning of the Second World War , Royal Artillery officers , with the assistance of RAF technicians , flew Auster observation aircraft under RAF - owned Air Observation Post ( AOP ) Squadrons . Twelve such squadrons were raised -- three of which belonged to the RCAF -- and each performed vital duties in a wide array of missions in many theatres . Early in the war , Winston Churchill , Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , announced the establishment of a new branch of army aviation , the Army Air Corps , formed in 1942 . The corps initially comprised the Glider Pilot Regiment and the Parachute Battalions ( subsequently the Parachute Regiment ) , Air Landing Regiments , and the Air Observation Post Squadrons . In 1944 , the SAS Regiment was added to the Corps . One of their most successful exploits during the war was Operation Deadstick , including the attack on Pegasus Bridge , which occurred on 6 June 1944 , prior to the landings on Normandy . Once the three gliders landed , some roughly which incurred casualties , the pilots joined the glider - borne troops ( Ox & Bucks Light Infantry ) to act as infantry . The bridge was taken within ten minutes of the battle commencing and the men there withstood numerous attempts by the Germans to re-capture the location . They were soon reinforced and relieved by soldiers from Lord Lovat 's 1 Special Service Brigade , famously led by piper Bill Millin . It was subsequently further reinforced by units of the British 3rd Division . The AAC was broken up in 1949 , with the SAS returning to its independent status , while the Parachute Regiment and Glider Pilot Regiment came under the umbrella of the Glider Pilot and Parachute Corps . The pilots who had once flown the gliders soon had to transfer to flying powered aircraft , becoming part of the RAF Air Observation Post ( AOP ) Squadrons , several of which were manned by reserve personnel . Second formation : 1957 -- present ( edit ) A Westland Lynx AH. 7 of the Army Air Corps ready to touch down on a desert road south of Basra Airport , Iraq , November 2003 In 1957 the Glider Pilot and Parachute Corps was renamed to The Parachute Regiment , while the Glider Pilot Regiment and the Air Observation Squadrons amalgamated into a new unit , the Army Air Corps . From 1970 , nearly every army brigade had at least one Aviation Squadron that usually numbered twelve aircraft . The main rotor aircraft during the 1970s were the Westland Scout and Bell Sioux general purpose helicopters . The Sioux was replaced from 1973 by the Westland Gazelle used for Airborne recce , initially unarmed , they were converted to carry 68mm SNEB rocket pods in 1982 , during the Falklands War . The Scout was replaced from 1978 by the Westland Lynx , which was capable of carrying additional firepower in the form of door gunners . Basic rotary flying training was carried out on the Bell Sioux in the 1970s , the Westland Gazelle in the 1980s and 1990s and is currently conducted on the Eurocopter AS350 Squirrel . Fixed - wing types in AAC service have included the Auster AOP. 6 and AOP. 9 and DHC - 2 Beaver AL. 1 in the observation and liaison roles . Since 1989 , the AAC have operated a number of Britten - Norman Islander and Defender aircraft for surveillance and light transport duties . The corps operated the DHC - 1 Chipmunk T. 10 in the training role until its replacement by the Slingsby T67 Firefly in the 1990s . The Firefly was replaced by the Grob Tutor in 2010 . Cold War ( edit ) During the Cold War the majority of Army Air Corps units were based in Germany and part of the British Army of the Rhine . At the beginning of 1989 the Army Air Corps structure was as follows : Army Air Corps , AAC Middle Wallop 1 Wing AAC , Hobart Barracks in Detmold , West Germany , under operational control of Commander Aviation 1st British Corps ( Wing disbanded during 1989 ) 1 Regiment AAC , Tofrek Barracks in Hildesheim , supported 1st Armoured Division 651 Squadron AAC , ( Anti-Tank , 4x Gazelle AH. 1 , 12x Lynx AH. 7 ( TOW ) ) 652 Squadron AAC , ( Anti-Tank , 4x Gazelle AH. 1 , 12x Lynx AH. 7 ( TOW ) ) 661 Squadron AAC , ( Reconnaissance , 12x Gazelle AH. 1 ) 3 Regiment AAC , Salamanca Barracks in Soest , supported 3rd Armoured Division 653 Squadron AAC , ( Anti-Tank , 4x Gazelle AH. 1 , 12x Lynx AH. 7 ( TOW ) ) 662 Squadron AAC , ( Reconnaissance , 12x Gazelle AH. 1 ) 663 Squadron AAC , ( Reconnaissance , 12x Gazelle AH. 1 ) 4 Regiment AAC , Hobart Barracks in Detmold , supported 4th Armoured Division 654 Squadron AAC , ( Anti-Tank , 4x Gazelle AH. 1 , 12x Lynx AH. 7 ( TOW ) ) 659 Squadron AAC , ( Anti-Tank , 4x Gazelle AH. 1 , 12x Lynx AH. 7 ( TOW ) ) 669 Squadron AAC , ( Reconnaissance , 12x Gazelle AH. 1 ) 2 Wing AAC , AAC Netheravon ( Wing disbanded during 1989 ) Northern Ireland Regiment AAC , AAC Aldergrove ( Later renamed 5 Regiment AAC ) 655 Squadron AAC , AAC Ballykelly , ( Anti-Tank , 4x Gazelle AH. 1 , 12x Lynx AH. 7 ) , supported 2nd Infantry Division 665 Squadron AAC , ( 16x Gazelle AH. 1 ) , supported HQ Northern Ireland 1 Flight AAC , ( Reconnaissance , 4x DHC - 2 Beaver AOP ) 7 Regiment AAC , AAC Netheravon 656 Squadron AAC , ( Anti-Tank , 4x Gazelle AH. 1 , 12x Lynx AH. 7 ) , supported 1st Infantry Brigade 666 Squadron AAC ( V ) , ( Territorial Army , Home Defence , 12x Gazelle AH. 1 ) 2 Flight AAC , ( 4x Gazelle AH. 1 ) , supported NATO 's AMF ( L ) 657 Squadron AAC , Colchester Garrison , ( Anti-Tank , 4x Gazelle AH. 1 , 12x Lynx AH. 7 ) , supported 9th Infantry Brigade ; joined 9 Regiment AAC in July 1990 . 9 Regiment AAC , RAF Topcliffe , part of 24th Airmobile Brigade 672 Squadron AAC , ( Lynx Light Battlefield Helicopter Squadron , activated 1 January 1990 , 12x Lynx AH. 9 ) 3 Flight AAC , ( 4x Gazelle AH. 1 ) School of Army Aviation , AAC Middle Wallop 670 Squadron AAC , Middle Wallop , ( Operational Training , 12x Gazelle AH. 1 , activated 1989 ) 671 Squadron AAC , Middle Wallop , ( Conversion to Type , 8x Gazelle AH. 1 , 8x Lynx AH. 7 ) Trade Training School ( Ground Crew & Maintenance Training ) 660 Squadron AAC , RAF Sek Kong , Hong Kong , ( 12x Scout AH. 1 ) , supported British Forces Hong Kong , two Scouts detached to British Forces Brunei C Flight , 660 Squadron AAC , Anduki Airfield in Seria , Brunei , ( 2x Scout AH. 1 ) 664 Squadron AAC , St George 's Barracks in Minden , West Germany , ( Reconnaissance , 12x Gazelle AH. 1 ) , supported 1st British Corps Development & Trials Squadron , AAC Middle Wallop , ( 12x Gazelle AH. 1 , under Director Army Air Corps . On 1 April 1990 renamed 667 ( D&T ) Squadron AAC ) 7 Flight AAC , RAF Gatow , Berlin , ( 4x Gazelle AH. 1 ) , supported the Berlin Infantry Brigade 8 Flight AAC , Stirling Lines , Hereford , ( 4x A109A Hirundo ) , supported the Special Air Service 12 Flight AAC , RAF Wildenrath , Germany , ( 4x Gazelle AH. 1 ) , supported British Army of the Rhine 16 Flight AAC , Kingsfield Airfield in Dhekelia , Cyprus , ( 4x Gazelle AH. 1 ) supported British Forces Cyprus 25 Flight AAC , Price Barracks , Belize , ( 4x Gazelle AH. 1 ) , supported British Army Training and Support Unit Belize 29 ( BATUS ) Flight AAC , CFB Suffield , Canada , ( 4x Gazelle AH. 1 ) , supported British Army Training Unit Suffield UNFICYP Flight AAC , Nicosia Airport , Cyprus , ( 4x Gazelle AH. 1 ) , supported United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus War on terror ( edit ) A further boost in the Army Air Corps ' capability came in the form of the Westland Apache AH. 1 attack helicopter . In 2006 , British Apaches deployed to Afghanistan as part of the NATO International Security Assistance Force . Today ( edit ) Personnel ( edit ) Army Air Corps personnel on parade , 2011 . The strength of the Army Air Corps is believed to be some 2,000 Regular personnel , of which 500 are officers . However , the AAC draws an additional 2,600 personnel from the Royal Logistic Corps and the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers . Therefore , total related Army Air Corps personnel is around 4,600 . Mascot ( edit ) In October 2011 , the Army Air Corps adopted their first Corps Mascot : Zephyr , a bald eagle . Aircraft ( edit ) Further information : List of active United Kingdom military aircraft and List of aircraft of the Army Air Corps ( United Kingdom ) The AAC operates fixed - wing and rotary - wing aircraft . The AAC uses the same designation system for aircraft as the Royal Air Force and the Fleet Air Arm . Two types of fixed - wing aircraft are operated by the Corps , primarily for reconnaissance purposes : the Britten - Norman Islander AL1 and the Britten - Norman Defender AL1 / AL2 / T3 . The Defenders are also employed in the command and communication role with limited use in transporting personnel . Additionally , AAC pilots use the fixed - wing Grob Tutor for Elementary Flying Training ( at Army Flying Grading & DEFTS ) . Today the larger section of the AAC is the rotary - wing part . Its aviators fly four types of helicopter , and within each type there are usually several marks / variants which carry out different roles . Pilots designated for rotary - wing service train at the Defence Helicopter Flying School , RAF Shawbury . The School is a tri-Service organisation consisting of civilian and military instructors that take the student from basic flying through to more advanced flying such as instrument flying , navigation , formation flying and captaincy . In service rotary - wing aircraft include : the Bell 212HP AH1 , the Eurocopter AS365N3 Dauphin II , the Eurocopter Squirrel HT2 , the Westland Gazelle AH1 , the Westland Lynx AH9A and the AgustaWestland Apache AH1 . AgustaWestland AH. 1 Britten - Norman Islander AL. 1 Westland Gazelle AH. 1 Westland Lynx AH. 9A AgustaWestland Wildcat AH. 1 Structure ( edit ) Arms of the British Army Combat Arms Royal Armoured Corps Infantry Guards Division Scottish Division Scottish , Welsh and Irish Division King 's Division Queen 's Division Prince of Wales ' Division Parachute Regiment Royal Gurkha Rifles The Rifles Special Air Service Army Air Corps Special Reconnaissance Regiment Combat Support Arms Royal Artillery Royal Engineers Royal Corps of Signals Intelligence Corps Combat Services Royal Army Chaplains ' Department Royal Logistic Corps Army Medical Services Royal Army Medical Corps Royal Army Dental Corps Royal Army Veterinary Corps Queen Alexandra 's Royal Army Nursing Corps Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers Adjutant General 's Corps Educational and Training Services Branch Army Legal Services Branch Provost Branch ( Royal Military Police Military Provost Staff Military Provost Guard Service ) Small Arms School Corps Royal Army Physical Training Corps General Service Corps Corps of Army Music Further information : List of Army Air Corps aircraft units ( United Kingdom ) Regiments ( edit ) 1 Regiment Wildcat 652 Squadron 659 Squadron ( until August 1947 No. 659 Squadron RAF ) 661 Squadron 2 ( Training ) Regiment 668 ( Training ) Squadron ( until November 1945 No. 668 Squadron RAF ) 676 Squadron 3 Regiment ( Joint Helicopter Command ) Apache 653 Squadron is to be an Operational Training Squadron from 2015 . 662 Squadron 663 Squadron 4 Regiment ( Joint Helicopter Command ) Apache 656 Squadron 664 Squadron 5 Regiment Gazelle and Defender 651 Squadron ( until September 1957 No. 651 Squadron RAF ) 665 Squadron ( until July 1945 No. 665 Squadron RCAF ) 6 Regiment is the Army Reserve component of the AAC 675 ( The Rifles ) Squadron 677 ( Suffolk and Norfolk Yeomanry ) Squadron 678 ( The Rifles ) Squadron 679 ( The Duke of Connaught 's ) Squadron 7 ( Training ) Regiment 670 ( Training ) Squadron ( until July 1946 No. 670 Squadron RAF ) 671 ( Training ) Squadron ( until July 1946 No. 671 Squadron RAF ) Joint Special Forces Aviation Wing ( edit ) 657 Squadron ( RAF Odiham ) 658 Squadron ( Stirling Lines ) Independent units ( edit ) 7 Flight ( Brunei ) 25 Flight ( AAC Middle Wallop ) 29 ( BATUS ) Flight ( Alberta , Canada ) 660 Squadron ( part of the Defence Helicopter Flying School ) 667 Squadron ( Development and Trials ) 674 Squadron ( Defence Elementary Flying Training School ) The Band Of The Army Air Corps Army Flying Grading Army Historic Aircraft Flight The Army Air Corps Blue Eagles Display Team The Army Air Corps Parachute Display Team Former units ( edit ) British Army of the British Armed Forces Components Army ( Operational Structure of the British Army List of units current regiments ) Army Reserve Administration Army Headquarters Overseas British Forces Germany British Forces Cyprus British Forces Falkland Islands British Forces Gibraltar British Forces Brunei Personnel Senior officers Officer insignia Other ranks insignia Equipment Current equipment British military rifles History History Timeline Recruitment British Army portal Further information : List of Army Air Corps aircraft units ( United Kingdom ) Future ( edit ) Aldergrove Stirling Lines Middle Wallop Wattisham RNAS Yeovilton RAF Odiham RAF Cranwell Bases of the Army Air Corps in 2020 In the future , the current regiments will be consolidated into the following structure : Aviation Reconnaissance Force 1 Regiment AAC , RNAS Yeovilton Wildcat AH. 1 659 Squadron 661 Squadron 669 Squadron 672 Squadron 652 Squadron ( OCU ) 5 Regiment AAC , Aldergrove Gazelle / Defender 651 Squadron 665 Squadron Supporting 3rd ( UK ) Division , 16 Air Assault Brigade and Royal Marines , Wattisham Apache AH. 1 3 Regiment AAC 662 Squadron 663 Squadron 653 Squadron ( OCU ) 4 Regiment AAC 656 Squadron 664 Squadron Joint Special Forces Aviation Wing RAF Odiham Lynx AH. 9A 657 Squadron Stirling Lines Dauphin II / Gazelle AH. 1 658 Squadron Army Reserves 6 Regiment AAC RHQ / HQ Squadron , Bury St. Edmunds 675 Squadron , Taunton / Yeovil 677 Squadron , Bury St. Edmunds 678 Squadron , Milton Keynes / Luton 679 Squadron , Portsmouth / Middle Wallop Aviation Specialist Group , Middle Wallop 1 and 9 Regt AAC will merge under one headquarters ( 1 Regt AAC ) and re-locate to RNAS Yeovilton to form a large regiment equipped with the new AgustaWestland Wildcat helicopter not before 15 October . The Regular component of Army Air Corps capability will consist of two regular aviation regiments equipped with Apache , one large regular aviation regiment equipped with Wildcat , and one regular manned aerial surveillance regiment , although the Gazelle out - of - service date is currently 2018 and it has not yet been confirmed whether or how the capability will be replaced . All five squadrons from 1 and 9 AAC . will remain . Four squadrons will be the front line Lynx Wildcat squadrons , one ( 652 Squadron ) will become the Wildcat Operational Conversion Squadron . There will be two frontline squadrons of Apache helicopters in both 3 and 4 Regiment AAC , with 3 Regiment also parenting the Apache OCU , 653 Squadron . One Regiment will be at high readiness at any one time . One of the squadrons will be attached to HMS Ocean and / or the new Queen Elizabeth - class aircraft carriers for expeditionary operations . Another will be attached to the lead armoured battlegroup . However , under Army 2020 Refine , 3 Regiment AAC will be tasked to support the armoured infantry , and strike brigades of 3 ( UK ) Division and 4 Regiment AAC will support the army 's 16 Air Assault Brigade and 3 Commando Brigade of the Royal Marines . With the retirement of the Gazelle fleet and the transfer of the AAC 's Islander aircraft to the Royal Air Force ( both scheduled for 2018 ) 5 Regiment AAC will be transferred to the Royal Air Force . Training ( edit ) The Army 's training structure will remain broadly the same . Training of future Army Air Corps aircrew will be delivered by the joint service UK Military Flying Training System . Elementary Flying Training will continue to be delivered at RAF Cranwell , alongside Royal Navy students . Training Units , Middle Wallop 7 ( Training ) Regiment AAC 670 Squadron - Operational Training 671 Squadron - Lynx / Gazelle / Bell 212 ( Future uncertain , given retirement of Gazelle and Lynx fleets ) 673 Squadron - Apache Conversion to type Defence Elementary Flying Training School , RAF Cranwell Tutor T. 1 674 Squadron Defence Helicopter Flying School , RAF Shawbury Squirrel HT. 1 660 Squadron Battle honours ( edit ) The Army Air Corps is classed , in UK military parlance , as a `` Combat Arm '' . It therefore carries its own guidon and is awarded battle honours . The honours awarded to the AAC are : Normandy Landings 1944 Merville Battery 1944 Rhine 1945 North West Europe 1944 - 45 Sicily 1943 Pegasus Bridge Arnhem 1944 Southern France Falkland Islands 1982 Wadi al Batin 1991 Gulf 1991 Al - Basrah Iraq 2003 Order of precedence ( edit ) Preceded by Special Air Service British Army Order of Precedence Succeeded by Special Reconnaissance Regiment See also ( edit ) British Army portal List of airfields of the Army Air Corps Museum of Army Flying List of Army Air Corps aircraft squadrons Australian Army Aviation Army Aviation Corps ( India ) Joint Helicopter Command Army aviation List of air forces Aircrew brevet References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World Air Forces '' ( PDF ) . Flight International . 2014 . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Farrar - Hockley 1994 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Farrar - Hockley 1994 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Farrar - Hockley 1994 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Rawlings 1984 , pp. 255 - 259 . Jump up ^ Rawlings 1984 , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Halley 1988 , pp. 444 - 451 . Jump up ^ Jefford 2001 , pp. 102 - 105 . Jump up ^ Farrar - Hockley 1994 , pp. 179 , 187 - 194 . Jump up ^ `` Gazelle - British Army Website '' . Army.mod.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Army Service Corps '' . British Army units 1945 on . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Army Air Corps '' . Helis . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BAOR Order of Battle July 1989 '' ( PDF ) . Louis Vieuxbill . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aviation '' . Ministry of Defence . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ THE ARMY AIR CORPS ( AAC ) , armedforces.co.uk Jump up ^ `` Zephyr -- the Army Air Corps mascot '' . Ministry of Defence . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Islander '' . mod.uk . Archived from the original on 13 March 2008 . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bell 212 - British Army Website '' . Army.mod.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Photos : Eurocopter AS - 365N - 3 Dauphin 2 Aircraft Pictures '' . Airliners.net. 2008 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Squirrel '' . mod.uk . Archived from the original on 13 March 2008 . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gazelle '' . mod.uk . Archived from the original on 13 March 2008 . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Westland Lynx '' . mod.uk . Archived from the original on 13 March 2008 . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack Helicopter '' . mod.uk . Archived from the original on 13 March 2008 . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Eagle '' ( PDF ) . Autumn 2014 . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Army 2020 Archived 18 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Army 2020 Reserve Structure & Basing '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Army to reduce by 23 units - British Army Website '' . Army.mod.uk. 2012 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Army Air Corps future structure '' . UK Armed Forces Commentary . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Tim Ripley , London - IHS Jane 's Defence Weekly ( 13 October 2013 ) . `` British Army helicopters leave Germany - IHS Jane 's 360 '' . Janes.com . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 11 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Anonymous ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` 654 Squadron 's Last Parade Before Disbandment '' . forces.tv . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Ripley , Tim ( 9 February 2017 ) . `` UK re-roles Apache attack helicopter units '' . IHS Janes . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Tim Ripley ( 14 September 2016 ) . `` UK MoD looks to transfer Army Defender and Islander aircraft to RAF '' . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Farrar - Hockley , General Sir Anthony . The Army in the Air : The History of the Artmy Air Corps . Stroud , Gloucestershire , UK : Alan Sutton Publishing Ltd. , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 0617 - 0 . Halley , James J. The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth 1918 - 1988 . Tonbridge , Kent , UK : Air Britain ( Historians ) Ltd. , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 85130 - 164 - 9 . Jefford , Wing Commander C.G. , MBE , BA , RAF ( Retd . ) . RAF Squadrons , a Comprehensive record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912 . Shrewsbury , Shropshire , UK : Airlife Publishing , 1988 ( second edition 2001 ) . ISBN 1 - 85310 - 053 - 6 . Mead , Peter . Soldiers in the Air : The Development of Army Flying . London : Ian Allan Ltd. , 1967 . OCLC 464211829 Parham Major General H.J. & Belfield E.M.G. Unarmed Into Battle : The Story of the Air Observation Post . Warren & son , for the Air O.P. Officers ' Association , Winchester , 1956 . ( Second edition : Chippenham , Wiltshire , UK : Picton Publishing Ltd. , 1986 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 948251 - 14 - 6 ) Rawlings , John D.R. Coastal , Support and Special Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft . London : Jane 's Publishing Company Ltd. , 1982 . ISBN 0 - 7106 - 0187 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Army Air Corps ( UK ) . Official site School of Army Aviation Army Air Corps Historic Aircraft Flight official webpage The Blue Eagles - Army Air Corps Helicopter Display Team official webpage The Silver Eagles - Army Air Corps Freefall Parachute Display Team official webpage Army Air Corps group pool of images on Flickr Army Air Corps in Germany private webpage Army Air Corps ( units ) Airfields JHFS Aldergrove RAF Barkston Heath Credenhill Barracks AAC Middle Wallop AAC Netheravon Wattisham Airfield Regular units 1 Regiment No. 652 Squadron AAC No. 659 Squadron AAC No. 661 Squadron AAC 3 Regiment No. 653 Squadron AAC No. 662 Squadron AAC No. 663 Squadron AAC 4 Regiment No. 656 Squadron AAC No. 664 Squadron AAC 5 Regiment No. 651 Squadron AAC No. 665 Squadron AAC Army reserve units 6 Regiment No. 675 ( The Rifles ) Squadron AAC No. 677 ( Suffolk and Norfolk Yeomanry ) Squadron AAC No. 678 ( The Rifles ) Squadron AAC No. 679 ( The Duke of Connaught 's ) Squadron AAC Training units 2 ( Training ) Regiment No. 668 ( Training ) Squadron AAC No. 676 Squadron AAC 7 ( Training ) Regiment No. 670 Squadron AAC No. 671 Squadron AAC No. 25 Flight AAC ( Kenya ) Other 660 Squadron AAC ( Defence Helicopter Flying School ) 667 Squadron AAC ( Development and Trials ) 674 Squadron AAC ( Defence Elementary Flying Training School ) Army Historic Aircraft Flight The Band Of The Army Air Corps Army Flying Grading Blue Eagles Display Team The Army Air Corps Parachute Display Team Army Aviation Centre Independent Flights No. 7 Flight AAC ( Brunei ) No. 29 ( BATUS ) Flight AAC ( Alberta , Canada ) Independent Squadrons 657 Squadron ( RAF Odiham ) ( Joint Special Forces Aviation Wing ( JSFAW ) ) 658 Squadron ( Stirling Lines ) ( JSFAW ) British Army General Ministry of Defence Army Headquarters Army Board Chief of the General Staff Army Sergeant Major Joint Helicopter Command Structure Order of Precedence Installations Equipment ( Rifles ) Recruitment Training Ranks officer rank insignia other ranks other ranks rank insignia Medals Uniforms National Army Museum History Timeline Army 2020 Army Reserve United Kingdom Special Forces Regiments Household Cavalry Life Guards Blues and Royals Household Cavalry Regiment Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment Royal Armoured Corps 1st The Queen 's Dragoon Guards Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Royal Dragoon Guards Queen 's Royal Hussars Royal Lancers King 's Royal Hussars Light Dragoons Royal Tank Regiment Royal Yeomanry Royal Wessex Yeomanry Scottish and North Irish Yeomanry Queen 's Own Yeomanry Infantry Foot Guards Grenadier Guards Coldstream Guards Scots Guards Irish Guards Welsh Guards London Regiment Line Infantry Royal Regiment of Scotland Princess of Wales 's Royal Regiment Duke of Lancaster 's Regiment Royal Regiment of Fusiliers Royal Anglian Regiment Yorkshire Regiment Mercian Regiment Royal Welsh Royal Irish Regiment Rifles Royal Gurkha Rifles The Rifles Airborne Parachute Regiment Overseas Regiments Royal Gibraltar Regiment Royal Bermuda Regiment Royal Montserrat Defence Force Falkland Islands Defence Force Other Combat Arms Special Air Service Special Reconnaissance Regiment Army Air Corps Combat Support Arms Royal Artillery Royal Engineers Royal Corps of Signals Intelligence Corps Combat Services Royal Army Chaplains ' Department Royal Logistic Corps Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers Small Arms School Corps Royal Army Physical Training Corps General Service Corps Corps of Army Music Army Medical Services Royal Army Medical Corps Royal Army Dental Corps Royal Army Veterinary Corps Queen Alexandra 's Royal Army Nursing Corps Adjutant General 's Corps Staff and Personnel Support Educational and Training Services Branch Army Legal Services Branch Royal Military Police Military Provost Staff Military Provost Guard Service Category Portal NATO Air Forces Air forces Albanian Air Force Belgian Air Component Bulgarian Air Force Royal Canadian Air Force Croatian Air Force and Air Defence Czech Air Force Denmark Royal Danish Air Force Danish Air Force Home Guard Estonian Air Force France French Air Force French Air Gendarmerie Germany German Air Force German Cyber and Information Space Command Hellenic Air Force Hungarian Air Force Italian Air Force Latvian Air Force Lituania Lithuanian Air Force Lithuanian Special Operations Force Air Force Special Operations Element Montenegrin Air Force Royal Netherlands Air Force Norway Royal Norwegian Air Force Norwegian Cyber Defence Force Polish Air Force Portuguese Air Force Romanian Air Force Slovak Air Force Slovenian Air Force and Air Defence Spain Spanish Air Force Spanish Royal Guard `` Plus Ultra '' Squadron Turkish Air Force British Royal Air Force United States Air Force Maritime forces aviation Bulgarian Naval Aviation French Naval Aviation German Naval Aviation Hellenic Navy Fleet Air Arm Icelandic Coast Guard Aeronautical Division Italy Italian Navy Aviation Italian Coast Guard Air Service Netherlands Naval Aviation Service Polish Naval Aviation Brigade Portuguese Naval Aviation Romanian Naval Forces Aviation Spanish Naval Air Arm Turkey Turkish Naval Forces Aviation Command Turkish Coast Guard Aviation Command British Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm United States of America United States Marine Corps Aviation United States Naval Air Forces United States Coast Guard Aviation Land forces aviation France French Army Light Aviation National Gendarmerie Aviation German Army Aviation Corps Hellenic Army Aviation Italy Italian Army Aviation Command Aerial Service of the Carabinieri Corps Lithuanian National Defence Volunteer Forces , Aviation Unit Polish Land Forces Aviation Spanish Army Airmobile Force Turkey Turkish Land Forces Aviation Command Turkish Gendarmerie Aviation Command British Army Air Corps United States Army Aviation Branch Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Army_Air_Corps_(United_Kingdom)&oldid=802987021 '' Categories : Army Air Corps Military units and formations established in 1942 1942 establishments in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from August 2017 Use British English from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Français Հայերեն Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 19 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where are apache helicopters based in the uk | [
"The Army Air Corps (AAC) is a component of the British Army, first formed in 1942 during the Second World War by grouping the various airborne units of the British Army (which are no longer part of the AAC). Today, there are eight regiments (7 Regular Army and 1 Reserve) of the AAC as well as four Independent Flights and two Independent Squadrons deployed in support of British Army operations across the world. They are located in Britain, Brunei, Canada, and Germany. Some AAC squadrons provide the offensive and air assault elements of 16 Air Assault Brigade through Joint Helicopter Command."
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"Britain"
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-4108129260304095425 | List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories | List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories - wikipedia List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories Jump to : navigation , search Katharine Hepburn won four Academy Awards for Best Actress , more than any other actor in the history of the Academy Awards . The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences has given Academy Awards to actors and actresses for their performances in films since its inception . Throughout the history of the Academy Awards , there have been actors and actresses who have received multiple Academy Awards for Best Actor , Best Actress , Best Supporting Actor , or Best Supporting Actress . The only restriction is that actors can not receive multiple nominations for the same performance . This rule was implemented after Barry Fitzgerald received a Best Actor and a Best Supporting Actor nomination for his performance in Going My Way . As of 2017 , 40 actors and actresses have received two or more Academy Awards in acting categories . Six of these actors and actresses have received three or more acting Academy Awards : Katharine Hepburn ( four Best Actress awards ) , Ingrid Bergman ( two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award ) , Walter Brennan ( three Best Supporting Actor awards ) , Jack Nicholson ( two Best Actor awards and one Best Supporting Actor award ) , Meryl Streep ( two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award ) , and Daniel Day - Lewis ( three Best Actor awards ) . Brennan was the first to receive three or more Academy Awards in 1940 , followed by Hepburn in 1968 , Bergman in 1974 , Nicholson in 1997 , Streep in 2011 , and most recently Day - Lewis in 2012 . Of the six , only Nicholson , Streep , and Day - Lewis are still living . Actor / Actress Best Actor / Actress Awards Best Supporting Actor / Actress Awards Total awards Total nominations Hepburn , Katharine Katharine Hepburn Morning Glory ( 1933 ) Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner ( 1967 ) The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) 12 Day - Lewis , Daniel Daniel Day - Lewis My Left Foot ( 1989 ) There Will Be Blood ( 2007 ) Lincoln ( 2012 ) 5 Streep , Meryl Meryl Streep Sophie 's Choice ( 1982 ) The Iron Lady ( 2011 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) 20 Nicholson , Jack Jack Nicholson One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) 12 Bergman , Ingrid Ingrid Bergman Gaslight ( 1944 ) Anastasia ( 1956 ) Murder on the Orient Express ( 1974 ) 7 Brennan , Walter Walter Brennan Come and Get It ( 1936 ) Kentucky ( 1938 ) The Westerner ( 1940 ) Davis , Bette Bette Davis Dangerous ( 1935 ) Jezebel ( 1938 ) 10 Tracy , Spencer Spencer Tracy Captains Courageous ( 1937 ) Boys Town ( 1938 ) 9 Brando , Marlon Marlon Brando On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) 8 Lemmon , Jack Jack Lemmon Save the Tiger ( 1973 ) Mister Roberts ( 1955 ) 8 Blanchett , Cate Cate Blanchett Blue Jasmine ( 2013 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) 7 De Niro , Robert Robert De Niro Raging Bull ( 1980 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) 7 Fonda , Jane Jane Fonda Klute ( 1971 ) Coming Home ( 1978 ) 7 Hoffman , Dustin Dustin Hoffman Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) 7 Washington , Denzel Denzel Washington Training Day ( 2001 ) Glory ( 1989 ) 7 Caine , Michael Michael Caine Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) The Cider House Rules ( 1999 ) 6 Lange , Jessica Jessica Lange Blue Sky ( 1994 ) Tootsie ( 1982 ) 6 Smith , Maggie Maggie Smith The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie ( 1969 ) California Suite ( 1978 ) 6 Cooper , Gary Gary Cooper Sergeant York ( 1941 ) High Noon ( 1952 ) 5 de Havilland , Olivia Olivia de Havilland To Each His Own ( 1946 ) The Heiress ( 1949 ) 5 Hackman , Gene Gene Hackman The French Connection ( 1971 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) 5 Hanks , Tom Tom Hanks Philadelphia ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) 5 March , Fredric Fredric March Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1931 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) 5 Penn , Sean Sean Penn Mystic River ( 2003 ) Milk ( 2008 ) 5 Taylor , Elizabeth Elizabeth Taylor BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) 5 Foster , Jodie Jodie Foster The Accused ( 1988 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Jackson , Glenda Glenda Jackson Women in Love ( 1970 ) A Touch of Class ( 1973 ) Quinn , Anthony Anthony Quinn Viva Zapata ! ( 1952 ) Lust for Life ( 1956 ) Winters , Shelley Shelley Winters The Diary of Anne Frank ( 1959 ) A Patch of Blue ( 1965 ) Douglas , Melvyn Melvyn Douglas Hud ( 1963 ) Being There ( 1979 ) Field , Sally Sally Field Norma Rae ( 1979 ) Places in the Heart ( 1984 ) Robards , Jason Jason Robards All the President 's Men ( 1976 ) Julia ( 1977 ) Ustinov , Peter Peter Ustinov Spartacus ( 1960 ) Topkapi ( 1964 ) Wiest , Dianne Dianne Wiest Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) Bullets over Broadway ( 1994 ) Hayes , Helen Helen Hayes The Sin of Madelon Claudet ( 1931 ) Airport ( 1970 ) Leigh , Vivien Vivien Leigh Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1951 ) Rainer , Luise Luise Rainer The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Good Earth ( 1937 ) Spacey , Kevin Kevin Spacey American Beauty ( 1999 ) The Usual Suspects ( 1995 ) Swank , Hilary Hilary Swank Boys Do n't Cry ( 1999 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Waltz , Christoph Christoph Waltz Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) Django Unchained ( 2012 ) See also ( edit ) Film portal List of actors with two or more Academy Award nominations in acting categories List of actors nominated for Academy Awards for foreign language performances List of directors with two or more Academy Awards for Best Director List of Academy Award records References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Acting Two or More Awards '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . March 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2008 . Retrieved August 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rule 6 -- 80th Academy Awards '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2008 . Retrieved August 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Persons nominated in two acting categories in the same year '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . March 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2008 . Retrieved August 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Allen , Jamie ( June 30 , 2003 ) . `` Katharine Hepburn dead at 96 '' . CNN . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2008 . Retrieved August 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ingrid Bergman -- Awards '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Walter Brennan -- Awards '' . Moviefone . Retrieved August 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Nicholson -- Awards '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 21 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Actors with multiple Academy Award wins at Wikimedia Commons The Official Academy Awards Database The Motion Picture Credits Database at the Wayback Machine ( archived May 9 , 2008 ) IMDb Academy Awards Page Academy Awards lists Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Oscar season Oscar speech History of film Most wins per ceremony Combined major Oscars Superlatives Big Five All four acting categories Combined major awards Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Award careers Acting All nominees Best Actor ( by age ) Best Actress ( by age ) Best Supporting Actor ( by age ) Best Supporting Actress ( by age ) Acting noms in foreign language Actor multi-nom years Multi-Best Picture acting careers Multi-win Actors Multi-nom Actors Love curse Directing Best Director ( by age ) Multi-win Directors Film Films Best Picture milestones Foreign - language wins Foreign - language nominees Foreign - language noms in other categories Foreign - language : count by country Animated feature noms in other categories Ethnicity African Argentine Asian Australian Black Brazilian British Canadian Chilean Colombian Cuban French German - speaking Greek Hispanic - American ( U.S. ) Indian Iranian Italian Jewish Latin American Mexican New Zealand Nordic Pakistani Polish Puerto Rican Spanish Uruguayan Other Ceremonies Families Fictitious LGBT Multi-win years Posthumous Best Picture Presenters Trophy displays Oldest & Youngest Awards for Walt Disney Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_actors_with_two_or_more_Academy_Awards_in_acting_categories&oldid=800872310 '' Categories : Academy Awards lists Lists of actors Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Webarchive template wayback links Talk About Wikipedia فارسی Magyar Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 05 : 40 . About Wikipedia | who has the most oscars for best actress | [
"\n\nActor/Actress\nBest Actor/Actress Awards\nBest Supporting Actor/Actress Awards\nTotal awards\nTotal nominations\n\n\nHepburn, KatharineKatharine Hepburn\nMorning Glory (1933)\nGuess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967)\nThe Lion in Winter (1968)\nOn Golden Pond (1981)\n\n4\n12\n\n\nDay-Lewis, DanielDaniel Day-Lewis\nMy Left Foot (1989)\nThere Will Be Blood (2007)\nLincoln (2012)\n\n3\n5\n\n\nStreep, MerylMeryl Streep\nSophie's Choice (1982)\nThe Iron Lady (2011)\nKramer vs. Kramer (1979)\n3\n20\n\n\nNicholson, JackJack Nicholson\nOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975)\nAs Good as It Gets (1997)\nTerms of Endearment (1983)\n3\n12\n\n\nBergman, IngridIngrid Bergman\nGaslight (1944)\nAnastasia (1956)\nMurder on the Orient Express (1974)\n3\n7\n\n\nBrennan, WalterWalter Brennan\n\nCome and Get It (1936)\nKentucky (1938)\nThe Westerner (1940)\n3\n4\n\n\nDavis, BetteBette Davis\nDangerous (1935)\nJezebel (1938)\n\n2\n10\n\n\nTracy, SpencerSpencer Tracy\nCaptains Courageous (1937)\nBoys Town (1938)\n\n2\n9\n\n\nBrando, MarlonMarlon Brando\nOn the Waterfront (1954)\nThe Godfather (1972)\n\n2\n8\n\n\nLemmon, JackJack Lemmon\nSave the Tiger (1973)\nMister Roberts (1955)\n2\n8\n\n\nBlanchett, CateCate Blanchett\nBlue Jasmine (2013)\nThe Aviator (2004)\n2\n7\n\n\nDe Niro, RobertRobert De Niro\nRaging Bull (1980)\nThe Godfather Part II (1974)\n2\n7\n\n\nFonda, JaneJane Fonda\nKlute (1971)\nComing Home (1978)\n\n2\n7\n\n\nHoffman, DustinDustin Hoffman\nKramer vs. Kramer (1979)\nRain Man (1988)\n\n2\n7\n\n\nWashington, DenzelDenzel Washington\nTraining Day (2001)\nGlory (1989)\n2\n7\n\n\nCaine, MichaelMichael Caine\n\nHannah and Her Sisters (1986)\nThe Cider House Rules (1999)\n2\n6\n\n\nLange, JessicaJessica Lange\nBlue Sky (1994)\nTootsie (1982)\n2\n6\n\n\nSmith, MaggieMaggie Smith\nThe Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1969)\nCalifornia Suite (1978)\n2\n6\n\n\nCooper, GaryGary Cooper\nSergeant York (1941)\nHigh Noon (1952)\n\n2\n5\n\n\nde Havilland, OliviaOlivia de Havilland\nTo Each His Own (1946)\nThe Heiress (1949)\n\n2\n5\n\n\nHackman, GeneGene Hackman\nThe French Connection (1971)\nUnforgiven (1992)\n2\n5\n\n\nHanks, TomTom Hanks\nPhiladelphia (1993)\nForrest Gump (1994)\n\n2\n5\n\n\nMarch, FredricFredric March\nDr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931)\nThe Best Years of Our Lives (1946)\n\n2\n5\n\n\nPenn, SeanSean Penn\nMystic River (2003)\nMilk (2008)\n\n2\n5\n\n\nTaylor, ElizabethElizabeth Taylor\nBUtterfield 8 (1960)\nWho's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966)\n\n2\n5\n\n\nFoster, JodieJodie Foster\nThe Accused (1988)\nThe Silence of the Lambs (1991)\n\n2\n4\n\n\nJackson, GlendaGlenda Jackson\nWomen in Love (1970)\nA Touch of Class (1973)\n\n2\n4\n\n\nQuinn, AnthonyAnthony Quinn\n\nViva Zapata! (1952)\nLust for Life (1956)\n2\n4\n\n\nWinters, ShelleyShelley Winters\n\nThe Diary of Anne Frank (1959)\nA Patch of Blue (1965)\n2\n4\n\n\nDouglas, MelvynMelvyn Douglas\n\nHud (1963)\nBeing There (1979)\n2\n3\n\n\nField, SallySally Field\nNorma Rae (1979)\nPlaces in the Heart (1984)\n\n2\n3\n\n\nRobards, JasonJason Robards\n\nAll the President's Men (1976)\nJulia (1977)\n2\n3\n\n\nUstinov, PeterPeter Ustinov\n\nSpartacus (1960)\nTopkapi (1964)\n2\n3\n\n\nWiest, DianneDianne Wiest\n\nHannah and Her Sisters (1986)\nBullets over Broadway (1994)\n2\n3\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes\nThe Sin of Madelon Claudet (1931)\nAirport (1970)\n2\n2\n\n\nLeigh, VivienVivien Leigh\nGone with the Wind (1939)\nA Streetcar Named Desire (1951)\n\n2\n2\n\n\nRainer, LuiseLuise Rainer\nThe Great Ziegfeld (1936)\nThe Good Earth (1937)\n\n2\n2\n\n\nSpacey, KevinKevin Spacey\nAmerican Beauty (1999)\nThe Usual Suspects (1995)\n2\n2\n\n\nSwank, HilaryHilary Swank\nBoys Don't Cry (1999)\nMillion Dollar Baby (2004)\n\n2\n2\n\n\nWaltz, ChristophChristoph Waltz\n\nInglourious Basterds (2009)\nDjango Unchained (2012)\n2\n2\n\n"
] | [
"Katharine Hepburn"
] |
4241409650945414073 | Table setting | Table setting - wikipedia Table setting Jump to : navigation , search Table setting ( laying a table ) or place setting refers to the way to set a table with tableware -- such as eating utensils and for serving and eating . The arrangement for a single diner is called a place setting . The practice of dictating the precise arrangement of tableware has varied across cultures and historical periods . A table setting may have many elements , especially on formal occasions ; the long utensil is a lobster pick . Contents ( hide ) 1 Place setting 1.1 Informal 1.2 Formal 1.2. 1 Formal dinner 2 Gallery 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading Place setting ( edit ) Informal settings generally have fewer utensils and dishes but use a layout based on more formal settings . Utensils are arranged in the order and according to the manner in which the diner will use them . In the West , forks , plate , butter knife , and napkin generally are placed to the left of the dinner plate , and knives , spoons , stemware and tumblers , cups , and saucers to the right . ( By contrast , formal settings in Armenia place the fork to the right of the dinner plate and informal settings in Turkey place the fork to the right of the dinner plate if not accompanied by a knife ) Sauceboats and serving dishes , when used , either are placed on the table or , more formally , may be kept on a side table . Informal ( edit ) Informal setting with pancakes in a California mountain cabin . At an informal setting , fewer utensils are used and serving dishes are placed on the table . Sometimes the cup and saucer are placed on the right side of the spoon , about 30cm or 12 inches from the edge of the table . Often , in less formal settings , the napkin should be in the wine glass . However , such objects as napkin rings are very rare in the United Kingdom , Spain , Mexico , or Italy . Formal ( edit ) A formal table setting for one person . Utensils are placed inward about 20cm or 8 inches from the edge of the table , with all placed either upon the same invisible baseline or upon the same invisible median line . Utensils in the outermost position are to be used first ( for example , a soup spoon or a salad fork , later the dinner fork and the dinner knife ) . The blades of the knives are turned toward the plate . Glasses are placed an inch ( 2.5 cm ) or so above the knives , also in the order of use : white wine , red wine , dessert wine , and water tumbler . Formal dinner ( edit ) The most formal dinner is served from the kitchen . When the meal is served , in addition to the central plate ( a service plate or dinner plate at supper ; at luncheon , a service plate or luncheon plate ) at each place there are a bread roll ( generally on a bread plate , sometimes in the napkin ) , napkin , and flatware ( knives and spoons to the right of the central plate , and forks to the left ) . Coffee is served in Butler Service style in demitasses , and a spoon placed on the saucer to the right of each handle . Serving dishes and utensils are not placed on the table for a formal dinner . The only exception in the West to these general rules is the protocol followed at the Spanish royal court , which was also adopted by the Austrian court , in which all cutlery was placed to the right of the central plate for each diner . At a less formal dinner , not served from the kitchen , the dessert fork and spoon can be set above the plate , fork pointing right , spoon pointing left . Gallery ( edit ) Formal dining Formal Place Setting for 8 Course Dinner Appetizer Course Soup Course Fish Course Entrée Course Palate Cleanser Main ( Releve ) Course Salad Course Fingerbowl Before Dessert Dessert Place Setting Before Dessert Dessert Course Coffee / Tea Course Tea Service See also ( edit ) Flatware ( cutlery ) Haft - Sin , traditional table setting of Nowruz , the traditional Iranian spring celebration . List of glassware Napkin folding Silver service , a method of table service in the United Kingdom Tableware References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vanderbilt , Amy ( 1958 ) . Amy Vanderbilt 's Complete Book of Etiquette : a Guide to Gracious Living . Garden City , NY : Doubleday & Co. pp. 346 -- 347 . Jump up ^ Post , Peggy ( 1997 ) . Emily Post 's Etiquitte 75th Anniversary Edition . Table Settings : Harper - Collins . p. 433 . ISBN 006270078 - 2 . Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Table settings . Von Drachenfels , Suzanne ( 2000 ) . The Art of the Table : A Complete Guide to Table Setting , Table Manners , and Tableware . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84732 - 9 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Table_setting&oldid=794186846 '' Categories : Serving and dining Etiquette Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Norsk Polski Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2017 , at 12 : 08 . About Wikipedia | which side do fork and knife go on | [
"The most formal dinner is served from the kitchen. When the meal is served, in addition to the central plate (a service plate or dinner plate at supper; at luncheon, a service plate or luncheon plate) at each place there are a bread roll (generally on a bread plate, sometimes in the napkin), napkin, and flatware (knives and spoons to the right of the central plate, and forks to the left). Coffee is served in Butler Service style in demitasses, and a spoon placed on the saucer to the right of each handle. Serving dishes and utensils are not placed on the table for a formal dinner.[1] The only exception in the West to these general rules is the protocol followed at the Spanish royal court, which was also adopted by the Austrian court, in which all cutlery was placed to the right of the central plate for each diner."
] | [
"knives and spoons to the right of the central plate, and forks to the left"
] |
5193254902723235149 | And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going | And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going - wikipedia And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' Single by Jennifer Holliday from the album Dreamgirls : Original Broadway Cast Album B - side `` Fake Your Way to the Top '' by Cleavant Derricks , Loretta Devine , Jennifer Holliday , and Sheryl Lee Ralph Released 1982 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1982 Genre Show tune , soul Length 4 : 08 Label Geffen Songwriter ( s ) Tom Eyen , Henry Krieger Producer ( s ) David Foster Jennifer Holliday singles chronology `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' ( 1982 ) `` I Am Changing '' ( 1982 ) `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' ( 1982 ) `` I Am Changing '' ( 1982 ) `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' ( also known in short as just `` And I Am Telling You '' ) is a torch song from the Broadway musical Dreamgirls , with lyrics by Tom Eyen and music by Henry Krieger . In the context of the musical , `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' is sung by the character Effie White , a singer with the girl group The Dreams , to her manager , Curtis Taylor Jr. , whose romantic and professional relationship with Effie is quickly ending . The lyrics to `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' , often considered the show 's signature tune , describe Effie 's love for Curtis , both strongly devoted and defiant . She refuses to let Curtis leave her behind , and boldly proclaims to him , `` I 'm staying and you ... you 're gon na love me . '' In addition to its presence in the musical , `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' is also notable as the debut single of two women who portrayed Effie . Jennifer Holliday originated the role on Broadway in 1981 and won a Tony Award for her performance as well as the Grammy for Best R&B Performance , Female for its re-release in 1982 for which it became a number - one R&B hit for Holliday . Jennifer Hudson portrayed Effie in the 2006 film adaptation of Dreamgirls , winning an Oscar for the role . Hudson 's version became a Top 20 R&B single , and a number - one dance hit . Contents ( hide ) 1 Jennifer Holliday version 2 Jennifer Hudson version 2.1 Dance remix 3 Notable later versions 4 Charts 5 See also 6 References Jennifer Holliday version ( edit ) In 1982 , Jennifer Holliday , the actress who portrayed Effie in the original Broadway production , released the song as a single . It was her first single release and it met with great success , topping the Billboard R&B charts and attaining top forty positions on both the Billboard Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart . In 1983 , Holliday won the Grammy Award for Best R&B Vocal Performance , Female for the single . `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' was designed as the closing number of Dreamgirls ' first act . Holliday 's performance of the song , in a style owing much to gospel music singing traditions , was regularly staged to thunderous applause ; it was hailed as the highlight of the show in several printed reviews of the musical . In his review of Dreamgirls ' opening night performance , New York Times theatre critic Frank Rich referred to Holliday 's `` And I Am Telling You '' as `` one of the most powerful theatrical coups to be found in a Broadway musical since Ethel Merman sang `` Everything 's Coming Up Roses '' at the end of Act I of Gypsy '' `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' remains Holliday 's signature song . Jennifer Hudson version ( edit ) `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' Single by Jennifer Hudson from the album Dreamgirls : Music from the Motion Picture and Jennifer Hudson Released December 5 , 2006 Format Music download CD Recorded The Underlab , Los Angeles : March 2006 Genre R&B , soul Length 4 : 45 ( highlights version ) 5 : 06 ( soundtrack version ) Label Music World / Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Tom Eyen , Henry Krieger Producer ( s ) The Underdogs Jennifer Hudson singles chronology `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' ( 2006 ) `` Spotlight '' ( 2008 ) `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' ( 2006 ) `` Spotlight '' ( 2008 ) `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' was recorded in 2006 by former American Idol contestant Jennifer Hudson , who portrayed Effie White in the DreamWorks / Paramount motion picture adaptation of Dreamgirls . Her recording of the song , the Dreamgirls film soundtrack 's second single , peaked at number 60 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , and number 14 on the R&B chart . Hudson won the 2006 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Dreamgirls ; she thanked Holliday in her acceptance speech . The song can be heard on her debut album Jennifer Hudson ( 2008 ) . Hudson 's version received outstanding reviews from multiple movie and music critics , which highlighted her strength as both a vocalist and an actress . New York Observer described Hudson 's performance as `` five mellifluous , molto vibrato minutes ... '' Newsweek said that when moviegoers hear Hudson sing the song , she `` is going to raise goose bumps across the land . '' Variety wrote that Hudson 's performance `` calls to mind debuts like Barbra Streisand in Funny Girl or Bette Midler in The Rose , with a voice like the young Aretha . '' On June 26 , 2007 , the 7th Annual BET Awards opened with Jennifer Holliday and Jennifer Hudson performing `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' live in their first duet together . Although it in essence is Hudson 's first single release , it became her fourth top 75 hit in the United Kingdom after a performance on The X Factor in 2009 after being sung by Danyl Johnson . Hudson performed the song again at the 85th Academy Awards , as part of the Dreamgirls section in the tribute to movie musicals . Dance remix ( edit ) A club remix was created for this single , engineered by Richie Jones and Eric Kupper , and appears as a bonus track on the `` Deluxe Edition '' of the Dreamgirls soundtrack album . This version of Hudson 's `` And I Am Telling You '' was a chart success , reaching the top of the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart in early 2007 . A shortened edit of the full remix appeared on a Columbia Records promotional - only CD accompanying the Jones & Kupper remix of another Dreamgirls song , the Beyoncé Knowles / Anika Noni Rose / Sharon Leal / Jennifer Hudson rendition of `` One Night Only '' . Also included were the Freemasons remixes of Beyoncé 's singles `` Déjà Vu '' and `` Ring the Alarm '' . Notable later versions ( edit ) Whitney Houston performed the song at the beginning of a medley with `` I Have Nothing '' at the 1994 American Music Awards . This performance is included on her 2014 CD / DVD release , Live : Her Greatest Performances . Houston also performed the tune as part of the set list during her Bodyguard Tour in 1993 . In 1994 , Donna Giles scored a minor club hit in the US and UK with her rendition of the song . The track remained a sleeper club hit in the UK throughout 1995 , prompting a spate of re-releases and remixes , including Stonebridge , culminating in a major release on Ore Records in 1996 . This last release would finally take the track to number 27 on the UK Singles Chart in February of that year . On November 20 , 2007 , the original master , Produced by critically acclaimed Eve Nelson , was released digitally by Breaking Records and is available on all major download sites . Jake Gyllenhaal performed it on Saturday Night Live shortly after the film 's release in a mock performance of Jennifer Hudson . He wore a wig , black heels , and a black sequin dress . Three of the regulars on SNL were his `` backup singers '' , also dressed in a black dress , heels , and wigs . In 2006 the 12 years old Bianca Ryan sang this song on her first audition at America Got Talent show . The judge are amazed and Bianca won the America Got Talent contest that year . In 2009 , it was performed by Amber Riley as her character Mercedes Jones in the first - season Glee episode `` Sectionals '' . American Idol runner - up Jessica Sanchez performed the song as one of her two songs in the Top 4 . Her performance during the Top 4 was praised by Jennifer Holliday . She later performed the song with Holliday during the finale of the show 's eleventh season in 2012 . Dami Im , the 2013 winner of the Australian version of The X Factor , performed this song as one of her final three songs . Her performance received a rapturous response from all four judges and the audience . All four judges stood up on the judges table as an indication of their overwhelming adulation of her exquisite performance while the audience applauded strongly for 70 seconds . Her performance debuted number 29 on the Australian ARIA Charts . On 1 December 2013 , Im released a version of the song as part of her self - titled album , which debuted at number one in Australia , and was certified Platinum . Also in 2013 , Sam Bailey performed it with Nicole Scherzinger as her celebrity duet choice during the first part of the tenth - season finale of The X Factor in the UK . The duet also appeared on her 2014 debut album The Power of Love . In 2015 , Jamie Foxx performed an improvised spoof of the song on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon , with the words to `` On Top of Spaghetti . '' In an episode of Martin , Gina ( Tisha Campbell ) performs the song while interrupting Pam 's performance of the song `` Home '' ( from The Wiz ) on Martin 's talk show `` Word On the Street . '' As they both are auditioning for Biggie Smalls , they attempt to out - sing each other , ultimately resulting in embarrassing Martin . In Britain 's Got Talent 2017 , Sarah Ikumu sang this song as her audition piece . It won her the Golden Buzzer from Simon Cowell which gets her an unchallenged pass into the live finals . Charts ( edit ) `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' Performed by Jennifer Holliday on the original Dreamgirls Broadway cast album in 1982 ( 0 : 30 ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Jennifer Holliday version Chart ( 1982 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 22 US Billboard Hot R&B Songs UK Singles Chart 32 Rosabel with Jennifer Holliday version Chart ( 2001 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play 6 US Billboard Hot 100 Singles Sales 66 Chart ( 2007 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play 10 `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' Performed by Jennifer Hudson ( 0 : 30 ) . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Jennifer Hudson version Chart ( 2006 / 2007 ) Peak position Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) 28 US Billboard Hot 100 60 US Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs 14 US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play US Billboard Pop 100 70 Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 32 UK R&B Singles Chart 12 See also ( edit ) List of number - one dance singles of 2007 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Leading Dreamgirls the Musical Site on the Net '' . dreamgirlsthemusical.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Movies : It 's Diva - licious - Newsweek Entertainment - MSNBC.com '' . 16 February 2007 . Jump up ^ David Rooney ( 2006 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Dreamgirls '' . Variety . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Hudson '' . Chart Stats . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Live : Her Greatest Performances - Whitney Houston . AllMusic Jump up ^ Hernandez , Lee . `` Jessica Sanchez Delivers Explosive Performance Of ' And I Am Telling You ' ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Corneau , Allison . `` Watch Jessica Sanchez 's Emotional Idol Finale Duet With Jennifer Holliday '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` X Factor : Australia Season 5 '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Holly Byrnes ( 2013 - 10 - 28 ) . `` Our Top 10 X Factor moments '' . News.com.au . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Dami Im - Dami Im ( Album ) '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Foxx : On Top of Spagetti '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Simon sees gold ! Here 's the story of tonight 's show in pics '' . ITV . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Preceded by `` Early In the Morning '' by The Gap Band Billboard 's Hot Soul Singles number one single July 24 , 1982 -- August 14 , 1982 : Jennifer Holliday version Succeeded by `` Dance Floor , Part 1 '' by Zapp Dreamgirls Versions Dreamgirls ( 1981 musical ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 film ) Songs `` Love You I Do '' `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' `` Patience '' `` I Am Changing '' `` One Night Only '' `` Listen '' Soundtracks / albums Dreamgirls : Original Broadway Cast Album Dreamgirls : Music from the Motion Picture Jennifer Holliday Albums Feel My Soul Say You Love Me Get Close to My Love I 'm on Your Side On & On Singles `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' `` I Am Changing '' `` One Night Only '' `` I Am Love '' `` Hard Time for Lovers '' `` No Frills Love '' `` I 'm on Your Side '' `` Love Stories '' Related articles Dreamgirls Dreamgirls : Original Broadway Cast Album Book : Jennifer Holliday Jennifer Hudson Studio albums Jennifer Hudson I Remember Me JHUD Singles `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' `` Spotlight '' `` If This Is n't Love '' `` Giving Myself '' `` Where You At '' `` I Remember Me '' `` No One Gonna Love You '' `` I Got This '' `` Think Like a Man '' `` I Ca n't Describe ( The Way I Feel ) '' `` Walk It Out '' `` It 's Your World '' `` I Still Love You '' `` Remember Me '' Other songs `` Love You I Do '' `` All Dressed in Love '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` Night of Your Life '' `` Go All Night '' `` Trouble '' Related Discography American Idol ( season 3 ) American Idols LIVE ! Tour 2004 The Voice UK David Otunga Book : Jennifer Hudson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=And_I_Am_Telling_You_I%27m_Not_Going&oldid=846168784 '' Categories : 1980s ballads 1981 songs 1982 singles 2001 singles 2007 singles Bianca Ryan songs Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Debut singles Songs from Dreamgirls Jennifer Hudson songs Soul ballads Torch songs Songs written by Henry Krieger Songs with lyrics by Tom Eyen Song recordings produced by David Foster Columbia Records singles Geffen Records singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2014 Articles needing additional references from June 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Português Română Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 20 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang and i am telling you originally | [
"In addition to its presence in the musical, \"And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going\" is also notable as the debut single of two women who portrayed Effie. Jennifer Holliday originated the role on Broadway in 1981 and won a Tony Award for her performance as well as the Grammy for Best R&B Performance, Female for its re-release in 1982 for which it became a number-one R&B hit for Holliday. Jennifer Hudson portrayed Effie in the 2006 film adaptation of Dreamgirls, winning an Oscar for the role. Hudson's version became a Top 20 R&B single, and a number-one dance hit."
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"Jennifer Holliday"
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4653485818015245558 | Stephen Fry | Stephen Fry - Wikipedia Stephen Fry Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Stephen Fry , see Stephen Fry ( disambiguation ) . Stephen Fry Fry at Winfield House in June 2016 Stephen John Fry ( 1957 - 08 - 24 ) 24 August 1957 ( age 60 ) Hampstead , London , England Nationality British Education The College of West Anglia City College Norwich Alma mater Queens ' College , Cambridge Occupation Actor , comedian , author , journalist , broadcaster , film director Years active 1981 -- present Title President of Mind ( 2011 -- present ) Honorary fellow of Queens ' College , Cambridge Honorary fellow of Cardiff University Rector of the University of Dundee ( 1992 -- 1998 ) Spouse ( s ) Elliott Spencer ( m . 2015 ) Parent ( s ) Alan John Fry Marianne Eve Fry ( née Newman ) Website www.stephenfry.com Stephen Fry 's voice Recorded January 2014 Signature Stephen John Fry ( born 24 August 1957 ) is an English comedian , actor , writer , presenter , and activist . He had a troubled childhood and adolescence , during which he was expelled from two schools and spent three months in prison for credit card fraud . Fry secured a place at Queens ' College , Cambridge , where he studied English literature . While at university , he became involved with the Cambridge Footlights , where he met Hugh Laurie , who would become his long - time collaborator . As half of the comic double act Fry and Laurie , he co-wrote and co-starred in A Bit of Fry & Laurie and also took the role of Jeeves ( with Laurie playing Wooster ) in Jeeves and Wooster . Fry 's acting roles include a Golden Globe Award -- nominated lead performance in the film Wilde , Melchett in the BBC television series Blackadder , the title character in the television series Kingdom , a recurring guest role as Dr Gordon Wyatt on the crime series Bones , and as Gordon Deitrich in the dystopian thriller V for Vendetta . He has also written and presented several documentary series , including the Emmy Award -- winning Stephen Fry : The Secret Life of the Manic Depressive , which saw him explore his bipolar disorder , and the travel series Stephen Fry in America . He was also the long - time host of the BBC television quiz show QI , with his tenure lasting from 2003 to 2016 . Besides working in television , Fry has contributed columns and articles for newspapers and magazines and written four novels and three volumes of autobiography , Moab Is My Washpot , The Fry Chronicles , and More Fool Me . He also appears frequently on BBC Radio 4 , starring in the comedy series Absolute Power , being a frequent guest on panel games such as Just a Minute , and acting as chairman for I 'm Sorry I Have n't a Clue , where he was one of a trio of hosts who succeeded the late Humphrey Lyttelton . Fry is also known for his voice - overs , reading all seven of the Harry Potter novels for the UK audiobook recordings , narrating the LittleBigPlanet and Birds of Steel series of video games , as well as an animated series of explanations of the laws of cricket , and a series of animations about Humanism for the British Humanist Association . He has also filmed commercials , including an advertisement where he explains the essence of British culture to foreigners arriving at London 's Heathrow Airport . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 Television 2.1. 1 Comedy 2.1. 2 Drama 2.1. 3 Documentaries and other factual programmes 2.1. 4 QI 2.2 Film 2.3 Radio 2.4 Theatre 2.5 Audiobooks 2.6 Video games 2.7 Advertising 2.8 Literature 2.9 Football 2.10 Twitter 2.11 Honours 3 Personal life 3.1 Sexuality 3.2 Politics 3.3 Poland controversy 3.4 Health 3.5 Views on religion 3.6 Business 3.7 Computing and software freedom 4 Bibliography 4.1 As author 4.2 As contributor 4.3 Forewords 5 References 6 External links Early Life and education ( edit ) Fry was born in Hampstead , London , on 24 August 1957 , the son of Marianne Eve Fry ( née Newman ) and Alan John Fry , a British physicist and inventor . Fry 's father is English , and his paternal grandmother had roots in Kent and Cheshire . The Fry family originates in Dorset , at Shillingstone and Blandford ; in the early 1800s , Samuel Fry ( second son of James Fry , of Shillingstone and Blandford ) settled in Surrey , with his descendants residing in Middlesex . Fry at rehearsals for student production of A Midsummer Night 's Dream at Norfolk College of Arts and Technology , 1975 Fry 's mother is Jewish , but he was not brought up in a religious family . His maternal grandparents , Martin and Rosa Neumann , were Hungarian Jews , who emigrated from Šurany ( now Slovakia ) to Britain in 1927 . Rosa Neumann 's parents , who originally lived in Vienna , were sent to a concentration camp in Riga , Latvia , where they were murdered . His mother 's aunt and cousins were sent to Auschwitz and Stutthof and never seen again . Fry grew up in the village of Booton near Reepham , Norfolk , having moved from Chesham , Buckinghamshire , at an early age . He has an elder brother , Roger , and a younger sister , Joanna . Fry briefly attended Cawston Primary School in Cawston , Norfolk , before going on to Stouts Hill Preparatory School in Uley , Gloucestershire , at the age of seven , and then to Uppingham School , Rutland , where he joined Fircroft house , and was described as a `` near - asthmatic genius '' . He was expelled from Uppingham when he was 15 and subsequently from the Paston School . At 17 , after leaving Norfolk College of Arts and Technology , Fry absconded with a credit card stolen from a family friend . He had taken a coat when leaving a pub , planning to spend the night sleeping rough , but had then discovered the card in a pocket . He was arrested in Swindon , and , as a result , spent three months in Pucklechurch Prison on remand . While Fry was in Pucklechurch , his mother had cut out the crossword from every copy of The Times since he had been away , something which Fry said was `` a wonderful act of kindness '' . Fry later stated that these crosswords were the only thing that got him through the ordeal . Following his release , he resumed his education at City College Norwich , promising administrators that he would study rigorously to sit the Cambridge entrance exams . He scored well enough to gain a scholarship to Queens ' College , Cambridge . At Cambridge , Fry joined the Footlights , appeared on University Challenge , and read for a degree in English literature , graduating with upper second - class honours . Fry also met his future comedy collaborator Hugh Laurie at Cambridge and starred alongside him in the Footlights . Career ( edit ) Further information : Stephen Fry bibliography and filmography Television ( edit ) Comedy ( edit ) Fry signing autographs at the Apple Store , Regent Street , London , on 3 February 2009 Fry 's career in television began with the 1982 broadcasting of The Cellar Tapes , the 1981 Cambridge Footlights Revue which was written by Fry , Hugh Laurie , Emma Thompson and Tony Slattery . The revue caught the attention of Granada Television , who , keen to replicate the success of the BBC 's Not the Nine O'Clock News , hired Fry , Laurie and Thompson to star alongside Ben Elton in There 's Nothing to Worry About ! . A second series , retitled Alfresco , was broadcast in 1983 , and a third in 1984 ; it established Fry and Laurie 's reputation as a comedy double act . In 1983 , the BBC offered Fry , Laurie and Thompson their own show , which became The Crystal Cube , a mixture of science fiction and mockumentary that was cancelled after the first episode . Undeterred , Fry and Laurie appeared in an episode of The Young Ones in 1984 , and Fry also appeared in Ben Elton 's 1985 Happy Families series . In 1986 and 1987 Fry and Laurie performed sketches on the LWT / Channel 4 show Saturday Live . Forgiving Fry and Laurie for The Crystal Cube , the BBC commissioned , in 1986 , a sketch show that was to become A Bit of Fry & Laurie . The programme ran for 26 episodes spanning four series between 1986 and 1995 , and was very successful . During this time , Fry starred in Blackadder II as Lord Melchett , made a guest appearance in Blackadder the Third as the Duke of Wellington , then returned to a starring role in Blackadder Goes Forth , as General Melchett . In a 1988 television special , Blackadder 's Christmas Carol , he played the roles of Lord Melchett and Lord Frondo . Between 1990 and 1993 , Fry starred as Jeeves ( alongside Hugh Laurie 's Bertie Wooster ) in Jeeves and Wooster , 23 hour - long adaptations of P.G. Wodehouse 's novels and short stories . Towards the end of 2003 , Fry starred alongside John Bird in the television adaptation of Absolute Power , previously a radio series on BBC Radio 4 . In 2010 , Fry took part in a Christmas series of short films called Little Crackers . His short was based on a story from his childhood at school . He appeared as the Christian God in 2011 's Holy Flying Circus . In January 2016 it was announced that Fry would be appearing as the character `` Cuddly Dick '' in Series 3 of the Sky One family comedy Yonderland . In 2016 , Fry had a lead role in the American sitcom The Great Indoors . He portrayed an outdoor magazine publisher helping to ease his best worldly reporter ( Joel McHale ) into a desk job . The show was cancelled after one season . Drama ( edit ) Fry has appeared in a number of BBC adaptations of plays and books , including a 1992 adaptation of the Simon Gray play The Common Pursuit ( he had previously appeared in the West End stage production ) ; a 1998 Malcolm Bradbury adaptation of the Mark Tavener novel In the Red , taking the part of the Controller of BBC Radio 2 ; and in 2000 in the role of Professor Bellgrove in the BBC serial Gormenghast , which was adapted from the first two novels of Mervyn Peake 's Gormenghast series . In 2011 , Fry portrayed Professor Mildeye in the BBC adaptation of Mary Norton 's 1952 novel The Borrowers . Fry narrates the first two seasons of the English - language version of the Spanish children 's animated series Pocoyo . From 2007 to 2009 , Fry played the lead role in ( and was executive producer for ) the legal drama Kingdom , which ran for three series on ITV1 . He has also taken up a recurring guest role as FBI psychiatrist Dr. ( later chef ) Gordon Wyatt in the popular American drama Bones . In 2010 , having learned some Irish for the role , he filmed a cameo role in Ros na Rún , an Irish - language soap opera broadcast in Ireland , Scotland and the US . In 2014 he began starring alongside Kiefer Sutherland and William Devane in 24 : Live Another Day as British Prime Minister Alastair Davies . Documentaries and other Factual programmes ( edit ) Fry 's first documentary was the Emmy Award - winning Stephen Fry : The Secret Life of the Manic Depressive in 2006 . The same year , he appeared on the BBC 's genealogy series Who Do You Think You Are ? , tracing his maternal family tree to investigate his Jewish ancestry . Fry narrated The Story of Light Entertainment , which was shown from July -- September 2006 . In 2007 , he presented a documentary on the subject of HIV and AIDS , HIV and Me . On 7 May 2008 , Fry gave a speech as part of a series of BBC lectures on the future of public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom , which he later recorded for a podcast . His six - part travel series Stephen Fry in America began on BBC One in October 2008 , and saw him travel to each of the 50 US states . In the same year , he narrated the nature documentaries Spectacled Bears : Shadow of the Forest for the BBC Natural World series . In the 2009 television series Last Chance to See , Fry and zoologist Mark Carwardine sought out endangered species , some of which had been featured in Douglas Adams ' and Carwardine 's 1990 book and radio series of the same name . In August 2011 , Stephen Fry 's 100 Greatest Gadgets was shown on Channel 4 as one of the 100 Greatest strand . His choice for the greatest gadget was the cigarette lighter , which he described as `` fire with a flick of the fingers '' . In the same month , the nature documentary series Ocean Giants , narrated by Fry , premiered . In September 2011 , Fry 's Planet Word , a five - part documentary about language , aired on BBC HD and BBC Two . In November 2011 , an episode of Living The Life featured Fry in an intimate conversation discussing his life and career with Rolling Stones bass player Bill Wyman . At the 2012 Pride of Britain Awards shown on ITV on 30 October , Fry , along with Michael Caine , Elton John , Richard Branson and Simon Cowell , recited Rudyard Kipling 's poem `` If -- '' in tribute to the 2012 British Olympic and Paralympic athletes . In November 2012 , Fry hosted a gadgets show called Gadget Man , exploring the usefulness of various gadgets in different daily situations to improve the livelihoods of everyone . In October 2013 , Fry presented Stephen Fry : Out There , a two - part documentary in which he explores attitudes to homosexuality and the lives of gay people in different parts of the globe . On Christmas Day 2013 , Fry featured with adventurer Bear Grylls in an episode of Channel 4 's Bear 's Wild Weekends . Over the course of two days , in the Italian Dolomites , Fry travelled on the skids of a helicopter , climbed down a raging 500 - foot waterfall , slept in a First World War trench and abseiled down a towering cliff face . In June 2015 Fry was the guest on BBC Radio 4 's Desert Island Discs . His favourite piece was the String Quartet No. 14 by Beethoven . His book choice was Four Quartets by T.S. Eliot and his luxury item was `` canvasses , easels , brushes , an instruction manual '' . QI ( edit ) Main article : QI In 2003 , Fry began hosting QI ( Quite Interesting ) , a comedy panel game television quiz show . QI was created and co-produced by John Lloyd , and features permanent panellist Alan Davies . QI has the highest viewing figures for any show on BBC Four and Dave ( formerly UKTV G2 ) . In 2006 , Fry won the Rose d'Or award for `` Best Game Show Host '' for his work on the series . In October 2015 , it was announced that Fry would retire as the host of QI after the `` M '' series . Film ( edit ) Having made his film début in the 1985 film The Good Father , Fry had a brief appearance in A Fish Called Wanda ( in which he is knocked out by Kevin Kline , who is posing as an airport security man ) , and then appeared as the eponymous Peter in Kenneth Branagh 's Peter 's Friends in 1992 . In the 1994 romantic comedy film I.Q. , he played the role of James Moreland . Portraying Oscar Wilde ( of whom he had been an ardent admirer since the age of 13 ) in the 1997 film Wilde , he fulfilled to critical acclaim a role that he has said he was `` born to play '' . It also earned him a nomination for Best Actor -- Drama in the 1998 Golden Globe Award . A year later , Fry starred in David Yates ' small independent film The Tichborne Claimant , and in 2001 he played the detective in Robert Altman 's period costume drama , Gosford Park . In the same year , he also appeared in the Dutch film The Discovery of Heaven , directed by Jeroen Krabbé and based on the novel by Harry Mulisch . In 2003 , Fry made his directorial début with Bright Young Things , adapted by him from Evelyn Waugh 's Vile Bodies . In 2001 , he began hosting the BAFTA Film Awards , a role from which he stepped down in 2006 . Later that same year , he wrote the English libretto and dialogue for Kenneth Branagh 's film adaptation of The Magic Flute . Fry continues to make regular film appearances , notably in treatments of literary cult classics . He portrayed Maurice Woodruff in The Life and Death of Peter Sellers , served as narrator in the 2005 film version of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy , and in 2005 appeared in both A Cock and Bull Story , based on Tristram Shandy , and V for Vendetta , as a non-conforming TV presenter who challenges the fascist state . The Wachowskis pointed out that it was Fry 's `` normalcy '' in the face of the insanity of the censorship of BTV that makes his character truly powerful and adds a `` wholly unexpected dimension to the film '' . In 2006 , he played the role of gadget - master Smithers in Stormbreaker , and in 2007 he appeared as himself hosting a quiz in St Trinian 's . In 2007 Fry wrote , for director Peter Jackson , a script for a remake of The Dam Busters . He also appeared that year in Eichmann . Fry was offered a role in Valkyrie , but was unable to participate . Fry starred in the Tim Burton version of Alice in Wonderland , as the voice of the Cheshire Cat . He played Mycroft Holmes in the 2011 film Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows , directed by Guy Ritchie . In 2010 , Fry provided the voice of Socrates the Lion in the environmental animated film Animals United . He portrayed the Master of Lake - town in two of Peter Jackson 's three film adaptation of J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Hobbit : the second The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug , and the third The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies . Radio ( edit ) Fry came to the attention of radio listeners with the 1986 creation of his alter - ego , Donald Trefusis , whose `` wireless essays '' were broadcast on the BBC Radio 4 programme Loose Ends . In the 1980s , he starred as David Lander in four series of the BBC Radio 4 show Delve Special , written by Tony Sarchet , which then became the six - part Channel 4 series This is David Lander in 1988 . In 1988 , Fry wrote and presented a six - part comedy series entitled Saturday Night Fry . Frequent radio appearances have ensued , notably on panel games Just a Minute and I 'm Sorry I Have n't a Clue . In 2000 , he began starring as Charles Prentiss in the Radio 4 comedy Absolute Power , reprising the role for three further series on radio , and two on television . In 2002 , Fry was one of the narrators of A.A. Milne 's Winnie - the - Pooh and The House at Pooh Corner , in which he voiced Winnie - the - Pooh . He presented a 20 - part , two - hour series , The Incomplete and Utter History of Classical Music , a `` witty guide '' to the genre over the past 1,000 years , on Classic FM . In 2007 , he hosted Current Puns , an exploration of wordplay , and Radio 4 : This Is Your Life , to celebrate the radio station 's 40th anniversary . He also interviewed the Prime Minister Tony Blair as part of a series of podcasts released by 10 Downing Street . In February 2008 , Fry began presenting podcasts entitled Stephen Fry 's Podgrams , in which he recounts his life and recent experiences . In July 2008 , he appeared as himself in I Love Stephen Fry , an Afternoon Play for Radio 4 written by former Fry and Laurie script editor Jon Canter . Since August 2008 , he has presented Fry 's English Delight , a series on BBC Radio 4 about the English language . As of 2015 , it has been running for eight series and 30 episodes . In the summer 2009 series of I 'm Sorry I Have n't a Clue , Fry was one of a trio of hosts replacing Humphrey Lyttelton ( the others being Jack Dee and Rob Brydon ) . In 2012 , he appeared as a guest panellist in the BBC Radio 4 comedy panel show Wordaholics . In September 2012 , he guest - starred as himself in the audio comedy drama We Are The BBC , produced by the Wireless Theatre Company , written by Susan Casanove . Theatre ( edit ) Fry wrote the play Latin ! or Tobacco and Boys for the 1980 Edinburgh Festival , where it won the Fringe first prize . It had a revival in 2009 at London 's Cock Tavern Theatre , directed by Adam Spreadbury - Maher . The Cellar Tapes , the Footlights Revue of 1981 , won the Perrier Comedy Award . In 1984 , Fry adapted the hugely successful 1930s musical Me and My Girl for the West End , where it ran for eight years . Fry was cast in Simon Gray 's The Common Pursuit for its first staging in London 's West End on 7 April 1988 , with Rik Mayall , John Sessions , Sarah Berger , Paul Mooney and John Gordon Sinclair , directed by Simon Gray . He was also cast in a lead role in Simon Gray 's 1995 play Cell Mates , which he left three days into the West End run , pleading stage fright . He later recalled the incident as a hypomanic episode in his documentary about bipolar disorder , The Secret Life of the Manic Depressive . In 2007 , Fry wrote a Christmas pantomime , Cinderella , which ran at London 's Old Vic Theatre . Fry is a long - standing fan of the anarchic British musical comedy group the Bonzo Dog Doo - Dah Band , and particularly of its eccentric front man , the late Vivian Stanshall . Fry helped to fund a 1988 London re-staging of Stanshall 's Stinkfoot , a Comic Opera , written by Vivian and Ki Longfellow - Stanshall for the Bristol - based Old Profanity Showboat . Fry performed several of Stanshall 's numbers as part of the Bonzos ' 2006 reunion concert at the London Astoria . He also appears as a shiny New Millennium Bonzo on their post-reunion album , Pour l'Amour des Chiens , on which he recites a recipe for `` Salmon Proust '' , plays a butler in `` Hawkeye the Gnu '' , and voices ads for the fictitious `` Fiasco '' stores . Following three one - man shows in Australia , Fry announced a ' sort of stand - up ' performance at The Royal Albert Hall in London for September 2010 . In September 2012 , Fry made a return to the stage at Shakespeare 's Globe , appearing as Malvolio in a production of William Shakespeare 's Twelfth Night , which transferred to the West End in November 2012 . He received excellent reviews . The production transferred to Broadway , with previews beginning 15 October 2013 and Opening Night 10 November 2013 . Fry was nominated for a Tony in the category Best Performance by an Actor in a Featured Role in a Play for the Broadway revival . In August 2013 , he lent his voice to the title role in Britten 's operetta Paul Bunyan at the Wales Millennium Centre with the Welsh National Youth Opera . In December 2013 , Fry was invited by The Noel Coward Society to lay flowers on the statue of Sir Noël Coward at The Gershwin Theatre in Manhattan to celebrate the 114th birthday of `` The Master '' . Audiobooks ( edit ) Fry has been the reader for the British versions of all of J.K. Rowling 's Harry Potter series of audiobooks . He discussed this project in an interview with Rowling in 2005 . He has also read for Douglas Adams ' The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy film tie - in edition and has made recordings of his own books , such as The Stars ' Tennis Balls and Moab Is My Washpot , and of works by Roald Dahl , Michael Bond , A.A. Milne , Anthony Buckeridge , Eleanor Updale , and Alexander Pushkin . In June 2015 , Fry backed children 's fairy tale app GivingTales in aid of UNICEF together with other British celebrities Sir Roger Moore , Ewan McGregor , Dame Joan Collins , Joanna Lumley , Michael Caine , David Walliams , Charlotte Rampling , Paul McKenna and Michael Ball . In February 2017 , Audible released Sherlock Holmes : The Definitive Collection , a complete collection of Sherlock Holmes stories , all read by Fry , who also narrated an introduction for each story . Fry is the patron of the audiobook charity Listening Books . Fry said of his patronage , `` I 'm proud and delighted to be patron of the first audiobook charity to offer downloads to its members and excited about what this will mean for all print impaired people who can now listen on - the - go . '' Video games ( edit ) Fry 's distinctive voice has been featured in a number of video games , including an appearance as Reaver , an amoral supporting character in Lionhead Studios games Fable II and Fable III , and as the narrator of the LittleBigPlanet series . He also narrated the first four Harry Potter games : Philosopher 's Stone , Chamber of Secrets , Prisoner of Azkaban , and Goblet of Fire . Advertising ( edit ) Fry has appeared in numerous advertisements -- either on - screen or in voice - over -- starting with an appearance as `` Count Ivan Skavinsky Skavar '' in a 1982 advert for Whitbread Best Bitter . Fry has said , in his memoirs , that after receiving his payment for this work -- £ 25,000 -- he has never subsequently experienced `` what one could call serious money troubles '' . He has since appeared in adverts for products and companies such as Marks and Spencer , Twinings , Kenco , Vauxhall , Honda , Direct Line , Calpol , Heineken , Alliance & Leicester ( a series of adverts which also featured Hugh Laurie ) , After Eights , Trebor , Panama cigars , Virgin Media and Orange Mobile . Literature ( edit ) Since the publication of his first novel , The Liar ( 1991 ) , Fry has written three further novels , several non-fiction works and three volumes of autobiography . Making History ( 1997 ) is partly set in an alternative universe in which Adolf Hitler 's father is made infertile and his replacement proves a rather more effective Führer . The book won the Sidewise Award for Alternate History . The Hippopotamus ( 1994 ) is about Edward ( Ted / Tedward ) Wallace and his stay at his old friend Lord Logan 's country manor in Norfolk . The Hippopotamus was later adapted into a 2017 film . The Stars ' Tennis Balls ( 2000 ) is a modern retelling of The Count of Monte Cristo . Fry 's book The Ode Less Travelled : Unlocking the Poet Within is a guide to writing poetry . When writing a book review for Tatler , Fry wrote under a pen name , Williver Hendry , editor of A Most Peculiar Friendship : The Correspondence of Lord Alfred Douglas and Jack Dempsey , a field close to his heart as an Oscar Wilde enthusiast . Once a columnist in The Listener and The Daily Telegraph , he now writes a weekly technology column in the Saturday edition of The Guardian . His blog attracted more than 300,000 visitors in its first two weeks . In May 2009 , Fry unveiled The Dongle of Donald Trefusis , an audiobook series following Donald Trefusis ( a fictional character from Fry 's novel The Liar and from the BBC Radio 4 series Loose Ends ) , set over 12 episodes . After its release , it reached No. 1 on the UK Album Chart list . Ultimately however only three episodes were released , the rest with the note ' exact release date pending ' . Fry 's use of the word `` luvvie '' ( spelled `` lovie '' by Fry ) , in The Guardian on 2 April 1988 , is given by the Oxford English Dictionary as the earliest recorded use of the word as a humorous synonym for `` actor '' . Football ( edit ) In August 2010 , Fry joined the board of directors at Norwich City Football Club . A lifelong fan of `` the Canaries '' and a regular visitor to Carrow Road , he said , on being appointed , `` Truly this is one of the most exciting days of my life , and I am as proud and pleased as I could be . '' Fry stepped down from his Board position in January 2016 , to take up a new position as `` Norwich City Ambassador '' . Fry said , `` My five years in the role have been an honour and a privilege beyond almost anything I can remember . I wish I could take credit for ushering the club up from League One to the Premiership during that time on the Board . Actually , I 'm going to . It was all me . It ca n't have been a coincidence ... But now I 'm so happy to relinquish my seat on the board to Thomas Smith and to engage as fully as I can in the role of ambassador for Norwich City . We have so much to be proud of , both on and off the pitch , and I hope to welcome many new fans to the greatest club of all . On the Ball , City ! '' In February 2014 , Fry became the honorary president of Proud Canaries , a new club for lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender fans . Twitter ( edit ) In October 2008 , Fry began posting to the social networking site Twitter , which he regularly updated . On 16 May 2009 , he celebrated the 500,000 - follower mark : `` Bless my soul 500k followers . And I love you all . Well , all except that silly one . And that 's not you . '' Fry wields a considerable amount of influence through his use of Twitter . He is frequently asked to promote various charities and causes , often inadvertently causing their websites to crash because of the volume of traffic generated by his large number of followers ; as Fry notes on his website : `` Four thousand hits a second all diving down the pipeline at the same time for minutes on end . '' He uses his influence to recommend underexposed musicians and authors ( who often see large increases in web hits and sales ) and to raise awareness of contemporary issues in the world of media and politics , notably the dropping of an injunction against The Guardian and the attacking of Daily Mail columnist Jan Moir over her article on the death of Boyzone member Stephen Gately . In November 2009 , Fry 's Twitter account reached one million followers . He commemorated the million - followers milestone with a humorous video blog in which a ' Step Hen Fry ' clone speaks from the year 2034 , where MySpace , Facebook and Twitter have combined to form ' Twit on MyFace ' . In November 2010 , he welcomed his two - millionth follower with a blog entry detailing his opinions and experiences of Twitter . On 11 March 2012 , Fry noted his passing of the four - million - followers mark with a tweet : `` Lordy I 've breasted the 4 million followers tape . Love you all . Yes even YOU . But let 's dedicate today to Douglas Adams 's diamond jubilee '' . As of February 2017 he had 12.4 million followers . Fry has a history of temporarily distancing himself from the social networking site which began when he received criticism in October 2009 . However , he retracted the announcement that he would be leaving the following day . In October 2010 , Fry left Twitter for a few days , with a farewell message of `` Bye bye '' , following press criticism of a quote taken from an interview he had given . After returning , he explained that he had left Twitter to `` avoid being sympathised with or told about an article '' he `` would otherwise never have got wind of '' . In some quarters , the general methods Fry uses on Twitter have been criticised . On 15 February 2016 , Fry deleted his Twitter account , after receiving criticism for a tweet about Jenny Beavan and her dress . Fry alluded to this on an April 2016 episode of The Rubin Report in which he criticized groupthink mentality and stated that his return to Twitter was a `` maybe '' . He returned to Twitter in August 2016 . Honours ( edit ) Stephen Fry visits Nightingale House , a care home in London , in December 2009 In 1995 , Fry was presented with an honorary doctorate from the University of Dundee , which named their main Students ' Association bar after his novel The Liar . Fry is a patron of its Lip Theatre Company . He also served two consecutive terms -- 1992 to 1995 and 1995 to 1998 -- as the student - elected Rector of the University of Dundee . Such was his popularity , he was unopposed when he sought re-election to office in 1995 , and by the time he completed his second term in office , he had won the widespread admiration of the University 's staff and students . He was awarded the AoC Gold Award in 2004 , and was entered into their Hall of Fame . Fry was also awarded an honorary degree from Anglia Ruskin University in 2005 . He was made honorary president of the Cambridge University Quiz Society and honorary fellow of his alma mater Queens ' College , Cambridge . On 13 July 2010 , he was made an honorary fellow of Cardiff University , and on 28 January 2011 , he was awarded an honorary doctorate at the University of Sussex , for his work campaigning for people suffering from mental health problems , bipolar disorder and HIV . He is a Patron of the Norwich Playhouse theatre and a Vice-President of The Noël Coward Society . Fry was the last person to be named Pipe Smoker of the Year before the award was discontinued . In 2017 , Fry became the latest patron of the Norwich Film Festival , and said he was `` Very proud now to be a patron of a festival that encourages people from Norfolk , Norwich and beyond to be enchanted , beguiled and entranced by all kinds of film that might not otherwise reach them . '' In December 2006 , he was ranked sixth for the BBC 's Top Living Icon Award , was featured on The Culture Show , and was voted Most Intelligent Man on Television by readers of Radio Times . The Independent on Sunday Pink List named Fry the second most influential gay person in Britain in May 2007 ; he had taken the twenty - third position on the list the previous year . Later the same month , he was announced as the 2007 Mind Champion of the Year , in recognition of the success of his documentary The Secret Life of a Manic Depressive in raising awareness of bipolar disorder . He was also nominated in `` Best Entertainment Performance '' for QI and `` Best Factual Series '' for Secret Life of the Manic Depressive at the 2007 British Academy Television Awards . That same year , Broadcast magazine listed Fry at number four in its `` Hot 100 '' list of influential on - screen performers , describing him as a polymath and a `` national treasure '' . He was also granted a lifetime achievement award at the British Comedy Awards on 5 December 2007 , and the Special Recognition Award at the National Television Awards on 20 January 2010 . BBC Four dedicated two nights of programming to Fry on 17 and 18 August 2007 , in celebration of his 50th birthday . The first night , comprising programs featuring Fry , began with a sixty - minute documentary entitled Stephen Fry : 50 Not Out . The second night was composed of programmes selected by Fry , as well as a 60 - minute interview with Mark Lawson and a half - hour special , Stephen Fry : Guilty . The weekend programming proved such a ratings hit for BBC Four that it was repeated on BBC Two on 16 and 17 September 2007 . In 2011 , he was the subject of Molly Lewis 's song An Open Letter to Stephen Fry , in which the singer jokingly offers herself as a surrogate mother for his child . In February 2011 , Fry was awarded the Outstanding Lifetime Achievement Award in Cultural Humanism by the Humanist Chaplaincy at Harvard University , the Harvard Secular Society and the American Humanist Association . In 2012 , Fry wrote the foreword to the Union of UEA Students report on the student experience for LGBT+ members . As recognition of his public support for LGBT+ rights and for the Union 's report , the Union of UEA Students awarded him , on 18 October 2012 , Honorary Life Membership of the Union . In March 2014 Fry beat David Attenborough and Davina McCall to win the Best Presenter award at the Royal Television Society Programme Awards . The award was given for his BBC2 programme Stephen Fry : Out There . In an episode of QI , `` M - Merriment '' , originally broadcast in December 2015 , Fry was awarded membership of The Magic Circle . In 2017 , the bird louse Saepocephalum stephenfryii was named after him , in honour of his contributions to the popularization of science as host of QI . Personal Life ( edit ) Fry married comedian Elliott Spencer in January 2015 . Fry is on cordial terms with Prince Charles , through his work with the Prince 's Trust . He attended the Prince 's wedding to Camilla Parker Bowles in 2005 . Fry is a friend of comedian and actor ( and Blackadder co-star ) Rowan Atkinson and was best man at Atkinson 's wedding to Sunetra Sastry at the Russian Tea Room in New York City . Fry was a friend of British actor John Mills . His best friend is Hugh Laurie , whom he met while both were at Cambridge and with whom he has collaborated many times over the years . He was best man at Laurie 's wedding and is godfather to all three of his children . Fry became a vegetarian in 2017 , having earlier expressed a desire to become so . A fan of cricket , Fry has stated that he is related to former England cricketer C.B. Fry , and was interviewed for the Ashes Fever DVD , reporting on England 's victory over Australia in the 2005 Ashes series . Regarding football , he is a supporter of Norwich City , and is a regular visitor to Carrow Road . He has been described as `` deeply dippy for all things digital '' , claims to have bought the third Macintosh computer sold in the UK ( his friend Douglas Adams bought the first two ) and jokes that he has never encountered a smartphone that he has not bought . He counts Wikipedia among his favourite websites `` because I like to find out that I died , and that I 'm currently in a ballet in China , and all the other very accurate and important things that Wikipedia brings us all . '' Fry has a long - standing interest in Internet production , including having his own website since 1997 . His current site , The New Adventures of Mr Stephen Fry , has existed since 2002 and has attracted many visitors following his first blog in September 2007 , which comprised a 6,500 - word `` blessay '' on smartphones . In February 2008 , Fry launched his private podcast series , Stephen Fry 's Podgrams ( now discontinued ) , and a forum , including discussions on depression and activities in which Fry is involved . The website content is created by Fry and produced by Andrew Sampson . Fry 's weekly gadget column Dork Talk appeared in The Guardian from November 2007 to October 2008 . Fry is also a supporter of GNU and the Free Software Foundation . For the 25th anniversary of the GNU operating system , Fry appeared in a video explaining some of the philosophy behind GNU by likening it to the sharing found in science . When in London , he drives a dark green TX4 London cab . This vehicle has been featured in Fry 's production Stephen Fry in America . Sexuality ( edit ) Stephen Fry with Stonewall marchers at WorldPride 2012 in London . Fry struggled to keep his homosexuality secret during his teenage years at public school , and by his own account did not engage in sexual activity for 16 years from 1979 until 1995 . When asked when he first acknowledged his sexuality , Fry quipped : `` I suppose it all began when I came out of the womb . I looked back up at my mother and thought to myself , ' That 's the last time I 'm going up one of those ' . '' Fry was in a 15 - year relationship with Daniel Cohen , which ended in 2010 . In 2016 , Fry was listed number 2 on the World Pride Power list . On 6 January 2015 , The Sun reported that Fry would marry his partner , comedian Elliott Spencer . Fry wrote on Twitter : `` It looks as though a certain cat is out of a certain bag . I 'm very very happy of course but had hoped for a private wedding . Fat chance ! '' Fry married Spencer on 17 January 2015 in the town of Dereham in Norfolk . Politics ( edit ) Fry was an active supporter of the Labour Party for many years and appeared in a party political broadcast on its behalf with Hugh Laurie and Michelle Collins in November 1993 . He did not vote in the 2005 General Election because of the stance of both the Labour and Conservative parties with regard to the Iraq War . Despite his praise of the Blair / Brown government 's work on social reform , Fry has been critical of the Labour Party 's `` Third Way '' concept . Fry appeared in literature to support changing the British electoral system from first - past - the - post to alternative vote for electing members of parliament to the House of Commons in the Alternative Vote referendum of 2011 . On 30 April 2008 , Fry signed an open letter , published in The Guardian newspaper by some well - known Jewish personalities , stating their opposition to celebrating the 60th anniversary of the founding of the state of Israel . Furthermore , he is a signatory member of the British Jews for Justice for Palestinians organisation , which campaigns for Palestinian rights . Fry was among over 100 signatories to a statement published by Sense About Science on 4 June 2009 , condemning British libel laws and their use to `` severely curtail the right to free speech on a matter of public interest '' . In August 2013 , Fry published an `` Open Letter to David Cameron and the IOC '' calling for a boycott of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , due to concerns over the state - sanctioned persecution of LGBT persons in Russia . Cameron however stated on Twitter he believed `` we can better challenge prejudice as we attend , rather than boycotting the Winter Olympics '' . Adrian Hilton , writing in the Daily Mail , criticised Fry for not calling for a boycott of all Russian performing arts . Fry responded by accusing the Daily Mail of being `` against progress , the liberalising of attitudes , modern art and strangers ( whether by race , gender or sexuality ) '' . Fry said in 2015 that the Daily Mail editor Paul Dacre `` has done more to damage the Britain I love than any single person '' . In March 2014 , Fry publicly backed `` Hacked Off '' and its campaign towards press self - regulation by `` safeguarding the press from political interference while also giving vital protection to the vulnerable . '' Poland controversy ( edit ) On 6 October 2009 , Fry was interviewed by Jon Snow on Channel 4 News as a signatory of a letter to British Conservative Party leader David Cameron expressing concern about the party forming a political alliance with the right - wing Polish Law and Justice party in the European Parliament . During the interview , he stated : There has been a history , let 's face it , in Poland of a right - wing Catholicism which has been deeply disturbing for those of us who know a little history , and remember which side of the border Auschwitz was on and know the stories , and know much of the anti-semitic , and homophobic and nationalistic elements in countries like Poland . The remark prompted a complaint from the Polish Embassy in London , an editorial in The Economist and criticism from British Jewish historian David Cesarani . Fry has since posted an apology in a six - page post on his personal blog , in which he stated : I offer no excuse . I seemed to imply that the Polish people had been responsible for the most infamous of all the death factories of the Third Reich . I did n't even really at the time notice the import of what I had said , so gave myself no opportunity instantly to retract the statement . It was a rubbishy , cheap and offensive remark that I have been regretting ever since . I take this opportunity to apologise now . I said a stupid , thoughtless and fatuous thing . It detracted from and devalued my argument , such as it was , and it outraged and offended a large group of people for no very good reason . I am sorry in all directions , and all the more sorry because it is no one 's fault but my own , which always makes it so much worse . Health ( edit ) Fry has bipolar disorder . His first diagnosis was cyclothymia , which he refers to as `` bipolar lite '' . Fry has spoken publicly about his experience with bipolar disorder , which was depicted in the documentary Stephen Fry : The Secret Life of the Manic Depressive . In the programme , he interviewed other sufferers of the illness including Robbie Williams , Carrie Fisher , Richard Dreyfuss and Tony Slattery . He is involved with the mental health charity Stand to Reason and is president of Mind . In 2013 he revealed that , in the previous year , he had started taking medication for the first time , in an attempt to control his condition . In 1995 , while appearing in the West End Cell Mates , Fry suffered an acute episode of mental illness and walked out of the production , causing its early closure and incurring the displeasure of co-star Rik Mayall and playwright Simon Gray . Fry went missing for several days and contemplated suicide . He later said that he would have killed himself if he had not had `` the option of disappearing '' . He abandoned the idea and left the United Kingdom by ferry , eventually resurfacing in Belgium . Fry has attempted suicide on a number of occasions , most recently in 2012 . In an interview with Richard Herring in 2013 , Fry revealed that he had attempted suicide the previous year while filming abroad . He said that he took a `` huge number of pills and a huge ( amount ) of vodka '' and had to be brought back to the UK to be `` looked after '' . In January 2008 , Fry broke his arm while filming Last Chance to See in Brazil . While climbing aboard a boat , he slipped between it and the dock , and , stopping himself from falling into the water , his body weight snapped his right humerus . The resulting vulnerability to his radial nerve -- which affects use of the arm -- was not diagnosed until he saw a consultant in the UK . Appearing on the BBC 's Top Gear in 2009 , Fry had lost a significant amount of weight , and explained that he had shed a total of 6 stone ( 84 lb ; 38 kg ) , attributing the weight loss to doing a lot of walking while listening to downloaded audiobooks . Fry is between 6 feet 4 inches ( 1.93 m ) and 6 feet 5 inches ( 1.96 m ) in height . Fry has stated that he is allergic to champagne and bumble bee stings . Fry has prosopagnosia . Views on religion ( edit ) Fry has repeatedly expressed opposition to organised religion , and has identified himself as an atheist and humanist , while declaring some sympathy for the ancient Greek belief in capricious gods . In his first autobiography he described how he once considered ordination to the Anglican priesthood , but came to the conclusion that he `` could n't believe in God , because ( he ) was fundamentally Hellenic in ( his ) outlook . '' He has stated that religion can have positive effects : `` Sometimes belief means credulity , sometimes an expression of faith and hope which even the most sceptical atheist such as myself can not but find inspiring . '' In 2009 , The Guardian published a letter from Fry addressing his younger self , explaining how his future is soon to unfold , reflecting on the positive progression towards gay acceptance and openness around him , and yet not everywhere , while warning on how `` the cruel , hypocritical and loveless hand of religion and absolutism has fallen on the world once more . '' Later that year , he and Christopher Hitchens participated in an `` Intelligence Squared '' debate in which they argued against Ann Widdecombe and Archbishop John Onaiyekan , who supported the view that the Catholic Church was a force for good . Fry and Hitchens argued that the church did more harm than good . Fry attacked the Catholic Church 's teachings on sexuality and denounced its wealth . In 2010 Fry was made a Distinguished Supporter of the British Humanist Association , stating : `` it is essential to nail one 's colours to the mast as a humanist . '' Later that year , Fry joined 54 other public figures in signing an open letter published in The Guardian stating their opposition to Pope Benedict XVI 's visit to the United Kingdom being a state visit . On 22 February 2011 , Fry was presented with the Lifetime Achievement Award in Cultural Humanism by the Humanist Chaplaincy at Harvard University . When interviewed in 2015 by veteran Irish broadcaster Gay Byrne , Fry was asked what he would say if he came face - to - face with God . Fry said : `` Bone cancer in children , what 's that about ? How dare you ? How dare you create a world where there is such misery that 's not our fault ? It 's utterly , utterly evil . Why should I respect a capricious , mean - minded , stupid God who creates a world which is so full of injustice and pain ? '' Within days , the video was viewed over five million times . Fry later stated he did not refer to any specific religion , and said : `` I said quite a few things that were angry at this supposed God . I was merely saying things that Bertrand Russell and many finer heads of the mind have said for many thousands of years , going all the way back to the Greeks . '' Because the God who created this universe , if it was created by God , is quite clearly a maniac , utter maniac . ' In May 2017 it was announced that Fry , along with broadcaster RTÉ , were under criminal investigation for blasphemy under the 2009 Defamation Act , following a complaint from a member of the public about the broadcast : the case was dropped after the police confirmed that they had not been able to locate a sufficient number of offended people . Business ( edit ) In 2008 , Fry formed SamFry Ltd , with long - term collaborator Andrew Sampson to produce and fund new material and manage his official website . Fry is the co-owner , with Gina Carter and Sandi Toksvig , of Sprout Pictures , an independent film and television company . Computing and Software freedom ( edit ) In 2008 he appeared in a film made by the Free Software Foundation to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the GNU Project to create a completely free operating system . In the film Fry explains the principles of software freedom central to the development of the Linux and GNU software projects . Bibliography ( edit ) As author ( edit ) Fry , Stephen ; Laurie , Hugh ( 1990 ) . A Bit of Fry and Laurie . Mandarin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7493 - 0705 - 9 . Fry , Stephen ( 1991 ) . The Liar . Soho . ISBN 978 - 0 - 939149 - 82 - 7 . Fry , Stephen ( 1994 ) . The Hippopotamus . Soho Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56947 - 054 - 1 . Fry , Stephen ( 1997 ) . Making History . Arrow . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 946481 - 5 . Fry , Stephen ( 1997 ) . Moab Is My Washpot : An Autobiography . Soho Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56947 - 202 - 6 . Fry , Stephen ( 2000 ) . The Stars ' Tennis Balls . Hutchinson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 180151 - 9 . Fry , Stephen ( 2003 ) . Revenge : A Novel ( reprint ed . ) . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 6819 - 4 . Fry , Stephen ( 2005 ) . The Ode Less Travelled : Unlocking the Poet Within . Hutchinson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 179661 - 7 . Fry , Stephen ( 2010 ) . The Fry Chronicles : An Autobiography . Michael Joseph . ISBN 0 - 7181 - 5483 - 5 . Fry , Stephen ( 2014 ) . More Fool Me : A Memoir . Michael Joseph . ISBN 978 - 0718179786 . Fry , Stephen ( 2017 ) . Mythos : A Retelling of the Myths of Ancient Greece . Michael Joseph . ISBN 978 - 0718188726 . As contributor ( edit ) Lloyd , John ; Fry , Stephen ; Mitchinson , John ( 2006 ) . John Mitchinson , ed . The Book of General Ignorance . Faber and Faber . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 23368 - 7 . Carwardine , Mark ; Fry , Stephen ( 2009 ) . Last Chance to See . HarperCollins Publishers Limited . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 729072 - 7 . Forewords ( edit ) Højer , Torsten , ed. ( 2016 ) . Speak My Language , and Other Stories : An Anthology of Gay Fiction . Constable & Robinson . ISBN 978 - 1472119971 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : FRY , Stephen John . ukwhoswho.com . Who 's Who . 2015 ( online Oxford University Press ed . ) . A & C Black , an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : `` Stephen Fry announced as president of Mind '' . Mind . Retrieved 29 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Laws of Cricket animations -- English '' . Jump up ^ `` That 's Humanism ! '' . British Humanist Association . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry 's guide to being British '' . The Telegraph . 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry profile '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved 4 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Bunbury , Stephanie ( 26 June 2010 ) . `` All or nothing for Stephen Fry '' . Sydney Morning Herald . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Who Do You Think You Are ? `` , Series Two : Celebrity Gallery '' . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry discovers that he too is ' just another ruddy peasant ' '' . Herald Scotland . 26 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Elton , Matt ( 29 June 2009 ) . `` Stephen Fry '' . Who Do You Think You Are ? Magazine . Jump up ^ Visitation of England and Wales vol. 20 , 1919 , ed . Frederick Arthur Crisp , pp 41 -- 44 , ' Fry of Finchley , co . Middlesex ' pedigree ^ Jump up to : Smith , David ( 5 June 2005 ) . `` I saw hate in a graveyard -- Stephen Fry '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Alan ( 28 January 2005 ) . `` Candles light heart of darkness '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 4 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Jeffries , Stuart ( 4 June 2009 ) . `` A bout of Fry v Laurie '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Cawston Parish in Norfolk '' . Cawstonparish.info . Archived from the original on 25 July 2008 . Retrieved 4 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Fry and Laurie Reunited , 2010 ( Gold ) ^ Jump up to : Fry , Stephen ( 1997 ) . Moab Is My Washpot -- An Autobiography . London : Hutchinson . pp. 305 -- 335 . ISBN 0 - 09 - 180161 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bear 's Wild Weekend with Stephen Fry , broadcast 25 December 2013 '' . channel4.com. 25 December 2013 . Retrieved 26 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` University Challenge page at UK Game Shows '' . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry . Actor , comedian , writer , presenter , and distinguished supporter of Humanism '' . British Humanist Association . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry '' . British Council : Literature . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry -- Little Crackers '' . Sky1.sky.com . Retrieved 22 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Dowell , Ben ( 25 January 2016 ) . `` Stephen Fry joins cast of Sky comedy Yonderland ... as Cuddly Dick '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 25 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 15 March 2016 ) . `` Stephen Fry To Co-Star In CBS Comedy Pilot ' The Great Indoors ' '' . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( 13 May 2017 ) . `` ' The Great Indoors ' Canceled After One Season at CBS '' . Jump up ^ Frost , Vicky ( 17 June 2011 ) . `` Stephen Fry and Victoria Wood to star in The Borrowers '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pocoyo '' . CITV . Retrieved 4 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ITV axes Stephen Fry 's ' Kingdom ' '' . Digital Spy. 9 October 2009 . Retrieved 11 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry Learns Irish for ' Ros na Rún ' '' . IFTN . Jump up ^ Taylor , Charlie and Boland , Rosita . `` Stephen Fry to cameo in TG4 soap '' . The Irish Times . 17 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry set for Ros na Run cameo '' . Irish Independent . 17 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Full Irish ' Fry takes soap role '' . BBC News . 17 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry to play British PM in 24 : Live Another Day '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Fry ends row with Twitter critic '' . BBC . 1 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? -- Past Stories -- Stephen Fry '' . BBC . Retrieved 22 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Two -- History of Light Entertainment ( 20 : 00 ) '' . bbc.co.uk. 12 May 2012 . Retrieved 22 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Walton , James ( 3 October 2007 ) . `` Last night on television : Stephen Fry : HIV and Me ( BBC2 ) -- Great British Journeys ( BBC2 ) '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- The future role of public service broadcasting -- Stephen Fry '' . Archived from the original on 17 May 2008 . Retrieved 19 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry 's Podgrams '' . Broadcasting . Retrieved 30 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fry , Stephen ( 21 October 2007 ) . `` I Give Up '' . stephenfry.com . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Last Chance to See '' . BBC Press Office . Retrieved 11 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stephen Fry 's 100 Greatest Gadgets '' . Channel 4 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Walton , James ( 25 September 2011 ) . `` Stephen Fry 's Planet Word , BBC Two , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry shares his love of language in Fry 's Planet Word '' . Radio Times . 25 September 2011 . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry & Bill Wyman '' . livingthelife.co.uk . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Britain 's biggest stars record iconic poem ' If ' as tribute to Olympic heroes '' . Yahoo.com. 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry : Gadget Man '' . Channel 4 . Archived from the original on 27 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Two announces return to Modern Times alongside raft of new documentaries '' . BBC . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 4 -- Desert Island Discs , Stephen Fry '' . BBC . Jump up ^ QI.com Audience figures . Retrieved 21 June 2007 . Archived 7 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Stephen ( 17 December 2007 ) . `` Have you got your daily male ? '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 17 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry steps down as QI host '' . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fry quits as host of film Baftas '' . BBC News . 6 October 2006 . Retrieved 4 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Midgette , Anne ( 2013 - 06 - 28 ) . `` Kenneth Branagh 's 2006 film of ' The Magic Flute ' finally arrives '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Wachowski Brothers Interview '' . Liquida.com . Archived from the original on 17 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Dawtrey , Adam ( 28 September 2007 ) . `` script writer for Dambusters film '' . Variety . Retrieved 4 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Night with Jonathan Ross : Series 16 : Episode 1 '' . BBC iPlayer. 23 January 2009 . Retrieved 24 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Lizzie ( 10 September 2009 ) . `` Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland '' . The List . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News -- Stephen Fry to play Sherlock Holmes ' brother on film '' . BBC . 25 December 2009 . Retrieved 28 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Peter ( 19 May 2011 ) . `` Hobbit Casting News '' . Facebook . Retrieved 19 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry interviews Tony Blair '' . 1 March 2007 . Archived from the original on 6 April 2010 . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry 's Podgrams '' . The New Adventures of Mr Stephen Fry . Retrieved 30 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Radio Times 28 June -- 4 July 2008 : Fry 's a Dream Date Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 4 -- Program Guide for Fry 's English Delight '' . BBC . 8 September 2008 . Retrieved 4 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Satchell , Graham ( 15 June 2009 ) . `` Life after Humph '' . BBC News . Retrieved 6 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Radio 4 Programmes -- Wordaholics , Episode 1 '' . BBC . 20 February 2012 . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry voices drama about the BBC '' . Radio Today . 11 September 2012 . Retrieved 14 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews for Latin ! '' . Jump up ^ `` Review of Latin ! '' . Notesfromtheunderground.co.uk . Archived from the original on 27 July 2009 . Retrieved 11 November 2009 . Archived at Wayback Engine . Jump up ^ The Common Pursuit : other productions on the Simon Gray website Retrieved 18 August 2010 Archived 5 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Old Vic Theatre -- Cinderella '' . Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Brown , Mark ( 13 August 2010 ) . `` Stephen Fry takes on stand - up comedy '' . The Guardian . London . ^ Jump up to : Cavendish , Dominic ( 24 September 2012 ) . `` Stephen Fry in Twelfth Night , Globe Theatre , first review '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 19 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stephen Fry praised for return to West End stage '' . BBC News . 19 November 2012 . Retrieved 19 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SpotCo -- Entertainment & Arts Advertising '' . shakespearebroadway.com . Archived from the original on 4 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Tony Award Nominees -- Shows '' . TonyAwards.com . Jump up ^ `` Paul Bunyan '' . Jump up ^ `` Living with Harry Potter '' , BBC Radio 4 , 10 December 2005 Jump up ^ `` Roger Moore backs children 's fairytales app in aid of Unicef '' . The Guardian . 18 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stephen Fry , Listening Books patron '' . Jump up ^ `` LittleBigPlanet 2 for PS3 Officially Announced for Winter 2010 ! -- PlayStation Blog '' . Blog.us.playstation.com. 10 May 2010 . Retrieved 14 June 2010 . He is also voiced in PlayStation All - Stars Battle Royale , a crossover fighting game , as the same character in LittleBigPlanet for Sackboy 's story in the game . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry Lending British Charm to Little Big Planet PSP : News from 1UP.com '' . 1UP.com. 21 April 2009 . Retrieved 21 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Fry 2010 , pp. 234 -- 237 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Hippopotamus ' : Film Review - Palm Springs 2017 '' . Jump up ^ `` The New Adventures of Mr Stephen Fry -- The Dongle of Donald Trefusis -- Episode 3 now available '' . Stephenfry.com . Retrieved 25 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Luvvie , n '' . Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford University Press . 1 March 2008 . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . ( requires subscription ) Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry joins Norwich City board '' . BBC News . 13 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stephen Fry steps down from Norwich City board as Delia 's nephew joins '' . Jump up ^ `` Proud Canaries LGBT group supported by Stephen Fry '' . BBC News . BBC . 23 February 2014 . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fry 's first Twitter post '' . Twitter . 9 October 2008 . Retrieved 4 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry 's Twitter Stream '' . Twitter . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Fry , Stephen . `` stephenfry '' Twitter 16 May 2009 . Retrieved 18 May 2009 Jump up ^ `` A portrait of the decade '' . BBC News . 14 December 2009 . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Hornby , Gill ( 16 October 2009 ) . `` Do n't laugh -- Stephen Fry is giving the orders now '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Fry , Stephen ( 26 August 2009 ) . `` Servers with a Smile '' The New Adventures of Stephen Fry `` . Stephenfry.com . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry 's Twitter posts on David Eagleman novel sparks 6000 % sales spike '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 11 September 2009 . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fry 's Twitter lift for singer , 16 '' . BBC News . 14 October 2009 . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Rusbridger , Alan ( 13 May 2009 ) . `` The Trafigura fiasco tears up the textbook '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , Seth ( 13 October 2009 ) . `` Twitter claims another scalp as Trafigura backs down '' . The First Post . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Anger over Mail column on Gately '' . BBC News . 16 October 2009 . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter outrage over Gately smear '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Twillionth '' . Archived from the original on 17 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Fry , Stephen . `` Two Million Reasons To Be Cheerful '' . The New Adventures of Stephen Fry . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Fry , Stephen . `` stephenfry '' , Twitter , 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 28 March 2012 Jump up ^ Stephen Fry on Twitter Jump up ^ `` Fry ends row with Twitter critic '' . BBC News . 1 November 2009 . Retrieved 6 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Fry , Stephen . `` Silliness '' . The New Adventures of Stephen Fry . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Yiannopoulos , Milo ( 16 November 2010 ) . `` My ' Twitter row ' with Stephen Fry '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 22 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry ' quits ' Twitter over Bafta jibe '' . BBC News . 15 February 2015 . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry on political correctness and clear thinking '' . YouTube . 4 April 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Bowden , George ( 11 April 2016 ) . `` Stephen Fry Speaks About Erosion Of ' Free Speech ' On Student Campuses in Controversial Rubin Report Interview '' . The Huffington Post UK . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry is back on Twitter - The Gay UK '' . 17 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lip Theatre : History '' . Dusa.dundee.ac.uk . Archived from the original on 15 January 2009 . Retrieved 4 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Kenneth , Rolfe , Mervyn and Swinfen , David ( 2007 ) . A Dundee Celebration . Dundee : University of Dundee . pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ `` Rectorial Elections '' . Archives , Records and Artefacts at the University of Dundee . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Fame 2004 '' . Archived from the original on 24 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Anglia Ruskin University 's Honorary Graduate Site '' . Anglia.ac.uk . Retrieved 4 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fry talks of Cambridge ' elitism ' '' . BBC News . 22 November 2005 . Retrieved 4 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Honouring excellence '' . Cardiff University . 10 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2010 . Retrieved 15 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry made honorary doctor at University of Sussex '' . BBC News . 28 January 2011 . Retrieved 28 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Noël Coward Society '' . Noelcoward.net . Retrieved 4 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Jonathan ( 18 January 2004 ) . `` Annual pipe - smoker award is extinguished '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 5 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Knights , Emma . `` Stephen Fry becomes patron of Norwich Film Festival '' . Jump up ^ `` Living Icons '' . BBC . 11 December 2006 . Retrieved 4 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Independent on Sunday Pink List 2007 '' . The Independent . London . 6 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 8 June 2007 . Retrieved 4 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Television Nominations 2007 British Academy of Film and Television Arts Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Talent '' ( free registration required ) . Broadcast. 18 December 2007 . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Hemley , Matthew ( 6 December 2007 ) . `` Gavin and Stacey sweeps British Comedy Awards '' . The Stage . Retrieved 16 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Williams , Lisa ( 21 January 2010 ) . `` Delight for Stephen Fry at TV awards '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 22 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Four Stephen Fry Night '' . BBC . 8 September 2007 . Retrieved 22 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` An Open Letter to Stephen Fry '' . Mollylewis.bandcamp.com. 11 February 2011 . Retrieved 22 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harvard Humanist Chaplaincy at Harvard University Presents Stephen Fry '' . Harvardhumanist.org . Retrieved 22 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LGBT+ Student Experience Report '' ( PDF ) . Union of UEA Students . October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minutes of Union Council ( 16 / 10 / 12 ) '' ( PDF ) . Union of UEA Students . October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry named presenter of the year for global homophobia documentary '' . PinkNews . Jump up ^ Gustafsson , Daniel R. ; Bush , Sarah E. ( 31 August 2017 ) . `` Morphological revision of the hyperdiverse Brueelia - complex ( Insecta : Phthiraptera : Ischnocera : Philopteridae ) with new taxa , checklists and generic key '' . Zootaxa. 4313 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 443 . doi : 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4313.1. 1 -- via www.mapress.com . Jump up ^ `` Elliott Spencer addresses disapproval over the 30 - year age gap between him and new husband Stephen Fry '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 16 December 2016 Jump up ^ `` Acting legend Sir John Mills dies '' . BBC News . 24 April 2005 . Retrieved 4 February 2009 . Jump up ^ The Fry Chronicles ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Smith , David ( 23 April 2005 ) . `` Doctor Hugh '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 14 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry on Twitter : `` Since becoming vegetarian I seem to have developed a virtual addiction to kimchi ... '' `` . Twitter . 13 June 2017 . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry on Twitter : `` @ NaomiAlex72 I wish I could be a vegetarian ... '' `` . Twitter . 24 May 2014 . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Series A , Episode 8 '' . QI . Season A. Episode 8 . 30 October 2003 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dork talk '' . The Guardian . London . 9 November 2007 . Retrieved 4 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Stephen Fry '' . VideoJug. 31 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 11 February 2009 . Retrieved 4 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Patronage of GNU Project '' . Gnu.org . Retrieved 4 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom Fry -- `` Happy birthday to GNU '' `` . Gnu.org. 20 October 2008 . Retrieved 4 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Wainwright , Oliver ( 24 October 2012 ) . `` The black cab : a moving monument to London life '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Fry S. from Stephen Fry in America 10 October 2008 Jump up ^ `` The Adventures of Mr Stephen Fry '' . Retrieved 11 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Levine , Nick ( 19 September 2007 ) . `` Ten Things You Never Knew About Stephen Fry '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 23 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry : A restless soul '' , The Independent , London , archived from the original on 5 December 2008 , retrieved 9 February 2014 Jump up ^ `` World Pride Power List 2016 '' . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry to marry partner Elliott Spencer '' . BBC News . 6 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry and Elliott Spencer marry '' . Hello Magazine . Retrieved 17 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Benjamin Zephaniah ' airbrushed from Yes to AV leaflets ' '' . BBC News . 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Close ( 30 April 2008 ) . `` The Guardian : We 're not celebrating Israel 's anniversary '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 4 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Signatories ' '' . jfjfp.com . Retrieved 8 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The law has no place in scientific disputes '' . Sense About Science . 7 October 2009 . Retrieved 12 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry '' . tumblr.com . Archived from the original on 10 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Cameron on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Cameron rejects Stephen Fry 's call for Russian Winter Olympics boycott '' . The Guardian . 10 August 2013 . Retrieved 17 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Hilton , Adrian ( 8 August 2013 ) . `` Why does n't Stephen Fry call for a ban on Russian music , theatre and all performing arts ? '' . Daily Mail . London . ^ Jump up to : Moon , Timur ( 10 August 2013 ) . `` Stephen Fry Brands Daily Mail Editor Paul Dacre ' a Frothing Autocrat ' as Olympics Spat Escalates '' . ibtimes.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry '' . tumblr.com . Archived from the original on 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Fry , Stephen ( July 2015 ) . `` Stephen Fry 's Most Treasured Possession Is from P.G. Wodehouse '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( 18 March 2014 ) . `` Benedict Cumberbatch , Alfonso Cuaron , Maggie Smith Back U.K. Press Regulation '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Fry 's fears over Tories ' anti-gay links '' . Channel 4 . Archived from the original on 9 October 2009 . Retrieved 9 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Charter , David ( 16 July 2009 ) . `` Right - wing Polish MEP Michal Kaminski becomes Tories controversial EU leader '' . London : Times Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved 9 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Europe. view : Unoccupied Britain '' . The Economist. 15 October 2009 . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Ceserani , David ( 13 October 2009 ) . `` Stephen Fry 's Auschwitz blunder '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Day , Matthew ( 8 October 2009 ) . `` Stephen Fry provokes Polish fury over Auschwitz remark '' . London : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 9 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Complaints : Fry ' slandered ' Poland over Auschwitz '' . Channel 4 . Retrieved 9 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Poles , Politeness and Politics in the age of Twitter '' . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry : My battle with mental illness '' The Independent 17 September 2006 Retrieved 23 May 2010 Jump up ^ `` Craig Ferguson 2 / 23 / 10B Late Late show Stephen Fry PT1 '' . The Late Late Show via Youtube. 23 February 2010 . Retrieved 14 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cyclothymic upswings are dangerously expensive . Feels like there 's a Tigger version of me bouncing inside and eager to burst out '' . Stephen Fry via Twitter . 15 March 2009 . Retrieved 14 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry unveiled as Patron '' . Cardiff University . 16 October 2008 . Archived from the original on 19 September 2013 . Retrieved 4 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Reception with Stephen Fry '' . Standtoreason.org . Archived from the original on 7 February 2011 . Retrieved 7 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC Two -- A Life on Screen '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Comedian Fry reveals suicide bid '' . BBC News . 21 July 2006 . Retrieved 4 February 2009 . Jump up ^ David Batty . `` Stephen Fry : recent attempted suicide a ' close - run thing ' '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry reveals he attempted suicide in 2012 '' . BBC News . 6 June 2013 . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fry breaks arm filming in Brazil '' . BBC . 18 January 2008 . Retrieved 18 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry 's Podgrams : Episode 1 , Broken Arm '' . Stephenfry.com . Archived from the original on 22 August 2008 . Retrieved 4 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Top Gear . `` Stephen Fry is a Star in a Reasonably Priced Car , part 1 / 2 ( Series 13 , Episode 2 ) '' . BBC Top Gear . Jump up ^ QI Season 7 , Episode 10 Jump up ^ QI Season 4 ep. 11 of 13 Jump up ^ QI Series C / 3 , Episode 10 Jump up ^ QI Series C / 3 , Episode 7 Jump up ^ Sieghart , Mary Ann ( 1 July 2016 ) . `` Who Are You Again ? '' . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ Hepworth , David ( 25 June 2016 ) . `` Who are you again ? What it 's like to never remember a face '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Fry , Stephen ( 2004 ) ( 1997 ) . Moab is my washpot . Arrow books . p. 382 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 945704 - 6 . Jump up ^ Stephen Fry , Spectator Lecture at the Royal Geographical Society , reprinted as `` Would I live in America ? In a heartbeat '' , The Spectator , 9 May 2009 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Fry , Stephen ( 30 April 2009 ) . `` ' The Guardian ' : Stephen Fry 's letter to himself : Dearest absurd child '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 10 May 2009 . Jump up ^ West , Ed ( 23 October 2009 ) . `` Atheist duo convince crowd that the Church is not a force for good '' . The Catholic Herald . London . Retrieved 18 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry : `` it is essential to nail one 's colours to the mast as a humanist '' `` . British Humanist Association . 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Letters : Harsh judgments on the pope and religion '' . The Guardian . London . 15 September 2010 . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Letters : HCH Presents Stephen Fry '' . Humanist Chaplaincy at Harvard . Cambridge , MA . Archived from the original on 26 February 2011 . Retrieved 27 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stepehn ( sic ) Fry Wins Outstanding Lifetime Achievement Award in Cultural Humanism '' . The Age of Blasphemy blog . 24 January 2011 . Retrieved 15 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Atheist Stephen Fry Delivers Incredible Answer When Asked What He Would Say If He Met God '' . The Huffington Post UK . Jump up ^ Rosin Agnew ( 6 February 2015 ) . `` Stephen Fry responds to The Meaning of Life controversy '' . Irishtimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry responds to Christian backlash after confronting God with ' How dare you create a world in which there is such misery that is not our fault ? It 's not right . It 's utterly , utterly evil . ( ... ) Bone cancer in children ? What 's that about ? '' . The Independent . 6 February 2015 . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Dawkins challenges police to arrest him for blasphemy '' . 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ McMahon , Cathal ( 8 May 2017 ) . `` Stephen Fry blasphemy probe dropped after gardaí fail to find ' substantial number of outraged people ' '' . the Irish Independent . Jump up ^ `` About '' . Stephenfry.com . Archived from the original on 6 February 2009 . Retrieved 4 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sprout Pictures is an independent Film and Television production company owned by Gina Carter and Stephen Fry '' . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry -- Happy birthday to GNU -- GNU Project -- Free Software Foundation '' . gnu.org . Jump up ^ `` FSF and Stephen Fry celebrate the GNU Project 25th anniversary '' . fsf.org . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stephen Fry . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Stephen Fry Official website Stephen Fry at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Stephen Fry on IMDb Stephen Fry interview on BBC Radio 4 Desert Island Discs , 2 December 1988 Stephen Fry at the Internet Broadway Database Academic offices Preceded by Paul Henderson Scott Rector of the University of Dundee 1992 -- 1998 Succeeded by Tony Slattery Stephen Fry Bibliography and filmography Autobiographies Moab Is My Washpot ( 1997 ) The Fry Chronicles ( 2010 ) More Fool Me ( 2014 ) Novels The Liar ( 1991 ) The Hippopotamus ( 1994 ) Making History ( 1997 ) The Stars ' Tennis Balls ( 2000 ) Non-fiction Paperweight ( 1992 ) Stephen Fry 's Incomplete and Utter History of Classical Music ( 2004 ) The Ode Less Travelled ( 2005 ) Stephen Fry in America ( 2008 ) Audiobooks The Dongle of Donald Trefusis ( 2009 ) Screenplays Bright Young Things ( 2003 ) The Magic Flute ( 2006 ) Television The Crystal Cube ( 1983 ) Saturday Live ( 1985 -- 1987 ) A Bit of Fry & Laurie ( 1987 -- 1995 ) QI ( 2003 - 2016 ) Stephen Fry in America ( 2008 ) Last Chance to See ( 2009 ) Fry 's Planet Word ( 2011 ) Stephen Fry : Out There ( 2013 ) Radio Saturday Night Fry ( 1988 ) Stephen Fry 's Podgrams See also Fry and Laurie Donald Trefusis Awards for Stephen Fry Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble ( 2001 -- 2009 ) Gosford Park ( 2001 ) : Eileen Atkins , Bob Balaban , Alan Bates , Charles Dance , Stephen Fry , Michael Gambon , Richard E. Grant , Tom Hollander , Derek Jacobi , Kelly Macdonald , Helen Mirren , Jeremy Northam , Clive Owen , Ryan Phillippe , Maggie Smith , Geraldine Somerville , Kristin Scott Thomas , Sophie Thompson , Emily Watson , James Wilby Chicago ( 2002 ) : Christine Baranski , Ekaterina Shchelkanova , Taye Diggs , Denise Faye , Colm Feore , Richard Gere , Deidre Goodwin , Queen Latifah , Lucy Liu , Susan Misner , Mýa , John C. Reilly , Dominic West , Renée Zellweger , Catherine Zeta - Jones The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) : Sean Astin , Sean Bean , Cate Blanchett , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Bernard Hill , Ian Holm , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , Viggo Mortensen , John Noble , Miranda Otto , John Rhys - Davies , Andy Serkis , Liv Tyler , Karl Urban , Hugo Weaving , David Wenham , Elijah Wood Sideways ( 2004 ) : Thomas Haden Church , Paul Giamatti , Virginia Madsen , Sandra Oh Crash ( 2005 ) : Christopher `` Ludacris '' Bridges , Sandra Bullock , Don Cheadle , Matt Dillon , Jennifer Esposito , William Fichtner , Brendan Fraser , Terrence Howard , Thandie Newton , Ryan Phillippe , Larenz Tate Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) : Alan Arkin , Abigail Breslin , Steve Carell , Toni Collette , Paul Dano , Greg Kinnear Hairspray ( 2007 ) : Nikki Blonsky , Amanda Bynes , Paul Dooley , Zac Efron , Allison Janney , Elijah Kelley , Queen Latifah , James Marsden , Michelle Pfeiffer , Brittany Snow , Jerry Stiller , John Travolta , Christopher Walken Milk ( 2008 ) : Josh Brolin , Joseph Cross , James Franco , Victor Garber , Emile Hirsch , Diego Luna , Denis O'Hare , Sean Penn , Alison Pill Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) : Daniel Brühl , August Diehl , Julie Dreyfus , Michael Fassbender , Sylvester Groth , Jacky Ido , Diane Kruger , Mélanie Laurent , Denis Ménochet , Mike Myers , Brad Pitt , Eli Roth , Til Schweiger , Rod Taylor , Christoph Waltz , Martin Wuttke ( 2010 -- present ) The Fighter ( 2010 ) : Amy Adams , Christian Bale , Melissa Leo , Jack McGee , Mark Wahlberg The Help ( 2011 ) : Jessica Chastain , Viola Davis , Bryce Dallas Howard , Allison Janney , Chris Lowell , Ahna O'Reilly , Sissy Spacek , Octavia Spencer , Mary Steenburgen , Emma Stone , Cicely Tyson , Mike Vogel Silver Linings Playbook ( 2012 ) : Bradley Cooper , Robert De Niro , Anupam Kher , Jennifer Lawrence , Chris Tucker , Jacki Weaver American Hustle ( 2013 ) : Amy Adams , Christian Bale , Louis C.K. , Bradley Cooper , Jack Huston , Jennifer Lawrence , Alessandro Nivola , Michael Peña , Jeremy Renner , Elisabeth Röhm , Shea Whigham Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) : Zach Galifianakis , Michael Keaton , Edward Norton , Andrea Riseborough , Amy Ryan , Emma Stone , Naomi Watts Spotlight ( 2015 ) : Billy Crudup , Brian d'Arcy James , Michael Keaton , Rachel McAdams , Mark Ruffalo , Liev Schreiber , John Slattery , Stanley Tucci Moonlight ( 2016 ) : Mahershala Ali , Patrick Decile , Alex R. Hibbert , Naomie Harris , André Holland , Jharrel Jerome , Janelle Monáe , Jaden Piner , Trevante Rhodes , Ashton Sanders Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) : Abbie Cornish , Peter Dinklage , Woody Harrelson , John Hawkes , Lucas Hedges , Željko Ivanek , Caleb Landry Jones , Frances McDormand , Clarke Peters , Sam Rockwell , Samara Weaving Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Book of a Musical George Furth ( 1970 ) Burt Shevelove ( 1971 ) John Guare and Mel Shapiro ( 1972 ) Hugh Wheeler ( 1973 ) Hugh Wheeler ( 1974 ) James Kirkwood and Nicholas Dante ( 1976 ) Thomas Meehan ( 1977 ) Hugh Wheeler ( 1979 ) James Lapine ( 1984 ) Jerry Colker ( 1985 ) Rupert Holmes ( 1986 ) L. Arthur Rose , Douglas Furber , Stephen Fry and Mike Ockrent ( 1987 ) James Lapine ( 1988 ) Larry Gelbart ( 1990 ) Marsha Norman ( 1991 ) George C. Wolfe ( 1992 ) James Lapine ( 1994 ) Jonathan Larson ( 1996 ) Terrence McNally ( 1998 ) Alfred Uhry ( 1999 ) Mel Brooks and Thomas Meehan ( 2001 ) John Lahr and Elaine Stritch ( 2002 ) Mark O'Donnell and Thomas Meehan ( 2003 ) Winnie Holzman ( 2004 ) Rachel Sheinkin ( 2005 ) Bob Martin and Don McKellar ( 2006 ) Rupert Holmes and Peter Stone ( 2007 ) Douglas Carter Beane ( 2008 ) Lee Hall ( 2009 ) Alex Timbers ( 2010 ) Adam Mathias ( 2011 ) Joe DiPietro ( 2012 ) Dennis Kelly ( 2013 ) Robert L. Freedman ( 2014 ) Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2015 ) John Caird ( 2016 ) Irene Sankoff and David Hein ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture ( 2001 -- 2010 ) Gosford Park Eileen Atkins , Bob Balaban , Alan Bates , Charles Dance , Stephen Fry , Michael Gambon , Richard E. Grant , Tom Hollander , Derek Jacobi , Kelly Macdonald , Helen Mirren , Jeremy Northam , Clive Owen , Ryan Phillippe , Maggie Smith , Geraldine Somerville , Kristin Scott Thomas , Sophie Thompson , Emily Watson , James Wilby 2002 Chicago Christine Baranski , Ekaterina Shchelkanova , Taye Diggs , Denise Faye , Colm Feore , Richard Gere , Deidre Goodwin , Queen Latifah , Lucy Liu , Susan Misner , Mýa , John C. Reilly , Dominic West , Renée Zellweger , Catherine Zeta - Jones 2003 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Sean Astin , Sean Bean , Cate Blanchett , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Bernard Hill , Ian Holm , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , Viggo Mortensen , John Noble , Miranda Otto , John Rhys - Davies , Andy Serkis , Liv Tyler , Karl Urban , Hugo Weaving , David Wenham , Elijah Wood Sideways Thomas Haden Church , Paul Giamatti , Virginia Madsen , Sandra Oh 2005 Crash Christopher `` Ludacris '' Bridges , Sandra Bullock , Don Cheadle , Matt Dillon , Jennifer Esposito , William Fichtner , Brendan Fraser , Terrence Howard , Thandie Newton , Ryan Phillippe , Larenz Tate 2006 Little Miss Sunshine Alan Arkin , Abigail Breslin , Steve Carell , Toni Collette , Paul Dano , Greg Kinnear 2007 No Country for Old Men Javier Bardem , Josh Brolin , Garret Dillahunt , Tess Harper , Woody Harrelson , Tommy Lee Jones , Kelly Macdonald 2008 Slumdog Millionaire Rubina Ali , Tanay Chheda , Ashutosh Lobo Gajiwala , Azharuddin Mohammed Ismail , Anil Kapoor , Irrfan Khan , Ayush Mahesh Khedekar , Tanvi Ganesh Lonkar , Madhur Mittal , Dev Patel , Freida Pinto 2009 Inglourious Basterds Daniel Brühl , August Diehl , Julie Dreyfus , Michael Fassbender , Sylvester Groth , Jacky Ido , Diane Kruger , Mélanie Laurent , Denis Ménochet , Mike Myers , Brad Pitt , Eli Roth , Til Schweiger , Rod Taylor , Christoph Waltz , Martin Wuttke The King 's Speech Anthony Andrews , Helena Bonham Carter , Jennifer Ehle , Colin Firth , Michael Gambon , Derek Jacobi , Guy Pearce , Geoffrey Rush , Timothy Spall Complete list ( 1995 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2010 ) ( 2011 -- 2020 ) VIAF : 39518907 LCCN : n92115518 ISNI : 0000 0001 2129 064X GND : 115765646 SUDOC : 035462418 BNF : cb13191060q ( data ) BIBSYS : 90862409 MusicBrainz : fad46635 - 5d90 - 484e - bcf9 - 5a8e3c1f8830 NKC : jn19981001266 BNE : XX1358358 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Fry&oldid=821611680 '' Categories : Stephen Fry 1957 births Actors of Hungarian descent British alternative history writers Alumni of Queens ' College , Cambridge Audiobook narrators BBC radio presenters BBC television presenters English people of Hungarian - Jewish descent British sketch comedians English social commentators Contestants on University Challenge Controversies in Poland Critics of the Catholic Church Critics of Christianity English atheists English comedy writers English film directors English game show hosts English humanists English male comedians English male film actors English male novelists English male radio actors English male stage actors English male television actors English male voice actors English podcasters English radio writers English screenwriters English television writers Freemen of the City of London Gay actors Gay writers Jewish English male actors LGBT broadcasters from the United Kingdom LGBT comedians LGBT directors LGBT entertainers from England LGBT Jews LGBT novelists LGBT rights activists from the United Kingdom LGBT screenwriters LGBT writers from England Living people Male actors from London English male dramatists and playwrights Male screenwriters Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners People educated at Paston College People educated at Uppingham School People from Hampstead People with bipolar disorder People with prosopagnosia QI Rectors of the University of Dundee Sidewise Award winners Jewish atheists 20th - century dramatists and playwrights 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors 20th - century English writers 20th - century English novelists 21st - century English novelists 20th - century British comedians 21st - century British comedians Writers from London British male comedy actors Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Twitter username same as Wikidata Use dmy dates from April 2017 EngvarB from August 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Biography with signature Articles with hCards Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles with DMOZ links Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 15 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does stephen fry play in the hobbit | [
"Fry was offered a role in Valkyrie, but was unable to participate.[57] Fry starred in the Tim Burton version of Alice in Wonderland, as the voice of the Cheshire Cat.[58] He played Mycroft Holmes in the 2011 film Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows, directed by Guy Ritchie.[59] In 2010, Fry provided the voice of Socrates the Lion in the environmental animated film Animals United. He portrayed the Master of Lake-town in two of Peter Jackson's three film adaptation of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Hobbit: the second The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug,[60] and the third The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies."
] | [
"Master of Lake-town"
] |
5857070872859610579 | Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States | Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States - wikipedia Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States The appointment and confirmation of Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States involves several steps set forth by the United States Constitution , which have been further refined and developed by decades of tradition . Candidates are nominated by the President of the United States and must face a series of hearings in which both the nominee and other witnesses make statements and answer questions before the Senate Judiciary Committee , which can vote to send the nomination to the full United States Senate . Confirmation by the Senate allows the President to formally appoint the candidate to the court . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nomination 2 Confirmation 3 Recess appointments 4 Tenure and vacancies 5 References Nomination ( edit ) Article Two of the United States Constitution requires the President of the United States to nominate Supreme Court Justices and , with Senate confirmation , requires Justices to be appointed . This was for the division of power between the President and Senate by the founders , who wrote : he shall nominate , and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate , shall appoint ... Judges of the supreme Court ... Upon the election of a new President , incoming White House staff prepare profiles of possible candidates for the Supreme Court , considering not only judges but also politicians and other individuals whom they consider appropriate for the role . Besides considering national figures whose views are well - known , they consider others who are less recognized . They go through published rulings , articles , speeches , and other background material to get an idea of candidates ' values and views on constitutional issues . Age , health , race , gender , and likelihood of confirmation are also factored into considerations . Once a Supreme Court vacancy opens , the President discusses the candidates with advisors . Senators also call the President with suggestions . After a first choice is decided , the candidate is contacted and called on by the President to serve on the highest court . Staffers send a vetting form for the candidate to fill out . They visit the candidate to go over tax records and payments to domestic help . Candidates whom the President has never met are interviewed by White House officials before being sent to the White House to be interviewed in person by the President . After making a final decision , the President calls the candidate , who is told to prepare a statement for an appearance in front of the national press for the President 's formal announcement . Most Presidents nominate individuals who broadly share their ideological views . In many cases , however , a Justice 's decisions may be contrary to what the nominating President anticipated . A famous instance was Chief Justice Earl Warren ; President Dwight D. Eisenhower expected him to be a conservative judge , but his decisions are arguably among the most liberal in the Court 's history . Eisenhower later called the appointment `` the biggest damn fool mistake I ever made '' . Another Justice whose decisions ran contrary to what was believed to be his ideology was David Souter , who was nominated to the high court in 1990 by President George H.W. Bush . Many pundits and politicians at the time expected Souter to be a conservative ; however , after becoming a Justice , his opinions generally fell on the liberal side of the political spectrum . Because the Constitution does not set any qualifications for service as a Justice , the President may nominate any individual to serve on the Court . However , that person must receive the confirmation of the Senate . Confirmation ( edit ) In modern times , the confirmation process has attracted considerable attention from special - interest groups , many of which lobby senators to confirm or to reject a nominee , depending on whether the nominee 's track record aligns with the group 's views . The Senate Judiciary Committee conducts hearings , questioning nominees to determine their suitability . By convention , nominees avoid revealing too much about their views on potential cases that may come before the Court . At the close of confirmation hearings , the Committee votes on whether the nomination should go to the full Senate with a positive , negative or neutral report . The Roberts Court ( April 2017 - present ) . Front row ( left to right ) : Ruth Bader Ginsburg , Anthony Kennedy , John Roberts ( Chief Justice ) , Clarence Thomas , and Stephen Breyer . Back row ( left to right ) : Elena Kagan , Samuel A. Alito , Sonia Sotomayor , and Neil Gorsuch . The Committee 's practice of personally interviewing nominees is relatively recent , beginning with Harlan Fiske Stone in 1925 . Some western senators were concerned with his links to Wall Street and expressed their opposition when Stone was nominated . Stone proposed what was then the novelty of appearing before the Judiciary Committee to answer questions ; his testimony helped secure a confirmation vote with very little opposition . The second nominee to appear before the Committee was Felix Frankfurter , who only addressed ( at the Committee 's request ) what he considered to be slanderous allegations against him . The modern practice of the Committee questioning nominees on their judicial views began with the nomination of John Marshall Harlan II in 1955 ; the nomination came shortly after the Court handed down the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision , and several Southern senators attempted to block Harlan 's confirmation , hence the decision to testify . Once the Committee reports out the nomination , the whole Senate considers it . A simple majority vote is required to confirm or to reject a nominee . Prior to 2017 , a successful filibuster threat could add the requirement of a supermajority of 60 needed in favor of cloture , which would allow debate to end and force a final vote on confirmation . Rejections are relatively uncommon ; the Senate has explicitly rejected twelve Supreme Court nominees in its history . The most recent rejection of a nominee by vote of the full Senate came in 1987 , when the Senate refused to confirm Robert Bork . Not everyone nominated by the President has received a floor vote in the Senate . Prior to 2017 a nominee could be filibustered once debate on the nomination had begun in the full Senate . A filibuster indefinitely prolongs the debate , preventing a final vote on the nominee . President Lyndon Johnson 's nomination of sitting Associate Justice Abe Fortas to succeed Earl Warren as Chief Justice in 1968 was the first successful filibuster of a Supreme Court nominee . It included both Republican and Democratic senators concerned with Fortas 's ethics . President Donald Trump 's nomination of Neil Gorsuch to the seat vacated by Antonin Scalia was the second . Unlike the Fortas filibuster , however , only Democratic Senators voted against cloture on the Gorsuch nomination , citing his perceived conservative judicial philosophy , and the Republican majority 's prior refusal to take up Obama 's nomination of Merrick Garland to fill the vacancy . This led the Republican majority to change the rules and eliminate the filibuster for Supreme Court nominations . Not every Supreme Court nominee has received a floor vote in the Senate . A president may withdraw a nomination before an actual confirmation vote occurs , typically because it is clear that the Senate will reject the nominee ; this occurred most recently with the nomination of Harriet Miers in 2006 before Committee hearings had begun , citing concerns about Senate requests during her confirmation process for access to internal Executive Branch documents resulting from her position as White House Counsel . In 1987 , President Ronald Reagan withdrew the nomination of Douglas H. Ginsburg because of news reports containing marijuana use allegations . The Senate may also fail to act on the nomination , which expires at the end of the session . For example , President Dwight Eisenhower 's first nomination of John Marshall Harlan II in November 1954 was not acted on by the Senate ; Eisenhower re-nominated Harlan in January 1955 , and Harlan was confirmed two months later . Most recently , the Senate failed to act on President Barack Obama 's nomination of Merrick Garland in March 2016 to fill the vacancy left by the death of Antonin Scalia ; the nomination expired in January 2017 , and the vacancy was later filled by President Trump 's appointment of Neil Gorsuch . Before 1981 the approval process of Justices was usually rapid . From the Truman through Nixon administrations , Justices were typically approved within one month . From the Reagan administration to the present , however , the process has taken much longer . According to the Congressional Research Service , the average number of days from nomination to final Senate vote since 1975 is 67 days ( 2.2 months ) , while the median is 71 days ( or 2.3 months ) . Some believe this is because Congress sees Justices as playing a more political role than in the past . The perceived politicization of the process has drawn criticism . For example , columnist George F. Will termed the defeat of Robert Bork 's nomination `` unjust '' and , more generally , that the nomination process does `` not delve deeply into the nominee 's jurisprudential thinking . '' Supreme Court nominations have caused media speculation about whether the judge leans to the left , middle , or right . One indication of the politicized selection process is how much time each nominee spends being questioned under the glare of media coverage ; before 1925 , nominees were never questioned ; after 1955 , every nominee has been required to appear before the Senate Judiciary Committee and answer questions ; and the hours spent being grilled have lengthened from single digits ( before 1980 ) to double digits today . Another example of the politicization of the process was the Merrick Garland Supreme Court nomination , which remained before the Senate far longer than any other nominee . Following is a table of the approximate number of hours that media sources estimate were spent on the questioning of Supreme Court nominees since 1925 : Year Nominee # Hours 1925 Harlan Fiske Stone 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 1938 Felix Frankfurter -- 1955 John Marshall Harlan II -- 1957 William J. Brennan , Jr . 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 1967 Thurgood Marshall 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 1971 William H. Rehnquist 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 John Paul Stevens 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 1981 Sandra Day O'Connor 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Robert Bork ( not confirmed ) 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Anthony Kennedy 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 David H. Souter 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 1991 Clarence Thomas 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Ruth Bader Ginsburg 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Stephen G. Breyer 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 2005 John G. Roberts , Jr . 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 2016 Merrick Garland ( not confirmed ) 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 2017 Neil Gorsuch 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Sources : The New York Times ( 2005 , 2009 ) , MSNBC ( 2005 ) Once the Senate confirms the nomination by an affirmative vote , the Secretary of the Senate attests to a resolution of confirmation and transmits it to the White House . The President then prepares and signs a commission , and causes the Seal of the United States Department of Justice to be affixed to the document before the new Justice can take office . The date of commission determines a Justice 's seniority . A ceremony is held in which the Justice must take the Constitutional Oath , which is used for every federal and state officeholder below the President , and the Judicial Oath used for federal judges before entering into the execution of their office . Recess appointments ( edit ) Potter Stewart , appointed by President Dwight Eisenhower , was the last Supreme Court Justice initially placed on the Court through a recess appointment . Article II , Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution provides that : The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate , by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session . Thus , when the Senate is in recess , the President may make a temporary appointment to any office requiring Senate approval , including filling vacancies on the Supreme Court , without the Senate 's advice and consent . Such a recess appointee to the Supreme Court holds office only until the end of the next Senate session ( always less than two years ) . To continue to serve thereafter and be compensated for his or her service , the nominee must be formally nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate . Of the ten Justices who have received recess appointments - two Chief Justices and eight Associate Justices - only Chief Justice John Rutledge was not subsequently confirmed for a regular appointment . No president since Dwight Eisenhower ( who made three such appointments ) has made a recess appointment to the Supreme Court and the practice has become highly controversial even when applied to lower federal courts . During the 110th Congress , the Democratic leadership of the Senate specifically blocked Republican President George W. Bush from making any recess appointments with the use of pro forma sessions . In 1960 the Senate passed a resolution stating that it was the sense of the Senate that recess appointments to the Supreme Court should not be made except under unusual circumstances . Being a resolution , it has no legally binding effect , but was intended as an expression of the position of the Senate and as a guide to executive actions . The resolution passed by a vote of 48 to 37 , mainly along party lines . Following is a list of recess appointments that have been made to the Supreme Court : Justice Appointed by Date of Appointment Date of Nomination Date of Senate action Senate action Johnson , Thomas Thomas Johnson Washington 000000001791 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 1791 000000001791 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 1791 000000001791 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 1791 Confirmed Rutledge , John John Rutledge ( as Chief Justice ) Washington 000000001795 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1795 000000001795 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1795 000000001795 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1795 Rejected Washington , Bushrod Bushrod Washington J. Adams 000000001798 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 1798 000000001798 - 12 - 19 - 0000 December 19 , 1798 000000001798 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1798 Confirmed Livingston , Henry Brockholst Henry Brockholst Livingston Jefferson 000000001806 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 1806 000000001806 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1806 000000001806 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 1806 Confirmed Thompson , Smith Smith Thompson Monroe 000000001823 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 1823 000000001823 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5 , 1823 000000001823 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 1823 Confirmed McKinley , John John McKinley Van Buren 000000001837 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1837 000000001837 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 1837 000000001837 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 1837 Confirmed Woodbury , Levi Levi Woodbury Polk 000000001845 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 1845 000000001845 - 12 - 23 - 0000 December 23 , 1845 000000001846 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1846 Confirmed Curtis , Benjamin Robbins Benjamin Robbins Curtis Fillmore 000000001851 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 1851 000000001851 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 1851 000000001851 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1851 Confirmed Davis , David David Davis Lincoln 000000001862 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 1862 000000001862 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 1862 000000001862 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1862 Confirmed Warren , Earl Earl Warren ( as Chief Justice ) Eisenhower 000000001953 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1953 000000001954 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 1954 000000001954 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 1954 Confirmed Brennan , Jr. , William J. William J. Brennan , Jr . Eisenhower 000000001956 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15 , 1956 000000001957 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1957 000000001957 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 1957 Confirmed Stewart , Potter Potter Stewart Eisenhower 000000001958 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 1958 000000001959 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1959 000000001959 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5 , 1959 Confirmed Tenure and vacancies ( edit ) The ability of a president to appoint new justices depends on the occurrence of a vacancy on the Court . The Constitution provides that justices `` shall hold their offices during good behavior '' ( unless appointed during a Senate recess ) . The term `` good behavior '' is well understood to mean Justices may serve for the remainder of their lives , although they can voluntarily resign or retire . A Justice can also be removed by Congressional impeachment and conviction . However , only one Justice has been impeached by the House ( Samuel Chase , in 1805 ) and he was acquitted in the Senate . Moves to impeach sitting justices have occurred more recently ( for example , William O. Douglas was the subject of hearings twice , once in 1953 and again in 1970 ) , but they have not reached a vote in the House . No mechanism presently exists for removing a Justice who is permanently incapacitated by illness or injury , both unable to resign and unable to resume service . Because Justices have indefinite tenure , it is impossible to know when a vacancy will next occur . Sometimes vacancies arise in quick succession , as in the early 1970s when Lewis Franklin Powell , Jr. and William H. Rehnquist were nominated to replace Hugo Black and John Marshall Harlan II , who retired within a week of each other . Sometimes a great length of time passes between nominations such as the eleven years between Stephen Breyer 's nomination in 1994 and the departures of Chief Justice Rehnquist and Justice Sandra Day O'Connor ( by death and retirement , respectively ) in 2005 and 2006 . It is also theoretically possible for Congress to create additional vacancies by expanding the Court itself . The United States Constitution does not specify the size of the Supreme Court , but in Article III it authorizes the Congress to fix the number of justices . The Judiciary Act of 1789 called for the appointment of six justices . As the country grew geographically , Congress increased the number of justices to correspond with the growing number of judicial circuits . In 1807 , the court was expanded to seven members , allowing Thomas Jefferson to appoint Thomas Todd as a new Justice . The expansion to nine members in 1837 allowed Andrew Jackson to appoint John Catron , and Martin Van Buren to appoint John McKinley ; and the addition of a tenth seat in 1863 allowed Abraham Lincoln to name Stephen Johnson Field to the Court . However , at the request of Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase , Congress passed the Judicial Circuits Act ( 1866 ) which provided that the next three justices to retire would not be replaced ; thus , the size of the Court should have eventually reached seven by attrition . Consequently , one seat was removed in 1866 and a second in 1867 . However , this law did not play out to completion , for in the Judiciary Act of 1869 , also known as the Circuit Judges Act , the number of justices was again set at nine , where it has since remained . The new seat created in 1869 was filled the following year by Ulysses S. Grant 's appointment of Joseph P. Bradley - the last justice to be appointed to a newly created seat on the Court . President Franklin D. Roosevelt attempted to expand the Court in 1937 , seeking to appoint an additional justice for each incumbent justice who reached the age of 70 years 6 months and refused retirement ; under Roosevelt 's proposal , such appointments would continue until the Court reached a maximum size of 15 justices . Ostensibly , the proposal was made to ease the burdens of the docket on the elderly judges , but the President 's actual purpose was to pack the Court with justices who would support New Deal policies and legislation . This plan , usually called the `` Court - packing Plan '' , failed in Congress and proved a political disaster for Roosevelt . The balance of the Court shifted with the retirement of Willis Van Devanter and the confirmation of Hugo Black in August 1937 . By the end of 1941 , Roosevelt had appointed seven Supreme Court justices and elevated Harlan Fiske Stone to Chief Justice . Despite the variability , nearly all Presidents so far have been able to appoint at least one Justice . The four exceptions are William Henry Harrison , Zachary Taylor , Andrew Johnson , and Jimmy Carter . Harrison died a month after taking office , though his successor ( John Tyler ) made an appointment during that presidential term . Taylor likewise died early in his presidential term , although his successor ( Millard Fillmore ) also made a Supreme Court nomination before the end of that term . Johnson was denied the opportunity to appoint a Justice by a contraction in the size of the Supreme Court , which Congress may dictate . Jimmy Carter is the only President who completed at least one full term in office without making a nomination to the Court during his presidency . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See Black , Ryan C. ; Owens , Ryan J. `` Courting the President : How Circuit Court Judges Alter Their Behavior for Promotion to the Supreme Court '' . American Journal of Political Science . 60 ( 1 ) : 30 -- 43 . doi : 10.1111 / ajps. 12132 . Jump up ^ Todd S. , Purdum ( July 5 , 2005 ) . `` Presidents , Picking Justices , Can Have Backfires '' . Courts in Transition : Nominees and History . New York Times . p . A4 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Tom Curry ( Nov 5 , 2005 ) . `` A guide to the Supreme Court nomination ( quote :) `` ... 1939 , when he went before the Judiciary Committee , nominee Felix Frankfurter told senators ... '' `` . MSNBC.com . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : STEPHEN L. CARTER ( May 9 , 2009 ) . `` Let the Nominee Stay Home ( quote :) `` ... The first was John Marshall Harlan in 1955 , who declined invitations to discuss either specific cases or judicial philosophy as ' a matter of propriety ' ... '' `` . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` United States Senate . `` Nominations '' `` . Jump up ^ Jim Brunner ( 24 March 2017 ) . `` Sen. Patty Murray will oppose Neil Gorsuch for Supreme Court '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . In a statement Friday morning , Murray cited Republicans ' refusal to confirm or even seriously consider President Obama 's nomination of Judge Merrick Garland , a similarly well - qualified jurist -- and went on to lambaste President Trump 's conduct in his first few months in office . ( ... ) And Murray added she 's `` deeply troubled '' by Gorsuch 's `` extreme conservative perspective on women 's health , '' citing his `` inability '' to state a clear position on Roe v. Wade , the landmark abortion - legalization decision , and his comments about the `` Hobby Lobby '' decision allowing employers to refuse to provide birth - control coverage . Jump up ^ McCaskill , Claire ( 31 March 2017 ) . `` Gorsuch : Good for corporations , bad for working people '' . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . I can not support Judge Gorsuch because a study of his opinions reveal a rigid ideology that always puts the little guy under the boot of corporations . He is evasive , but his body of work is n't . Whether it is a freezing truck driver or an autistic child , he has shown a stunning lack of humanity . And he has been an activist - for example , writing a dissent on a case that had been settled , in what appears to be an attempt to audition for his current nomination . Jump up ^ Schallhorn , Kaitlyn ( 23 March 2017 ) . `` Schumer : Democrats will filibuster SCOTUS nominee Neil Gorsuch '' . The Blaze . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Schumer added that Gorsuch 's record shows he has a `` deep - seated conservative ideology '' and `` groomed by the Federalist Society , '' a conservative nonprofit legal organization . Jump up ^ Matt Flegenheimer ( 6 April 2017 ) . `` Senate Republicans Deploy ' Nuclear Option ' to Clear Path for Gorsuch '' . New York Times . After Democrats held together Thursday morning and filibustered President Trump 's nominee , Republicans voted to lower the threshold for advancing Supreme Court nominations from 60 votes to a simple majority . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations , Present - 1789 '' . United States Senate . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Stakes Of The 2016 Election Just Got Much , Much Higher '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ McMillion , Barry J. ( 19 October 2015 ) . `` Supreme Court Appointment Process : Senate Debate and Confirmation Vote '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved 14 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Balkin , Jack M. `` The passionate intensity of the confirmation process '' . Jurist . Archived from the original on 17 February 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ George F. Will ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Identity Justice : Obama 's Conventional Choice '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ NEIL A. LEWIS ( June 27 , 1993 ) . `` Balanced Jurist at Home in the Middle '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Steve Padilla ( July 15 , 2009 ) . `` Sotomayor hearings : The grilling of Supreme Court nominees is a relatively new invention ( quote :) `` Harlan Stone became the first Supreme Court nominee to appear and testify before the Judiciary Committee in 1925 '' ALSO `` Every nominee to the high court since President Eisenhower 's 1955 nomination of John Harlan has testified before the committee . '' `` . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` COURT IN TRANSITION ; Republicans Speak of Respect of Roberts 's Peers , and Democrats Issue Warnings -- their sources : Courts and Congress by Judge Robert A. Katzmann ; Senate transcripts '' . New York Times . September 16 , 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Rutkus , Supreme Court Nominations , p. 57 Jump up ^ 5 U.S.C. § 2902 . Jump up ^ See 28 U.S.C. § 4 . ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Louis ( 2001 - 09 - 05 ) . `` Recess Appointments of Federal Judges '' ( PDF ) . CRSN Report for Congress . Congressional Research Service . The Library of Congress . RL31112 : 16 -- 18 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 August 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 06 . Resolved , That it is the sense of the Senate that the making of recess appointments to the Supreme Court of the United States may not be wholly consistent with the best interests of the Supreme Court , the nominee who may be involved , the litigants before the Court , nor indeed the people of the United States , and that such appointments , therefore , should not be made except under unusual circumstances and for the purpose of preventing or ending a demonstrable breakdown in the administration of the Court 's business . Jump up ^ Democrats supported the resolution 48 - 4 , and Republicans opposed it 33 - 0 . Jump up ^ Denis Steven Rutkus & Maureen Bearden , Supreme Court Nominations , 1789 - 2009 : Actions by the Senate , the Judiciary Committee , and the President , Cong . Research Serv . ( May 13 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Appel , Jacob M. ( 2009 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Anticipating the Incapacitated Justice '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ 16 Stat. 44 Jump up ^ Mintz , S. ( 2007 ) . `` The New Deal in Decline '' . Digital History . University of Houston . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Hodak , George ( 2007 ) . `` February 5 , 1937 : FDR Unveils Court Packing Plan '' . ABAjournal.com . American Bar Association . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Justices , Number of '' , in Hall , Ely Jr. , Grossman , and Wiecek ( editors ) , The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . 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6451717556934339979 | Epistle to the Romans | Epistle to the Romans - wikipedia Epistle to the Romans Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the book of the New Testament . For St. Ignatius of Antioch 's letter to the Romans , see To the Romans . Part of a series of articles on Paul in the Bible Pauline literature ( show ) Romans I Corinthians II Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians I Thessalonians II Thessalonians Pastoral epistles I Timothy II Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews Authorship ( show ) Paul the Apostle Related literature ( show ) Lost epistles Apocalypse of Paul Coptic Apocalypse of Paul Corinthians to Paul Acts of Paul Paul and Thecla Peter and Paul Prayer of Paul See also ( show ) Apostle ( Christian ) Pauline Christianity Books of the New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Acts of the Apostles Epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalypse Revelation New Testament manuscripts The Epistle to the Romans or Letter to the Romans , often shortened to Romans , is the sixth book in the New Testament . Biblical scholars agree that it was composed by the Apostle Paul to explain that salvation is offered through the gospel of Jesus Christ . It is the longest of the Pauline epistles and is often considered his `` most important theological legacy '' and magnum opus . Contents ( hide ) 1 General presentation 2 Authorship 3 Dating 4 Subscriptions 5 Paul 's life in relation to his epistle 6 The churches in Rome 7 Style 8 Purposes of writing 9 Contents 9.1 Prologue ( 1 : 1 -- 15 ) 9.1. 1 Greeting ( 1 : 1 -- 7 ) 9.1. 2 Prayer of Thanksgiving ( 1 : 8 -- 15 ) 9.2 Salvation in the Christ ( 1 : 16 -- 8 : 39 ) 9.2. 1 Righteousness of God ( 1 : 16 -- 17 ) 9.2. 2 Condemnation : The Universal corruption of Gentiles and Jews ( 1 : 18 -- 3 : 20 ) 9.2. 2.1 The judgment of God ( 1 : 18 -- 32 ) 9.2. 2.2 Paul 's warning of hypocrites ( 2 : 1 -- 4 ) 9.2. 3 Justification : The Gift of Grace and Forgiveness through Faith ( 3 : 21 -- 5 : 11 ) 9.2. 4 Assurance of salvation ( 5 -- 11 ) 9.3 Transformation of believers ( 12 -- 15 : 13 ) 9.3. 1 Obedience to earthly powers ( 13 : 1 -- 7 ) 9.4 Epilogue ( 15 : 1 -- 16 : 23 ) 9.4. 1 Paul 's ministry and travel plans ( 16 : 14 -- 27 ) 10 Hermeneutics 10.1 Catholic interpretation 10.2 Protestant interpretation 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links General presentation ( edit ) In the opinion of Jesuit scholar Joseph Fitzmyer , the book `` overwhelms the reader by the density and sublimity of the topic with which it deals , the gospel of the justification and salvation of Jew and Greek alike by the grace of God through faith in Jesus Christ , revealing the uprightness and love of God the Father . '' N.T. Wright notes that Romans is ... neither a systematic theology nor a summary of Paul 's lifework , but it is by common consent his masterpiece . It dwarfs most of his other writings , an Alpine peak towering over hills and villages . Not all onlookers have viewed it in the same light or from the same angle , and their snapshots and paintings of it are sometimes remarkably unalike . Not all climbers have taken the same route up its sheer sides , and there is frequent disagreement on the best approach . What nobody doubts is that we are here dealing with a work of massive substance , presenting a formidable intellectual challenge while offering a breathtaking theological and spiritual vision . Authorship ( edit ) Main article : Authorship of the Pauline epistles The scholarly consensus is that Paul authored the Epistle to the Romans . C.E.B. Cranfield , in the introduction to his commentary on Romans , says : The denial of Paul 's authorship of Romans by such critics ... is now rightly relegated to a place among the curiosities of NT scholarship . Today no responsible criticism disputes its Pauline origin . The evidence of its use in the Apostolic Fathers is clear , and before the end of the second century it is listed and cited as Paul 's . Every extant early list of NT books includes it among his letters . The external evidence of authenticity could indeed hardly be stronger ; and it is altogether borne out by the internal evidence , linguistic , stylistic , literary , historical and theological . Dating ( edit ) A 17th - century depiction of Paul writing his epistles . Romans 16 : 22 indicates that Tertius acted as his amanuensis . Main article : Dating the Bible The letter was most probably written while Paul was in Corinth , probably while he was staying in the house of Gaius , and transcribed by Tertius his amanuensis . There are a number of reasons why Corinth is considered most plausible . Paul was about to travel to Jerusalem on writing the letter , which matches Acts where it is reported that Paul stayed for three months in Greece . This probably implies Corinth as it was the location of Paul 's greatest missionary success in Greece . Additionally Phoebe was a deacon of the church in Cenchreae , a port to the east of Corinth , and would have been able to convey the letter to Rome after passing through Corinth and taking a ship from Corinth 's west port . Erastus , mentioned in Romans 16 : 23 , also lived in Corinth , being the city 's commissioner for public works and city treasurer at various times , again indicating that the letter was written in Corinth . The precise time at which it was written is not mentioned in the epistle , but it was obviously written when the collection for Jerusalem had been assembled and Paul was about to `` go unto Jerusalem to minister unto the saints '' , that is , at the close of his second visit to Greece , during the winter preceding his last visit to that city . The majority of scholars writing on Romans propose the letter was written in late 55 / early 56 or late 56 / early 57 . Early 55 and early 58 both have some support , while German New Testament scholar Gerd Lüdemann argues for a date as early as 51 / 52 ( or 54 / 55 ) , following on from Knox , who proposed 53 / 54 . Lüdemann is the only serious challenge to the consensus of mid to late 50s . Subscriptions ( edit ) Some manuscripts have a subscription at the end of the Epistle : προς Ρωμαιους ( `` to the Romans '' ) is found in these manuscripts : Codex Sinaiticus , Codex Alexandrinus , Codex Vaticanus , Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus , Codex Claromontanus ; προς Ρωμαιους εγραφη απο Κορινθου ( `` to the Romans it was written from Corinth '' ) : B , D ( P ) ; προς Ρωμαιους εγραφη απο Κορινθου δια Φοιβης της διακονου ( `` to the Romans it was written from Corinth by Phoebus the deacon '' ) : 42 , 90 , 216 , 339 , 462 , 466 * , 642 ; εγραφη η προς Ρωμαιους επιστολη δια Τερτιου επεμφτη δε δια Φοιβης απο Κορινθιων της εν Κεγχρεαις εκκλησιας ( `` the epistle to the Romans was written by Tertius and was sent by Phoebus from the Corinthians of the church in Cenchreae '' ) : only in 337 ; προς Ρωμαιους εγραφη απο Κορινθου δια Φοιβης της διακονου της εν Κεγχρεαις εκκλησιας ( `` to the Romans it was written from Corinth by Phoebus the deacon of the church in Cenchreae '' ) : 101 , 241 , 460 , 466 , 469 , 602 , 603 , 605 , 618 , 1923 , 1924 , 1927 , 1932 , followed by Textus Receptus . Paul 's life in relation to his Epistle ( edit ) Saint Paul arrested by the Romans Main article : Redaction criticism For ten years before writing the letter ( approx. 47 -- 57 ) , Paul had traveled around the territories bordering the Aegean Sea evangelizing . Churches had been planted in the Roman provinces of Galatia , Macedonia , Achaia and Asia . Paul , considering his task complete , wanted to preach the gospel in Spain , where he would not `` build upon another man 's foundation '' . This allowed him to visit Rome on the way , a long - time ambition of his . The letter to the Romans , in part , prepares them and gives reasons for his visit . In addition to Paul 's geographic location , his religious views are important . First , Paul was a Hellenistic Jew with a Pharisaic background ( see Gamaliel ) , integral to his identity : see Paul the Apostle and Judaism for details . His concern for his people is one part of the dialogue and runs throughout the letter . Second , the other side of the dialogue is Paul 's conversion and calling to follow Christ in the early 30s . The churches in Rome ( edit ) Main article : Textual criticism See also : Early centers of Christianity § Rome Papyrus , Oxyrhynchus , Egypt : 6th century -- Epistle to the Romans 1 : 1 -- 16 The most probable ancient account of the beginning of Christianity in Rome is given by a 4th - century writer known as Ambrosiaster : It is established that there were Jews living in Rome in the times of the Apostles , and that those Jews who had believed ( in Christ ) passed on to the Romans the tradition that they ought to profess Christ but keep the law ( Torah ) ... One ought not to condemn the Romans , but to praise their faith , because without seeing any signs or miracles and without seeing any of the apostles , they nevertheless accepted faith in Christ , although according to a Jewish rite . From Adam Clarke : The occasion of writing the epistle : ... Paul had made acquaintance with all circumstances of the Christians at Rome ... and finding that it was ... partly of heathens converted to Christianity , and partly of Jews , who had , with many remaining prejudices , believed in Jesus as the true Messiah , and that many contentions arose from the claims of the Gentiles to equal privileges with the Jews , and from absolute refusal of the Jews to admit these claims , unless the Gentile converts become circumcised ; he wrote this epistle to adjust and settle these differences . At this time , the Jews made up a substantial number in Rome , and their synagogues , frequented by many , enabled the Gentiles to become acquainted with the story of Jesus of Nazareth . Consequently , churches composed of both Jews and Gentiles were formed at Rome . According to Irenaeus , a 2nd - century Church Father , the church at Rome was founded directly by the apostles Peter and Paul . However , many modern scholars disagree with Irenaeus , holding that while little is known of the circumstances of the church 's founding , it was not founded by Paul : Many of the brethren went out to meet Paul on his approach to Rome . There is evidence that Christians were then in Rome in considerable numbers and probably had more than one place of meeting . -- Easton 's Bible Dictionary Note the large number of names in Romans 16 : 3 -- 15 of those then in Rome , and verses 5 , 15 and 16 indicate there was more than one church assembly or company of believers in Rome . Verse 5 mentions a church that met in the house of Aquila and Priscilla . Verses 14 and 15 each mention groupings of believers and saints . Jews were expelled from Rome because of disturbances around AD 49 by the edict of Claudius . Fitzmyer claims that both Jews and Jewish Christians were expelled as a result of their infighting . Claudius died around the year AD 54 , and his successor , Emperor Nero , allowed the Jews back into Rome , but then , after the Great Fire of Rome of 64 , Christians were persecuted . Fitzmyer argues that with the return of the Jews to Rome in 54 new conflict arose between the Gentile Christians and the Jewish Christians who had formerly been expelled . Keck thinks Gentile Christians may have developed a dislike of or looked down on Jews ( see also Antisemitism and Responsibility for the death of Jesus ) , because they theologically rationalized that Jews were no longer God 's people . Style ( edit ) Scholars often have difficulty assessing whether Romans is a letter or an epistle , a relevant distinction in form - critical analysis : A letter is something non-literary , a means of communication between persons who are separated from each other . Confidential and personal in nature , it is intended only for the person or persons to whom it is addressed , and not at all for the public or any kind of publicity ... An Epistle is an artistic literary form , just like the dialogue , the oration , or the drama . It has nothing in common with the letter except its form : apart from that one might venture the paradox that the epistle is the opposite of a real letter . The contents of the epistle are intended for publicity -- they aim at interesting `` the public . '' Joseph Fitzmyer argues , from evidence put forth by Stirewalt , that the style of Romans is an `` essay - letter . '' Philip Melanchthon , a writer during the Reformation , suggested that Romans was caput et summa universae doctrinae christianae ( `` a summary of all Christian doctrine '' ) . While some scholars attempt to suggest , like Melanchthon , that it is a type of theological treatise , this view largely ignores chapters 14 and 15 of Romans . There are also many `` noteworthy elements '' missing from Romans that are included in other areas of the Pauline corpus . The breakdown of Romans as a treatise began with F.C. Baur in 1836 when he suggested `` this letter had to be interpreted according to the historical circumstances in which Paul wrote it . '' Paul sometimes uses a style of writing common in his time called a `` diatribe '' . He appears to be responding to a `` heckler '' ( probably an imaginary one based on Paul 's encounters with real objections in his previous preaching ) , and the letter is structured as a series of arguments . In the flow of the letter , Paul shifts his arguments , sometimes addressing the Jewish members of the church , sometimes the Gentile membership and sometimes the church as a whole . Purposes of writing ( edit ) To review the current scholarly viewpoints on the purpose of Romans , along with a bibliography , see Dictionary of Paul and His Letters . For a 16th - century `` Lollard '' reformer view , see the work of William Tyndale . In his prologue to his translation of the book of Romans , which was largely taken from the prologue of German Reformer Martin Luther , Tyndale writes that : ... this epistle is the principal and most excellent part of the new testament , and most pure evangelion , that is to say glad tidings and what we call the gospel , and also a light and a way in unto the whole scripture ... The sum and whole cause of the writings of this epistle , is , to prove that a man is justified by faith only : which proposition whoso denieth , to him is not only this epistle and all that Paul writeth , but also the whole scripture , so locked up that he shall never understand it to his soul 's health . And to bring a man to the understanding and feeling that faith only justifieth , Paul proveth that the whole nature of man is so poisoned and so corrupt , yea and so dead concerning godly living or godly thinking , that it is impossible for her to keep the law in the sight of God . Contents ( edit ) The beginning of the Epistle in Codex Alexandrinus This essay - letter composed by Paul was written to a specific audience at a specific time ; to understand it , the situations of both Paul and the recipients must be understood . Prologue ( 1 : 1 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Greeting ( 1 : 1 -- 7 ) ( edit ) The introduction provides some general notes about Paul . He introduces his apostleship here and introductory notes about the gospel he wishes to preach to the church at Rome . Jesus ' human line stems from David . Paul , however , does not limit his ministry to Jews . Paul 's goal is that the Gentiles would also hear the gospel . Prayer of thanksgiving ( 1 : 8 -- 15 ) ( edit ) He commends the Romans for their faith . Paul also speaks of the past obstacles that have blocked his coming to Rome earlier . Salvation in the Christ ( 1 : 16 -- 8 : 39 ) ( edit ) Righteousness of God ( 1 : 16 -- 17 ) ( edit ) Paul 's announcement that he is not `` ashamed '' ( epaiscúnomai ) of his gospel because it holds power ( dúnamis ) . These two verses form a backdrop for the rest of the book . First , we note that Paul is unashamed of his love for this gospel that he preaches about Jesus Christ . He also notes that he is speaking to the `` Jew first . '' There is significance to this , but much of it is scholarly conjecture as the relationship of Paul the Apostle and Judaism is still debated . We are hard - pressed to find an answer to such a question without knowing more about the audience in question . Wayne Brindle argues , based on Paul 's former writings against the Judaizers in Galatians and 2 Corinthians , that rumors had probably spread about Paul totally negating the Jewish existence in a Christian world ( see also Antinomianism in the New Testament and Supersessionism ) . Paul may have used the `` Jew first '' approach to counter such a view . Condemnation : the universal corruption of Gentiles and Jews ( 1 : 18 -- 3 : 20 ) ( edit ) The judgment of God ( 1 : 18 -- 32 ) ( edit ) Paul now begins into the main thrust of his letter . He begins by suggesting that humans have taken up ungodliness and wickedness for which there will be wrath from God . People have taken God 's invisible image and made him into an idol . Paul draws heavily here from the Wisdom of Solomon . He condemns unnatural sexual behavior and warns that such behavior will result in a depraved body and mind and says that people who do such things ( including murder and wickedness ) are worthy of death . Paul stands firmly against the idol worship system which was common in Rome . Several scholars believe the passage is a non-Pauline interpolation . Paul 's warning of hypocrites ( 2 : 1 -- 4 ) ( edit ) On the traditional Protestant interpretation , Paul here calls out Jews who are condemning others for not following the law when they themselves are also not following the law . Stanley Stowers , however , has argued on rhetorical grounds that Paul is in these verses not addressing a Jew at all but rather an easily recognizable caricature of the typical boastful person ( ὁ ἀλαζων ) . Stowers writes , `` There is absolutely no justification for reading 2 : 1 -- 5 as Paul 's attack on ' the hypocrisy of the Jew . ' No one in the first century would have identified ho alazon with Judaism . That popular interpretation depends upon anachronistically reading later Christian characterizations of Jews as ' hypocritical Pharisees ' '' . See also Anti-Judaism . Justification : the gift of grace and forgiveness through faith ( 3 : 21 -- 5 : 11 ) ( edit ) Paul says that a righteousness from God has made itself known apart from the law , to which the law and prophets testify , and this righteousness from God comes through faith in Jesus to all who believe . He describes justification -- legally clearing the believer of the guilt and penalty of sin -- as a gift of God , and not the work of man ( lest he might boast ) , but by faith . Assurance of salvation ( 5 -- 11 ) ( edit ) In chapters five through eight , Paul argues that believers can be assured of their hope in salvation , having been freed from the bondage of sin . Paul teaches that through faith , the faithful have been joined with Jesus and freed from sin . Believers should celebrate in the assurance of salvation . This promise is open to everyone since everyone has sinned , save the one who paid for all of them . In chapters 9 -- 11 Paul addresses the faithfulness of God to the Israelites , where he says that God has been faithful to His promise . Paul hopes that all Israelites will come to realize the truth since he himself was also an Israelite , and had in the past been a persecutor of Early Christians . In Romans 9 -- 11 Paul talks about how the nation of Israel has been cast away , and the conditions under which Israel will be God 's chosen nation again : when Israel returns to its faith , sets aside its unbelief . In Romans 7 : 1 , Paul says that humans are under the law while we live : `` Know ye not ... that the law hath dominion over a man as long as he liveth ? '' However , Jesus ' death on the cross makes believers dead to the law ( 7 : 4 , `` Wherefore , my brethren , ye are also become dead to the law by the body of Christ '' ) , according to an antinomistic interpretation . Transformation of believers ( 12 -- 15 : 13 ) ( edit ) From chapter 12 through the first part of chapter 15 , Paul outlines how the Gospel transforms believers and the behaviour that results from such a transformation . This transformation is described as a `` renewing of your mind '' ( 12 : 2 ) , a transformation that Douglas J. Moo characterizes as `` the heart of the matter . '' It is a transformation so radical that it amounts to a `` a transfiguration of your brain , '' a `` metanoia '' , a `` mental revolution . '' Paul goes on to describe how believers should live . Christians are no longer under the law , that is , no longer bound by the law of Moses , but under the grace of God , see Law and grace . We do not need to live under the law because to the extent our minds have been renewed , we will know `` almost instinctively '' what God wants of us . The law then provides an `` objective standard '' for judging progress in the `` lifelong process '' of our mind 's renewal . To the extent they have been set free from sin by renewed minds ( Romans 6 : 18 ) , believers are no longer bound to sin . Believers are free to live in obedience to God and love everybody . As Paul says in Romans 13 : 10 , `` love ( ἀγάπη ) worketh no ill to his neighbor : therefore love is the fulfilling of law '' . Obedience to earthly powers ( 13 : 1 -- 7 ) ( edit ) The fragment in Romans 13 : 1 -- 7 dealing with obedience to earthly powers is considered by some , for example James Kallas , to be an interpolation . ( See also the Great Commandment and Christianity and politics ) . Paul Tillich accepts the historical authenticity of Romans 13 : 1 -- 7 , but claims it has been misinterpreted by churches with an anti-revolutionary bias : One of the many politico - theological abuses of biblical statements is the understanding of Paul 's words ( Romans 13 : 1 -- 7 ) as justifying the anti-revolutionary bias of some churches , particularly the Lutheran . But neither these words nor any other New Testament statement deals with the methods of gaining political power . In Romans , Paul is addressing eschatological enthusiasts , not a revolutionary political movement . Epilogue ( 15 : 1 -- 16 : 23 ) ( edit ) Admonition ( 15 : 1 -- 7 ) Summary of the Epistle ( 15 : 8 ) Paul 's ministry and travel plans ( 16 : 14 -- 27 ) ( edit ) The concluding verses contain a description of his travel plans , personal greetings and salutations . One - third of the twenty - one Christians identified in the greetings are women , some of whom played an important role in the early church at Rome . Additionally , none of these Christians answer to the name Peter , although according to the Catholic storyline , he had been ruling as Pope in Rome for about 25 years . Possibly related was the Incident at Antioch between Paul and Cephas . Personal greetings ( 16 : 1 -- 23 ( 24 ) ) Closing doxology ( 16 : 25 -- 27 ) Hermeneutics ( edit ) Main article : Biblical hermeneutics Catholic interpretation ( edit ) Main article : Sola gratia Catholics accept the necessity of faith for salvation but point to Romans 2 : 5 -- 11 for the necessity of living a virtuous life as well : But by your hard and impenitent heart you are storing up wrath for yourself on the day of wrath when God 's righteous judgment will be revealed . For he will render to every man according to his works : to those who by patience in well - doing seek for glory and honor and immortality , he will give eternal life ; but for those who are factious and do not obey the truth , but obey wickedness , there will be wrath and fury . There will be tribulation and distress for every human being who does evil , the Jew first and also the Greek , but glory and honor and peace for every one who does good , the Jew first and also the Greek . For God shows no partiality . Throughout his writings , St. Augustine strongly affirms the Catholic understanding of this and other such Scriptural admonitions . In his sermons to his Catholic congregations , he is especially careful to warn them against an inordinate desire for a complete assurance of salvation . In his Exposition of Psalm 147 for example , he states : The gospel warned us , `` Be on the watch for the last day , the day when the Son of Man will come , '' because it will spell disaster for those it finds secure as they are now -- secure for the wrong reasons , I mean , secure in the pleasures of this world , when they ought to be secure only when they have dominated this world 's lusts . The apostle certainly prepares us for that future life in words of which I also reminded you on that occasion . Again , in his Exposition of Psalm 85 , Augustine is perhaps even more specific : Let us not expect security while we are on pilgrimage . When we do find ourselves wanting it , what we are looking for is bodily sluggishness rather than personal security . Protestant interpretation ( edit ) Main article : Sola fide In the Protestant interpretation , the New Testament epistles ( including Romans ) , describes salvation as coming from faith and not from righteous actions . For example , Romans 4 : 2 -- 5 ( underlining added ) : 2 For if Abraham were justified by works , he hath whereof to glory ; but not before God . 3 For what saith the scripture ? Abraham believed God , and it was counted unto him for righteousness. 4 Now to him that worketh is the reward not reckoned of grace , but of debt . 5 But to him that worketh not , but believeth on him that justifieth the ungodly , his faith is counted unto him for righteousness . They also point out that in Romans chapter 2 : 9 , Paul says that God will reward those who follow the law and then goes on to say that no one follows the law perfectly ( see also Sermon on the Mount : Interpretation ) Romans 2 : 21 -- 25 : 21 Thou therefore which teachest another , teachest thou not thyself ? thou that preachest a man should not steal , dost thou steal ? 22 Thou that sayest a man should not commit adultery , dost thou commit adultery ? thou that abhorrest idols , dost thou commit sacrilege ? 23 Thou that makest thy boast of the law , through breaking the law dishonourest thou God ? 24 For the name of God is blasphemed among the Gentiles through you , as it is written . 25 For circumcision verily profiteth , if thou keep the law : but if thou be a breaker of the law , thy circumcision is made uncircumcision . Martin Luther described Paul 's letter to the Romans as `` the most important piece in the New Testament . It is purest Gospel . It is well worth a Christian 's while not only to memorize it word for word but also to occupy himself with it daily , as though it were the daily bread of the soul '' . Luther controversially added the word `` alone '' ( allein in German ) to Romans 3 : 28 so that it read : `` thus , we hold , then , that man is justified without doing the works of the law , alone through faith '' . The word `` alone '' does not appear in the original Greek text , but Luther defended his translation by maintaining that the adverb `` alone '' was required both by idiomatic German and Paul 's intended meaning . This is a `` literalist view '' rather than an literal view of the Bible . Apologist James Swan lists numerous Catholic sources that also translated Romans 3 : 28 with the word `` alone , '' or testified to others doing so before Luther . A Bible commentary published in 1864 reports that : Catholic translators before the time of Luther had given the same translation . So in the Nuremberg Bible , 1483 , `` Nur durch den glauben . '' And the Italian Bibles of Geneva , 1476 , and of Venice , 1538 , per sola fede . The Fathers also often use the expression , `` man is justified by faith alone ; '' The Romans Road refers to a set of scriptures from Romans that Christian evangelists use to present a clear and simple case for personal salvation to each person . They are : Romans 3 : 23 , 3 : 10 , 6 : 23 , 5 : 8 , 5 : 11 , 10 : 13 , 10 : 9 and 10 : 17 . Romans has been at the forefront of several major movements in Protestantism . Martin Luther 's lectures on Romans in 1515 -- 1516 probably coincided with the development of his criticism of Roman Catholicism which led to the 95 Theses of 1517 . In 1738 , while hearing Luther 's Preface to the Epistle to the Romans read at St. Botolph Church on Aldersgate Street in London , John Wesley famously felt his heart `` strangely warmed '' , a conversion experience which is often seen as the beginning of Methodism . In 1919 Karl Barth 's commentary on Romans , The Epistle to the Romans , was the publication which is widely seen as the beginning of neo-orthodoxy . See also ( edit ) The Epistle to the Romans ( Barth ) Loci Communes New Perspective on Paul Paul the Apostle and Judaism Rudyard Kipling 1919 poem The Gods of the Copybook Headings `` The Wages of Sin is Death . '' Romans 6 : 23 The Justice of God in the Damnation of Sinners , sermon on Romans 3 : 19 Textual variants in the Epistle to the Romans Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Felix Just , S.J. ( 2 September 2005 ) . `` New Testament Statistics : Number of Chapters , Verses , and Words in the Greek NT '' . Catholic-resources.org . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Fitzmyer , xiii Jump up ^ Leander E. Keck and others , eds. , The New Interpreter 's Bible : A Commentary in Twelve Volumes ( Nashville : Abingdon Press , 2002 ) 395 Jump up ^ Cranfield , C.E.B. The Epistle to the Romans 1 -- 8 ( Vol. 1 ) , International Critical Commentary Series . King 's Lynn : T&T Clark Ltd , 2004 , pp. 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ Dunn , xliv ; Stuhlmacher , 5 ; Romans 16 : 22 ^ Jump up to : Dunn , xliv Jump up ^ Bruce , 280 -- 281 ; Dunn , xliv Jump up ^ Rom 15 : 25 ; cf . Acts 19 : 21 ; Acts 20 : 2 -- 3 , 20 : 16 ; 1 Cor 16 : 1 -- 4 Jump up ^ Bruce , 12 ; Dunn , xliii Jump up ^ Dunn , xliii -- xliv Jump up ^ Bruce M. Metzger , A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament ( 2001 ) , p. 477 . ^ Jump up to : Bruce , 11 -- 12 Jump up ^ TIB IX 1955 p. 367 Jump up ^ Ambrosius , Works , iii 373 . Jump up ^ A.C. 1831 VI p. 3 Jump up ^ Irenaeus , Against Heresies , Book III , 3 , 2 Jump up ^ `` The Expositor 's Bible Commentary '' , ( Ed . F.E. Gaebelein , Zondervan , 1976 -- 92 ) Commentary on Romans ( Introduction ) Jump up ^ Easton , Matthew George ( 1897 ) . `` Romans , Epistle to the '' . Easton 's Bible Dictionary ( New and revised ed . ) . T. Nelson and Sons . Acts 28 : 13 -- 15 Jump up ^ Geneva Study Bible on Romans 16 : 5 , regarding the `` church '' ( translated as `` company '' or congregation in some 16th - century translations ) says : ( b ) The company of the faithful , for in so great a city as that was , there were different companies . Vincent 's Word Studies ( 1886 ) on Romans 16 : 5 says : The phrase church that is in their ( or his ) house occurs 1 Corinthians 16 : 19 , of Aquila and Priscilla ; Colossians 4 : 15 , of Nymphas ; Plm 1 : 2 , of Philemon . A similar gathering may be implied in Romans 16 : 14 , Romans 16 : 15 . Bishop Lightfoot says there is no clear example of a separate building set apart for christian worship within the limits of the Roman Empire before the third century . People 's New Testament ( PNT 1891 ) on Romans 16 : 5 says : . As the early Christians had no houses of worship , they met in the homes of prominent brethren . In the large cities there would be several such groups . One of these in Rome met in the house of Priscilla and Aquila . and PNT on verse 16 : 15 says : And all the saints which are with them . Probably another household church , which met with those just named . Jump up ^ Acts 18 : 1 -- 2 `` After these things Paul departed from Athens , and came to Corinth ; And found a certain Jew named Aquila , born in Pontus , lately come from Italy , with his wife Priscilla ; ( because that Claudius had commanded all Jews to depart from Rome :) and came unto them . '' Suetonius ' Lives of the Twelve Caesars , Claudius XXV. 4 `` 4 Since the Jews constantly made disturbances at the instigation of Chrestus , he expelled them from Rome . '' Note - 75 see also Tacitus , Annals -- Book XV Chapters 44 concerning Christus Jump up ^ Fitzmyer , 77 Jump up ^ Fitzmyer , 77 also argues that this may be what Paul is referring to when he talks about the `` strong '' and the `` weak '' in Romans 15 ; this theory was originally put forth by W. Marxsen , Introduction to the New Testament : An Approach to its problems ( Philadelphia : Fortress , 1968 ) but is critiqued and modified by Fitzmyer . Fitzmyer 's main contention is that Paul seems to be purposefully vague . Paul could have been more specific if he wanted to address this problem specifically . Jump up ^ Leander E. Keck , The New Interpreter 's Bible , 407 Jump up ^ A. Deissmann , Light from the Ancient East , 2nd ed ( London : Hodder & Stoughton , 1927 ) , 218 , 220 Jump up ^ Fitzmyer , p. 69 ^ Jump up to : Fitzmyer , p. 74 Jump up ^ Fitzmyer , p. 74 , who notes that the Ekklesia , Eucharist and eschatology ( especially the parousia ) are not present in Romans Jump up ^ s.v. `` Romans , Letter to the '' Jump up ^ Tyndale 's New Testament , edited by David Daniel ( Yale University Press , London and New Haven , 1989 ) , 223 Jump up ^ W.A. Brindle , `` To The Jew First : Rhetoric , Strategy , History , or Theology ? '' Bibliotheca Sacra 159 ( 2002 ) : 221 Jump up ^ for all of these comparisons see Ben Witherington 's commentary on Romans , p. 63 which is available on a limited preview basis from Google books . Jump up ^ Percy Neale Harrison , Paulines and Pastorals ( London : Villiers Publications , 1964 ) , 80 -- 85 ; Robert Martyr Hawkins , The Recovery of the Historical Paul ( Nashville , TN : Vanderbilt University Press , 1943 ) , 79 -- 86 ; Alfred Firmin Loisy , The Origins of the New Testament ( New Hyde Park , NY : University Books , 1962 ) , 250 ; ibid. , The Birth of the Christian Religion ( New Hyde Park , NY : University Books , 1962 ) , 363 n . 21 ; Winsome Munro , Authority in Paul and Peter : The Identification of a Pastoral Stratum in the Pauline Corpus and 1 Peter , SNTSMS 45 ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1983 ) , 113 ; John C. O'Neill , Paul 's Letter to the Romans ( Harmondsworth : Penguin Books , 1975 ) , 40 -- 56 ; William O. Walker , Jr. , `` Romans 1.18 -- 2.29 : A Non-Pauline Interpolation ? '' New Testament Studies 45 , no . 4 ( 1999 ) : 533 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Stowers , A Rereading of Romans . Yale Press , 1994 , p. 101 Jump up ^ `` Blue Letter Bible '' . Blue Letter Bible . Jump up ^ Douglas J. Moo , The Epistle to the Romans ( Eerdmans , 1996 ) , 748 . Jump up ^ Edward J Anton , Repentance : A Cosmic Shift of Mind and Heart ( Discipleship Publications , 2005 ) 30 . Jump up ^ Douglas J. Moo , Romans : The NIV Application Commentary : From Biblical Text to Contemporary Life ( Zondervan , 2000 ) , 399 . Jump up ^ Douglas J. Moo , The Epistle to the Romans ( Eerdmans , 1996 ) , 756 -- 758 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Letter Bible '' . Blue Letter Bible . Jump up ^ `` Blue Letter Bible '' . Blue Letter Bible . Jump up ^ The Sword and the Ploughshare Romans 13 : 1 -- 7 an Interpolation ? Jump up ^ Review of the book Paul and Empire -- Religion and Power in Roman Imperial Society ( Edited by Richard A. Horsley ) Jump up ^ Paul Tillich , Systematic Theology , volume 3 ( University of Chicago Press : 1963 ) , p. 389 . Jump up ^ For an authoritative discussion of the Catholic viewpoint , see Catholic Encyclopedia , s.v. `` Epistle to the Romans '' Jump up ^ Works , Expositions of the Psalms ( 121 -- 150 ) , 2004 , New City Press , ISBN 1 - 56548 - 210 - 7 ISBN 9781565482104 , Part 3 , volume , 20 , p. 446. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Works , Expositions of the Psalms ( 73 -- 98 ) , 2002 John E. Rotelle , ed. , ISBN 1 - 56548 - 167 - 4 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56548 - 167 - 1 , part 3 , vol. 18 , p. 236 . ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Martin Luther 's Preface to the Letter of St. Paul to the Romans cf . Luther 's comments in his treatise on The Adoration of the Sacrament ( 1523 ) in which he refers to the words of institution of the Eucharist as being `` the sum and substance of the whole gospel '' . Luther 's Works , American Edition , St. Louis and Philadelphia : Concordia Publishing House and Fortress ( Muhlenberg ) Press , vol. 36 ( Word and Sacrament II ( 1959 ) ) , ( 3 ) , p. 277 . Jump up ^ The 1522 `` Testament '' reads at Romans 3 : 28 : `` So halten wyrs nu , das der mensch gerechtfertiget werde , on zu thun der werck des gesetzs , alleyn durch den glawben '' ( emphasis added to the German word for `` alone '' ) . ( 4 ) Jump up ^ The Greek text reads : λογιζόμεθα γάρ δικαιоῦσθαι πίστει ἄνθρωπον χωρὶς ἔργων νόμου ( `` for we reckon a man to be justified by faith without deeds of law '' ) ( 5 ) Jump up ^ Martin Luther , On Translating : An Open Letter ( 1530 ) , Luther 's Works , 55 vols. , ( St. Louis and Philadelphia : Concordia Publishing House and Fortress Press ) , 35 : 187 -- 189 , 195 ; cf. also Heinz Bluhm , Martin Luther Creative Translator , ( St. Louis : Concordia Publishing House , 1965 ) , 125 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Swan , James . `` Luther Added The Word `` Alone '' to Romans 3 : 28 ? `` . February 05 , 2006 . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Hodge , Charles , Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans ( New Edition ) , 1864 , p. 100 Jump up ^ The Roman Way , by Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod References ( edit ) Bruce , F.F. ( 1983 ) . The Epistle of Paul to the Romans : An Introduction and Commentary . Tyndale New Testament Commentaries . Leicester , England : Inter-Varsity Press . ISBN 0851118550 . Dunn , J.D.G. ( 1988b ) . Romans 9 -- 16 . Word Bible Commentary . Dallas , Texas : Word Books , Publisher . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Easton , Matthew George ( 1897 ) . `` Romans , Epistle to the '' . Easton 's Bible Dictionary ( New and revised ed . ) . T. Nelson and Sons . Fitzmyer , J.A. ( 1992 ) . Romans . Anchor Bible Commentary . New York : Doubleday . Dunn , J.D.G. ( 1988a ) . Romans 1 -- 8 . Word Bible Commentary . Dallas , Texas : Word Books , Publisher . Rutherford , Graeme ( 1993 ) . The Heart of Christianity : Romans ( chapters ) 1 to 8 . Second ed . Oxford , Eng. : Bible Reading Fellowship. 248 p . ISBN 0 - 7459 - 2810 - 2 Stuhlmacher , Peter ( 1994 ) . Paul 's Letter to the Romans : A Commentary . Westminster : John Knox Press . ISBN 0 - 664 - 25287 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Epistle to the Romans Look up πίστις in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Romans Translations `` Bible Gateway 35 languages / 50 versions '' `` Epistle to the Romans '' -- Early Christian Writings `` Online Bible '' -- gospelhall.org `` Romans , Online Bible '' -- ChristNotes.org `` Unbound Bible 100 + languages / versions '' -- Biola University Epistle to the Romans Bible : Romans public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Other A Brief Introduction to Romans Understanding Romans 7 -- www.christians.eu A Wesleyan Interpretation of Romans 5 -- 8 -- Jerry McCant Epistle to the Romans -- Catholic Encyclopedia John Calvin on Romans Easton 's Bible Dictionary on Romans , Epistle to the on BibleStudyTools.com Matthew Henry on Romans Romans Overview , by Mark Dever Reading Through Romans , by Michael Morrison Romans the Greatest Letter Ever Written : John Piper Book by Book : Romans , by WELS-WhatAboutJesus.com Epistle to the Romans Pauline Epistle Preceded by Acts New Testament Books of the Bible Succeeded by 1 Corinthians Epistle to the Romans Επιστολή προς Ρωμαίους ( Epistole pros Romaious ) Bible Romans 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Bible portal Places Achaea Illyricum Jerusalem Judea Kechries Macedonia Spain Zion People Abraham Ampliatus Andronicus Apelles Asyncritus David Elijah Epaenetus Erastus Esau Gaius Hermas Hosea Jesse Isaac Isaiah Israel Jacob Jason Jesus Christ Julia Junias Lucius Mary of Rome Messiah Moses Narcissus Nereus Olympas Paul Phoebe Pharaoh Phlegon Priscilla Quartus Rebecca Rufus Sarah Sosipater Tertius Timothy Tryphena Urbanus Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Acts of the Apostles ( chapter 28 ) First Epistle to the Corinthians ( chapter 1 ) → Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel ( Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon ) Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch 2 Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major / Minor prophets Gospels ( Synoptic ) Epistles ( Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic ) Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha ( list ) New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Romans&oldid=800973511 '' Categories : 50s books 1st - century books Canonical epistles Epistle to the Romans New Testament books Pauline - related books Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from May 2017 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from Easton 's Bible Dictionary Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Čeština Chi - Chewa Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Gagana Samoa Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 22 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the book of romans written in the bible | [
"The precise time at which it was written is not mentioned in the epistle, but it was obviously written when the collection for Jerusalem had been assembled and Paul was about to \"go unto Jerusalem to minister unto the saints\", that is, at the close of his second visit to Greece, during the winter preceding his last visit to that city.[8] The majority of scholars writing on Romans propose the letter was written in late 55/early 56 or late 56/early 57.[9] Early 55 and early 58 both have some support, while German New Testament scholar Gerd Lüdemann argues for a date as early as 51/52 (or 54/55), following on from Knox, who proposed 53/54. Lüdemann is the only serious challenge to the consensus of mid to late 50s.[10]"
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"late 55/early 56 or late 56/early 57"
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-4415386130617585494 | Standard Chartered Pakistan | Standard Chartered Pakistan - wikipedia Standard Chartered Pakistan Jump to : navigation , search This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( January 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Standard Chartered Bank ( Pakistan ) Limited Type Private Traded as KSE : SCBPL Industry Banking Global Markets Founded 2006 ; 12 years ago ( 2006 ) Headquarters Principal Office Karachi Pakistan Key people Shahzad Dada CEO Products Loans , Credit Cards , Savings , Consumer Banking etc . Revenue ( PKR ) Website www.sc.com/pk Standard Chartered Pakistan is a Pakistani banking and financial services company in Pakistan and is a wholly owned subsidiary of UK - based Standard Chartered . It is Pakistan 's oldest and largest foreign commercial bank . It employs over 9000 people in its 94 branches in Pakistan . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 See also 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) The history of Standard Chartered in Pakistan dates back to 1863 , when the Chartered Bank of India , Australia and China first established its operations in Karachi . In 2006 , Standard Chartered Bank acquired Pakistan 's Union Bank . On 30 December 2006 , Standard Chartered merged Union Bank with its own subsidiary , Standard Chartered Bank ( Pakistan ) , to create Pakistan 's sixth largest bank . See also ( edit ) Banking in Pakistan Union Bank ( Pakistan ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Standard Chartered Acquisition of 95.37 % Interest in Union Bank Ltd '' Standard Chartered , 6 September 2006 Jump up ^ `` Standard Chartered acquires Union Bank '' The Dawn , 5 September 2006 Jump up ^ `` Standard Chartered Bank ( Pakistan ) Limited EMIS '' securities.com External links ( edit ) Standard Chartered Pakistan Standard Chartered Divisions and subsidiaries Current Standard Chartered Bangladesh Standard Chartered Ghana Standard Chartered Hong Kong Standard Chartered Kenya Standard Chartered Korea Standard Chartered Nepal Standard Chartered Pakistan Standard Chartered Sri Lanka Standard Chartered Tanzania Standard Chartered Thailand Standard Chartered Uganda Standard Chartered Zambia Standard Chartered Zimbabwe Former Allahabad Bank Standard Bank Standard Chartered Bank of Canada Chartered Trust Predecessors American Express Bank Bank of British West Africa Chartered Bank of India , Australia and China Colesberg Bank Grindlays Bank Hsinchu International Bank P&O Bank Eastern Bank Standard Bank Union Bank Places 6 Battery Road Standard Chartered Bank Building People Mervyn Davies Peter Sands James Wilson Bill Winters Sponsorships The Greatest Race on Earth Hong Kong Marathon Jersey Marathon Kuala Lumpur Marathon Mumbai Marathon Nairobi Marathon Singapore Marathon Singapore Sevens Other Seeing is Believing Nationalized Spun off Sold Category Commons Banking in Pakistan Central bank State Bank of Pakistan National Institute of Banking and Finance Big Four HBL Pakistan MCB Bank Limited National Bank of Pakistan United Bank Limited Pakistan Commercial banking Public sector Bank of AJK Bank of Khyber Bank of Punjab First Women Bank Industrial Development Bank Sindh Bank Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited Private sector Allied Bank Limited Askari Bank Bank AL Habib Bank Alfalah Faysal Bank Habib Metropolitan Bank JS Bank Soneri Bank Microfinance banking FINCA Microfinance Bank Limited First MicroFinance Bank - Pakistan Khushhali Bank NRSP Microfinance Bank Tameer Bank - Telenow Easypaisa Islamic banking BankIslami Pakistan Al Baraka Bank Dubai Islamic Bank Pakistan Limited Meezan Bank Foreign banks Barclays HSBC Bank Middle East Royal Bank of Scotland Standard Chartered Pakistan Defunct banks Atlas Bank Bank of Credit and Commerce International Bank of Bahawalpur Burj Bank KASB Bank MyBank NIB Bank PICIC Commercial Bank Summit Bank Union Bank See also List of banks in Pakistan Pakistani bankers Institute of Bankers Pakistan National Institute of Banking and Finance Category KSE - 100 companies of Pakistan Abbott Laboratories Pakistan Agriauto Industries Allied Bank Limited Allied Rental Modaraba Arif Habib Corporation Limited Askari Bank Askari Cement Askari General Insurance Company Limited Attock Cement Attock Petroleum Attock Refinery Azgard Nine Bank Al - Falah Bank Al - Habib Bank of Khyber Bank of Punjab BankIslami Pakistan Bata Pakistan Cherat Cement Clariant Pakistan Colgate - Palmolive Pakistan Dawood Hercules Corporation Limited EFU General EFU Life Engro Corporation Engro Foods Fatima Fertilizer Fauji Cement Fauji Fertilizer Bin Qasim Fauji Fertilizer Company Limited Fauji Foods Limited Faysal Bank Ghani Glass Limited GlaxoSmithKline Pakistan Grays of Cambridge Habib Metropolitan Bank HBL Pakistan Hub Power Company Hum Network Limited ICI Pakistan IGI Insurance Indus Motors Company International Industries Limited International Steels Limited Javedan Corporation JDW Sugar Mills JS Bank JS Group JS Growth Fund Jubilee Insurance Company Limited Karachi Electric Supply Company Kohinoor Energy Kot Addu Power Company Lafarge Pakistan Lotte Chemical Pakistan Lucky Cement Mari Petroleum Company Limited MCB Bank Limited Meezan Bank Millat Tractors Mitchell 's Foods Murree Brewery Nagina Group National Bank of Pakistan National Foods Limited National Refinery Nestlé Pakistan Netsol Technologies NIB Bank Nishat Group Oil and Gas Development Company Pace ( Pakistan ) Packages Limited Pak Suzuki Motors Pakistan Cables Pakistan International Container Terminal Pakistan Oilfields Pakistan Petroleum Pakistan Reinsurance Pakistan Services ( operating Pearl Continental Hotel chain ) ( Hashoo Group ) Pakistan State Oil Pakistan Telecommunication Company Ltd Pakistan Tobacco Company PICIC Growth Fund Saif Group Security Papers Limited Servis Group Shell Pakistan Shifa International Hospitals Limited Siemens Pakistan Soneri Bank Standard Chartered Pakistan Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited Sui Southern Gas Company Thal Limited TPL Trakker TRG Pakistan Tri-Pack Films Unilever Pakistan United Bank Limited Pakistan As of October 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_Chartered_Pakistan&oldid=819724748 '' Categories : Banks of Pakistan Companies listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange Standard Chartered Pakistani subsidiaries of foreign companies Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from January 2009 All articles lacking reliable references Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox company with unsupported parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 10 January 2018 , at 23 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many branches of standard chartered bank in pakistan | [
"It is Pakistan's oldest and largest foreign commercial bank. It employs over 9000 people in its 94 branches in Pakistan."
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-203323513979774091 | Coat of arms of Nigeria | Coat of arms of Nigeria - Wikipedia Coat of arms of Nigeria Coat of arms of Nigeria Versions Version used from 1960 to 1979 Details Armiger Federal Republic of Nigeria Adopted 20 May 1960 Crest An eagle displayed Gules . Torse Argent and Vert Escutcheon Sable a Pall wavy argent Supporters Two horses Argent Compartment A grassy field proper , the yellow flowers at the base ( incorrectly shown as red in the image ) are Costus Spectabilis , Nigeria 's national flower . Motto Unity and Faith , Peace and Progress The coat of arms of Nigeria consists of a black shield with a wavy white pall , symbolizing the meeting of the Niger and Benue Rivers at Lokoja . The black shield represents Nigeria 's fertile soil , while the two supporting horses or chargers on each side represent dignity . The eagle represents strength , while the green and white bands on the top of the shield represent the rich soil . The red flowers at the base are Costus spectabilis , Nigeria 's national flower . This flower was chosen for inclusion in the coat of arms as it is found all over Nigeria and also stand for the beauty of the nation . On the banderole around the base is Nigeria 's national motto since 1978 : `` Unity and Faith , Peace and Progress '' ( formerly `` Peace , Unity , Freedom '' ) . Contents 1 Blazon 2 Gallery 2.1 Historical emblems 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Blazon ( edit ) Sable a Pall wavy argent , supported by two horses Argent , and set for a crest on a wreath , Argent and Vert , an eagle displayed Gules . Gallery ( edit ) Seal of the President Seal of the Vice President Seal of the House of Representatives Seal of the Senate Historical emblems ( edit ) Badge of the British West African Settlements Badge of the Lagos Colony Badge of the Oil Rivers Protectorate Badge of the Niger Coast Protectorate Badge of the Northern Nigeria Protectorate Badge of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate See also ( edit ) Seal of the President of Nigeria References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` National Symbols - Emblem '' . Nigeria 's 50th Independence : Celebrating Greatness . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Nigeria Heraldry History Nigeria articles History Kingdoms Empires Aro Benin Fulani Kanem - Bornu Nri Oyo Timeline Northern Nigeria Southern Nigeria Civil War Geography Adamawa Plateau Cities Ecoregions Environmental issues Islands Jos Plateau Mountains National parks Niger Delta Rivers Niger Benue Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Cabinet Constitution Elections Federal Executive Council Foreign relations Human rights Law enforcement LGBT history Military National Assembly House of Representatives Senate Political parties PDP APC President Vice-President Supreme Court Economy Agriculture Central Bank Economic history Energy Mining Naira ( currency ) Petroleum Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Capital punishment Child marriage Corruption Demographics Diaspora Education Ethnic groups MASSOB MOSOP Oodua Peoples Congress Health Languages Organized crime Polygamy Poverty Rankings Refugees Water supply and sanitation Women Conflicts Islamist insurgency Communal conflicts in Nigeria Herder -- farmer conflicts in Nigeria Niger Delta conflicts 2016 conflict Culture Anthem Cinema Nollywood Colonial era Golden Age Video film era New Wave Coat of arms Cuisine Flag List of Nigerians Literature Media Newspapers Radio TV Music Public holidays Religion Smoking Sport Video gaming Outline Index Portal Coats of arms and emblems of Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Western Sahara This heraldry - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria&oldid=847910391 '' Categories : National coats of arms National symbols of Nigeria Nigerian coats of arms Coats of arms with horses Coats of arms with eagles Heraldry stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bosanski Català Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Scots Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Yorùbá 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 June 2018 , at 16 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | two horses on the nigerian coat of arm represent | [
"The coat of arms of Nigeria consists of a black shield with a wavy white pall, symbolizing the meeting of the Niger and Benue Rivers at Lokoja. The black shield represents Nigeria's fertile soil, while the two supporting horses or chargers on each side represent dignity. The eagle represents strength, while the green and white bands on the top of the shield represent the rich soil.[1]\n"
] | [
"dignity"
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3917192213002726034 | Journey to the Center of the Earth | Journey to the Center of the Earth - wikipedia Journey to the Center of the Earth Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Journey to the Centre of the Earth ( disambiguation ) . Journey to the Center of the Earth Book cover made in 1874 Author Jules Verne Original title Voyage au centre de la Terre Illustrator Édouard Riou Cover artist Édouard Riou Country France Language French Series The Extraordinary Voyages # 3 Genre Science fiction , adventure novel Publisher Pierre - Jules Hetzel Publication date 1864 Published in English 1871 Media type Print ( Hardback ) Pages 183 ISBN 0486440885 Preceded by The Adventures of Captain Hatteras Followed by From the Earth to the Moon Journey to the Center of the Earth ( French : Voyage au centre de la Terre , also translated under the titles A Journey to the Centre of the Earth and A Journey to the Interior of the Earth ) is an 1864 science fiction novel by Jules Verne . The story involves German professor Otto Lidenbrock who believes there are volcanic tubes going toward the centre of the Earth . He , his nephew Axel , and their guide Hans descend into the Icelandic volcano Snæfellsjökull , encountering many adventures , including prehistoric animals and natural hazards , before eventually coming to the surface again in southern Italy , at the Stromboli volcano . The genre of subterranean fiction already existed long before Verne . However , the present book considerably added to its popularity and influenced later such writings . For example , Edgar Rice Burroughs explicitly acknowledged Verne 's influence on his own Pellucidar series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Inspiration 3 Main characters 4 Prehistoric animals featured 5 Notes 6 Adaptations 6.1 Film 6.2 Television 6.3 Radio 6.4 Theatre 6.5 Theme park ( themed areas ) and rides 6.6 Other 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) The story begins in May 1863 , in the Lidenbrock house in Hamburg , Germany , with Professor Lidenbrock rushing home to peruse his latest purchase , an original runic manuscript of an Icelandic saga written by Snorri Sturluson ( Snorre Tarleson in some versions of the story ) , `` Heimskringla '' ; the chronicle of the Norwegian kings who ruled over Iceland . While looking through the book , Lidenbrock and his nephew Axel find a coded note written in runic script along with the name of a 16th - century Icelandic alchemist , Arne Saknussemm . ( This was a first indication of Verne 's love for cryptography . Coded , cryptic or incomplete messages as a plot device would continue to appear in many of his works and in each case Verne would go a long way to explain not only the code used but also the mechanisms used to retrieve the original text . ) Lidenbrock and Axel transliterate the runic characters into Latin letters , revealing a message written in a seemingly bizarre code . Lidenbrock attempts a decipherment , deducing the message to be a kind of transposition cipher ; but his results are as meaningless as the original . Professor Lidenbrock decides to lock everyone in the house and force himself and the others ( Axel , and the maid , Martha ) to go without food until he cracks the code . Axel discovers the answer when fanning himself with the deciphered text : Lidenbrock 's decipherment was correct , and only needs to be read backwards to reveal sentences written in rough Latin . Axel decides to keep the secret hidden from Professor Lidenbrock , afraid of what the Professor might do with the knowledge , but after two days without food he can not stand the hunger and reveals the secret to his uncle . Lidenbrock translates the note , which is revealed to be a medieval note written by the ( fictional ) Icelandic alchemist Arne Saknussemm , who claims to have discovered a passage to the centre of the Earth via Snæfell in Iceland . In what Axel calls bad Latin , the deciphered message reads : The Runic cryptogram In Snefflls ( sic ) Iokulis kraterem kem delibat umbra Skartaris Iulii intra kalendas deskende , audas uiator , te ( sic ) terrestre kentrum attinges . Kod feki . Arne Saknussemm . In slightly better Latin , with errors amended : In Sneffels Jokulis craterem , quem delibat umbra Scartaris , Julii intra kalendas descende , audax viator , et terrestre centrum attinges ; quod feci . Arne Saknussemm which , when translated into English , reads : Descend , bold traveller , into the crater of the jökull of Snæfell , which the shadow of Scartaris touches ( lit : tastes ) before the Kalends of July , and you will attain the centre of the earth . I did it . Arne Saknussemm Snæfellsjökull . Professor Lidenbrock is a man of astonishing impatience , and departs for Iceland immediately , taking his reluctant nephew with him . Axel , who , in comparison , is cowardly and anti-adventurous , repeatedly tries to reason with him , explaining his fears of descending into a volcano and putting forward various scientific theories as to why the journey is impossible , but Professor Lidenbrock repeatedly keeps himself blinded against Axel 's point of view . After a rapid journey via Kiel and Copenhagen , they arrive in Reykjavík , where the two procure the services of Hans Bjelke ( a Danish - speaking Icelander eiderdown hunter ) as their guide , and travel overland to the base of the volcano . In late June , they reach the volcano , which has three craters . According to Saknussemm 's message , the passage to the center of the Earth is through the one crater that is touched by the shadow of a nearby mountain peak at noon . However , the text also states that this is only true during the last days of June . During the next few days , with July rapidly approaching , the weather is too cloudy for any shadows . Axel silently rejoices , hoping this will force his uncle -- who has repeatedly tried to impart courage to him only to succeed in making him even more cowardly still -- to give up the project and return home . Alas for Axel , however , on the second to last day , the sun comes out and the mountain peak shows the correct crater to take . After descending into the crater , the three travellers set off into the bowels of the Earth , encountering many strange phenomena and great dangers , including a chamber filled with firedamp , and steep - sided wells around the `` path '' . After taking a wrong turn , they run out of water and Axel almost dies , but Hans taps into a neighbouring subterranean river . Lidenbrock and Axel name the resulting stream the `` Hansbach '' in his honour and the three are saved . At another point , Axel becomes separated from the others and is lost several miles from them . Luckily , a strange acoustic phenomenon allows him to communicate with them from some miles away , and they are soon reunited . After descending many miles , following the course of the Hansbach , they reach an unimaginably vast cavern . This underground world is lit by electrically charged gas at the ceiling , and is filled with a very deep subterranean ocean , surrounded by a rocky coastline covered in petrified trees and giant mushrooms . The travelers build a raft out of trees and set sail . The Professor names this sea the `` Lidenbrock Sea '' and the port as `` Port Gräuben '' , after the name of his goddaughter . While on the water , they see several prehistoric creatures such as a giant Ichthyosaurus , which fights with a Plesiosaurus and wins . After the battle between the monsters , the party comes across an island with a huge geyser , which Lidenbrock names `` Axel Island '' . A lightning storm again threatens to destroy the raft and its passengers , but instead throws them onto the coastline . This part of the coast , Axel discovers , is alive with prehistoric plant and animal life forms , including giant insects and a herd of mastodons . On a beach covered with bones , Axel discovers an oversized human skull . Axel and Lidenbrock venture some way into the prehistoric forest , where Professor Lidenbrock points out , in a shaky voice , a prehistoric human , more than twelve feet in height , leaning against a tree and watching a herd of mastodons . Axel can not be sure if he has really seen the man or not , and he and Professor Lidenbrock debate whether or not a proto - human civilization actually exists so far underground . The three wonder if the creature is a man - like ape , or an ape - like man . The sighting of the creature is considered the most alarming part of the story , and the explorers decide that it is better not to alert it to their presence as they fear it may be hostile . The travellers continue to explore the coastline , and find a passageway marked by Saknussemm as the way ahead . However , it is blocked by what appears to be a recent cave - in and two of the three , Hans and the Professor , despair at being unable to hack their way through the granite wall . The adventurers plan to blast the rock with gun cotton and paddle out to sea to escape the blast . Upon executing the plan , however , they discover that behind the rockfall was a seemingly bottomless pit , not a passage to the center of the earth . The travellers are swept away as the sea rushes into the large open gap in the ground . After spending hours being swept along at lightning speeds by the water , the raft ends up inside a large volcanic chimney filling with water and magma . Terrified , the three are rushed upwards , through stifling heat , and are ejected onto the surface from a side - vent of a stratovolcano . When they regain consciousness , they discover that they have been ejected from Stromboli , a volcanic island located in southern Italy . They return to Hamburg to great acclaim -- Professor Lidenbrock is hailed as one of the great scientists of history , Axel marries his sweetheart Gräuben , and Hans eventually returns to his peaceful life in Iceland . The Professor has some regret that their journey was cut short . At the very end of the book , Axel and Lidenbrock realize why their compass was behaving strangely after their journey on the raft . They realize that the needle was pointing the wrong way after being struck by an electric fireball which nearly destroyed the wooden raft . Inspiration ( edit ) The book was inspired by Charles Lyell 's Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man of 1863 ( and probably also influenced by Lyell 's earlier ground - breaking work Principles of Geology , published 1830 -- 33 ) . By that time geologists had abandoned a literal biblical account of Earth 's development and it was generally thought that the end of the last glacial period marked the first appearance of humanity , but Lyell drew on new findings to put the origin of human beings much further back in the deep geological past . Lyell 's book also influenced Louis Figuier 's 1867 second edition of La Terre avant le déluge ( `` The Earth before the flood '' ) which included dramatic illustrations of savage men and women wearing animal skins and wielding stone axes , in place of the Garden of Eden shown in the 1863 edition . It is noteworthy that at the time of writing Verne had no hesitation with having sympathetic German protagonists with whom the reader could identify . Verne 's attitude to Germans would drastically change in the aftermath of the 1871 Franco - Prussian War . After 1871 , The sympathetic if eccentric Professor Otto Lidenbrock would be replaced in Verne 's fiction by the utterly evil and demonic Professor Schultze of The Begum 's Fortune . Main characters ( edit ) Professor Otto Lidenbrock : a man of science Axel : the nephew of Professor Lidenbrock , overcautious and unadventurous student . Hans Bjelke : a Danish - speaking Icelandic eiderduck hunter who becomes their guide ; dependable , resourceful and imperturbable . Gräuben : the goddaughter of Professor Lidenbrock with whom Axel is in love , native of Virland in Estonia . Martha : the maid at the house of Professor Lidenbrock . Prehistoric animals featured ( edit ) Pterichthys Dipterides -- A two - finned fish Leptotherium -- A gazelle - like creature Merycotherium -- A cattle - like creature Anoplotherium Mastodon Megatherium Unidentified Pterosaur ( probably Pterodactylus ) Unknown species of giant bird , probably a Teratorn Ichthyosaurus Plesiosaurus Notes ( edit ) The first English edition was published in its entirety by Henry Vickers in 12 installments of a Boys magazine entitled `` The Boys Journal '' . The plates are more numerous than the book form which was published with an 1872 title page . If it was released in 1871 as a single volume it was late in the year . This `` True '' first edition also found in an octavo normal book size ( not Annual size ) , has been overlooked by bibliographers . It has a place of pre-eminence up to about a 3rd of the way through the 12 monthly issues and then slides down into the main body of the journal . The Magazine does not seem to have survived in its loose format of 12 individual parts . The 1871 English language edition published by Griffith and Farran ( named Journey to the Centre of the Earth at Project Gutenberg ) is an abridged and altered translation . It changes the Professor 's name to Hardwigg , Axel 's name to Harry ( or Henry ) Lawson , and Grauben 's name to Gretchen . It omits some chapters , while rewriting or adding portions to others . The redactor 's note by Norm Wolcott , at Project Gutenberg , claims that this translation is the most popularly reprinted one , despite the flaws . The 1877 translation by Ward , Lock , & Co. , Ltd. , translated by Frederick Amadeus Malleson , is more faithful , though it too has some slight rewrites ( according to the redactor at its Project Gutenberg page , where its title is translated as Journey to the Interior of the Earth ) . The 1877 translation by Ward Lock & Co Ltd. , translated by Frederick Amadeus Malleson was adapted by AD Classic Books ' 2008 edition of Journey to the Center of the Earth . In this edit by A.R. Roumanis , antiquated writing and out of date sayings were replaced which makes this the most modernized version available . The novel frequently uses the device of the Professor explaining or arguing scientific matters with Axel , in order to communicate scientific facts on which the world - view is based . In the midst of their descent , this role reverses at one point , as Axel points out strata to the Professor as another example of the same story - telling method . Many things postulated in the novel are now known to be incorrect , including the temperature of space being minus 40 degrees Fahrenheit , and volcanoes erupting due to a reaction between water and chemicals in the Earth 's crust . Adaptations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) 1959 : Journey to the Center of the Earth , USA , directed by Henry Levin , starring James Mason and Pat Boone . In the film , the character of Axel becomes Alec and is more adventurous than cowardly as he is in the novel . The film introduces two new main characters : a female explorer and a main antagonist . 1978 : Viaje al centro de la Tierra , Spain , directed by Juan Piquer Simón , starring Kenneth More and Pep Munné . It was distributed in Great Britain and the US as Where Time Began . 1989 : Journey to the Center of the Earth took only the title and a general idea from the Verne novel , and had a unique plot aimed at a teen audience . It was written by Debra Ricci , Regina Davis , Kitty Chalmers , and Rusty Lemorande , and was directed by Lemorande and Albert Pyun . It stars Emo Philips , Paul Carafotes , Jaclyn Bernstein , Kathy Ireland , Janet Du Plessis , Nicola Cowper , Lochner De Kock , and Ilan Mitchell - Smith . It was based on an uncompleted version , more faithful to Verne 's text , written and directed by Lemorande , that had been left unfinished because of Cannon Films ' premature closure . 2008 : Journey to the Center of the Earth is a 3 - D film by Eric Brevig . Cast members include Brendan Fraser , Anita Briem and Josh Hutcherson . The film follows as a sequel to the original book . 2008 : Journey to the Center of the Earth -- A direct - to - DVD release by The Asylum , which is a loose adaptation of the original book . It was released as Journey to Middle Earth in the United Kingdom . Walt Disney Pictures began work on a `` Journey '' in the late 1990s , but was not happy with the appearance of the subterranean caverns , so the project was scrapped and the cavern scenes were altered and used in the production of their 2001 film Atlantis : The Lost Empire . Television ( edit ) An animated television series , Journey to the Center of the Earth , first broadcast in 1967 on ABC , starring the voices of Ted Knight , Pat Harrington , Jr. , and Jane Webb , only loosely based on Verne 's novel . A limited animation television special in the Famous Classic Tales series was aired by CBS in 1977 . In 1993 , NBC aired a made - for - TV film version with a cast including John Neville , F. Murray Abraham and Kim Miyori . The film used the title and general premise of Verne 's novel , but had its heroes carry out the journey in an earth - penetrating machine . A television series was supposed to follow , but was never produced . The Wishbone 1996 episode `` Hot Diggety Dawg '' was based on the novel , featuring several major scenes starring the title character as Professor Lidenbrock . The 1999 Hallmark Entertainment movie starred Treat Williams , Jeremy London , Bryan Brown , Tushka Bergen , and Hugh Keays - Byrne ( this version deviates considerably from Verne 's original ) . A TV film version by RHI Entertainment starring Rick Schroder , Peter Fonda , Victoria Pratt , Steven Grayhm and Mike Dopud was shot on location in and around Vancouver on high definition video during the summer of 2007 . The show aired on February 4 , 2008 and been released on DVD . Victoria Pratt and Peter Fonda 's characters were added to the original story . Radio ( edit ) A 7 - part radio serial was broadcast on the BBC Home Service in 1962 . It was produced by Claire Chovil , and starred Trevor Martin and Nigel Anthony . An 8 - part radio serial was produced for BBC Radio 4 by Howard Jones in 1963 . It starred Bernard Horsfall and Jeffrey Banks . A radio drama adaptation was broadcast by National Public Radio in 2000 for its series `` Radio Tales '' . A 90 - minute radio adaptation by Stephen Walker directed by Owen O'Callan was first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 Extra on 20 November 2011 and re-broadcast on 11 and 12 November 2012 . Nicholas Le Prevost starred as Professor Otto Lidenbrock , Nathaniel Parker as Axel and Oliver Senton as Hans . Rosemary McNab , an original female character who funds and accompanies the expedition ( and has affairs with both Hans and Otto along the way ) , was played by Kristen Millwood . A two - part BBC Radio 4 adaptation of Journey to the Centre of the Earth was broadcast on 19 and 26 March 2017 , with Stephen Critchlow as Professor Lidenbrock , Joel MacCormack as Axel and Gudmundur Ingi Thorvaldsson as Hans . It was directed and produced by Tracey Neale and adapted by Moya O'Shea . Theatre ( edit ) A stage version of Journey to the Center of the Earth , written by Gerald Fitzgerald and directed by Steven - Shayle Rhodes , was produced at Pegasus Theatre in Dallas , Texas in 2000 , with substantial changes made to the characters and the plot . In 2014 , Fitzgerald 's 2 - act script was adapted into a 3 - act melodrama format and presented at the Pocket Sandwich Theatre in Dallas , directed by Joey Dietz . Theme park ( themed areas ) and rides ( edit ) An thrill ride based on the book , Journey to the Center of the Earth , is open at The Mysterious Island section of Tokyo DisneySea 's theme park . Its also includes a dark ride based on Twenty thousand leagues under the Sea . Le Visionarium ( Timekeeper ) - featuring Jules Verne in a circle vision ride ( 1992 - 2005 ) and Space Mountain , de la Terre à la Lune , in its original version ( 1995 - 2005 ) , based directly on From the earth to the Moon in Discoveryland ( the hub facing part of the Land features Steampunk related theming ) at Euro Disneyland ( now Disneyland Paris ) between 1992 and 2005 . A water ride at Water World in Federal Heights , Colorado called ' Voyage to the Center of the Earth ' is loosely based on the book . A mill chute ride , called ' Journey to the Center of the Earth ' and loosely based on the book , existed at Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom from 1960 to 1992 . Other ( edit ) An erotic adaptation of the novel , An Erotic Journey to the Centre of the Earth was published by paranormal erotica writer Cecilia Chase in 2017 . Video games called Journey to the Center of the Earth : in 1984 by Ozisoft for the Commodore 64 ; in 1989 by Topo Soft for the ZX Spectrum and in 2003 by Frogwares . A board game adaptation of the book designed by Rüdiger Dorn was released by Kosmos in 2008 . A concept album called Journey to the Centre of the Earth by Rick Wakeman , was released in 1974 . It combines song , narration and instrumental pieces to retell the story Rick Wakeman released a second concept album called Return to the Centre of the Earth in 1999 , it tells the story of a later set of travelers attempting to repeat the original journey . Alien Voices , an audio theater group led by Leonard Nimoy and John de Lancie , released a dramatized version of Journey to the Center of the Earth through Simon and Schuster Audio in 1997 . Christopher Lloyd 's character of Doctor Emmett Brown , one of the two main fictional characters of the Back To The Future film series , attributed the origins of his lifelong devotion to science to having read as a child the works of Jules Verne in general , and Journey to the Center of the Earth in particular . ( This is evident when he reveals that he tried to dig to the Center of the Earth at the age of twelve . ) Back to the Future Part III , especially , pays homage to Journey of the Center of the Earth where Dr. Brown carves his initials in a mineshaft after storing the time machine , just like Arne Saknussemm did to help guide future explorers . At the end of the film , it is also revealed that Dr. Brown 's two sons are named Jules and Verne . The first part of the second season of Around the World with Willy Fog by Spanish studio BRB Internacional was `` Journey to the Centre of the Earth '' . Edgar Rice Burroughs wrote the Pellucidar series using the Journey to the Center of the Earth concept . The surname of Kathy Ireland 's character in Alien From L.A. ( 1988 ) , a film about a girl who falls through the earth and discovers a repressive subterranean society , is Saknussemm . The 1992 adventure / role - playing game Quest for Glory III by Sierra Entertainment used Arne Saknoosen the Aardvark as a bit character for exploration information , alluding to the explorer Arne Saknussemm . The DC Comics comic book series Warlord took place in Skartaris , a land supposed to exist within a Hollow Earth . Its creator , Mike Grell , has confirmed that `` the name comes from the mountain peak Scartaris that points the way to the passage to the earth 's core in Journey to the Center of the Earth . '' Louis MacNeice 's final play Persons from Porlock contains a reference to Journey to the Center of the Earth at the beginning . Because his mother used to read it aloud to him , Hank became ' completely fascinated ' with ' caves and pot - holes and things ' ( p 111 ) . At the end of the play ' Herr Professor Lidebrock ' is one of the characters Hank meets down the pot hole . Hank says to him , ' Oh , my dear Professor , I 've always wanted to meet you , since my mother used to read me your adventures . How you went down the volcano and ran into all those mastodons . But , of course , in your case you got out again . ' The Professor replies , ' That was because I am a character in fiction . ' He continues , ' Jules Verne invented me ' ( p 141 ) . Halldór Laxness , the only Icelandic author to be awarded the Nobel Prize , situated his novel Under the Glacier in the area of Snæfellsjökull . The glacier has a mystic quality in the story and there are several references to A Journey to the Center of the Earth in connection with it . In the Exile computer game series and its remake , the Avernum series , the player 's party is exiled to a vast underground cavern similar to the one described in A Journey to the Center of the Earth . It also contains a subterranean ocean and networks of tunnels , but it is lit by bioluminescent mushrooms rather than an electric phenomenon . One of the goals of several of the games is to escape from the cavern . See also ( edit ) Subterranean fiction Pellucidar Spartakus and the Sun Beneath the Sea References ( edit ) Jump up ^ To produce the cipher , the text is written backwards , and then each letter and punctuation mark is placed in a separate cell of a 7x3 matrix , going row by row . When each cell is filled with the first 21 letters , the 22nd letter is placed in the first cell , and so again through the matrix repeatedly until the message is complete . To decipher , one copies out the first letter of each cell , then the second , and so forth , and finally the resulting message is read backwards . Jump up ^ Criticism : Browne , E. Janet ( 2002 ) , Charles Darwin : vol. 2 The Power of Place , London : Jonathan Cape , pp. 130 , 218 , 515 , ISBN 0 - 7126 - 6837 - 3 Jump up ^ The Boys Journal . Published By Henry Vickers , London . 1870 Jump up ^ `` Journey to the Center of the Earth '' . IMDb . IMDb.com , Inc . Retrieved 18 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Journey to the Center of the Earth '' . IMDb . IMDb.com , Inc . Retrieved 18 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Journey to the Centre of the Earth '' . BBC Genome . BBC . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jules Verne - Journey to the Centre of the Earth '' , BBC Radio 4 , 20 Nov 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Radio 4 relevant page '' Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , An Erotic Journey to the Centre of the Earth Jump up ^ World of Spectrum Jump up ^ Moby Games Jump up ^ Board Game Geek Jump up ^ Brian Cronin , 2006 , `` Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed # 54 ! '' ( archive ) Jump up ^ Louis MacNeice , Persons from Porlock , London : BBC , 1969 . Further reading ( edit ) Debus , Allen ( July 2007 ) . `` Re-Framing the Science in Jules Verne 's Journey to the Center of the Earth '' . Science Fiction Studies . 33 ( 3 ) : 405 -- 20 . JSTOR 4241461 ... External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Journey into the Interior of the Earth French Wikisource has original text related to this article : Voyage au centre de la Terre Wikimedia Commons has media related to Journey to the Center of the Earth . A Journey to the Centre of the Earth ( Griffith and Farran , 1871 ) entire early English translation . Journey to the Centre of the Earth and PDF Full text of the Oxford University Press translation , with introduction , notes and appendices . Most modern translation available online . Journey into the Interior of the Earth ( Malleson , trans. ; Ward , Lock & Co. , 1877 ) from JV.Gilead.org.il A Journey to the Interior of the Earth ( Malleson , trans. ; Ward , Lock & Co. , 1877 ) -- in easy to read HTML format . A Journey to the Interior of the Earth at Project Gutenberg ( English ) Journey to the Interior of the Earth public domain audiobook at LibriVox Free Audio Book of `` Journey to the Center of the Earth '' from The Drama Pod Journey to the Center of the Earth -- Classics Illustrated comic book Jules Verne 's Journey to the Center of the Earth Films 1959 film 1978 film 1989 film 2008 TV film 2008 Asylum film 2008 theatrical film Other 1967 series 1999 miniseries 1974 album 2008 video game Journey 2 : The Mysterious Island Journey Through the Impossible Works by Jules Verne Voyages extraordinaires Five Weeks in a Balloon ( 1863 ) Journey to the Center of the Earth ( 1864 ) From the Earth to the Moon ( 1865 ) The Adventures of Captain Hatteras ( 1866 ) In Search of the Castaways ( 1867 -- 68 ) Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea ( 1869 -- 70 ) Around the Moon ( 1870 ) A Floating City ( 1871 ) The Adventures of Three Englishmen and Three Russians in South Africa ( 1872 ) The Fur Country ( 1873 ) Around the World in Eighty Days ( 1873 ) The Mysterious Island ( 1874 -- 75 ) The Survivors of the Chancellor ( 1875 ) Michael Strogoff ( 1876 ) Off on a Comet ( 1877 ) The Child of the Cavern ( 1877 ) Dick Sand , A Captain at Fifteen ( 1878 ) The Begum 's Fortune ( 1879 ) Tribulations of a Chinaman in China ( 1879 ) The Steam House ( 1880 ) Eight Hundred Leagues on the Amazon ( 1881 ) Godfrey Morgan ( 1882 ) The Green Ray ( 1882 ) Kéraban the Inflexible ( 1883 ) The Vanished Diamond ( 1884 ) The Archipelago on Fire ( 1884 ) Mathias Sandorf ( 1885 ) The Lottery Ticket ( 1886 ) Robur the Conqueror ( 1886 ) North Against South ( 1887 ) The Flight to France ( 1887 ) Two Years ' Vacation ( 1888 ) Family Without a Name ( 1889 ) The Purchase of the North Pole ( 1889 ) César Cascabel ( 1890 ) Mistress Branican ( 1891 ) The Carpathian Castle ( 1892 ) Claudius Bombarnac ( 1892 ) Foundling Mick ( 1893 ) Captain Antifer ( 1894 ) Propeller Island ( 1895 ) Facing the Flag ( 1896 ) Clovis Dardentor ( 1896 ) An Antarctic Mystery ( 1897 ) The Mighty Orinoco ( 1898 ) The Will of an Eccentric ( 1899 ) The Castaways of the Flag ( 1900 ) The Village in the Treetops ( 1901 ) The Sea Serpent ( 1901 ) The Kip Brothers ( 1902 ) Travel Scholarships ( 1903 ) A Drama in Livonia ( 1904 ) Master of the World ( 1904 ) Invasion of the Sea ( 1905 ) Other works Novels The Waif of the Cynthia ( 1885 ) The Lighthouse at the End of the World ( 1905 ) The Golden Volcano ( 1906 ) The Chase of the Golden Meteor ( 1908 ) The Danube Pilot ( 1908 ) The Survivors of the `` Jonathan '' ( 1909 ) The Secret of Wilhelm Storitz ( 1910 ) The Barsac Mission ( 1919 ) Backwards to Britain ( 1989 , written 1859 ) Paris in the Twentieth Century ( 1994 , written 1863 ) Collections Doctor Ox ( 1874 ) Yesterday and Tomorrow ( 1910 ) Short stories `` A Drama in Mexico '' ( 1851 ) `` A Drama in the Air '' ( 1851 ) `` Martin Paz '' ( 1852 ) `` Master Zacharius '' ( 1854 ) `` A Winter amid the Ice '' ( 1855 ) `` The Count of Chanteleine '' ( 1864 ) `` The Blockade Runners '' ( 1865 ) `` Dr. Ox 's Experiment '' ( 1872 ) `` An Ideal City '' ( 1875 ) `` The Mutineers of the Bounty '' ( 1879 ) `` Ten Hours Hunting '' ( 1881 ) `` Frritt - Flacc '' ( 1884 ) `` Gil Braltar '' ( 1887 ) `` In the Year 2889 '' ( 1889 ) `` Adventures of the Rat Family '' ( 1891 ) `` Mr. Ray Sharp and Miss Me Flat '' ( 1893 ) `` The Eternal Adam '' ( 1910 ) Plays The Broken Straws ( 1850 ) Mona Lisa ( 1852 ) Blind Man 's Buff ( 1853 ) The Adoptive Son ( 1853 Knights of the Daffodil ( 1855 ) Mr. Chimpanzee ( 1858 ) The Inn in the Ardennes ( 1860 ) Eleven Days ' Siege ( 1861 ) A Nephew from America ( 1873 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1874 ) The Children of Captain Grant ( 1878 ) Michael Strogoff ( 1880 ) Journey Through the Impossible ( 1882 ) Kéraban the Pigheaded ( 1883 ) Related The Thompson Travel Agency by Michel Verne ( 1907 ) Universe Characters Aouda Tom Ayrton David Farragut Phileas Fogg Lord Glenarvan Captain Nemo Jacques Paganel Jean Passepartout Cyrus Smith Universe Leyden ball Nautilus HMS Sword Book VIAF : 181861005 GND : 4835489 - 2 SUDOC : 089079728 BNF : cb12342582t ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journey_to_the_Center_of_the_Earth&oldid=799743205 '' Categories : Journey to the Center of the Earth 1864 French novels Novels by Jules Verne 1860s science fiction novels French science fiction novels Lost world novels Novels about dinosaurs Novels set in Iceland Hollow Earth in fiction Fictional subterranea French novels adapted into films Novels set in Hamburg Novels set in Sicily French novels adapted into plays Novels adapted into comics Novels adapted into radio programs Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games 1863 in fiction Cryptography in fiction Travel to the Earth 's center Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Rumantsch Русский Shqip Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 15 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was journey to the center of the earth written | [
"Journey to the Center of the Earth (French: Voyage au centre de la Terre, also translated under the titles A Journey to the Centre of the Earth and A Journey to the Interior of the Earth) is an 1864 science fiction novel by Jules Verne. The story involves German professor Otto Lidenbrock who believes there are volcanic tubes going toward the centre of the Earth. He, his nephew Axel, and their guide Hans descend into the Icelandic volcano Snæfellsjökull, encountering many adventures, including prehistoric animals and natural hazards, before eventually coming to the surface again in southern Italy, at the Stromboli volcano."
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"1864"
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5647773562522356064 | Battle of Cold Harbor | Battle of Cold Harbor - wikipedia Battle of Cold Harbor Battle of Cold Harbor Part of the American Civil War Battle of Cold Harbor by Kurz and Allison , 1888 Date May 31 ( 1864 - 05 - 31 ) -- June 12 , 1864 ( 1864 - 06 - 13 ) Location Hanover County , near Mechanicsville , Virginia 37 ° 35 ′ 24 '' N 77 ° 17 ′ 06 '' W / 37.59 ° N 77.285 ° W / 37.59 ; - 77.285 Coordinates : 37 ° 35 ′ 24 '' N 77 ° 17 ′ 06 '' W / 37.59 ° N 77.285 ° W / 37.59 ; - 77.285 Result Confederate victory Belligerents United States ( Union ) CSA ( Confederacy ) Commanders and leaders Ulysses S. Grant George G. Meade Robert E. Lee Units involved Army of the Potomac XVIII Corps ( Army of the James ) Army of Northern Virginia Strength 108 -- 117,000 59 -- 62,000 Casualties and losses 12,738 total 1,845 killed 9,077 wounded 1,816 captured / missing 5,287 total 788 killed 3,376 wounded 1,123 captured / missing Overland Campaign Wilderness Spotsylvania Court House Yellow Tavern Meadow Bridge North Anna Wilson 's Wharf Haw 's Shop Totopotomoy Creek Old Church Cold Harbor Trevilian Station Saint Mary 's Church The Battle of Cold Harbor was fought during the American Civil War near Mechanicsville , Virginia , from May 31 to June 12 , 1864 , with the most significant fighting occurring on June 3 . It was one of the final battles of Union Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant 's Overland Campaign , and is remembered as one of American history 's bloodiest , most lopsided battles . Thousands of Union soldiers were killed or wounded in a hopeless frontal assault against the fortified positions of Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee 's army . On May 31 , as Grant 's army once again swung around the right flank of Lee 's army , Union cavalry seized the crossroads of Old Cold Harbor , about 10 miles northeast of the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia , holding it against Confederate attacks until the Union infantry arrived . Both Grant and Lee , whose armies had suffered enormous casualties in the Overland Campaign , received reinforcements . On the evening of June 1 , the Union VI Corps and XVIII Corps arrived and assaulted the Confederate works to the west of the crossroads with some success . On June 2 , the remainder of both armies arrived and the Confederates built an elaborate series of fortifications 7 miles long . At dawn on June 3 , three Union corps attacked the Confederate works on the southern end of the line and were easily repulsed with heavy casualties . Attempts to assault the northern end of the line and to resume the assaults on the southern were unsuccessful . Grant said of the battle in his memoirs , `` I have always regretted that the last assault at Cold Harbor was ever made ... No advantage whatever was gained to compensate for the heavy loss we sustained . '' The armies confronted each other on these lines until the night of June 12 , when Grant again advanced by his left flank , marching to the James River . It was an impressive defensive victory for Lee , but it was his last in the war . In the final stage , he alternated between digging into the trenches at Petersburg and fleeing westward across Virginia . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Military situation 2 Opposing forces 2.1 Union 2.2 Confederate 3 Location 4 Battle 4.1 May 31 4.2 June 1 4.3 June 2 4.4 June 3 4.5 June 4 -- 12 5 Aftermath 5.1 Cold Harbor Tavern and Garthright House 6 Battlefield preservation 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Memoirs and primary sources 10 Further reading 11 External links Background ( edit ) Military situation ( edit ) Main article : Overland Campaign Further information : Battle of the Wilderness , Battle of Spotsylvania Court House , Eastern Theater of the American Civil War , and American Civil War Map of Southeastern Virginia Union marches and operations in Central Virginia ( 1864 - 65 ) Overland Campaign , from the Wilderness to crossing the James River Confederate Union Movements in the Overland Campaign , May 29 , and actions May 30 , 1864 Grant 's Overland Campaign was one of a series of simultaneous offensives the newly appointed general in chief launched against the Confederacy . By late May 1864 , only two of these continued to advance : Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman 's Atlanta Campaign and the Overland Campaign , in which Grant accompanied and directly supervised the Army of the Potomac and its commander , Maj. Gen. George G. Meade . Grant 's campaign objective was not the Confederate capital of Richmond , but the destruction of Lee 's army . President Abraham Lincoln had long advocated this strategy for his generals , recognizing that the city would certainly fall after the loss of its principal defensive army . Grant ordered Meade , `` Wherever Lee goes , there you will go also . '' Although he hoped for a quick , decisive battle , Grant was prepared to fight a war of attrition . Both Union and Confederate casualties could be high , but the Union had greater resources to replace lost soldiers and equipment . On May 5 , after Grant 's army crossed the Rapidan River and entered the Wilderness of Spotsylvania , it was attacked by Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia . Although Lee was outnumbered , about 60,000 to 100,000 , his men fought fiercely and the dense foliage provided a terrain advantage . After two days of fighting and almost 29,000 casualties , the results were inconclusive and neither army was able to obtain an advantage . Lee had stopped Grant , but had not turned him back ; Grant had not destroyed Lee 's army . Under similar circumstances , previous Union commanders had chosen to withdraw behind the Rappahannock , but Grant instead ordered Meade to move around Lee 's right flank and seize the important crossroads at Spotsylvania Court House to the southeast , hoping that by interposing his army between Lee and Richmond , he could lure the Confederates into another battle on a more favorable field . Elements of Lee 's army beat the Union army to the critical crossroads of Spotsylvania Court House and began entrenching , a tactic that became increasingly essential for the outnumbered defenders . Meade was dissatisfied with Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan 's Union cavalry 's performance and released it from its reconnaissance and screening duties for the main body of the army to pursue and defeat the Confederate cavalry under Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart . Sheridan 's men mortally wounded Stuart in the tactically inconclusive Battle of Yellow Tavern ( May 11 ) and then continued their raid toward Richmond , leaving Grant and Meade without the `` eyes and ears '' of their cavalry . Near Spotsylvania Court House , fighting occurred on and off from May 8 through May 21 , as Grant tried various schemes to break the Confederate line . On May 8 , Union Maj . Gens . Gouverneur K. Warren and John Sedgwick unsuccessfully attempted to dislodge the Confederates under Maj. Gen. Richard H. Anderson from Laurel Hill , a position that was blocking them from Spotsylvania Court House . On May 10 , Grant ordered attacks across the Confederate line of earthworks , which by now extended over 4 miles ( 6.5 km ) , including a prominent salient known as the Mule Shoe . Although the Union troops failed again at Laurel Hill , an innovative assault attempt by Col. Emory Upton against the Mule Shoe showed promise . Grant used Upton 's assault technique on a much larger scale on May 12 when he ordered the 15,000 men of Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock 's corps to assault the Mule Shoe . Hancock was initially successful , but the Confederate leadership rallied and repulsed his incursion . Attacks by Maj. Gen. Horatio G. Wright on the western edge of the Mule Shoe , which became known as the `` Bloody Angle , '' involved almost 24 hours of desperate hand - to - hand fighting , some of the most intense of the Civil War . Supporting attacks by Warren and by Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside were unsuccessful . In the end , the battle was tactically inconclusive , but with almost 32,000 casualties on both sides , it was the costliest battle of the campaign . Grant planned to end the stalemate by once again shifting around Lee 's right flank to the southeast , toward Richmond . Grant 's objective following Spotsylvania was the North Anna River , about 25 miles ( 40 km ) south . He sent Hancock 's Corps ahead of his army , hoping that Lee would attack it , luring him into the open . Lee did not take the bait and beat Grant to the North Anna . On May 23 , Warren 's V Corps crossed the river at Jericho Mills , fighting off an attack by A.P. Hill 's corps , while Hancock 's II Corps captured the bridge on the Telegraph Road . Lee then devised a plan , which represented a significant potential threat to Grant : a five - mile ( 8 km ) line that formed an inverted `` V '' shape with its apex on the river at Ox Ford , the only defensible crossing in the area . By moving south of the river , Lee hoped that Grant would assume that he was retreating , leaving only a token force to prevent a crossing at Ox Ford . If Grant pursued , the pointed wedge of the inverted V would split his army and Lee could concentrate on interior lines to defeat one wing ; the other Union wing would have to cross the North Anna twice to support the attacked wing . The Union Army assaulted the tip of the apex at Ox Ford and the right wing of the V. However , Lee , incapacitated in his tent by diarrhea , could not effect the attack he hoped to make . Grant realized the situation he faced with ordered his men to stop advancing and to build earthworks of their own . The Union general remained optimistic and was convinced that Lee had demonstrated the weakness of his army . He wrote to the Army 's chief of staff , Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck : `` Lee 's army is really whipped ... I may be mistaken but I feel that our success over Lee 's army is already assured . '' As he did after the Wilderness and Spotsylvania , Grant planned another wide swing around Lee 's flank , marching east of the Pamunkey River to screen his movements from the Confederates . His army disengaged on May 27 and crossed the river . Lee moved his army swiftly in response , heading for Atlee 's Station on the Virginia Central Railroad , a point only 9 miles north of Richmond . There , his men would be well - positioned behind a stream known as Totopotomoy Creek to defend against Grant if he moved against the railroads or Richmond . Lee was not certain of Grant 's specific plans , however ; if Grant was not intending to cross the Pamunkey in force at Hanovertown , the Union army could outflank him and head directly to Richmond . Lee ordered cavalry under Maj. Gen. Wade Hampton to make a reconnaissance in force , break through the Union cavalry screen , and find the Union infantry . On May 28 , Hampton 's troopers encountered Union cavalry under Brig. Gen. David McM . Gregg in the Battle of Haw 's Shop . Fighting predominately dismounted and utilizing earthworks for protection , neither side achieved an advantage . The battle was inconclusive , but it was one of the bloodiest cavalry engagements of the war . Hampton held up the Union cavalry for seven hours , prevented it from achieving its reconnaissance objectives , and had provided valuable intelligence to Lee about the disposition of Grant 's army . After Grant 's infantry had crossed to the south bank of the Pamunkey , Lee saw an opportunity on May 30 to attack Warren 's advancing V Corps with his Second Corps , now commanded by Lt. Gen. Jubal Early . Early 's divisions under Maj . Gens . Robert E. Rodes and Stephen Dodson Ramseur drove the Union troops back in the Battle of Bethesda Church , but Ramseur 's advance was stopped by a fierce stand of infantry and artillery fire . On that same day , a small cavalry engagement at Matadequin Creek ( the Battle of Old Church ) drove an outnumbered Confederate cavalry brigade to the crossroads of Old Cold Harbor , verifying to Lee that Grant intended to move toward that vital intersection beyond Lee 's right flank , attempting to avoid another stalemate on the Totopotomoy Creek line . Lee received notice that reinforcements were heading Grant 's way from Bermuda Hundred . The 16,000 men of Maj. Gen. William F. `` Baldy '' Smith 's XVIII Corps were withdrawn from Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler 's Army of the James at Grant 's request , and they were moving down the James River and up the York to the Pamunkey . If Smith moved due west from White House Landing to Old Cold Harbor , 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) southeast of Bethesda Church and Grant 's left flank , the extended Federal line would be too far south for the Confederate right to contain . Smith 's men arrived at White House May 30 -- 31 . One brigade was left behind on guard duty , but about 10,000 men arrived to join Grant 's army about 3 p.m. on June 1 . Lee also received reinforcements . Confederate President Jefferson Davis directed Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard to send the division of Maj. Gen. Robert F. Hoke , over 7,000 men , from below the James River . ( The first troops of Hoke 's division arrived at Old Cold Harbor on May 31 , but were unable to prevent the Union cavalry from seizing the intersection . ) With these additional troops , and by managing to replace many of his 20,000 casualties to that point in the campaign , Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia had 59,000 men to contend with Meade 's and Grant 's 108,000 . But the disparity in numbers was no longer what it had been -- Grant 's reinforcements were often raw recruits and heavy artillery troops , pulled from the defenses of Washington , D.C. , who were relatively inexperienced in infantry tactics , while most of Lee 's had been veterans moved from inactive fronts , and who were soon entrenched in impressive fortifications . Opposing forces ( edit ) Opposing commanders : Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant , USA , at Cold Harbor , photographed by Edgar Guy Fawx in 1864 ; Gen. Robert E. Lee , CSA , photographed by Mathew Brady in 1865 Union ( edit ) Further information : Union order of battle Grant 's Union forces totaled approximately 108,000 men . They consisted of the Army of the Potomac , under Maj. Gen. George Meade , and the XVIII Corps , on temporary assignment from the Army of the James . The six corps were : II Corps , under Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock , including the divisions of Maj. Gen. David B. Birney and Brig . Gens . Francis C. Barlow , and John Gibbon . V Corps , under Maj. Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren , including the divisions of Brig . Gens . Charles Griffin , Henry H. Lockwood , and Lysander Cutler . On June 6 , the corps was reorganized to the divisions of Griffin , Cutler , and Brig . Gens . Romeyn B. Ayres and Samuel W. Crawford . VI Corps , under Brig. Gen. Horatio Wright , including the divisions of Brig . Gens . David A. Russell , Thomas H. Neill , and James B. Ricketts . IX Corps , under Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside , including the divisions of Maj. Gen. Thomas Leonidas Crittenden and Brig . Gens. Robert B. Potter , Orlando B. Willcox , and Edward Ferrero . On June 9 , Crittenden was replaced by Brig. Gen. James H. Ledlie . Cavalry Corps , under Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan , including the divisions of Brig . Gens . Alfred T.A. Torbert , David McM . Gregg , and James H. Wilson . XVIII Corps , under Maj. Gen. William F. `` Baldy '' Smith , including the divisions of Brig . Gens . William T.H. Brooks , John H. Martindale , and Charles Devens . On June 4 , Devens became ill and was replaced by Brig. Gen. Adelbert Ames . Confederate ( edit ) Further information : Confederate order of battle Lee 's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia comprised about 59,000 men and was organized into four corps and two independent divisions : First Corps , under Lt. Gen. Richard H. Anderson , including the divisions of Maj . Gens . Charles W. Field and George Pickett , and Brig. Gen. Joseph B. Kershaw . Second Corps , under Lt. Gen. Jubal Early , including the divisions of Maj . Gens . Stephen D. Ramseur , John B. Gordon , and Robert E. Rodes . Third Corps , under Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill , including the divisions of Maj . Gens . Henry Heth and Cadmus M. Wilcox , and Brig. Gen. William Mahone . Cavalry Corps , without a commander following the mortal wounding of Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart on May 11 , including the divisions of Maj . Gens . Wade Hampton , Fitzhugh Lee , and W.H.F. `` Rooney '' Lee . ( Hampton became the commander of the Cavalry Corps on August 11 , 1864 . ) Breckinridge 's Division , commanded by Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge . Hoke 's Division , commanded by Maj. Gen. Robert F. Hoke . Location ( edit ) The Burnett Inn at Old Cold Harbor ( by Timothy H. O'Sullivan , June 4 , 1864 ) The battle was fought in central Virginia , in what is now Mechanicsville , over the same ground as the Battle of Gaines 's Mill during the Seven Days Battles of 1862 . Some accounts refer to the 1862 battle as the First Battle of Cold Harbor , and the 1864 battle as the Second Battle of Cold Harbor . Union soldiers were disturbed to discover skeletal remains from the first battle while entrenching . Cold Harbor was not a port city , despite its name . Rather , it described two rural crossroads named for the Cold Harbor Tavern ( owned by the Isaac Burnett family ) which provided shelter ( harbor ) but not hot meals . Old Cold Harbor stood two miles east of Gaines 's Mill , and New Cold Harbor a mile southeast . Both were approximately 10 miles ( 16 km ) northeast of Richmond , capital of the Confederacy . From these crossroads , the Union army was positioned to receive reinforcements sailing up the Pamunkey River , and could attack either the Confederate capital or its Army of Northern Virginia . Battle ( edit ) May 31 ( edit ) The cavalry forces that had fought at Old Church continued to face each other on May 31 . Lee sent a cavalry division under Maj. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee to reinforce Brig. Gen. Matthew Butler and secure the crossroads at Old Cold Harbor . As Union Brig. Gen. Alfred T.A. Torbert increased pressure on the Confederates , Robert E. Lee ordered Anderson 's First Corps to shift right from Totopotomoy Creek to support the cavalry . The lead brigade of Hoke 's division also reached the crossroads to join Butler and Fitzhugh Lee . At 4 p.m. Torbert and elements of Brig. Gen. David McM . Gregg 's cavalry division drove the Confederates from the Old Cold Harbor crossroads and began to dig in . As more of Hoke 's and Anderson 's men streamed in , Union cavalry commander Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan became concerned and ordered Torbert to pull back toward Old Church . Grant continued his interest in Old Cold Harbor as an avenue for Smith 's arrival and ordered Wright 's VI Corps to move in that direction from his right flank on Totopotomoy Creek . And he ordered Sheridan to return to the crossroads and secure it `` at all hazards . '' Torbert returned at 1 a.m. and was relieved to find that the Confederates had failed to notice his previous withdrawal . June 1 ( edit ) Positions of the armies on the afternoon of June 1 , 1864 Cold Harbor , June 1 Robert E. Lee 's plan for June 1 was to use his newly concentrated infantry against the small cavalry forces at Old Cold Harbor . But his subordinates did not coordinate correctly . Anderson did not integrate Hoke 's division with his attack plan and left him with the understanding that he was not to assault until the First Corps ' attack was well underway , because the Union defenders were disorganized as well . Wright 's VI Corps had not moved out until after midnight and was on a 15 miles ( 24 km ) march . Smith 's XVIII Corps had mistakenly been sent to New Castle Ferry on the Pamunkey River , several miles away , and did not reach Old Cold Harbor in time to assist Torbert . Anderson led his attack with the brigade formerly commanded by veteran Brig. Gen. Joseph B. Kershaw , which was now under a less experienced South Carolina politician , Col. Laurence M. Keitt . Keitt 's men approached the entrenched cavalry of Brig. Gen. Wesley Merritt . Armed with seven - shot Spencer repeating carbines , Merritt 's men delivered heavy fire , mortally wounding Keitt and destroying his brigade 's cohesion . Hoke obeyed what he understood to be his orders and did not join in the attack , which was quickly called back by Anderson . By 9 a.m. Wright 's lead elements arrived at the crossroads and began to extend and improve the entrenchments started by the cavalrymen . Although Grant had intended for Wright to attack immediately , his men were exhausted from their long march and they were unsure as to the strength of the enemy . Wright decided to wait until after Smith arrived , which occurred in the afternoon , and the XVIII Corps men began to entrench on the right of the VI Corps . The Union cavalrymen retired to the east . For the upcoming attack , Meade was concerned that the corps of Wright and Smith would not be sufficient , so he attempted to convince Warren to send reinforcements . He wrote to the V Corps commander , `` Generals Wright and Smith will attack this evening . It is very desirable you should join this attack , unless in your judgment it is impracticable . '' Warren decided to send the division of Brig. Gen. Henry H. Lockwood , which began to march at 6 p.m. , but no adequate reconnaissance of the road network had been conducted and Lockwood was not able to reach the impending battle in time to make a difference . Meade was also concerned about his left flank , which was not anchored on the Chickahominy and was potentially threatened by Fitzhugh Lee 's cavalry . He ordered Phil Sheridan to send scouting parties into the area , but Sheridan resisted , telling Meade that it would be impossible to move his men before dark . At 6 : 30 p.m. the attack that Grant had ordered for the morning finally began . Both Wright 's and Smith 's corps moved forward . Wright 's men made little progress south of the Mechanicsville Road , which connected New and Old Cold Harbor , recoiling from heavy fire . North of the road , Brig. Gen. Emory Upton 's brigade of Brig. Gen. David A. Russell 's division also encountered heavy fire from Brig. Gen. Thomas L. Clingman 's brigade , `` A sheet of flame , sudden as lightning , red as blood , and so near that it seemed to singe the men 's faces . '' Although Upton tried to rally his men forward , his brigade fell back to its starting point . To Upton 's right , the brigade of Col. William S. Truex found a gap in the Confederate line , between the brigades of Clingman and Brig. Gen. William T. Wofford , through a swampy , brush - filled ravine . As Truex 's men charged through the gap , Clingman swung two regiments around to face them , and Anderson sent in Brig. Gen. Eppa Hunton 's brigade from his corps reserve . Truex became surrounded on three sides and was forced to withdraw , although his men brought back hundreds of Georgian prisoners with them . While action continued on the southern end of the battlefield , the three corps of Hancock , Burnside , and Warren were occupying a 5 - mile line that stretched southeast to Bethesda Church , facing the Confederates under A.P. Hill , Breckinridge , and Early . At the border between the IX and V Corps , the division of Maj. Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden , recently transferred from the West following his poor performance in the Battle of Chickamauga , occupied a doglegged position with an angle that was parallel to the Shady Grove Road , separated from the V Corps by a marsh known as Magnolia Swamp . Two divisions of Early 's Corps -- Maj. Gen. Robert E. Rodes on the left , Maj. Gen. John B. Gordon on the right -- used this area as their avenue of approach for an attack that began at 7 p.m. Warren later described this attack as a `` feeler '' , and despite some initial successes , aided by the poor battle management of Crittenden , both Confederate probes were repulsed . At this same time , Warren 's division under Lockwood had become lost wandering on unfamiliar farm roads . Despite having dispatched Lockwood explicitly , the V Corps commander wrote to Meade , `` In some unaccountable way , ( Lockwood ) took his whole division , without my knowing it , away from the left of the line of battle , and turned up the dark 2 miles in my rear , and I have not yet got him back . All this time the firing should have guided him at least . He is too incompetent , and too high rank leaves us no subordinate place for him . I earnestly beg that he may at once be relieved of duty with this army . '' Meade relieved Lockwood and replaced him with Brig. Gen. Samuel W. Crawford . By dark , the fighting had petered out on both ends of the line . The Union assault had cost it 2,200 casualties , versus about 1,800 for the Confederates , but some progress had been made . They almost broke the Confederate line , which was now pinned in place with Union entrenchments being dug only yards away . Several of the generals , including Upton and Meade , were furious at Grant for ordering an assault without proper reconnaissance . June 2 ( edit ) Makeshift Confederate breastworks at the extreme left of their line Earthworks photographed after the battle Although the June 1 attacks had been unsuccessful , Meade believed that an attack early on June 2 could succeed if he was able to mass sufficient forces against an appropriate location . He and Grant decided to attack Lee 's right flank . Anderson 's men had been heavily engaged there on June 1 , and it seemed unlikely that they had found the time to build substantial defenses . And if the attack succeeded , Lee 's right would be driven back into the Chickahominy River . Meade ordered Hancock 's II Corps to shift southeast from Totopotomoy Creek and assume a position to the left of Wright 's VI Corps . Once Hancock was in position , Meade would attack on his left from Old Cold Harbor with three Union corps in line , totaling 35,000 men : Hancock 's II Corps , Wright 's VI Corps , and Baldy Smith 's XVIII Corps . Meade also ordered Warren and Burnside to attack Lee 's left flank in the morning `` at all hazards , '' convinced 9. < / ref > Hancock 's men marched almost all night and arrived too worn - out for an immediate attack that morning . Grant agreed to let the men rest and postponed the attack until 5 p.m. , and then again until 4 : 30 a.m. on June 3 . But Grant and Meade did not give specific orders for the attack , leaving it up to the corps commanders to decide where they would hit the Confederate lines and how they would coordinate with each other . No senior commander had reconnoitered the enemy position . Baldy Smith wrote that he was `` aghast at the reception of such an order , which proved conclusively the utter absence of any military plan . '' He told his staff that the whole attack was , `` simply an order to slaughter my best troops . '' Robert E. Lee took advantage of the Union delays to bolster his defenses . When Hancock departed Totopotomoy Creek , Lee was free to shift Breckenridge 's division to his far right flank , where he would once again face Hancock . Breckinridge drove a small Union force off Turkey Hill , which dominated the southern part of the battlefield . Lee also moved troops from A.P. Hill 's Third Corps , the divisions of Brig . Gens . William Mahone and Cadmus M. Wilcox , to support Breckinridge , and stationed cavalry under Fitzhugh Lee to guard the army 's right flank . The result was a curving line on low ridges , 7 miles ( 11 km ) long , with the left flank anchored on Totopotomoy Creek , the right on the Chickahominy River , making any flanking moves impossible . Lee 's engineers used their time effectively and constructed the `` most ingenious defensive configuration the war had yet witnessed . '' Barricades of earth and logs were erected . Artillery was posted with converging fields of fire on every avenue of approach , and stakes were driven into the ground to aid gunners ' range estimates . A newspaper correspondent wrote that the works were , `` Intricate , zig - zagged lines within lines , lines protecting flanks of lines , lines built to enfilade an opposing line , ... ( It was ) a maze and labyrinth of works within works . '' Heavy skirmish lines suppressed any ability of the Union to determine the strength or exact positions of the Confederate entrenchments . Although they did not know the details of their objectives , the Union soldiers who had survived the frontal assaults at Spotsylvania Court House seemed to be in no doubt as to what they would be up against in the morning . Grant 's aide , Lt. Col. Horace Porter , wrote in his memoirs that he saw many men writing their names on papers that they pinned inside their uniforms . Burnside at one point was advised to attack Early 's unprotected flank on Shady Grove Road , but he demurred . June 3 ( edit ) 7th New York Heavy Artillery ( serving as infantry ) preparing to leave the trenches and charge the Confederate line , sketched by Alfred Waud Cold Harbor , June 3 At 4 : 30 a.m. on June 3 , the three Union corps began to advance through a thick ground fog . Massive fire from the Confederate lines quickly caused heavy casualties and the survivors were pinned down . Although the results varied in different parts of the line , the overall repulse of the Union advance resulted in the most lopsided casualties since the assault on Marye 's Heights at the Battle of Fredericksburg in 1862 . The most effective performance of the day was on the Union left flank , where Hancock 's corps was able to break through a portion of Breckinridge 's front line and drive those defenders out of their entrenchments in hand - to - hand fighting . Several hundred prisoners and four guns were captured . However , nearby Confederate artillery was brought to bear on the entrenchments , turning them into a death trap for the Federals . Breckinridge 's reserves counterattacked these men from the division of Brig. Gen. Francis C. Barlow and drove them off . Hancock 's other advanced division , under Brig. Gen. John Gibbon , became disordered in swampy ground and could not advance through the heavy Confederate fire , with two brigade commanders ( Cols . Peter A. Porter and H. Boyd McKeen ) lost as casualties . One of Gibbon 's men , complaining of a lack of reconnaissance , wrote , `` We felt it was murder , not war , or at best a very serious mistake had been made . '' In the center , Wright 's corps was pinned down by the heavy fire and made little effort to advance further , still recovering from their costly charge on June 1 . The normally aggressive Emory Upton felt that further movement by his division was `` impracticable . '' Confederate defenders in this part of the line were unaware that a serious assault had been made against their position . On the Union right , Smith 's men advanced through unfavorable terrain and were channeled into two ravines . When they emerged in front of the Confederate line , rifle and artillery fire mowed them down . A Union officer wrote , `` The men bent down as they pushed forward , as if trying , as they were , to breast a tempest , and the files of men went down like rows of blocks or bricks pushed over by striking against one another . '' A Confederate described the carnage of double - canister artillery fire as `` deadly , bloody work . '' The artillery fire against Smith 's corps was heavier than might have been expected because Warren 's V Corps to his right was reluctant to advance and the Confederate gunners in Warren 's sector concentrated on Smith 's men instead . The only activity on the northern end of the field was by Burnside 's IX Corps , facing Jubal Early . He launched a powerful assault at 6 a.m. that overran the Confederate skirmishers but mistakenly thought he had pierced the first line of earthworks and halted his corps to regroup before moving on , which he planned for that afternoon . At 7 a.m. Grant advised Meade to vigorously exploit any successful part of the assault . Meade ordered his three corps commanders on the left to assault at once , without regard to the movements of their neighboring corps . But all had had enough . Hancock advised against the move . Smith , calling a repetition of the attack a `` wanton waste of life , '' refused to advance again . Wright 's men increased their rifle fire but stayed in place . By 12 : 30 p.m. Grant conceded that his army was done . He wrote to Meade , `` The opinion of the corps commanders not being sanguine of success in case an assault is ordered , you may direct a suspension of further advance for the present . '' Union soldiers still pinned down before the Confederate lines began entrenching , using cups and bayonets to dig , sometimes including bodies of dead comrades as part of their improvised earthworks . Meade inexplicably bragged to his wife the next day that he was in command for the assault . But his performance had been poor . Despite orders from Grant that the corps commanders were to examine the ground , their reconnaissance was lax and Meade failed to supervise them adequately , either before or during the attack . He was able to motivate only about 20,000 of his men to attack -- the II Corps and parts of the XVIII and IX -- failing to achieve the mass he knew he required to succeed . His men paid heavily for the poorly coordinated assault . Estimates of casualties that morning are from 3,000 to 7,000 on the Union side , no more than 1,500 on the Confederate . Grant commented after the war : I have always regretted that the last assault at Cold Harbor was ever made . I might say the same thing of the assault of the 22d of May , 1863 , at Vicksburg . At Cold Harbor no advantage whatever was gained to compensate for the heavy loss we sustained . Indeed , the advantages other than those of relative losses , were on the Confederate side . Before that , the Army of Northern Virginia seemed to have acquired a wholesome regard for the courage , endurance , and soldierly qualities generally of the Army of the Potomac . They no longer wanted to fight them `` one Confederate to five Yanks . '' Indeed , they seemed to have given up any idea of gaining any advantage of their antagonist in the open field . They had come to much prefer breastworks in their front to the Army of the Potomac . This charge seemed to revive their hopes temporarily ; but it was of short duration . The effect upon the Army of the Potomac was the reverse . When we reached the James River , however , all effects of the battle of Cold Harbor seemed to have disappeared . -- Ulysses S. Grant , Personal Memoirs At 11 a.m. on June 3 , the Confederate postmaster general , John Henninger Reagan , arrived with a delegation from Richmond . He asked Robert E. Lee , `` General , if the enemy breaks your line , what reserve have you ? '' Lee provided an animated response : `` Not a regiment , and that has been my condition ever since the fighting commenced on the Rappahannock . If I shorten my lines to provide a reserve , he will turn me ; if I weaken my lines to provide a reserve , he will break them . '' . Modern scholarship has shown Lee had ample reserves unengaged . His comments likely were to persuade Richmond to send more troops. . June 4 -- 12 ( edit ) Union Coehorn mortars in action , drawn by Alfred Waud Grant and Meade launched no more attacks on the Confederate defenses at Cold Harbor . The two opposing armies faced each other for nine days of trench warfare , in some places only yards apart . Sharpshooters worked continuously , killing many . Union artillery bombarded the Confederates with a battery of eight Coehorn mortars ; the Confederates responded by depressing the trail of a 24 - pound howitzer and lobbing shells over the Union positions . Although there were no more large - scale attacks , casualty figures for the entire battle were twice as large as from the June 3 assault alone . The trenches were hot , dusty , and miserable , but conditions were worse between the lines , where thousands of wounded Federal soldiers suffered horribly without food , water , or medical assistance . Grant was reluctant to ask for a formal truce that would allow him to recover his wounded because that would be an acknowledgment he had lost the battle . He and Lee traded notes across the lines from June 5 to 7 without coming to an agreement , and when Grant formally requested a two - hour cessation of hostilities , it was too late for most of the unfortunate wounded , who were now bloated corpses . Grant was widely criticized in the Northern press for this lapse of judgment . Every corpse I saw was as black as coal . It was not possible to remove them . They were buried where they fell ... I saw no live man lying on this ground . The wounded must have suffered horribly before death relieved them , lying there exposed to the blazing southern sun o ' days , and being eaten alive by beetles o ' nights . Union artillery officer , Frank Wilkeson On June 4 Grant tightened his lines by moving Burnside 's corps behind Matadequin Creek as a reserve and moving Warren leftward to connect with Smith , shortening his lines about 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) . On June 6 Early probed Burnside 's new position but could not advance through the impassable swamps . , Virginia . African Americans collecting bones of soldiers killed at Cold Harbor ( by John Reekie , April 1865 ) Grant realized that , once again in the campaign , he was in a stalemate with Lee and additional assaults were not the answer . He planned three actions to make some headway . First , in the Shenandoah Valley , Maj. Gen. David Hunter was making progress against Confederate forces , and Grant hoped that by interdicting Lee 's supplies , the Confederate general would be forced to dispatch reinforcements to the Valley . Second , on June 7 Grant dispatched his cavalry under Sheridan ( the divisions of Brig . Gens . David McM . Gregg and Wesley Merritt ) to destroy the Virginia Central Railroad near Charlottesville . Third , he planned a stealthy operation to withdraw from Lee 's front and move across the James River . Lee reacted to the first two actions as Grant had hoped . He pulled Breckinridge 's division from Cold Harbor and sent it toward Lynchburg to parry Hunter . By June 12 he followed this by assigning Jubal Early permanent command of the Second Corps and sending them to the Valley as well . And he sent two of his three cavalry divisions in pursuit of Sheridan , leading to the Battle of Trevilian Station . However , despite anticipating that Grant might shift across the James , Lee was taken by surprise when it occurred . On June 12 the Army of the Potomac finally disengaged to march southeast to cross the James and threaten Petersburg , a crucial rail junction south of Richmond . Aftermath ( edit ) The Battle of Cold Harbor was the final victory won by Lee 's army during the war ( part of his forces won the Battle of the Crater the following month , during the Siege of Petersburg , but this did not represent a general engagement between the armies ) , and its most decisive in terms of casualties . The Union army , in attempting the futile assault , lost 10,000 to 13,000 men over twelve days . The battle brought the toll in Union casualties since the beginning of May to a total of more than 52,000 , compared to 33,000 for Lee . Although the cost was great , Grant 's larger army finished the campaign with lower relative casualties than Lee 's . Estimates vary as to the casualties at Cold Harbor . The following table summarizes estimates from a variety of popular sources : Casualty Estimates for the Battle of Cold Harbor Source Union Confederate Killed Wounded Captured / Missing Total Killed Wounded Captured / Missing Total National Park Service 13,000 2,500 Kennedy , Civil War Battlefield Guide 13,000 5,000 King , Overland Campaign Staff Ride 12,738 3,400 Bonekemper , Victor , Not a Butcher 1,844 9,077 1,816 12,737 83 3,380 1,132 4,595 Eicher , Longest Night 12,000 `` few thousand '' Rhea , Cold Harbor 3,500 -- 4,000 ( June 3 ) 1,500 Trudeau , Bloody Roads South 12,475 2,456 14,931 3,765 1,082 4,847 Young , Lee 's Army 788 3,376 1,123 5,287 Some authors ( Catton , Esposito , Foote , McPherson , Grimsley ) estimate the casualties for the major assault on June 3 and all agree on approximately 7,000 total Union casualties , 1,500 Confederate . Gordon Rhea , considered the preeminent modern historian of Grant 's Overland Campaign , has examined casualty lists in detail and has published a contrarian view in his 2002 book , Cold Harbor . For the morning assault on June 3 , he can account for only 3,500 to 4,000 Union killed , wounded , and missing , and estimates that for the entire day the Union suffered about 6,000 casualties , compared to Lee 's 1,000 to 1,500 . Rhea noted that although this was a horrific loss , Grant 's main attack on June 3 was dwarfed by Lee 's daily losses at Antietam , Chancellorsville , and Pickett 's Charge , and is comparable to Malvern Hill . The battle caused a rise in anti-war sentiment in the Northern states . Grant became known as the `` fumbling butcher '' for his poor decisions . It also lowered the morale of his remaining troops . But the campaign had served Grant 's purpose -- as ill - advised as his attack on Cold Harbor was , Lee had lost the initiative and was forced to devote his attention to the defense of Richmond and Petersburg . He beat Grant to Petersburg , barely , but spent the remainder of the war ( save its final week ) defending Richmond behind a fortified trench line . Although Southerners realized their situation was desperate , they hoped that Lee 's stubborn ( and bloody ) resistance would have political repercussions by causing Abraham Lincoln to lose the 1864 presidential election to a more peace - friendly candidate . The taking of Atlanta in September dashed these hopes , and the end of the Confederacy was just a matter of time . Cold Harbor Tavern and Garthright House ( edit ) During the battle , Burnett 's tavern ( no longer standing ) was used as a hospital . Union soldiers carried away all items of value , except for a crystal compote bowl saved by Mrs. Burnett . The Garthright House was also used as a field hospital , the exterior of which is now preserved . Battlefield preservation ( edit ) In 2008 , the Civil War Trust ( a division of the American Battlefield Trust ) placed the Cold Harbor battlefield on its Ten Most Endangered Battlefields list . Development pressure in the Richmond area is so great that only about 300 acres ( 1.2 km ) of what was once at least a 7,500 - acre ( 30 km ) battlefield are currently preserved as part of the Richmond National Battlefield Park . Hanover County also maintains a small 50 acre park adjacent to the NPS 's Cold Harbor holdings. The Trust and its partners have acquired and preserved 110 acres ( 0.45 km ) of the battlefield . See also ( edit ) American Civil War portal Troop engagements of the American Civil War , 1864 List of costliest American Civil War land battles Overland Campaign Battle of Wilderness Battle of Spotsylvania Court House Armies in the American Civil War Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ NPS Jump up ^ Further information : Organization of Army of the Potomac , May 31 , 1864 : Official Records , Series I , Volume XXXVI , Part 1 , pages 198 - 209 . Jump up ^ Temporarily attached to the Army of the Potomac from the Army of the James . See : Official Records , Series I , Volume XXXVI , Part 1 , page 178 ( note at the bottom of the page ) . ^ Jump up to : Eicher , p. 685 ; Esposito , text for map 136 . Salmon , p. 295 , cites Confederate strength of 62,000 . Kennedy , p. 294 , cites 117,000 Union , 60,000 Confederate . McPherson , p. 733 , cites 109,000 Union , 59,000 Confederate . Jump up ^ Return of Casualties in the Union forces , Battle of Cold Harbor , June 2 -- 15 , 1864 ( Recapitulation ) : Official Records , Series I , Volume XXXVI , Part 1 , page 180 . ^ Jump up to : Union casualties are from Bonekemper , p. 311 , Confederate from Young , p. 240 . Estimates from other authors are summarized in the Aftermath section . Jump up ^ Hattaway & Jones , p. 525 ; Trudeau , pp. 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 661 -- 62 ; Kennedy , p. 282 ; Jaynes , pp. 25 -- 26 ; Rhea , p. 369 ; Grimsley , pp. 94 -- 110 , 118 -- 29 , provides details on the failed campaigns ( the Bermuda Hundred Campaign and Franz Sigel 's campaign in the Shenandoah Valley ) that were part of Grant 's `` peripheral strategy . '' Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 253 ; Kennedy , pp. 280 -- 82 ; Eicher , pp. 663 -- 71 ; Jaynes , pp. 56 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Earl J. Hess , Trench Warfare Under Grant and Lee : Field Fortifications in the Overland Campaign ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Jaynes , pp. 82 -- 86 , 114 -- 24 ; Eicher , pp. 673 -- 74 ; Salmon , pp. 270 -- 71 , 279 -- 83 ; Kennedy , pp. 283 , 286 . Jump up ^ Salmon , pp. 271 -- 75 ; Kennedy , p. 285 ; Eicher , pp. 671 -- 73 , 675 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Salmon , pp. 275 -- 79 ; Kennedy , pp. 285 -- 86 ; Eicher , pp. 676 -- 79 ; Jaynes , pp. 124 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Welcher , 980 ; Grimsley , p. 141 ; Salmon , p. 285 ; Kennedy , p. 289 ; Trudeau , pp. 236 , 241 . Jump up ^ Jaynes , p. 137 ; Trudeau , p. 239 ; Grimsley , pp. 145 -- 48 ; Esposito , text for map 135 . Jump up ^ Rhea , pp. 32 -- 37 , 41 -- 44 , 50 -- 57 ; Eicher , pp. 671 , 679 , 683 ; Salmon , p. 288 ; Furgurson , pp. 43 -- 47 ; Grimsley , pp. 149 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Jaynes , p. 149 ; Furgurson , pp. 49 -- 52 ; Salmon , p. 288 ; Grimsley , pp. 151 -- 52 ; Rhea , pp. 68 -- 71 , 87 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Grimsley , pp. 156 -- 59 ; Kennedy , pp. 290 -- 91 ; Salmon , pp. 290 -- 94 . Jump up ^ King , pp. 295 -- 96 ; Welcher , pp. 986 -- 87 ; Kennedy , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Furgurson , pp. 58 -- 60 ; Rhea , pp. 13 , 162 ; Kennedy , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Welcher , pp. 994 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Rhea , pp. 410 -- 17 . Jump up ^ For an example reference to the First Battle of Cold Harbor , see `` battles of Cold Harbor '' , Encyclopædia Britannica online , accessed May 30 , 2012 ; McPherson , p. 733 ; Foote , p. 281 ; Kennedy , p. 291 ; Eicher , p. 685 . Jump up ^ Grimsley , pp. 196 -- 99 ; Furgurson , pp. 81 -- 82 ; Kennedy , pp. 291 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 262 -- 63 ; King , p. 296 ; Kennedy , p. 293 ; Grimsley , pp. 199 -- 201 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , pp. 291 -- 93 ; Grimsley , pp. 202 -- 203 ; Trudeau , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Jaynes , p. 152 ; Welcher , p. 986 ; Trudeau , pp. 266 -- 67 ; Grimsley , p. 201 ; Furgurson , pp. 89 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Furgurson , pp. 94 -- 95 ; Welcher , pp. 986 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Rhea , pp. 229 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Rhea , p. 241 ; Furgurson , p. 99 ; Grimsley , pp. 203 -- 206 ; Welcher , p. 988 ; Trudeau , p. 269 , states that Smith 's assault began at 5 p.m. Jump up ^ Grimsley , pp. 204 -- 206 ; Welcher , p. 988 . Jump up ^ Rhea , pp. 256 -- 59 ; Grimsley , pp. 208 -- 209 . Jump up ^ Rhea , pp. 259 -- 60 ; Furgurson , pp. 112 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Jaynes , p. 154 ; Rhea , pp. 266 -- 68 ; Trudeau , p. 273 , states that the fighting stopped by 10 p.m. Jump up ^ Jaynes , p. 156 ; Furgurson , pp. 120 -- 21 ; Grimsley , p. 207 ; Trudeau , pp. 276 -- 77 ; King , p. 297 ; Welcher , p. 989 . Jump up ^ Welcher , p. 989 ; Salmon , p. 295 ; Grimsley , p. 208 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 735 ; Jaynes , p. 156 ; Grimsley , pp. 209 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Furgurson , pp. 127 -- 31 ; Kennedy , p. 293 ; Eicher , p. 685 ; Esposito , text to map 136 . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 296 ; Trudeau , p. 284 ; Catton , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Rhea , pp. 360 -- 61 ; Grimsley , pp. 211 -- 12 ; Trudeau , pp. 285 -- 86 , 289 -- 90 ; King , p. 304 . Jump up ^ Grimsley , pp. 214 -- 15 ; Trudeau , pp. 286 , 290 ; King , p. 305 . Jump up ^ Rhea , pp. 353 , 356 ; Grimsley , p. 215 ; Trudeau , pp. 286 , 290 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Welcher , p. 992 ; Grimsley , pp. 215 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Rhea , pp. 374 -- 79 ; Grimsley , pp. 216 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Rhea , p. 234 ; Catton , p. 265 . See additional casualty estimates in the Aftermath section . Jump up ^ Grant , vol. 2 , pp. 276 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Grimsley , p. 220 ; Foote , p. 293 . Jump up ^ Rhea , p. 273 . Jump up ^ Catton , p. 267 ; Furgurson , pp. 181 -- 82 ; Trudeau , p. 298 . Jump up ^ King , p. 311 : `` Under the accepted rules of warfare of the 19th century , the losing side in a battle was supposed to send a flag of truce to the victor to ask for a cease - fire that would allow both sides to recover their dead and wounded . '' Grimsley , p. 220 ; Trudeau , pp. 304 -- 306 . Jump up ^ Grimsley , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Furgurson , pp. 206 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 737 ; Trudeau , pp. 305 -- 306 ; Eicher , pp. 686 -- 87 ; Salmon , pp. 258 -- 59 ; Grimsley , p. 223 ; Esposito , text for map 136 . Jump up ^ Salmon , pp. 259 , 296 , cites 55,000 total Union campaign casualties , 27,000 Confederate . Esposito , text to map 137 , cites 55,000 Union , 20 -- 40,000 Confederate . Trudeau , p. 341 , cites 54,000 Union , 32,000 Confederate . Jump up ^ National Park Service Archived June 18 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ( also Salmon , p. 296 ) ; Bonekemper , p. 311 ; Eicher , p. 686 ; Kennedy , p. 294 ; King , p. 307 ; Rhea , p. 386 ; Trudeau , p. 341 ; Young , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Rhea , p. 386 . Claims for Union June 3 casualties in the 7,000 range can be found in Grimsley , p. 219 , McPherson , p. 735 , Catton , p. 267 , and Esposito , text for map 136 . Shelby Foote , p. 292 , claims that the 7,000 casualties were suffered in the first 8 minutes of the battle . Jump up ^ Kennedy , p. 294 ; Salmon , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Richmond Then and Now website . Archived May 18 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Civil War Trust 's Most Endangered Battlefields 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) American Battlefield Trust `` Saved Land '' webpage . Accessed May 25 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Bonekemper , Edward H. , III . A Victor , Not a Butcher : Ulysses S. Grant 's Overlooked Military Genius . Washington , DC : Regnery , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 89526 - 062 - X . Catton , Bruce . Grant Takes Command . Boston : Little , Brown & Co. , 1968 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 13210 - 1 . Eicher , David J. The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5 . Esposito , Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars . New York : Frederick A. Praeger , 1959 . OCLC 5890637 . The collection of maps ( without explanatory text ) is available online at the West Point website . Foote , Shelby . The Civil War : A Narrative . Vol. 3 , Red River to Appomattox . New York : Random House , 1974 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 74913 - 8 . Furgurson , Ernest B. Not War but Murder : Cold Harbor 1864 . New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 45517 - 5 . Grimsley , Mark . And Keep Moving On : The Virginia Campaign , May -- June 1864 . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 2162 - 2 . Hess , Earl J. Trench Warfare Under Grant and Lee : Field Fortifications in the Overland Campaign ( Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2007 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3154 - 0 . Hogan , David W. Jr . The Overland Campaign . Washington , DC : United States Army Center of Military History , 2014 . ISBN 9780160925177 . Jaynes , Gregory , and the Editors of Time - Life Books . The Killing Ground : Wilderness to Cold Harbor . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4768 - 1 . Kennedy , Frances H. , ed . The Civil War Battlefield Guide . 2nd ed . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co. , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 74012 - 6 . King , Curtis S. , William G. Robertson , and Steven E. Clay . Staff Ride Handbook for the Overland Campaign , Virginia , 4 May to 15 June 1864 : A Study on Operational - Level Command . ( PDF document ) . Fort Leavenworth , Kan. : Combat Studies Institute Press , 2006 . OCLC 62535944 . McPherson , James M. Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford History of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503863 - 0 . Rhea , Gordon C. Cold Harbor : Grant and Lee , May 26 -- June 3 , 1864 . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2803 - 1 . Salmon , John S . The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 2868 - 4 . Trudeau , Noah Andre . Bloody Roads South : The Wilderness to Cold Harbor , May -- June 1864 . Boston : Little , Brown & Co. , 1989 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 85326 - 2 . Welcher , Frank J. The Union Army , 1861 -- 1865 Organization and Operations . Vol. 1 , The Eastern Theater . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 36453 - 1 . Young , Alfred C. , III . Lee 's Army during the Overland Campaign : A Numerical Study . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 5172 - 3 . National Park Service battle description CWSAC Report Update Memoirs and primary sources ( edit ) Atkinson , Charles Francis . Grant 's Campaigns of 1864 and 1865 : The Wilderness and Cold Harbor ( May 3 -- June 3 , 1864 ) . The Pall Mall military series . London : H. Rees , 1908 . OCLC 2698769 . Badeau , Adam . Military History of Ulysses S. Grant ( Vol . III ) . New York : D. Appleton & Co. , 1881 . Grant , Ulysses S. Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant . 2 vols . Charles L. Webster & Company , 1885 -- 86 . ISBN 0 - 914427 - 67 - 9 . Longstreet , James . From Manassas to Appomattox : Memoirs of the Civil War in America . New York : Da Capo Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80464 - 6 . First published in 1896 by J.B. Lippincott and Co . Porter , Horace . Campaigning with Grant . New York : Century Co. , 1897 . OCLC 913186 . U.S. War Department , The War of the Rebellion : a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1880 -- 1901 . Further reading ( edit ) Davis , Daniel T. , and Phillip S. Greenwalt . Hurricane from the Heavens : The Battle of Cold Harbor , May 26 -- June 5 , 1864 . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61121 - 187 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Cold Harbor . 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Grant Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Corsu Dansk Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano ქართული Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 07 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the battle of cold harbor take place | [
"The Battle of Cold Harbor was fought during the American Civil War near Mechanicsville, Virginia, from May 31 to June 12, 1864, with the most significant fighting occurring on June 3. It was one of the final battles of Union Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's Overland Campaign, and is remembered as one of American history's bloodiest, most lopsided battles. Thousands of Union soldiers were killed or wounded in a hopeless frontal assault against the fortified positions of Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's army.\n"
] | [
"near Mechanicsville, Virginia"
] |
-274801834578505641 | 2009 World Series | 2009 World Series - wikipedia 2009 World Series 2009 World Series Team ( Wins ) Manager ( s ) Season New York Yankees ( 4 ) Joe Girardi 103 -- 59 , . 636 , GA : 8 Philadelphia Phillies ( 2 ) Charlie Manuel 93 -- 69 , . 574 , GA : 6 Dates October 28 -- November 4 MVP Hideki Matsui ( New York ) Umpires Gerry Davis ( crew chief ) , Jeff Nelson , Brian Gorman , Mike Everitt , Dana DeMuth , Joe West Hall of Famers Yankees : None Phillies : Pedro Martínez ALCS New York Yankees defeated Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim , 4 -- 2 NLCS Philadelphia Phillies defeated Los Angeles Dodgers , 4 -- 1 Broadcast Television Fox TV announcers Joe Buck and Tim McCarver Radio ESPN WCBS ( Yankees ) WPHT ( Phillies ) Radio announcers Jon Miller and Joe Morgan ( ESPN ) John Sterling and Suzyn Waldman ( Yankees ) Scott Franzke , Tom McCarthy , Chris Wheeler , Larry Andersen , and Gary Matthews ( Phillies ) ← 2008 World Series 2010 → The 2009 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball 's ( MLB ) 2009 season . The 105th edition of the World Series , it was a best - of - seven playoff contested between the Philadelphia Phillies , champions of the National League ( NL ) and defending World Series champions , and the New York Yankees , champions of the American League ( AL ) . The Yankees defeated the Phillies , 4 games to 2 , to win their 27th World Series championship . The series was played between October 28 and November 4 , broadcast on Fox , and watched by an average of roughly 19 million viewers . Due to the start of the season being pushed back by the 2009 World Baseball Classic in March , this was the first World Series regularly scheduled to be played into the month of November . This series was a rematch of the 1950 World Series . Home field advantage for the Series went to the AL for the eighth straight year as a result of its 4 -- 3 win in the All - Star Game . The Phillies earned their berth into the playoffs by winning the National League East . The Yankees won the American League East to earn their berth , posting the best record in the Major Leagues . The Phillies reached the World Series by defeating the Colorado Rockies in the best - of - five National League Division Series , and the Los Angeles Dodgers in the best - of - seven NL Championship Series ( NLCS ) . The Yankees defeated the Minnesota Twins in the American League Division Series and the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in the AL Championship Series ( ALCS ) to advance to their first World Series since 2003 . As a result of their loss , the Phillies became the first team since the 2001 Yankees to lose the World Series after winning it the previous year . Cliff Lee pitched a complete game in the Phillies ' Game 1 victory , allowing only one unearned run , while Chase Utley hit two home runs . In Game 2 , solo home runs by Mark Teixeira and Hideki Matsui helped the Yankees win by a score of 3 -- 1 . After a rain delayed start , Game 3 featured more offense , with a combined six home runs and thirteen total runs en route to a Yankee victory . The Yankees won Game 4 by scoring the decisive three runs in the ninth inning after an alert base running play by Johnny Damon . The Phillies avoided elimination with a win in Game 5 , aided by Utley 's second two -- home run game of the series . The Yankees secured their World Series championship with a Game 6 victory in which Matsui hit his third home run of the series . He was named Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) of the series , making him the first Japanese - born player and the first full - time designated hitter to win the award ; Matsui was the series ' MVP despite starting only the three games that were played at Yankee Stadium , since the designated hitter position is not used in NL ballparks . Several records were tied , extended , or broken during this World Series , including team championships ( Yankees with 27 ) , career postseason wins ( Andy Pettitte with 18 ) , career World Series saves ( Mariano Rivera with 11 ) , home runs in a World Series ( Utley with five ) , strikeouts by a hitter in a World Series ( Ryan Howard with 13 ) , and runs batted in in a single World Series game ( Matsui with six ) . Contents 1 Route to the series 1.1 Philadelphia Phillies 1.2 New York Yankees 1.3 Series preview 2 Series summary 3 Matchups 3.1 Game 1 3.2 Game 2 3.3 Game 3 3.4 Game 4 3.5 Game 5 3.6 Game 6 4 Statistics 4.1 Cumulative line score 5 Broadcasting 6 Ratings 7 Impact and aftermath 7.1 Yankees 7.2 Phillies 7.3 David Paterson ticket scandal 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Route to the Series ( edit ) Philadelphia Phillies ( edit ) Main article : 2009 Philadelphia Phillies season During the off - season the Phillies promoted assistant general manager Rubén Amaro , Jr. to general manager , succeeding Pat Gillick who retired at the end of a three - year contract . Their most notable offseason player change was in left field , as Pat Burrell departed due to free agency and was replaced by free agent Raúl Ibañez . Another notable acquisition was free agent pitcher Chan Ho Park . Park was originally signed as a backup option for the bullpen , as reliever J.C. Romero was assigned a 50 - game suspension after violating the Major League Baseball drug policy , but Park won the fifth starter 's job in Spring Training . In July 2009 , Phillies scouts evaluated pitcher Pedro Martínez in two simulated games against the Phillies DSL team , leading to a one - year , $1 - million contract . Replacing Jamie Moyer as a starter in the Phillies rotation on August 12 , 2009 , Philadelphia won each of Martínez 's first seven starts , the first time in franchise history that this had occurred with any debuting Phillies pitcher . The Phillies made one large acquisition at the trade deadline , trading four minor league players to the Cleveland Indians for pitcher Cliff Lee and outfielder Ben Francisco . Lee won seven of his twelve regular season starts for Philadelphia in 2009 . During the regular season , the Phillies led the National League East for most of the year , taking first place for good on May 30 . Ibáñez had started the year strongly , batting well over . 300 with 17 home runs and 46 runs batted in ( RBI ) in the first two months of the season , which led the New York Post to call him an `` early MVP candidate '' . He was placed on the disabled list in mid-June for a groin injury , however , and though he returned he did not bat above . 260 for any other month that season . Although Ibáñez did not receive MVP votes his teammates Ryan Howard and Chase Utley had successful years , finishing 3rd and 8th in the balloting respectively . The Phillies finished the season with a record of 93 -- 69 (. 574 ) , six games above the second - place Florida Marlins in their division . The Phillies defeated the wild card Colorado Rockies in the National League Division Series ( NLDS ) , three games to one , advancing to the National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) . Facing the Los Angeles Dodgers , the Phillies won the NLCS , four games to one , becoming the first team to repeat as National League champions since the 1995 -- 96 Atlanta Braves . Ryan Howard won the NLCS MVP for his strong offensive performance during the series . Howard tied Lou Gehrig 's postseason record by having at least one RBI in eight straight games across the NLDS and NLCS . They became the first World Series champion to return to the World Series the following year since the 2000 -- 01 New York Yankees . New York Yankees ( edit ) The Yankees celebrate Derek Jeter breaking their franchise career hits record . Main article : 2009 New York Yankees season The Yankees ' offseason began in November 2008 with control over their organization shifting from long - time owner George Steinbrenner to his son Hal Steinbrenner . Notable player departures included Mike Mussina -- who announced his retirement on November 20 , 2008 -- as well as Bobby Abreu , Jason Giambi , and Carl Pavano , who all left as free agents . Notable free agent acquisitions included starting pitchers CC Sabathia and A.J. Burnett , and first baseman Mark Teixeira . Another major addition was outfielder Nick Swisher , acquired in a trade with the Chicago White Sox . The Yankees played the 2009 season in Yankee Stadium , their first year in that park after playing for 84 years in `` Old '' Yankee Stadium . They won the American League East with an eight - game lead over their rivals , the Boston Red Sox , compiling a record of 103 -- 59 . Sabathia won 19 games and position players Alex Rodriguez and Teixeira both had strong seasons offensively , Rodriguez with 30 home runs and 100 RBI and Teixeira with 39 and 122 respectively . Closing pitcher Mariano Rivera earned his 500th save against the Yankees ' cross-town rival New York Mets , becoming the second pitcher in history to do so . On September 11 , 2009 , shortstop Derek Jeter recorded his 2,722 nd career hit , passing Lou Gehrig to become the all - time leader in career hits recorded as a Yankee . The Yankees defeated the Minnesota Twins in three games in the American League Division Series and the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in six games in the American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) to win their first American League pennant since 2003 . Sabathia was named MVP of the ALCS with two wins in the series . The Yankees ' victory in the ALCS earned them their 40th World Series appearance in franchise history , and their first since losing to the Florida Marlins in 2003 . Series preview ( edit ) How great would that be ? A World Series here , us against the Yankees ? We 've proved we can put on a pretty good show . Jimmy Rollins , discussing the potential of a Yankees -- Phillies World Series on May 24 , 2009 . The two teams played a three - game interleague series at Yankee Stadium in May 2009 , with the Phillies winning two of the three games . The series included two blown saves by Phillies ' closer Brad Lidge in games 2 and 3 , although the Phillies came back to win the final game in extra innings . The Yankees had home field advantage for the Series as the American League had won that year 's All - Star Game . The team match - up was heavily discussed and analyzed in the media , per the east coast bias , prior to the beginning of the series . Both teams ' offensive lineups were heavily touted , with the Yankees and Phillies leading their respective leagues in runs scored per game . Yankees third baseman Alex Rodriguez drew particular focus in the media for his success in earlier rounds of the 2009 playoffs in contrast to past postseason performances . The two lineups featured twenty former All - Stars and three former MVP award winners . Only one regular starter between both teams , Phillies catcher Carlos Ruiz , did not have at least ten home runs during the 2009 regular season . The two teams combined for 468 home runs during the season , more than any pair of opponents in World Series history . The pitching staffs were also the subject of significant discussion prior to the series . The starting pitchers for Game 1 , CC Sabathia and Cliff Lee , were regarded as aces who dominated the 2009 postseason with a 0.96 earned run average ( ERA ) between them . This matchup was of particular note , as Sabathia and Lee were former teammates from the Cleveland Indians and each had won a Cy Young Award with that franchise . Yankees manager Joe Girardi had been using a three - man starting rotation during the playoffs , in contrast to the four - pitcher rotation used by the Phillies . This difference led USA Today to give the Phillies ' starting rotation the `` edge '' in the series , as the World Series had one fewer day off than previous rounds of the playoffs , making the series less conducive to using a three - man rotation . Gene Wojciechowski of ESPN criticized Girardi 's strategy , arguing that Chad Gaudin should have pitched in Game 5 or 6 , instead of A.J. Burnett or Andy Pettitte on reduced , three days ' rest . Wojciechowski argued that while Sabathia had proven his ability to pitch on shorter rest , Burnett and Pettitte should have been given their regular time between starts . Burnett had drawn some criticism , as he performed poorly in his last appearance before the World Series , a start in Game 5 of the ALCS in which he allowed six runs over six innings . However , Burnett had previously been successful on short rest , going 4 -- 0 with a 2.33 ERA in four career starts on short rest before this game . Some believed Girardi settled on a three - man rotation because he had limited options for a fourth starting pitcher , either Gaudin or Joba Chamberlain , who had been inconsistent as starters in the regular season and had been shifted into the bullpen for the postseason . The matchup of closers , Mariano Rivera and Brad Lidge , also drew attention . Rivera and Lidge were the only closers who had not blown a save during the 2009 postseason , whereas closers on other postseason teams blew 11 saves in the 24 postseason games before the World Series in 2009 . Both had performed well during the postseason , but Lidge had posted a 7.21 ERA during the 2009 regular season , in contrast to Rivera 's 1.76 . Lidge 's 2009 numbers were in stark contrast to the previous season ( 41 out of 41 save opportunities , a 1.95 ERA , and 92 strikeouts in 62 games ) . As a result , USA Today gave the Yankees the edge , noting that Lidge had blown two saves against the Yankees during their regular season series earlier that year . Series summary ( edit ) The Series started on October 28 , 2009 , which was the latest start in World Series history . Game 4 was played on Sunday , November 1 and the series - winning Game 6 took place on November 4 . The Series was only the third to end in a month other than October . The first came in 1918 , which was played entirely in September after the regular season was cut short due to World War I . The other such series was in 2001 when the September 11 attacks caused a delay in the baseball season that eventually forced the end of the World Series into November . Earlier in the season Commissioner Bud Selig expressed interest in scheduling a World Series game during daylight hours instead of the evening . The starting times were ultimately moved before 8 p.m. ET for the first time in 30 years , but no day games were played . The Philadelphia Eagles and New York Giants of the National Football League ( NFL ) played across the street from Citizens Bank Park at Lincoln Financial Field on the day of Game 4 . The NFL moved that game 's kickoff time to 1 p.m. to avoid it ending too close to the start of Game 4 . Similarly , Game 5 was played at Citizens Bank Park on the same day as the Philadelphia Flyers hosted the Tampa Bay Lightning of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) at the Wachovia Center . The opening faceoff of the hockey game was scheduled for 7 p.m. but the NHL moved it to 5 p.m. to avoid conflict . The umpires for the series were Joe West , Dana DeMuth , Gerry Davis , Brian Gorman , Jeff Nelson , and Mike Everitt . The World Series crew had included at least 1 umpire who had never worked the World Series in 24 of the past 25 series ; however , following several mistakes by umpires in earlier rounds of the playoffs , this crew did not . The Phillies had won the previous season 's World Series against the Tampa Bay Rays for the franchise 's second championship . The Yankees had lost their previous World Series appearance to the Florida Marlins in 2003 and had not won since 2000 against the New York Mets . This was the fifth Series played between teams from New York and Philadelphia , and was the first Yankees -- Phillies matchup since 1950 . The series also was the fourth consecutive time that the Phillies would have faced a team from the current AL East in the World Series , while the Yankees had faced a NL East opponent in four of their five most recent World Series appearances . This Series had two unofficial nicknames : `` Turnpike Series '' , for the New Jersey Turnpike , which connects New York to Philadelphia through the state of New Jersey , and `` Liberty Series '' , based on the Liberty Bell in Philadelphia and the Statue of Liberty in New York . Matchups ( edit ) Game 1 ( edit ) Phillies starting pitcher Cliff Lee , pictured in the 2009 regular season , became the first pitcher to ever throw a postseason series opener complete game against the Yankees without allowing an earned run . Wednesday , October 28 , 2009 7 : 57 pm ( EDT ) at Yankee Stadium in Bronx , New York Team 5 6 7 8 9 Philadelphia 0 0 0 0 0 6 9 New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 WP : Cliff Lee ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : CC Sabathia ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : PHI : Chase Utley 2 ( 2 ) NYY : None Ceremonial first pitch of the World Series with Michelle Obama , Jill Biden , and Yogi Berra watching First Lady Michelle Obama and Second Lady Jill Biden escorted former Yankees catcher and World War II veteran Yogi Berra to the mound , where the ceremonial first pitch was thrown by a veteran of the Iraq War . The Phillies ' Ryan Howard got the first hit of the 2009 World Series by doubling in the first inning . Howard was stranded in the first and the game was scoreless after two innings . The Phillies scored first with a two - out home run by Chase Utley in the top of the third inning . Through the first five innings , Philadelphia starting pitcher Cliff Lee allowed no runs and three hits , striking out seven Yankees batters . In the top of the sixth , Utley hit another home run to give the Phillies a 2 -- 0 lead . The starting pitchers Lee and CC Sabathia continued to pitch until the top of the eighth when Sabathia was replaced by Phil Hughes . Hughes walked the first two batters and was replaced by Dámaso Marte . Marte got two quick outs and was relieved by David Robertson , who walked Jayson Werth and gave up a two - run single to Raúl Ibañez . The Phillies added two more runs in the ninth with an RBI single by Shane Victorino and an RBI double by Howard . Lee finished with a complete game allowing one unearned run on six hits and striking out ten batters , not walking any of the hitters he faced . Lee 's pitching performance made history in several ways : This was the fourth postseason start of Lee 's career . In all four starts , he went at least seven innings and gave up no more than one earned run . The only other starting pitcher ever to begin his postseason career with four such starts was Christy Mathewson . He was also the first left - handed starter to beat the Yankees in The Bronx to open a World Series since Sandy Koufax in 1963 . He was the first starting pitcher to throw a complete game without giving up an earned run against the Yankees in Game 1 of a postseason series . Lee was the first pitcher ever to strike out at least ten , walk no one , and give up no earned runs in a World Series start . Game 2 ( edit ) Yankees closer Mariano Rivera , pictured during the 2007 regular season , pitched two scoreless innings in Game 2 for the save . Thursday , October 29 , 2009 7 : 57 pm ( EDT ) at Yankee Stadium in Bronx , New York Team 5 6 7 8 9 Philadelphia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 New York 0 0 0 0 0 X 8 0 WP : A.J. Burnett ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Pedro Martínez ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Mariano Rivera ( 1 ) Home runs : PHI : None NYY : Mark Teixeira ( 1 ) , Hideki Matsui ( 1 ) Prior to the game , Jay - Z and Alicia Keys performed the song `` Empire State of Mind '' for the Yankee Stadium crowd . This game marked the first postseason appearance of Pedro Martínez against the Yankees since the 2004 American League Championship Series , when he was with the Boston Red Sox and a part of the two teams ' long standing rivalry ; it was also the second - ever World Series start that Martínez made . There was much media interest in Martínez 's `` return to Yankee Stadium '' for Game 2 , as he told reporters at a pre-game press conference `` When you have 60,000 people chanting your name , waiting for you to throw the ball , you have to consider yourself someone special , someone that really has a purpose out there . '' The Phillies scored first for the second game in a row , with Raúl Ibañez hitting a ground rule double and then scoring on a Matt Stairs RBI single off A.J. Burnett in the second inning . Mark Teixeira tied the game with a home run in the fourth inning , and Hideki Matsui broke the tie in the sixth with another homer . Martínez departed the game after giving up consecutive hits to Jerry Hairston , Jr. and Melky Cabrera to start the seventh inning , and reliever Chan Ho Park gave up an RBI single to Jorge Posada . With Cabrera at second base and Posada at first , Johnny Damon hit a low line drive at Phillies first baseman Ryan Howard . Howard grabbed the ball and threw to second where Posada was tagged and called out while standing on the base . First - base umpire Brian Gorman ruled that Howard had caught the ball in the air and thus the result was an inning - ending double play . This was the first of two calls by Gorman in this game which were later shown to have been wrong by video replays . Burnett left after seven innings and was replaced by Mariano Rivera in the eighth . The Phillies put two runners on with a walk to Jimmy Rollins and a single by Shane Victorino with one out in the eighth . However , Chase Utley grounded into an inning - ending double play ending on a close play at first base , the second close call made by the first base umpire Brian Gorman . Gorman himself later admitted he missed this call , saying `` on a freeze frame , it looks like there 's a little bit of a ball outside his glove when he hits the bag . '' Ultimately , Rivera threw 39 pitches and got six outs for his 38th postseason save , his tenth in World Series play . Game 3 ( edit ) Saturday , October 31 , 2009 9 : 17 pm ( EDT ) at Citizens Bank Park in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Team 5 6 7 8 9 New York 0 0 0 0 8 8 Philadelphia 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 0 WP : Andy Pettitte ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Cole Hamels ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : NYY : Alex Rodriguez ( 1 ) , Nick Swisher ( 1 ) , Hideki Matsui ( 2 ) PHI : Jayson Werth 2 ( 2 ) , Carlos Ruiz ( 1 ) The start of the game was postponed 80 minutes due to a no - dome delay , pushing the start time to 9 : 17 p.m. The cast of the television series Glee ( with Amber Riley singing lead ) performed the national anthem as part of a ceremony featuring a large American flag and several members of the armed services . The Phillies scored first with Jayson Werth 's lead - off home run , which was followed by a bases - loaded walk and a sacrifice fly to make the score 3 -- 0 in the bottom of the second inning . Following Mark Teixeira 's walk in the top of the fourth inning , Alex Rodriguez hit a deep ball down the right field line . It was originally ruled a double so Teixeira held at third base . The play was reviewed using MLB instant replay , which revealed that the ball had struck a camera sticking over the top of the wall , so the ball was ruled a two - run home run , giving Rodriguez his first World Series hit . This was the first home run reviewed by instant replay in postseason play . Specifically , the ball hit a camera owned by Fox and MLB which extended slightly over the right field wall . The camera was moved back for Game 4 such that its lens was in line with the wall . Coincidentally , Alex Rodriguez also had the first regular season home run reviewed by replay . Nick Swisher opened the top of the fifth inning with a double and scored on a single to center field by Andy Pettitte . This was Pettitte 's first career postseason RBI and the first RBI by a Yankees pitcher in a World Series since Jim Bouton in 1964 . Derek Jeter followed Pettitte with another single , and both runners scored on a two - run double by Johnny Damon . Cole Hamels then walked Teixeira and was relieved by J. A. Happ . Happ closed out the fifth without allowing further scoring , but Nick Swisher added to the Yankees lead with a home run off of him in the sixth . Werth hit his second home run of the game leading off the bottom of the sixth to close the Yankees lead to 6 -- 4 , becoming the second Phillies player to hit multiple home runs in this World Series . Chad Durbin relieved Happ in the top of the seventh . He walked Johnny Damon , who then stole second base . Rodriguez was then hit by a pitch , and Damon scored on a single by Jorge Posada . Joba Chamberlain relieved Pettitte in the bottom of the seventh and retired the side in order . Brett Myers retired the first two batters in the top of the eighth , but Hideki Matsui then hit a home run pinch hitting for Chamberlain . Phil Hughes pitched a third of an inning in the bottom of the ninth and allowed a solo home run to Carlos Ruiz before being relieved by Mariano Rivera . Rivera closed out the game , throwing just five pitches to record the final two outs . This game was Pettitte 's 17th career postseason win , extending his MLB record . Game 4 ( edit ) Phillies closer Brad Lidge , pictured during the 2008 regular season , allowed three runs in the ninth inning of a tied Game 4 and took the loss . Sunday , November 1 , 2009 8 : 20 pm ( EST ) at Citizens Bank Park in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Team 5 6 7 8 9 New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 9 Philadelphia 0 0 0 0 0 8 WP : Joba Chamberlain ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Brad Lidge ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Mariano Rivera ( 2 ) Home runs : NYY : None PHI : Chase Utley ( 3 ) , Pedro Feliz ( 1 ) Prior to the start of the game , Derek Jeter and Albert Pujols were named winners of the Hank Aaron Award for their offensive performances in 2009 . This was the first game to test manager Joe Girardi 's decision to use a three - man starting rotation , as CC Sabathia started the game on three days rest , a shorter period than he normally got during the regular season . Jeter led the game off with a single and advanced to third base on a double by Johnny Damon . Jeter scored via a Mark Teixeira ground out and Alex Rodriguez was hit by a pitch . Rodriguez was hit twice the night before and the umpires issued warnings to both benches . Jorge Posada then added to the Yankees lead that inning with a sacrifice fly . The Phillies answered quickly , scoring a run on successive doubles by Shane Victorino and Chase Utley in the bottom of the first . Sabathia intentionally walked Jayson Werth , but escaped the inning without further scoring . The Phillies tied the game in the bottom of the fourth as Ryan Howard singled , stole second , and scored on a single by Pedro Feliz . Although the run counted , instant replay of Howard 's slide later showed that he did not touch home plate . Nick Swisher walked to lead off the fifth inning and advanced to second on a Melky Cabrera single . Swisher restored the Yankees ' lead , scoring on a single by Jeter , and Cabrera added to it by scoring a run on a Damon single . Brett Gardner replaced Cabrera in center field as a defensive substitution in the bottom of the sixth inning after Cabrera left the game due to a hamstring injury . Chan Ho Park relieved Phillies starter Joe Blanton in the seventh and held the Yankees scoreless in that inning . Chase Utley hit his third home run of the series in the bottom of the seventh with two outs , bringing the game to 4 -- 3 . Dámaso Marte relieved Sabathia and got the final out of the seventh without further scoring . Ryan Madson relieved Park in the eighth and allowed a walk and a single but held the Yankees scoreless . Joba Chamberlain replaced Marte in the bottom of the inning . He struck out the first two batters he faced but allowed a game - tying home run to Feliz before closing the inning . Brad Lidge came into the game for the ninth inning , popping out Matsui and striking out Jeter before surrendering a two - out single to Damon -- after a nine - pitch at bat with two strikes and four foul balls . Then , with Teixeira batting , Damon stole second and , on the same play , also stole third as the base was uncovered due to a defensive shift against Teixeira . Several news outlets referred to this as a `` mad dash '' , which Mike Vaccaro of the New York Post compared to Enos Slaughter 's `` Mad Dash '' in the 1946 World Series . Some believed that Damon 's play caused Lidge to avoid throwing his best pitch -- a slider with sharp downward movement -- for the rest of the inning , as it risked a wild pitch that would have allowed Damon to score from third base . Teixeira was then hit by a pitch and Rodriguez put the Yankees ahead with a double , scoring Damon . Posada added to that lead with a single that scored Teixeira and Rodriguez , but was thrown out at second to end the inning . Mariano Rivera entered in the bottom of the ninth and saved the game for the Yankees on eight pitches for his second save of the series . Game 5 ( edit ) Phillies second baseman Chase Utley , pictured during spring training in 2007 , tied a World Series record with five home runs in the series . Monday , November 2 , 2009 7 : 57 pm ( EST ) at Citizens Bank Park in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Team 5 6 7 8 9 New York 0 0 0 0 0 6 10 0 Philadelphia 0 0 0 0 0 X 8 9 0 WP : Cliff Lee ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : A.J. Burnett ( 1 -- 1 ) Sv : Ryan Madson ( 1 ) Home runs : NYY : None PHI : Chase Utley 2 ( 5 ) , Raúl Ibañez ( 1 ) The Yankees replaced Melky Cabrera on their postseason roster with Ramiro Peña due to his injury in Game 4 , while Brett Gardner took Cabrera 's place in center field . A.J. Burnett , the Yankees ' Game 2 starter , started Game 5 on three days rest , one less than the Phillies ' Cliff Lee . The Yankees scored first in the first inning , with Johnny Damon reaching base with a single and then scoring on a two - out double by Alex Rodriguez . The Phillies responded in the bottom of the inning with a single by Jimmy Rollins , Shane Victorino reaching after being hit by a pitch , and finally a three - run home run by Chase Utley to take the lead . The Phillies added to their lead in the third inning with Utley and Ryan Howard drawing walks followed by RBI singles by Jayson Werth and Raúl Ibañez . With no outs in the inning , Burnett was relieved by David Robertson , who allowed another run to score on a Carlos Ruiz ground out . Robertson held the Phillies scoreless for a second inning in the fourth . Jorge Posada entered as a pinch hitter in the fifth inning for José Molina and grounded out . Eric Hinske then pinch hit for Robertson and walked , advanced to third on a Derek Jeter single , and scored on a ground out by Damon . Alfredo Aceves entered as the new Yankee pitcher in the bottom of the fifth . The first batter he faced , Jayson Werth , hit a deep drive to center field but it was caught for an out by Gardner , who collided with the outfield wall to complete the play . Aceves completed the inning without a run scoring , inducing ground outs from Ibáñez and Ruiz . Phil Coke relieved Aceves in the seventh inning and allowed two Phillies players to tie World Series records . First , Utley tied Reggie Jackson 's record for most home runs in a World Series with a home run , his fifth of the series . Coke then struck out Howard , Howard 's 12th strikeout in the series , tying Willie Wilson 's record for most strikeouts in a World Series . Finally , Coke was driven from the game after allowing another home run , this time to Ibáñez , and was relieved by Phil Hughes . Victorino was replaced defensively in the eighth inning by Ben Francisco . Lee was driven from the game after allowing a single to Damon , followed by a double by Mark Teixeira , and then a double by Rodriguez that scored both runners . Chan Ho Park relieved Lee and induced a ground out from Nick Swisher , which advanced Rodriguez to third base . Rodriguez scored on a sacrifice fly by Robinson Canó . Ryan Madson entered in the ninth to close the game , allowing a double to Posada and a single to Hideki Matsui without recording an out . Batting with men on first and third base , Jeter grounded into a double play , allowing Posada to score but emptying the bases . Damon singled to bring Teixeira to bat as the potential tying run , but Madson struck him out to record his first World Series save . Members of the news media , such as Gene Wojciechowski , were critical of the three - man starting rotation strategy following Game 3 , and contended that Burnett 's poor performance was caused by insufficient rest in between starts . However , Burnett had been successful up to this point in such situations , going 4 -- 0 with a 2.33 ERA in four career starts on short rest ( less than the normal four days between starts ) before this game . Game 6 ( edit ) Yankees designated hitter Hideki Matsui , pictured here in the 2007 regular season , tied a World Series record for most RBIs in a single game and won the World Series MVP award . Wednesday , November 4 , 2009 7 : 57 pm ( EST ) at Yankee Stadium in Bronx , New York Team 5 6 7 8 9 Philadelphia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 New York 0 0 0 0 0 X 7 8 0 WP : Andy Pettitte ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : Pedro Martínez ( 0 -- 2 ) Home runs : PHI : Ryan Howard ( 1 ) NYY : Hideki Matsui ( 3 ) This game was the first Game 6 in a World Series since the 2003 World Series six years earlier , the longest such gap in the history of the World Series . Mary J. Blige , a Bronx native , performed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . Andy Pettitte started on three days rest , the third straight game in which the Yankees fielded a pitcher on short rest . The Phillies started Pedro Martínez , who called himself and opposing pitcher Andy Pettitte `` old goats '' and acknowledged that Red Sox fans were rooting for him : `` I know that they do n't like the Yankees to win , not even in Nintendo games . '' The Yankees scored first with an Alex Rodriguez walk opening the bottom of the second inning followed by a two - run home run by designated hitter Hideki Matsui . The Phillies quickly responded with a triple by Carlos Ruiz who then scored on a sacrifice fly from Jimmy Rollins in the top of the third . Matsui answered back , adding to the Yankees lead again with a single with the bases loaded in the bottom of the third , scoring Derek Jeter and Johnny Damon . Damon , injured running the bases while scoring , was replaced defensively in the top of the fourth by Jerry Hairston , Jr . The Yankees celebrate their 7 -- 3 win and the franchise 's 27th World Series championship . Phillies starter Pedro Martínez was removed after allowing four runs in four innings , relieved in the fifth by Chad Durbin . Durbin allowed a ground rule double to Jeter , who advanced to third on a sacrifice bunt by Hairston and scored on a single by Mark Teixeira . Durbin then hit Rodriguez with a pitch and was relieved by J. A. Happ after recording just one out . Happ allowed a two - run double to Matsui , his fifth and sixth RBI of the game , which tied a World Series record for most RBI in a single game set by Bobby Richardson in the 1960 World Series . The Phillies made the game closer in the top of the sixth inning , as Chase Utley drew a walk and Ryan Howard followed him with a two - run home run , bringing the score to 7 -- 3 . After Raúl Ibañez hit a double into right field , Joba Chamberlain relieved Andy Pettitte and closed the sixth without allowing the Phillies to score . Chan Ho Park came in for Happ , ending any Yankees threat that inning . Chamberlain was relieved by Dámaso Marte in the top of the seventh after allowing two baserunners , but Marte struck out Utley to end the inning scoreless . After Park allowed a single to Rodriguez , Scott Eyre replaced him . Eyre allowed Rodriguez to steal second and intentionally walked Jorge Posada but escaped the inning without allowing a run . Marte recorded one out , a strikeout of Howard , in the top of the eighth inning . With it Howard set a new World Series record for most strikeouts by a hitter in a single series with a total of 13 . After the out , Marte was relieved by Yankees closer Mariano Rivera in a non-save situation . Rivera allowed a double to Ibáñez , but no runs , in the eighth . After retiring the first two batters in the eighth , Eyre gave way to Ryan Madson , who allowed a single to Jeter before ending the bottom of the eighth inning . Matt Stairs led off the ninth as a pinch hitter , but lined out . Ruiz worked a walk from Rivera , but successive outs by Rollins and Victorino ended the game 7 -- 3 to clinch the World Series for the Yankees . Pettitte added to his own record for most playoff wins , bringing his career total to 18 . Statistics ( edit ) New York won the series , 4 -- 2 . Game Date Score Location Time Attendance October 28 Philadelphia Phillies -- 6 , New York Yankees -- 1 Yankee Stadium 3 : 27 50,207 October 29 Philadelphia Phillies -- 1 , New York Yankees -- 3 Yankee Stadium 3 : 25 50,181 October 31 New York Yankees -- 8 , Philadelphia Phillies -- 5 Citizens Bank Park 3 : 25 46,061 November 1 New York Yankees -- 7 , Philadelphia Phillies -- 4 Citizens Bank Park 3 : 25 46,145 5 November 2 New York Yankees -- 6 , Philadelphia Phillies -- 8 Citizens Bank Park 3 : 26 46,178 6 November 4 Philadelphia Phillies -- 3 , New York Yankees -- 7 Yankee Stadium 3 : 52 50,315 Cumulative line score ( edit ) Team 5 6 7 8 9 Philadelphia Phillies 5 0 27 44 New York Yankees 9 5 32 49 Total attendance : 289,087 Average attendance : 48,181 Winning player 's share : $350,029.99 Losing player 's share : $265,357.50 Broadcasting ( edit ) For the tenth consecutive year in the United States , Fox Sports televised the Series . Joe Buck called play - by - play and Tim McCarver provided analysis . The Series was also broadcast on ESPN Radio , with Jon Miller and Joe Morgan calling the action . Fox Sports en Español also broadcast the Series for the US Spanish - speaking audience . The flagship radio stations of the respective teams broadcast all Series games with their local announcers . In Philadelphia , WPHT carried the Phillies ' English - language broadcasts , with Scott Franzke , Larry Andersen , Tom McCarthy , Gary Matthews , and Chris Wheeler announcing , while WUBA aired the team 's Spanish broadcasts . In New York , WCBS - AM carried the Yankees ' English broadcasts with John Sterling and Suzyn Waldman announcing . This broadcast made Waldman the first woman to announce a World Series game on radio . XM Satellite Radio offered multiple feeds of each game to its subscribers . Ratings ( edit ) Television ratings for the 2009 World Series were excellent . Game 1 attracted 19.5 million viewers , second only to the opening of the 2004 World Series for a series opener since 2000 and 29 % higher than 2008 's opening game . Game 4 produced the highest total viewership of the series with 22.8 million viewers , the highest for any World Series game since 2004 and the highest for a `` non-decisive Game 4 '' since 2001 . At 11.7 overall , the 2009 World Series remains comfortably the highest rated World Series since 2004 and the only World Series to average double digits since 2007 . Game Ratings ( households ) Share ( households ) American audience ( in millions ) 11.9 19 19.5 11.7 19 18.9 9.1 18 15.4 13.5 22 22.8 5 10.6 16 17.1 6 13.4 22 22.3 Impact and aftermath ( edit ) Many players with both teams won awards for their performances during the 2009 season . Teixeira and Jeter each won a Gold Glove and Silver Slugger Award ; Jimmy Rollins and Shane Victorino won Gold Gloves , as well ; and Chase Utley won a Silver Slugger Award . Rivera was named the 2009 DHL Delivery Man of the Year , as well as Sporting News ' Pro Athlete of the Year . Along with the Hank Aaron Award announced before Game 4 , Jeter won the Roberto Clemente Award and was named Sports Illustrated 's Sportsman of the Year for 2009 . Matsui won the World Series MVP for his play , becoming the first Japanese player and first full - time designated hitter to win the award . Several items related to the series were sent to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum including bats from Jeter and Matsui ; caps from Rivera , Lee , and Pettitte ; and Johnny Damon 's cleats . Matsui also joined Minnesota Twins radio analyst Dan Gladden as members from the 1994 world championship Yomiuri Giants team as players who have won championships in North America and Japan . Yankees ( edit ) CC Sabathia and Mark Teixeira during the victory parade Ticker - tape parade at New York City Hall President Barack Obama meets with the 2009 World Series champion New York Yankees at the White House . The series win brought the Yankees ' franchise championship total to 27 , more than any other North American professional sports franchise . This championship came in the Yankees ' first year in their new stadium . They had also won the 1923 World Series , the opening year of the previous Yankee Stadium . The victory was noted by some sportswriters as a personal success for Alex Rodriguez , winning his first championship and succeeding in the playoffs where some had previously claimed he was a `` choker and a loser '' . Prior to this series , Rodriguez had appeared in 2,166 regular season games without a World Series appearance , then the second-most among active players to Ken Griffey , Jr . The Yankees ' victory was credited to a number of different sources . Many players drew praise for their performances , including Series MVP Hideki Matsui ; free agents signed the previous offseason including Mark Teixeira , CC Sabathia , and A.J. Burnett ; and the so - called `` Core Four '' of Derek Jeter , Mariano Rivera , Andy Pettitte , and Jorge Posada , who had all played a large role in the Yankees ' past success in the 1990s . Manager Joe Girardi was also credited for his management of the team , particularly in his decision to use only three starting pitchers in the Yankees postseason starting rotation . The Yankees were the first team to use only three starters in a World Series since the San Diego Padres in the 1998 Series . Several members of the Yankees franchise dedicated the World Series in part to team owner George Steinbrenner , who had recently stepped back from his once prominent position with the team . Steinbrenner died on the day of the All - Star Game the following season at the age of 80 . On November 6 , a victory parade took place for the Yankees in the `` Canyon of Heroes '' in Manhattan , New York City . The Yankees sent a group of players , coach Tony Peña , and team Senior Vice President Felix Lopez with the Commissioner 's Trophy to the Dominican Republic in early January 2010 to meet with President Leonel Fernández . Most of the 2009 Yankees received their championship rings on Opening Day the next season . Matsui was on the Angels in 2010 and when the Angels played their first series of the season in the Bronx , the Yankees home opener , they presented him with his ring . They also visited U.S. President Barack Obama in the White House in April 2010 , presenting him with a signed jersey . The Yankees returned to the playoffs the following season , as the wild card . They lost to the Texas Rangers in the 2010 ALCS ; which included an 8 - 0 shutout in Yankee Stadium by former Phillie ace Cliff Lee ; it was Lee 's seventh straight postseason win which included three victories against the Yankees ( two as a Phillie in the 2009 World Series , and in 2010 during the ALCS ) . Phillies ( edit ) Following Game 4 , after the Yankees took a 3 -- 1 series lead , The Philadelphia Inquirer accidentally printed a three - quarters - page Macy 's advertisement congratulating the Phillies for winning the World Series , along with a picture of a Phillies championship T - shirt . The newspaper subsequently apologized for the mistake . Lee Jenkins of Sports Illustrated attributed Philadelphia 's loss to a lack of pitching depth , noting that three different Yankees starters managed to win games in the series , while only Cliff Lee won games for the Phillies . The Phillies ' 2008 postseason star pitchers , starter Cole Hamels and closer Brad Lidge , struggled in their only appearances of the 2009 World Series . The Phillies bullpen which did well in the NLCS performed poorly in the World Series , allowing seven runs in just 11 2 / 3 innings with a 5.40 ERA . Jorge Arangure Jr. of ESPN partially attributed the Phillies ' loss to their lack of offensive production , citing the team 's . 227 batting average in the World Series . Only Chase Utley performed well with 5 home runs and 22 of the Phillies ' 90 bases , while Shane Victorino and Jimmy Rollins struggled at the plate , and Ryan Howard struck out a record 13 times in the World Series after his NLCS MVP performance . Before the start of the 2010 season , the Phillies traded away their 2009 postseason ace pitcher Cliff Lee . The Phillies posted the league 's best record in 2010 , and returned to the playoffs where they lost to the eventual champions the San Francisco Giants in the NLCS . David Paterson ticket scandal ( edit ) Among those in attendance during Game 1 was New York Governor David Paterson , whose party had five tickets behind home plate . On March 3 , 2010 , the New York Commission on Public Integrity found that Paterson had violated state laws concerning gifts to public officials , and that he lied under oath to the commission about his intent to pay for the tickets . The commission further found that Paterson used his position to solicit and receive the five tickets -- valued at US $425 each -- free of charge from the Yankees , that he had never intended to pay for the tickets despite testimony to the contrary , and that he or a person acting on his behalf wrote a backdated check to pay for them only after scrutiny in the case arose . The Commission ultimately fined Paterson $62,125 for his actions . See also ( edit ) 2009 Asia Series 2009 Japan Series 2009 Korean Series References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Playoff and World Series Stats and Results '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2010 . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mandel , Ken ( November 3 , 2008 ) . `` Amaro Jr. takes over reins for Phillies '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Alden ( December 16 , 2008 ) . `` Ibanez excited to join world champs '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Retrieved March 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ DiComo , Anthony ( December 15 , 2008 ) . `` Park agrees to one - year deal with Phils '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2009 . Retrieved October 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Phillies release veteran outfielder Jenkins , name Park fifth starter '' . CBS Sports . March 31 , 2009 . Retrieved April 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gammons , Peter ( January 9 , 2009 ) . `` Suspended Romero ' did n't cheat ' '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pedro signs one - year deal with Phillies . Mlb.mlb.com . Retrieved on December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pedro Martinez throws first bullpen session since joining Philadelphia Phillies -- ESPN . Sports.espn.go.com ( July 18 , 2009 ) . Retrieved on December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ESPN.com ( September 13 , 2009 ) . `` Baseball Tonight Clubhouse : Rockies search for wins , not respect '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stark , Jayson ( August 1 , 2009 ) . `` Phillies get Lee from Indians '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved January 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cliff Lee Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 Philadelphia Phillies Schedule , Box Scores and Splits '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . 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Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry ( November 20 , 2008 ) . `` Control of Yankees shifts to son Hal '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mussina retires on a high note , with 20 wins in final season '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . November 20 , 2008 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Lyle ( February 12 , 2009 ) . `` Out of left field , Abreu joins Angels '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2010 . Retrieved November 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Urban , Mychael ( January 7 , 2009 ) . `` Giambi ' excited to be home ' with A 's '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Castrovince , Anthony ( January 9 , 2009 ) . `` Pavano finds right fit with Indians '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Crasnick , Jerry ( November 13 , 2008 ) . `` Yankees acquire Swisher , send Betemit and two pitchers to White Sox '' . 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The Sports Network . October 27 , 2009 . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lott , John ( October 27 , 2009 ) . `` The rest is hit story ; Offence , offence and more offence mark these World Series contenders '' . National Post . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Major League Baseball Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chimelis , Ron ( October 21 , 2009 ) . `` Yankees slugger Alex Rodriguez deserves cheers for postseason performance '' . MassLive.com . The Republican . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Politi , Steve ( October 21 , 2009 ) . `` As NY Yankees ' Alex Rodriguez has postseason for the ages , it 's best to appreciate , not ask why '' . NJ.com . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ DiComo , Anthony ( October 21 , 2009 ) . `` Night - and - Day Rod : ' 09 Alex at his best '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kepner , Tyler ( October 26 , 2009 ) . `` Baseball Hopes to Break a Streak of Clunker Series '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Posnanski , Joe ( October 28 , 2009 ) . `` World Series lament for Indians fans : What might have been '' . SI.com . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2010 . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lopresti , Mike ( October 29 , 2009 ) . `` Spurned Cleveland watches former Indians with a sigh '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( October 29 , 2009 ) . `` Girardi may go with three - man rotation '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ortiz , Jorge ; Shandler , Ron ( October 28 , 2009 ) . `` Yankees and Phillies on track for a tight Series '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Wojciechowski , Gene ( October 31 , 2009 ) . `` Girardi needs to give it a rest '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` October 22 , 2009 American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) Game 5 , Yankees at Angels '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kepner , Tyler ( October 27 , 2009 ) . `` Yankees May Use a Three - Man Rotation '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2010 . Retrieved March 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( October 13 , 2009 ) . `` Barring Rain , Yanks Consider 3 - Man Rotation '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Langosch , Jenifer ( October 27 , 2009 ) . `` Closer matchup reflects playoff perfection '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mariano Rivera Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2010 . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dutton , Bob ( October 29 , 2009 ) . `` World Series Buzz : Martinez ruminates on New York '' . The Kansas City Star . Jump up ^ `` World Series History '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Retrieved January 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Ouisie ( writer ) . Nine Innings from Ground Zero ( DVD ) . Jump up ^ `` World Series could get earlier starting times '' . NBC Sports . Sporting News . April 8 , 2009 . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` WS games to start 40 minutes earlier '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2009 . Retrieved May 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fine , Larry ( December 2 , 2008 ) . `` Selig mulls World Series changes , not to home comforts '' . Reuters . Retrieved December 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Best , Neil ( October 13 , 2009 ) . `` Giants , Jets play at same time 11 / 1 '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2009 . Retrieved October 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Flyers Change Start Time of November 2nd Game '' . philadelphiaflyers.com . October 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2009 . Retrieved October 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the World Series umpiring crew '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . October 27 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2009 . Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McCalvy , Adam ( October 22 , 2009 ) . `` MLB may use veteran umps in Fall Classic : Change would break longstanding baseball tradition '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Castrovince , Anthony ( October 23 , 2009 ) . `` Umpire 's call on Damon draws attention : Yankee looked safe at first base on third - inning groundout '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wojciechowski , Gene ( October 27 , 2009 ) . `` Instant replay for the World Series ? Yes '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2009 . Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 World Series -- NYY vs. PHI '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( October 26 , 2009 ) . `` Liberty Series : Statue , Bell Set for Clash '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2009 . Retrieved October 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( October 28 , 2009 ) . `` First lady , Dr. Biden on hand for Game 1 '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2009 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` October 28 , 2009 World Series Game 1 , Phillies at Yankees '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stark , Jayson ( October 28 , 2009 ) . `` Lee takes over Yankee Stadium '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2009 . Retrieved October 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Jayson ( October 29 , 2009 ) . `` Jay - Z And Alicia Keys Pump Up World Series Crowd In NYC '' . MTV . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2009 . Retrieved November 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pedro Martínez Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Mike ( October 29 , 2009 ) . `` ' Influential ' Pedro Martinez holds court '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved July 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` October 29 , 2009 World Series Game 2 , Phillies at Yankees '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` Yanks take Classic duel to pull even '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Game 2 calls draw more scrutiny '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . October 30 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2009 . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Baker , Geoff ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` Time for video replay in baseball before something really sorry happens ... again '' . Seattle Times . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2009 . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Heck , David ( October 31 , 2009 ) . `` The time has come for MLB to implement instant replay '' . New England Sports Network . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2009 . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Waldstein , David ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` In World Series , Umpires Find Themselves Back in Center of Dispute '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boland , Erik ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` Rivera gets six - out save as Yankees win Game 2 , 3 -- 1 '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Series gets underway after rain delay '' . Reuters . October 31 , 2009 . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( November 1 , 2009 ) . `` MLB Stands Up to Cancer in Game 3 '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Retrieved March 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Losurdo , Marnee ( November 6 , 2009 ) . `` Reservist takes part in opening ceremony of Game 3 of World Series '' . 512th Airlift Wing . United States Air Force . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . Retrieved March 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` October 31 , 2009 World Series Game 3 , Yankees at Phillies '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2009 . Retrieved November 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : DiComo , Anthony ( November 1 , 2009 ) . `` Camera moved after A-Rod homer '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2009 . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Rodriguez Statistics and History '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved November 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Chastain , Bill ( September 4 , 2008 ) . `` Instant replay used for first time '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2009 . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Stark , Jayson ( October 31 , 2009 ) . `` 2009 World Series : New York Yankees ' Pettitte knows his way around this stage '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2009 . Retrieved November 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ghiroli , Brittnay ( November 1 , 2009 ) . `` Lack of DH does n't hinder Yankees '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2010 . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry ( November 1 , 2009 ) . `` Pujols , Jeter winners of Aaron Award '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2009 . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( October 31 , 2009 ) . `` A-Rod starts rally , Pettitte hits RBI single as Yankees claim 2 -- 1 lead over Phillies '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` November 1 , 2009 World Series Game 4 , Yankees at Phillies '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ DiComo , Anthony ( November 1 , 2009 ) . `` Benches warned after A-Rod plunking '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2009 . Retrieved November 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Major League Baseball on Fox : Game 4 of the 2009 World Series ( television ) . Fox . November 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Langosch , Jennifer ( November 1 , 2009 ) . `` Howard scores without touching plate '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2010 . Retrieved November 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` New York Yankees vs. Philadelphia Phillies -- Recap -- November 10 , 2009 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2009 . Retrieved November 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Hoch , Brian ( November 1 , 2009 ) . `` Johnny lately : Yanks ' 9th makes it a 3 -- 1 Series '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2009 . Retrieved November 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Crasnick , Jerry ( November 1 , 2009 ) . `` Phillies awoke nearly silent Rodriguez '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Leitch , Will ( November 28 , 2009 ) . `` No Holding Back This Holliday Season '' . NYmag.com . New York . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vaccaro , Mike ( November 2 , 2009 ) . `` This fall , this team , is A-Rod's '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Abraham , Peter ( November 2 , 2009 ) . `` He 's no idiot after all '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ White , Paul ( November 2 , 2009 ) . `` Series breakdown : Veteran Damon makes grand theft '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( November 2 , 2009 ) . `` Yanks ' Pena spells injured Melky on roster '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2009 . Retrieved November 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( November 2 , 2009 ) . `` Utley 's record - tying 5th World Series HR helps Phils cut Yanks lead to 3 -- 2 '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` November 2 , 2009 World Series Game 5 , Yankees at Phillies '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( November 3 , 2009 ) . `` Utley ties Jackson with 5th HR '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2009 . Retrieved November 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Red , Christian ( November 4 , 2009 ) . `` Philadelphia Phillies hoping Ryan Howard can shake slump , pound New York Yankees '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2009 . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wojciechowski , Gene ( November 3 , 2009 ) . `` Short rest leads to Burnett 's short start '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( November 2 , 2009 ) . `` Burnett to face Lee on short rest '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( November 4 , 2009 ) . `` Six in the City : Where will this one rank ? '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2009 . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ghiroli , Brittany ( November 4 , 2009 ) . `` New York 's Blige entertains with anthem '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2009 . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( October 31 , 2009 ) . `` Matsui 's bat drives Yankees to 27th World Series crown '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pedro : ' I consider myself a Bostonian ' '' . WEEI.com . November 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` November 4 , 2009 World Series Game 6 , Phillies at Yankees '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : DiComo , Anthony ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` Statsui : MVP delivers jaw - dropping numbers '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Retrieved January 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Mark ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` Howard sets Series record for strikeouts '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2009 . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` Matsui 's bat drives Yankees to 27th World Series crown '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia vs. NY Yankees -- October 28 , 2009 '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . October 28 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia vs. NY Yankees -- October 29 , 2009 '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . October 29 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NY Yankees vs. Philadelphia -- October 31 , 2009 '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . October 31 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NY Yankees vs. Philadelphia -- November 1 , 2009 '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . November 1 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NY Yankees vs. Philadelphia -- November 2 , 2009 '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . November 2 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia vs. NY Yankees -- November 4 , 2009 '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . November 4 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Yanks rank behind ' 08 Phillies '' . Associated Press . March 2 , 2010 . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` List of 2009 World Series shares '' . Associated Press . March 3 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2010 . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Alden ( November 30 , 2009 ) . `` Yanks awarded record postseason shares '' . MLB.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Sports en Espanol Announces Exclusive Spanish - Language Programming For The 2009 World Series '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . October 28 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Marcus ( November 4 , 2009 ) . `` Phillies -- Yankees : World Series Game 6 preview '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` World Series : How to follow the Yankees on TV , radio '' . Times Herald - Record . October 28 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( October 28 , 2009 ) . `` Yankees honor Waldman before Game 1 '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SIRIUS XM Radio Announces Extensive MLB Postseason Coverage '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire via xmradio.com . October 7 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` Buzz growing as Series has classic feel '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Series Game 1 up 29 % over 2008 ; Second highest game 1 of decade '' . Fox Sports . TV By the Numbers . October 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Series Game Four Nielsen Ratings : 2009 World Series Remains Dominant Force in Prime Time '' . Fox Sports . TV By the Numbers . November 2 , 2009 . Retrieved January 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ World Series television ratings Jump up ^ `` World Series Game 2 Dominates Prime Time ; Audience + 48 % Better than ' 08 Gm. 2 '' . Fox Sports . TV By the Numbers . October 30 , 2009 . Retrieved January 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Series game 3 averages 15.4 million viewers after 80 minute Halloween rain delay '' . Fox Sports . TV By the Numbers . November 1 , 2009 . Retrieved January 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Series Game 5 Delivers Another Home Run For FOX '' . Fox Sports . TV By the Numbers . November 3 , 2009 . Retrieved January 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 World Series posts biggest year - to - year growth in history '' . Fox Sports . TV By the Numbers . November 5 , 2009 . Retrieved January 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 MLB Awards '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2010 . Retrieved January 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ DiComo , Anthony ( October 14 , 2009 ) . `` Mariano wins Delivery Man of Year Award '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2010 . Retrieved January 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Ken ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` 2009 Sporting News Pro Athlete of the Year : Mariano Rivera , Yankees closer '' . Sporting News . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( October 29 , 2009 ) . `` Jeter takes home Clemente Award '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2010 . Retrieved January 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sports Illustrated names Derek Jeter Sportsman of the Year '' . SI.com . Sports Illustrated . November 30 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2010 . Retrieved January 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` Matsui Becomes 1st Japanese - Born World Series MVP '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Britton , Tim ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` Cooperstown to capture Series relics '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Retrieved March 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` Back on Top , Yankees Add a 27th Title '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Edes , Gordon ( November 4 , 2009 ) . `` Yankees christen new stadium with a title '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bryant , Howard ( November 6 , 2009 ) . `` Postseason had many defining moments '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2009 . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Caple , Jim ( November 4 , 2009 ) . `` A-Rod finally wins that elusive title '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : DiComo , Anthony ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` Humbled A-Rod soaks in first championship '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2010 . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Langosch , Jenifer ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` Start spreadin ' the clues : Why Yanks won '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Mike ( November 4 , 2009 ) . `` Yankees Win World Series : New York Beats Phillies For Record 27th Championship '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` Six games , five rings , four Yankees '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( November 29 , 2009 ) . `` Sports of the Times ; From Yanks ' Core To Pacquiao , Plenty of Cheers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boorstein , Thomas ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` Pettitte relishes fifth championship ring '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2010 . Retrieved January 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Boorstein , Thomas ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` Girardi leads Yankees to ultimate goal '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2010 . Retrieved January 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Langosch , Jennifer ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` In the end , Girardi 's pitching plan pays off '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2010 . Retrieved January 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` ' George , this one is for you ' '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2010 . Retrieved January 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( July 13 , 2010 ) . `` GEORGE STEINBRENNER , 1930 -- 2010 ; A Legacy of Championships From the Man Who Hated to Lose '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , Michelle ( November 6 , 2009 ) . `` NY Yankees victory parade draws thousands of fans '' . Reuters . Retrieved November 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Presidente Fernández recibe a ejecutivos y jugadores de los Yankees de Nueva York '' ( in Spanish ) . Presidency of the Dominican Republic . January 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2011 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( January 7 , 2010 ) . `` Yanks , trophy tour Dominican Republic '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2010 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bondy , Filip ( April 13 , 2010 ) . `` New York Yankees set for 2010 Opening Day with World Series rings in hand '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved February 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jeter plays ring prank on Matsui '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Associated Press . April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved February 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Obama hosts Yankees at White House '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Associated Press . April 26 , 2010 . Retrieved February 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hawkins , Stephen ( October 22 , 2010 ) . `` Rangers headed to World Series for first time '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Associated Press . Retrieved February 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( November 2 , 2009 ) . `` Newspaper apologizes for incorrect ad '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Lee ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` Lack of pitching depth cost Phillies '' . SI.com . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Arangure , Jorge , Jr . ( November 4 , 2009 ) . `` Five reasons the Phillies did n't repeat '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved March 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Waldstein , David ( October 24 , 2010 ) . `` Giants Punch Out Phillies , Looking '' . The New York Times . p . SP1 . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Saul , Michael Howard ( March 4 , 2010 ) . `` Paterson Faulted For Ethics Slip '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Confessore , Nicholas ; Peters , Jeremy W. ( March 3 , 2010 ) . `` Paterson 's Ethics Breach Is Turned Over to Prosecutors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Halbfinger , David ( December 20 , 2010 ) . `` Governor Paterson Fined Over World Series Tickets '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2011 . Retrieved February 2 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2009 World Series . 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Burnett 41 Chad Gaudin 42 Mariano Rivera 43 Dámaso Marte 46 Andy Pettitte 47 Freddy Guzmán 48 Phil Coke 52 CC Sabathia 53 Melky Cabrera 55 Hideki Matsui ( World Series MVP ) 62 Joba Chamberlain 65 Phil Hughes 91 Alfredo Aceves 99 Brian Bruney Manager 27 Joe Girardi Bench coach 56 Tony Peña First base coach 50 Mick Kelleher Third base coach 59 Rob Thomson Hitting coach 54 Kevin Long Pitching coach 58 Dave Eiland Bullpen coach 57 Mike Harkey Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series New York Yankees Established in 1901 Based in The Bronx , New York Franchise History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Managers Coaches Owners and executives Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers Team captains Members of the Hall of Fame First - round picks YES Network Ballparks Hilltop Park Polo Grounds Yankee Stadium ( opened 1923 ) ( Events ) Shea Stadium Yankee Stadium ( opened 2009 ) Spring training : Whittington Park West End Park Barrs Field Bader Field Al Lang Stadium Fort Lauderdale Stadium George M. 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( There It Is ) '' `` The World Series Defense '' ( It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episode ) Lore 1993 World Series Game 6 2018 MLB Little League Classic Black Friday Black Saturday The Cardiac Kids The Four Aces Macho Row Perfect games Jim Bunning Roy Halladay The Phold Whiz Kids Wheeze Kids Rivalries New York Mets Pittsburgh Pirates Philadelphia Athletics ( City Series ) Important figures Wall of Fame members Grover Cleveland Alexander Dick Allen Richie Ashburn Bob Boone Larry Bowa Jim Bunning Pat Burrell Johnny Callison Steve Carlton Gavvy Cravath Darren Daulton Ed Delahanty Del Ennis Dallas Green Billy Hamilton Granny Hamner Willie Jones Harry Kalas Chuck Klein John Kruk Mike Lieberthal Greg Luzinski Garry Maddox Sherry Magee Charlie Manuel Tug McGraw Paul Owens Robin Roberts Juan Samuel Curt Schilling Mike Schmidt Chris Short Curt Simmons Tony Taylor Jim Thome Sam Thompson John Vukovich Cy Williams Franchise record holders John Coleman Bill Duggleby Lenny Dykstra Kid Gleason Ryan Howard George McQuillan José Mesa Lefty O'Doul Jimmy Rollins Curt Schilling Kent Tekulve Chase Utley Retired numbers 14 20 32 36 42 Key personnel Owner : Limited partnership ( John S. Middleton , Jim & Pete Buck , David Montgomery , & Pat Gillick ) President : Andy MacPhail General Manager : Matt Klentak Manager : Gabe Kapler World Series championships ( 2 ) 1980 2008 NL pennants ( 7 ) 1915 1950 1980 1993 2008 2009 Division championships ( 11 ) 1976 1977 1978 1980 1993 2007 2008 2009 2011 Minor league affiliates AAA Lehigh Valley IronPigs AA Reading Fightin Phils A Adv . 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"The 2009 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball's (MLB) 2009 season. The 105th[1] edition of the World Series, it was a best-of-seven playoff contested between the Philadelphia Phillies, champions of the National League (NL) and defending World Series champions, and the New York Yankees, champions of the American League (AL). The Yankees defeated the Phillies, 4 games to 2, to win their 27th World Series championship. The series was played between October 28 and November 4, broadcast on Fox, and watched by an average of roughly 19 million viewers. Due to the start of the season being pushed back by the 2009 World Baseball Classic in March, this was the first World Series regularly scheduled to be played into the month of November. This series was a rematch of the 1950 World Series.\n"
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"Philadelphia Phillies"
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2369517583436609927 | Dallas Cowboys | Dallas Cowboys - wikipedia Dallas Cowboys Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dallas Cowboys Current season Established January 28 , 1960 ; 57 years ago ( 1960 - 01 - 28 ) First season : 1960 Play in AT&T Stadium Arlington , Texas Headquartered in The Ford Center at The Star Frisco , Texas Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1960 -- present ) Western Conference ( 1960 ) Eastern Conference ( 1961 -- 1969 ) Capitol Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Navy Blue , Metallic Silver , White , Royal Blue Mascot Rowdy Personnel Owner ( s ) Jerry Jones CEO Stephen Jones President Jerry Jones General manager Jerry Jones Head coach Jason Garrett Team history Dallas Cowboys ( 1960 -- present ) Team nicknames America 's Team Doomsday Defense The ' Boys Big D Championships League championships ( 5 ) Super Bowl championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) , 1977 ( XII ) , 1992 ( XXVII ) , 1993 ( XXVIII ) , 1995 ( XXX ) Conference championships ( 10 ) NFL Eastern : 1966 , 1967 NFC : 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 Division championships ( 22 ) NFL Capitol : 1967 , 1968 , 1969 NFC East : 1970 , 1971 , 1973 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1981 , 1985 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 2007 , 2009 , 2014 , 2016 Playoff appearances ( 32 ) NFL : 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1985 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2003 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2014 , 2016 Home fields Cotton Bowl ( 1960 -- 1971 ) Texas Stadium ( 1971 -- 2008 ) AT&T Stadium ( 2009 -- present ) The Dallas Cowboys are a professional American football team based in the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex . The Cowboys compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team is headquartered in Frisco , Texas , and plays its home games at AT&T Stadium in Arlington , Texas , which opened for the 2009 season . The stadium took its current name prior to the 2013 season . The Cowboys joined the NFL as an expansion team in 1960 . The team 's national following might best be represented by its NFL record of consecutive sell - outs . The Cowboys ' streak of 190 consecutive sold - out regular and post-season games ( home and away ) began in 2002 . The franchise has made it to the Super Bowl eight times , tied with the Pittsburgh Steelers , and the Denver Broncos for second most Super Bowl appearances in history , just behind the New England Patriots record nine Super Bowl appearances . This has also corresponded to eight NFC championships , most in the NFC . The Cowboys have won five of those Super Bowl appearances , tying them with their NFC rivals , the San Francisco 49ers , and the AFC 's Patriots ; all three are second to Pittsburgh 's record six Super Bowl championships . The Cowboys are the only NFL team to record 20 straight winning seasons ( 1966 -- 85 ) , in which they only missed the playoffs twice ( 1974 and 1984 ) , an NFL record that remains unchallenged . In 2015 , the Dallas Cowboys became the first sports team to be valued at $4 billion , making it the most valuable sports team in the world , according to Forbes . The Cowboys also generated $620 million in revenue in 2014 , a record for a U.S. sports team . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1960s 1.2 1970s 1.3 1980s 1.4 1990s 1.5 2000 -- 09 1.6 2010 -- 13 1.7 2014 1.8 2015 1.9 2016 1.10 2017 2 Logos and uniforms 2.1 Logo 2.2 Uniforms 2.2. 1 Uniform history 2.2. 2 Home / road jersey history 2.2. 3 Thanksgiving Day uniforms 3 Stadiums 3.1 Cotton Bowl 3.2 Texas Stadium 3.3 AT&T Stadium 4 Training camp sites 5 Rivalries 5.1 Washington Redskins 5.2 Philadelphia Eagles 5.3 New York Giants 5.4 Pittsburgh Steelers 5.5 San Francisco 49ers 6 Season - by - season records 7 Players of note 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers 7.3 Texas Sports Hall of Fame 7.4 Super Bowl MVPs 7.5 Ring of Honor 7.6 All - time first - round draft picks 8 Head coaches and staff 8.1 Head coaches 8.2 Current staff 9 Radio and television 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History Main article : History of the Dallas Cowboys This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( November 2015 ) 1960s Prior to the formation of the Dallas Cowboys , there had not been an NFL team south of Washington , D.C. since the Dallas Texans folded in 1952 . Oilman Clint Murchison Jr. had been trying to get an NFL expansion team in Dallas ( as was Lamar Hunt -- who ended up with an AFL franchise ) , but George Preston Marshall , owner of the Washington Redskins , had a monopoly in the South . Murchison had tried to purchase the Washington Redskins from Marshall in 1958 . An agreement was struck , but as the deal was about to be finalized , Marshall called for a change in terms . This infuriated Murchison and he called off the deal . Marshall then opposed any franchise for Murchison in Dallas . Since NFL expansion needed unanimous approval from team owners at that time , Marshall 's position would prevent Murchison from joining the league . Marshall had a falling out with the Redskins band leader Barnee Breeskin . Breeskin had written the music to the Redskins fight song `` Hail to the Redskins '' and Marshall 's wife had penned the lyrics . Breeskin owned the rights to the song and was aware of Murchison 's plight to get an NFL franchise . Angry with Marshall , Breeskin approached Murchison 's attorney to sell him the rights to the song before the expansion vote in 1959 . Murchison purchased `` Hail to the Redskins '' for $2,500 . Before the vote to award franchises in 1959 , Murchison revealed to Marshall that he owned the song and Marshall could not play it during games . After a few Marshall expletives , Murchison gave the rights to `` Hail to the Redskins '' to Marshall for his vote , the lone one against Murchison getting a franchise at that time , and a rivalry was born . 1970s The Cowboys playing against the Dolphins in Super Bowl VI . From 1970 through 1979 , the Cowboys won 105 regular season games , more than any other NFL franchise during that span . In addition , they appeared in 5 and won two Super Bowls , at the end of the 1971 and 1977 regular seasons . 1980s Danny White became the Cowboys ' starting quarterback in 1980 after quarterback Roger Staubach retired . Despite going to 12 -- 4 in 1980 , the Cowboys came into the playoffs as a Wild Card team . In the opening round of the 1980 -- 81 NFL playoffs they avenged their elimination from the prior year 's playoffs by defeating the Rams . In the Divisional Round they squeaked by the Atlanta Falcons 30 -- 27 . For the NFC Championship they were pitted against division rival Philadelphia , the team that won the division during the regular season . The Eagles captured their first conference championship and Super Bowl berth by winning 20 -- 7 . 1981 brought another division championship for the Cowboys . They entered the 1981 - 82 NFL playoffs as the number 2 seed . Their first game of the postseason saw them blowout and shutout Tampa Bay 38 -- 0 . For the Conference Title game they were pitted against the San Francisco 49ers , the number 1 seed . Despite having a late 4th quarter 27 -- 21 lead , they would lose to the 49ers 28 -- 27 . 49ers quarterback Joe Montana led his team to an 89 - yard game - winning touchdown drive connecting to Dwight Clark in a play known as The Catch . The Cowboys playing against the Broncos in Super Bowl XII . The 1982 season was shortened after a player strike . With a 6 -- 3 record Dallas made it to the playoffs for the 8th consecutive season . As the number 2 seed for the 1982 -- 83 NFL playoffs they eliminated the Buccaneers 30 -- 17 in the Wild Card round and dispatched the Packers 37 -- 26 in the Divisional round to advance to their 3rd consecutive Conference championship game . 3 times was not a charm for the Cowboys as they fell 31 -- 17 to division rival and eventual Super Bowl XVII champions Redskins . For the 1983 season the Cowboys went 12 -- 4 and made it once again to the playoffs but were defeated at home in the Wild Card by the Rams 24 -- 17 . Prior to the 1984 season , H.R. `` Bum '' Bright purchased the Dallas Cowboys from Clint Murchison Jr . Dallas posted a 9 -- 7 record that season but missed the playoffs for the first time in 10 seasons . After going 10 -- 6 in 1985 and winning a division title , the Cowboys were blown out in the Divisional round at home to the Rams 20 -- 0 . Hard times came for the organization as they went 7 -- 9 in 1986 , 7 -- 8 in 1987 , and 3 -- 13 in 1988 . During this time period Bright became disenchanted with the team . During the Savings and Loan crisis , the team and Mr. Bright 's Savings and Loan were taken over by the FSLIC . During an embarrassing home loss to Atlanta in 1987 , Bright told the media that he was `` horrified '' at coach Tom Landry 's play calling . The FSLIC forced Mr. Bright to sell the Cowboys to Jerry Jones on February 25 , 1989 . Jones immediately fired Tom Landry , the only head coach in franchise history , replacing him with University of Miami head coach Jimmy Johnson , who was also Jerry Jones ' teammate in University of Arkansas as a fellow defensive lineman and Michael Irvin was under his tutelage in college . With the first pick in the draft , the Cowboys selected UCLA quarterback Troy Aikman . Later that same year , they would trade veteran running back Herschel Walker to the Minnesota Vikings for five veteran players and eight draft choices . Although the Cowboys finished the 1989 season with a 1 -- 15 record , their worst in almost 30 years , `` The Trade '' later allowed Dallas to draft a number of impact players to rebuild the team . 1990s Johnson quickly returned the Cowboys to the NFL 's elite . Skillful drafts added fullback Daryl Johnston and center Mark Stepnoski in 1989 , running back Emmitt Smith in 1990 , defensive tackle Russell Maryland and offensive tackle Erik Williams in 1991 , and safety Darren Woodson in 1992 . The young talent joined holdovers from the Landry era such as wide receiver Michael Irvin , guard Nate Newton , linebacker Ken Norton Jr. , and offensive lineman Mark Tuinei , defensive lineman Jim Jeffcoat , and veteran pickups such as tight end Jay Novacek and defensive end Charles Haley . Five - time World Champions Mural Things started to look up for the franchise in 1990 . On Week 1 Dallas won their first home game since September 1988 when they defeated the San Diego Chargers 17 -- 14 . They went 2 -- 7 in their next 9 games but won 4 of their last 6 games to finish the season with a 4th place 7 -- 9 record . Coming into 1991 the Cowboys replaced offensive coordinator Dave Shula with Norv Turner ; the Cowboys raced to a 6 -- 5 start , then defeated the previously - unbeaten Redskins despite injury to Troy Aikman . Backup Steve Beuerlein took over and the Cowboys finished 11 -- 5 . In the Wild Card round they defeated the Bears 17 -- 13 for the Cowboys first playoff win since 1982 . In the Divisional round their season ended in a 38 -- 6 playoff rout by the Lions . In 1992 Dallas set a team record for regular season wins with a 13 -- 3 mark . They started off the season by defeating the defending Super Bowl champion Redskins 23 -- 10 . Going into the playoffs as the number 2 seed they had a first round bye before facing division rival the Philadelphia Eagles . The Cowboys won that game 34 -- 10 to advance to the NFC Conference Championship game for the first time in 10 years . They were pitted against the San Francisco 49ers , the number 1 seed . On January 17 , 1993 the Cowboys went to Candlestick Park and defeated the 49ers 30 -- 20 to clinch their first Super Bowl berth since 1978 . Dallas defeated the Buffalo Bills 52 -- 17 in Super Bowl XXVII , during which they forced a record nine turnovers . Johnson became the first coach to claim a national championship in college football and a Super Bowl victory in professional football . Despite starting the 1993 season 0 -- 2 , they again defeated the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVIII , 30 -- 13 ( becoming the first team in NFL history to win a Super Bowl after starting 0 -- 2 ) . Dallas finished the regular season 12 -- 4 as the number 1 seed of the NFC . They defeated the Green Bay Packers 27 -- 17 in the divisional round . In the NFC Conference Championship , Dallas beat the 49ers in Dallas , 38 -- 21 . Dallas sent a then - NFL record 11 players to the Pro Bowl in 1993 : Aikman , safety Thomas Everett , Irvin , Johnston , Maryland , Newton , Norton , Novacek , Smith , Stepnoski and Williams . Dallas Cowboys championship banners inside AT&T Stadium Only weeks after Super Bowl XXVIII , however , friction between Johnson and Jones culminated in Johnson stunning the football world by announcing his resignation . Jones then hired former University of Oklahoma head coach Barry Switzer to replace Johnson . The Cowboys finished 12 -- 4 in 1994 . They once again clinched a first round bye and defeated Green Bay 35 -- 9 in the Divisional Round . They missed the Super Bowl , however , after losing to the 49ers in the NFC Championship Game , 38 -- 28 . Prior to the start of 1995 season Jerry Jones lured All - Pro cornerback Deion Sanders away from San Francisco . Dallas started the season 4 -- 0 including shutting out their division rival New York Giants 35 -- 0 at Giants Stadium to open their season . Emmitt Smith set an NFL record with 25 rushing touchdowns that season . They ended the season 12 -- 4 and went into the playoffs as the number 1 seed . In the Divisional round they dispatched their division rival Eagles 30 -- 11 to advance to their 4th consecutive NFC Conference Championship Game , in which they defeated Green Bay , 38 -- 27 . In Super Bowl XXX the Cowboys defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 27 -- 17 at Sun Devil Stadium for their fifth Super Bowl championship . Switzer joined Johnson as the only coaches to win a college football national championship and a Super Bowl . The glory days of the Cowboys were again beginning to dim as free agency , age , and injuries began taking their toll . Star receiver Michael Irvin was suspended by the league for the first five games of 1996 following a drug - related arrest ; he came back after the Cowboys started the season 2 -- 3 . They finished the regular season with a 10 -- 6 record , won the NFC East title , and entered the playoffs as the number 3 seed in the NFC . They defeated Minnesota 40 -- 15 in the Wild Card round but were eliminated in the Divisional round of the playoffs 26 -- 17 by the Carolina Panthers . The Cowboys went 6 -- 10 in 1997 ( including losing their last 6 games of the season ) , with discipline and off - field problems becoming major distractions . As a result , Switzer resigned as head coach in January 1998 and former Steelers offensive coordinator Chan Gailey was hired to take his place . Gailey led the team to two playoff appearances with a 10 -- 6 record in 1998 and an NFC East championship , but the Cowboys were defeated in the playoffs by the Arizona Cardinals 20 -- 7 . In 1999 Dallas went 8 -- 8 ( during which Irvin suffered a career - ending spinal injury in a loss to the Philadelphia Eagles ) ending in another playoff loss ( this time to the Minnesota Vikings 27 -- 10 ) . Gailey was fired and became the first Cowboys coach who did not take the team to a Super Bowl . 2000 -- 09 Defensive coordinator Dave Campo was promoted to head coach for the 2000 season . Prior to the season starting cornerback Deion Sanders was released after 5 seasons with the team . He later signed with division rival Washington . In Week 1 , they were blown out 41 -- 14 by Philadelphia . That game was very costly when veteran quarterback Troy Aikman suffered a serious concussion which ultimately ended his career . Longtime NFL QB Randall Cunningham filled in for Aikman for the rest of the season at QB . The Cowboys finished the season in 4th place with a 5 -- 11 record . The only highlights of 2000 were Emmitt Smith having his 10th consecutive 1,000 yard rushing season and a season sweep over the Redskins . 2001 was another hard year in Dallas . Prior to the season starting Aikman was released from the team and he retired due to the concussions he had received . Jerry Jones signed Tony Banks as a QB . Banks had been a starter for half of the season the previous year for the Super Bowl Champion Baltimore Ravens before being benched . Jones also drafted QB Quincy Carter in the second round of that year 's draft , but Banks was released during the preseason . Ryan Leaf , Anthony Wright , and Clint Stoerner all competed for the quarterback position that season . Dallas again finished at 5 -- 11 , last place in the NFC East . They did sweep the Redskins for the 4th consecutive season . Prior to the 2002 season Dallas drafted safety Roy Williams with the 8th overall pick . The season started out low as the Cowboys lost to the expansion Houston Texans 19 -- 10 on Week 1 . By far the highlight of 2002 was on October 28 , when during a home game against the Seattle Seahawks , Emmitt Smith broke the all - time NFL rushing record previously held by Walter Payton . Their Thanksgiving Day win over the Redskins was their 10th consecutive win against Washington . However , that was their final win of 2002 : Dallas lost their next 4 games to finish with another last place 5 -- 11 record . The losing streak was punctuated with a Week 17 20 -- 14 loss against Washington . That game was Smith 's last game as a Cowboys player : he was released during the offseason . Campo was immediately fired as head coach at the conclusion of the season . Jones then lured Bill Parcells out of retirement to coach the Cowboys . The Cowboys became the surprise team of the 2003 season getting off to a hot 7 -- 2 season , but went 3 -- 4 for the rest of the season . They were able to win the division with a 10 -- 6 record but lost in the Wild Card round to eventual conference champion Carolina Panthers 29 -- 10 . In 2004 Dallas was unable to replicate their 2003 success , and ended 6 -- 10 . Quincy Carter was released during the preseason and was replaced at QB by Vinny Testaverde . Dallas got off to a hot 7 -- 3 start for the 2005 season but ended the season in 3rd place with a 9 -- 7 record . Prior to the season starting the Cowboys signed veteran Drew Bledsoe as a quarterback . 2006 was an interesting year for the Cowboys . Prior to the season Dallas signed free agent wide receiver Terrell Owens who was talented yet controversial . The Cowboys started the season 3 -- 2 . During a week 7 matchup against the Giants Bledsoe , who had been struggling since the start of the season , was pulled from the game and was replaced by backup Tony Romo . Romo was unable to salvage that game and Dallas lost 38 -- 22 . However , Romo was named the starter for team and went 5 -- 1 in his first 6 games . Dallas ended the season with a 9 -- 7 2nd - place finish . They were able to clinch the number 5 playoff seed . They traveled to play Seattle where the Seahawks won 21 -- 20 . After the season Parcells retired and was replaced as head coach by Wade Phillips . Dallas started off the 2007 season with a bang . They began the season with a 12 -- 1 start , including winning their first five games . Their only loss during that time span came against New England , who went undefeated that season . Despite dropping two of their last three regular season games , the Cowboys clinched their first number 1 NFC seed in 12 years , which also granted them a first round bye and home field advantage throughout the playoffs . The Cowboys lost in the divisional round 21 -- 17 to the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants . In the tumultuous 2008 season , the Cowboys started off strong , going 3 -- 0 for the second straight year , en route to a 4 -- 1 start . However , things soon went downhill from there , after quarterback Tony Romo suffered a broken pinkie in an overtime loss to the Arizona Cardinals . With Brad Johnson and Brooks Bollinger playing as backups , Dallas went 1 -- 2 during a three - game stretch . Romo 's return showed promise , as Dallas went 3 -- 0 . However , injuries mounted during the season with the team losing several starters for the year , such as Kyle Kosier , Felix Jones , safety Roy Williams and punter Mat McBriar , and several other starters playing with injuries . Entering December , the 8 -- 4 Cowboys underperformed , finishing 1 -- 3 . They failed to make the playoffs after losing at Philadelphia in the final regular season game which saw the Eagles reach the playoffs instead . On May 2 , 2009 , the Dallas Cowboys ' practice facility collapsed during a wind storm . The collapse left twelve Cowboys players and coaches injured . The most serious injuries were special teams coach Joe DeCamillis , who suffered fractured cervical vertebrae and had surgery to stabilize fractured vertebrae in his neck , and Rich Behm , the team 's 33 - year - old scouting assistant , who was permanently paralyzed from the waist down after his spine was severed . The 2009 season started on a positive with a road win against Tampa Bay , but fortunes quickly changed as Dallas fell to a 2 -- 2 start . In week five , with starting wide receiver Roy Williams sidelined by injury , receiver Miles Austin got his first start of the season and had a record setting day ( 250 yards receiving and 2 TDs ) to help lead Dallas to an overtime win over Kansas City . Following their bye week , Dallas went on a three - game winning streak including wins over Atlanta and NFC East division rival Philadelphia . Despite entering December with a record of 8 -- 3 , Dallas lost its slim grip on 1st place in the division with losses to the New York Giants and San Diego . Talks of past December collapses resurfaced , and another collapse in 2009 seemed validated . However , the Dallas team surged in the final three weeks of the season with a 24 -- 17 victory at the Superdome , ending New Orleans ' previously unbeaten season in week 15 . For the first time in franchise history , Dallas posted back - to - back shutouts when they beat division rivals Washington ( 17 -- 0 ) and Philadelphia ( 24 -- 0 ) to end the season . In the process , the Cowboys clinched their second NFC East title in three years as well as the third seed in the NFC Playoffs . Six days later , in the wild - card round of the playoffs , Dallas played the Eagles in a rematch of week 17 . The Cowboys defeated the Eagles for the first Cowboys ' post-season win since the 1996 season , ending a streak of six consecutive NFL post-season losses . Dallas ended their playoff run after a hard divisional playoff loss to the Minnesota Vikings . 2010 -- 13 After beginning the 2010 season at 1 -- 7 , Phillips was fired as head coach and was replaced by offensive coordinator Jason Garrett as the interim head coach . The Cowboys finished the season 6 -- 10 . With the 9th pick of the 1st round of the 2011 draft , the Cowboys selected USC tackle Tyron Smith . To start the 2011 season the Cowboys played the New York Jets on a Sunday night primetime game in New York , on September 11 , 2011 . The Cowboys held the lead through most of the game , until a fumble , blocked punt , and interception led to the Jets coming back to win the game . In week 2 Dallas traveled to San Francisco to play the 49ers . In the middle of the 2nd quarter , while the Cowboys trailed 10 -- 7 , Tony Romo suffered a rib injury and was replaced by Jon Kitna . Kitna threw 1 Touchdown and 2 interceptions until Romo returned in the 3rd quarter as Dallas trailed 17 -- 7 . Romo then threw 3 touchdown passes to Miles Austin as the Cowboys rallied to send the game into overtime . On the Cowboys opening possession after 49ers punt , Romo found WR Jesse Holley on a 78 - yard pass , which set up the game - winning field goal by rookie kicker Dan Bailey . Dallas ended the season 8 -- 8 . They were in a position to win the NFC East but lost to the Giants in a Week 17 primetime Sunday Night game on NBC which allowed New York to win the division . The Giants would go on to win Super Bowl XLVI . The Cowboys started off the 2012 season on a high note by defeating the defending Super Bowl Champion New York Giants 24 -- 17 on the opening night of the season . They would hover around the . 500 mark for the majority of the season . They lost a close Week 6 game to eventual Super Bowl XXVII Champion Baltimore Ravens 31 -- 29 at M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore . Going into Week 17 they found themselves once again one win away from winning the division . Standing in their way was the Redskins who had beat them on Thanksgiving at AT&T Stadium and whom were also one win away from their first division title since 1999 . Led by Robert Griffin III the Redskins defeated the Cowboys at home 28 - 18 . Dallas once again finished the season 8 -- 8 . In the 2013 season Dallas started off by defeating the Giants for the second straight year this time 36 -- 31 . It was the first time since AT&T Stadium had opened back in 2009 that the Cowboys were able to defeat New York at home . The win was punctuated by Brandon Carr returning an Eli Manning interception to a touchdown late in the 4th quarter . For the third straight year Dallas once again found themselves stuck in the . 500 area . In Week 5 , they lost a shootout to eventual AFC Champion Denver Broncos 51 -- 48 . They battled it out with Philadelphia for control of the division throughout the season . In December however they lost 2 crucial back to back games to Chicago and Green Bay . They were very successful in division games having a 5 -- 0 division record heading into another Week 17 showdown for the NFC East crown against the Eagles . That included beating Washington 24 -- 23 on Week 16 thanks to late game heroics of Tony Romo . However Romo received a severe back injury in that game which prematurely ended his season . The Cowboys called upon backup QB Kyle Orton to lead them into battle on the final week of the season . Orton was unsuccessful who threw a game ending interception to the Eagles which allowed Philly to win 24 -- 22 . Dallas ended the year at 8 -- 8 for the third year in a row . The only difference of this 8 -- 8 ending compared to the others was that Dallas ended the season in second place compared to the 2 previous 3rd - place finishes . 2014 Main article : 2014 Dallas Cowboys season To start off the 2014 season Dallas began by losing to San Francisco 28 -- 17 . After that they went on a 6 - game winning streak . The highlight of this streak was defeating the Seahawks at CenturyLink Field 30 -- 23 . In Week 8 , the Redskins won in overtime 20 -- 17 , and Romo 's back became once again injured . He missed next week , a home loss to the Arizona Cardinals 28 -- 17 with backup QB Brandon Weeden . Romo returnedin Week 9 to lead a 31 -- 17 victory of the Jacksonville Jaguars which was played at Wembley Stadium in London , England as part of the NFL International Series . Dallas played into their traditional Thanksgiving home game , this time against division rival Philadelphia . Both teams were vying for first place in the division with identical 8 -- 3 records . The Eagles got off to a fast start and the Cowboys were unable to catch up , losing 33 -- 10 . They would rebound the next week where on the road Thursday night game they defeated Chicago 41 -- 28 for their 9th win of the year to clinch their first winning season since 2009 . This was the first time that Dallas played on back to back Thursdays . Week 15 was a rematch against 1st place Philadelphia . This time it was the Cowboys who got off to a fast start going up 21 -- 0 . Then the Eagles put up 24 answered points but Dallas came back to win 38 -- 27 to go into first place for the first time in the season and improve to 10 -- 4 . Going into their Week 16 matchup at home against Indianapolis , Dallas was in a position to clinch their first division title since 2009 by defeating the Colts thanks to the Eagles losing that week to the Redskins . They would not disappoint as they blew out the Colts 42 -- 7 to become the 2014 NFC East Champions , eliminating the Eagles from the playoffs . Dallas would end the regular season with a 12 -- 4 record and an 8 -- 0 away record when they won on the road against Washington 44 -- 17 . They would also finish December 4 -- 0 which was huge for the Cowboys since they had struggled in the recent years in the month of December . On January 4 , 2015 , the Cowboys , as the number 3 seed , hosted the number 6 seed Detroit Lions in the wild card round of the NFL playoffs . In the game , the Lions got off to a hot start , going up 14 -- 0 in the first quarter . Dallas initially struggled on both sides of the ball . However , towards the end of the second quarter Romo threw a 76 - yard touchdown pass to Terrance Williams . Matt Prater of the Lions would kick a field goal before halftime to go up 17 -- 7 . Dallas came out swinging to start the second half by picking off Detroit quarterback Matthew Stafford on the first play of the third quarter . However , the Cowboys failed to capitalize on the turnover , as Dan Bailey missed a field goal during Dallas 's ensuing drive . Detroit then kicked another field goal to make the score 20 -- 7 . A DeMarco Murray touchdown later in that quarter closed the gap to 20 -- 14 . A 51 - yard Bailey field goal almost 3 minutes into the fourth quarter trimmed the Cowboys ' deficit to 3 . The Lions got the ball back and started driving down the field . On 3rd down - and - 1 of that Lions drive , Stafford threw a 17 - yard pass intended for Lions tight end Brandon Pettigrew , but the ball hit Cowboys linebacker Anthony Hitchens in the back a fraction of a second before he ran into Pettigrew . The play was initially flagged as defensive pass interference against Hitchens . However , the penalty was then nullified by the officiating crew . The Cowboys got the ball back on their 41 - yard line and had a successful 59 - yard drive which was capped off by an 8 - yard touchdown pass from Romo to Williams to give the Cowboys their first lead of the game at 24 -- 20 . The Lions got the ball back with less than 2 : 30 to play in regulation . Stafford fumbled the ball at the 2 minute mark . The fumble was recovered by Cowboys defensive end DeMarcus Lawrence , who then fumbled the ball which was recovered by the Lions . Lawrence would redeem himself by sacking Stafford on a 4th down - and - 3 play . The sack led to Stafford fumbling the ball again , which Lawrence recovered to seal the game for the Cowboys , who won 24 -- 20 . This was the first time in franchise playoff history that Dallas had been down by 10 or more points at halftime and rallied to win the game . The following week , the Cowboys traveled to Lambeau Field in Green Bay , Wisconsin to play the Packers in the divisional round . Despite having a 14 -- 7 halftime lead , the Cowboys fell to the Packers 26 -- 21 , thus ending their season . The season ended on an overturned call of a completed catch by Dez Bryant . The catch was challenged by the Packers , and the referees overturned the call because of the `` Calvin Johnson rule . '' During the 2015 offseason the Cowboys allowed running back DeMarco Murray to become a free agent . Murray signed with the division rival Philadelphia Eagles . On July 15 wide receiver Dez Bryant signed a 5 - year , $70 million contract . 2015 Main article : 2015 Dallas Cowboys season At home against the New York Giants , Dallas won 27 -- 26 . Dez Bryant left the game early with a fractured bone in his foot . On the road against the Philadelphia Eagles , Romo suffered a broken left collarbone , the same one he injured in 2010 , and Brandon Weeden replaced him . Dallas won 20 -- 10 to begin the season 2 -- 0 , but then went on a seven - game losing streak . Dallas finished the season 4 -- 12 and last in their division . 2016 Main article : 2016 Dallas Cowboys season After a preseason injury to Tony Romo , rookie quarterback Dak Prescott was slated as the starting quarterback , as Romo was expected to be out 6 -- 8 weeks . In game 1 against the New York Giants , Dallas lost 20 -- 19 . After this loss , Dallas would go on an eleven - game winning streak . After much speculation leading to a potential quarterback controversy , Romo made an announcement that Prescott has earned the right to take over as Cowboys quarterback . In game 10 , Romo suited up for the first time this season and was the backup quarterback . Dallas defeated the Baltimore Ravens to win their 9th straight game , breaking a franchise record of 8 straight games set in 1977 . It also marked rookie running back Ezekiel Elliott breaking Tony Dorsett 's single season rushing record for a Cowboys rookie . Prescott also tied an NFL rookie record held by Russell Wilson and Dan Marino by throwing multiple touchdowns in 5 straight games . Dallas finished 13 -- 3 , tying their best 16 - game regular season record . While Dallas defeated Green Bay at Lambeau Field in week 6 , the Packers would win at AT&T Stadium in the divisional round of the NFL playoffs on a last - second field goal , ending their season . Dak Prescott was named NFL Rookie of the Year in the NFL honors on February 4 , 2017 , and Ezekiel Elliott led the league in rushing yards . Both Prescott and Elliott made the 2017 Pro Bowl . This is the first time the Cowboys sent two rookies to the Pro Bowl . 2017 Main article : 2017 Dallas Cowboys season Logos and uniforms Logo The script logo . The Dallas Cowboys ' blue star logo , representative of Texas as `` The Lone Star State '' , is one of the most well - known team logos in professional sports . The blue star originally was a solid shape until a white line and blue border was added in 1964 . The logo has remained the same since . Today , the blue star has been extended to not only the Dallas Cowboys , but owner Jerry Jones ' AFL team , the Dallas Desperados that have a similar logo based on the Cowboys . The blue star also is used on other entries like an imaging facility and storage facility . Uniforms The Dallas Cowboys ' white home jersey has royal blue ( PMS 287 C ) solid socks , numbers , lettering , and two stripes on the sleeves outlined in black . The home pants are a common metallic silver - green color ( PMS 8280 C ) that help bring out the blue in the uniform . The navy ( PMS 289 C ) road jerseys ( nicknamed the `` Stars and Stripes '' jersey ) have white lettering and numbers with navy pinstripes . A white / gray / white stripe are on each sleeve as well as the collared V - neck , and a Cowboys star logo is placed upon the stripes . A `` Cowboys '' chest crest is directly under the NFL shield . The away pants are a pearlish metallic - silver color ( PMS 8180 C ) and like the home pants , enhance the navy in the uniforms . The team uses a serifed font for the lettered player surnames on the jersey nameplates . Dallas Cowboys ' current home uniform Dallas Cowboys ' current away uniform The team 's helmets are also a unique silver with a tint of blue known as `` Metallic Silver Blue '' ( PMS 8240 C ) and have a blue / white / blue vertical stripe placed upon the center of the crown . The Cowboys also include a unique , if subtle , feature on the back of the helmet : a blue strip of Dymo tape with the player 's name embossed , placed on the white portion of the stripe at the back of the helmet . Front of Dallas Cowboys helmet Back of Dallas Cowboys helmet Uniform history When the Dallas Cowboys franchise debuted in 1960 , the team 's uniform included a white helmet adorned with a simple blue star and a blue - white - blue stripe down the center crown . The team donned blue jerseys with white sleeves and a small blue star on each shoulder for home games and the negative opposite for away games . Their socks also had two horizontal white stripes overlapping the blue . c1960 -- 1963 Blue home uniforms White away uniforms In 1964 the Cowboys opted for a simpler look ( adopting essentially the team 's current uniform ) by changing their jersey / socks to one solid color with three horizontal stripes on the sleeves ; the white jersey featured royal blue stripes with a narrow black border , the royal blue jersey white stripes with the same black outline . The star - shouldered jerseys were eliminated ; `` TV '' numbers appeared just above the jersey stripes . The new helmet was silverblue , with a blue - white - blue tri-stripe down the center ( the middle white stripe was thicker ) . The blue `` lone star '' logo was retained , but with a white border setting it off from the silver / blue . The new pants were silverblue , with a blue - white - blue tri-stripe . In 1964 the NFL allowed teams to wear white jerseys at home ; several teams did so , and the Cowboys have worn white at home ever since , except on certain `` throwback '' days . In 1966 , the team modified the jerseys , which now featured only two sleeve stripes , slightly wider ; the socks followed the same pattern . In 1967 the `` lone star '' helmet decal added a blue outline to the white - bordered star , giving the logo a bigger , bolder look . The logo and this version of the uniform has seen little change to the present day . c1964 -- 1966 White home uniforms Blue away uniforms The only notable changes in the last 40 years were : from 1970 -- 1973 when the `` TV '' numbers were moved from the shoulders to the sleeves above the stripes from 1982 -- 1988 the pants featured a white uniform number in an elliptical blue circle worn near the hip . the removal of the indented serifs on the front and back jersey numbers in the early 1980s ( seen currently on the throwback jersey ) In 1980 the blue jersey was rendered in a slightly darker shade than the 1964 -- 79 version ; from 1981 -- 1994 the dark jerseys sported numbers that were gray with white borders and a blue pinstripe . The stripes on the sleeves and socks also used the same gray with white border scheme ( sans navy pinstripe ) . Player names on jersey backs , which appeared in 1970 , were originally in block - letter style ; from 1982 onward the names were slightly smaller and in footed , `` serif '' style . the 1996 addition of the word `` Cowboys '' in the center of the neckline which lasted until 1998 on the white jersey but currently remains on the blue jersey . During the 1976 season , the blue - white - blue stripe on the crown of the helmets were temporarily changed to red - white - blue to commemorate the United States ' bicentennial anniversary . The `` throwback '' NFL 75th Anniversary uniform was introduced in 1994 . In 1994 , the NFL celebrated their 75th Anniversary , and the Dallas Cowboys celebrated their back - to - back Super Bowl titles by unveiling a white `` Double - Star '' jersey on Thanksgiving Day . This jersey was used for special occasions and was worn throughout the 1994 -- 1995 playoffs . During the same season , the Cowboys also wore their 1960 -- 63 road jersey with a silver helmet for one game as part of a league - wide `` throwback '' policy . During the 1995 season , the team wore the navy `` Double - Star '' jersey for games at Washington and Philadelphia and permanently switched to solid color socks ( royal blue for the white uniform , and navy blue for the dark uniform ) . The navy `` Double - Star '' jersey was not seen again until the NFL 's Classic Throwback Weekend on Thanksgiving Day 2001 -- 2003 . In 2004 , the Cowboys resurrected their original 1960 -- 1963 uniform on Thanksgiving Day . This uniform became the team 's alternate or `` third jersey '' and was usually worn at least once a year , primarily Thanksgiving Day . Two exceptions were when the Cowboys wore their normal white uniforms on Thanksgiving in 2007 and 2008 . While the team did n't wear the throwback uniform exactly on Thanksgiving Day in those two years , Dallas wore them on a date around Thanksgiving for those two years . In 2007 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November 29 , 2007 against the Green Bay Packers . In 2008 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November 23 , 2008 against the San Francisco 49ers . The team went back to wearing this uniform at home on Thanksgiving Day in 2009 while their opponent was the Oakland Raiders who wore their AFL Legacy Weekend throwbacks . Dallas wore this alternate uniform on October 11 , 2009 as part of one of the NFL 's AFL Legacy Weekends when they traveled to Kansas City to play the Chiefs who were sporting their AFL Dallas Texans ' uniforms . This created a rare game in which neither team wore a white jersey and the first time the Cowboys wore the alternative uniform as a visiting team . The 1960 -- 1963 uniform may also be used on other special occasion . Other instances include the 2005 Monday Night game against the Washington Redskins when the team inducted Troy Aikman , Emmitt Smith , and Michael Irving into the Cowboys Ring of Honor , and the 2006 Christmas Day game against the Philadelphia Eagles . In 2013 , the NFL issued a new helmet rule stating that players will no longer be allowed to use alternate helmets due to the league 's enhanced concussion awareness . This caused the Cowboys ' white 1960s throwback helmets to become non-compliant . The team instead decided to wear their normal blue jerseys at home for Thanksgiving , which has since become an annual tradition . For 2017 , the team will wear blue jerseys at home on a more regular basis . Home / road jersey history In 1964 , Tex Schramm started the tradition of the Cowboys wearing their white jersey at home , contrary to an unofficial rule that teams should wear colored jerseys at home . Schramm did this because he wanted fans to see a variety of opponents ' colors at home games . Since then , a number of other teams have worn their white uniforms at home , including the Miami Dolphins . According to Mike McCord , the Cowboys ' equipment director , one of the reasons why the Cowboys started wearing white at home was because of the intense heat during Cowboys ' home games at Texas Stadium . Roger Staubach and Bob Lilly jerseys shown at Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton , Ohio . Throughout the years , the Cowboys ' blue jersey has been popularly viewed to be `` jinxed '' because the team often seemed to lose when they wore them . This purported curse drew attention after the team lost Super Bowl V with the blue jerseys . However , the roots of the curse likely date back earlier to the 1968 divisional playoffs , when the blue - shirted Cowboys were upset by the Cleveland Browns in what turned out to be Don Meredith 's final game with the Cowboys . Dallas 's lone victory in a conference championship or Super Bowl wearing the blue jerseys was in the 1978 NFC Championship game against the Los Angeles Rams . Since the 1970 NFL - AFL merger , league rules were changed to allow the Super Bowl home team to pick their choice of jersey . Most of the time , Dallas will wear their blue jerseys when they visit Washington , Philadelphia ( sometimes ) , Miami , or one of the handful of other teams that traditionally wear their white jerseys at home during the first half of the season due to the hot climates in their respective cities or other means . Occasionally opposing teams will wear their white jerseys at home to try to invoke the curse , such as when the Philadelphia Eagles hosted the Cowboys in the 1980 NFC Championship Game , as well as their November 4 , 2007 meeting . Various other teams followed suit in the 1980s . Although Dallas has made several tweaks to their blue jerseys over the years , Schramm said he did not believe in the curse . Since the league began allowing teams to use an alternate jersey , the Cowboys ' alternates have been primarily blue versions of past jerseys and the Cowboys have generally had success when wearing these blue alternates . With the implementation of the 2013 NFL helmet rule for alternate jerseys , the team decided instead to wear their regular blue jerseys for their Thanksgiving game , something they have not done at home since Schramm started the white - jersey - at - home tradition . Thanksgiving Day uniforms With the Cowboys traditionally hosting Thanksgiving Day games , separate uniform practices have been used for these games in recent years . Through the 2000 season , the Cowboys continued the usual practice of wearing white at home . In 2001 , the Cowboys wore blue at home for the first time in years , but it was an older design of the blue jersey . Dallas would lose the game , but again wore the older blue jersey at home on Thanksgiving the next year and won . With the 2002 victory , it seems an exception the theory of the blue jersey jinx is invoked on Thanksgiving . Thus , the Cowboys continued wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving from 2003 -- 2006 , however it was always an older - styled blue jersey . In 2007 and 2008 , the Cowboys returned to wearing white at home for their Thanksgiving game . Since 2009 , the Cowboys returned to wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving only ( From 2009 -- 2012 , the team again decided to go with an older - styled blue uniform as they had in previous years on Thanksgiving , and since 2013 have worn the newer - styled blue jersey ) . In the 2015 season , the Cowboys wore a variation of their 1990s `` Double Star '' jerseys for Thanksgiving , but with white pants and socks , as part of the NFL 's `` Color Rush '' design initiated during select Thursday games . Stadiums Cotton Bowl Main article : Cotton Bowl ( stadium ) The main entrance of the Cotton Bowl The Cotton Bowl is a stadium which opened in 1932 and became known as `` The House That Doak Built '' due to the immense crowds that former SMU running back Doak Walker drew to the stadium during his college career in the late 1940s . Originally known as the Fair Park Bowl , it is located in Fair Park , site of the State Fair of Texas . Concerts or other events using a stage allow the playing field to be used for additional spectators . The Cotton Bowl was the longtime home of the annual Cotton Bowl Classic college football bowl game , for which the stadium is named . ( Beginning with the January 2010 game , the Cotton Bowl Classic has been played at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington . ) The Dallas Cowboys called the Cotton Bowl home for 11 years , from the team 's formation in 1960 until 1971 , when the Cowboys moved to Texas Stadium . It is the only Cowboys stadium within the Dallas city limits . The Cowboys hosted the Green Bay Packers for the 1966 NFL Championship at the Cotton Bowl . Texas Stadium Main article : Texas Stadium The outside of Texas Stadium For the majority of the franchise 's history the Cowboys played their home games at Texas Stadium . Just outside the city of Dallas , the stadium was located in Irving , Texas . The stadium opened on October 24 , 1971 , at a cost of $35 million and with a seating capacity of 65,675 . The stadium was famous for its hole - in - the - roof dome . The roof 's worn paint had become so unsightly in the early 2000s that it was repainted in the summer of 2006 by the City of Irving . It was the first time the famed roof was repainted since Texas Stadium opened . The roof was structurally independent from the stadium it covered . The Cowboys lost their final game at Texas Stadium to the Baltimore Ravens , 33 -- 24 , on December 20 , 2008 . After Cowboys Stadium was opened in 2009 , the Cowboys turned over the facility to the City of Irving . In 2009 , it was replaced as home of the Cowboys by Cowboys Stadium , which officially opened on May 27 , 2009 in Arlington , Texas . Texas Stadium was demolished by implosion on April 11 , 2010 . AT&T Stadium Main article : AT&T Stadium AT&T Stadium during a game AT&T Stadium , previously named Cowboys Stadium , is a domed stadium with a retractable roof in Arlington , Texas . After failed negotiations to build a new stadium on the site of the Cotton Bowl , Jerry Jones along with the city of Arlington , Texas a suburb of Fort Worth , funded the stadium at a cost of $1.3 billion . The stadium is located in Tarrant County , the first time the Cowboys will call a stadium home outside of Dallas County . It was completed on May 29 , 2009 and seats 80,000 , but is expandable to seat up to 100,000 . AT&T Stadium is the largest domed stadium in the world . A highlight of AT&T Stadium is its gigantic , center - hung high - definition television screen , the largest in the world . The 160 by 72 feet ( 49 by 22 m ) , 11,520 - square - foot ( 1,070 m ) scoreboard surpasses the 8,736 sq ft ( 812 m ) screen that opened in 2009 at the renovated Kauffman Stadium in Kansas City , Missouri as the world 's largest . At the debut pre-season game of Cowboys Stadium , a punt by Tennessee Titans kicker , A.J. Trapasso , hit the 2,100 in . screen above the field . The punt deflected and was ruled in - play until Titans coach Jeff Fisher informed the officials that the punt struck the scoreboard . ( Many believe Trapasso was trying to hit the suspended scoreboard , based on replays and the angle of the kick . ) The scoreboard is , however , within the regulation of the NFL guidelines -- hanging approximately five feet above the minimum height . No punts hit the scoreboard during the entire 2009 regular season during an actual game . Also , on August 22 , 2009 , the day after AJ Trapasso hit the screen , many fans touring the facility noted that half of the field was removed with large cranes re-positioning the screen . According to some fans , a tour guide explained that Jerry Jones invited a few professional soccer players to drop kick soccer balls to try to hit the screen . Once he observed them hitting it consistently he had the screen moved up another 10 feet . The first regular season home game of the 2009 season was against the New York Giants . A league record - setting 105,121 fans showed up to fill Cowboys Stadium for the game before which the traditional `` blue star '' at the 50 - yard line was unveiled for the first time ; however , the Cowboys lost in the final seconds , 33 -- 31 . The Cowboys got their first regular season home win on September 28 , 2009 . They beat the Carolina Panthers 21 -- 7 with 90,588 in attendance . The game was televised on ESPN 's Monday Night Football and marked a record 42nd win for the Cowboys on Monday Night Football . On July 25 , 2013 , the Cowboys announced that AT&T will take over the naming rights for the stadium . Training camp Sites Dallas Cowboys training camp locations : 1960 : Pacific University , Forest Grove , Oregon 1961 : St. Olaf College , Northfield , Minnesota 1962 : Northern Michigan College , Marquette , Michigan 1963 -- 1989 : California Lutheran College , Thousand Oaks , California 1990 -- 1997 : St. Edward 's University , Austin , Texas 1998 -- 2002 : Midwestern State University , Wichita Falls , Texas 2001 : River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2002 -- 2003 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas . 2004 -- 2006 : River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2007 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas 2008 , 2012 -- 2015 : River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2009 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas 2010 -- 2011 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas and River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2016 -- present : The Ford Center at The Star , Frisco , Texas Rivalries The NFC East , composed of the Cowboys , Philadelphia Eagles , Washington Redskins and New York Giants , is one of the least - changed divisions of the original six formed in the wake of the NFL - AFL merger ( its only major changes being the relocation of the Cardinals franchise from St. Louis to Arizona and its subsequent move to the NFC West in the league 's 2002 realignment ) . Three of the four teams have been division rivals since the Cowboys ' entry into the NFL . As such , the Cowboys have some of the longest and fiercest rivalries in the sport . Washington Redskins Main article : Cowboys -- Redskins rivalry The Redskins and Dallas Cowboys enjoy what has been called by Sports Illustrated the top NFL rivalry of all time and `` one of the greatest in sports . '' Some sources trace the enmity to before the Cowboys were even formed , due to a longstanding disagreement between Redskins owner George Preston Marshall and Cowboys founder Clint Murchison Jr. over the creation of a new football team in the South , due to Preston 's TV monopoly in that region . The two teams ' storied on - field rivalry goes back to 1960 when the two clubs first played each other , resulting in a 26 -- 14 Washington victory . Since that time , the two teams have met in 100 regular season contests and two NFC Championships . Dallas leads the regular season all - time series 67 -- 44 -- 2 , and the Redskins lead the all - time playoff series 2 -- 0 . The Cowboys currently have a 13 -- 5 advantage over the Redskins at FedEx Field . Some notable moments in the rivalry include Washington 's victory over Dallas in the 1982 NFC Championship and the latter 's 1989 win over the Redskins for their only victory that season . The last Cowboys game with Tom Landry as coach was a win over Washington on December 11 , 1988 . In the 2010s , the Redskins have struggled to consistently compete for the Division title , but still play the Cowboys particularly tough , posting an impressive upset victory against Dallas in 2014 , despite being outclassed by the Cowboys in the overall standings . Philadelphia Eagles Main article : Cowboys -- Eagles rivalry The competition with Philadelphia has been particularly intense since the late 1970s , when the long - moribund Eagles returned to contention . In January 1981 , the two teams faced off in the NFC Championship , with Philadelphia winning 20 -- 7 . A series of other factors heightened tensions during the 1980s and 1990s , including several provocative actions by Philadelphia fans and Eagles head coach Buddy Ryan . Among these were the 1989 `` Bounty Bowls '' , in which Ryan allegedly placed a bounty on Dallas kicker Luis Zendejas and Veterans Stadium fans pelted the Cowboys with snowballs and other debris . A 1999 game at Philadelphia saw Eagles fans cheering as Michael Irvin lay motionless and possibly paralyzed on the field . In 2008 the rivalry became more intense when in the last game of the year in which both teams could clinch a playoff spot with a victory , the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the Cowboys 44 -- 6 . The following season , the Cowboys avenged that defeat by beating the Eagles three times : twice during the regular season to claim the title as NFC East champions and once more in a wild - card playoff game by a combined score of 78 -- 30 , including a 24 -- 0 shutout in week 17 . That three game sweep was Dallas ' first over any opponent and the longest winning streak against the Eagles since 1992 -- 1995 when Dallas won seven straight matches against Philadelphia . During the 2013 season Dallas won the first meeting 17 -- 3 at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia . They would meet again in Week 17 at AT&T Stadium with the winner clinching the 2013 NFC East title . The Cowboys came into the game at a disadvantage with starting quarterback Tony Romo out with a season ending back injury which put backup Kyle Orton as the starter . It was a tight game with the Eagles up 24 -- 22 with less than 2 minutes to go in regulation . Orton got the ball and started driving down the field when he was intercepted by the Eagles defense which ended the game and the Cowboys season . In 2014 , the Cowboys and Eagles both won against each other on the road , with Philadelphia posting a dominant 33 -- 10 win on Thanksgiving Day in Dallas , and Dallas returning the favor two weeks later by defeating the Eagles 38 -- 27 in Philadelphia . The second game between these rivals clenched a playoff spot for Dallas and led to formerly first place Philadelphia missing out on the post-season . Dallas leads the regular season all - time series 63 -- 50 . New York Giants Main article : Cowboys -- Giants rivalry The first game ever played between the Giants and Cowboys was a 31 -- 31 tie on December 4 , 1960 . Dallas logged its first win in the series on October 29 , 1961 and New York 's first was on November 11 , 1962 . Among the more notable moments in the rivalry was the Giants ' defeat of Dallas in the 2007 playoffs en route to their victory in Super Bowl XLII and winning the first regular season game played at Cowboys Stadium in 2009 . Dallas currently leads the all - time series 62 -- 45 -- 2 . Pittsburgh Steelers Main article : Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry The two teams met in the first regular season game the Cowboys ever played in 1960 ( a 35 -- 28 loss to the Steelers ) , the first - ever regular season victory for the expansion Cowboys in 1961 , and would later meet in three Super Bowls , all of them closely contested events . The Steelers - Cowboys is to date the Super Bowl matchup with the most contests . The Steelers won Super Bowl X and Super Bowl XIII ; both games were decided in the final seconds , first on a last - second throw by Roger Staubach , then as a fourth - quarter rally by Dallas fell short on an onside kick . The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX in January 1996 . It is said that the rivalry was fueled in the 1970s due to the stark contrast of the teams : the Cowboys , being more of a `` flashy '' team with Roger Staubach 's aerial attack and the `` flex '' Doomsday Defense ; while the Steelers were more of a `` blue - collar '' team with a strong running game and the 1970s-esque Steel Curtain defense , a contrast that still exists today . In addition , both teams have national fan bases rivaled by few NFL teams , and both come from areas with a strong following for football at all levels . Dallas leads the all - time series 16 -- 15 including the playoffs . San Francisco 49ers Main article : 49ers -- Cowboys rivalry The bitter rivalry between the Dallas Cowboys and San Francisco 49ers has been going on since the 1970s . The NFL Top 10 ranked this rivalry to be the tenth best in the history of the NFL . San Francisco has played Dallas in seven postseason games . The Cowboys defeated the 49ers in the 1970 and 1971 NFC Championship games , and again in the 1972 Divisional Playoff Game . The 1981 NFC Championship Game in San Francisco , which saw the 49ers ' Joe Montana complete a game - winning pass to Dwight Clark in the final minute ( now known as The Catch ) is one of the most famous games in NFL history . The rivalry became even more intense during the 1992 -- 1994 seasons . San Francisco and Dallas faced each other in the NFC Championship Game three separate times . Dallas won the first two match - ups , and San Francisco won the third . In each of these pivotal match - ups , the game 's victor went on to win the Super Bowl . Both the Cowboys and the 49ers are second all time in Super Bowl victories to the Pittsburgh Steelers with five each . The 49ers - Cowboys rivalry is also part of the larger cultural rivalry between California and Texas . The all - time series is tied with a record of 17 -- 17 -- 1 . Season - by - season records Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys seasons Players of note Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys players Current roster Dallas Cowboys roster view talk Quarterbacks 17 Kellen Moore 4 Dak Prescott 7 Cooper Rush Running backs 21 Ezekiel Elliott 20 Darren McFadden 46 Alfred Morris 41 Keith Smith FB 45 Rod Smith RB / FB Wide receivers 11 Cole Beasley 85 Noah Brown 88 Dez Bryant 19 Brice Butler 10 Ryan Switzer 83 Terrance Williams Tight ends 84 James Hanna 87 Geoff Swaim 82 Jason Witten Offensive linemen 75 Byron Bell T / G 71 La'el Collins T / G 64 Jonathan Cooper G / C 72 Travis Frederick C 79 Chaz Green G / T 73 Joe Looney C / G 70 Zack Martin G 77 Tyron Smith T Defensive linemen 97 Taco Charlton DE 96 Maliek Collins DT 98 Tyrone Crawford DE / DT 90 DeMarcus Lawrence DE 93 Benson Mayowa DE 58 Damontre Moore DE 55 Stephen Paea DT 92 Brian Price DT 99 Charles Tapper DE Linebackers 52 Justin Durant MLB / OLB 59 Anthony Hitchens MLB 50 Sean Lee OLB 54 Jaylon Smith MLB 51 Kyle Wilber OLB / MLB 57 Damien Wilson OLB / MLB Defensive backs 33 Chidobe Awuzie CB / FS 23 Bené Benwikere CB 30 Anthony Brown CB 24 Nolan Carroll CB 35 Kavon Frazier SS 38 Jeff Heath SS / FS 31 Byron Jones FS 27 Jourdan Lewis CB 32 Orlando Scandrick CB 25 Xavier Woods FS / SS Special teams 5 Dan Bailey K 6 Chris Jones P 91 L.P. Ladouceur LS Reserve lists -- Zac Dysert QB ( IR ) 80 Rico Gathers TE ( IR ) 94 Randy Gregory DE ( Susp . ) 95 David Irving DT / DE ( Susp . ) 26 Duke Thomas CB ( IR ) Practice squad 76 Richard Ash DT / DE 18 Brian Brown WR 78 Kadeem Edwards T / G 89 Blake Jarwin TE -- Jarron Jones T 14 Lance Lenoir WR 66 Lewis Neal DT / DE 28 Jameill Showers FS / SS 39 Marquez White CB Rookies in italics Roster updated September 25 , 2017 Depth chart Transactions 53 Active , 5 Inactive , 9 Practice squad → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Pro Football Hall of Famers Dallas Cowboys Hall of Famers No . Name Position Seasons Inducted 26 Adderley , Herb Herb Adderley CB 1970 -- 1972 1981 8 Aikman , Troy Troy Aikman QB 1989 -- 2000 2006 73 Allen , Larry Larry Allen 1994 -- 2005 2013 19 Alworth , Lance Lance Alworth WR 1971 -- 1972 1978 89 Ditka , Mike Mike Ditka TE 1969 -- 1972 1988 33 Dorsett , Tony Tony Dorsett RB 1977 -- 1987 1994 79 Gregg , Forrest Forrest Gregg OT 1971 1977 94 Haley , Charles Charles Haley DE 1992 -- 1996 2015 22 Hayes , Bob Bob Hayes WR 1965 -- 1974 2009 88 Irvin , Michael Michael Irvin WR 1988 -- 1999 2007 -- Jones , Jerry Jerry Jones Owner / Executive 1989 -- present 2017 -- Landry , Tom Tom Landry Coach 1960 -- 1988 1990 74 Lilly , Bob Bob Lilly DT 1961 -- 1974 1980 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1964 1998 -- Parcells , Bill Bill Parcells Coach 2003 -- 2006 2013 20 Renfro , Mel Mel Renfro CB 1964 -- 1977 21 Sanders , Deion Deion Sanders CB , KR 1995 -- 1999 2011 -- Schramm , Tex Tex Schramm President / GM 1960 -- 1989 1991 22 Smith , Emmitt Emmitt Smith RB 1990 -- 2002 81 Smith , Jackie Jackie Smith TE 1978 1994 12 Staubach , Roger Roger Staubach QB 1969 -- 1979 1985 54 White , Randy Randy White DT , LB 1975 -- 1988 1994 70 Wright , Rayfield Rayfield Wright OT 1967 -- 1979 2006 Texas Sports Hall of Fame Main article : Texas Sports Hall of Fame Super Bowl MVPs Although the Cowboys are tied with the 49ers for the second most Super Bowl victories ( Steelers have 6 ) , Dallas actually holds the record , with Pittsburgh , for the most Super Bowl games played ( 8 ) and solely holds the record the most Super Bowl MVPs with 7 : Super Bowl MVP Winners SB Player Position V Chuck Howley LB VI Roger Staubach QB XII Randy White DT Harvey Martin DE XXVII Troy Aikman QB XXVIII Emmitt Smith RB XXX Larry Brown CB Ring of Honor Unlike many NFL teams , the Cowboys do not retire jersey numbers of past standouts as a matter of policy . Instead , the team has a `` Ring of Honor '' , which is on permanent display encircling the field . Originally at Texas Stadium , the ring is now on display at AT&T Stadium in Arlington . The first inductee was Bob Lilly in 1975 and by 2005 , the ring contained 17 names , all former Dallas players except for one head coach and one general manager / president . Although the team does not officially retire jersey numbers , some are kept `` unofficially inactive '' , so it is uncommon to find any current players wearing the number of one of the `` Ring of Honor '' inductees . For instance , the jersey numbers of inductees Aikman ( 8 ) , Staubach ( 12 ) , Hayes and Smith ( 22 ) , Irvin ( 88 ) , and Lilly ( 74 ) were not worn during the 2008 season . For the 2010 season , number 88 was issued to rookie Dez Bryant . The Ring of Honor has been a source of controversy over the years . Tex Schramm was believed to be a `` one - man committee '' in choosing inductees and many former Cowboys players and fans felt that Schramm deliberately excluded linebacker Lee Roy Jordan because of a bitter contract dispute the two had during Jordan 's playing days . When Jerry Jones bought the team he inherited Schramm 's Ring of Honor `` power '' and immediately inducted Jordan . Jones also has sparked controversy regarding his decisions in handling the `` Ring of Honor '' . For four years he was unsuccessful in convincing Tom Landry to accept induction . Meanwhile , he refused to induct Tex Schramm ( even after Schramm 's induction to the Pro Football Hall of Fame ) . In 1993 , thanks in part to the efforts of Roger Staubach as an intermediary , Landry accepted induction and had a ceremony on the day of that year 's Cowboys - Giants game ( Landry had played and coached for the Giants ) . In 2003 , Jones finally chose to induct Tex Schramm . Schramm and Jones held a joint press conference at Texas Stadium announcing the induction . Unfortunately , Schramm did not live to see his ceremonial induction at the Cowboys - Eagles game that fall . Some of the more recent inductees were Troy Aikman , all - time NFL leading rusher Emmitt Smith , and Michael Irvin , known as `` The Triplets '' . The Cowboys waited until Smith had retired as a player before inducting Aikman and Irvin , so all three could be inducted together , which occurred during halftime at a Monday Night Football home game against the arch - rival Washington Redskins on September 19 , 2005 . The most recent inductees are defensive end Charles Haley , offensive lineman Larry Allen , and wide receiver Drew Pearson , who were inducted into the Ring of Honor during halftime of the Cowboys ' game vs. the Seattle Seahawks on November 6 , 2011 , and safety Darren Woodson , who was inducted on November 1 , 2015 . All - time first - round draft picks Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys first - round draft picks Head coaches and staff Head coaches Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys head coaches Current staff Dallas Cowboys staff Front Office Owner / President / General Manager -- Jerry Jones COO / Executive Vice President / Director of Player Personnel -- Stephen Jones Senior Director of Football Operations / Football Administration -- Todd Williams Director of Salary Cap & Player Contracts - Adam Prasifka Vice President Player Personnel -- Will McClay Senior Executive , College Scouting -- Tom Ciskowski Director of College Scouting -- Lionel Vital Director of Pro Scouting -- Alex Loomis Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Chris Hall Director of Football Research -- Tom Robinson Head Coaches Head Coach -- Jason Garrett Assistant Head Coach / Special Teams Coordinator - Rich Bisaccia Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Scott Linehan Quarterbacks -- Wade Wilson Running Backs -- Gary Brown Wide Receivers -- Derek Dooley Assistant Wide Receivers -- Kyle Valero Tight Ends -- Steve Loney Offensive Line -- Frank Pollack Offensive Assistant - Stephen Brown Assistant Offensive Line -- Marc Colombo Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator / Defensive Line -- Rod Marinelli Defensive Tackles -- Leon Lett Passing Game Coordinator / Linebackers -- Matt Eberflus Secondary -- Joe Baker Safeties -- Greg Jackson Defensive Assistant -- Turner West Special Teams Coaches Assistant Special Teams -- Keith O'Quinn Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Mike Woicik Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Brett Bech Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Kendall Smith Support Staff Director of Advance Scouting & Special Projects - Judd Garrett Assistant Coach / Special Projects -- Ben Bloom → Coaching Staff and Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television As of 2010 , the Cowboys ' flagship radio station is KRLD - FM . Brad Sham is the team 's longtime play - by - play voice . Working alongside him is former Cowboy quarterback Babe Laufenberg , who returned in 2007 after a one - year absence to replace former safety Charlie Waters . The Cowboys , who retain rights to all announcers , chose not to renew Laufenberg 's contract in 2006 and brought in Waters . However , Laufenberg did work as the analyst on the `` Blue Star Network '' , which televises Cowboys preseason games not shown on national networks . The anchor station is KTVT , the CBS owned and operated station in Dallas . Previous stations which aired Cowboys games included KVIL - FM , KRLD , and KLUV - FM . Kristi Scales is the sideline reporter on the radio broadcasts . During his tenure as Cowboys coach , Tom Landry co-hosted his own coach 's show with late veteran sportscaster Frank Glieber and later with Brad Sham . Landry 's show was famous for his analysis of raw game footage and for he and his co-host making their NFL `` predictions '' at the end of each show . Glieber is one of the original voices of the Cowboys Radio Network , along with Bill Mercer , famous for calling the Ice Bowl of 1967 and both Super Bowl V and VI . Mercer is perhaps best known as the ringside commentator of World Class Championship Wrestling in the 1980s . Upon Mercer 's departure , Verne Lundquist joined the network , and became their play - by - play announcer by 1977 , serving eight years in that capacity before handing those chores permanently over to Brad Sham , who joined the network in 1977 as the color analyst and occasional fill - in for Lundquist . Longtime WFAA - TV sports anchor Dale Hansen was the Cowboys color analyst with Brad Sham as the play - by - play announcer from 1985 -- 1996 . Dave Garrett served as the Cowboys ' play - by - play announcer from 1995 -- 97 , when Brad Sham left the team and joined the Texas Rangers ' radio network team as well as broadcast Sunday Night Football on Westwood One . Seeking to expand its radio broadcasting scope nationally , the Cowboys began a five - year partnership with Compass Media Networks on February 2 , 2011 . The result was the America 's Team Radio Network , a supplement to the franchise 's regional one . Beginning with the 2011 season , Kevin Burkhardt and Danny White handled the broadcasts , with Jerry Recco as the studio host . See also American football portal Dallas - Fort Worth portal Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders List of Dallas Cowboys seasons List of Dallas Cowboys players America 's Team Doomsday Defense References NFL 2002 Record & Fact Book ISBN 0 - 7611 - 2643 - 0 Jump up ^ `` 1960 Dallas Cowboys '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fingertip Information '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Dallas Cowboys Media Guide . Dallas Cowboys . July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AT&T Takes Naming Rights Of Stadium ; Now AT&T Stadium '' . Dallas Cowboys . July 25 , 2013 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History 1951 -- 1960 '' . National Football League . September 28 , 2015 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys Attendance Records -- 2015 Dallas Cowboys Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Dallas Cowboys . August 28 , 2015 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Team History : 1999 Dallas Cowboys '' . DallasCowboys.com . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2011 . Retrieved February 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ozanian , Mike ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` The Most Valuable Teams In The NFL '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Team Game Finder Query Results '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Law Nation ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) , The Story of Dallas Cowboys 1992 3rd Super Bowl , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 18 Jump up ^ `` Jeff Pearlman on the unbelievable story of the implosion of the Dallas Cowboys '' . the Guardian . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Cowboys Coaches '' . Cowboysplus.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Josh ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` The Injury List Just Keeps On Growing '' . DallasCowboys.com . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2008 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Network : Cowboys fire Wade Phillips as head coach , promote Jason Garrett '' . USA Today . November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys News : Dak Prescott And Ezekiel Elliott Headline Cowboys ' Pro Bowl Selections - Blogging The Boys '' . Blogging the Boys ( Dallas Cowboys blog ) . ^ Jump up to : Eatman , Nick ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Cowboys To Wear Blue Jerseys At Home Thursday '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys will wear navy jerseys at home more often '' . Jump up ^ Gross , Shannon ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` CowBuzz : Boys ' To Wear Navy Jerseys This Weekend '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( December 19 , 2005 ) . `` The Island of Misfit Unis '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Cowboys will wear navy jerseys at home more often '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DaSilva , Cameron ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's the real reason behind the Dallas Cowboys ' mismatched uniform colors '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( October 26 , 2007 ) . `` ESPN Page 2 -- Uni Watch : How ' bout them Cowboys ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams , Charean ( November 22 , 2001 ) . `` Cowboys going with retro look '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Jump up ^ Wallace , William N. ( January 7 , 1981 ) . `` EAGLES DEVISE COLOR SCHEME FOR COWBOYS '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys to Wash Out Blue '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . January 15 , 1981 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jarrett ( September 18 , 2009 ) . `` ' This transcends football ' : ' Boys boast as new stadium shines '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Popik , Barry ( 2009 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Jerrydome or Jerry Dome ( Dallas Cowboys Stadium in Arlington ) -- The Big Apple '' . Barrypopik.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Murph , Darren ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` Kansas City Royals to get ' world 's largest ' HD LED scoreboard '' . Engadgethd.com . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2009 . Retrieved May 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ MJD ( June 12 , 2008 ) . `` Jerry Jones aims to make all Cowboys ' fans blind by 2010 '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys reveal world 's largest HD LED screen to the public `` , LEDs Magazine , 2009 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Open & Shut '' Archived June 19 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , DallasCowboys.com , 2009 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved on 2009 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys shut down Panthers ' offense for first win in new stadium '' . ESPN . September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( 2013 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Cowboys Stadium now called AT&T Stadium after deal '' . National Football League . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` History of Dallas Cowboys Training Camp Sites , 2008 Update -- Know Your Dallas Cowboys Know Your Dallas Cowboys '' . Knowyourdallascowboys.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Records by Opponent '' . FootballDB.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beaver County Times & Allegheny Times Online -- Steelers '' . The Times . UK . 2008 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Michelle Munoz ( Contributor ) . `` Cowboys - 49ers : A Rivalry for the Ages '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Rivalries in the NFL : 49ers - Cowboys '' . Niners Nation . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Compass signs the Dallas Cowboys for new network '' Archived February 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Radio Business Report , Wednesday , February 2 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Radio Broadcast Information '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Further reading Aron , Jaime ( 2010 ) . Dallas Cowboys : The Complete Illustrated History . MVP Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 3520 - 8 . Hitzges , Norm ; St. Angelo , Ron ( 2007 ) . Greatest Team Ever : The Dallas Cowboys Dynasty of the 1990s . Rutledge Hill Press . ISBN 1 - 4016 - 0340 - 8 . Myers , Gary ( 2009 ) . The Catch : One Play , Two Dynasties , and the Game That Changed the NFL . Crown Archetype . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 40908 - 9 . Patoski , Joe Nick ( 2012 ) . The Dallas Cowboys : The Outrageous History of the Biggest , Loudest , Most Hated , Best Loved Football Team in America . Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 07755 - 2 . Pearlman , Jeff ( 2008 ) . Boys Will Be Boys : The Glory Days and Party Nights of the Dallas Cowboys Dynasty . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 125680 - 6 . St. John , Bob ( 2000 ) . Landry : The Legend and the Legacy . Word Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8499 - 1670 - 4 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dallas Cowboys . Official website NFL.com -- Dallas Cowboys Dallas Cowboys Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington , Texas Headquartered in Frisco , Texas Franchise Franchise History Coaches Players Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks The Ford Center at The Star Stadiums Cotton Bowl Texas Stadium AT&T Stadium Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day America 's Team Cheerleaders Doomsday Defense Crazy Ray Rowdy Jerry Jones Black Sunday ( film ) King of the Hill Lore Tom Landry Tex Schramm Captain Comeback Ice Bowl Hail Mary The Catch Herschel Walker trade Dirty Dozen Ring of Honor Bounty Bowl series Rivalries New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Green Bay Packers San Francisco 49ers Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Oilers / Texans Division championships ( 23 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1985 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2007 2009 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1966 1967 1970 1971 1977 1978 1992 1993 1995 League Championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1995 ( XXX ) Ring of Honor Bob Lilly Don Meredith Don Perkins Chuck Howley Mel Renfro Roger Staubach Lee Roy Jordan Tom Landry Tony Dorsett Randy White Bob Hayes Tex Schramm Cliff Harris Rayfield Wright Troy Aikman Michael Irvin Emmitt Smith Drew Pearson Charles Haley Larry Allen Darren Woodson Media Broadcasters Radio network KRLD - FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush Sports teams based in Texas Baseball MLB Houston Astros Texas Rangers PCL El Paso Chihuahuas Round Rock Express TL Corpus Christi Hooks Frisco RoughRiders Midland RockHounds San Antonio Missions AA Cleburne Railroaders Texas AirHogs ALPB Sugar Land Skeeters PL Alpine Cowboys SWL Royse City Griffins Waco BlueCats Basketball NBA Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets San Antonio Spurs G League Austin Spurs Rio Grande Valley Vipers Texas Legends WNBA Dallas Wings San Antonio Stars ABA Dallas Impact IBL Texas Lone Star Strikers Football NFL Dallas Cowboys Houston Texans CIF Amarillo Venom Dallas Marshals Texas Revolution Wichita Falls Nighthawks LFL Austin Acoustic WFA Arlington Impact Austin Outlaws Dallas Elite Houston Power IWFL Austin Yellow Jackets Houston Energy San Antonio Regulators South Texas Lady Crushers Hockey NHL Dallas Stars AHL San Antonio Rampage Texas Stars ECHL Allen Americans NAHL Amarillo Bulls Corpus Christi IceRays Lone Star Brahmas Odessa Jackalopes NA3HL Mid-Cities Junior Stars Texas Jr . Brahmas WSHL El Paso Rhinos Soccer MLS FC Dallas Houston Dynamo USL Rio Grande Valley FC Toros San Antonio FC NPSL Corinthians FC of San Antonio Dallas City FC Fort Worth Vaqueros FC Houston Dutch Lions Liverpool Warriors Midland - Odessa FC PDL Brazos Valley Cavalry F.C. FC Cleburne Houston FC Texas United FC Tyler FC MASL Dallas Sidekicks El Paso Coyotes RGV Barracudas NWSL Houston Dash UWS Houston Aces Australian rules football USAFL Austin Crows Dallas Magpies Houston Lonestars Roller derby WFTDA Alamo City Rollergirls Assassination City Roller Derby Cowboy Capital Rollergirls Dallas Derby Devils Houston Roller Derby Spindletop Roller Girls Texas Rollergirls West Texas Roller Dollz Rugby union TGU Alamo City Rugby Football Club Austin Huns Corpus Christi Rugby Football Club Dallas Harlequins R.F.C. Softball NPF Scrap Yard Dawgs Texas Charge Ultimate AUDL Austin Sol Dallas Roughnecks College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) ACU Baylor Houston Houston Baptist UIW Lamar North Texas PVAMU Rice Sam Houston State SMU Stephen F. Austin TCU Texas Texas A&M A&M - Corpus Christi Texas Southern Texas State Texas Tech UTA UTSA UTEP UTRGV City of Dallas History Mayors People Culture Climate Transportation Education Landmarks Neighborhoods Asian Trade District Bishop Arts District Casa Linda Cedars Deep Ellum Design District Downtown Exposition Park Fair Park Kessler Park Knox - Henderson Lake Highlands Lakewood Lower Greenville `` M '' Streets Oak Cliff Oak Lawn Park Cities Preston Hollow Trinity Groves Turtle Creek Uptown Victory Park West End Professional sports teams Dallas Cowboys Dallas Mavericks Dallas Stars FC Dallas Texas Rangers All Dallas articles Dallas Portal Texas Portal State of Texas MusicBrainz : 54baf951 - 5008 - 443b - b692 - 8e66ccedd64d Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dallas_Cowboys&oldid=802362025 '' Categories : Dallas Cowboys National Football League teams American football teams in Texas Sports clubs established in 1960 1960 establishments in Texas Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from September 2011 Articles that may be too long from November 2015 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 18 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last time the cowboys won the superbowl | [
"\n\nDallas Cowboys\n\n\n Current season\n\n\nEstablished January 28, 1960; 57 years ago (1960-01-28)[1]\nFirst season: 1960\nPlay in AT&T Stadium\nArlington, Texas\nHeadquartered in The Ford Center at The Star\nFrisco, Texas\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLogo\nWordmark\n\n\n\n\n\nLeague/conference affiliations\n\n\n\n\nNational Football League (1960–present)\n\nWestern Conference (1960)\nEastern Conference (1961–1969)\n\nCapitol Division (1967–1969)\n\n\nNational Football Conference (1970–present)\n\nNFC East (1970–present)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam colors\n\nNavy Blue, Metallic Silver, White, Royal Blue[2][3]\n \n\n\nMascot\nRowdy\n\n\nPersonnel\n\n\nOwner(s)\nJerry Jones\n\n\nCEO\nStephen Jones\n\n\nPresident\nJerry Jones\n\n\nGeneral manager\nJerry Jones\n\n\nHead coach\nJason Garrett\n\n\nTeam history\n\n\n\n\n\nDallas Cowboys (1960–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam nicknames\n\n\n\n\nAmerica's Team\nDoomsday Defense\nThe 'Boys\nBig D\n\n\n\n\nChampionships\n\n\n\nLeague championships (5)\n\nSuper Bowl championships (5)\n1971 (VI), 1977 (XII), 1992 (XXVII), 1993 (XXVIII), 1995 (XXX)\n\n\n\n\n\nConference championships (10)\n\nNFL Eastern: 1966, 1967\nNFC: 1970, 1971, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1992, 1993, 1995\n\n\n\n\n\nDivision championships (22)\n\nNFL Capitol: 1967, 1968, 1969\nNFC East: 1970, 1971, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1985, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\n\n\n\n\nPlayoff appearances (32)\n\n\n\n\nNFL: 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\n\n\n\n\nHome fields\n\n\n\n\nCotton Bowl (1960–1971)\nTexas Stadium (1971–2008)\nAT&T Stadium (2009–present)\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"1995"
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-241501245332941765 | Papa Was a Rollin' Stone | Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone - wikipedia Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' Single by The Undisputed Truth Released May 9 , 1972 Recorded 1971 `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' Single by The Temptations from the album All Directions Released September 28 , 1972 Format 7 '' single Recorded Detroit , Michigan Hitsville USA ( Studio A ) ; May 15 , June 14 , June 22 and June 28 , 1972 Genre Psychedelic soul Length 6 : 54 ( Single edit ) 12 : 02 ( Album mix ) Label Gordy G 7121 Songwriter ( s ) Norman Whitfield Barrett Strong Producer ( s ) Norman Whitfield The Temptations singles chronology `` Mother Nature '' ( 1972 ) `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' ( 1972 ) `` Masterpiece '' ( 1973 ) `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone ' 87 '' Single by The Temptations A-side `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone ' 87 '' Released Format 7 '' single 12 '' single CD Genre Soul Label Motown Songwriter ( s ) Norman Whitfield Barrett Strong `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' is a psychedelic soul song , written by Motown songwriters Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong as a single for Motown act The Undisputed Truth in 1971 . This version of `` Papa '' was released as a single in early 1972 and peaked at # 63 on the Pop Charts and # 24 on the R&B Charts , and was included on The Undisputed Truth 's 1973 album Law of the Land . Later that year , Whitfield , who also produced the song , took `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' and remade it as a 12 - minute record for The Temptations , which was a number - one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 and won three Grammy Awards in 1973 . While the original Undisputed Truth version of the song has been largely forgotten , The Temptations ' version of the song has been an enduring and influential soul classic . It was ranked number 168 on Rolling Stone 's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time , one of the group 's three songs on the list . In retrospect , The Temptations ' Otis Williams considers `` Papa '' to be the last real classic the group recorded ( it would be the Temptations ' last number one hit and would win them their second and final Grammy Award in a competitive category ) . Contents 1 Overview 2 Release and awards 3 Notable covers and remixes 4 Chart performance 4.1 The Temptations version 4.2 Remix version 4.3 Was ( Not Was ) version 5 Personnel 5.1 Undisputed Truth version 5.2 Temptations version 6 Sample 7 References 8 External links Overview ( edit ) Beginning with an extended instrumental introduction ( 3 : 53 in length ) , each of the song 's three verses is separated by extended musical passages , in which Whitfield brings various instrumental textures in and out of the mix . A solo plucked bass guitar part , backed by hi - hat cymbals drumming , establishes the musical theme , a simple three - note figure ; the bass is gradually joined by other instruments , including a blues guitar , wah - wah guitar , Wurlitzer electric piano , handclaps , horns , and strings ; all are tied together by the ever - present bass guitar line and repeating hi - hat rhythm . An unusual characteristic about this song is that it uses only one chord throughout -- B - flat minor . Vocal duties are performed in a true ensemble style : Temptations singers Dennis Edwards , Melvin Franklin , Richard Street ( who was a frequent fill - in for Paul Williams and his eventual replacement ) and Damon Harris ( who had replaced Eddie Kendricks as the group 's falsetto singer the previous year ) alternate vocal lines , taking the role of siblings questioning their mother about their now - dead father ; their increasingly pointed questions , and the mother 's repeated response ( `` Papa was a rollin ' stone / wherever he laid his hat was his home / and when he died , all he left us was alone '' ) paint a somber picture for the children who have never seen their father and have `` never heard nothing but bad things about him . '' Friction arose during the recording of `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' for a number of reasons . The Temptations did not like the fact that Whitfield 's instrumentation had been getting more emphasis than their vocals on their songs at the time , and that they had to press Whitfield to get him to produce ballads for the group . Norman Whitfield forced Dennis Edwards to re-record his parts dozens of times until he finally got the angered , bitter grumble he desired out of the usually fiery - toned Edwards . Whitfield 's treatment of the group eventually led to his dismissal as their producer . Legend has it that Edwards was angered by the song 's first verse : `` It was the third of September / That day I 'll always remember / ' cause that was the day / that my daddy died '' , as his father was said to have died on that date . It actually was on the third of October , however . The guitar parts were played by a young Paul Warren and Melvin `` Wah - Wah Watson '' Ragin The Temptations ' version of `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' followed in the extended - length `` cinematic soul '' tradition of the work of Isaac Hayes and others , and future songs like Donna Summer 's 14 - minute `` Love to Love You Baby '' and the instrumentals of MFSB expanded upon the concept in the mid-1970s . Release and awards ( edit ) A seven - minute edited version of `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' was released as a single in September 1972 . For this mix , congas were added to bolster the song 's sparse percussion ; this version appeared on the 1973 Anthology triple LP . The Temptations ' box set Emperors of Soul has the edited version in stereo , but without the congas . The B - side was the instrumental backing by The Funk Brothers without the Temptations ' vocals ( though Damon Harris ' final chorus is included after a single `` Unngh ! '' at the end of the second verse ) , this version appears on the Funk Brothers ' 2003 compilation 20th Century Masters : The Millennium Collection . `` Papa '' rose to number one on the U.S. pop charts and number five on the U.S. R&B charts , becoming the Temptations ' final pop number - one hit . The song , the anchor of the 1972 Temptations album All Directions , won three 1973 Grammys : its A-side won for Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Group ; its B - side won for Best R&B Instrumental ( awarded to Whitfield and arranger / conductor Paul Riser ) ; and Whitfield and Barrett Strong won for Best R&B Song as the song 's composers . Notable covers and remixes ( edit ) A number of notable covers of `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' have been recorded : Guitarist Jay Berliner included an instrumental cover of the song in his 1972 album Bananas Are Not Created Equal , making prominent use of effects . The Pioneers made a rocksteady cover of this song on a 1973 single produced by Joe Gibbs . Issac Hayes and Charlotte Kelly ( of Soul II Soul ) recorded a version of this song . In January 1995 , they also performed the song live on Taratata . The record producer and remixer Dr. Heinz Funkenpumpe released a remix of The Pioneers version in 2009 . Bill `` Wolf '' Wolfer created an electronic cover of the number for his 1982 debut album , Wolf . The single peaked at number 55 on the Billboard Hot 100 in January 1983 . Michael Jackson provided backing vocals . Luis Miguel recorded a Spanish - language version during the recording sessions of Soy como quiero ser in 1987 . It remains unreleased . The group Was ( Not Was ) covered the song on their 1990 album Are You Okay ? , and their version reached number 12 in the UK . George Michael performed the song during the Cover to Cover tour in 1991 , where it was blended with the Adamski hit `` Killer '' . It was released on the EP Five Live . This arrangement was also performed by Seal . In the `` Battle of the Groups '' segment of the TV special Motown Returns to the Apollo in 1985 the Four Tops sang the coda , much to the ( feigned ) outrage of the Temptations . Levi Stubbs , leader of the Tops , responded , `` I know this is your song , Temps , but get on out the way because we 're going to sing it . So get on out the way '' . As soon as they finished , the Temptations responded by singing the Tops ' hit , `` Baby I Need Your Loving '' . The rap group Run - DMC re-worked and sampled `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' for their song `` Papa Crazy '' , off their 1988 album Tougher Than Leather . David Lindley and his band El Rayo - X covered the song on their 1988 album Very Greasy . The song was parodied by comedian Bob Rivers in 1994 on Twisted Tunes : 1994 The Year in Review as `` Grandpa Loved the Rolling Stones '' . The song was covered by Los Lobos in 1999 on DET Live ! Vol. 1 Exclusive Live Performances from the Studios of WDET - FM . Lisa Fischer recorded the song and the version was featured on A Twist of Motown in 2003 . Rockapella performed the song on their concert album Live in Japan ( 2004 ) ; it is a staple at their live shows . George Baldi III , the current bass for Rockapella , sings lead . Lee Ritenour , Chris Botti , Kenya Hathaway , Grady Harrell , Taylor Dayne , and Nathan East recorded the song and the version on the album Overtime in 2005 . This song was covered in the episode 33 of Live from Daryl 's House , featuring Daryl Hall and the group Train , on August 15 , 2010 . Phil Collins ' 2010 Motown - covers album Going Back includes a cover of the song . Craig David recorded a version on his 2010 cover album Signed Sealed Delivered . The song was covered by David Hernandez on American Idol ( 2008 ) during the top 10 males week and by Allison Iraheta in 2009 during Motown week . Sublime 's song `` Same in the End '' references the song : `` Daddy was a rolling rolling stone , he rolled away one day and he never came home '' . Ugly Kid Joe covered the song for their 2015 release Uglier Than They Used ta Be with Dallas Frasca on guest vocals . Marcus Miller included his version of the song on his 2015 album Afrodeezia . Rare Earth also covered `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' , one of the very few all white bands signed by Motown , but the only one with major success . In 1997 , the instrumental part of this song was sampled in the song of Montenegrin singer Knez with lyrics `` Automatic '' . Format : B created a Tech house cover titled `` Rolling Clone '' . Released : 22 December 2014 ( Formatik Records ) Chart performance ( edit ) The Temptations version ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 -- 73 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 16 Canadian RPM Top Singles 12 France ( SNEP ) 42 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 11 Italy ( FIMI ) 12 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 5 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Listener ) 6 South African Chart 6 UK ( Official Charts Company ) 14 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot R&B Singles 5 Remix version ( edit ) Charts ( 1987 ) Peak position UK ( Official Charts Company ) 31 Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Back Catalogue Singles Wallonia ) 19 Was ( Not Was ) version ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 15 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 40 Canadian RPM Top Singles 57 Irish Singles Chart 11 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 13 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 14 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 22 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 6 UK ( Official Charts Company ) 12 US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play 10 US Billboard Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales 43 US Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Singles 60 Personnel ( edit ) Undisputed Truth version ( edit ) Lead and background vocals by Joe Harris , Billie Rae Calvin , and Brenda Joyce Temptations version ( edit ) Lead vocals by Dennis Edwards , Melvin Franklin , Richard Street , and Damon Harris Background vocals by Dennis Edwards , Melvin Franklin , Richard Street , Damon Harris , and Otis Williams Arranged and conducted by Paul Riser Instrumental by The Funk Brothers and The Detroit Symphony Orchestra Trumpet solo - Maurice Davis Sample ( edit ) `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' -- Undisputed Truth version Released in 1972 as a single from Law of the Land Problems playing this file ? See media help . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dimery , Robert ( 2011 ) . Hachette UK , ed. 1001 Songs : You Must Hear Before You Die . `` this seven - minute single ( a U.S. No. 1 ) and its near - twelve - minute album version remain the apex of the psychedelic soul era . '' Jump up ^ Clifford , Tyler . `` Local legendary Motown Sound trumpeter Maurice Davis dies at the age of 71 '' . Wxyz.com . The E.W. Scripps Co . Archived from the original on 21 October 2012 . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . `` Maurice Davis was involved in producer Norman Whitfield 's transition of the Motown Sound into a psychedelic soul label . Whitfield placed much emphasize on instrumentation over vocals , which allowed Davis and the Funk Brothers to shine . The Temptations were a major element in this endeavor , including the production of `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone . '' '' ^ Jump up to : Ribowsky , Mark ( 2010 ) . Ai n't Too Proud to Beg : The Troubled Lives and Enduring Soul of the Temptations . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 26117 - 0 . p. 232 Jump up ^ `` About '' . The Paul Warren Project . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` A brief history of Wah Wah Watson '' . Wah Wah Watson Music . Retrieved 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Berliner 's Bananas Are Not Created Equal tracklist '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Pioneers 's Papa Was a Rolling Stone cover of The Temptations 's Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' . WhoSampled.com . Retrieved 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . Billboard.com. 1983 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Halstead , Craig ; Chris Cadman ( 2003 ) . Michael Jackson : The Solo Years . Authors OnLine . ISBN 075520091 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1990 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive - 9th June 1990 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Overtime overview '' . Allmusic.com . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Tauss , Lucy ( July -- August 2005 ) . `` Overtime Lee Ritenour '' . JazzTimes.com . JazzTimes , Inc . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine . `` Going Back review on Allmusic '' . Allmusic.com . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Craig David 's Papa Was a Rolling Stone cover of The Temptations 's Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' . WhoSampled.com . Retrieved 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Temptations -- Papa Was A Rollin ' Stone '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Papa was a rollin ' stone in Canadian Top Singles Chart '' ( PDF ) . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Papa was a rollin ' stone in French Chart '' . Dominic DURAND / InfoDisc . Archived from the original on 20 September 2013 . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . You have to use the index at the top of the page and search `` Temptations '' Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- The Temptations -- Papa Was A Rollin ' Stone '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` The best - selling singles of 1973 in Italy '' . HitParadeItalia ( it ) . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . 62 . Papa was a rolling stone - The Temptations ( # 12 ) Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- The Temptations '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Temptations -- Papa Was A Rollin ' Stone '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ Flavour of New Zealand , 12 February 1973 Jump up ^ Samson , John . `` Papa was a rollin ' stone in South African Chart '' . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Temptations '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Directions awards on Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Back Catalogue Singles -- 7 February 2009 '' . Ultratop 50 . Hung Medien . Retrieved 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Was ( Not Was ) -- Papa Was A Rolling Stone '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Was ( Not Was ) -- Papa Was A Rolling Stone '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Papa was a rolling stone in Canadian Top Singles Chart '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Papa was a rolling stone in Irish Chart '' . IRMA . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Only one result when searching `` Papa was a rolling stone '' Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Was Not Was '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Was ( Not Was ) -- Papa Was A Rolling Stone '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Was ( Not Was ) -- Papa Was A Rolling Stone '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Was ( Not Was ) -- Papa Was A Rolling Stone '' . Swiss Singles Chart . ^ Jump up to : `` Are You Okay ? awards on Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Temptations Otis Williams Ron Tyson Terry Weeks Larry Braggs Willie Green Melvin Franklin Eddie Kendricks Paul Williams Elbridge Bryant David Ruffin Dennis Edwards Ricky Owens Richard Street Damon Harris Glenn Leonard Louis Price Ali - Ollie Woodson Theo Peoples Harry McGilberry Barrington `` Bo '' Henderson Ray Davis G.C. Cameron Joe Herndon Bruce Williamson Studio albums Meet the Temptations The Temptations Sing Smokey The Temptin ' Temptations Gettin ' Ready The Temptations with a Lot o ' Soul The Temptations Wish It Would Rain Cloud Nine Puzzle People Psychedelic Shack Sky 's the Limit Solid Rock All Directions Masterpiece A Song for You House Party Wings of Love The Temptations Do the Temptations Bare Back Hear to Tempt You Power The Temptations Reunion Surface Thrills Back to Basics Truly for You Touch Me To Be Continued ... Together Again Special Milestone Phoenix Rising Ear - Resistible Awesome Legacy Still Here Cover albums The Temptations in a Mellow Mood For Lovers Only Reflections Back to Front Live albums Temptations Live ! Live at the Copa Live at London 's Talk of the Town The Temptations in Japan Other albums Diana Ross & the Supremes Join The Temptations TCB The Temptations Show Together On Broadway The Temptations Christmas Card Give Love at Christmas Lost and Found : You 've Got to Earn It ( 1962 -- 1968 ) Compilations Greatest Hits Greatest Hits II Anthology Emperors of Soul The Ultimate Collection My Girl : The Very Best of the Temptations Psychedelic Soul Singles ( US / UK Top 10 ) `` My Girl '' `` Get Ready '' `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' `` Beauty Is Only Skin Deep '' `` ( I Know ) I 'm Losing You '' `` All I Need '' `` You 're My Everything '' `` I Wish It Would Rain '' `` I Could Never Love Another ( After Loving You ) '' `` Cloud Nine '' `` I 'm Gonna Make You Love Me '' `` Run Away Child , Running Wild '' `` I Ca n't Get Next to You '' `` Psychedelic Shack '' `` Ball of Confusion ( That 's What the World Is Today ) '' `` Just My Imagination ( Running Away with Me ) '' `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' `` Masterpiece '' `` Let Your Hair Down '' `` Happy People '' `` Shakey Ground '' `` Treat Her Like a Lady '' `` The Motown Song '' `` My Girl '' ( reissue ) Related The Temptations ( miniseries ) Discography The Supremes The Undisputed Truth Norman Whitfield Barrett Strong Sly Stone George Clinton Book The Temptations singles discography 1960s `` Oh Mother of Mine '' ( 1961 ) `` Check Yourself '' ( 1961 ) `` ( You 're My ) Dream Come True '' ( 1962 ) `` Mind Over Matter ( I 'm Gonna Make You Mine ) '' ( 1962 ) `` Paradise '' ( 1962 ) `` I Want a Love I Can See '' ( 1963 ) `` Farewell My Love '' ( 1963 ) `` The Way You Do the Things You Do '' ( 1964 ) `` I 'll Be in Trouble '' ( 1964 ) / `` The Girl 's Alright with Me '' ( 1964 ) `` Girl ( Why You Wanna Make Me Blue ) '' ( 1964 ) `` My Girl '' ( 1964 ) `` It 's Growing '' ( 1965 ) `` Since I Lost My Baby '' ( 1965 ) / `` You 've Got to Earn It '' ( 1965 ) `` My Baby '' ( 1965 ) / `` Do n't Look Back '' ( 1965 ) `` Get Ready '' ( 1966 ) `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' ( 1966 ) `` Beauty Is Only Skin Deep '' ( 1966 ) `` ( I Know ) I 'm Losing You '' ( 1966 ) `` All I Need '' ( 1967 ) `` You 're My Everything '' ( 1967 ) / `` I 've Been Good To You '' ( 1967 ) `` ( Loneliness Made Me Realize ) It 's You That I Need '' ( 1967 ) `` I Wish It Would Rain '' ( 1968 ) / `` I Truly , Truly Believe '' ( 1968 ) `` I Could Never Love Another ( After Loving You ) '' ( 1968 ) `` Please Return Your Love to Me '' ( 1968 ) `` Cloud Nine '' ( 1968 ) `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' ( 1968 ) / `` Silent Night '' ( 1968 ) `` I 'm Gonna Make You Love Me '' ( 1969 ) `` Runaway Child , Running Wild '' ( 1969 ) `` I 'll Try Something New '' ( 1969 ) `` Do n't Let the Joneses Get You Down '' ( 1969 ) `` I Second That Emotion '' ( 1969 ) `` I Ca n't Get Next to You '' ( 1969 ) `` The Weight '' ( 1969 ) 1970s `` Psychedelic Shack '' ( 1970 ) `` Why ( Must We Fall in Love ) '' ( 1970 ) `` Ball of Confusion ( That 's What the World Is Today ) '' ( 1970 ) `` Ungena Za Ulimwengu ( Unite the World ) '' ( 1970 ) / `` Hum Along and Dance '' ( 1970 ) `` Just My Imagination ( Running Away with Me ) '' ( 1971 ) `` It 's Summer '' ( 1971 ) `` Superstar ( Remember How You Got Where You Are ) '' ( 1971 ) `` Take a Look Around '' ( 1972 ) `` Mother Nature '' ( 1972 ) / `` Funky Music Sho Nuff Turns Me On '' ( 1972 ) `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' ( 1972 ) `` Masterpiece '' ( 1973 ) `` Plastic Man '' ( 1973 ) `` Hey Girl ( I Like Your Style ) '' ( 1973 ) `` Law of the Land '' ( 1973 ) `` Let Your Hair Down '' ( 1973 ) `` Heavenly '' ( 1974 ) `` You 've Got My Soul on Fire '' ( 1974 ) `` Happy People '' ( 1974 ) `` Shakey Ground '' ( 1975 ) `` Glasshouse '' ( 1975 ) `` Keep Holdin ' On '' ( 1976 ) `` Up the Creek ( Without a Paddle ) '' ( 1976 ) `` Who are You ( and What are You Doing the Rest of Your Life ) '' ( 1976 ) `` In a Lifetime '' ( 1977 ) `` Think for Yourself '' ( 1977 ) `` Bare Back '' ( 1978 ) `` Ever Ready Love '' ( 1978 ) 1980s `` Power '' ( 1980 ) `` Struck By Lightning Twice '' ( 1980 ) `` Aiming At Your Heart '' ( 1981 ) `` Oh What A Night '' ( 1981 ) `` Standing On The Top - Pt. 1 '' ( 1982 ) `` More On The Inside '' ( 1982 ) `` Money 's Hard To Get '' ( 1982 ) `` Love On My Mind Tonight '' ( 1983 ) `` Surface Thrills '' ( 1983 ) `` Miss Busy Body ( Get Your Body Busy ) '' ( 1983 ) `` Sail Away '' ( 1984 ) `` Treat Her Like a Lady '' ( 1984 ) `` My Love Is True ( Truly For You ) '' ( 1985 ) `` How Can You Say That It 's Over '' ( 1985 ) `` Do You Really Love Your Baby '' ( 1985 ) `` Deeper Than Love '' ( 1985 ) `` Touch Me '' ( 1986 ) `` I 'm Fascinated '' ( 1986 ) `` A Fine Mess '' ( 1986 ) `` My Girl '' ( re-issue ) ( 1986 ) `` Lady Soul '' ( 1986 ) `` To Be Continued ... '' ( 1986 ) `` Someone '' ( 1987 ) `` I Wonder Who She 's Seeing Now '' ( 1987 ) `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' ( re-issue ) ( 1987 ) `` Look What You Started '' ( 1987 ) `` Do You Wanna Go With Me '' ( 1988 ) `` All I Want From You '' ( 1989 ) `` Special '' ( 1989 ) `` Loveline '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` Soul to Soul '' ( 1990 ) `` One Step At A Time ( Remix ) '' ( 1990 ) `` The Motown Song '' ( 1991 ) `` The Jones '' ( 1991 ) `` My Girl '' ( re-issue ) ( 1992 ) `` Hoops of Fire '' ( 1992 ) `` Error of Our Ways '' ( 1994 ) `` Silent Night '' ( 1995 ) `` Stay '' ( 1998 ) `` This is My Promise '' ( 1998 ) `` How Could He Hurt You '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` I 'm Here '' ( 2000 ) The Undisputed Truth Joe Harris Billie Rae Calvin Brenda Joyce Evans Virginia `` V '' McDonald Tyrone `` Big Ty '' Douglas Tyrone `` Lil Ty '' Barkeley Calvin `` Dhaak '' Stephenson Taka Boom Marcy Thomas Melvin Stewart Lloyd Williams Studio albums The Undisputed Truth ( 1971 ) Face to Face With the Truth ( 1972 ) Law of the Land ( 1973 ) Down to Earth ( 1974 ) Cosmic Truth ( 1975 ) Higher Than High ( 1975 ) Method to the Madness ( 1976 ) Smokin ' ( 1979 ) Singles `` Save My Love for a Rainy Day '' ( 1971 ) `` Smiling Faces Sometimes '' ( 1971 ) `` You Make Your Heaven and Hell Right Here on Earth '' ( 1971 ) `` What It Is '' ( 1972 ) `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' ( 1972 ) `` Superstar ( Remember How You Got Where You Are ) '' ( 1972 ) `` Girl , You 're Alright '' ( 1972 ) `` Mama , I Got a Brand New Thing ( Do n't Say No ) '' ( 1973 ) `` Law of the Land '' ( 1973 ) `` Help Yourself '' ( 1974 ) `` I 'm a Fool for You '' ( 1974 ) `` Lil ' Red Riding Hood '' ( 1974 ) `` UFOs '' ( 1975 ) `` Higher Than High '' ( 1975 ) `` Boogie Bump Boogie '' ( 1975 ) `` You + Me = Love '' ( 1976 ) `` Let 's Go Down to the Disco '' ( 1976 ) `` Sunshine '' ( 1977 ) `` Show Time '' ( 1979 ) `` I Ca n't Get Enough of Your Love '' ( 1979 ) Related articles Norman Whitfield The Temptations Book : The Undisputed Truth Was ( Not Was ) David Was Don Was `` Sweet Pea '' Atkinson Harry Bowens Studio albums Was ( Not Was ) Born to Laugh at Tornadoes What Up , Dog ? Are You Okay ? Boo ! Singles `` Wheel Me Out '' `` Out Come the Freaks '' `` Where Did Your Heart Go ? '' `` Tell Me That I 'm Dreaming '' `` Smile '' `` Knocked Down , Made Small ( Treated Like a Rubber Ball ) '' `` ( Return to the Valley of ) Out Come the Freaks '' `` Robot Girl '' `` Spy in the House of Love '' `` Walk the Dinosaur '' `` Out Come the Freaks ( Again ) '' `` Anything Can Happen '' `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' `` How the Heart Behaves '' `` I Feel Better Than James Brown '' `` Listen Like Thieves '' `` Shake Your Head '' `` Somewhere in America ( There 's a Street Named after My Dad ) '' Contributions A Christmas Record That 's The Way I Feel Now : A Tribute to Thelonious Monk Stay Awake : Various Interpretations of Music from Vintage Disney Films Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papa_Was_a_Rollin%27_Stone&oldid=856467278 '' Categories : 1971 songs 1972 singles 1987 singles Songs written by Barrett Strong Songs written by Norman Whitfield The Temptations songs George Michael songs Was ( Not Was ) songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Motown singles Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Psychedelic soul songs Songs about loneliness Song recordings produced by Norman Whitfield Songs about parenthood Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Swiss Talk Contributions Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano Nederlands Русский Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 12 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote papa was a rolling stone lyrics | [
"\"Papa Was a Rollin' Stone\" is a psychedelic soul song, written by Motown songwriters Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong as a single for Motown act The Undisputed Truth in 1971. This version of \"Papa\" was released as a single in early 1972 and peaked at #63 on the Pop Charts and #24 on the R&B Charts, and was included on The Undisputed Truth's 1973 album Law of the Land.\n",
"\"Papa Was a Rollin' Stone\" is a psychedelic soul song, written by Motown songwriters Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong as a single for Motown act The Undisputed Truth in 1971. This version of \"Papa\" was released as a single in early 1972 and peaked at #63 on the Pop Charts and #24 on the R&B Charts, and was included on The Undisputed Truth's 1973 album Law of the Land.\n"
] | [
"Norman Whitfield",
"Barrett Strong"
] |
-5472653482834071883 | First Epistle to the Corinthians | First Epistle to the Corinthians - wikipedia First Epistle to the Corinthians Jump to : navigation , search `` Corinthians '' redirects here . For other uses , see Corinthian ( disambiguation ) . This article uncritically uses texts from within a religion or faith system without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them . Please help improve this article by adding references to reliable secondary sources , with multiple points of view . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series of articles on Paul in the Bible Pauline literature ( show ) Romans I Corinthians II Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians I Thessalonians II Thessalonians Pastoral epistles I Timothy II Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews Authorship ( show ) Paul the Apostle Related literature ( show ) Lost epistles Apocalypse of Paul Coptic Apocalypse of Paul Corinthians to Paul Acts of Paul Paul and Thecla Peter and Paul Prayer of Paul See also ( show ) Apostle ( Christian ) Pauline Christianity Books of the New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Acts of the Apostles Epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalypse Revelation New Testament manuscripts The First Epistle to the Corinthians ( Ancient Greek : Α _́ _̓ Επιστολὴ πρὸς Κορινθίους ) , usually referred to simply as First Corinthians and often written 1 Corinthians , is one of the Pauline epistles of the New Testament of the Christian Bible . The epistle says that Paul the Apostle and `` Sosthenes our brother '' wrote it to `` the church of God which is at Corinth '' 1Cor. 1 : 1 -- 2 although the scholarly consensus holds that Sosthenes was the amanuensis who wrote down the text of the letter at Paul 's direction . Called `` a masterpiece of pastoral theology '' , it addresses various issues that had arisen in the Christian community at Corinth . This epistle contains some well - known phrases , including : `` all things to all men '' ( 9 : 22 ) , `` through a glass , darkly '' ( 13 : 12 ) , and `` When I was a child , I spoke as a child , I understood as a child , I thought as a child '' ( 13 : 11 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Authorship 2 Composition 3 Structure 4 Content 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Authorship ( edit ) Further information : Authorship of the Pauline epistles There is consensus among historians and Christian theologians that Paul is the author of the First Epistle to the Corinthians ( c . AD 53 -- 54 ) . The letter is quoted or mentioned by the earliest of sources , and is included in every ancient canon , including that of Marcion . The personal and even embarrassing texts about immorality in the church increase consensus . However , two passages may have been inserted at a later stage . The first passage is 1 Corinthians 11 : 2 -- 16 , dealing with praying and prophesying with head covering . The second passage is 1 Corinthians 14 : 34 -- 35 , whose authenticity has been hotly debated . Part of the reason for doubt is that in some manuscripts , the verses come at the end of the chapter instead of at its present location . Furthermore , Paul is here appealing to the law which is uncharacteristic of him . Lastly , the verses come into conflict with 11 : 5 where women are described as praying and prophesying . Composition ( edit ) About the year AD 50 , towards the end of his second missionary journey , Paul founded the church in Corinth , before moving on to Ephesus , a city on the west coast of today 's Turkey , about 180 miles by sea from Corinth . From there he traveled to Caesarea , and Antioch . Paul returned to Ephesus on his third missionary journey and spent approximately three years there ( Acts 19 : 8 , 19 : 10 , 20 : 31 ) . It was while staying in Ephesus that he received disconcerting news of the community in Corinth regarding jealousies , rivalry , and immoral behavior . It also appears that Stephanas and others had arrived from Corinth requesting clarification on a number of matters including marriage , and the consumption of meat previously offered to idols . According to Acts of the Apostles 18 : 1 -- 17 , the letter was written during this time in Ephesus , which is usually dated as being in the range of AD 53 -- 57 . Anthony C. Thiselton suggests that it is possible that I Corinthians was written during Paul 's first ( brief ) stay in Ephesus , at the end of his Second Journey , usually dated to early AD 54 . However , it is more likely that it was written during his extended stay in Ephesus , where he refers to sending Timothy to them ( Acts 19 : 22 , I Cor. 4 : 17 ) . Structure ( edit ) 1 Cor. 1 : 1 -- 21 from the 8th century in Codex Amiatinus 1 Cor. 1 : 1 -- 2a from the 14th century Minuscule 223 The epistle may be divided into seven parts : Salutation ( 1 : 1 -- 3 ) Paul addresses the issue regarding challenges to his apostleship and defends the issue by claiming that it was given to him through a revelation from Christ . The salutation ( the first section of the letter ) reinforces the legitimacy of Paul 's apostolic claim . Thanksgiving ( 1 : 4 -- 9 ) The thanksgiving part of the letter is typical of Hellenistic letter writing . In a thanksgiving recitation the writer thanks God for health , a safe journey , deliverance from danger , or good fortune . In this letter , the thanksgiving `` introduces charismata and gnosis , topics to which Paul will return and that he will discuss at greater length later in the letter '' . Division in Corinth ( 1 : 10 -- 4 : 21 ) Facts of division Causes of division Cure for division Immorality in Corinth ( 5 : 1 -- 6 : 20 ) Discipline an immoral Brother Resolving personal disputes Sexual purity Difficulties in Corinth ( 7 : 1 -- 14 : 40 ) Marriage Christian liberty Worship Doctrine of Resurrection ( 15 : 1 -- 58 ) Closing ( 16 : 1 -- 24 ) Paul 's closing remarks in his letters usually contain his intentions and efforts to improve the community . He would first conclude with his paraenesis and wish them peace by including a prayer request , greet them with his name and his friends with a holy kiss , and offer final grace and benediction : Now concerning the contribution for the saints : as I directed the churches of Galatia ... Let all your things be done with charity . Greet one another with a holy kiss ... I , Paul , write this greeting with my own hand . If any man love not the Lord Jesus Christ , let him be Anathema Maranatha . The grace of the Lord Jesus be with you . My love be with you all in Christ Jesus . Amen . -- ( 1 Cor. 16 : 1 -- 24 ) . Content ( edit ) The foundation of Christ 1 Corinthians 3 : 11 ; posted at the Menno - Hof Amish & Mennonite Museum in Shipshewana , Indiana `` In a moment , in the twinkling of an eye , at the last trump : for the trumpet shall sound , and the dead shall be raised incorruptible , and we shall be changed . '' 1 Corinthians 15 : 52 . Illumination from Beatus de Facundus , 1047 . Some time before 2 Corinthians was written , Paul paid them a second visit ( 2 Cor. 12 : 14 ; 2 Cor. 13 : 1 ) to check some rising disorder ( 2 Cor. 2 : 1 ; 2 Cor. 13 : 2 ) , and wrote them a letter , now lost ( 1 Cor. 5 : 9 ) . They had also been visited by Apollos ( Acts 18 : 27 ) , perhaps by Peter ( 1 Cor. 1 : 12 ) , and by some Jewish Christians who brought with them letters of commendation from Jerusalem ( 1 Cor. 1 : 12 ; 2 Cor. 3 : 1 ; 2 Cor. 5 : 16 ; 2 Cor. 11 : 23 ) . Paul wrote this letter to correct what he saw as erroneous views in the Corinthian church . Several sources informed Paul of conflicts within the church at Corinth : Apollos ( Acts 19 : 1 ) , a letter from the Corinthians , the `` household of Chloe '' , and finally Stephanas and his two friends who had visited Paul ( 1 : 11 ; 16 : 17 ) . Paul then wrote this letter to the Corinthians , urging uniformity of belief ( `` that ye all speak the same thing and that there be no divisions among you '' , 1 : 10 ) and expounding Christian doctrine . Titus and a brother whose name is not given were probably the bearers of the letter to the church at Corinth ( 2 Corinthians 2 : 13 ; 8 : 6 , 16 -- 18 ) . In general , divisions within the church at Corinth seem to be a problem , and Paul makes it a point to mention these conflicts in the beginning . Specifically , pagan roots still hold sway within their community . Paul wants to bring them back to what he sees as correct doctrine , stating that God has given him the opportunity to be a `` skilled master builder '' to lay the foundation and let others build upon it ( 1 Cor 3 : 10 ) . Later , Paul wrote about immorality in Corinth by discussing an immoral brother , how to resolve personal disputes , and sexual purity . Regarding marriage , Paul states that it is better for Christians to remain unmarried , but that if they lacked self - control , it is better to marry than `` burn '' ( πυροῦσθαι ) which Christians have traditionally thought meant to burn with sinful desires . The Epistle may include marriage as an apostolic practice in 1 Corinthians 9 : 5 , `` Do we not have the right to be accompanied by a believing wife , as do the other apostles and the brothers of the Lord and Cephas ( Peter ) ? '' ( In the last case , the letter concurs with Matthew 8 : 14 , which mentions Peter having a mother - in - law and thus , by interpolation , a wife . ) However , the Greek word for `` wife '' is the same word for `` woman '' . The Early Church Fathers including Tertullian , Jerome , and Augustine state the Greek word is ambiguous and the women in 1 Corinthians 9 : 5 were women ministering to the Apostles as women ministered to Christ ( cf Matthew 27 : 55 , Luke 8 : 1 -- 3 ) , and were not wives , and assert they left their `` offices of marriage '' to follow Christ and to preach . Paul also argues unmarried people must please God , just as married people must please their spouses . The letter is also notable for mentioning the role of women in churches , that for instance they must remain silent ( 1 Cor. 11 : 2 -- 16 , 14 : 34 -- 35 ) , and the role of prophecy and speaking tongues in churches . After discussing his views on worshipping idols , Paul finally ends with his views on resurrection . He states that Christ died for our sins , and was buried , and rose on the third day according to the scriptures ( 1 Cor. 15 : 3 ) . Paul then asks : `` Now if Christ is preached as raised from the dead , how can some of you say that there is no resurrection of the dead ? '' ( 1 Cor. 15 : 12 ) and addresses the question of resurrection . Throughout the letter , Paul presents issues that are troubling the community in Corinth and offers ways to fix them . Paul states that this letter is not meant to make them feel ashamed but to `` admonish '' them as beloved children . They are expected to become imitators of Jesus and follow the ways in Christ as he , Paul , teaches in all his churches ( 1 Cor. 4 : 14 -- 16 ) . See also ( edit ) 1 Corinthians 11 -- on church order 1 Corinthians 13 -- the tongues of men and angels verse 1 Corinthians 15 -- on the Resurrection Christian headcovering Pauline privilege Second Epistle to the Corinthians Textual variants in the First Epistle to the Corinthians Third Epistle to the Corinthians References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Meyer 's NT Commentary on 1 Corinthians , accessed 16 March 2017 Jump up ^ `` Paul 's First Letter to the Corinthians '' , Yale Divinity School Jump up ^ Robert Wall , New Interpreter 's Bible Vol . X ( Abingdon Press , 2002 ) , p. 373 Jump up ^ `` Uncials -- Ancient Biblical Manuscripts Online -- LibGuides at Baptist Missionary Association Theological Seminary '' . Jump up ^ Gench , Frances Taylor ( 2015 - 05 - 18 ) . Encountering God in Tyrannical Texts : Reflections on Paul , Women , and the Authority of Scripture . Presbyterian Publishing Corp. p. 97 . ISBN 9780664259525 . Jump up ^ John Muddiman , John Barton , ed. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Bible Commentary . New York : Oxford University Press Inc. p. 1125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 875500 - 5 . It is full of awkward argumentation , so awkward that a few scholars even consider it a later addition to the letter by another hand . Jump up ^ John Muddiman , John Barton , ed. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Bible Commentary . New York : Oxford University Press Inc. p. 1130 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 875500 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1 Corinthians - Introduction '' , USCCB Jump up ^ Berkhof , Louis . Introduction to the New Testament , Eerdmans , 1915 Jump up ^ Corinthians , First Epistle to the , `` The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia '' , Ed . James Orr , 1915 . Jump up ^ Pauline Chronology : His Life and Missionary Work , from Catholic Resources by Felix Just , S.J. Jump up ^ Anthony C. Thiselton , The First Epistle to the Corinthians ( Eerdmans , 2000 ) , 31 . Jump up ^ Outline from NET Bible.org Jump up ^ Roetzel 1999 . Jump up ^ Tertullian , On Monogamy `` For have we not the power of eating and drinking ? '' he does not demonstrate that `` wives '' were led about by the apostles , whom even such as have not still have the power of eating and drinking ; but simply `` women '' , who used to minister to them in the stone way ( as they did ) when accompanying the Lord . '' Jump up ^ Jerome , Against Jovinianus , Book I `` In accordance with this rule Peter and the other Apostles ( I must give Jovinianus something now and then out of my abundance ) had indeed wives , but those which they had taken before they knew the Gospel . But once they were received into the Apostolate , they forsook the offices of marriage . '' Further reading ( edit ) Blenkinsopp , Joseph , The Corinthian Mirror : a Study of Contemporary Themes in a Pauline Epistle ( i.e. in First Corinthians ) , Sheed and Ward , London , 1964 . Conzelmann , Hans Der erste Brief an die Korinther , KEK V , Göttingen 1969 . Robertson , A. and A. Plumber , A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the First Epistle of St. Paul to the Corinthians ( Edinburgh 1961 ) . Thiselton , Anthony C. The First Epistle to the Corinthians : a commentary on the Greek text NIGTC , Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. , Grand Rapids 2000 . Yung Suk Kim . Christ 's Body in Corinth : The Politics of a Metaphor ( Fortress , 2008 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : 1 Corinthians Wikiquote has quotations related to : First Epistle to the Corinthians A Brief Introduction to 1 Corinthians International Standard Bible Encyclopedia : 1 Corinthians `` Corinthians , Epistles to the '' . The American Cyclopædia. 1879 . `` Corinthians , First Epistle to the '' . Easton 's Bible Dictionary . 1897 . `` Corinthians , Epistles to the '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 7 ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . pp. 150 -- 154 . 1 Corinthians public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions First Epistle to the Corinthians Pauline Epistle Preceded by Romans New Testament Books of the Bible Succeeded by Second Corinthians First Epistle to the Corinthians Bible 1 Corinthians 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Bible portal Places Achaea Corinth Ephesus Galatia Jerusalem Macedonia Persons Apollos Aquila Barnabas Chloe Crispus Fortunatus Gaius Jesus Christ Messiah Paul Priscilla Timothy Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Epistle to the Romans ( chapter 16 ) Second Epistle to the Corinthians ( chapter 1 ) → Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon ) Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch 2 Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list ) New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians&oldid=805698292 '' Categories : New Testament books Pauline - related books Canonical epistles Christianity in Roman Corinth First Epistle to the Corinthians Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from January 2015 All articles lacking sources Articles needing more viewpoints from January 2015 Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles needing more detailed references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kaszëbsczi Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Gagana Samoa Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray Wolof Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2017 , at 01 : 48 . 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"The First Epistle to the Corinthians (Ancient Greek: Α΄ ᾽Επιστολὴ πρὸς Κορινθίους), usually referred to simply as First Corinthians and often written 1 Corinthians, is one of the Pauline epistles of the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The epistle says that Paul the Apostle and \"Sosthenes our brother\" wrote it to \"the church of God which is at Corinth\" 1Cor.1:1–2 although the scholarly consensus holds that Sosthenes was the amanuensis who wrote down the text of the letter at Paul's direction.[1]"
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"Paul the Apostle"
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-123624118796019690 | Dallas Cowboys | Dallas Cowboys - wikipedia Dallas Cowboys Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dallas Cowboys Current season Established January 28 , 1960 ; 58 years ago ( 1960 - 01 - 28 ) First season : 1960 Play in AT&T Stadium Arlington , Texas Headquartered in The Ford Center at The Star Frisco , Texas Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1960 -- present ) Western Conference ( 1960 ) Eastern Conference ( 1961 -- 1969 ) Capitol Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Navy Blue , Metallic Silver , White , Royal Blue Mascot Rowdy Personnel Owner ( s ) Jerry Jones CEO Stephen Jones President Jerry Jones General manager Jerry Jones Head coach Jason Garrett Team history Dallas Cowboys ( 1960 -- present ) Team nicknames America 's Team Doomsday Defense The ' Boys Big D Championships League championships ( 5 ) Super Bowl championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) , 1977 ( XII ) , 1992 ( XXVII ) , 1993 ( XXVIII ) , 1995 ( XXX ) Conference championships ( 10 ) NFL Eastern : 1966 , 1967 NFC : 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 Division championships ( 22 ) NFL Capitol : 1967 , 1968 , 1969 NFC East : 1970 , 1971 , 1973 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1981 , 1985 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 2007 , 2009 , 2014 , 2016 Playoff appearances ( 32 ) NFL : 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1985 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2003 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2014 , 2016 Home fields Cotton Bowl ( 1960 -- 1971 ) Texas Stadium ( 1971 -- 2008 ) AT&T Stadium ( 2009 -- present ) The Dallas Cowboys are a professional American football team based in the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex . The Cowboys compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team is headquartered in Frisco , Texas , and plays its home games at AT&T Stadium in Arlington , Texas , which opened for the 2009 season . The stadium took its current name prior to the 2013 season . The Cowboys joined the NFL as an expansion team in 1960 . The team 's national following might best be represented by its NFL record of consecutive sell - outs . The Cowboys ' streak of 190 consecutive sold - out regular and post-season games ( home and away ) began in 2002 . The franchise has made it to the Super Bowl eight times , tied with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Denver Broncos for second most Super Bowl appearances in history , just behind the New England Patriots record ten Super Bowl appearances . This has also corresponded to eight NFC championships , most in the NFC . The Cowboys have won five of those Super Bowl appearances , tying them with their NFC rivals , the San Francisco 49ers , and the AFC 's Patriots ; all three are second to Pittsburgh 's record six Super Bowl championships . The Cowboys are the only NFL team to record 20 straight winning seasons ( 1966 -- 85 ) , in which they only missed the playoffs twice ( 1974 and 1984 ) , an NFL record that remains unchallenged . In 2015 , the Dallas Cowboys became the first sports team to be valued at $4 billion , making it the most valuable sports team in the world , according to Forbes . The Cowboys also generated $620 million in revenue in 2014 , a record for a U.S. sports team . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1960s 1.2 1970s 1.3 1980s 1.4 1990s 1.5 2000 -- 09 1.6 2010 -- 13 1.7 2014 1.8 2015 1.9 2016 1.10 2017 2 Logos and uniforms 2.1 Logo 2.2 Uniforms 2.2. 1 Uniform history 2.2. 2 Home / road jersey history 2.2. 3 Thanksgiving Day uniforms 3 Stadiums 3.1 Cotton Bowl 3.2 Texas Stadium 3.3 AT&T Stadium 4 Training camp sites 5 Rivalries 5.1 Washington Redskins 5.2 Philadelphia Eagles 5.3 New York Giants 5.4 Pittsburgh Steelers 5.5 San Francisco 49ers 5.6 Green Bay Packers 6 Season - by - season records 7 Players of note 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers 7.3 Texas Sports Hall of Fame 7.4 Super Bowl MVPs 7.5 Ring of Honor 7.6 All - time first - round draft picks 8 Head coaches and staff 8.1 Head coaches 8.2 Current staff 9 Radio and television 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History Main article : History of the Dallas Cowboys This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( November 2015 ) 1960s Prior to the formation of the Dallas Cowboys , there had not been an NFL team south of Washington , D.C. since the Dallas Texans folded in 1952 . Oilman Clint Murchison Jr. had been trying to get an NFL expansion team in Dallas ( as was Lamar Hunt -- who ended up with an AFL franchise ) , but George Preston Marshall , owner of the Washington Redskins , had a monopoly in the South . Murchison had tried to purchase the Washington Redskins from Marshall in 1958 . An agreement was struck , but as the deal was about to be finalized , Marshall called for a change in terms . This infuriated Murchison and he called off the deal . Marshall then opposed any franchise for Murchison in Dallas . Since NFL expansion needed unanimous approval from team owners at that time , Marshall 's position would prevent Murchison from joining the league . Marshall had a falling out with the Redskins band leader Barnee Breeskin . Breeskin had written the music to the Redskins fight song `` Hail to the Redskins '' and Marshall 's wife had penned the lyrics . Breeskin owned the rights to the song and was aware of Murchison 's plight to get an NFL franchise . Angry with Marshall , Breeskin approached Murchison 's attorney to sell him the rights to the song before the expansion vote in 1959 . Murchison purchased `` Hail to the Redskins '' for $2,500 . Before the vote to award franchises in 1959 , Murchison revealed to Marshall that he owned the song and Marshall could not play it during games . After a few Marshall expletives , Murchison gave the rights to `` Hail to the Redskins '' to Marshall for his vote , the lone one against Murchison getting a franchise at that time , and a rivalry was born . 1970s The Cowboys playing against the Dolphins in Super Bowl VI . From 1970 through 1979 , the Cowboys won 105 regular season games , more than any other NFL franchise during that span . In addition , they appeared in 5 and won two Super Bowls , at the end of the 1971 and 1977 regular seasons . 1980s Danny White became the Cowboys ' starting quarterback in 1980 after quarterback Roger Staubach retired . Despite going to 12 -- 4 in 1980 , the Cowboys came into the playoffs as a Wild Card team . In the opening round of the 1980 -- 81 NFL playoffs they avenged their elimination from the prior year 's playoffs by defeating the Rams . In the Divisional Round they squeaked by the Atlanta Falcons 30 -- 27 . For the NFC Championship they were pitted against division rival Philadelphia , the team that won the division during the regular season . The Eagles captured their first conference championship and Super Bowl berth by winning 20 -- 7 . 1981 brought another division championship for the Cowboys . They entered the 1981 - 82 NFL playoffs as the number 2 seed . Their first game of the postseason saw them blowout and shutout Tampa Bay 38 -- 0 . For the Conference Title game they were pitted against the San Francisco 49ers , the number 1 seed . Despite having a late 4th quarter 27 -- 21 lead , they would lose to the 49ers 28 -- 27 . 49ers quarterback Joe Montana led his team to an 89 - yard game - winning touchdown drive connecting to Dwight Clark in a play known as The Catch . The Cowboys playing against the Broncos in Super Bowl XII . The 1982 season was shortened after a player strike . With a 6 -- 3 record Dallas made it to the playoffs for the 8th consecutive season . As the number 2 seed for the 1982 -- 83 NFL playoffs they eliminated the Buccaneers 30 -- 17 in the Wild Card round and dispatched the Packers 37 -- 26 in the Divisional round to advance to their 3rd consecutive Conference championship game . 3 times was not a charm for the Cowboys as they fell 31 -- 17 to division rival and eventual Super Bowl XVII champions Redskins . For the 1983 season the Cowboys went 12 -- 4 and made it once again to the playoffs but were defeated at home in the Wild Card by the Rams 24 -- 17 . Prior to the 1984 season , H.R. `` Bum '' Bright purchased the Dallas Cowboys from Clint Murchison Jr . Dallas posted a 9 -- 7 record that season but missed the playoffs for the first time in 10 seasons . After going 10 -- 6 in 1985 and winning a division title , the Cowboys were blown out in the Divisional round at home to the Rams 20 -- 0 . Hard times came for the organization as they went 7 -- 9 in 1986 , 7 -- 8 in 1987 , and 3 -- 13 in 1988 . During this time period Bright became disenchanted with the team . During the Savings and Loan crisis , the team and Mr. Bright 's Savings and Loan were taken over by the FSLIC . During an embarrassing home loss to Atlanta in 1987 , Bright told the media that he was `` horrified '' at coach Tom Landry 's play calling . The FSLIC forced Mr. Bright to sell the Cowboys to Jerry Jones on February 25 , 1989 . Jones immediately fired Tom Landry , the only head coach in franchise history , replacing him with University of Miami head coach Jimmy Johnson , who was also Jerry Jones ' teammate in University of Arkansas as a fellow defensive lineman and Michael Irvin was under his tutelage in college . With the first pick in the draft , the Cowboys selected UCLA quarterback Troy Aikman . Later that same year , they would trade veteran running back Herschel Walker to the Minnesota Vikings for five veteran players and eight draft choices . Although the Cowboys finished the 1989 season with a 1 -- 15 record , their worst in almost 30 years , `` The Trade '' later allowed Dallas to draft a number of impact players to rebuild the team . 1990s Johnson quickly returned the Cowboys to the NFL 's elite . Skillful drafts added fullback Daryl Johnston and center Mark Stepnoski in 1989 , running back Emmitt Smith in 1990 , defensive tackle Russell Maryland and offensive tackle Erik Williams in 1991 , and safety Darren Woodson in 1992 . The young talent joined holdovers from the Landry era such as wide receiver Michael Irvin , guard Nate Newton , linebacker Ken Norton Jr. , and offensive lineman Mark Tuinei , defensive lineman Jim Jeffcoat , and veteran pickups such as tight end Jay Novacek and defensive end Charles Haley . Five - time World Champions Mural Things started to look up for the franchise in 1990 . On Week 1 Dallas won their first home game since September 1988 when they defeated the San Diego Chargers 17 -- 14 . They went 2 -- 7 in their next 9 games but won 4 of their last 6 games to finish the season with a 4th place 7 -- 9 record . Coming into 1991 the Cowboys replaced offensive coordinator Dave Shula with Norv Turner ; the Cowboys raced to a 6 -- 5 start , then defeated the previously - unbeaten Redskins despite injury to Troy Aikman . Backup Steve Beuerlein took over and the Cowboys finished 11 -- 5 . In the Wild Card round they defeated the Bears 17 -- 13 for the Cowboys first playoff win since 1982 . In the Divisional round their season ended in a 38 -- 6 playoff rout by the Lions . In 1992 Dallas set a team record for regular season wins with a 13 -- 3 mark . They started off the season by defeating the defending Super Bowl champion Redskins 23 -- 10 . Going into the playoffs as the number 2 seed they had a first round bye before facing division rival the Philadelphia Eagles . The Cowboys won that game 34 -- 10 to advance to the NFC Conference Championship game for the first time in 10 years . They were pitted against the San Francisco 49ers , the number 1 seed . On January 17 , 1993 the Cowboys went to Candlestick Park and defeated the 49ers 30 -- 20 to clinch their first Super Bowl berth since 1978 . Dallas defeated the Buffalo Bills 52 -- 17 in Super Bowl XXVII , during which they forced a record nine turnovers . Johnson became the first coach to claim a national championship in college football and a Super Bowl victory in professional football . Despite starting the 1993 season 0 -- 2 , they again defeated the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVIII , 30 -- 13 ( becoming the first team in NFL history to win a Super Bowl after starting 0 -- 2 ) . Dallas finished the regular season 12 -- 4 as the number 1 seed of the NFC . They defeated the Green Bay Packers 27 -- 17 in the divisional round . In the NFC Conference Championship , Dallas beat the 49ers in Dallas , 38 -- 21 . Dallas sent a then - NFL record 11 players to the Pro Bowl in 1993 : Aikman , safety Thomas Everett , Irvin , Johnston , Maryland , Newton , Norton , Novacek , Smith , Stepnoski and Williams . Dallas Cowboys championship banners inside AT&T Stadium Only weeks after Super Bowl XXVIII , however , friction between Johnson and Jones culminated in Johnson stunning the football world by announcing his resignation . Jones then hired former University of Oklahoma head coach Barry Switzer to replace Johnson . The Cowboys finished 12 -- 4 in 1994 . They once again clinched a first round bye and defeated Green Bay 35 -- 9 in the Divisional Round . They missed the Super Bowl , however , after losing to the 49ers in the NFC Championship Game , 38 -- 28 . Prior to the start of 1995 season Jerry Jones lured All - Pro cornerback Deion Sanders away from San Francisco . Dallas started the season 4 -- 0 including shutting out their division rival New York Giants 35 -- 0 at Giants Stadium to open their season . Emmitt Smith set an NFL record with 25 rushing touchdowns that season . They ended the season 12 -- 4 and went into the playoffs as the number 1 seed . In the Divisional round they dispatched their division rival Eagles 30 -- 11 to advance to their 4th consecutive NFC Conference Championship Game , in which they defeated Green Bay , 38 -- 27 . In Super Bowl XXX the Cowboys defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 27 -- 17 at Sun Devil Stadium for their fifth Super Bowl championship . Switzer joined Johnson as the only coaches to win a college football national championship and a Super Bowl . The glory days of the Cowboys were again beginning to dim as free agency , age , and injuries began taking their toll . Star receiver Michael Irvin was suspended by the league for the first five games of 1996 following a drug - related arrest ; he came back after the Cowboys started the season 2 -- 3 . They finished the regular season with a 10 -- 6 record , won the NFC East title , and entered the playoffs as the number 3 seed in the NFC . They defeated Minnesota 40 -- 15 in the Wild Card round but were eliminated in the Divisional round of the playoffs 26 -- 17 by the Carolina Panthers . The Cowboys went 6 -- 10 in 1997 ( including losing their last 6 games of the season ) , with discipline and off - field problems becoming major distractions . As a result , Switzer resigned as head coach in January 1998 and former Steelers offensive coordinator Chan Gailey was hired to take his place . Gailey led the team to two playoff appearances with a 10 -- 6 record in 1998 and an NFC East championship , but the Cowboys were defeated in the playoffs by the Arizona Cardinals 20 -- 7 . In 1999 Dallas went 8 -- 8 ( during which Irvin suffered a career - ending spinal injury in a loss to the Philadelphia Eagles ) ending in another playoff loss ( this time to the Minnesota Vikings 27 -- 10 ) . Gailey was fired and became the first Cowboys coach who did not take the team to a Super Bowl . 2000 -- 09 Defensive coordinator Dave Campo was promoted to head coach for the 2000 season . Prior to the season starting cornerback Deion Sanders was released after 5 seasons with the team . He later signed with division rival Washington . In Week 1 , they were blown out 41 -- 14 by Philadelphia . That game was very costly when veteran quarterback Troy Aikman suffered a serious concussion which ultimately ended his career . Longtime NFL QB Randall Cunningham filled in for Aikman for the rest of the season at QB . The Cowboys finished the season in 4th place with a 5 -- 11 record . The only highlights of 2000 were Emmitt Smith having his 10th consecutive 1,000 yard rushing season and a season sweep over the Redskins . 2001 was another hard year in Dallas . Prior to the season starting Aikman was released from the team and he retired due to the concussions he had received . Jerry Jones signed Tony Banks as a QB . Banks had been a starter for half of the season the previous year for the Super Bowl Champion Baltimore Ravens before being benched . Jones also drafted QB Quincy Carter in the second round of that year 's draft , but Banks was released during the preseason . Ryan Leaf , Anthony Wright , and Clint Stoerner all competed for the quarterback position that season . Dallas again finished at 5 -- 11 , last place in the NFC East . They did sweep the Redskins for the 4th consecutive season . Prior to the 2002 season Dallas drafted safety Roy Williams with the 8th overall pick . The season started out low as the Cowboys lost to the expansion Houston Texans 19 -- 10 on Week 1 . By far the highlight of 2002 was on October 28 , when during a home game against the Seattle Seahawks , Emmitt Smith broke the all - time NFL rushing record previously held by Walter Payton . Their Thanksgiving Day win over the Redskins was their 10th consecutive win against Washington . However , that was their final win of 2002 : Dallas lost their next 4 games to finish with another last place 5 -- 11 record . The losing streak was punctuated with a Week 17 20 -- 14 loss against Washington . That game was Smith 's last game as a Cowboys player : he was released during the offseason . Campo was immediately fired as head coach at the conclusion of the season . Jones then lured Bill Parcells out of retirement to coach the Cowboys . The Cowboys became the surprise team of the 2003 season getting off to a hot 7 -- 2 season , but went 3 -- 4 for the rest of the season . They were able to win the division with a 10 -- 6 record but lost in the Wild Card round to eventual conference champion Carolina Panthers 29 -- 10 . In 2004 Dallas was unable to replicate their 2003 success , and ended 6 -- 10 . Quincy Carter was released during the preseason and was replaced at QB by Vinny Testaverde . Dallas got off to a hot 7 -- 3 start for the 2005 season but ended the season in 3rd place with a 9 -- 7 record . Prior to the season starting the Cowboys signed veteran Drew Bledsoe as a quarterback . 2006 was an interesting year for the Cowboys . Prior to the season Dallas signed free agent wide receiver Terrell Owens who was talented yet controversial . The Cowboys started the season 3 -- 2 . During a week 7 matchup against the Giants , Bledsoe , who had been struggling since the start of the season , was pulled from the game and was replaced by backup Tony Romo . Romo was unable to salvage that game and Dallas lost 38 -- 22 . However , Romo was named the starter for team and went 5 -- 1 in his first 6 games . Dallas ended the season with a 9 -- 7 2nd - place finish . They were able to clinch the number 5 playoff seed . They traveled to play Seattle where the Seahawks won 21 -- 20 . After the season Parcells retired and was replaced as head coach by Wade Phillips . Dallas started off the 2007 season with a bang . They began the season with a 12 -- 1 start , including winning their first five games . Their only loss during that time span came against New England , who went undefeated that season . Despite dropping two of their last three regular season games , the Cowboys clinched their first number 1 NFC seed in 12 years , which also granted them a first round bye and home field advantage throughout the playoffs . The Cowboys lost in the divisional round 21 -- 17 to the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants . In the tumultuous 2008 season , the Cowboys started off strong , going 3 -- 0 for the second straight year , en route to a 4 -- 1 start . However , things soon went downhill from there , after quarterback Tony Romo suffered a broken pinkie in an overtime loss to the Arizona Cardinals . With Brad Johnson and Brooks Bollinger playing as backups , Dallas went 1 -- 2 during a three - game stretch . Romo 's return showed promise , as Dallas went 3 -- 0 . However , injuries mounted during the season with the team losing several starters for the year , such as Kyle Kosier , Felix Jones , safety Roy Williams and punter Mat McBriar , and several other starters playing with injuries . Entering December , the 8 -- 4 Cowboys underperformed , finishing 1 -- 3 . They failed to make the playoffs after losing at Philadelphia in the final regular season game which saw the Eagles reach the playoffs instead . On May 2 , 2009 , the Dallas Cowboys ' practice facility collapsed during a wind storm . The collapse left twelve Cowboys players and coaches injured . The most serious injuries were special teams coach Joe DeCamillis , who suffered fractured cervical vertebrae and had surgery to stabilize fractured vertebrae in his neck , and Rich Behm , the team 's 33 - year - old scouting assistant , who was permanently paralyzed from the waist down after his spine was severed . The 2009 season started on a positive with a road win against Tampa Bay , but fortunes quickly changed as Dallas fell to a 2 -- 2 start . In week five , with starting wide receiver Roy Williams sidelined by injury , receiver Miles Austin got his first start of the season and had a record setting day ( 250 yards receiving and 2 touchdowns ) to help lead Dallas to an overtime win over Kansas City . Following their bye week , Dallas went on a three - game winning streak including wins over Atlanta and NFC East division rival Philadelphia . Despite entering December with a record of 8 -- 3 , Dallas lost its slim grip on 1st place in the division with losses to the New York Giants and San Diego . Talks of past December collapses resurfaced , and another collapse in 2009 seemed validated . However , the Dallas team surged in the final three weeks of the season with a 24 -- 17 victory at the Superdome , ending New Orleans ' previously unbeaten season in week 15 . For the first time in franchise history , Dallas posted back - to - back shutouts when they beat division rivals Washington ( 17 -- 0 ) and Philadelphia ( 24 -- 0 ) to end the season . In the process , the Cowboys clinched their second NFC East title in three years as well as the third seed in the NFC Playoffs . Six days later , in the wild - card round of the playoffs , Dallas played the Eagles in a rematch of week 17 . The Cowboys defeated the Eagles for the first Cowboys ' post-season win since the 1996 season , ending a streak of six consecutive NFL post-season losses . Dallas ended their playoff run after a hard divisional playoff loss to the Minnesota Vikings . 2010 -- 13 After beginning the 2010 season at 1 -- 7 , Phillips was fired as head coach and was replaced by offensive coordinator Jason Garrett as the interim head coach . The Cowboys finished the season 6 -- 10 . With the 9th pick of the 1st round of the 2011 draft , the Cowboys selected USC tackle Tyron Smith . To start the 2011 season the Cowboys played the New York Jets on a Sunday night primetime game in New York , on September 11 , 2011 . The Cowboys held the lead through most of the game , until a fumble , blocked punt , and interception led to the Jets coming back to win the game . In week 2 Dallas traveled to San Francisco to play the 49ers . In the middle of the 2nd quarter , while the Cowboys trailed 10 -- 7 , Tony Romo suffered a rib injury and was replaced by Jon Kitna . Kitna threw 1 Touchdown and 2 interceptions until Romo returned in the 3rd quarter as Dallas trailed 17 -- 7 . Romo then threw 3 touchdown passes to Miles Austin as the Cowboys rallied to send the game into overtime . On the Cowboys opening possession after 49ers punt , Romo found WR Jesse Holley on a 78 - yard pass , which set up the game - winning field goal by rookie kicker Dan Bailey . Dallas ended the season 8 -- 8 . They were in a position to win the NFC East but lost to the Giants in a Week 17 primetime Sunday Night game on NBC which allowed New York to win the division . The Giants would go on to win Super Bowl XLVI . The Cowboys started off the 2012 season on a high note by defeating the defending Super Bowl Champion New York Giants 24 -- 17 on the opening night of the season . They would hover around the . 500 mark for the majority of the season . They lost a close Week 6 game to eventual Super Bowl XXVII Champion Baltimore Ravens 31 -- 29 at M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore . Going into Week 17 they found themselves once again one win away from winning the division . Standing in their way was the Redskins who had beat them on Thanksgiving at AT&T Stadium and whom were also one win away from their first division title since 1999 . Led by Robert Griffin III the Redskins defeated the Cowboys at home 28 - 18 . Dallas once again finished the season 8 -- 8 . In the 2013 season Dallas started off by defeating the Giants for the second straight year this time 36 -- 31 . It was the first time since AT&T Stadium had opened back in 2009 that the Cowboys were able to defeat New York at home . The win was punctuated by Brandon Carr returning an Eli Manning interception to a touchdown late in the 4th quarter . For the third straight year Dallas once again found themselves stuck in the . 500 area . In Week 5 , they lost a shootout to eventual AFC Champion Denver Broncos 51 -- 48 . They battled it out with Philadelphia for control of the division throughout the season . In December however they lost 2 crucial back to back games to Chicago and Green Bay . They were very successful in division games having a 5 -- 0 division record heading into another Week 17 showdown for the NFC East crown against the Eagles . That included beating Washington 24 -- 23 on Week 16 thanks to late game heroics of Tony Romo . However Romo received a severe back injury in that game which prematurely ended his season . The Cowboys called upon backup QB Kyle Orton to lead them into battle on the final week of the season . Orton was unsuccessful who threw a game ending interception to the Eagles which allowed Philly to win 24 -- 22 . Dallas ended the year at 8 -- 8 for the third year in a row . The only difference of this 8 -- 8 ending compared to the others was that Dallas ended the season in second place compared to the 2 previous 3rd - place finishes . 2014 Main article : 2014 Dallas Cowboys season To start off the 2014 season Dallas began by losing to San Francisco 28 -- 17 . After that they went on a 6 - game winning streak . The highlight of this streak was defeating the Seahawks at CenturyLink Field 30 -- 23 . In Week 8 , the Redskins won in overtime 20 -- 17 , and Romo 's back became once again injured . He missed next week , a home loss to the Arizona Cardinals 28 -- 17 with backup QB Brandon Weeden . Romo returned in Week 9 to lead a 31 -- 17 victory of the Jacksonville Jaguars which was played at Wembley Stadium in London , England as part of the NFL International Series . Dallas played into their traditional Thanksgiving home game , this time against division rival Philadelphia . Both teams were vying for first place in the division with identical 8 -- 3 records . The Eagles got off to a fast start and the Cowboys were unable to catch up , losing 33 -- 10 . They would rebound the next week where on the road Thursday night game they defeated Chicago 41 -- 28 for their 9th win of the year to clinch their first winning season since 2009 . This was the first time that Dallas played on back to back Thursdays . Week 15 was a rematch against 1st place Philadelphia . This time it was the Cowboys who got off to a fast start going up 21 -- 0 . Then the Eagles put up 24 answered points but Dallas came back to win 38 -- 27 to go into first place for the first time in the season and improve to 10 -- 4 . Going into their Week 16 matchup at home against Indianapolis , Dallas was in a position to clinch their first division title since 2009 by defeating the Colts thanks to the Eagles losing that week to the Redskins . They would not disappoint as they blew out the Colts 42 -- 7 to become the 2014 NFC East Champions , eliminating the Eagles from the playoffs . Dallas would end the regular season with a 12 -- 4 record and an 8 -- 0 away record when they won on the road against Washington 44 -- 17 . They would also finish December 4 -- 0 which was huge for the Cowboys since they had struggled in the recent years in the month of December . On January 4 , 2015 , the Cowboys , as the number 3 seed , hosted the number 6 seed Detroit Lions in the wild card round of the NFL playoffs . In the game , the Lions got off to a hot start , going up 14 -- 0 in the first quarter . Dallas initially struggled on both sides of the ball . However , towards the end of the second quarter Romo threw a 76 - yard touchdown pass to Terrance Williams . Matt Prater of the Lions would kick a field goal before halftime to go up 17 -- 7 . Dallas came out swinging to start the second half by picking off Detroit quarterback Matthew Stafford on the first play of the third quarter . However , the Cowboys failed to capitalize on the turnover , as Dan Bailey missed a field goal during Dallas 's ensuing drive . Detroit then kicked another field goal to make the score 20 -- 7 . A DeMarco Murray touchdown later in that quarter closed the gap to 20 -- 14 . A 51 - yard Bailey field goal almost 3 minutes into the fourth quarter trimmed the Cowboys ' deficit to 3 . The Lions got the ball back and started driving down the field . On 3rd down - and - 1 of that Lions drive , Stafford threw a 17 - yard pass intended for Lions tight end Brandon Pettigrew , but the ball hit Cowboys linebacker Anthony Hitchens in the back a fraction of a second before he ran into Pettigrew . The play was initially flagged as defensive pass interference against Hitchens . However , the penalty was then nullified by the officiating crew . The Cowboys got the ball back on their 41 - yard line and had a successful 59 - yard drive which was capped off by an 8 - yard touchdown pass from Romo to Williams to give the Cowboys their first lead of the game at 24 -- 20 . The Lions got the ball back with less than 2 : 30 to play in regulation . Stafford fumbled the ball at the 2 minute mark . The fumble was recovered by Cowboys defensive end DeMarcus Lawrence , who then fumbled the ball which was recovered by the Lions . Lawrence would redeem himself by sacking Stafford on a 4th down - and - 3 play . The sack led to Stafford fumbling the ball again , which Lawrence recovered to seal the game for the Cowboys , who won 24 -- 20 . This was the first time in franchise playoff history that Dallas had been down by 10 or more points at halftime and rallied to win the game . The following week , the Cowboys traveled to Lambeau Field in Green Bay , Wisconsin to play the Packers in the divisional round . Despite having a 14 -- 7 halftime lead , the Cowboys fell to the Packers 26 -- 21 , thus ending their season . The season ended on an overturned call of a completed catch by Dez Bryant . The catch was challenged by the Packers , and the referees overturned the call because of the `` Calvin Johnson rule . '' During the 2015 offseason the Cowboys allowed running back DeMarco Murray to become a free agent . Murray signed with the division rival Philadelphia Eagles . On July 15 wide receiver Dez Bryant signed a 5 - year , $70 million contract . 2015 Main article : 2015 Dallas Cowboys season At home against the New York Giants , Dallas won 27 -- 26 . Dez Bryant left the game early with a fractured bone in his foot . On the road against the Philadelphia Eagles , Romo suffered a broken left collarbone , the same one he injured in 2010 , and Brandon Weeden replaced him . Dallas won 20 -- 10 to begin the season 2 -- 0 , but then went on a seven - game losing streak . Dallas finished the season 4 -- 12 and last in their division . 2016 Main article : 2016 Dallas Cowboys season After a preseason injury to Tony Romo , rookie quarterback Dak Prescott was slated as the starting quarterback , as Romo was expected to be out 6 -- 8 weeks . In game 1 against the New York Giants , Dallas lost 20 -- 19 . After this loss , Dallas would go on an eleven - game winning streak . After much speculation leading to a potential quarterback controversy , Romo made an announcement that Prescott has earned the right to take over as Cowboys quarterback . In game 10 , Romo suited up for the first time this season and was the backup quarterback . Dallas defeated the Baltimore Ravens to win their 9th straight game , breaking a franchise record of 8 straight games set in 1977 . It also marked rookie running back Ezekiel Elliott breaking Tony Dorsett 's single season rushing record for a Cowboys rookie . Prescott also tied an NFL rookie record held by Russell Wilson and Dan Marino by throwing multiple touchdowns in 5 straight games . Dallas finished 13 -- 3 , tying their best 16 - game regular season record . While Dallas defeated Green Bay at Lambeau Field in week 6 , the Packers would win at AT&T Stadium in the divisional round of the NFL playoffs on a last - second field goal , ending their season . Dak Prescott was named NFL Rookie of the Year in the NFL honors on February 4 , 2017 , and Ezekiel Elliott led the league in rushing yards . Both Prescott and Elliott made the 2017 Pro Bowl . This is the first time the Cowboys sent two rookies to the Pro Bowl . 2017 Main article : 2017 Dallas Cowboys season 2017 was the first season since 2002 without quarterback Tony Romo , who retired on April 4 after 14 seasons with the Cowboys . The season also featured second - year running back Ezekiel Elliott being suspended for 6 games after violating the league 's conduct policy . The suspension was to begin at the start of the year but was pushed back to November . The Cowboys finished the year at 9 - 7 without making the playoffs . Logos and uniforms Logo The Cowboys ' script logo . The Dallas Cowboys ' blue star logo , representative of Texas as `` The Lone Star State '' , is one of the most well - known team logos in professional sports . The blue star originally was a solid shape until a white line and blue border was added in 1964 . The logo has remained the same since . Today , the blue star has been extended to not only the Dallas Cowboys , but owner Jerry Jones ' AFL team , the Dallas Desperados that have a similar logo based on the Cowboys . The blue star also is used on other entries like an imaging facility and storage facility . Uniforms The Dallas Cowboys ' white home jersey has royal blue ( PMS 287 C ) solid socks , numbers , lettering , and two stripes on the sleeves outlined in black . The home pants are a common metallic silver - green color ( PMS 8280 C ) that help bring out the blue in the uniform . The navy ( PMS 289 C ) road jerseys ( nicknamed the `` Stars and Stripes '' jersey ) have white lettering and numbers with navy pinstripes . A white / gray / white stripe are on each sleeve as well as the collared V - neck , and a Cowboys star logo is placed upon the stripes . A `` Cowboys '' chest crest is directly under the NFL shield . The away pants are a pearlish metallic - silver color ( PMS 8180 C ) and like the home pants , enhance the navy in the uniforms . The team uses a serifed font for the lettered player surnames on the jersey nameplates . The team 's helmets are also a unique silver with a tint of blue known as `` Metallic Silver Blue '' ( PMS 8240 C ) and have a blue / white / blue vertical stripe placed upon the center of the crown . The Cowboys also include a unique , if subtle , feature on the back of the helmet : a blue strip of Dymo tape with the player 's name embossed , placed on the white portion of the stripe at the back of the helmet . Front of Dallas Cowboys helmet Back of Dallas Cowboys helmet Uniform history When the Dallas Cowboys franchise debuted in 1960 , the team 's uniform included a white helmet adorned with a simple blue star and a blue - white - blue stripe down the center crown . The team donned blue jerseys with white sleeves and a small blue star on each shoulder for home games and the negative opposite for away games . Their socks also had two horizontal white stripes overlapping the blue . c1960 -- 1963 Blue home uniforms White away uniforms In 1964 the Cowboys opted for a simpler look ( adopting essentially the team 's current uniform ) by changing their jersey / socks to one solid color with three horizontal stripes on the sleeves ; the white jersey featured royal blue stripes with a narrow black border , the royal blue jersey white stripes with the same black outline . The star - shouldered jerseys were eliminated ; `` TV '' numbers appeared just above the jersey stripes . The new helmet was silverblue , with a blue - white - blue tri-stripe down the center ( the middle white stripe was thicker ) . The blue `` lone star '' logo was retained , but with a white border setting it off from the silver / blue . The new pants were silverblue , with a blue - white - blue tri-stripe . In 1964 the NFL allowed teams to wear white jerseys at home ; several teams did so , and the Cowboys have worn white at home ever since , except on certain `` throwback '' days . In 1966 , the team modified the jerseys , which now featured only two sleeve stripes , slightly wider ; the socks followed the same pattern . In 1967 the `` lone star '' helmet decal added a blue outline to the white - bordered star , giving the logo a bigger , bolder look . The logo and this version of the uniform has seen little change to the present day . c1964 -- 1966 White home uniforms Blue away uniforms The only notable changes in the last 40 years were : from 1970 -- 1973 when the `` TV '' numbers were moved from the shoulders to the sleeves above the stripes from 1982 -- 1988 the pants featured a white uniform number in an elliptical blue circle worn near the hip . the removal of the indented serifs on the front and back jersey numbers in the early 1980s ( seen currently on the throwback jersey ) In 1980 the blue jersey was rendered in a slightly darker shade than the 1964 -- 79 version ; from 1981 -- 1994 the dark jerseys sported numbers that were gray with white borders and a blue pinstripe . The stripes on the sleeves and socks also used the same gray with white border scheme ( sans navy pinstripe ) . Player names on jersey backs , which appeared in 1970 , were originally in block - letter style ; from 1982 onward the names were slightly smaller and in footed , `` serif '' style . the 1996 addition of the word `` Cowboys '' in the center of the neckline which lasted until 1998 on the white jersey but currently remains on the blue jersey . During the 1976 season , the blue - white - blue stripe on the crown of the helmets were temporarily changed to red - white - blue to commemorate the United States ' bicentennial anniversary . The `` throwback '' NFL 75th Anniversary uniform was introduced in 1994 . In 1994 , the NFL celebrated their 75th Anniversary , and the Dallas Cowboys celebrated their back - to - back Super Bowl titles by unveiling a white `` Double - Star '' jersey on Thanksgiving Day . This jersey was used for special occasions and was worn throughout the 1994 -- 1995 playoffs . During the same season , the Cowboys also wore their 1960 -- 63 road jersey with a silver helmet for one game as part of a league - wide `` throwback '' policy . During the 1995 season , the team wore the navy `` Double - Star '' jersey for games at Washington and Philadelphia and permanently switched to solid color socks ( royal blue for the white uniform , and navy blue for the dark uniform ) . The navy `` Double - Star '' jersey was not seen again until the NFL 's Classic Throwback Weekend on Thanksgiving Day 2001 -- 2003 . In 2004 , the Cowboys resurrected their original 1960 -- 1963 uniform on Thanksgiving Day . This uniform became the team 's alternate or `` third jersey '' and was usually worn at least once a year , primarily Thanksgiving Day . Two exceptions were when the Cowboys wore their normal white uniforms on Thanksgiving in 2007 and 2008 . While the team did n't wear the throwback uniform exactly on Thanksgiving Day in those two years , Dallas wore them on a date around Thanksgiving for those two years . In 2007 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November 29 , 2007 against the Green Bay Packers . In 2008 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November 23 , 2008 against the San Francisco 49ers . The team went back to wearing this uniform at home on Thanksgiving Day in 2009 while their opponent was the Oakland Raiders who wore their AFL Legacy Weekend throwbacks . Dallas wore this alternate uniform on October 11 , 2009 as part of one of the NFL 's AFL Legacy Weekends when they traveled to Kansas City to play the Chiefs who were sporting their AFL Dallas Texans ' uniforms . This created a rare game in which neither team wore a white jersey and the first time the Cowboys wore the alternative uniform as a visiting team . The 1960 -- 1963 uniform may also be used on other special occasion . Other instances include the 2005 Monday Night game against the Washington Redskins when the team inducted Troy Aikman , Emmitt Smith , and Michael Irving into the Cowboys Ring of Honor , and the 2006 Christmas Day game against the Philadelphia Eagles . In 2013 , the NFL issued a new helmet rule stating that players will no longer be allowed to use alternate helmets due to the league 's enhanced concussion awareness . This caused the Cowboys ' white 1960s throwback helmets to become non-compliant . The team instead decided to wear their normal blue jerseys at home for Thanksgiving , which has since become an annual tradition . In 2017 , the team initially announced that they will wear blue jerseys at home on a more regular basis , only to rescind soon after . In 2015 , the Cowboys released their Color Rush uniform , featuring a variation of the 1990s `` Double Star '' alternates with white pants and socks . The uniform was first used in a Thanksgiving game against the Carolina Panthers and in subsequent Thursday Night Football games during the 2016 and 2017 seasons . The Cowboys also unveiled a navy uniform - white pants combination which was first used on December 10 , 2017 against the Giants . Home / road jersey history In 1964 , Tex Schramm started the tradition of the Cowboys wearing their white jersey at home , contrary to an unofficial rule that teams should wear colored jerseys at home . Schramm did this because he wanted fans to see a variety of opponents ' colors at home games . Since then , a number of other teams have worn their white uniforms at home , including the Miami Dolphins . According to Mike McCord , the Cowboys ' equipment director , one of the reasons why the Cowboys started wearing white at home was because of the intense heat during Cowboys ' home games at Texas Stadium . Roger Staubach and Bob Lilly jerseys shown at Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton , Ohio . Throughout the years , the Cowboys ' blue jersey has been popularly viewed to be `` jinxed '' because the team often seemed to lose when they wore them . This purported curse drew attention after the team lost Super Bowl V with the blue jerseys . However , the roots of the curse likely date back earlier to the 1968 divisional playoffs , when the blue - shirted Cowboys were upset by the Cleveland Browns in what turned out to be Don Meredith 's final game with the Cowboys . Dallas 's lone victory in a conference championship or Super Bowl wearing the blue jerseys was in the 1978 NFC Championship game against the Los Angeles Rams . Since the 1970 NFL - AFL merger , league rules were changed to allow the Super Bowl home team to pick their choice of jersey . Most of the time , Dallas will wear their blue jerseys when they visit Washington , Philadelphia ( sometimes ) , Miami , or one of the handful of other teams that traditionally wear their white jerseys at home during the first half of the season due to the hot climates in their respective cities or other means . Occasionally opposing teams will wear their white jerseys at home to try to invoke the curse , such as when the Philadelphia Eagles hosted the Cowboys in the 1980 NFC Championship Game , as well as their November 4 , 2007 meeting . Various other teams followed suit in the 1980s . Although Dallas has made several tweaks to their blue jerseys over the years , Schramm said he did not believe in the curse . Since the league began allowing teams to use an alternate jersey , the Cowboys ' alternates have been primarily blue versions of past jerseys and the Cowboys have generally had success when wearing these blue alternates . With the implementation of the 2013 NFL helmet rule for alternate jerseys , the team decided instead to wear their regular blue jerseys for their Thanksgiving game , something they have not done at home since Schramm started the white - jersey - at - home tradition . Thanksgiving Day uniforms With the Cowboys traditionally hosting Thanksgiving Day games , separate uniform practices have been used for these games in recent years . Through the 2000 season , the Cowboys continued the usual practice of wearing white at home . In 2001 , the Cowboys wore blue at home for the first time in years , but it was an older design of the blue jersey . Dallas would lose the game , but again wore the older blue jersey at home on Thanksgiving the next year and won . With the 2002 victory , it seems an exception the theory of the blue jersey jinx is invoked on Thanksgiving . Thus , the Cowboys continued wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving from 2003 -- 2006 , however it was always an older - styled blue jersey . In 2007 and 2008 , the Cowboys returned to wearing white at home for their Thanksgiving game . Since 2009 , the Cowboys returned to wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving only ( From 2009 -- 2012 , the team again decided to go with an older - styled blue uniform as they had in previous years on Thanksgiving , and since 2013 have worn the newer - styled blue jersey ) . In the 2015 season , the Cowboys wore their Color Rush variation of the 1990s `` Double Star '' jerseys for a Thanksgiving game against the Carolina Panthers . Stadiums Cotton Bowl Main article : Cotton Bowl ( stadium ) The main entrance of the Cotton Bowl The Cotton Bowl is a stadium which opened in 1932 and became known as `` The House That Doak Built '' due to the immense crowds that former SMU running back Doak Walker drew to the stadium during his college career in the late 1940s . Originally known as the Fair Park Bowl , it is located in Fair Park , site of the State Fair of Texas . Concerts or other events using a stage allow the playing field to be used for additional spectators . The Cotton Bowl was the longtime home of the annual Cotton Bowl Classic college football bowl game , for which the stadium is named . ( Beginning with the January 2010 game , the Cotton Bowl Classic has been played at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington . ) The Dallas Cowboys called the Cotton Bowl home for 11 years , from the team 's formation in 1960 until 1971 , when the Cowboys moved to Texas Stadium . It is the only Cowboys stadium within the Dallas city limits . The Cowboys hosted the Green Bay Packers for the 1966 NFL Championship at the Cotton Bowl . Texas Stadium Main article : Texas Stadium The outside of Texas Stadium For the majority of the franchise 's history the Cowboys played their home games at Texas Stadium . Just outside the city of Dallas , the stadium was located in Irving , Texas . The stadium opened on October 24 , 1971 , at a cost of $35 million and with a seating capacity of 65,675 . The stadium was famous for its hole - in - the - roof dome . The roof 's worn paint had become so unsightly in the early 2000s that it was repainted in the summer of 2006 by the City of Irving . It was the first time the famed roof was repainted since Texas Stadium opened . The roof was structurally independent from the stadium it covered . The Cowboys lost their final game at Texas Stadium to the Baltimore Ravens , 33 -- 24 , on December 20 , 2008 . After Cowboys Stadium was opened in 2009 , the Cowboys turned over the facility to the City of Irving . In 2009 , it was replaced as home of the Cowboys by Cowboys Stadium , which officially opened on May 27 , 2009 in Arlington , Texas . Texas Stadium was demolished by implosion on April 11 , 2010 . AT&T Stadium Main article : AT&T Stadium AT&T Stadium during a game AT&T Stadium , previously named Cowboys Stadium , is a domed stadium with a retractable roof in Arlington , Texas . After failed negotiations to build a new stadium on the site of the Cotton Bowl , Jerry Jones along with the city of Arlington , Texas a suburb of Fort Worth , funded the stadium at a cost of $1.3 billion . The stadium is located in Tarrant County , the first time the Cowboys will call a stadium home outside of Dallas County . It was completed on May 29 , 2009 and seats 80,000 , but is expandable to seat up to 100,000 . AT&T Stadium is the largest domed stadium in the world . A highlight of AT&T Stadium is its gigantic , center - hung high - definition television screen , the largest in the world . The 160 by 72 feet ( 49 by 22 m ) , 11,520 - square - foot ( 1,070 m ) scoreboard surpasses the 8,736 sq ft ( 812 m ) screen that opened in 2009 at the renovated Kauffman Stadium in Kansas City , Missouri as the world 's largest . At the debut pre-season game of Cowboys Stadium , a punt by Tennessee Titans kicker , A.J. Trapasso , hit the 2,100 in . screen above the field . The punt deflected and was ruled in - play until Titans coach Jeff Fisher informed the officials that the punt struck the scoreboard . ( Many believe Trapasso was trying to hit the suspended scoreboard , based on replays and the angle of the kick . ) The scoreboard is , however , within the regulation of the NFL guidelines -- hanging approximately five feet above the minimum height . No punts hit the scoreboard during the entire 2009 regular season during an actual game . Also , on August 22 , 2009 , the day after AJ Trapasso hit the screen , many fans touring the facility noted that half of the field was removed with large cranes re-positioning the screen . According to some fans , a tour guide explained that Jerry Jones invited a few professional soccer players to drop kick soccer balls to try to hit the screen . Once he observed them hitting it consistently he had the screen moved up another 10 feet . The first regular season home game of the 2009 season was against the New York Giants . A league record - setting 105,121 fans showed up to fill Cowboys Stadium for the game before which the traditional `` blue star '' at the 50 - yard line was unveiled for the first time ; however , the Cowboys lost in the final seconds , 33 -- 31 . The Cowboys got their first regular season home win on September 28 , 2009 . They beat the Carolina Panthers 21 -- 7 with 90,588 in attendance . The game was televised on ESPN 's Monday Night Football and marked a record 42nd win for the Cowboys on Monday Night Football . On July 25 , 2013 , the Cowboys announced that AT&T will take over the naming rights for the stadium . Training camp Sites Dallas Cowboys training camp locations : 1960 : Pacific University , Forest Grove , Oregon 1961 : St. Olaf College , Northfield , Minnesota 1962 : Northern Michigan College , Marquette , Michigan 1963 -- 1989 : California Lutheran College , Thousand Oaks , California 1990 -- 1997 : St. Edward 's University , Austin , Texas 1998 -- 2002 : Midwestern State University , Wichita Falls , Texas 2001 : River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2002 -- 2003 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas . 2004 -- 2006 : River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2007 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas 2008 , 2012 -- 2015 : River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2009 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas 2010 -- 2011 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas and River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2016 -- present : The Ford Center at The Star , Frisco , Texas Rivalries The NFC East , composed of the Cowboys , Philadelphia Eagles , Washington Redskins and New York Giants , is one of the least - changed divisions of the original six formed in the wake of the NFL - AFL merger ( its only major changes being the relocation of the Cardinals franchise from St. Louis to Arizona and its subsequent move to the NFC West in the league 's 2002 realignment ) . Three of the four teams have been division rivals since the Cowboys ' entry into the NFL . As such , the Cowboys have some of the longest and fiercest rivalries in the sport . Washington Redskins Main article : Cowboys -- Redskins rivalry The Redskins and Dallas Cowboys enjoy what has been called by Sports Illustrated the top NFL rivalry of all time and `` one of the greatest in sports . '' Some sources trace the enmity to before the Cowboys were even formed , due to a longstanding disagreement between Redskins owner George Preston Marshall and Cowboys founder Clint Murchison Jr. over the creation of a new football team in the South , due to Preston 's TV monopoly in that region . The two teams ' storied on - field rivalry goes back to 1960 when the two clubs first played each other , resulting in a 26 -- 14 Washington victory . Since that time , the two teams have met in 116 regular season contests and two NFC Championships . Dallas leads the regular season all - time series 70 -- 42 -- 2 , and the Redskins lead the all - time playoff series 2 -- 0 . The Cowboys currently have a 14 -- 7 advantage over the Redskins at FedEx Field . Some notable moments in the rivalry include Washington 's victory over Dallas in the 1982 NFC Championship and the latter 's 1989 win over the Redskins for their only victory that season . The last Cowboys game with Tom Landry as coach was a win over Washington on December 11 , 1988 . In the 2010s , the Redskins have struggled to consistently compete for the Division title , but still play the Cowboys particularly tough , posting an impressive upset victory against Dallas in 2014 , despite being outclassed by the Cowboys in the overall standings . Philadelphia Eagles Main article : Cowboys -- Eagles rivalry The competition with Philadelphia has been particularly intense since the late 1970s , when the long - moribund Eagles returned to contention . In January 1981 , the two teams faced off in the NFC Championship , with Philadelphia winning 20 -- 7 . A series of other factors heightened tensions during the 1980s and 1990s , including several provocative actions by Philadelphia fans and Eagles head coach Buddy Ryan . Among these were the 1989 `` Bounty Bowls '' , in which Ryan allegedly placed a bounty on Dallas kicker Luis Zendejas and Veterans Stadium fans pelted the Cowboys with snowballs and other debris . A 1999 game at Philadelphia saw Eagles fans cheering as Michael Irvin lay motionless and possibly paralyzed on the field . In 2008 the rivalry became more intense when in the last game of the year in which both teams could clinch a playoff spot with a victory , the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the Cowboys 44 -- 6 . The following season , the Cowboys avenged that defeat by beating the Eagles three times : twice during the regular season to claim the title as NFC East champions and once more in a wild - card playoff game by a combined score of 78 -- 30 , including a 24 -- 0 shutout in week 17 . That three game sweep was Dallas ' first over any opponent and the longest winning streak against the Eagles since 1992 -- 1995 when Dallas won seven straight matches against Philadelphia . During the 2013 season Dallas won the first meeting 17 -- 3 at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia . They would meet again in Week 17 at AT&T Stadium with the winner clinching the 2013 NFC East title . The Cowboys came into the game at a disadvantage with starting quarterback Tony Romo out with a season ending back injury which put backup Kyle Orton as the starter . It was a tight game with the Eagles up 24 -- 22 with less than 2 minutes to go in regulation . Orton got the ball and started driving down the field when he was intercepted by the Eagles defense , which ended the game and the Cowboys season . In 2014 , the Cowboys and Eagles both won against each other on the road , with Philadelphia posting a dominant 33 -- 10 win on Thanksgiving Day in Dallas , and Dallas returning the favor two weeks later by defeating the Eagles 38 -- 27 in Philadelphia . The second game between these rivals clenched a playoff spot for Dallas and led to formerly first place Philadelphia missing out on the post-season . Dallas leads the regular season all - time series 63 -- 50 . New York Giants Main article : Cowboys -- Giants rivalry The first game ever played between the Giants and Cowboys was a 31 -- 31 tie on December 4 , 1960 . Dallas logged its first win in the series on October 29 , 1961 and New York 's first was on November 11 , 1962 . Among the more notable moments in the rivalry was the Giants ' defeat of Dallas in the 2007 playoffs en route to their victory in Super Bowl XLII and winning the first regular season game played at Cowboys Stadium in 2009 . Dallas currently leads the all - time series 64 -- 45 -- 2 . Pittsburgh Steelers Main article : Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry The two teams met in the first regular season game the Cowboys ever played in 1960 ( a 35 -- 28 loss to the Steelers ) , the first - ever regular season victory for the expansion Cowboys in 1961 , and would later meet in three Super Bowls , all of them closely contested events . The Steelers - Cowboys is to date the Super Bowl matchup with the most contests . The Steelers won Super Bowl X and Super Bowl XIII ; both games were decided in the final seconds , first on a last - second throw by Roger Staubach , then as a fourth - quarter rally by Dallas fell short on an onside kick . The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX in January 1996 . It is said that the rivalry was fueled in the 1970s due to the stark contrast of the teams : the Cowboys , being more of a `` flashy '' team with Roger Staubach 's aerial attack and the `` flex '' Doomsday Defense ; while the Steelers were more of a `` blue - collar '' team with a strong running game and the 1970s-esque Steel Curtain defense , a contrast that still exists today . In addition , both teams have national fan bases rivaled by few NFL teams , and both come from areas with a strong following for football at all levels . Dallas leads the all - time series 16 -- 13 including the playoffs . San Francisco 49ers Main article : 49ers -- Cowboys rivalry The bitter rivalry between the Dallas Cowboys and San Francisco 49ers has been going on since the 1970s . The NFL Top 10 ranked this rivalry to be the tenth best in the history of the NFL . San Francisco has played Dallas in seven postseason games . The Cowboys defeated the 49ers in the 1970 and 1971 NFC Championship games , and again in the 1972 Divisional Playoff Game . The 1981 NFC Championship Game in San Francisco , which saw the 49ers ' Joe Montana complete a game - winning pass to Dwight Clark in the final minute ( now known as The Catch ) is one of the most famous games in NFL history . The rivalry became even more intense during the 1992 -- 1994 seasons . San Francisco and Dallas faced each other in the NFC Championship Game three separate times . Dallas won the first two match - ups , and San Francisco won the third . In each of these pivotal match - ups , the game 's victor went on to win the Super Bowl . Both the Cowboys and the 49ers ( and the New England Patriots ) are second all time in Super Bowl victories to the Pittsburgh Steelers with five each . The 49ers - Cowboys rivalry is also part of the larger cultural rivalry between California and Texas . The 49ers lead the series all - time series with a record of 15 -- 13 -- 1 . Green Bay Packers Main article : Cowboys - Packers rivalry The Cowboys -- Packers rivalry is rivalry between the Dallas Cowboys and the Green Bay Packers . It is one of the best known intra-conference rivalry games in the NFL . The two teams do not play every year ; instead , they play once every three years due to the NFL 's rotating division schedules , or if the two teams finish in the same place in their respective divisions , they would play the ensuing season . The rivalry has also resulted in notable playoff games . The all time regular seasons series record is 15 -- 13 in favor of the Packers , and the postseason series is tied 4 -- 4 . Season - by - season records Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys seasons Players of note Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys players Current roster Dallas Cowboys roster view talk Quarterbacks 4 Dak Prescott 7 Cooper Rush Running backs 21 Ezekiel Elliott 49 Jamize Olawale FB 45 Rod Smith 34 Trey Williams Wide receivers 11 Cole Beasley 85 Noah Brown 88 Dez Bryant 81 K.D. Cannon 17 Allen Hurns 14 Lance Lenoir 10 Ryan Switzer 15 Deonte Thompson 83 Terrance Williams Tight ends 80 Rico Gathers 84 James Hanna 89 Blake Jarwin 87 Geoff Swaim 82 Jason Witten Offensive linemen 71 La'el Collins T / G 78 Kadeem Edwards T / G 75 Cameron Fleming T / G 72 Travis Frederick C 79 Chaz Green G / T 62 Jarron Jones T 73 Joe Looney C / G 63 Marcus Martin G / C 70 Zack Martin G 77 Tyron Smith T Defensive linemen 76 Richard Ash DT 97 Taco Charlton DE 96 Maliek Collins DT 98 Tyrone Crawford DE / DT -- Kony Ealy DE 56 Datone Jones DE 90 DeMarcus Lawrence DE 66 Lewis Neal DT / DE 92 Brian Price DT 68 Daniel Ross DT 99 Charles Tapper DE Linebackers 58 Tre'Von Johnson MLB 50 Sean Lee OLB 53 Justin March - Lillard OLB 54 Jaylon Smith MLB 48 Joe Thomas MLB 57 Damien Wilson OLB / MLB Defensive backs 24 Chidobe Awuzie CB / FS 30 Anthony Brown CB 35 Kavon Frazier SS 38 Jeff Heath SS / FS -- Marqueston Huff FS 31 Byron Jones FS / CB 27 Jourdan Lewis CB 28 Jameill Showers FS / SS 26 Duke Thomas CB -- Jason Thompson SS 39 Marquez White CB 25 Xavier Woods FS / SS Special teams 5 Dan Bailey K 6 Chris Jones P 91 L.P. Ladouceur LS -- Brett Maher K / P Reserve lists 94 Randy Gregory DE ( Susp . ) Restricted FAs 95 David Irving DT / DE Rookies in italics Roster updated April 6 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 63 Active , 1 Inactive , 1 FAs → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Pro Football Hall of Famers Dallas Cowboys Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Seasons Inducted 26 Adderley , Herb Herb Adderley CB 1970 -- 1972 1981 8 Aikman , Troy Troy Aikman QB 1989 -- 2000 2006 73 Allen , Larry Larry Allen 1994 -- 2005 2013 19 Alworth , Lance Lance Alworth WR 1971 -- 1972 1978 89 Ditka , Mike Mike Ditka TE 1969 -- 1972 1988 33 Dorsett , Tony Tony Dorsett RB 1977 -- 1987 1994 79 Gregg , Forrest Forrest Gregg OT 1971 1977 94 Haley , Charles Charles Haley DE 1992 -- 1996 2015 22 Hayes , Bob Bob Hayes WR 1965 -- 1974 2009 88 Irvin , Michael Michael Irvin WR 1988 -- 1999 2007 74 Lilly , Bob Bob Lilly DT 1961 -- 1974 1980 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1964 1998 81 Owens , Terrell Terrell Owens WR 2006 - 2008 2018 20 Renfro , Mel Mel Renfro CB 1964 -- 1977 21 Sanders , Deion Deion Sanders CB , KR 1995 -- 1999 2011 22 Smith , Emmitt Emmitt Smith RB 1990 -- 2002 81 Smith , Jackie Jackie Smith TE 1978 1994 12 Staubach , Roger Roger Staubach QB 1969 -- 1979 1985 54 White , Randy Randy White DT , LB 1975 -- 1988 1994 70 Wright , Rayfield Rayfield Wright OT 1967 -- 1979 2006 Coaches and Contributors Name Position Seasons Inducted Jones , Jerry Jerry Jones Owner / Executive 1989 -- present 2017 Landry , Tom Tom Landry Coach 1960 -- 1988 1990 Parcells , Bill Bill Parcells Coach 2003 -- 2006 2013 Schramm , Tex Tex Schramm President / GM 1960 -- 1989 1991 Texas Sports Hall of Fame Main article : Texas Sports Hall of Fame Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl MVP Winners SB Player Position V Chuck Howley LB VI Roger Staubach QB XII Randy White DT Harvey Martin DE XXVII Troy Aikman QB XXVIII Emmitt Smith RB XXX Larry Brown CB Ring of Honor Unlike many NFL teams , the Cowboys do not retire jersey numbers of past standouts as a matter of policy . Instead , the team has a `` Ring of Honor '' , which is on permanent display encircling the field . Originally at Texas Stadium , the ring is now on display at AT&T Stadium in Arlington . The first inductee was Bob Lilly in 1975 and by 2005 , the ring contained 17 names , all former Dallas players except for one head coach and one general manager / president . Although the team does not officially retire jersey numbers , some are kept `` unofficially inactive '' , so it is uncommon to find any current players wearing the number of one of the `` Ring of Honor '' inductees . For instance , the jersey numbers of inductees Aikman ( 8 ) , Staubach ( 12 ) , Hayes and Smith ( 22 ) , Irvin ( 88 ) , and Lilly ( 74 ) were not worn during the 2008 season . For the 2010 season , number 88 was issued to rookie Dez Bryant . The Ring of Honor has been a source of controversy over the years . Tex Schramm was believed to be a `` one - man committee '' in choosing inductees and many former Cowboys players and fans felt that Schramm deliberately excluded linebacker Lee Roy Jordan because of a bitter contract dispute the two had during Jordan 's playing days . When Jerry Jones bought the team he inherited Schramm 's Ring of Honor `` power '' and immediately inducted Jordan . Jones also has sparked controversy regarding his decisions in handling the `` Ring of Honor '' . For four years he was unsuccessful in convincing Tom Landry to accept induction . Meanwhile , he refused to induct Tex Schramm ( even after Schramm 's induction to the Pro Football Hall of Fame ) . In 1993 , thanks in part to the efforts of Roger Staubach as an intermediary , Landry accepted induction and had a ceremony on the day of that year 's Cowboys - Giants game ( Landry had played and coached for the Giants ) . In 2003 , Jones finally chose to induct Tex Schramm . Schramm and Jones held a joint press conference at Texas Stadium announcing the induction . Unfortunately , Schramm did not live to see his ceremonial induction at the Cowboys - Eagles game that fall . Some of the more recent inductees were Troy Aikman , all - time NFL leading rusher Emmitt Smith , and Michael Irvin , known as `` The Triplets '' . The Cowboys waited until Smith had retired as a player before inducting Aikman and Irvin , so all three could be inducted together , which occurred during halftime at a Monday Night Football home game against the arch - rival Washington Redskins on September 19 , 2005 . The most recent inductees are defensive end Charles Haley , offensive lineman Larry Allen , and wide receiver Drew Pearson , who were inducted into the Ring of Honor during halftime of the Cowboys ' game vs. the Seattle Seahawks on November 6 , 2011 , and safety Darren Woodson , who was inducted on November 1 , 2015 . All - time first - round draft picks Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys first - round draft picks Head coaches and staff Head coaches Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys head coaches Current staff Dallas Cowboys staff Front Office Owner / President / General Manager -- Jerry Jones COO / Executive Vice President / Director of Player Personnel -- Stephen Jones Senior Director of Football Operations / Football Administration -- Todd Williams Director of Salary Cap & Player Contracts -- Adam Prasifka Vice President Player Personnel -- Will McClay Senior Executive , College Scouting -- Tom Ciskowski Director of College Scouting -- Lionel Vital Director of Pro Scouting -- Alex Loomis Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Chris Hall Director of Football Research -- Tom Robinson Head Coaches Head Coach -- Jason Garrett Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Scott Linehan Quarterbacks -- Kellen Moore Running Backs -- Gary Brown Wide Receivers -- Sanjay Lal Assistant Wide Receivers -- Kyle Valero Tight Ends -- Doug Nussmeier Offensive Line -- Paul Alexander Assistant Offensive Line -- Marc Colombo Offensive Assistant -- Stephen Brown Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator / Defensive Line -- Rod Marinelli Defensive Tackles -- Leon Lett Linebackers -- Ben Bloom Defensive Backs / Passing Game Coordinator -- Kris Richard Safeties -- Greg Jackson Defensive Assistant -- Ken Amato Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Keith O'Quinn Assistant Special Teams -- Doug Colman Support Staff Director of Advance Scouting & Special Projects -- Judd Garrett Strength and Conditioning Director of Strength and Conditioning -- Mike Woicik Strength and Conditioning -- Brett Bech Strength and Conditioning -- Markus Paul Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Kendall Smith → Coaching Staff and Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television See also : Dallas Cowboys Radio Network As of 2010 , the Cowboys ' flagship radio station is KRLD - FM . Brad Sham is the team 's longtime play - by - play voice . Working alongside him is former Cowboy quarterback Babe Laufenberg , who returned in 2007 after a one - year absence to replace former safety Charlie Waters . The Cowboys , who retain rights to all announcers , chose not to renew Laufenberg 's contract in 2006 and brought in Waters . However , Laufenberg did work as the analyst on the `` Blue Star Network '' , which televises Cowboys preseason games not shown on national networks . The anchor station is KTVT , the CBS owned and operated station in Dallas . Previous stations which aired Cowboys games included KVIL - FM , KRLD , and KLUV - FM . Kristi Scales is the sideline reporter on the radio broadcasts . During his tenure as Cowboys coach , Tom Landry co-hosted his own coach 's show with late veteran sportscaster Frank Glieber and later with Brad Sham . Landry 's show was famous for his analysis of raw game footage and for he and his co-host making their NFL `` predictions '' at the end of each show . Glieber is one of the original voices of the Cowboys Radio Network , along with Bill Mercer , famous for calling the Ice Bowl of 1967 and both Super Bowl V and VI . Mercer is perhaps best known as the ringside commentator of World Class Championship Wrestling in the 1980s . Upon Mercer 's departure , Verne Lundquist joined the network , and became their play - by - play announcer by 1977 , serving eight years in that capacity before handing those chores permanently over to Brad Sham , who joined the network in 1977 as the color analyst and occasional fill - in for Lundquist . Longtime WFAA - TV sports anchor Dale Hansen was the Cowboys color analyst with Brad Sham as the play - by - play announcer from 1985 -- 1996 . Dave Garrett served as the Cowboys ' play - by - play announcer from 1995 -- 97 , when Brad Sham left the team and joined the Texas Rangers ' radio network team as well as broadcast Sunday Night Football on Westwood One . Seeking to expand its radio broadcasting scope nationally , the Cowboys began a five - year partnership with Compass Media Networks on February 2 , 2011 . The result was the America 's Team Radio Network , a supplement to the franchise 's regional one . Beginning with the 2011 season , Kevin Burkhardt and Danny White handled the broadcasts , with Jerry Recco as the studio host . See also American football portal Dallas - Fort Worth portal Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders List of Dallas Cowboys seasons List of Dallas Cowboys players America 's Team Doomsday Defense References NFL 2002 Record & Fact Book ISBN 0 - 7611 - 2643 - 0 Jump up ^ `` 1960 Dallas Cowboys '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scales , Kristi ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` BREAKING NEWS : Why the Cowboys Are Wearing a New Uniform Color - Combination on Sunday '' . 5PointsBlue.com . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . The Cowboys do not have an all - blue set of Color Rush . But they do have their navy jerseys ( PMS 289 C ) which are normally worn with silver pants ( Metallic Silver PMS 8180 C ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Fingertip Information '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Dallas Cowboys Media Guide . Dallas Cowboys . July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AT&T Takes Naming Rights Of Stadium ; Now AT&T Stadium '' . Dallas Cowboys . July 25 , 2013 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History 1951 -- 1960 '' . National Football League . September 28 , 2015 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys Attendance Records -- 2015 Dallas Cowboys Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Dallas Cowboys . August 28 , 2015 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Team History : 1999 Dallas Cowboys '' . DallasCowboys.com . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2011 . Retrieved February 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ozanian , Mike ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` The Most Valuable Teams In The NFL '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Team Game Finder Query Results '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Law Nation ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) , The Story of Dallas Cowboys 1992 3rd Super Bowl , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 18 Jump up ^ `` Jeff Pearlman on the unbelievable story of the implosion of the Dallas Cowboys '' . the Guardian . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Cowboys Coaches '' . Cowboysplus.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Josh ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` The Injury List Just Keeps On Growing '' . DallasCowboys.com . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2008 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Network : Cowboys fire Wade Phillips as head coach , promote Jason Garrett '' . USA Today . November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys News : Dak Prescott And Ezekiel Elliott Headline Cowboys ' Pro Bowl Selections - Blogging The Boys '' . Blogging the Boys ( Dallas Cowboys blog ) . ^ Jump up to : Eatman , Nick ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Cowboys To Wear Blue Jerseys At Home Thursday '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Cowboys will wear navy jerseys at home more often '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DaSilva , Cameron ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's the real reason behind the Dallas Cowboys ' mismatched uniform colors '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gross , Shannon ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` CowBuzz : Boys ' To Wear Navy Jerseys This Weekend '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( December 19 , 2005 ) . `` The Island of Misfit Unis '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Cowboys will wear navy jerseys at home more often '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DaSilva , Cameron ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's the real reason behind the Dallas Cowboys ' mismatched uniform colors '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( October 26 , 2007 ) . `` ESPN Page 2 -- Uni Watch : How ' bout them Cowboys ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams , Charean ( November 22 , 2001 ) . `` Cowboys going with retro look '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Jump up ^ Wallace , William N. ( January 7 , 1981 ) . `` EAGLES DEVISE COLOR SCHEME FOR COWBOYS '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys to Wash Out Blue '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . January 15 , 1981 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gross , Shannon ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` CowBuzz : Cowboys Unveil New ColorRush Uniform For Thanksgiving Day Game '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jarrett ( September 18 , 2009 ) . `` ' This transcends football ' : ' Boys boast as new stadium shines '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Popik , Barry ( 2009 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Jerrydome or Jerry Dome ( Dallas Cowboys Stadium in Arlington ) -- The Big Apple '' . Barrypopik.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Murph , Darren ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` Kansas City Royals to get ' world 's largest ' HD LED scoreboard '' . Engadgethd.com . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2009 . Retrieved May 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ MJD ( June 12 , 2008 ) . `` Jerry Jones aims to make all Cowboys ' fans blind by 2010 '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys reveal world 's largest HD LED screen to the public `` , LEDs Magazine , 2009 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Open & Shut '' Archived June 19 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , DallasCowboys.com , 2009 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved on 2009 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys shut down Panthers ' offense for first win in new stadium '' . ESPN . September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( 2013 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Cowboys Stadium now called AT&T Stadium after deal '' . National Football League . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` History of Dallas Cowboys Training Camp Sites , 2008 Update -- Know Your Dallas Cowboys Know Your Dallas Cowboys '' . Knowyourdallascowboys.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Records by Opponent '' . FootballDB.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beaver County Times & Allegheny Times Online -- Steelers '' . The Times . UK . 2008 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Michelle Munoz ( Contributor ) . `` Cowboys - 49ers : A Rivalry for the Ages '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Rivalries in the NFL : 49ers - Cowboys '' . Niners Nation . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ DawnMacelli ( 9 January 2017 ) . `` Packers - Cowboys : A Playoff Rivalry As Old As The Super Bowl Itself '' . Blogging The Boys . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas - Green Bay reaches the top of NFL playoff rivalries '' . newsok.com. 12 January 2017 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Compass signs the Dallas Cowboys for new network '' Archived February 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Radio Business Report , Wednesday , February 2 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Radio Broadcast Information '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Further reading Aron , Jaime ( 2010 ) . Dallas Cowboys : The Complete Illustrated History . MVP Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 3520 - 8 . Hitzges , Norm ; St. Angelo , Ron ( 2007 ) . Greatest Team Ever : The Dallas Cowboys Dynasty of the 1990s . Rutledge Hill Press . ISBN 1 - 4016 - 0340 - 8 . Myers , Gary ( 2009 ) . The Catch : One Play , Two Dynasties , and the Game That Changed the NFL . Crown Archetype . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 40908 - 9 . Patoski , Joe Nick ( 2012 ) . The Dallas Cowboys : The Outrageous History of the Biggest , Loudest , Most Hated , Best Loved Football Team in America . Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 07755 - 2 . Pearlman , Jeff ( 2008 ) . Boys Will Be Boys : The Glory Days and Party Nights of the Dallas Cowboys Dynasty . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 125680 - 6 . St. John , Bob ( 2000 ) . Landry : The Legend and the Legacy . Word Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8499 - 1670 - 4 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dallas Cowboys . Official website NFL.com -- Dallas Cowboys Dallas Cowboys Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington , Texas Headquartered in Frisco , Texas Franchise Franchise History Coaches Players Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks The Ford Center at The Star Stadiums Cotton Bowl Texas Stadium AT&T Stadium Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day America 's Team Cheerleaders Doomsday Defense Crazy Ray Rowdy Jerry Jones Black Sunday ( film ) King of the Hill Lore Tom Landry Tex Schramm Captain Comeback Ice Bowl Hail Mary The Catch Herschel Walker trade Dirty Dozen Ring of Honor Bounty Bowl series Rivalries New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Green Bay Packers San Francisco 49ers Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Oilers / Texans Division championships ( 23 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1985 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2007 2009 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1966 1967 1970 1971 1977 1978 1992 1993 1995 League Championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1995 ( XXX ) Ring of Honor Bob Lilly Don Meredith Don Perkins Chuck Howley Mel Renfro Roger Staubach Lee Roy Jordan Tom Landry Tony Dorsett Randy White Bob Hayes Tex Schramm Cliff Harris Rayfield Wright Troy Aikman Michael Irvin Emmitt Smith Drew Pearson Charles Haley Larry Allen Darren Woodson Media Broadcasters Radio network KRLD - FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Color Rush Sports teams based in Texas Baseball MLB Houston Astros Texas Rangers PCL El Paso Chihuahuas Round Rock Express TL Corpus Christi Hooks Frisco RoughRiders Midland RockHounds San Antonio Missions AA Cleburne Railroaders Texas AirHogs ALPB Sugar Land Skeeters PL Alpine Cowboys SWL Royse City Griffins Waco BlueCats Basketball NBA Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets San Antonio Spurs G League Austin Spurs Rio Grande Valley Vipers Texas Legends WNBA Dallas Wings ABA Dallas Impact IBL Texas Lone Star Strikers Football NFL Dallas Cowboys Houston Texans CIF Amarillo Venom Dallas Marshals Texas Revolution LFL Austin Acoustic WFA Arlington Impact Austin Outlaws Dallas Elite Houston Power IWFL Austin Yellow Jackets Houston Energy San Antonio Regulators South Texas Lady Crushers Hockey NHL Dallas Stars AHL San Antonio Rampage Texas Stars ECHL Allen Americans NAHL Amarillo Bulls Corpus Christi IceRays Lone Star Brahmas Odessa Jackalopes NA3HL Mid-Cities Junior Stars Texas Jr . 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"\n\nDallas Cowboys\n\n\n Current season\n\n\nEstablished January 28, 1960; 58 years ago (1960-01-28)[1]\nFirst season: 1960\nPlay in AT&T Stadium\nArlington, Texas\nHeadquartered in The Ford Center at The Star\nFrisco, Texas\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLogo\nWordmark\n\n\n\n\n\nLeague/conference affiliations\n\n\n\n\nNational Football League (1960–present)\n\nWestern Conference (1960)\nEastern Conference (1961–1969)\n\nCapitol Division (1967–1969)\n\n\nNational Football Conference (1970–present)\n\nNFC East (1970–present)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam colors\n\nNavy Blue, Metallic Silver, White, Royal Blue[2][3][4]\n \n\n\nMascot\nRowdy\n\n\nPersonnel\n\n\nOwner(s)\nJerry Jones\n\n\nCEO\nStephen Jones\n\n\nPresident\nJerry Jones\n\n\nGeneral manager\nJerry Jones\n\n\nHead coach\nJason Garrett\n\n\nTeam history\n\n\n\n\n\nDallas Cowboys (1960–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam nicknames\n\n\n\n\nAmerica's Team\nDoomsday Defense\nThe 'Boys\nBig D\n\n\n\n\nChampionships\n\n\n\nLeague championships (5)\n\nSuper Bowl championships (5)\n1971 (VI), 1977 (XII), 1992 (XXVII), 1993 (XXVIII), 1995 (XXX)\n\n\n\n\n\nConference championships (10)\n\nNFL Eastern: 1966, 1967\nNFC: 1970, 1971, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1992, 1993, 1995\n\n\n\n\n\nDivision championships (22)\n\nNFL Capitol: 1967, 1968, 1969\nNFC East: 1970, 1971, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1985, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\n\n\n\n\nPlayoff appearances (32)\n\n\n\n\nNFL: 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\n\n\n\n\nHome fields\n\n\n\n\nCotton Bowl (1960–1971)\nTexas Stadium (1971–2008)\nAT&T Stadium (2009–present)\n\n\n\n"
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3834755790564285439 | Hattie McDaniel | Hattie McDaniel - wikipedia Hattie McDaniel Jump to : navigation , search Hattie McDaniel McDaniel in 1941 ( 1895 - 06 - 10 ) June 10 , 1895 Wichita , Kansas , U.S. October 26 , 1952 ( 1952 - 10 - 26 ) ( aged 57 ) Woodland Hills , Los Angeles , California , U.S. Cause of death Breast cancer Resting place Angelus - Rosedale Cemetery Occupation Actress , singer - songwriter and comedian Years active 1920 -- 1952 Spouse ( s ) George Langford ( 1922 ) ( his death ) Howard Hickman ( 1911 ) ( his death ) James Lloyd Crawford ( 1941 -- 1945 ) ( divorced ) Larry Williams ( 1949 -- 1950 ) ( divorced ) Hattie McDaniel ( June 10 , 1895 -- October 26 , 1952 ) was an American stage actress , professional singer - songwriter , and comedian . She is best known for her role as `` Mammy '' in Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) , for which she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress , the first Academy Award won by an African American entertainer . In addition to acting in many films , McDaniel was a radio performer and television star ; she was the first black woman to sing on radio in the United States . She appeared in over 300 films , although she received screen credits for only 80 or so . McDaniel has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in Hollywood : one at 6933 Hollywood Boulevard for her contributions to radio and one at 1719 Vine Street for acting in motion pictures . In 1975 , she was inducted into the Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame and in 2006 became the first black Oscar winner honored with a US postage stamp . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and early acting career 1.1 Gone with the Wind 1.2 1940 Academy Awards 2 Later career 3 Legal case : Victory on `` Sugar Hill '' 4 Controversy over roles 5 Community service 6 Marriages 7 Death 8 Whereabouts of the McDaniel Oscar 9 Legacy and recognition 10 Filmography 10.1 Features 10.2 Short subjects 11 Radio appearances 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Background and early acting career ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) McDaniel was born to former slaves on June 10 , 1895 , in Wichita , Kansas . She was the youngest of 13 children . Her father , Henry McDaniel ( 1845 -- 1922 ) , fought in the Civil War with the 122nd United States Colored Troops and her mother , Susan Holbert ( 1850 -- 1920 ) , was a singer of religious music . In 1900 , the family moved to Colorado , living first in Fort Collins and then in Denver , where Hattie graduated from Denver East High School . Her brother , Sam McDaniel ( 1886 -- 1962 ) , played the butler in the 1948 Three Stooges ' short film Heavenly Daze . Her sister Etta McDaniel was also an actress . McDaniel was a songwriter as well as a performer . She honed her songwriting skills while working with her brother 's minstrel show . After the death of her brother Otis in 1916 , the troupe began to lose money , and Hattie did not get her next big break until 1920 . From 1920 to 1925 , she appeared with Professor George Morrison 's Melody Hounds , a black touring ensemble . In the mid-1920s , she embarked on a radio career , singing with the Melody Hounds on station KOA in Denver . From 1926 to 1929 , she recorded many of her songs for Okeh Records and Paramount Records in Chicago . McDaniel recorded seven sessions : one in the summer of 1926 on the rare Kansas City label Meritt ; four sessions in Chicago for Okeh from late 1926 to late 1927 ( of the ten sides recorded , only four were issued ) , and two sessions in Chicago for Paramount in March 1929 . After the stock market crashed in 1929 , McDaniel could find work only as a washroom attendant and waitress at Club Madrid in Milwaukee . Despite the owner 's reluctance to let her perform , she was eventually allowed to take the stage and soon became a regular performer . In 1931 , McDaniel moved to Los Angeles to join her brother Sam and her sisters Etta and Orlena . When she could not get film work , she took jobs as a maid or cook . Sam was working on a KNX radio program , The Optimistic Do - Nut Hour , and was able to get his sister a spot . She performed on radio as `` Hi - Hat Hattie '' , a bossy maid who often `` forgets her place '' . Her show became popular , but her salary was so low that she had to continue working as a maid . She made her first film appearance in The Golden West ( 1932 ) , in which she played a maid . Her second appearance came in the highly successful Mae West film I 'm No Angel ( 1933 ) , in which she played one of the black maids with whom West camped it up backstage . She received several other uncredited film roles in the early 1930s , often singing in choruses . In 1934 , McDaniel joined the Screen Actors Guild . She began to attract attention and landed larger film roles , which began to win her screen credits . Fox Film Corporation put her under contract to appear in The Little Colonel ( 1935 ) , with Shirley Temple , Bill `` Bojangles '' Robinson and Lionel Barrymore . Judge Priest ( 1934 ) , directed by John Ford and starring Will Rogers , was the first film in which she played a major role . She had a leading part in the film and demonstrated her singing talent , including a duet with Rogers . McDaniel and Rogers became friends during filming . In 1935 , McDaniel had prominent roles , as a slovenly maid in Alice Adams ( RKO Pictures ) ; a comic part as Jean Harlow 's maid and traveling companion in China Seas ( MGM ) ( McDaniels 's first film with Clark Gable ) ; and as the maid Isabella in Murder by Television , with Béla Lugosi . She appeared in the 1938 film Vivacious Lady , starring James Stewart and Ginger Rogers . McDaniel had a featured role as Queenie in the 1936 film Show Boat ( Universal Pictures ) , starring Allan Jones and Irene Dunne , in which she sang a verse of Ca n't Help Lovin ' Dat Man with Dunne , Helen Morgan , Paul Robeson , and a black chorus . She and Robeson sang `` I Still Suits Me '' , written for the film by Kern and Hammerstein . After Show Boat , she had major roles in MGM 's Saratoga ( 1937 ) , starring Jean Harlow and Clark Gable ; The Shopworn Angel ( 1938 ) , with Margaret Sullavan ; and The Mad Miss Manton ( 1938 ) , starring Barbara Stanwyck and Henry Fonda . She had a minor role in the Carole Lombard -- Frederic March film Nothing Sacred ( 1937 ) , in which she played the wife of a shoeshine man ( Troy Brown ) masquerading as a sultan . McDaniel was a friend of many of Hollywood 's most popular stars , including Joan Crawford , Tallulah Bankhead , Bette Davis , Shirley Temple , Henry Fonda , Ronald Reagan , Olivia de Havilland , and Clark Gable . She starred with de Havilland and Gable in Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) . Around this time , she was criticized by members of the black community for the roles she accepted and for pursuing roles aggressively rather than rocking the Hollywood boat . For example , in The Little Colonel ( 1935 ) , she played one of the black servants longing to return to the Old South , but her portrayal of Malena in RKO Pictures 's Alice Adams angered white Southern audiences , because she stole several scenes from the film 's white star , Katharine Hepburn . McDaniel ultimately became best known for playing a sassy and opinionated maid . Gone with the Wind ( edit ) The competition to win the part of Mammy in Gone with the Wind was almost as fierce as that for Scarlett O'Hara . First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt wrote to film producer David O. Selznick to ask that her own maid , Elizabeth McDuffie , be given the part . McDaniel did not think she would be chosen because she had earned her reputation as a comic actress . One source claimed that Clark Gable recommended that the role be given to McDaniel ; in any case , she went to her audition dressed in an authentic maid 's uniform and won the part . Upon hearing of the planned film adaptation , the NAACP fought hard to require the film 's producer and director to delete racial epithets from the movie ( in particular the offensive slur `` nigger '' ) and to alter scenes that might be incendiary and that , in their view , were historically inaccurate . Of particular concern was a scene from the novel in which black men attack Scarlett O'Hara , after which the Ku Klux Klan , with its long history of provoking terror on black communities , is presented as a savior . Throughout the South , black men were being lynched based upon false allegations they had harmed white women . That attack scene was altered , and some offensive language was modified , but another epithet , `` darkie '' , remained in the film , and the film 's message with respect to slavery remained essentially the same . Consistent with the book , the film 's screenplay also referred to poor whites as `` white trash '' , and it ascribed these words equally to characters black and white . Loew 's Grand Theater on Peachtree Street in Atlanta , Georgia was selected by the studio as the site for the Friday , December 15 , 1939 premiere of Gone with the Wind . Studio head David Selznick asked that McDaniel be permitted to attend , but MGM advised him not to , because of Georgia 's segregation laws . Clark Gable threatened to boycott the Atlanta premiere unless McDaniel were allowed to attend , but McDaniel convinced him to attend anyway . Most of Atlanta 's 300,000 citizens crowded the route of the seven - mile ( 11 km ) motorcade that carried the film 's other stars and executives from the airport to the Georgian Terrace Hotel , where they stayed . While Jim Crow laws kept McDaniel from the Atlanta premiere , she did attend the film 's Hollywood debut on December 28 , 1939 . Upon Selznick 's insistence , her picture was also featured prominently in the program . For her performance as the house slave who repeatedly scolds her owner 's daughter , Scarlett O'Hara ( Vivien Leigh ) , and scoffs at Rhett Butler ( Clark Gable ) , McDaniel won the 1939 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress , the first black American to win an Oscar . She was the first black American to have been nominated . `` I loved Mammy , '' McDaniel said when speaking to the white press about the character . `` I think I understood her because my own grandmother worked on a plantation not unlike Tara . '' Her role in Gone with the Wind had alarmed some whites in the South ; there were complaints that in the film she had been too `` familiar '' with her white owners . At least one writer pointed out that McDaniel 's character did not significantly depart from Mammy 's persona in Margaret Mitchell 's novel , and that in both the film and the book , the much younger Scarlett speaks to Mammy in ways that would be deemed inappropriate for a Southern teenager of that era to speak to a much older white person , and that neither the book nor the film hints of the existence of Mammy 's own children ( dead or alive ) , her own family ( dead or alive ) , a real name , or her desires to have anything other than a life at Tara , serving on a slave plantation . Moreover , while Mammy scolds the younger Scarlett , she never crosses Mrs. O'Hara , the more senior white woman in the household . Some critics felt that McDaniel not only accepted the roles but also in her statements to the press acquiesced in Hollywood 's stereotypes , providing fuel for critics of those who were fighting for black civil rights . Later , when McDaniel tried to take her `` Mammy '' character on a road show , black audiences did not prove receptive . While many blacks were happy over McDaniel 's personal victory , they also viewed it as bittersweet . They believed Gone With the Wind celebrated the slave system and condemned the forces that destroyed it . For them , the unique accolade McDaniel had won suggested that only those who did not protest Hollywood 's systemic use of racial stereotypes could find work and success there . 1940 Academy Awards ( edit ) The Twelfth Academy Awards took place at the Coconut Grove Restaurant of the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles . It was preceded by a banquet in the same room . Louella Parsons , an American gossip columnist , wrote about Oscar night , February 29 , 1940 : Hattie McDaniel earned that gold Oscar by her fine performance of ' Mammy ' in Gone with the Wind . If you had seen her face when she walked up to the platform and took the gold trophy , you would have had the choke in your voice that all of us had when Hattie , hair trimmed with gardenias , face alight , and dress up to the queen 's taste , accepted the honor in one of the finest speeches ever given on the Academy floor . `` Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences , fellow members of the motion picture industry and honored guests : This is one of the happiest moments of my life , and I want to thank each one of you who had a part in selecting me for one of their awards , for your kindness . It has made me feel very , very humble ; and I shall always hold it as a beacon for anything that I may be able to do in the future . I sincerely hope I shall always be a credit to my race and to the motion picture industry . My heart is too full to tell you just how I feel , and may I say thank you and God bless you . '' -- From McDaniel 's acceptance speech , 12th Annual Academy Awards , February 29 , 1940 McDaniel received a plaque - style Oscar , approximately 5 1 / 2 x 6 inches , the type awarded to all Best Supporting Actors and Actresses at that time . She and her escort were required to sit at a segregated table for two at the far wall of the room ; her white agent , William Meiklejohn , sat at the same table . The hotel had a strict no - blacks policy , but allowed McDaniel in as a favor . Gone with the Wind won eight Academy Awards . It was later named by the American Film Institute ( AFI ) as number four among the top 100 American films of all time in the 1998 ranking and number six in the 2007 ranking . Later career ( edit ) In the 1942 Warner Bros. film In This Our Life , starring Bette Davis and directed by John Huston , McDaniel once again played a domestic , but one who confronts racial issues when her son , a law student , is wrongly accused of manslaughter . The following year , McDaniel was in Warner Bros ' Thank Your Lucky Stars , with Humphrey Bogart and Bette Davis . In its review of the film , Time wrote that McDaniel was comic relief in an otherwise `` grim study , '' writing , `` ... Hattie McDaniel , whose bubbling , blaring good humor more than redeems the roaring bad taste of a Harlem number called Ice Cold Katie ... '' McDaniel continued to play maids during the war years , in Warner Bros ' The Male Animal ( 1942 ) and United Artists ' Since You Went Away ( 1944 ) , but her feistiness was toned down to reflect the era 's somber news . She also played the maid in Song of the South . McDaniel as Beulah 1951 , the year before her death She made her last film appearances in Mickey ( 1948 ) and Family Honeymoon ( 1949 ) , where that same year , she appeared on the live CBS television program The Ed Wynn Show . She remained active on radio and television in her final years , becoming the first black American to star in her own radio show with the comedy series Beulah . She also starred in the ABC television version of the show , replacing Ethel Waters after the first season . ( Waters had apparently expressed concerns over stereotypes in the role . ) Beulah was a hit , however , and earned McDaniel $2,000 a week . But the show was controversial . In 1951 , the United States Army ceased broadcasting Beulah in Asia because troops complained that the show perpetuated negative stereotypes of black men as shiftless and lazy and interfered with the ability of black troops to perform their mission . After filming a handful of episodes , however , McDaniel learned she had breast cancer . By the spring of 1952 , she was too ill to work and was replaced by Louise Beavers . Legal case : Victory on `` Sugar Hill '' ( edit ) McDaniel was the most famous of the black homeowners who helped to organize the black West Adams neighborhood residents who saved their homes . Loren Miller , an attorney and the owner and publisher of the California Eagle newspaper , represented the minority homeowners in their restrictive covenant case . In 1944 , Miller won the case Fairchild v Rainers , a decision in favor of a black family in Pasadena , California , who had bought a nonrestricted lot but was sued by white neighbors anyway . Time magazine , in its issue of December 17 , 1945 , reported that Spacious , well - kept West Adams Heights still had the complacent look of the days when most of Los Angeles ' aristocracy lived there ... In 1938 , Negroes , willing and able to pay $15,000 and up for Heights property , had begun moving into the old eclectic mansions . Many were movie folk -- Actresses Louise Beavers , Hattie McDaniel , Ethel Waters , etc . They improved their holdings , kept their well - defined ways , quickly won more than tolerance from most of their white neighbors . But some whites , refusing to be comforted , had referred to the original racial restriction covenant that came with the development of West Adams Heights back in 1902 which restricted `` Non-caucasians '' from owning property . For seven years they had tried to enforce it , but failed . Then they went to court ... Superior Judge Thurmond Clarke decided to visit the disputed ground -- popularly known as `` Sugar Hill . '' ... Next morning , ... Judge Clarke threw the case out of court . His reason : `` It is time that members of the Negro race are accorded , without reservations or evasions , the full rights guaranteed them under the 14th Amendment to the Federal Constitution . Judges have been avoiding the real issue too long . '' Said Hattie McDaniel , of West Adams Heights : `` Words can not express my appreciation . '' McDaniel had purchased her white , two - story , seventeen - room house in 1942 . The house included a large living room , dining room , drawing room , den , butler 's pantry , kitchen , service porch , library , four bedrooms and a basement . McDaniel had a yearly Hollywood party . Everyone knew that the king of Hollywood , Clark Gable , could always be found at McDaniel 's parties . Controversy over roles ( edit ) As her fame grew , McDaniel faced growing criticism from some members of the black community . Groups such as the NAACP complained that Hollywood stereotypes not only restricted blacks to servant roles but often portrayed blacks as lazy , dim - witted , satisfied with lowly positions , or violent . In addition to addressing the studios , they called upon actors , and especially leading black actors , to pressure studios to offer more substantive roles and at least not pander to stereotypes . They also argued that these portrayals were unfair as well as inaccurate and that , coupled with segregation and other forms of discrimination , such stereotypes were making it difficult for all blacks , not only actors , to overcome racism and succeed in the entertainment industry . Some attacked McDaniel for being an `` Uncle Tom '' -- a person willing to advance personally by perpetuating racial stereotypes or being an agreeable agent of offensive racial restrictions . McDaniel characterized these challenges as class - based biases against domestics , a claim that white columnists seemed to accept . And she reportedly said , `` Why should I complain about making $700 a week playing a maid ? If I did n't , I 'd be making $7 a week being one . '' McDaniel may also have been criticized because , unlike many other black entertainers , she was not associated with civil rights protests and was largely absent from efforts to establish a commercial base for independent black films . She did not join the Negro Actors Guild of America until 1947 , late in her career . McDaniel hired one of the few white agents who would represent black actors in those days , William Meiklejohn , to advance her career . Evidence suggests her avoidance of political controversy was deliberate . When columnist Hedda Hopper sent her Richard Nixon placards and asked McDaniel to distribute them , McDaniel declined , replying she had long ago decided to stay out of politics . `` Beulah is everybody 's friend , '' she said . Since she was earning a living honestly , she added , she should not be criticized for accepting such work as was offered . Her critics , especially Walter White of the NAACP , claimed that she and other actors who agreed to portray stereotypes were not a neutral force but rather willing agents of black oppression . McDaniel and other black actresses and actors feared that their roles would evaporate if the NAACP and other Hollywood critics complained too loudly . She blamed these critics for hindering her career and sought the help of allies of doubtful reputation . After speaking with McDaniel , Hedda Hopper even claimed that McDaniel 's career troubles were not the result of racism but had been caused by McDaniel 's `` own people '' . Community Service ( edit ) McDaniel leading entertainers and hostesses to Minter Field for a performance and dance for World War II soldiers During World War II , she served as chairman of the Negro Division of the Hollywood Victory Committee , providing entertainment for soldiers stationed at military bases . ( The military was segregated , and black entertainers were not allowed to serve on white entertainment committees . ) She elicited the help of a friend , the actor Leigh Whipper , and other black entertainers for her committee . She made numerous personal appearances at military hospitals , threw parties , and performed at United Service Organizations ( USO ) shows and war bond rallies to raise funds to support the war on behalf of the Victory Committee . Bette Davis was the only white member of McDaniel 's acting troupe to perform for black regiments ; Lena Horne and Ethel Waters also participated . McDaniel was also a member of American Women 's Voluntary Services . She joined the actor Clarence Muse , one of the first black members of the Screen Actors Guild , in an NBC radio broadcast to raise funds for Red Cross relief programs for Americans that had been displaced by devastating floods , and she gained a reputation for generosity , lending money to friends and strangers alike . Marriages ( edit ) McDaniel married Howard Hickman at age 15 on January 19 , 1911 , in Denver , Colorado . He died in 1915 . Her second husband , George Langford , died of a gunshot wound in January 1925 , soon after she married him and while her career was on the rise . She married James Lloyd Crawford , a real estate salesman , on March 21 , 1941 , in Tucson , Arizona . According to Donald Bogle , in his book Bright Boulevards , Bold Dreams , McDaniel happily confided to gossip columnist Hedda Hopper in 1945 that she was pregnant . McDaniel began buying baby clothes and set up a nursery in her house . Her plans were shattered when she suffered a false pregnancy and fell into a depression . She never had any children . She divorced Crawford in 1945 , after four and a half years of marriage . Crawford had been jealous of her career success , she said , and once threatened to kill her . She married Larry Williams , an interior decorator , on June 11 , 1949 , in Yuma , Arizona , but divorced him in 1950 after testifying that their five months together had been marred by `` arguing and fussing . '' McDaniel broke down in tears when she testified that her husband tried to provoke dissension in the cast of her radio show and otherwise interfered with her work . `` I have n't gotten over it yet , '' she said . `` I got so I could n't sleep . I could n't concentrate on my lines . '' Death ( edit ) Cenotaph at Hollywood Forever Cemetery Grave of McDaniel at Angelus Rosedale Cemetery In August , 1950 , McDaniel suffered a heart ailment and entered Temple Hospital in semi-critical condition . She was released in October to recuperate at home , and she was cited by United Press on Jan. 3 , 1951 , as showing `` slight improvement in her recovery from a mild stroke . '' McDaniel died of breast cancer at age 57 on October 26 , 1952 , in the hospital on the grounds of the Motion Picture House in Woodland Hills , California . She was survived by her brother Sam McDaniel . Thousands of mourners turned out to celebrate her life and achievements . In her will , McDaniel wrote , `` I desire a white casket and a white shroud ; white gardenias in my hair and in my hands , together with a white gardenia blanket and a pillow of red roses . I also wish to be buried in the Hollywood Cemetery '' ; Hollywood Cemetery , on Santa Monica Boulevard in Hollywood , is the resting place of movie stars such as Douglas Fairbanks and Rudolph Valentino . Its owner at the time , Jules Roth , refused to allow her to be buried there , because , at the time of McDaniel 's death , the cemetery practiced racial segregation and would not accept the remains of black people for burial . Her second choice was Rosedale Cemetery ( now known as Angelus - Rosedale Cemetery ) , where she lies today . In 1999 , Tyler Cassidy , the new owner of the Hollywood Cemetery ( renamed the Hollywood Forever Cemetery ) , offered to have McDaniel re-interred there . Her family did not wish to disturb her remains and declined the offer . Instead , Hollywood Forever Cemetery built a large cenotaph on the lawn overlooking its lake . It is one of Hollywood 's most popular tourist attractions . McDaniel 's last will and testament of December 1951 bequeathed her Oscar to Howard University , where she had been honored by the students with a luncheon after she had won her Oscar . At the time of her death , McDaniel would have had few options . Very few white institutions in that day preserved black history . Historically , black colleges had been where such artifacts were placed . Despite evidence McDaniel had earned an excellent income as an actress , her final estate was less than $10,000 . The IRS claimed the estate owed more than $11,000 in taxes . In the end , the probate court ordered all of her property , including her Oscar , sold to pay off creditors . Years later , the Oscar turned up where McDaniel wanted it to be : Howard University , where , according to reports , it was displayed in a glass case in the university 's drama department . Whereabouts of the McDaniel Oscar ( edit ) The whereabouts of McDaniel 's Oscar are currently unknown . In 1992 , Jet magazine reported that Howard University could not find it and alleged that it had disappeared during protests in the 1960s . In 1998 , Howard University stated that it could find no written record of the Oscar having arrived at Howard . In 2007 , an article in the Huffington Post repeated rumors that the Oscar had been cast into the Potomac River by angry civil rights protesters in the 1960s . The assertion reappeared in the Huffington Post under the same byline in 2009 . In 2010 , Mo'Nique , the winner of the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress , wearing a blue dress and gardenias in her hair , as McDaniel had at the ceremony in 1940 , in her acceptance speech thanked McDaniel `` for enduring all that she had to so that I would not have to '' . Her speech revived interest in the whereabouts of McDaniel 's plaque . In 2011 , J. Freedom duLac reported in the Washington Post that the plaque had disappeared in the 1960s . In November 2011 , W.B. Carter , of the George Washington University Law School , published the results of her year - and - a-half - long investigation into the Oscar 's fate . Carter rejected claims that students had stolen the Oscar ( and thrown it in the Potomac River ) as wild speculation or fabrication that traded on long - perpetuated stereotypes of blacks . She questioned the sourcing of the Huffington Post stories . Instead , she argued that the Oscar was likely returned to Howard University 's Channing Pollack Theater Collection between the spring of 1971 and the summer of 1973 or had possibly been boxed and stored in the drama department at that time . The reason for its removal , she argued , was not civil rights unrest but rather efforts to make room for a new generation of black performers . If neither the Oscar nor any paper trail of its ultimate destiny can be found at Howard today , she suggested , inadequate storage or record - keeping in a time of financial constraints and national turbulence may be blamed . She also suggested that a new generation of caretakers may have failed to realize the historic significance of the 5 1 / 2 '' x 6 '' plaque . Legacy and recognition ( edit ) Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame for contributions to radio at 6933 Hollywood Boulevard . McDaniel has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in Hollywood : one at 6933 Hollywood Boulevard for her contributions to radio and one at 1719 Vine Street for motion pictures . In 1975 , she was inducted posthumously into the Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame . In 1994 , the actress and singer Karla Burns launched her one - woman show Hi - Hat - Hattie ( written by Larry Parr ) , about McDaniel 's life . Burns went on to perform the role in several other cities through 2002 , including Off - Broadway and the Long Beach Playhouse Studio Theatre in California . In 2002 , McDaniel 's legacy was celebrated in American Movie Classics 's ( AMC ) film Beyond Tara , The Extraordinary Life of Hattie McDaniel ( 2001 ) , produced and directed by Madison D. Lacy and hosted by Whoopi Goldberg . This one - hour special depicted McDaniel 's struggles and triumphs in the presence of rampant racism and brutal adversity . The film won the 2001 -- 2002 Daytime Emmy Award , presented on May 17 , 2002 , for Outstanding Special Class Special . McDaniel was the 29th inductee in the Black Heritage Series by the United States Postal Service . Her 39 - cent stamp was released on January 29 , 2006 , featuring a 1941 photograph of McDaniel in the dress she wore to accept the Academy Award in 1940 . The ceremony took place at the Margaret Herrick Library of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences , where the Hattie McDaniel collection includes photographs of McDaniel and other family members as well as scripts and other documents . The American rapper Nas pays tribute to McDaniel in his song `` Blunt Ashes , '' from his eighth studio album , released December 15 , 2006 . `` Hattie McDaniel Day '' was celebrated on August 16 , 2011 , by the national GLBT radio station OutQ ( Sirius XM ) on the Frank Decaro Show . Kevin John Goff , McDaniel 's great - grandnephew , is currently developing a series of components on McDaniel 's life . The actress Mo'Nique payed homage to Miss McDaniel when accepting her best supporting actress academy award for Precious Filmography ( edit ) Features ( edit ) Love Bound ( 1932 ) Impatient Maiden ( 1932 ) as Injured Patient ( uncredited ) Are You Listening ? ( 1932 ) as Aunt Fatima - Singer ( uncredited ) The Washington Masquerade ( 1932 ) as Maid ( uncredited ) The Boiling Point ( 1932 ) as Caroline the Cook ( uncredited ) Crooner ( 1932 ) as Maid in Ladies ' Room ( uncredited ) Blonde Venus ( 1932 ) as Cora , Helen 's Maid in New Orleans ( uncredited ) The Golden West ( 1932 ) as Mammy Lou ( uncredited ) Hypnotized ( 1932 ) as Powder Room Attendant ( uncredited ) Hello , Sister ( 1933 ) as Woman in Apartment House ( uncredited ) I 'm No Angel ( 1933 ) as Tira 's Maid - Manicurist ( uncredited ) Goodbye Love ( 1933 ) as Edna the Maid ( uncredited ) Merry Wives of Reno ( 1934 ) as Bunny 's Maid ( uncredited ) City Park ( 1934 ) as Tessie - the Ransome Maid ( uncredited ) Operator 13 ( 1934 ) as Annie ( uncredited ) King Kelly of the U.S.A. ( 1934 ) as Black Narcissus Mop Buyer ( uncredited ) Judge Priest ( 1934 ) as Aunt Dilsey Imitation of Life ( 1934 ) as Woman at Funeral ( uncredited ) Flirtation ( 1934 ) as Minor Role ( uncredited ) Lost in the Stratosphere ( 1934 ) as Ida Johnson Babbitt ( 1934 ) as Rosalie , the Maid ( uncredited ) Little Men ( 1934 ) as Asia ( uncredited ) The Little Colonel ( 1935 ) as Mom Beck Transient Lady ( 1935 ) as Servant ( uncredited ) Traveling Saleslady ( 1935 ) as Martha Smith ( uncredited ) China Seas ( 1935 ) as Isabel McCarthy , Dolly 's Maid ( uncredited ) Alice Adams ( 1935 ) as Malena Burns Harmony Lane ( 1935 ) as Liza , the Cook ( uncredited ) Murder by Television ( 1935 ) as Isabella - the Cook Music Is Magic ( 1935 ) as Hattie Another Face ( 1935 ) as Nellie - Sheila 's Maid ( uncredited ) We 're Only Human ( 1935 ) as Molly , Martin 's Maid ( uncredited ) Next Time We Love ( 1936 ) as Hanna ( uncredited ) The First Baby ( 1936 ) as Dora The Singing Kid ( 1936 ) as Maid ( uncredited ) Gentle Julia ( 1936 ) as Kitty Silvers Show Boat ( 1936 ) as Queenie High Tension ( 1936 ) as Hattie The Bride Walks Out ( 1936 ) as Mamie - Carolyn 's Maid Postal Inspector ( 1936 ) as Deborah ( uncredited ) Star for a Night ( 1936 ) as Hattie Valiant Is the Word for Carrie ( 1936 ) as Ellen Belle Libeled Lady ( 1936 ) as Maid in Grand Plaza Hall ( uncredited ) Can This Be Dixie ? ( 1936 ) as Lizzie Reunion ( 1936 ) as Sadie Racing Lady ( 1937 ) as Abby Do n't Tell the Wife ( 1937 ) as Mamie , Nancy 's Maid ( uncredited ) The Crime Nobody Saw ( 1937 ) as Ambrosia The Wildcatter ( 1937 ) as Pearl ( uncredited ) Saratoga ( 1937 ) as Rosetta Stella Dallas ( 1937 ) as Maid Sky Racket ( 1937 ) as Jenny Over the Goal ( 1937 ) as Hannah Merry Go Round of 1938 ( 1937 ) as Maid ( uncredited ) Nothing Sacred ( 1937 ) as Mrs. Walker ( uncredited ) 45 Fathers ( 1937 ) as Beulah Quick Money ( 1937 ) as Hattie ( uncredited ) True Confession ( 1937 ) as Ella Mississippi Moods ( 1937 ) Battle of Broadway ( 1938 ) as Agatha Vivacious Lady ( 1938 ) as Hattie - Maid at Prom Dance ( uncredited ) The Shopworn Angel ( 1938 ) as Martha Carefree ( 1938 ) as Hattie ( uncredited ) The Mad Miss Manton ( 1938 ) as Hilda The Shining Hour ( 1938 ) as Belvedere Everybody 's Baby ( 1939 ) as Hattie Zenobia ( 1939 ) as Dehlia Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) as Mammy - House Servant Maryland ( 1940 ) as Aunt Carrie The Great Lie ( 1941 ) as Violet Affectionately Yours ( 1941 ) as Cynthia They Died with Their Boots On ( 1941 ) as Callie The Male Animal ( 1942 ) as Cleota In This Our Life ( 1942 ) as Minerva Clay George Washington Slept Here ( 1942 ) as Hester , the Fullers ' Maid Johnny Come Lately ( 1943 ) as Aida Thank Your Lucky Stars ( 1943 ) as Gossip in ' Ice Cold Katie ' Number Since You Went Away ( 1944 ) as Fidelia Janie ( 1944 ) as April - Conway 's Maid Three Is a Family ( 1944 ) as Maid Hi , Beautiful ( 1944 ) as Millie Janie Gets Married ( 1946 ) as April Margie ( 1946 ) as Cynthia Never Say Goodbye ( 1946 ) as Cozie Song of the South ( 1946 ) as Aunt Tempy The Flame ( 1947 ) as Celia Mickey ( 1948 ) as Bertha Family Honeymoon ( 1948 ) as Phyllis The Big Wheel ( 1949 ) as Minnie Short subjects ( edit ) Mickey 's Rescue ( 1934 ) as Maid ( uncredited ) Fate 's Fathead ( 1934 ) as Mandy - the Maid ( uncredited ) The Chases of Pimple Street ( 1934 ) as Hattie , Gertrude 's Maid ( uncredited ) Anniversary Trouble ( 1935 ) as Mandy , the Maid Okay Toots ! ( 1935 ) as Hattie - the Maid ( uncredited ) Wig - Wag ( 1935 ) as Cook ( uncredited ) The Four Star Boarder ( 1935 ) as Maid ( uncredited ) Arbor Day ( 1936 ) as Buckwheat 's Mother Termites of 1938 ( 1938 ) Radio appearances ( edit ) Year Program Episode / source 1941 Gulf Screen Guild Theatre No Time for Comedy Station KOA , Denver , Melony Hounds ( 1926 ) Station KNX , Los Angeles , The Optimistic Do - Nut Hour ( 1931 ) CBS Network , The Beulah Show ( 1947 ) . McDaniel was a semi-regular on the radio program Amos ' n ' Andy , first as Andy 's demanding landlady . In one episode they nearly marry . Andy was out for her money , aided and abetted by the Kingfish , who gives his wife 's diamond ring to present to McDaniel as an engagement ring . The scheme blows up in their faces when Sapphire decides to throw a party to celebrate . Andy desperately tries to conceal the ring from Sapphire . In frustration and growing anger , McDaniel says to Andy , `` Andy , sweetheart , darlin ' . Is you gon na let go of my hand or does I have to pop you ? ? ! ! '' This episode aired on NBC in June 1944 . She played a similar character , `` Sadie Simpson '' , in several later episodes . See also ( edit ) List of African - American firsts List of black Academy Award winners and nominees African Americans portal Biography portal Film in the United States portal References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` Hattie McDaniel Biography '' . MTV . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Carlton . Hattie : The Life of Hattie McDaniel , Lanham , Maryland : Madison Books , 1990 . ISBN 1 - 56833 - 004 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Hattie Mcdaniel '' . blackclassicmovies.com . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hattie McDaniel , First African American to Win an Academy Award , Featured on New 39 - Cent Postage Stamp '' Archived 2008 - 07 - 07 at the Wayback Machine. , press release , US Postal Service , January 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Carlton . Hattie : The Life of Hattie McDaniel , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Lyman , Darryl ( 2005 ) . Great African American Women . Jonathan David . ISBN 0 - 8246 - 0459 - 8 . Jump up ^ Laird , Ross ( 2004 ) . Discography of Okeh Records , 1918 -- 1934 . Praeger / Greenwood . pp. 392 , 446 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 31142 - 0 . Jump up ^ Bogdanov , Vladimir ( 2003 ). All Music Guide to the Blues : The Definitive Guide to the Blues . Backbeat Books . p. 274 . ISBN 0 - 87930 - 736 - 6 . Jump up ^ Sam McDaniel at the Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ Etta McDaniel at the Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ Watts , Jill ( 2005 ) . Hattie McDaniel : Black Ambition , White Hollywood . Harper Collins . p. 151 . Jump up ^ Harris , Warren G. ( 2002 ) . Clark Gable : A Biography . Harmony . p. 203 . ISBN 0 - 307 - 23714 - 1 . Jump up ^ Watts , Jill ( 2005 ) . Hattie McDaniel : Black Ambition , White Hollywood . pp. 152 -- 171 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 051490 - 6 . Jump up ^ W. Burlette Carter . `` Finding the Oscar '' . p. 114 , n . 40 . Jump up ^ Harris , ibid. , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Time Magazine : `` Gone with the Wind Premiere '' , Monday , December 25 , 1939 . Jump up ^ Bridges , Herb ( 1999 ) . Gone with the Wind : The Three - day Premiere in Atlanta . Mercer University Press . ISBN 0 - 86554 - 672 - X . Jump up ^ Watts , Jill ( 2005 ) . Hattie McDaniel : Black Ambition , White Hollywood . p. 172 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 051490 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lyman , Darryl ( 2005 ) . Great African American Women . Jonathan David . p. 161 . ISBN 0 - 8246 - 0459 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lotchin , Roger W. ( 1999 ) . The Way We Really Were : The Golden State in the Second Great War . University of Illinois Press . p. 36 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06819 - X . ^ Jump up to : W. Burlette Carter . `` Finding the Oscar '' , p. 114 , n . 40 , p. 115 , n . 47 . Jump up ^ Watts , Jill ( 2005 ) . Hattie McDaniel : Black Ambition , White Hollywood . pp. 188 -- 190 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 051490 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : W.B. Carter , `` Finding the Oscar '' , pp. 199 -- 20 , n . 40 . Jump up ^ See and hear Hattie McDaniel acceptance speech at the end of this video . Jump up ^ Jackson , Carlton . Hattie : The Life of Hattie McDaniel , p. 52 . Jump up ^ W. Burlette Carter , `` Finding the Oscar '' , p. 109 , n . 08 . Jump up ^ Abramovitch , Seth ( 19 February 2015 ) . `` Oscar 's First Black Winner Accepted Her Honor in a Segregated ' No Blacks ' Hotel in L.A '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ W. Burlette Carter . `` Finding the Oscar '' . pp. 115 -- 16 , citing photograph of guests at 12th Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences Awards banquet ( 1939 ) , Margaret Herrick Library , Special Collections Jump up ^ `` American Film Institute '' . Connect.afi.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Time , `` Review : Thank Your Lucky Stars ( Warner ) '' , Monday , October 4 , 1943 . Jump up ^ Smith , Milton A. ( 1951 ) . `` Offensive to GIs , Banned : Army Drops ' Beulah ' Show Taken Off Air After Fighters Complain '' . Baltimore Afro - American . February 17 , 1951 , at 1 . Jump up ^ Three of McDaniel 's episodes are readily available on videocassette and on the Internet . Jump up ^ Watts , Jill ( 2005 ) . Hattie McDaniel : Black Ambition , White Hollywood . p. 328 . Jump up ^ Time magazine , `` Victory on Sugar Hill '' , Monday , December 17 , 1945 . Jump up ^ Watts , Jill ( 2005 ) . Hattie McDaniel : Black Ambition , White Hollywood , p. 212 . Jump up ^ W. Burlette Carter , `` Finding the Oscar '' , pp. 122 -- 23 . Jump up ^ W. Burlette Carter , `` Finding the Oscar '' , p. 117 , n . 67 , citing `` No Hope for the Negro in Films , Says Writer , As Long As Hattie McDaniel ' Toms ' '' , Cleveland Gazette , February 17 , 1945 , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : CBSNEWS.com : First black Oscar winner honored with stamp , Thursday , January 26 , 2006 . Archived May 14 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : W. Burlette Carter , `` Finding the Oscar '' , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Watts , Jill ( 2005 ) . Hattie McDaniel : Black Ambition , White Hollywood . p. 129 . Jump up ^ Watts , Jill ( 2005 ) . Hattie McDaniel : Black Ambition , White Hollywood . pp. 226 -- 227 . Jump up ^ Hedda Hopper , Screen and Stage : Own People Slow Hattie McDaniel Up , L.A. Times , December 14 , 1947 , at H3 . Jump up ^ `` Hattie McDaniel and the Negro Division of the Hollywood Victory Committee '' . Cghs.dade.k12.fl.us . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Watts , Jill ( 2005 ) . Hattie McDaniel : Black Ambition , White Hollywood . p. 210 . Jump up ^ Spada , James ( 1993 ) . More Than a Woman : An Intimate Biography of Bette Davis . Little , Brown . pp. 191 -- 192 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 56868 - X . Jump up ^ `` Network and Local Radio Listings '' . The Sunday Sun . 4 Jan 1942 . Retrieved 8 Jan 2011 . Jump up ^ Watts , Jill ( 2005 ) . Hattie McDaniel : Black Ambition , White Hollywood . p. 126 . Jump up ^ Monday , December 31 , 1945 ( 1945 - 12 - 31 ) . `` Time Magazine article , Monday , December 31 , 1945 '' . Time.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Time magazine article , Monday , December 18 , 1950 . Jump up ^ Long Beach Press - Telegram , Long Beach , California , Wednesday , December 6 , 1950 . Jump up ^ Associated Press , First black to win Oscar to get part of final wish , The Frederick Post , Frederick , Maryland , Monday , October 25 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Scott . Resting Places : The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons , 3d ed. : 2 ( Kindle Location 31275 ) . McFarland & Company , Inc. , Publishers . Kindle Edition . Jump up ^ `` The Memorial to Actress Hattie McDaniel at Hollywood Forever Memorial Park '' . Cemeteryguide.com. 1952 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` And Hattie McDaniel 's Oscar went to ... ? 1940 prize , Howard U. play roles in mystery '' . Washington Post , May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ W. Burlette Carter , `` Finding the Oscar '' , pp. 136 -- 37 . Jump up ^ W. Burlette Carter , `` Finding the Oscar '' , p. 129 . Jump up ^ W. Burlette Carter , `` Finding the Oscar '' , p. 139 . Jump up ^ `` Hattie McDaniel Oscar Plaque Missing '' . Jump up ^ W. Burlette Carter , `` Finding the Oscar '' , p. 109 , n . 10 , citing `` Howard University Ca n't Find McDaniel Oscar , '' Jet , May 4 , 1992 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ W. Burlette Carter , `` Finding the Oscar '' , p. 109 , n . 10 , citing `` Hattie McDaniel 's Academy Award Is Lost , '' Jet , April 13 , 1998 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Tom Gregory , `` Oscar Time for Hattie McDaniel '' , The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` The Flower in Mo'Nique's Hair : Hattie McDaniel Tribute '' . jezebel . Retrieved 28 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Freedom du Lac , J. ( May 26 , 2010 ) . `` And Hattie McDaniel 's Oscar Went to ... ? 1940 Prize , Howard U. Play Roles in Mystery '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 28 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Burlette Carter , W. ( 2011 ) . `` Finding the Oscar '' . Howard Law Journal . pp. 107 -- 171 . Jump up ^ `` Gone with the Wind : Hollywood Walk of Fame Stars '' . Destinationhollywood.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Carroy U. ( 2004 ). Transitions in Consciousness from an African American Perspective . Lanham , Maryland : University Press of America . p. 243 . ISBN 0 - 7618 - 2700 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Karla Burns : Broadway to Vegas , May 30 , 2004 '' . Broadwaytovegas.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 -- 2002 Daytime Emmy Awards '' . Infoplease.com. 2002 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Hattie McDaniel , First African American to Win an Academy Award , Featured on New 39 - cent Postage Stamp '' ( Press release ) . United States Postal Service . 2006 - 01 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 09 . Hattie McDaniel , movie actress , singer , radio and television personality , and the first African American to win an Academy Award today became the 29th honoree in the U.S. Postal Service 's long - running Black Heritage commemorative stamp series Jump up ^ Gickerr , William J. ( ed . ) ( 2006 ) . `` Hattie McDaniel 39 ¢ '' . USA Philatelic ( print ) . 11 ( 3 ) : 12 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Abel , Walter '' . radioGOLDINdex . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Bibliography The Life and Struggles of Hattie McDaniel ( author Jill Watts audio interview ) , hear the voice of Hattie McDaniel Carter , W.B. ( 2011 ) . `` Finding the Oscar '' . Howard Law Journal . 55 ( 1 ) : 107 . SSRN 1980721 . Hopper , Hedda . `` Hattie Hates Nobody '' . Chicago Sunday Tribune , 1947 . Jackson , Carlton . Hattie : The Life of Hattie McDaniel . Lanham , MD : Madison Books , 1990 . ISBN 1 - 56833 - 004 - 9 Mitchell , Lisa . `` More Than a Mammy '' . Hollywood Studio Magazine , April 1979 . Salamon , Julie . `` The Courage to Rise Above Mammyness '' . New York Times , August 6 , 2001 . Watts , Jill . Hattie McDaniel : Black Ambition , White Hollywood . New York , NY : HarperCollins , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 051490 - 6 Young , Al . `` I 'd Rather Play a Maid Than Be One '' . New York Times , October 15 , 1989 . Zeigler , Ronny . `` Hattie McDaniel : ' ( I 'd ) ... rather play a maid . ' '' N.Y. Amsterdam News , April 28 , 1979 . Access Newspaper Archive -- search for `` Hattie McDaniel '' External links ( edit ) Hattie McDaniel on IMDb Hattie McDaniel at Find a Grave Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress 1936 -- 1950 Gale Sondergaard ( 1936 ) Alice Brady ( 1937 ) Fay Bainter ( 1938 ) Hattie McDaniel ( 1939 ) Jane Darwell ( 1940 ) Mary Astor ( 1941 ) Teresa Wright ( 1942 ) Katina Paxinou ( 1943 ) Ethel Barrymore ( 1944 ) Anne Revere ( 1945 ) Anne Baxter ( 1946 ) Celeste Holm ( 1947 ) Claire Trevor ( 1948 ) Mercedes McCambridge ( 1949 ) Josephine Hull ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 Kim Hunter ( 1951 ) Gloria Grahame ( 1952 ) Donna Reed ( 1953 ) Eva Marie Saint ( 1954 ) Jo Van Fleet ( 1955 ) Dorothy Malone ( 1956 ) Miyoshi Umeki ( 1957 ) Wendy Hiller ( 1958 ) Shelley Winters ( 1959 ) Shirley Jones ( 1960 ) Rita Moreno ( 1961 ) Patty Duke ( 1962 ) Margaret Rutherford ( 1963 ) Lila Kedrova ( 1964 ) Shelley Winters ( 1965 ) Sandy Dennis ( 1966 ) Estelle Parsons ( 1967 ) Ruth Gordon ( 1968 ) Goldie Hawn ( 1969 ) Helen Hayes ( 1970 ) Cloris Leachman ( 1971 ) Eileen Heckart ( 1972 ) Tatum O'Neal ( 1973 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1974 ) Lee Grant ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Beatrice Straight ( 1976 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 1977 ) Maggie Smith ( 1978 ) Meryl Streep ( 1979 ) Mary Steenburgen ( 1980 ) Maureen Stapleton ( 1981 ) Jessica Lange ( 1982 ) Linda Hunt ( 1983 ) Peggy Ashcroft ( 1984 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1985 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1986 ) Olympia Dukakis ( 1987 ) Geena Davis ( 1988 ) Brenda Fricker ( 1989 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1990 ) Mercedes Ruehl ( 1991 ) Marisa Tomei ( 1992 ) Anna Paquin ( 1993 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1994 ) Mira Sorvino ( 1995 ) Juliette Binoche ( 1996 ) Kim Basinger ( 1997 ) Judi Dench ( 1998 ) Angelina Jolie ( 1999 ) Marcia Gay Harden ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Jennifer Connelly ( 2001 ) Catherine Zeta - Jones ( 2002 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2003 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2004 ) Rachel Weisz ( 2005 ) Jennifer Hudson ( 2006 ) Tilda Swinton ( 2007 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) Melissa Leo ( 2010 ) Octavia Spencer ( 2011 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2012 ) Lupita Nyong'o ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Alicia Vikander ( 2015 ) Viola Davis ( 2016 ) Colorado Women 's Hall of Fame 1980 -- 1989 1985 Archuleta , Lena Lena Archuleta Bird , Isabella Isabella Bird Bonfils , Helen Helen Bonfils Brown , Molly Molly Brown Chipeta Chase , Mary Coyle Mary Coyle Chase Eisenhower , Mamie Mamie Eisenhower Ford , Justina Justina Ford Griffith , Emily Emily Griffith Jackson , Helen Hunt Helen Hunt Jackson Lamm , Dottie Dottie Lamm Maxwell , Martha Martha Maxwell Meir , Golda Golda Meir Owl Woman Rippon , Mary Mary Rippon Sabin , Florence Florence Sabin Schmoll , Hazel Hazel Schmoll Schroeder , Pat Pat Schroeder Stanton , May Bonfils May Bonfils Stanton Steinbeck , Anne Anne Steinbeck Stockton , Ruth Ruth Stockton Tabor , Baby Doe Baby Doe Tabor Wormington - Volk , Marie Marie Wormington - Volk Yancey , Jean Jean Yancey 1986 Brico , Antonia Antonia Brico Peterson , Helen White Helen White Peterson Roche , Josephine Josephine Roche Smith , Eudochia Bell Eudochia Bell Smith Goldberg , Miriam Miriam Goldberg Jacobs , Frances Wisebart Frances Wisebart Jacobs Lathrop , Mary Florence Mary Florence Lathrop Walker , Lenore E. Lenore E. Walker Churchill , Caroline Caroline Churchill Crain , Oleta Oleta Crain Orullian , LaRae LaRae Orullian Stone , Elizabeth Hickok Robbins Elizabeth Hickok Robbins Stone Brown , Clara Clara Brown Fallis , Edwina Hume Edwina Hume Fallis Hennessy , Sumiko Sumiko Hennessy Robinson , Cleo Parker Cleo Parker Robinson 1990 -- 1999 Bancroft , Caroline Caroline Bancroft Cantwell , Hendrika B. Hendrika B. Cantwell Platt - Decker , Sarah Sarah Platt - Decker Ries , Jane Silverstein Jane Silverstein Ries 1991 Black , Helen Marie Helen Marie Black Fiore , Genevieve Genevieve Fiore Tabor , Augusta Augusta Tabor Webb , Wilma Wilma Webb Van Derbur , Marilyn Marilyn Van Derbur Birkland , Joan Joan Birkland Boulding , Elise M. Elise M. Boulding Crawford , Dana Hudkins Dana Hudkins Crawford Curry , Margaret Margaret Curry Finkel , Terri H. Terri H. Finkel Gilfoyle , Elnora M. Elnora M. Gilfoyle Long , Mary Hauck Elitch Mary Hauck Elitch Long McConnell - Mills , Frances Frances McConnell - Mills Noel , Rachel Bassette Rachel Bassette Noel Walter , Mildred Pitts Mildred Pitts Walter Anderson , Susan Susan Anderson Archuleta , Eppie Eppie Archuleta Barry , Ceal Ceal Barry Bourdas , Juana Juana Bourdas Hunt , Swanee Swanee Hunt Muse , Reynelda Reynelda Muse Tobin , Mary Luke Mary Luke Tobin 2000 -- 2009 2000 Baca , Polly Polly Baca Burns , Joy Joy Burns Heath , Josie Josie Heath Lincoln , J. Virginia J. Virginia Lincoln Robinson , Pauline Short Pauline Short Robinson Urioste , Martha M. Martha M. Urioste Weinshienk , Zita Zita Weinshienk Alvarado , Linda Linda Alvarado Fraser , Virginia Virginia Fraser 2002 Gaskill , Gudrun Gudrun Gaskill Joselyn , Jo Ann Cram Jo Ann Cram Joselyn Miller , Mary Mary Miller Miller , Sue Sue Miller Tanner , Gloria Gloria Tanner Warner , Emily Howell Emily Howell Warner Anna Lee Aldred Anna Lee Aldred Boyd , Louie Croft Louie Croft Boyd Chambers , Merle Merle Chambers Gabow , Patricia Patricia Gabow LaNier , Carlotta Carlotta LaNier Perry , Antoinette Antoinette Perry Perry , Charlotte Charlotte Perry and Mansfield , Portia Portia Mansfield Taylor , Arie Parks Arie Parks Taylor 2006 Allen , Stephanie Stephanie Allen Collins , Judy Judy Collins Downs , Marion Marion Downs Estés , Clarissa Pinkola Clarissa Pinkola Estés Hirschfeld , Arlene Arlene Hirschfeld Jones , Jean Jean Jones Lorber , Fannie Fannie Lorber Solomon , Susan Susan Solomon Spencer , Caroline Caroline Spencer Spitz , Vivien Vivien Spitz 2008 Anschutz - Rodgers , Sue Sue Anschutz - Rodgers Alicia Cuarón , Alicia Alicia Alicia Cuarón Dennis , Evie Evie Dennis Dubofsky , Jean Jean Dubofsky Makepeace , Mary Lou Mary Lou Makepeace Nie , Lily Lily Nie Petteys , Anna Anna Petteys Routt , Eliza Eliza Routt Woltman , Rhea Rhea Woltman Zaharias , Mildred Didrikson Mildred Didrikson Zaharias 2010 -- 2019 Albright , Madeleine Madeleine Albright Greenberg , Elinor Elinor Greenberg Guajardo , Maria Maria Guajardo Marrack , Philippa Philippa Marrack Martinez , Ramona Ramona Martinez McDaniel , Hattie Hattie McDaniel O'Brien , Susan Susan O'Brien Scott , Bartley Marie Bartley Marie Scott Taylor , Alice Bemis Alice Bemis Taylor Tietjen , Jill Jill Tietjen 2012 Anseth , Kristi S. Kristi S. Anseth Bonnema , Janet Janet Bonnema Duncan , Fannie Mae Fannie Mae Duncan Ford , Loretta C. Loretta C. Ford Gallegos , Erinea Garcia Erinea Garcia Gallegos Gilpin , Laura Laura Gilpin Grandin , Temple Temple Grandin Hsu , Ding - Wen Ding - Wen Hsu Kerwin , Mary Ann Mary Ann Kerwin Mullarkey , Mary J. Mary J. Mullarkey 2014 Julia Archibald Holmes Elizabeth Wright Ingraham Christine Arguello Lauren Young Casteel Penny Hamilton Kristina Johnson Diana Wall Joanne M. Maguire Elizabeth Morley Cowles Helen Ring Robinson 2015 Anne Evans Minnie Harding Laura Ann Hershey Elizabeth Pellet 2016 Anna Jo Haynes Arlene Vigil Kramer Lydia Peña Sandra I. Rothenberg Shari Shink Judith B. Wagner VIAF : 45100688 LCCN : n85151822 ISNI : 0000 0000 2497 1304 GND : 118909282 SUDOC : 066950988 MusicBrainz : 037b0471 - 652d - 4dc2 - a464 - a5051d5e1e29 IATH : w6sn2kh1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hattie_McDaniel&oldid=814328533 '' Categories : 1895 births 1952 deaths African - American actresses American actresses American film actresses American television actresses American radio actresses African - American radio personalities American women comedians African - American comedians American comedians African - American female singer - songwriters African - American singer - songwriters American singer - songwriters American female singer - songwriters American blues singer - songwriters Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners Burials at Angelus - Rosedale Cemetery , Los Angeles Deaths from cancer in California Deaths from breast cancer Okeh Records artists Actresses from Kansas Actors from Wichita , Kansas Musicians from Wichita , Kansas People from South Los Angeles 20th - century American actresses 20th - century American singers Songwriters from Kansas Singers from Kansas People from West Adams , Los Angeles RKO Pictures contract players Paramount Pictures contract players Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with hCards Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with attributed pull quotes Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Беларуская Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Yorùbá Edit links This page was last edited on 8 December 2017 , at 04 : 29 . 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"Hattie McDaniel (June 10, 1895 – October 26, 1952) was an American stage actress, professional singer-songwriter, and comedian. She is best known for her role as \"Mammy\" in Gone with the Wind (1939), for which she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, the first Academy Award won by an African American entertainer."
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"Hattie McDaniel"
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2168751373352979562 | Roman Empire | Roman Empire - wikipedia Roman Empire For other uses of `` Roman Empire '' , see Roman Empire ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Latin Empire or Holy Roman Empire . Roman Empire Senatus Populusque Romanus ( Latin ) Imperium Romanum ( Latin ) Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων ( Ancient Greek ) Basileía Rhōmaíōn 27 BC -- 395 AD 395 -- 476 / 480 ( Western ) 395 -- 1453 ( Eastern ) Aureus of Augustus Vexillum The Roman Empire in AD 117 , at its greatest extent at the time of Trajan 's death ( with its vassals in pink ) . Capital Rome ( 27 BC -- 330 AD ) Mediolanum ( 286 -- 402 , Western ) Ravenna ( 402 -- 476 , Western ) Nicomedia ( 286 -- 330 , Eastern ) Constantinople ( 330 -- 1453 , Whole ) Common languages Latin ( official until 610 ) Greek ( official after 610 ) Regional / local languages Religion Imperial cult - driven polytheism ( Before AD 380 ) Nicene Christianity ( State Church of the Roman Empire ) ( From AD 380 ) Government Mixed , functionally absolute monarchy Emperor 27 BC -- AD 14 Augustus ( first ) 98 -- 117 Trajan 284 -- 305 Diocletian 306 -- 337 Constantine I 379 -- 395 Theodosius I 474 -- 480 Julius Nepos 527 -- 565 Justinian I 976 -- 1025 Basil II 1449 -- 1453 Constantine XI Legislature Senate Historical era Classical era to Late Middle Ages Final War of the Roman Republic 32 -- 30 BC Empire established 30 -- 2 BC Constantinople becomes capital 11 May 330 Final East - West divide 17 Jan 395 Fall of the Western Roman Empire 4 Sep 476 Fourth Crusade 12 Apr 1204 Reconquest of Constantinople 25 Jul 1261 Fall of Constantinople 29 May 1453 Fall of Trebizond 15 August 1461 Area 25 BC 2,750,000 km ( 1,060,000 sq mi ) AD 117 5,000,000 km ( 1,900,000 sq mi ) AD 390 4,400,000 km ( 1,700,000 sq mi ) Population 25 BC 56,800,000 Currency Sestertius , Aureus , Solidus , Nomisma Preceded by Succeeded by Roman Republic Western Roman Empire Eastern Roman Empire The Roman Empire ( Latin : Imperium Rōmānum , Classical Latin : ( ɪmˈpɛ. ri. ũː roːˈmaː. nũː ) ; Koine and Medieval Greek : Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων , tr . Basileia tōn Rhōmaiōn ) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization , with a government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe , Africa and Asia . The city of Rome was the largest city in the world c. 100 BC -- c . AD 400 , with Constantinople ( New Rome ) becoming the largest around AD 500 , and the Empire 's population grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants ( roughly 20 % of the world 's population at the time ) . The 500 - year - old republic which preceded it had been severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict , during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC . Civil wars and executions continued , culminating in the victory of Octavian , Caesar 's adopted son , over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt . Octavian 's power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title Augustus , effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic . The first two centuries of the empire 's existence were a period of unprecedented political stability and prosperity known as the Pax Romana , or `` Roman Peace '' . Following Octavian 's victory , the size of the empire was dramatically increased . After the assassination of Caligula in AD 41 , the Senate briefly considered restoring the republic , but the Praetorian Guard proclaimed Claudius emperor instead . Under Claudius , the empire invaded Britannia , its first major expansion since Augustus . After Claudius ' successor , Nero , committed suicide in AD 68 , the empire suffered a series of brief civil wars , as well as a concurrent major rebellion in Judea , during which four different legionary generals were proclaimed emperor . Vespasian emerged triumphant in AD 69 , establishing the Flavian dynasty . He was succeeded by his son Titus , who opened the Colosseum shortly after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius . His short reign was followed by the long reign of his brother Domitian , who was eventually assassinated . The Senate then appointed the first of the Five Good Emperors . The empire reached its greatest extent under Trajan , the second in this line . A period of increasing trouble and decline began with the reign of Commodus . Commodus ' assassination in 192 triggered the Year of the Five Emperors , from which Septimius Severus emerged victorious . The assassination of Alexander Severus in 235 led to the Crisis of the Third Century in which 26 men were declared emperor by the Roman Senate over a fifty - year time span . It was not until the reign of Diocletian that the empire was fully stabilized with the introduction of the Tetrarchy , which saw four emperors rule the empire jointly . This arrangement was ultimately unsuccessful , leading to a civil war that was finally ended by Constantine the Great , who defeated his rivals and became the sole ruler of the empire in 324 . Constantine subsequently established a second capital city in Byzantium , which he renamed Constantinople . It remained the capital of the east until its demise . Constantine also adopted Christianity . Influenced by his adviser Mardonius , Constantine 's nephew Julian unsuccessfully attempted to return the empire to paganism . Christianity became the official state religion of the empire under Theodosius I , who was the last emperor to rule over both the western and eastern halves of the Empire . The dominion of the Western Roman Empire was gradually eroded by abuses of power , civil wars , barbarian migrations and invasions , military reforms , and economic depression . The Sack of Rome in 410 by the Visigoths and again in 455 by the Vandals accelerated the Western Empire 's decay , while the deposition of the emperor , Romulus Augustulus , in 476 by Odoacer , is traditionally accepted to mark the end of the empire in the west . However , Augustulus was never recognized by his Eastern colleague , and separate rule in the western part of the empire only ceased to exist upon the death of Julius Nepos , recognized as emperor by both Odoacer and the Eastern emperor , in 480 . The Eastern Roman Empire ( in modern historiography called the Byzantine Empire ) endured for another millennium as one of the leading powers in the world alongside its arch - rival the Sassanid Empire , which had inherited a centuries - old Roman - Persian conflict from its predecessor the Parthians . The Byzantine Empire eventually fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 . Due to the Roman Empire 's vast extent and long endurance , Roman influence on government , law , architecture and art continues to this day . The Roman Empire was among the most powerful economic , cultural , political and military forces in the world of its time . It was one of the largest empires in world history . At its height under Trajan , it covered 5 million square kilometres . It held sway over an estimated 70 million people , at that time 21 % of the world 's entire population . The longevity and vast extent of the empire ensured the lasting influence of Latin and Greek language , culture , religion , inventions , architecture , philosophy , law and forms of government over the empire 's descendants . Throughout the European medieval period , attempts were even made to establish successors to the Roman Empire , including the Empire of Romania , a Crusader state ; and the Holy Roman Empire . By means of European colonialism following the Renaissance , and their descendant states , Greco - Roman and Judaeo - Christian culture was exported on a worldwide scale , playing a crucial role in the development of the modern world . Contents 1 History 2 Geography and demography 3 Languages 3.1 Local languages and linguistic legacy 4 Society 4.1 Legal status 4.1. 1 Women in Roman law 4.1. 2 Slaves and the law 4.1. 3 Freedmen 4.2 Census rank 4.2. 1 Unequal justice 5 Government and military 5.1 Central government 5.2 Military 5.3 Provincial government 5.4 Roman law 5.5 Taxation 6 Economy 6.1 Currency and banking 6.2 Mining and metallurgy 6.3 Transportation and communication 6.4 Trade and commodities 6.5 Labour and occupations 6.6 GDP and income distribution 7 Architecture and engineering 8 Daily life 8.1 City and country 8.2 Food and dining 8.3 Recreation and spectacles 8.3. 1 Personal training and play 8.4 Clothing 9 The arts 9.1 Portraiture 9.2 Sculpture 9.2. 1 Sarcophagi 9.3 Painting 9.4 Mosaic 9.5 Decorative arts 9.6 Performing arts 10 Literacy , books , and education 10.1 Primary education 10.2 Secondary education 10.3 Educated women 10.4 The shape of literacy 11 Literature 12 Religion 13 Political legacy 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 16.1 Citations 16.2 Cited sources 17 External links History Main article : History of the Roman Empire See also : Campaign history of the Roman military , Roman - Persian Wars , and Roman Kingdom The Augustus of Prima Porta ( early 1st century AD ) Rome had begun expanding shortly after the founding of the republic in the 6th century BC , though it did not expand outside the Italian Peninsula until the 3rd century BC . Then , it was an `` empire '' long before it had an emperor . The Roman Republic was not a nation - state in the modern sense , but a network of towns left to rule themselves ( though with varying degrees of independence from the Roman Senate ) and provinces administered by military commanders . It was ruled , not by emperors , but by annually elected magistrates ( Roman Consuls above all ) in conjunction with the senate . For various reasons , the 1st century BC was a time of political and military upheaval , which ultimately led to rule by emperors . The consuls ' military power rested in the Roman legal concept of imperium , which literally means `` command '' ( though typically in a military sense ) . Occasionally , successful consuls were given the honorary title imperator ( commander ) , and this is the origin of the word emperor ( and empire ) since this title ( among others ) was always bestowed to the early emperors upon their accession . Rome suffered a long series of internal conflicts , conspiracies and civil wars from the late second century BC onwards , while greatly extending its power beyond Italy . This was the period of the Crisis of the Roman Republic . Towards the end of this era , in 44 BC , Julius Caesar was briefly perpetual dictator before being assassinated . The faction of his assassins was driven from Rome and defeated at the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC by an army led by Mark Antony and Caesar 's adopted son Octavian . Antony and Octavian 's division of the Roman world between themselves did not last and Octavian 's forces defeated those of Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC . In 27 BC the Senate and People of Rome made Octavian princeps ( `` first citizen '' ) with proconsular imperium , thus beginning the Principate ( the first epoch of Roman imperial history , usually dated from 27 BC to AD 284 ) , and gave him the name `` Augustus '' ( `` the venerated '' ) . Though the old constitutional machinery remained in place , Augustus came to predominate it . Although the republic stood in name , contemporaries of Augustus knew it was just a veil and that Augustus had all meaningful authority in Rome . Since his rule ended a century of civil wars and began an unprecedented period of peace and prosperity , he was so loved that he came to hold the power of a monarch de facto if not de jure . During the years of his rule , a new constitutional order emerged ( in part organically and in part by design ) , so that , upon his death , this new constitutional order operated as before when Tiberius was accepted as the new emperor . The 200 years that began with Augustus 's rule is traditionally regarded as the Pax Romana ( `` Roman Peace '' ) . During this period , the cohesion of the empire was furthered by a degree of social stability and economic prosperity that Rome had never before experienced . Uprisings in the provinces were infrequent , but put down `` mercilessly and swiftly '' when they occurred . The sixty years of Jewish -- Roman wars in the second half of the 1st century and the first half of the 2nd century were exceptional in their duration and violence . The success of Augustus in establishing principles of dynastic succession was limited by his outliving a number of talented potential heirs . The Julio - Claudian dynasty lasted for four more emperors -- Tiberius , Caligula , Claudius and Nero -- before it yielded in 69 AD to the strife - torn Year of Four Emperors , from which Vespasian emerged as victor . Vespasian became the founder of the brief Flavian dynasty , to be followed by the Nerva -- Antonine dynasty which produced the `` Five Good Emperors '' : Nerva , Trajan , Hadrian , Antoninus Pius and the philosophically - inclined Marcus Aurelius . Trajan , unlike all his predecessors , was not an Italian , but came from a family of Roman settlers in Spain . In the view of the Greek historian Dio Cassius , a contemporary observer , the accession of the emperor Commodus in 180 AD marked the descent `` from a kingdom of gold to one of rust and iron '' -- a famous comment which has led some historians , notably Edward Gibbon , to take Commodus ' reign as the beginning of the decline of the Roman Empire . In 212 , during the reign of Caracalla , Roman citizenship was granted to all freeborn inhabitants of the empire . But despite this gesture of universality , the Severan dynasty was tumultuous -- an emperor 's reign was ended routinely by his murder or execution -- and , following its collapse , the Roman Empire was engulfed by the Crisis of the Third Century , a period of invasions , civil strife , economic disorder , and plague . In defining historical epochs , this crisis is sometimes viewed as marking the transition from Classical Antiquity to Late Antiquity . Aurelian ( reigned 270 -- 275 ) brought the empire back from the brink and stabilized it . Diocletian completed the work of fully restoring the empire , but declined the role of princeps and became the first emperor to be addressed regularly as domine , `` master '' or `` lord '' . This marked the end of the Principate , and the beginning of the Dominate . Diocletian 's reign also brought the empire 's most concerted effort against the perceived threat of Christianity , the `` Great Persecution '' . The state of absolute monarchy that began with Diocletian endured until the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire in 1453 . The Barbarian Invasions consisted of the movement of ( mainly ) ancient Germanic peoples into Roman territory . Even though northern invasions took place throughout the life of the Empire , this period officially began in the IV century and lasted for many centuries during which the western territory was under the dominion of foreign northern rulers , a notable one being Charlemagne . Historically , this event marked the transition between the ancient world and the medieval ages . Diocletian divided the empire into four regions , each ruled by a separate emperor , the Tetrarchy . Confident that he fixed the disorders that were plaguing Rome , he abdicated along with his co-emperor , and the Tetrarchy soon collapsed . Order was eventually restored by Constantine the Great , who became the first emperor to convert to Christianity , and who established Constantinople as the new capital of the eastern empire . During the decades of the Constantinian and Valentinian dynasties , the empire was divided along an east -- west axis , with dual power centres in Constantinople and Rome . The reign of Julian , who under the influence of his adviser Mardonius attempted to restore Classical Roman and Hellenistic religion , only briefly interrupted the succession of Christian emperors . Theodosius I , the last emperor to rule over both East and West , died in 395 AD after making Christianity the official religion of the empire . The Roman Empire by 476 The Western Roman Empire began to disintegrate in the early 5th century as Germanic migrations and invasions overwhelmed the capacity of the Empire to assimilate the migrants and fight off the invaders . The Romans were successful in fighting off all invaders , most famously Attila , though the empire had assimilated so many Germanic peoples of dubious loyalty to Rome that the empire started to dismember itself . Most chronologies place the end of the Western Roman Empire in 476 , when Romulus Augustulus was forced to abdicate to the Germanic warlord Odoacer . By placing himself under the rule of the Eastern Emperor , rather than naming himself Emperor ( as other Germanic chiefs had done after deposing past emperors ) , Odoacer ended the Western Empire by ending the line of Western emperors . The empire in the East -- often known as the Byzantine Empire , but referred to in its time as the Roman Empire or by various other names -- had a different fate . It survived for almost a millennium after the fall of its Western counterpart and became the most stable Christian realm during the Middle Ages . During the 6th century , Justinian I reconquered Northern Africa and Italy . But within a few years of Justinian 's death , Byzantine possessions in Italy were greatly reduced by the Lombards who settled in the peninsula . In the east , partially resulting from the destructive Plague of Justinian , the Romans were threatened by the rise of Islam , whose followers rapidly conquered the territories of Syria , Armenia and Egypt during the Byzantine - Arab Wars , and soon presented a direct threat to Constantinople . In the following century , the Arabs also captured southern Italy and Sicily . Slavic populations were also able to penetrate deep into the Balkans . The Roman ( Byzantine ) Empire c. 1263 . The Romans , however , managed to stop further Islamic expansion into their lands during the 8th century and , beginning in the 9th century , reclaimed parts of the conquered lands . In 1000 AD , the Eastern Empire was at its height : Basil II reconquered Bulgaria and Armenia , culture and trade flourished . However , soon after , the expansion was abruptly stopped in 1071 with the Byzantine defeat in the Battle of Manzikert . The aftermath of this battle sent the empire into a short period of decline . Two decades of internal strife and Turkic invasions ultimately paved the way for Emperor Alexios I Komnenos to send a call for help to the Western European kingdoms in 1095 . Under the Komnenian restoration the state regained its strength . In 1204 the Sack of Constantinople found place by participants in the Fourth Crusade . The conquest of Constantinople in 1204 fragmented what remained of the Empire into successor states , the ultimate victor being that of Nicaea . After the recapture of Constantinople by Imperial forces , the Empire was little more than a Greek state confined to the Aegean coast . The Roman Empire finally collapsed when Mehmed the Conqueror conquered Constantinople on 29 May 1453 . Geography and demography Main articles : Demography of the Roman Empire and Borders of the Roman Empire Further information : Classical demography The Roman Empire was one of the largest in history , with contiguous territories throughout Europe , North Africa , and the Middle East . The Latin phrase imperium sine fine ( `` empire without end '' ) expressed the ideology that neither time nor space limited the Empire . In Vergil 's epic poem the Aeneid , limitless empire is said to be granted to the Romans by their supreme deity Jupiter . This claim of universal dominion was renewed and perpetuated when the Empire came under Christian rule in the 4th century . In addition to annexing large regions in their quest for empire - building , the Romans were also very large sculptors of their environment who directly altered their geography . For instance , entire forests were cut down to provide enough wood resources for an expanding empire . In his book Critias , Plato described that deforestation : where there was once `` an abundance of wood in the mountains , '' he could now only see `` the mere skeleton of the land . '' In reality , Roman expansion was mostly accomplished under the Republic , though parts of northern Europe were conquered in the 1st century AD , when Roman control in Europe , Africa and Asia was strengthened . During the reign of Augustus , a `` global map of the known world '' was displayed for the first time in public at Rome , coinciding with the composition of the most comprehensive work on political geography that survives from antiquity , the Geography of the Pontic Greek writer Strabo . When Augustus died , the commemorative account of his achievements ( Res Gestae ) prominently featured the geographical cataloguing of peoples and places within the Empire . Geography , the census , and the meticulous keeping of written records were central concerns of Roman Imperial administration . The cities of the Roman world in the Imperial Period . Data source : Hanson , J.W. ( 2016 ) , Cities database , ( OXREP databases ) . Version 1.0. ( link ) . A segment of the ruins of Hadrian 's Wall in northern England The Empire reached its largest expanse under Trajan ( reigned 98 -- 117 ) , encompassing an area of 5 million square kilometres . The traditional population estimate of 55 -- 60 million inhabitants accounted for between one - sixth and one - fourth of the world 's total population and made it the largest population of any unified political entity in the West until the mid-19th century . Recent demographic studies have argued for a population peak ranging from 70 million to more than 100 million . Each of the three largest cities in the Empire -- Rome , Alexandria , and Antioch -- was almost twice the size of any European city at the beginning of the 17th century . As the historian Christopher Kelly has described it : Then the empire stretched from Hadrian 's Wall in drizzle - soaked northern England to the sun - baked banks of the Euphrates in Syria ; from the great Rhine -- Danube river system , which snaked across the fertile , flat lands of Europe from the Low Countries to the Black Sea , to the rich plains of the North African coast and the luxuriant gash of the Nile Valley in Egypt . The empire completely circled the Mediterranean ... referred to by its conquerors as mare nostrum -- ' our sea ' . Trajan 's successor Hadrian adopted a policy of maintaining rather than expanding the empire . Borders ( fines ) were marked , and the frontiers ( limites ) patrolled . The most heavily fortified borders were the most unstable . Hadrian 's Wall , which separated the Roman world from what was perceived as an ever - present barbarian threat , is the primary surviving monument of this effort . Languages This section may contain misleading parts . Please help clarify this article according to any suggestions provided on the talk page . ( September 2016 ) Main article : Languages of the Roman Empire The language of the Romans was Latin , which Virgil emphasizes as a source of Roman unity and tradition . Until the time of Alexander Severus ( reigned 222 -- 235 ) , the birth certificates and wills of Roman citizens had to be written in Latin . Latin was the language of the law courts in the West and of the military throughout the Empire , but was not imposed officially on peoples brought under Roman rule . This policy contrasts with that of Alexander the Great , who aimed to impose Greek throughout his empire as the official language . As a consequence of Alexander 's conquests , koine Greek had become the shared language around the eastern Mediterranean and into Asia Minor . The `` linguistic frontier '' dividing the Latin West and the Greek East passed through the Balkan peninsula . A 5th - century papyrus showing a parallel Latin - Greek text of a speech by Cicero Romans who received an elite education studied Greek as a literary language , and most men of the governing classes could speak Greek . The Julio - Claudian emperors encouraged high standards of correct Latin ( Latinitas ) , a linguistic movement identified in modern terms as Classical Latin , and favoured Latin for conducting official business . Claudius tried to limit the use of Greek , and on occasion revoked the citizenship of those who lacked Latin , but even in the Senate he drew on his own bilingualism in communicating with Greek - speaking ambassadors . Suetonius quotes him as referring to `` our two languages '' . In the Eastern empire , laws and official documents were regularly translated into Greek from Latin . The everyday interpenetration of the two languages is indicated by bilingual inscriptions , which sometimes even switch back and forth between Greek and Latin . After all freeborn inhabitants of the empire were universally enfranchised in AD 212 , a great number of Roman citizens would have lacked Latin , though Latin remained a marker of `` Romanness . '' Among other reforms , the emperor Diocletian ( reigned 284 -- 305 ) sought to renew the authority of Latin , and the Greek expression hē kratousa dialektos attests to the continuing status of Latin as `` the language of power . '' In the early 6th century , the emperor Justinian engaged in a quixotic effort to reassert the status of Latin as the language of law , even though in his time Latin no longer held any currency as a living language in the East . Local languages and linguistic legacy Bilingual Latin - Punic inscription at the theatre in Leptis Magna , Roman Africa ( present - day Libya ) References to interpreters indicate the continuing use of local languages other than Greek and Latin , particularly in Egypt , where Coptic predominated , and in military settings along the Rhine and Danube . Roman jurists also show a concern for local languages such as Punic , Gaulish , and Aramaic in assuring the correct understanding and application of laws and oaths . In the province of Africa , Libyco - Berber and Punic were used in inscriptions and for legends on coins during the time of Tiberius ( 1st century AD ) . Libyco - Berber and Punic inscriptions appear on public buildings into the 2nd century , some bilingual with Latin . In Syria , Palmyrene soldiers even used their dialect of Aramaic for inscriptions , in a striking exception to the rule that Latin was the language of the military . The Babatha Archive is a suggestive example of multilingualism in the Empire . These papyri , named for a Jewish woman in the province of Arabia and dating from 93 to 132 AD , mostly employ Aramaic , the local language , written in Greek characters with Semitic and Latin influences ; a petition to the Roman governor , however , was written in Greek . The dominance of Latin among the literate elite may obscure the continuity of spoken languages , since all cultures within the Roman Empire were predominantly oral . In the West , Latin , referred to in its spoken form as Vulgar Latin , gradually replaced Celtic and Italic languages that were related to it by a shared Indo - European origin . Commonalities in syntax and vocabulary facilitated the adoption of Latin . After the decentralization of political power in late antiquity , Latin developed locally into branches that became the Romance languages , such as Spanish , Portuguese , French , Italian and Romanian , and a large number of minor languages and dialects . Today , more than 900 million people are native speakers worldwide . As an international language of learning and literature , Latin itself continued as an active medium of expression for diplomacy and for intellectual developments identified with Renaissance humanism up to the 17th century , and for law and the Roman Catholic Church to the present . Although Greek continued as the language of the Byzantine Empire , linguistic distribution in the East was more complex . A Greek - speaking majority lived in the Greek peninsula and islands , western Anatolia , major cities , and some coastal areas . Like Greek and Latin , the Thracian language was of Indo - European origin , as were several now - extinct languages in Anatolia attested by Imperial - era inscriptions . Albanian is often seen as the descendant of Illyrian , although this hypothesis has been challenged by some linguists , who maintain that it derives from Dacian or Thracian . ( Illyrian , Dacian , and Thracian , however , may have formed a subgroup or a Sprachbund ; see Thraco - Illyrian . ) Various Afroasiatic languages -- primarily Coptic in Egypt , and Aramaic in Syria and Mesopotamia -- were never replaced by Greek . The international use of Greek , however , was one factor enabling the spread of Christianity , as indicated for example by the use of Greek for the Epistles of Paul . Society Further information : Ancient Roman society A multigenerational banquet depicted on a wall painting from Pompeii ( 1st century AD ) Spread of Seuso at Lacus Pelso ( Lake Balaton ) The Roman Empire was remarkably multicultural , with `` a rather astonishing cohesive capacity '' to create a sense of shared identity while encompassing diverse peoples within its political system over a long span of time . The Roman attention to creating public monuments and communal spaces open to all -- such as forums , amphitheatres , racetracks and baths -- helped foster a sense of `` Romanness '' . Roman society had multiple , overlapping social hierarchies that modern concepts of `` class '' in English may not represent accurately . The two decades of civil war from which Augustus rose to sole power left traditional society in Rome in a state of confusion and upheaval , but did not effect an immediate redistribution of wealth and social power . From the perspective of the lower classes , a peak was merely added to the social pyramid . Personal relationships -- patronage , friendship ( amicitia ) , family , marriage -- continued to influence the workings of politics and government , as they had in the Republic . By the time of Nero , however , it was not unusual to find a former slave who was richer than a freeborn citizen , or an equestrian who exercised greater power than a senator . The blurring or diffusion of the Republic 's more rigid hierarchies led to increased social mobility under the Empire , both upward and downward , to an extent that exceeded that of all other well - documented ancient societies . Women , freedmen , and slaves had opportunities to profit and exercise influence in ways previously less available to them . Social life in the Empire , particularly for those whose personal resources were limited , was further fostered by a proliferation of voluntary associations and confraternities ( collegia and sodalitates ) formed for various purposes : professional and trade guilds , veterans ' groups , religious sodalities , drinking and dining clubs , performing arts troupes , and burial societies . Citizen of Roman Egypt ( Fayum mummy portrait ) Legal status Main articles : Status in Roman legal system and Roman citizenship According to the jurist Gaius , the essential distinction in the Roman `` law of persons '' was that all human beings were either free ( liberi ) or slaves ( servi ) . The legal status of free persons might be further defined by their citizenship . Most citizens held limited rights ( such as the ius Latinum , `` Latin right '' ) , but were entitled to legal protections and privileges not enjoyed by those who lacked citizenship . Free people not considered citizens , but living within the Roman world , held status as peregrini , non-Romans . In 212 AD , by means of the edict known as the Constitutio Antoniniana , the emperor Caracalla extended citizenship to all freeborn inhabitants of the empire . This legal egalitarianism would have required a far - reaching revision of existing laws that had distinguished between citizens and non-citizens . Women in Roman law Main article : Women in ancient Rome Freeborn Roman women were considered citizens throughout the Republic and Empire , but did not vote , hold political office , or serve in the military . A mother 's citizen status determined that of her children , as indicated by the phrase ex duobus civibus Romanis natos ( `` children born of two Roman citizens '' ) . A Roman woman kept her own family name ( nomen ) for life . Children most often took the father 's name , but in the Imperial period sometimes made their mother 's name part of theirs , or even used it instead . Left image : Roman fresco of a blond maiden reading a text , Pompeian Fourth Style ( 60 -- 79 AD ) , Pompeii , Italy Right image : Bronze statuette ( 1st century AD ) of a young woman reading , based on a Hellenistic original The archaic form of manus marriage in which the woman had been subject to her husband 's authority was largely abandoned by the Imperial era , and a married woman retained ownership of any property she brought into the marriage . Technically she remained under her father 's legal authority , even though she moved into her husband 's home , but when her father died she became legally emancipated . This arrangement was one of the factors in the degree of independence Roman women enjoyed relative to those of many other ancient cultures and up to the modern period : although she had to answer to her father in legal matters , she was free of his direct scrutiny in her daily life , and her husband had no legal power over her . Although it was a point of pride to be a `` one - man woman '' ( univira ) who had married only once , there was little stigma attached to divorce , nor to speedy remarriage after the loss of a husband through death or divorce . Girls had equal inheritance rights with boys if their father died without leaving a will . A Roman mother 's right to own property and to dispose of it as she saw fit , including setting the terms of her own will , gave her enormous influence over her sons even when they were adults . As part of the Augustan programme to restore traditional morality and social order , moral legislation attempted to regulate the conduct of men and women as a means of promoting `` family values '' . Adultery , which had been a private family matter under the Republic , was criminalized , and defined broadly as an illicit sex act ( stuprum ) that occurred between a male citizen and a married woman , or between a married woman and any man other than her husband . Childbearing was encouraged by the state : a woman who had given birth to three children was granted symbolic honours and greater legal freedom ( the ius trium liberorum ) . Because of their legal status as citizens and the degree to which they could become emancipated , women could own property , enter contracts , and engage in business , including shipping , manufacturing , and lending money . Inscriptions throughout the Empire honour women as benefactors in funding public works , an indication they could acquire and dispose of considerable fortunes ; for instance , the Arch of the Sergii was funded by Salvia Postuma , a female member of the family honoured , and the largest building in the forum at Pompeii was funded by Eumachia , a priestess of Venus . Slaves and the law Main article : Slavery in ancient Rome At the time of Augustus , as many as 35 % of the people in Italy were slaves , making Rome one of five historical `` slave societies '' in which slaves constituted at least a fifth of the population and played a major role in the economy . Slavery was a complex institution that supported traditional Roman social structures as well as contributing economic utility . In urban settings , slaves might be professionals such as teachers , physicians , chefs , and accountants , in addition to the majority of slaves who provided trained or unskilled labour in households or workplaces . Agriculture and industry , such as milling and mining , relied on the exploitation of slaves . Outside Italy , slaves made up on average an estimated 10 to 20 % of the population , sparse in Roman Egypt but more concentrated in some Greek areas . Expanding Roman ownership of arable land and industries would have affected preexisting practices of slavery in the provinces . Although the institution of slavery has often been regarded as waning in the 3rd and 4th centuries , it remained an integral part of Roman society until the 5th century . Slavery ceased gradually in the 6th and 7th centuries along with the decline of urban centres in the West and the disintegration of the complex Imperial economy that had created the demand for it . Slave holding writing tablets for his master ( relief from a 4th - century sarcophagus ) Laws pertaining to slavery were `` extremely intricate '' . Under Roman law , slaves were considered property and had no legal personhood . They could be subjected to forms of corporal punishment not normally exercised on citizens , sexual exploitation , torture , and summary execution . A slave could not as a matter of law be raped , since rape could be committed only against people who were free ; a slave 's rapist had to be prosecuted by the owner for property damage under the Aquilian Law . Slaves had no right to the form of legal marriage called conubium , but their unions were sometimes recognized , and if both were freed they could marry . Following the Servile Wars of the Republic , legislation under Augustus and his successors shows a driving concern for controlling the threat of rebellions through limiting the size of work groups , and for hunting down fugitive slaves . Technically , a slave could not own property , but a slave who conducted business might be given access to an individual account or fund ( peculium ) that he could use as if it were his own . The terms of this account varied depending on the degree of trust and co-operation between owner and slave : a slave with an aptitude for business could be given considerable leeway to generate profit , and might be allowed to bequeath the peculium he managed to other slaves of his household . Within a household or workplace , a hierarchy of slaves might exist , with one slave in effect acting as the master of other slaves . Over time slaves gained increased legal protection , including the right to file complaints against their masters . A bill of sale might contain a clause stipulating that the slave could not be employed for prostitution , as prostitutes in ancient Rome were often slaves . The burgeoning trade in eunuch slaves in the late 1st century AD prompted legislation that prohibited the castration of a slave against his will `` for lust or gain . '' Roman slavery was not based on race . Slaves were drawn from all over Europe and the Mediterranean , including Gaul , Hispania , Germany , Britannia , the Balkans , Greece ... Generally slaves in Italy were indigenous Italians , with a minority of foreigners ( including both slaves and freedmen ) born outside of Italy estimated at 5 % of the total in the capital at its peak , where their number was largest . Those from outside of Europe were predominantly of Greek descent , while the Jewish ones never fully assimilated into Roman society , remaining an identifiable minority . These slaves ( especially the foreigners ) had higher mortality rates and lower birth rates than natives , and were sometimes even subjected to mass expulsions . The average recorded age at death for the slaves of the city of Rome was extraordinarily low : seventeen and a half years ( 17.2 for males ; 17.9 for females ) . During the period of Republican expansionism when slavery had become pervasive , war captives were a main source of slaves . The range of ethnicities among slaves to some extent reflected that of the armies Rome defeated in war , and the conquest of Greece brought a number of highly skilled and educated slaves into Rome . Slaves were also traded in markets , and sometimes sold by pirates . Infant abandonment and self - enslavement among the poor were other sources . Vernae , by contrast , were `` homegrown '' slaves born to female slaves within the urban household or on a country estate or farm . Although they had no special legal status , an owner who mistreated or failed to care for his vernae faced social disapproval , as they were considered part of his familia , the family household , and in some cases might actually be the children of free males in the family . Talented slaves with a knack for business might accumulate a large enough peculium to justify their freedom , or be manumitted for services rendered . Manumission had become frequent enough that in 2 BC a law ( Lex Fufia Caninia ) limited the number of slaves an owner was allowed to free in his will . Freedmen Cinerary urn for the freedman Tiberius Claudius Chryseros and two women , probably his wife and daughter Rome differed from Greek city - states in allowing freed slaves to become citizens . After manumission , a slave who had belonged to a Roman citizen enjoyed not only passive freedom from ownership , but active political freedom ( libertas ) , including the right to vote . A slave who had acquired libertas was a libertus ( `` freed person , '' feminine liberta ) in relation to his former master , who then became his patron ( patronus ) : the two parties continued to have customary and legal obligations to each other . As a social class generally , freed slaves were libertini , though later writers used the terms libertus and libertinus interchangeably . A libertinus was not entitled to hold public office or the highest state priesthoods , but he could play a priestly role in the cult of the emperor . He could not marry a woman from a family of senatorial rank , nor achieve legitimate senatorial rank himself , but during the early Empire , freedmen held key positions in the government bureaucracy , so much so that Hadrian limited their participation by law . Any future children of a freedman would be born free , with full rights of citizenship . The rise of successful freedmen -- through either political influence in imperial service , or wealth -- is a characteristic of early Imperial society . The prosperity of a high - achieving group of freedmen is attested by inscriptions throughout the Empire , and by their ownership of some of the most lavish houses at Pompeii , such as the House of the Vettii . The excesses of nouveau riche freedmen were satirized in the character of Trimalchio in the Satyricon by Petronius , who wrote in the time of Nero . Such individuals , while exceptional , are indicative of the upward social mobility possible in the Empire . Census rank See also : Senate of the Roman Empire , Equestrian order , and Decurion ( administrative ) The Latin word ordo ( plural ordines ) refers to a social distinction that is translated variously into English as `` class , order , rank , '' none of which is exact . One purpose of the Roman census was to determine the ordo to which an individual belonged . The two highest ordines in Rome were the senatorial and equestrian . Outside Rome , the decurions , also known as curiales ( Greek bouleutai ) , were the top governing ordo of an individual city . Fragment of a sarcophagus depicting Gordian III and senators ( 3rd century ) `` Senator '' was not itself an elected office in ancient Rome ; an individual gained admission to the Senate after he had been elected to and served at least one term as an executive magistrate . A senator also had to meet a minimum property requirement of 1 million sestertii , as determined by the census . Nero made large gifts of money to a number of senators from old families who had become too impoverished to qualify . Not all men who qualified for the ordo senatorius chose to take a Senate seat , which required legal domicile at Rome . Emperors often filled vacancies in the 600 - member body by appointment . A senator 's son belonged to the ordo senatorius , but he had to qualify on his own merits for admission to the Senate itself . A senator could be removed for violating moral standards : he was prohibited , for instance , from marrying a freedwoman or fighting in the arena . In the time of Nero , senators were still primarily from Rome and other parts of Italy , with some from the Iberian peninsula and southern France ; men from the Greek - speaking provinces of the East began to be added under Vespasian . The first senator from the most eastern province , Cappadocia , was admitted under Marcus Aurelius . By the time of the Severan dynasty ( 193 -- 235 ) , Italians made up less than half the Senate . During the 3rd century , domicile at Rome became impractical , and inscriptions attest to senators who were active in politics and munificence in their homeland ( patria ) . Senators had an aura of prestige and were the traditional governing class who rose through the cursus honorum , the political career track , but equestrians of the Empire often possessed greater wealth and political power . Membership in the equestrian order was based on property ; in Rome 's early days , equites or knights had been distinguished by their ability to serve as mounted warriors ( the `` public horse '' ) , but cavalry service was a separate function in the Empire . A census valuation of 400,000 sesterces and three generations of free birth qualified a man as an equestrian . The census of 28 BC uncovered large numbers of men who qualified , and in 14 AD , a thousand equestrians were registered at Cadiz and Padua alone . Equestrians rose through a military career track ( tres militiae ) to become highly placed prefects and procurators within the Imperial administration . The rise of provincial men to the senatorial and equestrian orders is an aspect of social mobility in the first three centuries of the Empire . Roman aristocracy was based on competition , and unlike later European nobility , a Roman family could not maintain its position merely through hereditary succession or having title to lands . Admission to the higher ordines brought distinction and privileges , but also a number of responsibilities . In antiquity , a city depended on its leading citizens to fund public works , events , and services ( munera ) , rather than on tax revenues , which primarily supported the military . Maintaining one 's rank required massive personal expenditures . Decurions were so vital for the functioning of cities that in the later Empire , as the ranks of the town councils became depleted , those who had risen to the Senate were encouraged by the central government to give up their seats and return to their hometowns , in an effort to sustain civic life . In the later Empire , the dignitas ( `` worth , esteem '' ) that attended on senatorial or equestrian rank was refined further with titles such as vir illustris , `` illustrious man '' . The appellation clarissimus ( Greek lamprotatos ) was used to designate the dignitas of certain senators and their immediate family , including women . `` Grades '' of equestrian status proliferated . Those in Imperial service were ranked by pay grade ( sexagenarius , 60,000 sesterces per annum ; centenarius , 100,000 ; ducenarius , 200,000 ) . The title eminentissimus , `` most eminent '' ( Greek exochôtatos ) was reserved for equestrians who had been Praetorian prefects . The higher equestrian officials in general were perfectissimi , `` most distinguished '' ( Greek diasêmotatoi ) , the lower merely egregii , `` outstanding '' ( Greek kratistos ) . Unequal justice Condemned man attacked by a leopard in the arena ( 3rd - century mosaic from Tunisia ) As the republican principle of citizens ' equality under the law faded , the symbolic and social privileges of the upper classes led to an informal division of Roman society into those who had acquired greater honours ( honestiores ) and those who were humbler folk ( humiliores ) . In general , honestiores were the members of the three higher `` orders , '' along with certain military officers . The granting of universal citizenship in 212 seems to have increased the competitive urge among the upper classes to have their superiority over other citizens affirmed , particularly within the justice system . Sentencing depended on the judgement of the presiding official as to the relative `` worth '' ( dignitas ) of the defendant : an honestior could pay a fine when convicted of a crime for which an humilior might receive a scourging . Execution , which had been an infrequent legal penalty for free men under the Republic even in a capital case , could be quick and relatively painless for the Imperial citizen considered `` more honourable '' , while those deemed inferior might suffer the kinds of torture and prolonged death previously reserved for slaves , such as crucifixion and condemnation to the beasts as a spectacle in the arena . In the early Empire , those who converted to Christianity could lose their standing as honestiores , especially if they declined to fulfil the religious aspects of their civic responsibilities , and thus became subject to punishments that created the conditions of martyrdom . Government and military Main article : Constitution of the Roman Empire Reconstructed statue of Augustus as Jove , holding scepter and orb ( first half of 1st century AD ) . The Imperial cult of ancient Rome identified emperors and some members of their families with the divinely sanctioned authority ( auctoritas ) of the Roman State . The official offer of cultus to a living emperor acknowledged his office and rule as divinely approved and constitutional : his Principate should therefore demonstrate pious respect for traditional Republican deities and mores Forum of Gerasa ( Jerash in present - day Jordan ) , with columns marking a covered walkway ( stoa ) for vendor stalls , and a semicircular space for public speaking The three major elements of the Imperial Roman state were the central government , the military , and provincial government . The military established control of a territory through war , but after a city or people was brought under treaty , the military mission turned to policing : protecting Roman citizens ( after 212 AD , all freeborn inhabitants of the Empire ) , the agricultural fields that fed them , and religious sites . Without modern instruments of either mass communication or mass destruction , the Romans lacked sufficient manpower or resources to impose their rule through force alone . Cooperation with local power elites was necessary to maintain order , collect information , and extract revenue . The Romans often exploited internal political divisions by supporting one faction over another : in the view of Plutarch , `` it was discord between factions within cities that led to the loss of self - governance '' . Communities with demonstrated loyalty to Rome retained their own laws , could collect their own taxes locally , and in exceptional cases were exempt from Roman taxation . Legal privileges and relative independence were an incentive to remain in good standing with Rome . Roman government was thus limited , but efficient in its use of the resources available to it . Central government See also : Roman emperor and Senate of the Roman Empire The dominance of the emperor was based on the consolidation of certain powers from several republican offices , including the inviolability of the tribunes of the people and the authority of the censors to manipulate the hierarchy of Roman society . The emperor also made himself the central religious authority as Pontifex Maximus , and centralized the right to declare war , ratify treaties , and negotiate with foreign leaders . While these functions were clearly defined during the Principate , the emperor 's powers over time became less constitutional and more monarchical , culminating in the Dominate . Antoninus Pius ( reigned 138 -- 161 ) , wearing a toga ( Hermitage Museum ) The emperor was the ultimate authority in policy - and decision - making , but in the early Principate he was expected to be accessible to individuals from all walks of life , and to deal personally with official business and petitions . A bureaucracy formed around him only gradually . The Julio - Claudian emperors relied on an informal body of advisors that included not only senators and equestrians , but trusted slaves and freedmen . After Nero , the unofficial influence of the latter was regarded with suspicion , and the emperor 's council ( consilium ) became subject to official appointment for the sake of greater transparency . Though the senate took a lead in policy discussions until the end of the Antonine dynasty , equestrians played an increasingly important role in the consilium . The women of the emperor 's family often intervened directly in his decisions . Plotina exercised influence on both her husband Trajan and his successor Hadrian . Her influence was advertised by having her letters on official matters published , as a sign that the emperor was reasonable in his exercise of authority and listened to his people . Access to the emperor by others might be gained at the daily reception ( salutatio ) , a development of the traditional homage a client paid to his patron ; public banquets hosted at the palace ; and religious ceremonies . The common people who lacked this access could manifest their general approval or displeasure as a group at the games held in large venues . By the 4th century , as urban centres decayed , the Christian emperors became remote figureheads who issued general rulings , no longer responding to individual petitions . Although the senate could do little short of assassination and open rebellion to contravene the will of the emperor , it survived the Augustan restoration and the turbulent Year of Four Emperors to retain its symbolic political centrality during the Principate . The senate legitimated the emperor 's rule , and the emperor needed the experience of senators as legates ( legati ) to serve as generals , diplomats , and administrators . A successful career required competence as an administrator and remaining in favour with the emperor , or over time perhaps multiple emperors . The practical source of an emperor 's power and authority was the military . The legionaries were paid by the Imperial treasury , and swore an annual military oath of loyalty to the emperor ( sacramentum ) . The death of an emperor led to a crucial period of uncertainty and crisis . Most emperors indicated their choice of successor , usually a close family member or adopted heir . The new emperor had to seek a swift acknowledgement of his status and authority to stabilize the political landscape . No emperor could hope to survive , much less to reign , without the allegiance and loyalty of the Praetorian Guard and of the legions . To secure their loyalty , several emperors paid the donativum , a monetary reward . In theory , the Senate was entitled to choose the new emperor , but did so mindful of acclamation by the army or Praetorians . Military The Roman empire under Hadrian ( ruled 117 -- 138 ) showing the location of the Roman legions deployed in AD 125 Main articles : Imperial Roman army and Structural history of the Roman military After the Punic Wars , the Imperial Roman army was composed of professional soldiers who volunteered for 20 years of active duty and five as reserves . The transition to a professional military had begun during the late Republic , and was one of the many profound shifts away from republicanism , under which an army of conscripts had exercised their responsibilities as citizens in defending the homeland in a campaign against a specific threat . For Imperial Rome , the military was a full - time career in itself . The Romans expanded their war machine by `` organizing the communities that they conquered in Italy into a system that generated huge reservoirs of manpower for their army ... Their main demand of all defeated enemies was they provide men for the Roman army every year . '' The primary mission of the Roman military of the early empire was to preserve the Pax Romana . The three major divisions of the military were : the garrison at Rome , which includes both the Praetorians and the vigiles who functioned as police and firefighters ; the provincial army , comprising the Roman legions and the auxiliaries provided by the provinces ( auxilia ) ; the navy . The pervasiveness of military garrisons throughout the Empire was a major influence in the process of cultural exchange and assimilation known as `` Romanization , '' particularly in regard to politics , the economy , and religion . Knowledge of the Roman military comes from a wide range of sources : Greek and Roman literary texts ; coins with military themes ; papyri preserving military documents ; monuments such as Trajan 's Column and triumphal arches , which feature artistic depictions of both fighting men and military machines ; the archaeology of military burials , battle sites , and camps ; and inscriptions , including military diplomas , epitaphs , and dedications . Through his military reforms , which included consolidating or disbanding units of questionable loyalty , Augustus changed and regularized the legion , down to the hobnail pattern on the soles of army boots . A legion was organized into ten cohorts , each of which comprised six centuries , with a century further made up of ten squads ( contubernia ) ; the exact size of the Imperial legion , which is most likely to have been determined by logistics , has been estimated to range from 4,800 to 5,280 . Relief panel from Trajan 's Column showing the building of a fort and the reception of a Dacian embassy In AD 9 , Germanic tribes wiped out three full legions in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest . This disastrous event reduced the number of the legions to 25 . The total of the legions would later be increased again and for the next 300 years always be a little above or below 30 . The army had about 300,000 soldiers in the 1st century , and under 400,000 in the 2nd , `` significantly smaller '' than the collective armed forces of the territories it conquered . No more than 2 % of adult males living in the Empire served in the Imperial army . Augustus also created the Praetorian Guard : nine cohorts , ostensibly to maintain the public peace , which were garrisoned in Italy . Better paid than the legionaries , the Praetorians served only sixteen years . The auxilia were recruited from among the non-citizens . Organized in smaller units of roughly cohort strength , they were paid less than the legionaries , and after 25 years of service were rewarded with Roman citizenship , also extended to their sons . According to Tacitus there were roughly as many auxiliaries as there were legionaries . The auxilia thus amounted to around 125,000 men , implying approximately 250 auxiliary regiments . The Roman cavalry of the earliest Empire were primarily from Celtic , Hispanic or Germanic areas . Several aspects of training and equipment , such as the four - horned saddle , derived from the Celts , as noted by Arrian and indicated by archaeology . The Roman navy ( Latin : classis , `` fleet '' ) not only aided in the supply and transport of the legions , but also helped in the protection of the frontiers along the rivers Rhine and Danube . Another of its duties was the protection of the crucial maritime trade routes against the threat of pirates . It patrolled the whole of the Mediterranean , parts of the North Atlantic coasts , and the Black Sea . Nevertheless , the army was considered the senior and more prestigious branch . Provincial government The Pula Arena in Croatia is one of the largest and most intact of the remaining Roman amphitheatres An annexed territory became a province in a three - step process : making a register of cities , taking a census of the population , and surveying the land . Further government recordkeeping included births and deaths , real estate transactions , taxes , and juridical proceedings . In the 1st and 2nd centuries , the central government sent out around 160 officials each year to govern outside Italy . Among these officials were the `` Roman governors '' , as they are called in English : either magistrates elected at Rome who in the name of the Roman people governed senatorial provinces ; or governors , usually of equestrian rank , who held their imperium on behalf of the emperor in provinces excluded from senatorial control , most notably Roman Egypt . A governor had to make himself accessible to the people he governed , but he could delegate various duties . His staff , however , was minimal : his official attendants ( apparitores ) , including lictors , heralds , messengers , scribes , and bodyguards ; legates , both civil and military , usually of equestrian rank ; and friends , ranging in age and experience , who accompanied him unofficially . Other officials were appointed as supervisors of government finances . Separating fiscal responsibility from justice and administration was a reform of the Imperial era . Under the Republic , provincial governors and tax farmers could exploit local populations for personal gain more freely . Equestrian procurators , whose authority was originally `` extra-judicial and extra-constitutional , '' managed both state - owned property and the vast personal property of the emperor ( res privata ) . Because Roman government officials were few in number , a provincial who needed help with a legal dispute or criminal case might seek out any Roman perceived to have some official capacity , such as a procurator or a military officer , including centurions down to the lowly stationarii or military police . Roman law Main article : Roman law Roman portraiture frescos from Pompeii , 1st century AD , depicting two different men wearing laurel wreaths , one holding the rotulus ( blondish figure , left ) , the other a volumen ( brunet figure , right ) , both made of papyrus Roman courts held original jurisdiction over cases involving Roman citizens throughout the empire , but there were too few judicial functionaries to impose Roman law uniformly in the provinces . Most parts of the Eastern empire already had well - established law codes and juridical procedures . In general , it was Roman policy to respect the mos regionis ( `` regional tradition '' or `` law of the land '' ) and to regard local laws as a source of legal precedent and social stability . The compatibility of Roman and local law was thought to reflect an underlying ius gentium , the `` law of nations '' or international law regarded as common and customary among all human communities . If the particulars of provincial law conflicted with Roman law or custom , Roman courts heard appeals , and the emperor held final authority to render a decision . In the West , law had been administered on a highly localized or tribal basis , and private property rights may have been a novelty of the Roman era , particularly among Celtic peoples . Roman law facilitated the acquisition of wealth by a pro-Roman elite who found their new privileges as citizens to be advantageous . The extension of universal citizenship to all free inhabitants of the Empire in 212 required the uniform application of Roman law , replacing the local law codes that had applied to non-citizens . Diocletian 's efforts to stabilize the Empire after the Crisis of the Third Century included two major compilations of law in four years , the Codex Gregorianus and the Codex Hermogenianus , to guide provincial administrators in setting consistent legal standards . The pervasive exercise of Roman law throughout Western Europe led to its enormous influence on the Western legal tradition , reflected by the continued use of Latin legal terminology in modern law . Taxation Taxation under the Empire amounted to about 5 % of the Empire 's gross product . The typical tax rate paid by individuals ranged from 2 to 5 % . The tax code was `` bewildering '' in its complicated system of direct and indirect taxes , some paid in cash and some in kind . Taxes might be specific to a province , or kinds of properties such as fisheries or salt evaporation ponds ; they might be in effect for a limited time . Tax collection was justified by the need to maintain the military , and taxpayers sometimes got a refund if the army captured a surplus of booty . In - kind taxes were accepted from less - monetized areas , particularly those who could supply grain or goods to army camps . Personification of the River Nile and his children , from the Temple of Serapis and Isis in Rome ( 1st century AD ) The primary source of direct tax revenue was individuals , who paid a poll tax and a tax on their land , construed as a tax on its produce or productive capacity . Supplemental forms could be filed by those eligible for certain exemptions ; for example , Egyptian farmers could register fields as fallow and tax - exempt depending on flood patterns of the Nile . Tax obligations were determined by the census , which required each head of household to appear before the presiding official and provide a head count of his household , as well as an accounting of property he owned that was suitable for agriculture or habitation . A major source of indirect - tax revenue was the portoria , customs and tolls on imports and exports , including among provinces . Special taxes were levied on the slave trade . Towards the end of his reign , Augustus instituted a 4 % tax on the sale of slaves , which Nero shifted from the purchaser to the dealers , who responded by raising their prices . An owner who manumitted a slave paid a `` freedom tax '' , calculated at 5 % of value . An inheritance tax of 5 % was assessed when Roman citizens above a certain net worth left property to anyone but members of their immediate family . Revenues from the estate tax and from a 1 % sales tax on auctions went towards the veterans ' pension fund ( aerarium militare ) . Low taxes helped the Roman aristocracy increase their wealth , which equalled or exceeded the revenues of the central government . An emperor sometimes replenished his treasury by confiscating the estates of the `` super-rich '' , but in the later period , the resistance of the wealthy to paying taxes was one of the factors contributing to the collapse of the Empire . Economy Main article : Roman economy Moses Finley was the chief proponent of the primitivist view that the Roman economy was `` underdeveloped and underachieving , '' characterized by subsistence agriculture ; urban centres that consumed more than they produced in terms of trade and industry ; low - status artisans ; slowly developing technology ; and a `` lack of economic rationality . '' Current views are more complex . Territorial conquests permitted a large - scale reorganization of land use that resulted in agricultural surplus and specialization , particularly in north Africa . Some cities were known for particular industries or commercial activities , and the scale of building in urban areas indicates a significant construction industry . Papyri preserve complex accounting methods that suggest elements of economic rationalism , and the Empire was highly monetized . Although the means of communication and transport were limited in antiquity , transportation in the 1st and 2nd centuries expanded greatly , and trade routes connected regional economies . The supply contracts for the army , which pervaded every part of the Empire , drew on local suppliers near the base ( castrum ) , throughout the province , and across provincial borders . The Empire is perhaps best thought of as a network of regional economies , based on a form of `` political capitalism '' in which the state monitored and regulated commerce to assure its own revenues . Economic growth , though not comparable to modern economies , was greater than that of most other societies prior to industrialization . Socially , economic dynamism opened up one of the avenues of social mobility in the Roman Empire . Social advancement was thus not dependent solely on birth , patronage , good luck , or even extraordinary ability . Although aristocratic values permeated traditional elite society , a strong tendency towards plutocracy is indicated by the wealth requirements for census rank . Prestige could be obtained through investing one 's wealth in ways that advertised it appropriately : grand country estates or townhouses , durable luxury items such as jewels and silverware , public entertainments , funerary monuments for family members or coworkers , and religious dedications such as altars . Guilds ( collegia ) and corporations ( corpora ) provided support for individuals to succeed through networking , sharing sound business practices , and a willingness to work . Currency and banking See also : Roman currency and Roman finance Currency denominations 27 BC -- AD 212 : 1 gold aureus ( 1 / 40 lb. of gold , devalued to 1 / 50 lb. by 212 ) = 25 silver denarii = 100 bronze sestertii = 400 copper asses 294 -- 312 : 1 gold aureus solidus ( 1 / 60 lb. of gold ) = 10 silver argentei = 40 bronze folles = 1,000 debased metal denarii 312 onwards : 1 gold solidus ( 1 / 72 lb . ) = 24 silver siliquae = 180 bronze folles The early Empire was monetized to a near - universal extent , in the sense of using money as a way to express prices and debts . The sestertius ( plural sestertii , English `` sesterces '' , symbolized as HS ) was the basic unit of reckoning value into the 4th century , though the silver denarius , worth four sesterces , was used also for accounting beginning in the Severan dynasty . The smallest coin commonly circulated was the bronze as ( plural asses ) , one - fourth sestertius . Bullion and ingots seem not to have counted as pecunia , `` money , '' and were used only on the frontiers for transacting business or buying property . Romans in the 1st and 2nd centuries counted coins , rather than weighing them -- an indication that the coin was valued on its face , not for its metal content . This tendency towards fiat money led eventually to the debasement of Roman coinage , with consequences in the later Empire . The standardization of money throughout the Empire promoted trade and market integration . The high amount of metal coinage in circulation increased the money supply for trading or saving . Rome had no central bank , and regulation of the banking system was minimal . Banks of classical antiquity typically kept less in reserves than the full total of customers ' deposits . A typical bank had fairly limited capital , and often only one principal , though a bank might have as many as six to fifteen principals . Seneca assumes that anyone involved in commerce needs access to credit . Solidus issued under Constantine II , and on the reverse Victoria , one of the last deities to appear on Roman coins , gradually transforming into an angel under Christian rule A professional deposit banker ( argentarius , coactor argentarius , or later nummularius ) received and held deposits for a fixed or indefinite term , and lent money to third parties . The senatorial elite were involved heavily in private lending , both as creditors and borrowers , making loans from their personal fortunes on the basis of social connections . The holder of a debt could use it as a means of payment by transferring it to another party , without cash changing hands . Although it has sometimes been thought that ancient Rome lacked `` paper '' or documentary transactions , the system of banks throughout the Empire also permitted the exchange of very large sums without the physical transfer of coins , in part because of the risks of moving large amounts of cash , particularly by sea . Only one serious credit shortage is known to have occurred in the early Empire , a credit crisis in 33 AD that put a number of senators at risk ; the central government rescued the market through a loan of 100 million HS made by the emperor Tiberius to the banks ( mensae ) . Generally , available capital exceeded the amount needed by borrowers . The central government itself did not borrow money , and without public debt had to fund deficits from cash reserves . Emperors of the Antonine and Severan dynasties overall debased the currency , particularly the denarius , under the pressures of meeting military payrolls . Sudden inflation during the reign of Commodus damaged the credit market . In the mid-200s , the supply of specie contracted sharply . Conditions during the Crisis of the Third Century -- such as reductions in long - distance trade , disruption of mining operations , and the physical transfer of gold coinage outside the empire by invading enemies -- greatly diminished the money supply and the banking sector by the year 300 . Although Roman coinage had long been fiat money or fiduciary currency , general economic anxieties came to a head under Aurelian , and bankers lost confidence in coins legitimately issued by the central government . Despite Diocletian 's introduction of the gold solidus and monetary reforms , the credit market of the Empire never recovered its former robustness . Mining and Metallurgy Main article : Roman metallurgy See also : Mining in Roman Britain Landscape resulting from the ruina montium mining technique at Las Médulas , Spain , one of the most important gold mines in the Roman Empire The main mining regions of the Empire were the Iberian Peninsula ( gold , silver , copper , tin , lead ) ; Gaul ( gold , silver , iron ) ; Britain ( mainly iron , lead , tin ) , the Danubian provinces ( gold , iron ) ; Macedonia and Thrace ( gold , silver ) ; and Asia Minor ( gold , silver , iron , tin ) . Intensive large - scale mining -- of alluvial deposits , and by means of open - cast mining and underground mining -- took place from the reign of Augustus up to the early 3rd century AD , when the instability of the Empire disrupted production . The gold mines of Dacia , for instance , were no longer available for Roman exploitation after the province was surrendered in 271 . Mining seems to have resumed to some extent during the 4th century . Hydraulic mining , which Pliny referred to as ruina montium ( `` ruin of the mountains '' ) , allowed base and precious metals to be extracted on a proto - industrial scale . The total annual iron output is estimated at 82,500 tonnes . Copper was produced at an annual rate of 15,000 t , and lead at 80,000 t , both production levels unmatched until the Industrial Revolution ; Hispania alone had a 40 % share in world lead production . The high lead output was a by - product of extensive silver mining which reached 200 t per annum . At its peak around the mid-2nd century AD , the Roman silver stock is estimated at 10,000 t , five to ten times larger than the combined silver mass of medieval Europe and the Caliphate around 800 AD . As an indication of the scale of Roman metal production , lead pollution in the Greenland ice sheet quadrupled over its prehistoric levels during the Imperial era and dropped again thereafter . Transportation and communication See also : Roman roads Gallo - Roman relief depicting a river boat transporting wine barrels , an invention of the Gauls that came into widespread use during the 2nd century ; above , wine is stored in the traditional amphorae , some covered in wicker The Roman Empire completely encircled the Mediterranean , which they called `` our sea '' ( mare nostrum ) . Roman sailing vessels navigated the Mediterranean as well as the major rivers of the Empire , including the Guadalquivir , Ebro , Rhône , Rhine , Tiber and Nile . Transport by water was preferred where possible , and moving commodities by land was more difficult . Vehicles , wheels , and ships indicate the existence of a great number of skilled woodworkers . Land transport utilized the advanced system of Roman roads , which were called `` viae '' . These roads were primarily built for military purposes , but also served commercial ends . The in - kind taxes paid by communities included the provision of personnel , animals , or vehicles for the cursus publicus , the state mail and transport service established by Augustus . Relay stations were located along the roads every seven to twelve Roman miles , and tended to grow into a village or trading post . A mansio ( plural mansiones ) was a privately run service station franchised by the imperial bureaucracy for the cursus publicus . The support staff at such a facility included muleteers , secretaries , blacksmiths , cartwrights , a veterinarian , and a few military police and couriers . The distance between mansiones was determined by how far a wagon could travel in a day . Mules were the animal most often used for pulling carts , travelling about 4 mph . As an example of the pace of communication , it took a messenger a minimum of nine days to travel to Rome from Mainz in the province of Germania Superior , even on a matter of urgency . In addition to the mansiones , some taverns offered accommodations as well as food and drink ; one recorded tab for a stay showed charges for wine , bread , mule feed , and the services of a prostitute . Trade and commodities See also : Roman commerce , Indo - Roman trade and relations , and Sino - Roman relations The Pompeii Lakshmi , an ivory statuette from India found in the ruins of Pompeii . A green Roman glass cup unearthed from an Eastern Han Dynasty ( 25 -- 220 AD ) tomb in Guangxi , southern China ; the earliest Roman glassware found in China was discovered in a Western Han tomb in Guangzhou , dated to the early 1st century BC , and ostensibly came via the maritime route through the South China Sea Roman provinces traded among themselves , but trade extended outside the frontiers to regions as far away as China and India . The main commodity was grain . Chinese trade was mostly conducted overland through middle men along the Silk Road ; Indian trade , however , also occurred by sea from Egyptian ports on the Red Sea . Along these trade paths , the horse , upon which Roman expansion and commerce depended , was one of the main channels through which disease spread . Also in transit for trade were olive oil , various foodstuffs , garum ( fish sauce ) , slaves , ore and manufactured metal objects , fibres and textiles , timber , pottery , glassware , marble , papyrus , spices and materia medica , ivory , pearls , and gemstones . Though most provinces were capable of producing wine , regional varietals were desirable and wine was a central item of trade . Shortages of vin ordinaire were rare . The major suppliers for the city of Rome were the west coast of Italy , southern Gaul , the Tarraconensis region of Hispania , and Crete . Alexandria , the second - largest city , imported wine from Laodicea in Syria and the Aegean . At the retail level , taverns or speciality wine shops ( vinaria ) sold wine by the jug for carryout and by the drink on premises , with price ranges reflecting quality . Labour and occupations Workers at a cloth - processing shop , in a painting from the fullonica of Veranius Hypsaeus in Pompeii Roman hunters during the preparations , set - up of traps , and in - action hunting near Tarraco Inscriptions record 268 different occupations in the city of Rome , and 85 in Pompeii . Professional associations or trade guilds ( collegia ) are attested for a wide range of occupations , including fishermen ( piscatores ) , salt merchants ( salinatores ) , olive oil dealers ( olivarii ) , entertainers ( scaenici ) , cattle dealers ( pecuarii ) , goldsmiths ( aurifices ) , teamsters ( asinarii or muliones ) , and stonecutters ( lapidarii ) . These are sometimes quite specialized : one collegium at Rome was strictly limited to craftsmen who worked in ivory and citrus wood . Work performed by slaves falls into five general categories : domestic , with epitaphs recording at least 55 different household jobs ; imperial or public service ; urban crafts and services ; agriculture ; and mining . Convicts provided much of the labour in the mines or quarries , where conditions were notoriously brutal . In practice , there was little division of labour between slave and free , and most workers were illiterate and without special skills . The greatest number of common labourers were employed in agriculture : in the Italian system of industrial farming ( latifundia ) , these may have been mostly slaves , but throughout the Empire , slave farm labour was probably less important than other forms of dependent labour by people who were technically not enslaved . Textile and clothing production was a major source of employment . Both textiles and finished garments were traded among the peoples of the Empire , whose products were often named for them or a particular town , rather like a fashion `` label '' . Better ready - to - wear was exported by businessmen ( negotiatores or mercatores ) who were often well - to - do residents of the production centres . Finished garments might be retailed by their sales agents , who travelled to potential customers , or by vestiarii , clothing dealers who were mostly freedmen ; or they might be peddled by itinerant merchants . In Egypt , textile producers could run prosperous small businesses employing apprentices , free workers earning wages , and slaves . The fullers ( fullones ) and dye workers ( coloratores ) had their own guilds . Centonarii were guild workers who specialized in textile production and the recycling of old clothes into pieced goods . GDP and income distribution Further information : Roman economy § Gross domestic product Economic historians vary in their calculations of the gross domestic product of the Roman economy during the Principate . In the sample years of 14 , 100 , and 150 AD , estimates of per capita GDP range from 166 to 380 HS . The GDP per capita of Italy is estimated as 40 to 66 % higher than in the rest of the Empire , due to tax transfers from the provinces and the concentration of elite income in the heartland . In regard to Italy , `` There can be little doubt that the lower classes of Pomepii , Herculaneum and other provincial towns of the Roman Empire enjoyed a high standard of living not equaled again in Western Europe until the 19th century after Christ , `` Stephen L. Dyson , Community and Society in Roman Italy , 1992 , p. 177 , ISBN 0 - 8018 - 4175 - 5 quoting J.E. Packer , `` Middle and Lower Class Housing in Pompeii and Herculaneum : A Preliminary Survey , '' In Neue Forschung in Pompeji , pp. 133 - 42 . In the Scheidel -- Friesen economic model , the total annual income generated by the Empire is placed at nearly 20 billion HS , with about 5 % extracted by central and local government . Households in the top 1.5 % of income distribution captured about 20 % of income . Another 20 % went to about 10 % of the population who can be characterized as a non-elite middle . The remaining `` vast majority '' produced more than half of the total income , but lived near subsistence . The elite were 1.2 - 1.7 % and the middling `` who enjoyed modest , comfortable levels of existence but not extreme wealth amounted to 6 - 12 % '' ... `` while the vast majority lived around subsistence , '' Kyle Harper , Slavery in the Late Roman World , 275 - 425 , 2011 , pp. 55 - 56 quoting Scheidel and Friesen , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 19861 - 5 . Architecture and engineering Main articles : Ancient Roman architecture , Roman engineering , and Roman technology Amphitheatres of the Roman Empire Construction on the Flavian Amphitheatre , more commonly known as the Colosseum , began during the reign of Vespasian The chief Roman contributions to architecture were the arch , vault and the dome . Even after more than 2,000 years some Roman structures still stand , due in part to sophisticated methods of making cements and concrete . Roman roads are considered the most advanced roads built until the early 19th century . The system of roadways facilitated military policing , communications , and trade . The roads were resistant to floods and other environmental hazards . Even after the collapse of the central government , some roads remained usable for more than a thousand years . Roman bridges were among the first large and lasting bridges , built from stone with the arch as the basic structure . Most utilized concrete as well . The largest Roman bridge was Trajan 's bridge over the lower Danube , constructed by Apollodorus of Damascus , which remained for over a millennium the longest bridge to have been built both in terms of overall span and length . The Romans built many dams and reservoirs for water collection , such as the Subiaco Dams , two of which fed the Anio Novus , one of the largest aqueducts of Rome . They built 72 dams just on the Iberian peninsula , and many more are known across the Empire , some still in use . Several earthen dams are known from Roman Britain , including a well - preserved example from Longovicium ( Lanchester ) . The Pont du Gard aqueduct , which crosses the Gardon River in southern France , is on UNESCO 's list of World Heritage Sites The Romans constructed numerous aqueducts . A surviving treatise by Frontinus , who served as curator aquarum ( water commissioner ) under Nerva , reflects the administrative importance placed on ensuring the water supply . Masonry channels carried water from distant springs and reservoirs along a precise gradient , using gravity alone . After the water passed through the aqueduct , it was collected in tanks and fed through pipes to public fountains , baths , toilets , or industrial sites . The main aqueducts in the city of Rome were the Aqua Claudia and the Aqua Marcia . The complex system built to supply Constantinople had its most distant supply drawn from over 120 km away along a sinuous route of more than 336 km . Roman aqueducts were built to remarkably fine tolerance , and to a technological standard that was not to be equalled until modern times . The Romans also made use of aqueducts in their extensive mining operations across the empire , at sites such as Las Medulas and Dolaucothi in South Wales . Insulated glazing ( or `` double glazing '' ) was used in the construction of public baths . Elite housing in cooler climates might have hypocausts , a form of central heating . The Romans were the first culture to assemble all essential components of the much later steam engine , when Hero built the aeolipile . With the crank and connecting rod system , all elements for constructing a steam engine ( invented in 1712 ) -- Hero 's aeolipile ( generating steam power ) , the cylinder and piston ( in metal force pumps ) , non-return valves ( in water pumps ) , gearing ( in water mills and clocks ) -- were known in Roman times . Daily life Main article : Culture of ancient Rome Cityscape from the Villa Boscoreale ( 60s AD ) City and country In the ancient world , a city was viewed as a place that fostered civilization by being `` properly designed , ordered , and adorned . '' Augustus undertook a vast building programme in Rome , supported public displays of art that expressed the new imperial ideology , and reorganized the city into neighbourhoods ( vici ) administered at the local level with police and firefighting services . A focus of Augustan monumental architecture was the Campus Martius , an open area outside the city centre that in early times had been devoted to equestrian sports and physical training for youth . The Altar of Augustan Peace ( Ara Pacis Augustae ) was located there , as was an obelisk imported from Egypt that formed the pointer ( gnomon ) of a horologium . With its public gardens , the Campus became one of the most attractive places in the city to visit . City planning and urban lifestyles had been influenced by the Greeks from an early period , and in the eastern Empire , Roman rule accelerated and shaped the local development of cities that already had a strong Hellenistic character . Cities such as Athens , Aphrodisias , Ephesus and Gerasa altered some aspects of city planning and architecture to conform to imperial ideals , while also expressing their individual identity and regional preeminence . In the areas of the western Empire inhabited by Celtic - speaking peoples , Rome encouraged the development of urban centres with stone temples , forums , monumental fountains , and amphitheatres , often on or near the sites of the preexisting walled settlements known as oppida . Urbanization in Roman Africa expanded on Greek and Punic cities along the coast . Aquae Sulis in Bath , England : architectural features above the level of the pillar bases are a later reconstruction The network of cities throughout the Empire ( coloniae , municipia , civitates or in Greek terms poleis ) was a primary cohesive force during the Pax Romana . Romans of the 1st and 2nd centuries AD were encouraged by imperial propaganda to `` inculcate the habits of peacetime '' . As the classicist Clifford Ando has noted : Most of the cultural appurtenances popularly associated with imperial culture -- public cult and its games and civic banquets , competitions for artists , speakers , and athletes , as well as the funding of the great majority of public buildings and public display of art -- were financed by private individuals , whose expenditures in this regard helped to justify their economic power and legal and provincial privileges . Even the Christian polemicist Tertullian declared that the world of the late 2nd century was more orderly and well - cultivated than in earlier times : `` Everywhere there are houses , everywhere people , everywhere the res publica , the commonwealth , everywhere life . '' The decline of cities and civic life in the 4th century , when the wealthy classes were unable or disinclined to support public works , was one sign of the Empire 's imminent dissolution . Public toilets ( latrinae ) from Ostia Antica In the city of Rome , most people lived in multistory apartment buildings ( insulae ) that were often squalid firetraps . Public facilities -- such as baths ( thermae ) , toilets that were flushed with running water ( latrinae ) , conveniently located basins or elaborate fountains ( nymphea ) delivering fresh water , and large - scale entertainments such as chariot races and gladiator combat -- were aimed primarily at the common people who lived in the insulae . Similar facilities were constructed in cities throughout the Empire , and some of the best - preserved Roman structures are in Spain , southern France , and northern Africa . The public baths served hygienic , social and cultural functions . Bathing was the focus of daily socializing in the late afternoon before dinner . Roman baths were distinguished by a series of rooms that offered communal bathing in three temperatures , with varying amenities that might include an exercise and weight - training room , sauna , exfoliation spa ( where oils were massaged into the skin and scraped from the body with a strigil ) , ball court , or outdoor swimming pool . Baths had hypocaust heating : the floors were suspended over hot - air channels that circulated warmth . Mixed nude bathing was not unusual in the early Empire , though some baths may have offered separate facilities or hours for men and women . Public baths were a part of urban culture throughout the provinces , but in the late 4th century , individual tubs began to replace communal bathing . Christians were advised to go to the baths for health and cleanliness , not pleasure , but to avoid the games ( ludi ) , which were part of religious festivals they considered `` pagan '' . Tertullian says that otherwise Christians not only availed themselves of the baths , but participated fully in commerce and society . Reconstructed peristyle garden based on the House of the Vettii Rich families from Rome usually had two or more houses , a townhouse ( domus , plural domūs ) and at least one luxury home ( villa ) outside the city . The domus was a privately owned single - family house , and might be furnished with a private bath ( balneum ) , but it was not a place to retreat from public life . Although some neighbourhoods of Rome show a higher concentration of well - to - do houses , the rich did not live in segregated enclaves . Their houses were meant to be visible and accessible . The atrium served as a reception hall in which the paterfamilias ( head of household ) met with clients every morning , from wealthy friends to poorer dependents who received charity . It was also a centre of family religious rites , containing a shrine and the images of family ancestors . The houses were located on busy public roads , and ground - level spaces facing the street were often rented out as shops ( tabernae ) . In addition to a kitchen garden -- windowboxes might substitute in the insulae -- townhouses typically enclosed a peristyle garden that brought a tract of nature , made orderly , within walls . Birds and fountain within a garden setting , with oscilla ( hanging masks ) above , in a painting from Pompeii The villa by contrast was an escape from the bustle of the city , and in literature represents a lifestyle that balances the civilized pursuit of intellectual and artistic interests ( otium ) with an appreciation of nature and the agricultural cycle . Ideally a villa commanded a view or vista , carefully framed by the architectural design . It might be located on a working estate , or in a `` resort town '' situated on the seacoast , such as Pompeii and Herculaneum . The programme of urban renewal under Augustus , and the growth of Rome 's population to as many as 1 million people , was accompanied by a nostalgia for rural life expressed in the arts . Poetry praised the idealized lives of farmers and shepherds . The interiors of houses were often decorated with painted gardens , fountains , landscapes , vegetative ornament , and animals , especially birds and marine life , rendered accurately enough that modern scholars can sometimes identify them by species . The Augustan poet Horace gently satirized the dichotomy of urban and rural values in his fable of the city mouse and the country mouse , which has often been retold as a children 's story . On a more practical level , the central government took an active interest in supporting agriculture . Producing food was the top priority of land use . Larger farms ( latifundia ) achieved an economy of scale that sustained urban life and its more specialized division of labour . Small farmers benefited from the development of local markets in towns and trade centres . Agricultural techniques such as crop rotation and selective breeding were disseminated throughout the Empire , and new crops were introduced from one province to another , such as peas and cabbage to Britain . Maintaining an affordable food supply to the city of Rome had become a major political issue in the late Republic , when the state began to provide a grain dole ( annona ) to citizens who registered for it . About 200,000 -- 250,000 adult males in Rome received the dole , amounting to about 33 kg . per month , for a per annum total of about 100,000 tons of wheat primarily from Sicily , north Africa , and Egypt . The dole cost at least 15 % of state revenues , but improved living conditions and family life among the lower classes , and subsidized the rich by allowing workers to spend more of their earnings on the wine and olive oil produced on the estates of the landowning class . Bread stall , from a Pompeiian wall painting The grain dole also had symbolic value : it affirmed both the emperor 's position as universal benefactor , and the right of all citizens to share in `` the fruits of conquest '' . The annona , public facilities , and spectacular entertainments mitigated the otherwise dreary living conditions of lower - class Romans , and kept social unrest in check . The satirist Juvenal , however , saw `` bread and circuses '' ( panem et circenses ) as emblematic of the loss of republican political liberty : The public has long since cast off its cares : the people that once bestowed commands , consulships , legions and all else , now meddles no more and longs eagerly for just two things : bread and circuses . Food and dining Main article : Food and dining in the Roman Empire See also : Grain supply to the city of Rome and Ancient Rome and wine Most apartments in Rome lacked kitchens , though a charcoal brazier could be used for rudimentary cookery . Prepared food was sold at pubs and bars , inns , and food stalls ( tabernae , cauponae , popinae , thermopolia ) . Carryout and restaurant dining were for the lower classes ; fine dining could be sought only at private dinner parties in well - to - do houses with a chef ( archimagirus ) and trained kitchen staff , or at banquets hosted by social clubs ( collegia ) . Most people would have consumed at least 70 % of their daily calories in the form of cereals and legumes . Puls ( pottage ) was considered the aboriginal food of the Romans . The basic grain pottage could be elaborated with chopped vegetables , bits of meat , cheese , or herbs to produce dishes similar to polenta or risotto . An Ostian taberna for eating and drinking ; the faded painting over the counter pictured eggs , olives , fruit and radishes Urban populations and the military preferred to consume their grain in the form of bread . Mills and commercial ovens were usually combined in a bakery complex . By the reign of Aurelian , the state had begun to distribute the annona as a daily ration of bread baked in state factories , and added olive oil , wine , and pork to the dole . The importance of a good diet to health was recognized by medical writers such as Galen ( 2nd century AD ) , whose treatises included one On Barley Soup . Views on nutrition were influenced by schools of thought such as humoral theory . Roman literature focuses on the dining habits of the upper classes , for whom the evening meal ( cena ) had important social functions . Guests were entertained in a finely decorated dining room ( triclinium ) , often with a view of the peristyle garden . Diners lounged on couches , leaning on the left elbow . By the late Republic , if not earlier , women dined , reclined , and drank wine along with men . The most famous description of a Roman meal is probably Trimalchio 's dinner party in the Satyricon , a fictional extravaganza that bears little resemblance to reality even among the most wealthy . The poet Martial describes serving a more plausible dinner , beginning with the gustatio ( `` tasting '' or `` appetizer '' ) , which was a composed salad of mallow leaves , lettuce , chopped leeks , mint , arugula , mackerel garnished with rue , sliced eggs , and marinated sow udder . The main course was succulent cuts of kid , beans , greens , a chicken , and leftover ham , followed by a dessert of fresh fruit and vintage wine . The Latin expression for a full - course dinner was ab ovo usque mala , `` from the egg to the apples , '' equivalent to the English `` from soup to nuts . '' Still life on a 2nd - century Roman mosaic A book - length collection of Roman recipes is attributed to Apicius , a name for several figures in antiquity that became synonymous with `` gourmet . '' Roman `` foodies '' indulged in wild game , fowl such as peacock and flamingo , large fish ( mullet was especially prized ) , and shellfish . Luxury ingredients were brought by the fleet from the far reaches of empire , from the Parthian frontier to the Straits of Gibraltar . Refined cuisine could be moralized as a sign of either civilized progress or decadent decline . The early Imperial historian Tacitus contrasted the indulgent luxuries of the Roman table in his day with the simplicity of the Germanic diet of fresh wild meat , foraged fruit , and cheese , unadulterated by imported seasonings and elaborate sauces . Most often , because of the importance of landowning in Roman culture , produce -- cereals , legumes , vegetables , and fruit -- was considered a more civilized form of food than meat . The Mediterranean staples of bread , wine , and oil were sacralized by Roman Christianity , while Germanic meat consumption became a mark of paganism , as it might be the product of animal sacrifice . Some philosophers and Christians resisted the demands of the body and the pleasures of food , and adopted fasting as an ideal . Food became simpler in general as urban life in the West diminished , trade routes were disrupted , and the rich retreated to the more limited self - sufficiency of their country estates . As an urban lifestyle came to be associated with decadence , the Church formally discouraged gluttony , and hunting and pastoralism were seen as simple , virtuous ways of life . Recreation and spectacles See also : Ludi , Chariot racing , and Gladiator Wall painting depicting a sports riot at the amphitheatre of Pompeii , which led to the banning of gladiator combat in the town When Juvenal complained that the Roman people had exchanged their political liberty for `` bread and circuses '' , he was referring to the state - provided grain dole and the circenses , events held in the entertainment venue called a circus in Latin . The largest such venue in Rome was the Circus Maximus , the setting of horse races , chariot races , the equestrian Troy Game , staged beast hunts ( venationes ) , athletic contests , gladiator combat , and historical re-enactments . From earliest times , several religious festivals had featured games ( ludi ) , primarily horse and chariot races ( ludi circenses ) . Although their entertainment value tended to overshadow ritual significance , the races remained part of archaic religious observances that pertained to agriculture , initiation , and the cycle of birth and death . Under Augustus , public entertainments were presented on 77 days of the year ; by the reign of Marcus Aurelius , the number of days had expanded to 135 . Circus games were preceded by an elaborate parade ( pompa circensis ) that ended at the venue . Competitive events were held also in smaller venues such as the amphitheatre , which became the characteristic Roman spectacle venue , and stadium . Greek - style athletics included footraces , boxing , wrestling , and the pancratium . Aquatic displays , such as the mock sea battle ( naumachia ) and a form of `` water ballet '' , were presented in engineered pools . State - supported theatrical events ( ludi scaenici ) took place on temple steps or in grand stone theatres , or in the smaller enclosed theatre called an odeum . A victor in his four - horse chariot Circuses were the largest structure regularly built in the Roman world , though the Greeks had their own architectural traditions for the similarly purposed hippodrome . The Flavian Amphitheatre , better known as the Colosseum , became the regular arena for blood sports in Rome after it opened in 80 AD . The circus races continued to be held more frequently . The Circus Maximus could seat around 150,000 spectators , and the Colosseum about 50,000 with standing room for about 10,000 more . Many Roman amphitheatres , circuses and theatres built in cities outside Italy are visible as ruins today . The local ruling elite were responsible for sponsoring spectacles and arena events , which both enhanced their status and drained their resources . The physical arrangement of the amphitheatre represented the order of Roman society : the emperor presiding in his opulent box ; senators and equestrians watching from the advantageous seats reserved for them ; women seated at a remove from the action ; slaves given the worst places , and everybody else packed in - between . The crowd could call for an outcome by booing or cheering , but the emperor had the final say . Spectacles could quickly become sites of social and political protest , and emperors sometimes had to deploy force to put down crowd unrest , most notoriously at the Nika riots in the year 532 , when troops under Justinian slaughtered thousands . The Zliten mosaic , from a dining room in present - day Libya , depicts a series of arena scenes : from top , musicians playing a Roman tuba , a water pipe organ and two horns ; six pairs of gladiators with two referees ; four beast fighters ; and three convicts condemned to the beasts The chariot teams were known by the colours they wore , with the Blues and Greens the most popular . Fan loyalty was fierce and at times erupted into sports riots . Racing was perilous , but charioteers were among the most celebrated and well - compensated athletes . One star of the sport was Diocles , from Lusitania ( present - day Portugal ) , who raced chariots for 24 years and had career earnings of 35 million sesterces . Horses had their fans too , and were commemorated in art and inscriptions , sometimes by name . The design of Roman circuses was developed to assure that no team had an unfair advantage and to minimize collisions ( naufragia , `` shipwrecks '' ) , which were nonetheless frequent and spectacularly satisfying to the crowd . The races retained a magical aura through their early association with chthonic rituals : circus images were considered protective or lucky , curse tablets have been found buried at the site of racetracks , and charioteers were often suspected of sorcery . Chariot racing continued into the Byzantine period under imperial sponsorship , but the decline of cities in the 6th and 7th centuries led to its eventual demise . The Romans thought gladiator contests had originated with funeral games and sacrifices in which select captive warriors were forced to fight to expiate the deaths of noble Romans . Some of the earliest styles of gladiator fighting had ethnic designations such as `` Thracian '' or `` Gallic '' . The staged combats were considered munera , `` services , offerings , benefactions '' , initially distinct from the festival games ( ludi ) . Throughout his 40 - year reign , Augustus presented eight gladiator shows in which a total of 10,000 men fought , as well as 26 staged beast hunts that resulted in the deaths of 3,500 animals . To mark the opening of the Colosseum , the emperor Titus presented 100 days of arena events , with 3,000 gladiators competing on a single day . Roman fascination with gladiators is indicated by how widely they are depicted on mosaics , wall paintings , lamps , and even graffiti drawings . Gladiators were trained combatants who might be slaves , convicts , or free volunteers . Death was not a necessary or even desirable outcome in matches between these highly skilled fighters , whose training represented a costly and time - consuming investment . By contrast , noxii were convicts sentenced to the arena with little or no training , often unarmed , and with no expectation of survival . Physical suffering and humiliation were considered appropriate retributive justice for the crimes they had committed . These executions were sometimes staged or ritualized as re-enactments of myths , and amphitheatres were equipped with elaborate stage machinery to create special effects . Tertullian considered deaths in the arena to be nothing more than a dressed - up form of human sacrifice . Modern scholars have found the pleasure Romans took in the `` theatre of life and death '' to be one of the more difficult aspects of their civilization to understand and explain . The younger Pliny rationalized gladiator spectacles as good for the people , a way `` to inspire them to face honourable wounds and despise death , by exhibiting love of glory and desire for victory even in the bodies of slaves and criminals '' . Some Romans such as Seneca were critical of the brutal spectacles , but found virtue in the courage and dignity of the defeated fighter rather than in victory -- an attitude that finds its fullest expression with the Christians martyred in the arena . Even martyr literature , however , offers `` detailed , indeed luxuriant , descriptions of bodily suffering '' , and became a popular genre at times indistinguishable from fiction . Personal training and play Boys and girls playing ball games ( 2nd century relief from the Louvre ) In the plural , ludi almost always refers to the large - scale spectator games . The singular ludus , `` play , game , sport , training , '' had a wide range of meanings such as `` word play , '' `` theatrical performance , '' `` board game , '' `` primary school , '' and even `` gladiator training school '' ( as in Ludus Magnus , the largest such training camp at Rome ) . Activities for children and young people included hoop rolling and knucklebones ( astragali or `` jacks '' ) . The sarcophagi of children often show them playing games . Girls had dolls , typically 15 -- 16 cm tall with jointed limbs , made of materials such as wood , terracotta , and especially bone and ivory . Ball games include trigon , which required dexterity , and harpastum , a rougher sport . Pets appear often on children 's memorials and in literature , including birds , dogs , cats , goats , sheep , rabbits and geese . So - called `` bikini girls '' mosaic from the Villa del Casale , Roman Sicily , 4th century After adolescence , most physical training for males was of a military nature . The Campus Martius originally was an exercise field where young men developed the skills of horsemanship and warfare . Hunting was also considered an appropriate pastime . According to Plutarch , conservative Romans disapproved of Greek - style athletics that promoted a fine body for its own sake , and condemned Nero 's efforts to encourage gymnastic games in the Greek manner . Some women trained as gymnasts and dancers , and a rare few as female gladiators . The famous `` bikini girls '' mosaic shows young women engaging in apparatus routines that might be compared to rhythmic gymnastics . Women in general were encouraged to maintain their health through activities such as playing ball , swimming , walking , reading aloud ( as a breathing exercise ) , riding in vehicles , and travel . Stone game board from Aphrodisias : boards could also be made of wood , with deluxe versions in costly materials such as ivory ; game pieces or counters were bone , glass , or polished stone , and might be coloured or have markings or images People of all ages played board games pitting two players against each other , including latrunculi ( `` Raiders '' ) , a game of strategy in which opponents coordinated the movements and capture of multiple game pieces , and XII scripta ( `` Twelve Marks '' ) , involving dice and arranging pieces on a grid of letters or words . A game referred to as alea ( dice ) or tabula ( the board ) , to which the emperor Claudius was notoriously addicted , may have been similar to backgammon , using a dice - cup ( pyrgus ) . Playing with dice as a form of gambling was disapproved of , but was a popular pastime during the December festival of the Saturnalia with its carnival , norms - overturned atmosphere . Clothing Main article : Clothing in ancient Rome In a status - conscious society like that of the Romans , clothing and personal adornment gave immediate visual clues about the etiquette of interacting with the wearer . Wearing the correct clothing was supposed to reflect a society in good order . The toga was the distinctive national garment of the Roman male citizen , but it was heavy and impractical , worn mainly for conducting political business and religious rites , and for going to court . The clothing Romans wore ordinarily was dark or colourful , and the most common male attire seen daily throughout the provinces would have been tunics , cloaks , and in some regions trousers . The study of how Romans dressed in daily life is complicated by a lack of direct evidence , since portraiture may show the subject in clothing with symbolic value , and surviving textiles from the period are rare . Women from the wall painting at the Villa of the Mysteries , Pompeii The basic garment for all Romans , regardless of gender or wealth , was the simple sleeved tunic . The length differed by wearer : a man 's reached mid-calf , but a soldier 's was somewhat shorter ; a woman 's fell to her feet , and a child 's to its knees . The tunics of poor people and labouring slaves were made from coarse wool in natural , dull shades , with the length determined by the type of work they did . Finer tunics were made of lightweight wool or linen . A man who belonged to the senatorial or equestrian order wore a tunic with two purple stripes ( clavi ) woven vertically into the fabric : the wider the stripe , the higher the wearer 's status . Other garments could be layered over the tunic . The Imperial toga was a `` vast expanse '' of semi-circular white wool that could not be put on and draped correctly without assistance . In his work on oratory , Quintilian describes in detail how the public speaker ought to orchestrate his gestures in relation to his toga . In art , the toga is shown with the long end dipping between the feet , a deep curved fold in front , and a bulbous flap at the midsection . The drapery became more intricate and structured over time , with the cloth forming a tight roll across the chest in later periods . The toga praetexta , with a purple or purplish - red stripe representing inviolability , was worn by children who had not come of age , curule magistrates , and state priests . Only the emperor could wear an all - purple toga ( toga picta ) . Claudius wearing an early Imperial toga ( see a later , more structured toga above ) , and the pallium as worn by a priest of Serapis , sometimes identified as the emperor Julian In the 2nd century , emperors and men of status are often portrayed wearing the pallium , an originally Greek mantle ( himation ) folded tightly around the body . Women are also portrayed in the pallium . Tertullian considered the pallium an appropriate garment both for Christians , in contrast to the toga , and for educated people , since it was associated with philosophers . By the 4th century , the toga had been more or less replaced by the pallium as a garment that embodied social unity . Roman clothing styles changed over time , though not as rapidly as fashions today . In the Dominate , clothing worn by both soldiers and government bureaucrats became highly decorated , with woven or embroidered stripes ( clavi ) and circular roundels ( orbiculi ) applied to tunics and cloaks . These decorative elements consisted of geometrical patterns , stylized plant motifs , and in more elaborate examples , human or animal figures . The use of silk increased , and courtiers of the later Empire wore elaborate silk robes . The militarization of Roman society , and the waning of cultural life based on urban ideals , affected habits of dress : heavy military - style belts were worn by bureaucrats as well as soldiers , and the toga was abandoned . The arts Main article : Roman art The Wedding of Zephyrus and Chloris ( 54 -- 68 AD , Pompeian Fourth Style ) within painted architectural panels from the Casa del Naviglio People visiting or living in Rome or the cities throughout the Empire would have seen art in a range of styles and media on a daily basis . Public or official art -- including sculpture , monuments such as victory columns or triumphal arches , and the iconography on coins -- is often analysed for its historical significance or as an expression of imperial ideology . At Imperial public baths , a person of humble means could view wall paintings , mosaics , statues , and interior decoration often of high quality . In the private sphere , objects made for religious dedications , funerary commemoration , domestic use , and commerce can show varying degrees of aesthetic quality and artistic skill . A wealthy person might advertise his appreciation of culture through painting , sculpture , and decorative arts at his home -- though some efforts strike modern viewers and some ancient connoisseurs as strenuous rather than tasteful . Greek art had a profound influence on the Roman tradition , and some of the most famous examples of Greek statues are known only from Roman Imperial versions and the occasional description in a Greek or Latin literary source . Despite the high value placed on works of art , even famous artists were of low social status among the Greeks and Romans , who regarded artists , artisans , and craftsmen alike as manual labourers . At the same time , the level of skill required to produce quality work was recognized , and even considered a divine gift . Portraiture Main article : Roman portraiture Two portraits circa 130 AD : the empress Vibia Sabina ( left ) ; and the Antinous Mondragone , one of the abundant likenesses of Hadrian 's famously beautiful male companion Antinous Portraiture , which survives mainly in the medium of sculpture , was the most copious form of imperial art . Portraits during the Augustan period utilize youthful and classical proportions , evolving later into a mixture of realism and idealism . Republican portraits had been characterized by a `` warts and all '' verism , but as early as the 2nd century BC , the Greek convention of heroic nudity was adopted sometimes for portraying conquering generals . Imperial portrait sculptures may model the head as mature , even craggy , atop a nude or seminude body that is smooth and youthful with perfect musculature ; a portrait head might even be added to a body created for another purpose . Clothed in the toga or military regalia , the body communicates rank or sphere of activity , not the characteristics of the individual . Women of the emperor 's family were often depicted dressed as goddesses or divine personifications such as Pax ( `` Peace '' ) . Portraiture in painting is represented primarily by the Fayum mummy portraits , which evoke Egyptian and Roman traditions of commemorating the dead with the realistic painting techniques of the Empire . Marble portrait sculpture would have been painted , and while traces of paint have only rarely survived the centuries , the Fayum portraits indicate why ancient literary sources marvelled at how lifelike artistic representations could be . The bronze Drunken Satyr , excavated at Herculaneum and exhibited in the 18th century , inspired an interest among later sculptors in similar `` carefree '' subjects Sculpture Main article : Roman sculpture Examples of Roman sculpture survive abundantly , though often in damaged or fragmentary condition , including freestanding statues and statuettes in marble , bronze and terracotta , and reliefs from public buildings , temples , and monuments such as the Ara Pacis , Trajan 's Column , and the Arch of Titus . Niches in amphitheatres such as the Colosseum were originally filled with statues , and no formal garden was complete without statuary . Temples housed the cult images of deities , often by famed sculptors . The religiosity of the Romans encouraged the production of decorated altars , small representations of deities for the household shrine or votive offerings , and other pieces for dedicating at temples . Divine and mythological figures were also given secular , humorous , and even obscene depictions . On the Ludovisi sarcophagus , an example of the battle scenes favoured during the Crisis of the Third Century , the `` writhing and highly emotive '' Romans and Goths fill the surface in a packed , anti-classical composition Sarcophagi Main article : Ancient Roman sarcophagi Elaborately carved marble and limestone sarcophagi are characteristic of the 2nd to the 4th centuries with at least 10,000 examples surviving . Although mythological scenes have been most widely studied , sarcophagus relief has been called the `` richest single source of Roman iconography , '' and may also depict the deceased 's occupation or life course , military scenes , and other subject matter . The same workshops produced sarcophagi with Jewish or Christian imagery . The Primavera of Stabiae , perhaps the goddess Flora Painting Much of what is known of Roman painting is based on the interior decoration of private homes , particularly as preserved at Pompeii and Herculaneum by the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD . In addition to decorative borders and panels with geometric or vegetative motifs , wall painting depicts scenes from mythology and the theatre , landscapes and gardens , recreation and spectacles , work and everyday life , and frank pornography . Birds , animals , and marine life are often depicted with careful attention to realistic detail . A unique source for Jewish figurative painting under the Empire is the Dura - Europos synagogue , dubbed `` the Pompeii of the Syrian Desert , '' buried and preserved in the mid-3rd century after the city was destroyed by Persians . Mosaic Main article : Roman mosaic The Triumph of Neptune floor mosaic from Africa Proconsularis ( present - day Tunisia ) , celebrating agricultural success with allegories of the Seasons , vegetation , workers and animals viewable from multiple perspectives in the room ( latter 2nd century ) Mosaics are among the most enduring of Roman decorative arts , and are found on the surfaces of floors and other architectural features such as walls , vaulted ceilings , and columns . The most common form is the tessellated mosaic , formed from uniform pieces ( tesserae ) of materials such as stone and glass . Mosaics were usually crafted on site , but sometimes assembled and shipped as ready - made panels . A mosaic workshop was led by the master artist ( pictor ) who worked with two grades of assistants . Figurative mosaics share many themes with painting , and in some cases portray subject matter in almost identical compositions . Although geometric patterns and mythological scenes occur throughout the Empire , regional preferences also find expression . In North Africa , a particularly rich source of mosaics , homeowners often chose scenes of life on their estates , hunting , agriculture , and local wildlife . Plentiful and major examples of Roman mosaics come also from present - day Turkey , Italy , southern France , Spain , and Portugal . More than 300 Antioch mosaics from the 3rd century are known . Opus sectile is a related technique in which flat stone , usually coloured marble , is cut precisely into shapes from which geometric or figurative patterns are formed . This more difficult technique was highly prized , and became especially popular for luxury surfaces in the 4th century , an abundant example of which is the Basilica of Junius Bassus . Decorative arts See also : Ancient Roman pottery and Roman glass Decorative arts for luxury consumers included fine pottery , silver and bronze vessels and implements , and glassware . The manufacture of pottery in a wide range of quality was important to trade and employment , as were the glass and metalworking industries . Imports stimulated new regional centres of production . Southern Gaul became a leading producer of the finer red - gloss pottery ( terra sigillata ) that was a major item of trade in 1st - century Europe . Glassblowing was regarded by the Romans as originating in Syria in the 1st century BC , and by the 3rd century Egypt and the Rhineland had become noted for fine glass . Silver cup , from the Boscoreale Treasure ( early 1st century AD ) Figural bronze oil lamps from Nova Zagora in Roman - era Bulgaria ( 1st -- 2nd century ) Finely decorated Gallo - Roman terra sigillata bowl Gold earrings with gemstones , 3rd century Glass cage cup from the Rhineland , latter 4th century Seuso plate ( detail ) Performing arts Main articles : Theatre of ancient Rome and Music of ancient Rome In Roman tradition , borrowed from the Greeks , literary theatre was performed by all - male troupes that used face masks with exaggerated facial expressions that allowed audiences to `` see '' how a character was feeling . Such masks were occasionally also specific to a particular role , and an actor could then play multiple roles merely by switching masks . Female roles were played by men in drag ( travesti ) . Roman literary theatre tradition is particularly well represented in Latin literature by the tragedies of Seneca . The circumstances under which Seneca 's tragedies were performed are however unclear ; scholarly conjectures range from minimally staged readings to full production pageants . More popular than literary theatre was the genre - defying mimus theatre , which featured scripted scenarios with free improvisation , risqué language and jokes , sex scenes , action sequences , and political satire , along with dance numbers , juggling , acrobatics , tightrope walking , striptease , and dancing bears . Unlike literary theatre , mimus was played without masks , and encouraged stylistic realism in acting . Female roles were performed by women , not by men . Mimus was related to the genre called pantomimus , an early form of story ballet that contained no spoken dialogue . Pantomimus combined expressive dancing , instrumental music and a sung libretto , often mythological , that could be either tragic or comic . All - male theatrical troupe preparing for a masked performance , on a mosaic from the House of the Tragic Poet Although sometimes regarded as foreign elements in Roman culture , music and dance had existed in Rome from earliest times . Music was customary at funerals , and the tibia ( Greek aulos ) , a woodwind instrument , was played at sacrifices to ward off ill influences . Song ( carmen ) was an integral part of almost every social occasion . The Secular Ode of Horace , commissioned by Augustus , was performed publicly in 17 BC by a mixed children 's choir . Music was thought to reflect the orderliness of the cosmos , and was associated particularly with mathematics and knowledge . Various woodwinds and `` brass '' instruments were played , as were stringed instruments such as the cithara , and percussion . The cornu , a long tubular metal wind instrument that curved around the musician 's body , was used for military signals and on parade . These instruments are found in parts of the Empire where they did not originate , and indicate that music was among the aspects of Roman culture that spread throughout the provinces . Instruments are widely depicted in Roman art . The hydraulic pipe organ ( hydraulis ) was `` one of the most significant technical and musical achievements of antiquity '' , and accompanied gladiator games and events in the amphitheatre , as well as stage performances . It was among the instruments that the emperor Nero played . Although certain forms of dance were disapproved of at times as non-Roman or unmanly , dancing was embedded in religious rituals of archaic Rome , such as those of the dancing armed Salian priests and of the Arval Brothers , priesthoods which underwent a revival during the Principate . Ecstatic dancing was a feature of the international mystery religions , particularly the cult of Cybele as practised by her eunuch priests the Galli and of Isis . In the secular realm , dancing girls from Syria and Cadiz were extremely popular . Like gladiators , entertainers were infames in the eyes of the law , little better than slaves even if they were technically free . `` Stars '' , however , could enjoy considerable wealth and celebrity , and mingled socially and often sexually with the upper classes , including emperors . Performers supported each other by forming guilds , and several memorials for members of the theatre community survive . Theatre and dance were often condemned by Christian polemicists in the later Empire , and Christians who integrated dance traditions and music into their worship practices were regarded by the Church Fathers as shockingly `` pagan . '' St. Augustine is supposed to have said that bringing clowns , actors , and dancers into a house was like inviting in a gang of unclean spirits . Literacy , books , and education This article is missing information about the use of papyrus or parchment scrolls , which were very common before the invention of the codex . Please expand the article to include this information . Further details may exist on the talk page . ( April 2017 ) Main article : Education in ancient Rome Pride in literacy was displayed in portraiture through emblems of reading and writing , as in this example of a couple from Pompeii ( Portrait of Paquius Proculo ) Estimates of the average literacy rate in the Empire range from 5 to 30 % or higher , depending in part on the definition of `` literacy '' . The Roman obsession with documents and public inscriptions indicates the high value placed on the written word . The Imperial bureaucracy was so dependent on writing that the Babylonian Talmud declared `` if all seas were ink , all reeds were pen , all skies parchment , and all men scribes , they would be unable to set down the full scope of the Roman government 's concerns . '' Laws and edicts were posted in writing as well as read out . Illiterate Roman subjects would have someone such as a government scribe ( scriba ) read or write their official documents for them . Public art and religious ceremonies were ways to communicate imperial ideology regardless of ability to read . Although the Romans were not a `` People of the Book '' , they had an extensive priestly archive , and inscriptions appear throughout the Empire in connection with statues and small votives dedicated by ordinary people to divinities , as well as on binding tablets and other `` magic spells '' , with hundreds of examples collected in the Greek Magical Papyri . The military produced a vast amount of written reports and service records , and literacy in the army was `` strikingly high '' . Urban graffiti , which include literary quotations , and low - quality inscriptions with misspellings and solecisms indicate casual literacy among non-elites . In addition , numeracy was necessary for any form of commerce . Slaves were numerate and literate in significant numbers , and some were highly educated . Books were expensive , since each copy had to be written out individually on a roll of papyrus ( volumen ) by scribes who had apprenticed to the trade . The codex -- a book with pages bound to a spine -- was still a novelty in the time of the poet Martial ( 1st century AD ) , but by the end of the 3rd century was replacing the volumen and was the regular form for books with Christian content . Commercial production of books had been established by the late Republic , and by the 1st century AD certain neighbourhoods of Rome were known for their bookshops ( tabernae librariae ) , which were found also in Western provincial cities such as Lugdunum ( present - day Lyon , France ) . The quality of editing varied wildly , and some ancient authors complain about error - ridden copies , as well as plagiarism or forgery , since there was no copyright law . A skilled slave copyist ( servus litteratus ) could be valued as highly as 100,000 sesterces . Reconstruction of a writing tablet : the stylus was used to inscribe letters into the wax surface for drafts , casual letterwriting , and schoolwork , while texts meant to be permanent were copied onto papyrus Collectors amassed personal libraries , such as that of the Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum , and a fine library was part of the cultivated leisure ( otium ) associated with the villa lifestyle . Significant collections might attract `` in - house '' scholars ; Lucian mocked mercenary Greek intellectuals who attached themselves to philistine Roman patrons . An individual benefactor might endow a community with a library : Pliny the Younger gave the city of Comum a library valued at 1 million sesterces , along with another 100,000 to maintain it . Imperial libraries housed in state buildings were open to users as a privilege on a limited basis , and represented a literary canon from which disreputable writers could be excluded . Books considered subversive might be publicly burned , and Domitian crucified copyists for reproducing works deemed treasonous . Literary texts were often shared aloud at meals or with reading groups . Scholars such as Pliny the Elder engaged in `` multitasking '' by having works read aloud to them while they dined , bathed or travelled , times during which they might also dictate drafts or notes to their secretaries . The multivolume Attic Nights of Aulus Gellius is an extended exploration of how Romans constructed their literary culture . The reading public expanded from the 1st through the 3rd century , and while those who read for pleasure remained a minority , they were no longer confined to a sophisticated ruling elite , reflecting the social fluidity of the Empire as a whole and giving rise to `` consumer literature '' meant for entertainment . Illustrated books , including erotica , were popular , but are poorly represented by extant fragments . Primary education A teacher with two students , as a third arrives with his loculus , a writing case that would contain pens , ink pot , and a sponge to correct errors Traditional Roman education was moral and practical . Stories about great men and women , or cautionary tales about individual failures , were meant to instil Roman values ( mores maiorum ) . Parents and family members were expected to act as role models , and parents who worked for a living passed their skills on to their children , who might also enter apprenticeships for more advanced training in crafts or trades . Formal education was available only to children from families who could pay for it , and the lack of state intervention in access to education contributed to the low rate of literacy . Young children were attended by a pedagogus , or less frequently a female pedagoga , usually a Greek slave or former slave . The pedagogue kept the child safe , taught self - discipline and public behaviour , attended class and helped with tutoring . The emperor Julian recalled his pedagogue Mardonius , a Gothic eunuch slave who reared him from the age of 7 to 15 , with affection and gratitude . Usually , however , pedagogues received little respect . Primary education in reading , writing , and arithmetic might take place at home for privileged children whose parents hired or bought a teacher . Others attended a school that was `` public , '' though not state - supported , organized by an individual schoolmaster ( ludimagister ) who accepted fees from multiple parents . Vernae ( homeborn slave children ) might share in home - or public - schooling . Schools became more numerous during the Empire , and increased the opportunities for children to acquire an education . School could be held regularly in a rented space , or in any available public niche , even outdoors . Boys and girls received primary education generally from ages 7 to 12 , but classes were not segregated by grade or age . For the socially ambitious , bilingual education in Greek as well as Latin was a must . Quintilian provides the most extensive theory of primary education in Latin literature . According to Quintilian , each child has in - born ingenium , a talent for learning or linguistic intelligence that is ready to be cultivated and sharpened , as evidenced by the young child 's ability to memorize and imitate . The child incapable of learning was rare . To Quintilian , ingenium represented a potential best realized in the social setting of school , and he argued against homeschooling . He also recognized the importance of play in child development , and disapproved of corporal punishment because it discouraged love of learning -- in contrast to the practice in most Roman primary schools of routinely striking children with a cane ( ferula ) or birch rod for being slow or disruptive . Secondary education Mosaic from Pompeii depicting the Academy of Plato At the age of 14 , upperclass males made their rite of passage into adulthood , and began to learn leadership roles in political , religious , and military life through mentoring from a senior member of their family or a family friend . Higher education was provided by grammatici or rhetores . The grammaticus or `` grammarian '' taught mainly Greek and Latin literature , with history , geography , philosophy or mathematics treated as explications of the text . With the rise of Augustus , contemporary Latin authors such as Vergil and Livy also became part of the curriculum . The rhetor was a teacher of oratory or public speaking . The art of speaking ( ars dicendi ) was highly prized as a marker of social and intellectual superiority , and eloquentia ( `` speaking ability , eloquence '' ) was considered the `` glue '' of a civilized society . Rhetoric was not so much a body of knowledge ( though it required a command of references to the literary canon ) as it was a mode of expression and decorum that distinguished those who held social power . The ancient model of rhetorical training -- `` restraint , coolness under pressure , modesty , and good humour '' -- endured into the 18th century as a Western educational ideal . In Latin , illiteratus ( Greek agrammatos ) could mean both `` unable to read and write '' and `` lacking in cultural awareness or sophistication . '' Higher education promoted career advancement , particularly for an equestrian in Imperial service : `` eloquence and learning were considered marks of a well - bred man and worthy of reward '' . The poet Horace , for instance , was given a top - notch education by his father , a prosperous former slave . Urban elites throughout the Empire shared a literary culture embued with Greek educational ideals ( paideia ) . Hellenistic cities sponsored schools of higher learning as an expression of cultural achievement . Young men from Rome who wished to pursue the highest levels of education often went abroad to study rhetoric and philosophy , mostly to one of several Greek schools in Athens . The curriculum in the East was more likely to include music and physical training along with literacy and numeracy . On the Hellenistic model , Vespasian endowed chairs of grammar , Latin and Greek rhetoric , and philosophy at Rome , and gave teachers special exemptions from taxes and legal penalties , though primary schoolmasters did not receive these benefits . Quintilian held the first chair of grammar . In the eastern empire , Berytus ( present - day Beirut ) was unusual in offering a Latin education , and became famous for its school of Roman law . The cultural movement known as the Second Sophistic ( 1st -- 3rd century AD ) promoted the assimilation of Greek and Roman social , educational , and aesthetic values , and the Greek proclivities for which Nero had been criticized were regarded from the time of Hadrian onward as integral to Imperial culture . Educated women Portrait of a literary woman from Pompeii ( ca . 50 AD ) Literate women ranged from cultured aristocrats to girls trained to be calligraphers and scribes . The `` girlfriends '' addressed in Augustan love poetry , although fictional , represent an ideal that a desirable woman should be educated , well - versed in the arts , and independent to a frustrating degree . Education seems to have been standard for daughters of the senatorial and equestrian orders during the Empire . A highly educated wife was an asset for the socially ambitious household , but one that Martial regards as an unnecessary luxury . The woman who achieved the greatest prominence in the ancient world for her learning was Hypatia of Alexandria , who educated young men in mathematics , philosophy , and astronomy , and advised the Roman prefect of Egypt on politics . Her influence put her into conflict with the bishop of Alexandria , Cyril , who may have been implicated in her violent death in 415 at the hands of a Christian mob . The shape of literacy Literacy began to decline , perhaps dramatically , during the socio - political Crisis of the Third Century . After the Christianization of the Roman Empire the Christians and Church Fathers adopted and used Latin and Greek pagan literature , philosophy and natural science with a vengeance to biblical interpretation . Edward Grant writes that : With the total triumph of Christianity at the end of the fourth century , the Church might have reacted against Greek pagan learning in general , and Greek philosophy in particular , finding much in the latter that was unacceptable or perhaps even offensive . They might have launched a major effort to suppress pagan learning as a danger to the Church and its doctrines . But they did not . Why not ? Perhaps it was in the slow dissemination of Christianity . After four centuries as members of a distinct religion , Christians had learned to live with Greek secular learning and to utilize it for their own benefit . Their education was heavily infiltrated by Latin and Greek pagan literature and philosophy ... Although Christians found certain aspects of pagan culture and learning unacceptable , they did not view them as a cancer to be cut out of the Christian body . Julian , the only emperor after the conversion of Constantine to reject Christianity , banned Christians from teaching the Classical curriculum , on the grounds that they might corrupt the minds of youth . While the book roll had emphasized the continuity of the text , the codex format encouraged a `` piecemeal '' approach to reading by means of citation , fragmented interpretation , and the extraction of maxims . In the 5th and 6th centuries , due to the gradual decline and fall of the Western Roman Empire , reading became rarer even for those within the Church hierarchy . However , in the Eastern Roman Empire , also known as Byzantine Empire , reading continued throughout the Middle Ages as reading was of primary importance as an intrument of the Byzantine civilization . Literature Main article : Latin literature See also : Roman historiography , Church Fathers , and Latin poetry Statue in Constanța , Romania ( the ancient colony Tomis ) , commemorating Ovid 's exile In the traditional literary canon , literature under Augustus , along with that of the late Republic , has been viewed as the `` Golden Age '' of Latin literature , embodying the classical ideals of `` unity of the whole , the proportion of the parts , and the careful articulation of an apparently seamless composition . '' The three most influential Classical Latin poets -- Vergil , Horace , and Ovid -- belong to this period . Vergil wrote the Aeneid , creating a national epic for Rome in the manner of the Homeric epics of Greece . Horace perfected the use of Greek lyric metres in Latin verse . Ovid 's erotic poetry was enormously popular , but ran afoul of the Augustan moral programme ; it was one of the ostensible causes for which the emperor exiled him to Tomis ( present - day Constanța , Romania ) , where he remained to the end of his life . Ovid 's Metamorphoses was a continuous poem of fifteen books weaving together Greco - Roman mythology from the creation of the universe to the deification of Julius Caesar . Ovid 's versions of Greek myths became one of the primary sources of later classical mythology , and his work was so influential in the Middle Ages that the 12th and 13th centuries have been called the `` Age of Ovid . '' The principal Latin prose author of the Augustan age is the historian Livy , whose account of Rome 's founding and early history became the most familiar version in modern - era literature . Vitruvius 's book De Architectura , the only complete work on architecture to survive from antiquity , also belongs to this period . Latin writers were immersed in the Greek literary tradition , and adapted its forms and much of its content , but Romans regarded satire as a genre in which they surpassed the Greeks . Horace wrote verse satires before fashioning himself as an Augustan court poet , and the early Principate also produced the satirists Persius and Juvenal . The poetry of Juvenal offers a lively curmudgeon 's perspective on urban society . The period from the mid-1st century through the mid-2nd century has conventionally been called the `` Silver Age '' of Latin literature . Under Nero , disillusioned writers reacted to Augustanism . The three leading writers -- Seneca the philosopher , dramatist , and tutor of Nero ; Lucan , his nephew , who turned Caesar 's civil war into an epic poem ; and the novelist Petronius ( Satyricon ) -- all committed suicide after incurring the emperor 's displeasure . Seneca and Lucan were from Hispania , as was the later epigrammatist and keen social observer Martial , who expressed his pride in his Celtiberian heritage . Martial and the epic poet Statius , whose poetry collection Silvae had a far - reaching influence on Renaissance literature , wrote during the reign of Domitian . The so - called `` Silver Age '' produced several distinguished writers , including the encyclopedist Pliny the Elder ; his nephew , known as Pliny the Younger ; and the historian Tacitus . The Natural History of the elder Pliny , who died during disaster relief efforts in the wake of the eruption of Vesuvius , is a vast collection on flora and fauna , gems and minerals , climate , medicine , freaks of nature , works of art , and antiquarian lore . Tacitus 's reputation as a literary artist matches or exceeds his value as a historian ; his stylistic experimentation produced `` one of the most powerful of Latin prose styles . '' The Twelve Caesars by his contemporary Suetonius is one of the primary sources for imperial biography . Among Imperial historians who wrote in Greek are Dionysius of Halicarnassus , the Jewish historian Josephus , and the senator Cassius Dio . Other major Greek authors of the Empire include the biographer and antiquarian Plutarch , the geographer Strabo , and the rhetorician and satirist Lucian . Popular Greek romance novels were part of the development of long - form fiction works , represented in Latin by the Satyricon of Petronius and The Golden Ass of Apuleius . From the 2nd to the 4th centuries , the Christian authors who would become the Latin Church Fathers were in active dialogue with the Classical tradition , within which they had been educated . Tertullian , a convert to Christianity from Roman Africa , was the contemporary of Apuleius and one of the earliest prose authors to establish a distinctly Christian voice . After the conversion of Constantine , Latin literature is dominated by the Christian perspective . When the orator Symmachus argued for the preservation of Rome 's religious traditions , he was effectively opposed by Ambrose , the bishop of Milan and future saint -- a debate preserved by their missives . Brescia Casket , an ivory box with Biblical imagery ( late 4th century ) In the late 4th century , Jerome produced the Latin translation of the Bible that became authoritative as the Vulgate . Augustine , another of the Church Fathers from the province of Africa , has been called `` one of the most influential writers of western culture '' , and his Confessions is sometimes considered the first autobiography of Western literature . In The City of God against the Pagans , Augustine builds a vision of an eternal , spiritual Rome , a new imperium sine fine that will outlast the collapsing Empire . In contrast to the unity of Classical Latin , the literary aesthetic of late antiquity has a tessellated quality that has been compared to the mosaics characteristic of the period . A continuing interest in the religious traditions of Rome prior to Christian dominion is found into the 5th century , with the Saturnalia of Macrobius and The Marriage of Philology and Mercury of Martianus Capella . Prominent Latin poets of late antiquity include Ausonius , Prudentius , Claudian , and Sidonius . Ausonius ( d . ca . 394 ) , the Bordelaise tutor of the emperor Gratian , was at least nominally a Christian , though throughout his occasionally obscene mixed - genre poems , he retains a literary interest in the Greco - Roman gods and even druidism . The imperial panegyrist Claudian ( d . 404 ) was a vir illustris who appears never to have converted . Prudentius ( d . ca . 413 ) , born in Hispania Tarraconensis and a fervent Christian , was thoroughly versed in the poets of the Classical tradition , and transforms their vision of poetry as a monument of immortality into an expression of the poet 's quest for eternal life culminating in Christian salvation . Sidonius ( d . 486 ) , a native of Lugdunum , was a Roman senator and bishop of Clermont who cultivated a traditional villa lifestyle as he watched the Western empire succumb to barbarian incursions . His poetry and collected letters offer a unique view of life in late Roman Gaul from the perspective of a man who `` survived the end of his world '' . Religion A Roman priest , his head ritually covered with a fold of his toga , extends a patera in a gesture of libation ( 2nd -- 3rd century ) Main articles : Religion in ancient Rome and Imperial cult ( ancient Rome ) See also : History of the Jews in the Roman Empire , Early Christianity , and Religious persecution in the Roman Empire The Roman siege and destruction of Jerusalem , from a Western religious manuscript , c. 1504 Religion in the Roman Empire encompassed the practices and beliefs the Romans regarded as their own , as well as the many cults imported to Rome or practised by peoples throughout the provinces . The Romans thought of themselves as highly religious , and attributed their success as a world power to their collective piety ( pietas ) in maintaining good relations with the gods ( pax deorum ) . The archaic religion believed to have been handed down from the earliest kings of Rome was the foundation of the mos maiorum , `` the way of the ancestors '' or `` tradition '' , viewed as central to Roman identity . There was no principle analogous to `` separation of church and state '' . The priesthoods of the state religion were filled from the same social pool of men who held public office , and in the Imperial era , the Pontifex Maximus was the emperor . Roman religion was practical and contractual , based on the principle of do ut des , `` I give that you might give . '' Religion depended on knowledge and the correct practice of prayer , ritual , and sacrifice , not on faith or dogma , although Latin literature preserves learned speculation on the nature of the divine and its relation to human affairs . For ordinary Romans , religion was a part of daily life . Each home had a household shrine at which prayers and libations to the family 's domestic deities were offered . Neighbourhood shrines and sacred places such as springs and groves dotted the city . Apuleius ( 2nd century ) described the everyday quality of religion in observing how people who passed a cult place might make a vow or a fruit offering , or merely sit for a while . The Roman calendar was structured around religious observances . In the Imperial era , as many as 135 days of the year were devoted to religious festivals and games ( ludi ) . Women , slaves , and children all participated in a range of religious activities . In the wake of the Republic 's collapse , state religion had adapted to support the new regime of the emperors . As the first Roman emperor , Augustus justified the novelty of one - man rule with a vast programme of religious revivalism and reform . Public vows formerly made for the security of the republic now were directed at the wellbeing of the emperor . So - called `` emperor worship '' expanded on a grand scale the traditional Roman veneration of the ancestral dead and of the Genius , the divine tutelary of every individual . Upon death , an emperor could be made a state divinity ( divus ) by vote of the Senate . Imperial cult , influenced by Hellenistic ruler cult , became one of the major ways Rome advertised its presence in the provinces and cultivated shared cultural identity and loyalty throughout the Empire . Cultural precedent in the Eastern provinces facilitated a rapid dissemination of Imperial cult , extending as far as the Augustan military settlement at Najran , in present - day Saudi Arabia . Rejection of the state religion became tantamount to treason against the emperor . This was the context for Rome 's conflict with Christianity , which Romans variously regarded as a form of atheism and novel superstitio . Statuettes representing Roman and Gallic deities , for personal devotion at private shrines The Romans are known for the great number of deities they honoured , a capacity that earned the mockery of early Christian polemicists . As the Romans extended their dominance throughout the Mediterranean world , their policy in general was to absorb the deities and cults of other peoples rather than try to eradicate them . One way that Rome promoted stability among diverse peoples was by supporting their religious heritage , building temples to local deities that framed their theology within the hierarchy of Roman religion . Inscriptions throughout the Empire record the side - by - side worship of local and Roman deities , including dedications made by Romans to local gods . By the height of the Empire , numerous cults of pseudo-foreign gods ( Roman reinventions of foreign gods ) were cultivated at Rome and in the provinces , among them cults of Cybele , Isis , Epona , and of solar gods such as Mithras and Sol Invictus , found as far north as Roman Britain . Because Romans had never been obligated to cultivate one god or one cult only , religious tolerance was not an issue in the sense that it is for competing monotheistic systems . Mystery religions , which offered initiates salvation in the afterlife , were a matter of personal choice for an individual , practised in addition to carrying on one 's family rites and participating in public religion . The mysteries , however , involved exclusive oaths and secrecy , conditions that conservative Romans viewed with suspicion as characteristic of `` magic '' , conspiracy ( coniuratio ) , and subversive activity . Sporadic and sometimes brutal attempts were made to suppress religionists who seemed to threaten traditional morality and unity . In Gaul , the power of the druids was checked , first by forbidding Roman citizens to belong to the order , and then by banning druidism altogether . At the same time , however , Celtic traditions were reinterpreted ( interpretatio romana ) within the context of Imperial theology , and a new Gallo - Roman religion coalesced , with its capital at the Sanctuary of the Three Gauls in Lugdunum ( present - day Lyon , France ) . The sanctuary established precedent for Western cult as a form of Roman - provincial identity . This funerary stele from the 3rd century is among the earliest Christian inscriptions , written in both Greek and Latin : the abbreviation D.M. at the top refers to the Di Manes , the traditional Roman spirits of the dead , but accompanies Christian fish symbolism . Relief from the Arch of Titus in Rome depicting a menorah and other spoils from the Temple of Jerusalem carried in Roman triumph . The monotheistic rigour of Judaism posed difficulties for Roman policy that led at times to compromise and the granting of special exemptions . Tertullian noted that the Jewish religion , unlike that of the Christians , was considered a religio licita , `` legitimate religion . '' Wars between the Romans and the Jews occurred when conflict , political as well as religious , became intractable . When Caligula wanted to place a golden statue of his deified self in the Temple in Jerusalem , the potential sacrilege and likely war were prevented only by his timely death . The Siege of Jerusalem in 70 AD led to the sacking of the temple and the dispersal of Jewish political power ( see Jewish diaspora ) . Christianity emerged in Roman Judea as a Jewish religious sect in the 1st century AD . The religion gradually spread out of Jerusalem , initially establishing major bases in first Antioch , then Alexandria , and over time throughout the Empire as well as beyond . Imperially authorized persecutions were limited and sporadic , with martyrdoms occurring most often under the authority of local officials . The first persecution by an emperor occurred under Nero , and was confined to the city of Rome . Tacitus reports that after the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64 , some among the population held Nero responsible and that the emperor attempted to deflect blame onto the Christians . After Nero , a major persecution occurred under the emperor Domitian and a persecution in 177 took place at Lugdunum , the Gallo - Roman religious capital . A surviving letter from Pliny the Younger , governor of Bythinia , to the emperor Trajan describes his persecution and executions of Christians . The Decian persecution of 246 -- 251 was a serious threat to the Church , but ultimately strengthened Christian defiance . Diocletian undertook what was to be the most severe persecution of Christians , lasting from 303 to 311 . In the early 4th century , Constantine I became the first emperor to convert to Christianity . During the rest of the fourth century Christianity became the dominant religion of the Empire . The emperor Julian , under the influence of his adviser Mardonius made a short - lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism , but in 380 ( Edict of Thessalonica ) , under Theodosius I Christianity became the official state church of the Roman Empire , to the exclusion of all others . From the 2nd century onward , the Church Fathers had begun to condemn the diverse religions practised throughout the Empire collectively as `` pagan . '' Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus ( d . 402 ) were rejected , and Christian monotheism became a feature of Imperial domination . Christian heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution , but Rome 's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms , and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions . Political legacy Main article : Legacy of the Roman Empire Several states claimed to be the Roman Empire 's successors after the fall of the Western Roman Empire . The Holy Roman Empire , an attempt to resurrect the Empire in the West , was established in 800 when Pope Leo III crowned Frankish King Charlemagne as Roman Emperor on Christmas Day , though the empire and the imperial office did not become formalized for some decades . After the fall of Constantinople , the Russian Tsardom , as inheritor of the Byzantine Empire 's Orthodox Christian tradition , counted itself the Third Rome ( Constantinople having been the second ) . These concepts are known as Translatio imperii . When the Ottomans , who based their state on the Byzantine model , took Constantinople in 1453 , Mehmed II established his capital there and claimed to sit on the throne of the Roman Empire . He even went so far as to launch an invasion of Italy with the purpose of re-uniting the Empire and invited European artists to his capital , including Gentile Bellini . In the medieval West , `` Roman '' came to mean the church and the Pope of Rome . The Greek form Romaioi remained attached to the Greek - speaking Christian population of the Eastern Roman Empire , and is still used by Greeks in addition to their common appellation . The Roman Empire 's territorial legacy of controlling the Italian peninsula would influence Italian nationalism and the unification of Italy ( Risorgimento ) in 1861 . The Virginia State Capitol ( left ) , built in the late 1700s , was modelled after the Maison Carrée , a Gallo - Roman temple built around 16 BC under Augustus In the United States , the founders were educated in the classical tradition , and used classical models for landmarks and buildings in Washington , D.C. , to avoid the feudal and religious connotations of European architecture such as castles and cathedrals . In forming their theory of the mixed constitution , the founders looked to Athenian democracy and Roman republicanism for models , but regarded the Roman emperor as a figure of tyranny . They nonetheless adopted Roman Imperial forms such as the dome , as represented by the US Capitol and numerous state capitol buildings , to express classical ideals through architecture . Thomas Jefferson saw the Empire as a negative political lesson , but was a chief proponent of its architectural models . Jefferson 's design for the Virginia State Capitol , for instance , is modelled directly from the Maison Carrée , a Gallo - Roman temple built under Augustus . The renovations of the National Mall at the beginning of the 20th century have been viewed as expressing a more overt imperialist kinship with Rome . See also Ancient Rome portal Classical Civilisation portal Mediterranean portal Ancient Near East portal Daqin ( `` Great Qin '' ) , the ancient Chinese name for the Roman Empire ; see also Sino - Roman relations Fall of the Western Roman Empire Imperial Italy Italian Empire Notes Jump up ^ Other ways of referring to the `` Roman Empire '' among the Romans and Greeks themselves included Res publica Romana or Imperium Romanorum ( also in Greek : Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων -- Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn -- ( `` Dominion ( Literally ' kingdom ' but also interpreted as ' empire ' ) of the Romans '' ) ) and Romania . Res publica means Roman `` commonwealth '' and can refer to both the Republican and the Imperial eras . Imperium Romanum ( or `` Romanorum '' ) refers to the territorial extent of Roman authority . Populus Romanus ( `` the Roman people '' ) was / is often used to indicate the Roman state in matters involving other nations . The term Romania , initially a colloquial term for the empire 's territory as well as a collective name for its inhabitants , appears in Greek and Latin sources from the 4th century onward and was eventually carried over to the Eastern Roman Empire ( see R.L. Wolff , `` Romania : The Latin Empire of Constantinople '' in Speculum 23 ( 1948 ) , pp. 1 -- 34 and especially pp. 2 -- 3 ) . Jump up ^ Between 1204 and 1261 there was an interregnum when the Empire was divided into the Empire of Nicaea , the Empire of Trebizond and the Despotate of Epirus , which were all contenders for rule of the Empire . The Empire of Nicaea is considered the legitimate continuation of the Roman Empire because it managed to re-take Constantinople . Jump up ^ The final emperor to rule over all of the Roman Empire 's territories before its conversion to a diarchy . Jump up ^ Officially the final emperor of the Western empire . Jump up ^ Last emperor of the Eastern ( Byzantine ) empire . Jump up ^ Abbreviated `` HS '' . Prices and values are usually expressed in sesterces ; see # Currency and banking for currency denominations by period . Jump up ^ `` Historical Estimates of World Population '' . United States Census Bureau . U.S. Department of Commerce . Archived from the original on 2001 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 12 . An average of figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau 's Jump up ^ Translated as `` power without end '' in Southern Jump up ^ Prudentius ( 348 -- 413 ) in particular Christianizes the theme in his poetry , as noted by Marc Mastrangelo , The Roman Self in Late Antiquity : Prudentius and the Poetics of the Soul ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 2008 ) , pp. 73 , 203 . St. Augustine , however , distinguished between the secular and eternal `` Rome '' in The City of God . See also J. Rufus Fears , `` The Cult of Jupiter and Roman Imperial Ideology , '' Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II. 17.1 ( 1981 ) , p. 136 , on how Classical Roman ideology influenced Christian Imperial doctrine ; Bang , Peter Fibiger ( 2011 ) `` The King of Kings : Universal Hegemony , Imperial Power , and a New Comparative History of Rome , '' in The Roman Empire in Context : Historical and Comparative Perspectives . John Wiley & Sons ; and the Greek concept of globalism ( oikouménē ) . Jump up ^ The civis ( `` citizen '' ) stands in explicit contrast to a peregrina , a foreign or non-Roman woman : A.N. Sherwin - White ( 1979 ) Roman Citizenship . Oxford University Press . pp. 211 and 268 ; Frier , pp. 31 -- 32 , 457 . In the form of legal marriage called conubium , the father 's legal status determined the child 's , but conubium required that both spouses be free citizens . A soldier , for instance , was banned from marrying while in service , but if he formed a long - term union with a local woman while stationed in the provinces , he could marry her legally after he was discharged , and any children they had would be considered the offspring of citizens -- in effect granting the woman retroactive citizenship . The ban was in place from the time of Augustus until it was rescinded by Septimius Severus in 197 AD . See Sara Elise Phang , The Marriage of Roman Soldiers ( 13 B.C. -- A.D. 235 ) : Law and Family in the Imperial Army ( Brill , 2001 ) , p. 2 , and Pat Southern , The Roman Army : A Social and Institutional History ( Oxford University Press , 2006 ) , p. 144 . Jump up ^ That is , a double standard was in place : a married woman could have sex only with her husband , but a married man did not commit adultery if he had sex with a prostitute , slave , or person of marginalized status . See McGinn , Thomas A.J. ( 1991 ) . `` Concubinage and the Lex Iulia on Adultery '' . Transactions of the American Philological Association ( 1974 -- ) . 121 : 335 -- 375 ( 342 ) . doi : 10.2307 / 284457 . JSTOR 284457 . ; Martha C. Nussbaum ( 2002 ) `` The Incomplete Feminism of Musonius Rufus , Platonist , Stoic , and Roman , '' in The Sleep of Reason : Erotic Experience and Sexual Ethics in Ancient Greece and Rome . University of Chicago Press . p. 305 , noting that custom `` allowed much latitude for personal negotiation and gradual social change '' ; Elaine Fantham , `` Stuprum : Public Attitudes and Penalties for Sexual Offences in Republican Rome , '' in Roman Readings : Roman Response to Greek Literature from Plautus to Statius and Quintilian ( Walter de Gruyter , 2011 ) , p. 124 , citing Papinian , De adulteriis I and Modestinus , Liber Regularum I. Eva Cantarella , Bisexuality in the Ancient World ( Yale University Press , 1992 , 2002 , originally published 1988 in Italian ) , p. 104 ; Edwards , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ The relation of the equestrian order to the `` public horse '' and Roman cavalry parades and demonstrations ( such as the Lusus Troiae ) is complex , but those who participated in the latter seem , for instance , to have been the equites who were accorded the high - status ( and quite limited ) seating at the theatre by the Lex Roscia theatralis . Senators could not possess the `` public horse . '' See Wiseman , pp. 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Ancient Gades , in Roman Spain , and Patavium , in the Celtic north of Italy , were atypically wealthy cities , and having 500 equestrians in one city was unusual . Strabo 3.169 , 5.213 Jump up ^ Vout , p. 212 . The college of centonarii is an elusive topic in scholarship , since they are also widely attested as urban firefighters ; see Jinyu Liu ( 2009 ) Collegia Centonariorum : The Guilds of Textile Dealers in the Roman West . Brill . Liu sees them as `` primarily tradesmen and / or manufacturers engaged in the production and distribution of low - or medium - quality woolen textiles and clothing , including felt and its products . '' Jump up ^ Julius Caesar first applied the Latin word oppidum to this type of settlement , and even called Avaricum ( Bourges , France ) , a center of the Bituriges , an urbs , `` city . '' Archaeology indicates that oppida were centers of religion , trade ( including import / export ) , and industrial production , walled for the purposes of defense , but they may not have been inhabited by concentrated populations year - round : see Harding , D.W. ( 2007 ) The Archaeology of Celtic Art . Routledge . pp. 211 -- 212 . ISBN 113426464X ; Collis , John ( 2000 ) `` ' Celtic ' Oppida , '' in A Comparative Study of Thirty City - state Cultures . Danske Videnskabernes Selskab . pp. 229 -- 238 ; Celtic Chiefdom , Celtic State : The Evolution of Complex Social Systems . Cambridge University Press , 1995 , 1999 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Such as the Consualia and the October Horse sacrifice : Humphrey , pp. 544 , 558 ; Auguste Bouché - Leclercq , Manuel des Institutions Romaines ( Hachette , 1886 ) , p. 549 ; `` Purificazione , '' in Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum ( LIMC , 2004 ) , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Scholars are divided in their relative emphasis on the athletic and dance elements of these exercises : Lee , H. ( 1984 ) . `` Athletics and the Bikini Girls from Piazza Armerina '' . Stadion. 10 : 45 -- 75 . sees them as gymnasts , while M. Torelli , `` Piazza Armerina : Note di iconologia '' , in La Villa romana del Casale di Piazza Armerina , edited by G. Rizza ( Catania , 1988 ) , p. 152 , thinks they are dancers at the games . Jump up ^ By Michael Rostovtzeff , as noted by Robin M. Jensen ( 1999 ) `` The Dura - Europos Synagogue , Early - Christian Art and Religious Life in Dura Europos , '' in Jews , Christians and Polytheists in the Ancient Synagogue : Cultural Interaction during the Greco - Roman Period . Routledge . p. 154 . Jump up ^ Political slogans and obscenities are widely preserved as graffiti in Pompeii : Antonio Varone , Erotica Pompeiana : Love Inscriptions on the Walls of Pompeii ( `` L'Erma '' di Bretschneider , 2002 ) . Soldiers sometimes inscribed sling bullets with aggressive messages : Phang , `` Military Documents , Languages , and Literacy , '' p. 300 . Jump up ^ Bloomer , W. Martin ( 2011 ) The School of Rome : Latin Studies and the Origins of Liberal Education ( University of California Press , 2011 ) , pp. 93 -- 99 ; Morgan , Literate Education in the Hellenistic and Roman Worlds , p. 250 . Quintilian uses the metaphor acuere ingenium , `` to sharpen talent , '' as well as agricultural metaphors . Jump up ^ For an overview of the representation of Roman religion in early Christian authors , see R.P.C. Hanson , `` The Christian Attitude to Pagan Religions up to the Time of Constantine the Great , '' and Carlos A. Contreras , `` Christian Views of Paganism , '' in Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II. 23.1 ( 1980 ) 871 -- 1022 . Jump up ^ `` This mentality , '' notes John T. Koch , `` lay at the core of the genius of cultural assimilation which made the Roman Empire possible '' ; entry on `` Interpretatio romana , '' in Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia ( ABC - Clio , 2006 ) , p. 974 . References Citations Jump up ^ Bennett , Julian ( 1997 ) . Trajan : Optimus Princeps : a Life and Times . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 16524 - 2 ... Fig. 1 . Regions east of the Euphrates river were held only in the years 116 -- 117 . ^ Jump up to : Taagepera , Rein ( 1979 ) . `` Size and Duration of Empires : Growth - Decline Curves , 600 B.C. to 600 A.D '' . Social Science History . Duke University Press . 3 ( 3 / 4 ) : 125 . doi : 10.2307 / 1170959 . JSTOR 1170959 . Jump up ^ Durand , John D. ( 1977 ) . `` Historical Estimates of World Population : An Evaluation '' . Population and Development Review . 3 ( 3 ) : 253 . doi : 10.2307 / 1971891 . JSTOR 1971891 . ^ Jump up to : Turchin , Peter ; Adams , Jonathan M. ; Hall , Thomas D ( 2006 ) . `` East - West Orientation of Historical Empires '' ( PDF ) . Journal of world - systems research . 12 ( 2 ) : 222 . ISSN 1076 - 156X . Retrieved 6 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Morris , Ian ( October 2010 ) . Social Development ( PDF ) . Stanford University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Morris , Ian ( 2010 ) Why the West Rules -- For Now , New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 978 - 0 - 374 - 29002 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kremer , M. ( 1993 ) . `` Population Growth and Technological Change : One Million B.C. To 1990 '' ( PDF ) . The Quarterly Journal of Economics . 108 ( 3 ) : 681 -- 716 . doi : 10.2307 / 2118405 . JSTOR 2118405 . Jump up ^ Stillman , Norman A. ( 1979 ) The Jews of Arab Lands . Jewish Publication Society . p. 22 . ISBN 0827611552 Jump up ^ Breasted , J.H. Ancient Times a History of the Early World . Рипол Классик . p. 675 . ISBN 117400312X Jump up ^ Kelly , pp. 4ff . ^ Jump up to : Nicolet , pp. 1 , 15 Jump up ^ Brennan , T. Corey ( 2000 ) The Praetorship in the Roman Republic . Oxford University Press . p. 605 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 39 -- 40 . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 179 . ^ Jump up to : Hekster , Olivier and Kaizer , Ted ( 2011 ) . Preface to Frontiers in the Roman World . 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Jump up ^ Bray , R.S. ( 2004 ) . Armies of Pestilence . Cambridge : James Clarke & Co. p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 227 - 17240 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kreutz , Barbara M. ( 1996 ) . Before the Normans : Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1587 - 8 . Jump up ^ Duiker , 2001 . page 349 . Jump up ^ Basil II ( AD 976 -- 1025 ) by Catherine Holmes . De Imperatoribus Romanis . Written 1 April 2003 . Retrieved 22 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Gibbon , Edward . History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . Chapter 61 . Retrieved 11 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Mehmet II by Korkut Ozgen . Theottomans.org . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Kelly , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Nicolet , p. 29 Jump up ^ Vergil , Aeneid 1.278 Jump up ^ Mattingly , David J. ( 2011 ) Imperialism , Power , and Identity : Experiencing the Roman Empire . Princeton University Press . p. 15 Jump up ^ Moretti , G. ( 1993 ) `` The Other World and the ' Antipodes ' : The Myth of Unknown Countries between Antiquity and the Renaissance , '' in The Classical Tradition and the Americas : European Images of the Americas . Walter de Gruyter . p. 257 ^ Jump up to : Southern , Pat ( 2001 ) . The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine . Routledge . pp. 14 -- 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 23943 - 1 . Jump up ^ Mosley , Stephen ( 2010 ) . The Environment in World History . Routledge . p. 35 . Jump up ^ Nicolet , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Nicolet , pp. 9 , 16 . Jump up ^ Nicolet , pp. 10 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Goldsmith , Raymond W. ( 2005 ) . `` An Estimate of the Size Anl Structure of the National Product of the Early Roman Empire '' . Review of Income and Wealth. 30 ( 3 ) : 263 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4991.1984. tb00552. x . Jump up ^ Scheidel , Walter ( April 2006 ) `` Population and demography '' in Princeton / Stanford Working Papers in Classics , p. 9 Jump up ^ Hanson , J.W. ; Ortman , S.G. ( 2017 ) . `` A systematic method for estimating the populations of Greek and Roman settlements '' . Journal of Roman Archaeology. 30 : 301 -- 324 . doi : 10.1017 / S1047759400074134 . ISSN 1047 - 7594 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 721 . Jump up ^ Woolf , Greg ( ed . ) ( 2003 ) Cambridge Illustrated History of the Roman World . Cambridge : Ivy Press . p. 340 Jump up ^ Opper , Thorsten ( 2008 ) Hadrian : Empire and Conflict . Harvard University Press . p. 64 Jump up ^ Fields , Nic ( 2003 ) Hadrian 's Wall AD 122 -- 410 , which was , of course , at the bottom of Hadrian 's garden . Osprey Publishing . p. 35 . Jump up ^ Vergil , Aeneid 12.834 and 837 Jump up ^ Rochette , pp. 549 , 563 Jump up ^ Adams , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Adams , pp. 186 -- 187 . Jump up ^ Rochette , pp. 554 , 556 . Jump up ^ Rochette , p. 549 Jump up ^ Freeman , Charles ( 1999 ) The Greek Achievement : The Foundation of the Western World . New York : Penguin . pp. 389 -- 433 . Jump up ^ Rochette , p. 549 , citing Plutarch , Life of Alexander 47.6 . Jump up ^ Millar , Fergus ( 2006 ) A Greek Roman Empire : Power and Belief under Theodosius II ( 408 -- 450 ) . University of California Press . p. 279 . ISBN 0520941411 . ^ Jump up to : Treadgold , Warren ( 1997 ) A History of the Byzantine State and Society . Stanford University Press . pp. 5 -- 7 . ISBN 0804726302 . Jump up ^ Rochette , p. 553 . Jump up ^ Cicero , In Catilinam 2.15 , P. Ryl . I 61 `` recto '' . Jump up ^ Rochette , pp. 550 -- 552 . ^ Jump up to : Rochette , p. 552 . Jump up ^ Suetonius , Life of Claudius 42 . Jump up ^ Rochette , pp. 553 -- 554 . Jump up ^ Rochette , p. 556 Jump up ^ Adams , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Adams , pp. 185 -- 186 , 205 . Jump up ^ Rochette , p. 560 . Jump up ^ Rochette , pp. 562 -- 563 . Jump up ^ Rochette , pp. 558 -- 559 . ^ Jump up to : Miles , Richard ( 2000 ) `` Communicating Culture , Identity , and Power , '' in Experiencing Power : Culture , Identity and Power in the Roman Empire . Routledge . pp. 58 -- 60 . ISBN 0415212855 . Jump up ^ Adams , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Rochette , pp. 553 -- 555 . Jump up ^ Rochette , p. 550 Jump up ^ Stefan Zimmer , `` Indo - European , '' in Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia ( ABC - Clio , 2006 ) , p. 961 ^ Jump up to : Curchin , Leonard A. ( 1995 ) . `` Literacy in the Roman Provinces : Qualitative and Quantitative Data from Central Spain '' . The American Journal of Philology. 116 ( 3 ) : 461 -- 476 ( 464 ) . doi : 10.2307 / 295333 . JSTOR 295333 . Jump up ^ Waquet , Françoise ( 2001 ) Latin , Or , The Empire of the Sign : From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century . Verso . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 1859844022 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Kristian ( 1996 ) `` The Humanist Reform of Latin and Latin Teaching , '' in The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism . Cambridge University Press . pp. 63 -- 64 . ISBN 0521436249 . Jump up ^ Fine , John V.A. ; Fine , John Van Antwerp ( 1991 ) . The Early Medieval Balkans : A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century . University of Michigan Press . pp. 10 -- 11 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 08149 - 7 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Garnsey , Peter and Saller , Richard ( 1987 ) The Roman Empire : Economy , Society and Culture . University of California Press . pp. 107 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Noreña , Carlos F. ( 2011 ) Imperial Ideals in the Roman West : Representation , Circulation , Power . Cambridge University Press . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Winterling , pp. 11 , 21 . Jump up ^ Saller , Richard P. ( 1982 , 2002 ) Personal Patronage under the Early Empire . Cambridge University Press . pp. 123 , 176 , 183 Jump up ^ Duncan , Anne ( 2006 ) Performance and Identity in the Classical World . Cambridge University Press . p. 164 . Jump up ^ Reinhold , Meyer ( 2002 ) Studies in Classical History and Society . Oxford University Press . pp. 25ff. and 42 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 17 , 20 . Jump up ^ Millar , pp. 81 -- 82 Jump up ^ Carroll , Maureen ( 2006 ) Spirits of the Dead : Roman Funerary Commemoration in Western Europe . Oxford University Press . pp. 45 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Frier , p. 14 Jump up ^ Gaius , Institutiones 1.9 = Digest 1.5. 3 . Jump up ^ Frier , pp. 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Rawson ( 1987 ) , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Frier , pp. 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Eva Cantarella , Pandora 's Daughters : The Role and Status of Women in Greek and Roman Antiquity ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 1987 ) , pp. 140 -- 141 Jump up ^ Sullivan , J.P. ( 1979 ) . `` Martial 's Sexual Attitudes '' . Philologus. 123 : 296 . doi : 10.1524 / phil. 1979.123. 12.288 . Jump up ^ Rawson ( 1987 ) , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Frier , pp. 19 -- 20 , 22 . Jump up ^ Treggiari , Susan ( 1991 ) Roman Marriage : Iusti Coniuges from the Time of Cicero to the Time of Ulpian . Oxford University Press . pp. 258 -- 259 , 500 -- 502 . ISBN 0198149395 . Jump up ^ Johnston , David ( 1999 ) Roman Law in Context . Cambridge University Press . Ch . 3.3 Jump up ^ Frier , Ch. IV Jump up ^ Thomas , Yan ( 1991 ) `` The Division of the Sexes in Roman Law , '' in A History of Women from Ancient Goddesses to Christian Saints . Harvard University Press . p. 134 . Jump up ^ Severy , Beth ( 2002 ) Augustus and the Family at the Birth of the Empire . Routledge . p. 12 . ISBN 1134391838 . Jump up ^ Severy , Beth ( 2002 ) Augustus and the Family at the Birth of the Empire . Routledge . p. 4 . ISBN 1134391838 . Jump up ^ Frier , p. 461 Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 733 . Jump up ^ Woodhull , Margaret L. ( 2004 ) `` Matronly Patrons in the Early Roman Empire : The Case of Salvia Postuma , '' in Women 's Influence on Classical Civilization . Routledge . p. 77 . Jump up ^ Bradley , p. 12 . Jump up ^ The others are ancient Athens , and in the modern era Brazil , the Caribbean , and the United States ; Bradley , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Bradley , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , W.V. ( 1999 ) . `` Demography , Geography and the Sources of Roman Slaves '' . The Journal of Roman Studies . 89 : 62 -- 75 . doi : 10.2307 / 300734 . JSTOR 300734 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Timothy ( 2010 ) . `` Believing the ancients : Quantitative and qualitative dimensions of slavery and the slave trade in later prehistoric Eurasia '' . World Archaeology. 33 : 27 -- 43 . doi : 10.1080 / 00438240120047618 . JSTOR 827887 . Jump up ^ Harper , Kyle ( 2011 ) Slavery in the Late Roman World , AD 275 -- 425 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 10 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Frier , p. 7 . Jump up ^ McGinn , Thomas A.J. 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Jump up ^ Abusch , Ra'anan ( 2003 ) `` Circumcision and Castration under Roman Law in the Early Empire , '' in The Covenant of Circumcision : New Perspectives on an Ancient Jewish Rite . Brandeis University Press . pp. 77 -- 78 Jump up ^ Schäfer , Peter ( 1983 , 2003 ) The History of the Jews in the Greco - Roman World . Routledge . p. 150 . Jump up ^ Frier , p. 15 Jump up ^ Goodwin , Stefan ( 2009 ) . Africa in Europe : Antiquity into the Age of Global Expansion . Lexington Books . Vol. 1 , p. 41 , ISBN 0739117262 , noting that `` Roman slavery was a nonracist and fluid system '' . Jump up ^ Santosuosso , Antonio ( 2001 ) Storming the Heavens : Soldiers , Emperors and Civilians in the Roman Empire , Westview Press . pp. 43 -- 44 . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 3523 - X . Jump up ^ Noy , David ( 2000 ) . Foreigners at Rome : Citizens and Strangers . Duckworth with the Classical Press of Wales . ISBN 9780715629529 . Jump up ^ Harper , James ( 1972 ) . `` Slaves and Freedmen in Imperial Rome '' . American Journal of Philology. 93 ( 2 ) : 341 -- 342 . doi : 10.2307 / 293259 . JSTOR 293259 . Jump up ^ Rawson ( 1987 ) , pp. 186 -- 188 , 190 Jump up ^ Bradley , p. 34 , 48 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Bradley , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Millar , Fergus ( 1998 , 2002 ) The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic . University of Michigan . pp. 23 , 209 . ISBN 0472088785 . Jump up ^ Mouritsen , Henrik ( 2011 ) The Freedman in the Roman World . Cambridge University Press . p. 36 ^ Jump up to : Berger , Adolf ( 1953 , 1991 ) . libertus in Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law . American Philological Society . p. 564 . Jump up ^ Boardman , pp. 217 -- 218 Jump up ^ Syme , Ronald ( 1999 ) Provincial at Rome : and Rome and the Balkans 80 BC -- AD 14 . University of Exeter Press . pp. 12 -- 13 . ISBN 0859896323 . Jump up ^ Boardman , pp. 215 , 221 -- 222 Jump up ^ Millar , p. 88 . The standard complement of 600 was flexible ; twenty quaestors , for instance , held office each year and were thus admitted to the Senate regardless of whether there were `` open '' seats . ^ Jump up to : Millar , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Boardman , pp. 218 -- 219 . Jump up ^ His name was Tiberius Claudius Gordianus ; Boardman , p. 219 . Jump up ^ MacMullen , Ramsay ( 1966 ) . `` Provincial Languages in the Roman Empire '' . The American Journal of Philology. 87 : 1 . doi : 10.2307 / 292973 . JSTOR 292973 . Jump up ^ Wiseman , pp. 71 -- 72 , 76 Jump up ^ Wiseman , pp. 75 -- 76 , 78 . Jump up ^ Fear , Andrew ( 2007 ) `` War and Society , '' in The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare : Rome from the Late Republic to the Late Empire . Cambridge University Press , vol. 2 . pp. 214 -- 215 . ISBN 0521782740 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Julian ( 1997 ) . Trajan : Optimus Princeps : a Life and Times . Routledge . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 16524 - 2 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 188 Jump up ^ Millar , pp. 87 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Millar , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Liebeschuetz , Wolfgang ( 2001 ) `` The End of the Ancient City , '' in The City in Late Antiquity . Taylor & Francis . pp. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Millar , p. 90 , calls them `` status - appellations . '' Jump up ^ Millar , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Millar , p. 90 . ^ Jump up to : Verboven , Koenraad ( 2007 ) . `` The Associative Order : Status and Ethos among Roman Businessmen in Late Republic and Early Empire '' . Athenaeum. 95 : 870 -- 72 . hdl : 1854 / LU - 395187 . ^ Jump up to : Peachin , pp. 153 -- 154 Jump up ^ Perkins , Judith ( 2009 ) Early Christian and Judicial Bodies . Walter de Gruyter . pp. 245 -- 246 Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 475 . Jump up ^ Gaughan , Judy E. ( 2010 ) Murder Was Not a Crime : Homicide and Power in the Roman Republic . University of Texas Press . p. 91 . ISBN 0292725671 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Gordon P. ( 2006 ) A History of Exile in the Roman Republic . 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Jump up ^ Goldsworthy 2003 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 177 -- 179 . Most government records that are preserved come from Roman Egypt , where the climate preserved the papyri . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 179 . The exclusion of Egypt from the senatorial provinces dates to the rise of Octavian before he became Augustus : Egypt had been the stronghold of his last opposition , Mark Antony and his ally Cleopatra . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 179 , 187 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 180 Jump up ^ Fuhrmann , C.J. ( 2012 ) Policing the Roman Empire : Soldiers , Administration , and Public Order . Oxford University Press . pp. 197 , 214 , 224 . ISBN 0199737843 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 184 -- 185 . Jump up ^ Bozeman , Adda B. ( 2010 ) Politics and Culture in International History from the Ancient Near East to the Opening of the Modern Age . Transaction Publishers . 2nd ed ... pp. 208 -- 20 Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 184 -- 185 Jump up ^ This practice was established in the Republic ; see for instance the case of Contrebian water rights heard by G. Valerius Flaccus as governor of Hispania in the 90s -- 80s BC . Jump up ^ Digeser , Elizabeth DePalma ( 2000 ) The Making of a Christian Empire : Lactantius and Rome . Cornell University Press . p. 53 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 183 . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 185 -- 187 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 185 Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 185 . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 188 . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Cassius Dio 55.31. 4 . Jump up ^ Tacitus , Annales 13.31. 2 . Jump up ^ This was the vicesima libertatis , `` the twentieth for freedom '' ; Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 283 . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 285 . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 286 . 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Comparative Perspectives on Ancient World Empires . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533690 - 0 , pp. 137 -- 207 ( 205 ) . Jump up ^ Fears , J. Rufus ( 1981 ) `` The Theology of Victory at Rome : Approaches and Problem , '' Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II. 17.2 , pp. 752 and 824 , and in the same volume , `` The Cult of Virtues and Roman Imperial Ideology , '' p. 908 . Jump up ^ Andreau , Jean ( 1999 ) Banking and Business in the Roman World . Cambridge University Press . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Tacitus , Annales 6.17. 3 . Jump up ^ Duncan - Jones , Richard ( 1994 ) Money and Government in the Roman Empire . Cambridge University Press . pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Bowersock , p. 579 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Andrew ( 2002 ) . `` Machines , Power and the Ancient Economy '' . The Journal of Roman Studies . 92 : 1 . doi : 10.2307 / 3184857 . JSTOR 3184857 . Jump up ^ Craddock , Paul T. ( 2008 ) : `` Mining and Metallurgy '' , in : Oleson , John Peter ( ed . ) : The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518731 - 1 , p. 108 Jump up ^ Sim , David ; Ridge , Isabel ( 2002 ) Iron for the Eagles . The Iron Industry of Roman Britain , Tempus , Stroud , Gloucestershire , ISBN 0 - 7524 - 1900 - 5 . p. 23 Jump up ^ Healy , John F. ( 1978 ) Mining and Metallurgy in the Greek and Roman World , Thames and Hudson , London , ISBN 0 - 500 - 40035 - 0 . p. 196 . Assumes a productive capacity of c. 1.5 kg per capita . ^ Jump up to : Hong , S. ; Candelone , J. - P. ; Patterson , C.C. ; Boutron , C.F. ( 1996 ) . `` History of Ancient Copper Smelting Pollution During Roman and Medieval Times Recorded in Greenland Ice '' . Science . 272 ( 5259 ) : 246 . Bibcode : 1996Sci ... 272 ... 246H . doi : 10.1126 / science. 272.5259. 246 . ^ Jump up to : Hong , S ; Candelone , J.P. ; Patterson , C.C. ; Boutron , C.F. ( 1994 ) . `` Greenland ice evidence of hemispheric lead pollution two millennia ago by greek and roman civilizations '' ( PDF ) . Science . 265 ( 5180 ) : 1841 -- 3 . Bibcode : 1994Sci ... 265.1841 H . doi : 10.1126 / science. 265.5180. 1841 . PMID 17797222 . ^ Jump up to : De Callataÿ , François ( 2015 ) . `` The Graeco - Roman economy in the super long - run : Lead , copper , and shipwrecks '' . Journal of Roman Archaeology. 18 : 361 . doi : 10.1017 / S104775940000742X . Jump up ^ Settle , D.M. ; Patterson , C.C. ( 1980 ) . `` Lead in albacore : Guide to lead pollution in Americans '' . Science . 207 ( 4436 ) : 1167 -- 76 . Bibcode : 1980Sci ... 207.1167 S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 6986654 . PMID 6986654 . Jump up ^ Patterson , C.C. ( 1972 ) . `` Silver Stocks and Losses in Ancient and Medieval Times '' . The Economic History Review . 25 ( 2 ) : 205 -- 235 ( tables 2 , 6 ) . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.1972. tb02173. x . JSTOR 2593904 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Marlière , Élise ( 2001 ) . `` Le tonneau en Gaule romaine '' ( PDF ) . Gallia. 58 : 181 -- 210 ( 184 ) . doi : 10.3406 / galia. 2001.3179 . JSTOR 43608343 . Jump up ^ Bowman , p. 404 . Jump up ^ Greene , Kevin ( 1990 ) . The Archaeology of the Roman Economy . University of California Press . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 07401 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Boardman , p. 713 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 714 . Jump up ^ Ulrich , Roger Bradley ( 2007 ) . Roman Woodworking . Yale University Press . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 0300103417 . Jump up ^ Van Tilburg , Cornelis ( 2007 ) . Traffic and Congestion in the Roman Empire . Routledge . p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Stambaugh , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Ray Laurence , `` Land Transport in Roman Italy : Costs , Practice and the Economy , '' in Trade , Traders and the Ancient City ( Routledge , 1998 ) , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Holleran , p. 142 . Jump up ^ An , Jiayao ( 2002 ) . `` When Glass Was Treasured in China '' . In Juliano , Annette L. ; Lerner , Judith A. Silk Road Studies VII : Nomads , Traders , and Holy Men Along China 's Silk Road . Turnhout : Brepols Publishers . pp. 83 -- 84 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 503 - 52178 - 7 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 710 . Jump up ^ Swabe , Joanna ( 2002 ) . Animals , Disease and Human Society : Human - animal Relations and the Rise of Veterinary Medicine . Routledge . p. 80 . Jump up ^ Boardman , pp. 717 -- 729 . Jump up ^ Bowman , p. 404 Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 719 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 720 . Jump up ^ Holleran , pp. 146 -- 147 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 323 . Jump up ^ Temin , Peter ( 2004 ) . `` The Labor Market of the Early Roman Empire '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary History . 34 ( 4 ) : 513 . doi : 10.1162 / 002219504773512525 . JSTOR 3656762 . Jump up ^ Jones , pp. 184 -- 185 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Jones , pp. 188 -- 189 . Jump up ^ Jones , pp. 190 -- 191 . Jump up ^ Scheidel , Walter ; Morris , Ian ; Saller , Richard , eds. ( 2007 ) : The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco - Roman World , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 78053 - 7 Jump up ^ Lo Cascio , Elio ; Malanima , Paolo ( 2009 ) . `` GDP in Pre-Modern Agrarian Economies ( 1 -- 1820 AD ) . A Revision of the Estimates '' . Rivista di storia economica. 25 ( 3 ) : 391 -- 420 ( 391 -- 401 ) . Jump up ^ Maddison , Angus ( 2007 ) Contours of the World Economy , 1 -- 2030 AD . Essays in Macro-Economic History , Oxford University Press . pp. 47 -- 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 922721 - 1 . Jump up ^ Scheidel , Walter ; Friesen , Steven J. ( 2010 ) . `` The Size of the Economy and the Distribution of Income in the Roman Empire '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Roman Studies . 99 : 61 . doi : 10.3815 / 007543509789745223 . JSTOR 40599740 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , W.L. ( 1982 ) The Architecture of the Roman Empire . Yale University Press , New Haven , fig . 131B Jump up ^ Lechtman , H.N. ; Hobbs , L.W. ( 1987 ) . `` Roman Concrete and the Roman Architectural Revolution '' . Ceramics and Civilization. 3 : 81 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , Apollodorus of Damascus , `` Greek engineer and architect who worked primarily for the Roman emperor Trajan . '' Sarton , George ( 1936 ) . `` The Unity and Diversity of the Mediterranean World '' . Osiris. 2 : 406 -- 463 ( 430 ) . doi : 10.1086 / 368462 . JSTOR 301558 . Jump up ^ Calcani , Giuliana ; Abdulkarim , Maamoun ( 2003 ) . Apollodorus of Damascus and Trajan 's Column : From Tradition to Project . L'Erma di Bretschneider . p. 11 . ISBN 88 - 8265 - 233 - 5 ... focusing on the brilliant architect Apollodorus of Damascus . This famous Syrian personage represents ... Jump up ^ Hong - Sen Yan ; Marco Ceccarelli ( 2009 ) . International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms : Proceedings of HMM 2008 . Springer . p. 86 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 9484 - 1 . He had Syrian origins coming from Damascus Jump up ^ Smith , Norman ( 1970 ) . `` The Roman Dams of Subiaco '' . Technology and Culture . 11 ( 1 ) : 58 -- 68 . doi : 10.2307 / 3102810 . JSTOR 3102810 . Jump up ^ Smith , Norman ( 1971 ) . A History of Dams . London : Peter Davies . p. 26 . ISBN 0 - 432 - 15090 - 0 . Jump up ^ Schnitter , Niklaus ( 1978 ) . `` Römische Talsperren '' . Antike Welt. 8 ( 2 ) : 25 -- 32 ( 28 ) . Jump up ^ Chandler , Fiona ( 2001 ) The Usborne Internet Linked Encyclopedia of the Roman World . Usborne Publishing . p. 80 . Jump up ^ Forman , Joan ( 1975 ) The Romans , Macdonald Educational Ltd. p. 34 . Jump up ^ Crow , J. ( 2007 ) `` Earth , walls and water in Late Antique Constantinople '' in Technology in Transition AD 300 -- 650 in ed . L. Lavan , E. Zanini & A. Sarantis Brill , Leiden Jump up ^ Greene , Kevin ( 1990 ) . The Archaeology of the Roman Economy . University of California Press . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 07401 - 9 . Jump up ^ Jones , R.F.J. ; Bird , D.G. ( 2012 ) . `` Roman Gold - Mining in North - West Spain , II : Workings on the Rio Duerna '' . Journal of Roman Studies . 62 : 59 . doi : 10.2307 / 298927 . JSTOR 298927 . Jump up ^ Ritti , Tullia ; Grewe , Klaus ; Kessener , Paul ( 2007 ) . `` A Relief of a Water - powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications '' . Journal of Roman Archaeology. 20 : 138 -- 163 ( 156 , fn. 74 ) . doi : 10.1017 / S1047759400005341 . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 192 . ^ Jump up to : Rehak , Paul ( 2006 ) Imperium and Cosmos : Augustus and the Northern Campus Martius . University of Wisconsin Press . pp. 4 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Stambaugh , pp. 23ff. and 244 Jump up ^ Raja , Rubina ( 2012 ) Urban Development and Regional Identity in the Eastern Roman Provinces 50 BC -- AD 250 . Museum Tusculanum Press . pp. 215 -- 218 Jump up ^ Sperber , Daniel ( 1998 ) The City in Roman Palestine . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Stambaugh , pp. 252 -- 253 ^ Jump up to : Longfellow , Brenda ( 2011 ) Roman Imperialism and Civic Patronage : Form , Meaning and Ideology in Monumental Fountain Complexes . Cambridge University Press . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 0521194938 Jump up ^ Millar , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Vergil , Aeneid 6.852 Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 185 -- 186 . Jump up ^ Tertullian , De anima 30.3 ( ubique domus , ubique populus , ubique respublica , ubique uita ) , as cited and framed in Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 185 . Jump up ^ Millar , pp. 76ff . Jump up ^ Jones , Mark Wilson ( 2000 ) Principles of Roman Architecture . New Haven : Yale University Press . Jump up ^ Evans , Harry B. ( 1994 ) Water Distribution in Ancient Rome , University of Michigan Press . pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 366 . ^ Jump up to : Fagan , Garrett G. ( 2001 ) . `` The Genesis of the Roman Public Bath : Recent Approaches and Future Directions '' ( PDF ) . American Journal of Archaeology. 105 ( 3 ) : 403 . doi : 10.2307 / 507363 . JSTOR 507363 . Jump up ^ Ward , Roy Bowen ( 1992 ) . `` Women in Roman Baths '' . Harvard Theological Review . 85 ( 2 ) : 125 -- 147 . doi : 10.1017 / S0017816000028820 ( inactive 2018 - 06 - 28 ) . JSTOR 1509900 . Jump up ^ Clarke , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Clarke , pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Clarke , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Stambaugh , pp. 144 , 147 Jump up ^ Clarke , pp. 12 , 17 , 22ff . Jump up ^ Taylor , Rabun ( 2005 ) . `` Roman Oscilla : An Assessment '' . Res : Anthropology and aesthetics. 48 : 83 -- 105 . doi : 10.1086 / RESv48n1ms20167679 . JSTOR 20167679 . Jump up ^ Gazda , Elaine K. ( 1991 ) `` Introduction '' , in Roman Art in the Private Sphere : Architecture and Décor of the Domus , Villa , and Insula . University of Michigan Press . p. 9 . ISBN 047210196X . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Jashemski , Wilhelmina Feemster ; Meyer , Frederick G. ( 2002 ) . The Natural History of Pompeii . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 80054 - 9 . Jump up ^ Horace , Satire 2.6 Jump up ^ Holzberg , Niklas ( 2002 ) The Ancient Fable : An Introduction . Indiana University Press . p. 35 Jump up ^ Bovie , Smith Palmer ( 2002 ) Introduction to Horace . Satires and Epistles . University of Chicago Press . pp. 92 -- 93 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 679 . Jump up ^ Morris , pp. 195 -- 196 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 191 , reckoning that the surplus of wheat from the province of Egypt alone could meet and exceed the needs of the city of Rome and the provincial armies . Jump up ^ Wiseman , T.P. ( 2012 ) . `` The Census in the First Century B.C '' . Journal of Roman Studies . 59 : 59 . doi : 10.2307 / 299848 . JSTOR 299848 . Jump up ^ Keane , Catherine ( 2006 ) Figuring Genre in Roman Satire . Oxford University Press . p. 36 Jump up ^ Köhne , Eckhart ( 2000 ) `` Bread and Circuses : The Politics of Entertainment , '' in Gladiators and Caesars : The Power of Spectacle in Ancient Rome . University of California Press . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Juvenal , Satire 10.77 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Stambaugh , pp. 144 , 178 Jump up ^ Hinds , Kathryn ( 2010 ) Everyday Life in the Roman Empire . Marshall Cavendish . p. 90 . Jump up ^ Holleran , p. 136ff . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 299 . Jump up ^ Faas , Patrick ( 1994 , 2005 ) Around the Roman Table : Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome . University of Chicago Press . p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Boardman , p. 681 . Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder , Natural History 19.83 -- 84 ; Emily Gowers , The Loaded Table : Representation of Food in Roman Literature ( Oxford University Press , 1993 , 2003 ) , p. 17 Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Stambaugh , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Holleran , pp. 136 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Holleran , pp. 134 -- 135 . Jump up ^ Stambaugh , p. 146 Jump up ^ Holleran , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Grant , Mark ( 2000 ) Galen on Food and Diet . Routledge . pp. 7 , 11 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 354 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Roller , Matthew B. ( 2006 ) Dining Posture in Ancient Rome . Princeton University Press . p. 96ff . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 359 . Jump up ^ Alcock , Joan P. ( 2006 ) Food in the Ancient World . Greenwood Press . p. 184 . Jump up ^ Donahue , John ( 2004 ) The Roman Community at Table during the Principate . University of Michigan Press . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Cathy K. Kaufman , `` Remembrance of Meals Past : Cooking by Apicius ' Book , '' in Food and the Memory : Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cooker p. 125ff . Jump up ^ Suetonius , Life of Vitellius 13.2 ; Gowers , The Loaded Table , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Tacitus , Germania 23 ; Gowers , The Loaded Table , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Flandrin , Jean Louis ; Montanari , Massimo ( 1999 ) . Food : A Culinary History from Antiquity to the Present . Columbia University Press . pp. 165 -- 167 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 11154 - 6 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 365 -- 366 . Jump up ^ Bowersock , p. 455 Jump up ^ Franklin , James L. Jr. ( 2001 ) Pompeis Difficile Est : Studies in the Political Life of Imperial Pompeii . University of Michigan Press . p. 137 Jump up ^ Laurence , Ray ( 2007 ) Roman Pompeii : Space and Society . Routledge . p. 173 ; recounted by Tacitus , Annals 14.17 . Jump up ^ Mary Beard , J.A. North , and S.R.F. Price , Religions of Rome : A History ( Cambridge University Press , 1998 ) , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Dyson , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Versnel , H.S. ( 1971 ) Triumphus : An Inquiry into the Origin , Development and Meaning of the Roman Triumph . Brill . pp. 96 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , pp. 235 -- 236 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , pp. 223 -- 224 . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 303 . ^ Jump up to : Humphrey , pp. 1 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Edmondson , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Dyson , pp. 237 , 239 . Jump up ^ Edmondson , pp. 73 -- 74 , 106 Jump up ^ Auguet , p. 54 Jump up ^ McClelland , John ( 2007 ) Body and Mind : Sport in Europe from the Roman Empire to the Renaissance . Routledge . p. 67 . Jump up ^ Dyson , pp. 238 -- 239 ^ Jump up to : Gagarin , p. 85 Jump up ^ Humphrey , p. 461 Jump up ^ McClelland , John ( 2007 ) Body and Mind : Sport in Europe from the Roman Empire to the Renaissance . Routledge . p. 61 . Jump up ^ Thomas Wiedemann , Emperors and Gladiators ( Routledge , 1992 , 1995 ) , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , pp. 459 , 461 , 512 , 630 -- 631 Jump up ^ Dyson , p. 237 Jump up ^ Dyson , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 296 ^ Jump up to : Dyson , pp. 238 -- 239 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , p. 238 Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 299 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , pp. 18 -- 21 Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Auguet , pp. 131 -- 132 Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Auguet , p. 144 Jump up ^ Dickie , Matthew ( 2001 ) Magic and Magicians in the Greco - Roman World . Routledge . pp. 282 -- 287 Jump up ^ Eva D'Ambra , `` Racing with Death : Circus Sarcophagi and the Commemoration of Children in Roman Italy '' in Constructions of Childhood in Ancient Greece and Italy ( American School of Classical Studies at Athens , 2007 ) , pp. 348 -- 349 Jump up ^ Rüpke , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 354 ^ Jump up to : Edwards , p. 59 ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 305 . Jump up ^ Cassio Dio 54.2. 2 ; Res Gestae Divi Augusti 22.1 , 3 Jump up ^ Edwards , p. 49 Jump up ^ Edmondson , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Cassius Dio 66.25 ^ Jump up to : Edwards , p. 55 Jump up ^ Edwards , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Edwards , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 307 Jump up ^ McClelland , Body and Mind , p. 66 , citing also Marcus Junkelmann . Jump up ^ Suetonius , Nero 12.2 Jump up ^ Edmondson , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Tertullian , De spectaculis 12 Jump up ^ Edwards , pp. 59 -- 60 Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 224 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Marianne and Walton , J. Michael ( 2007 ) Introduction to The Cambridge Companion to Greek and Roman Theatre . Cambridge University Press . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Kyle , Donald G. ( 1998 ) Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome . Routledge . p. 81 Jump up ^ Edwards , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Pliny , Panegyric 33.1 Jump up ^ Edwards , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Edwards , pp. 66 -- 67 , 72 . Jump up ^ Edwards , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Bowersock , G.W. ( 1995 ) Martyrdom and Rome . Cambridge University Press . pp. 25 -- 26 Jump up ^ Cavallo , p. 79 Jump up ^ Huber - Rebenich , Gerlinde ( 1999 ) `` Hagiographic Fiction as Entertainment , '' in Latin Fiction : The Latin Novel in Context . Routlege . pp. 158 -- 178 Jump up ^ Llewelyn , S.R. and Nobbs , A.M. ( 2002 ) `` The Earliest Dated Reference to Sunday in the Papyri , '' in New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity . Wm . B. Eerdmans . p. 109 Jump up ^ Hildebrandt , Henrik ( 2006 ) `` Early Christianity in Roman Pannonia -- Fact or Fiction ? '' in Studia Patristica : Papers Presented at the Fourteenth International Conference on Patristic Studies Held in Oxford 2003 . Peeters . pp. 59 -- 64 Jump up ^ Ando , p. 382 . Jump up ^ Oxford Latin Dictionary ( Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1982 , 1985 reprint ) , pp. 1048 -- 1049 Jump up ^ Habinek ( 2005 ) , pp. 5 , 143 . Jump up ^ Rawson ( 2003 ) , p. 128 . Jump up ^ McDaniel , Walton Brooks ( 1906 ) . `` Some Passages concerning Ball - Games '' . Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association . 37 : 121 . doi : 10.2307 / 282704 . JSTOR 282704 . Jump up ^ Rawson ( 2003 ) , pp. 129 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Eyben , Emiel ( 1977 ) Restless Youth in Ancient Rome . Routledge , pp. 79 -- 82 , 110 . Jump up ^ Dunbabin , Katherine M.D. ( 1999 ) Mosaics of the Greek and Roman World . Cambridge University Press . p. 133 . ISBN 0521002303 . Jump up ^ Hanson , Ann Ellis ( 1991 ) `` The Restructuring of Female Physiology at Rome , '' in Les écoles médicales à Rome . Université de Nantes . pp. 260 , 264 , particularly citing the Gynecology of Soranus . ^ Jump up to : Austin , R.G. ( 2009 ) . `` Roman Board Games . II '' . Greece and Rome . 4 ( 11 ) : 76 . doi : 10.1017 / S0017383500003119 . JSTOR 640979 . Jump up ^ Austin , R.G. ( 1934 ) . `` Roman Board Games . I '' . Greece and Rome . 4 ( 10 ) : 24 -- 34 . doi : 10.1017 / s0017383500002941 . JSTOR 641231 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 230 . ^ Jump up to : Coon , Lynda L. ( 1997 ) Sacred Fictions : Holy Women and Hagiography in Late Antiquity . University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. 57 -- 58 . ^ Jump up to : Vout , p. 216 ^ Jump up to : Bieber , Margarete ( 1959 ) . `` Roman Men in Greek Himation ( Romani Palliati ) a Contribution to the History of Copying '' . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society . 103 ( 3 ) : 374 -- 417 . JSTOR 985474 . Jump up ^ Vout , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Vout , pp. 204 -- 220 , especially pp. 206 , 211 Jump up ^ Métraux , Guy P.R. ( 2008 ) `` Prudery and Chic in Late Antique Clothing , '' in Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture . University of Toronto Press . p. 286 . ^ Jump up to : Gagarin , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Quintilian , Institutio Oratoria 11.3. 137 -- 149 Jump up ^ Métraux , Guy P.R. ( 2008 ) `` Prudery and Chic in Late Antique Clothing , '' in Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture . University of Toronto Press . pp. 282 -- 283 . Jump up ^ Cleland , Liza ( 2007 ) Greek and Roman Dress from A to Z . Routledge . p. 194 . Jump up ^ Modern copy of a 2nd - century original , from the Louvre . Jump up ^ Tertullian , De Pallio 5.2 Jump up ^ Vout , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 232 . Jump up ^ D'Amato , Raffaele ( 2005 ) Roman Military Clothing ( 3 ) AD 400 to 640 . Osprey . pp. 7 -- 9 . ISBN 184176843X . Jump up ^ Wickham , Chris ( 2009 ) The Inheritance of Rome . Penguin Books . p. 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02098 - 0 Jump up ^ Kousser , p. 1 Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 75 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 82 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Gazda , Elaine K. ( 1991 ) `` Introduction '' , in Roman Art in the Private Sphere : Architecture and Décor of the Domus , Villa , and Insula . University of Michigan Press . pp. 1 -- 3 . ISBN 047210196X . Jump up ^ Paul Zanker , Pompeii : Public and Private Life , translated by Deborah Lucas Schneider ( Harvard University Press , 1998 , originally published 1995 in German ) , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Kousser , pp. 4 -- 5 , 8 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , pp. 312 -- 313 . Jump up ^ Toynbee , J.M.C. ( December 1971 ) . `` Roman Art '' . The Classical Review . 21 ( 3 ) : 439 -- 442 . doi : 10.1017 / S0009840X00221331 . JSTOR 708631 . Jump up ^ Zanker , Paul ( 1988 ) The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus . University of Michigan Press . p. 5ff . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 451 . Jump up ^ Fejfer , Jane ( 2008 ) Roman Portraits in Context . Walter de Gruyter . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 453 . Jump up ^ Mattusch , Carol C. ( 2005 ) The Villa dei Papiri at Herculaneum : Life and Afterlife of a Sculpture Collection . Getty Publications . p. 322 . Jump up ^ Kousser , p. 13 Jump up ^ Strong , Donald ( 1976 , 1988 ) Roman Art . Yale University Press . 2nd ed. , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , pp. 274 -- 275 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Kleiner , Fred S. ( 2007 ) A History of Roman Art . Wadsworth . p. 272 . Jump up ^ Newby , Zahra ( 2011 ) `` Myth and Death : Roman Mythological Sarcophagi , '' in A Companion to Greek Mythology . Blackwell . p. 301 . Jump up ^ Elsner , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Elsner , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Elsner , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Elsner , pp. 1 , 9 . Jump up ^ Strong , D.E. ( 1972 ) . `` Review of Roman Painting '' . The Classical Review . 22 ( 2 ) : 259 -- 261 . JSTOR 708407 . Jump up ^ Hachlili , Rachel ( 1998 ) Ancient Jewish Art and Archaeology in the Diaspora . Brill . pp. 96ff . Jump up ^ Schreckenberg , Heinz and Schubert , Kurt ( 1991 ) Jewish Historiography and Iconography in Early and Medieval Christianity . Fortress Press . pp. 171ff . ^ Jump up to : Gagarin , p. 463 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 459 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , pp. 459 -- 460 . Jump up ^ Dunbabin , Katherine M.D. ( 1999 ) Mosaics of the Greek and Roman World . Cambridge University Press . p. 254ff . ISBN 0521002303 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Butcher , Kevin ( 2003 ) Roman Syria and the Near East . Getty Publications . p. 201ff . ISBN 0892367156 . Jump up ^ Bowman , p. 421 . Jump up ^ Fantham , R. Elaine ( 1989 ) . `` Mime : The Missing Link in Roman Literary History '' . The Classical World . 82 ( 3 ) : 153 . doi : 10.2307 / 4350348 . JSTOR 4350348 . Jump up ^ Slater , William J. ( 2002 ) . `` Mime Problems : Cicero Ad fam. 7.1 and Martial 9.38 '' . Phoenix . 56 ( 3 / 4 ) : 315 . doi : 10.2307 / 1192603 . JSTOR 1192603 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Gian Biagio Conte ( 1994 ) Latin Literature : A History . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 128 . Jump up ^ Franklin , James L. ( 1987 ) . `` Pantomimists at Pompeii : Actius Anicetus and His Troupe '' . The American Journal of Philology. 108 : 95 . doi : 10.2307 / 294916 . JSTOR 294916 . Jump up ^ Starks , John H. Jr. ( 2008 ) `` Pantomime Actresses in Latin Inscriptions , '' in New Directions in Ancient Pantomime . Oxford University Press . p. 95 ; p. 14ff . ^ Jump up to : Naerebout , p. 146 . ^ Jump up to : Ginsberg ‐ Klar , Maria E. ( 2010 ) . `` The archaeology of musical instruments in Germany during the Roman period '' . World Archaeology. 12 ( 3 ) : 313 . doi : 10.1080 / 00438243.1981. 9979806 . JSTOR 124243 . Jump up ^ Habinek ( 2005 ) , p. 90ff . Jump up ^ Naerebout , pp. 146ff . Jump up ^ Naerebout , pp. 154 , 157 . Jump up ^ Naerebout , pp. 156 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Richlin , Amy ( 1993 ) . `` Not before Homosexuality : The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men '' . Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 ( 4 ) : 539 -- 540 . JSTOR 3704392 . Jump up ^ Csapo , Eric and Slater , William J. ( 1994 ) The Context of Ancient Drama . University of Michigan Press . p. 377 . Jump up ^ MacMullen , Ramsay ( 1984 ) Christianizing the Roman Empire : ( A.D. 100 -- 400 ) . Yale University Press . pp. 74 -- 75 , 84 . Jump up ^ As quoted by Alcuin , Epistula 175 ( Nescit homo , qui histriones et mimos et saltatores introduct in domum suam , quam magna eos immundorum sequitur turba spiritum ) Jump up ^ Hen , Yitzhak ( 1995 ) Culture and Religion in Merovingian Gaul , AD 481 -- 751 . Brill . p. 230 . Jump up ^ Harris , p. 5 Jump up ^ Johnson ( 2009 ) , pp. 3 -- 4 ^ Jump up to : Kraus , T.J. ( 2000 ) . `` ( Il ) literacy in Non-Literary Papyri from Graeco - Roman Egypt : Further Aspects of the Educational Ideal in Ancient Literary Sources and Modern Times '' . Mnemosyme. 53 ( 3 ) : 322 -- 342 ( 325 -- 327 ) . doi : 10.1163 / 156852500510633 . JSTOR 4433101 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 89 , 97 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Mattern , Susan P. ( 1999 ) Rome and the Enemy : Imperial Strategy in the Principate . University of California Press . p. 197 ^ Jump up to : Morgan , Teresa ( 1998 ) Literate Education in the Hellenistic and Roman Worlds . Cambridge University Press . pp. 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ Johnson ( 2009 ) , pp. 46ff . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Clifford Ando poses the question as `` what good would ' posted edicts ' do in a world of low literacy ? ' in Ando , p. 101 ( see also p. 87 on `` the government 's obsessive documentation '' ) . Jump up ^ Ando , pp. 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Ando , p. 101 Jump up ^ Ando , pp. 152 , 210 . Jump up ^ Beard , Mary ( 1991 ) `` Ancient Literacy and the Written Word in Roman Religion , '' in Literacy in the Roman World . University of Michigan Press . p. 59ff Jump up ^ Dickie , Matthew ( 2001 ) Magic and Magicians in the Greco - Roman World . Routledge . pp. pp. 94 -- 95 , 181 -- 182 , and 196 Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 555 Jump up ^ Harris , pp. 29 , 218 -- 219 . Jump up ^ Phang , Sara Elise ( 2011 ) `` Military Documents , Languages , and Literacy , '' in A Companion to the Roman Army . Blackwell . pp. 286 -- 301 . Jump up ^ Mattern , Rome and the Enemy , p. 197 , citing Harris , pp. 253 -- 255 . Jump up ^ Harris , pp. 9 , 48 , 215 , 248 , 258 -- 269 Jump up ^ Johnson ( 2009 ) , pp. 47 , 54 , 290ff . Jump up ^ Mattern , Rome and the Enemy , p. 197 Jump up ^ Gagarin , pp. 19 -- 20 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson ( 2010 ) , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Martial , Epigrams 1.2 and 14.184 -- 92 , as cited by Johnson ( 2010 ) , p. 17 Jump up ^ Cavallo , pp. 83 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , pp. 84 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , p. 84 . ^ Jump up to : Marshall , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , p. 71 Jump up ^ Marshall , p. 253 , citing on the book trade in the provinces Pliny the Younger , Epistulae 9.11. 2 ; Martial , Epigrams 7.88 ; Horace , Carmina 2.20. 13f. and Ars Poetica 345 ; Ovid , Tristia 4.9. 21 and 4.10. 128 ; Pliny the Elder , Natural History 35.2. 11 ; Sidonius , Epistulae 9.7. 1 . Jump up ^ Strabo 13.1. 54 , 50.13. 419 ; Martial , Epigrams 2.8 ; Lucian , Adversus Indoctum 1 Jump up ^ According to Seneca , Epistulae 27.6 f . Jump up ^ Marshall , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Marshall , pp. 252 -- 264 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , pp. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Marshall , pp. 257 , 260 . Jump up ^ Pliny , Epistulae 1.8. 2 ; CIL 5.5262 ( = ILS 2927 ) Jump up ^ Marshall , p. 255 . Jump up ^ Marshall , 261 -- 262 Jump up ^ Cavallo , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Tacitus , Agricola 2.1 and Annales 4.35 and 14.50 ; Pliny the Younger , Epistulae 7.19. 6 ; Suetonius , Augustus 31 , Tiberius 61.3 , and Caligula 16 Jump up ^ Suetonius , Domitian 10 ; Quintilian , Institutio Oratoria 9.2. 65 Jump up ^ Marshall , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Johnson ( 2009 ) , pp. 114ff. , pp. 186ff . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 372 . Jump up ^ Johnson ( 2010 ) p. 14 . Jump up ^ Johnson ( 2009 ) , pp. 320ff . Jump up ^ Cavallo , pp. 68 -- 69 , 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , pp. 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 84 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Laes , p. 108 ^ Jump up to : Peachin , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Laes , pp. 113 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 90 , 92 Jump up ^ Laes , pp. 116 -- 121 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 87 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Laes , p. 122 . ^ Jump up to : Peachin , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Laes , pp. 107 -- 108 , 132 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 93 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 88 , 106 Jump up ^ Laes , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Laes , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 439 , 442 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 102 -- 103 , 105 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 104 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 103 , 106 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Harris , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Saller , R.P. ( 2012 ) . `` Promotion and Patronage in Equestrian Careers '' . Journal of Roman Studies . 70 : 44 . doi : 10.2307 / 299555 . JSTOR 299555 . Jump up ^ Armstron , David ( 2010 ) `` The Biographical and Social Foundations of Horace 's Poetic Voice , '' in A Companion to Horace . Blackwell . p. 11 Jump up ^ Lyne , R.O.A.M. ( 1995 ) Horace : Beyond the Public Poetry . Yale University Press . pp. 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 598 . Jump up ^ Laes , pp. 109 -- 110 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Laes , p. 110 ^ Jump up to : Gagarin , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 18 . Jump up ^ The wide - ranging 21st - century scholarship on the Second Sophistic includes Being Greek under Rome : Cultural Identity , the Second Sophistic and the Development of Empire , edited by Simon Goldhill ( Cambridge University Press , 2001 ) ; Paideia : The World of the Second Sophistic , edited by Barbara E. Borg ( De Gruyter , 2004 ) ; and Tim Whitmarsh , The Second Sophistic ( Oxford University Press , 2005 ) . ^ Jump up to : Habinek , Thomas N. ( 1998 ) The Politics of Latin Literature : Writing , Identity , and Empire in Ancient Rome . Princeton University Press . pp. 122 -- 123 Jump up ^ Rawson ( 2003 ) , p. 80 . Jump up ^ James , Sharon L. ( 2003 ) Learned Girls and Male Persuasion : Gender and Reading in Roman Love Elegy . University of California Press . pp. 21 -- 25 Jump up ^ Johnson , W.R. `` Propertius , '' pp. 42 -- 43 , and Sharon L. James , `` Elegy and New Comedy , '' p. 262 , both in A Companion to Roman Love Elegy . Blackwell , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Harris , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Numbers , Ronald ( 2009 ) . Galileo Goes to Jail and Other Myths about Science and Religion . Harvard University Press . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03327 - 6 . Jump up ^ Grant , Edvard. ( 1996 ) `` The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages . Cambridge University Press . Page 4 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , pp. 87 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , p. 15 - 16 . Jump up ^ Roberts , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Aetas Ovidiana ; Charles McNelis , `` Ovidian Strategies in Early Imperial Literature , '' in A Companion to Ovid ( Blackwell , 2007 ) , p. 397 . Jump up ^ Roberts , p. 8 . Jump up ^ van Dam , Harm - Jan ( 2008 ) `` Wandering Woods Again : From Poliziano to Grotius , '' in The Poetry of Statius . Brill . p. 45ff . Jump up ^ Jonathan Master , `` The Histories , '' in A Companion to Tacitus ( Blackwell , 2012 ) , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Sage , Michael M. ( 1990 ) `` Tacitus ' Historical Works : A Survey and Appraisal , '' Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II. 33.2 , p. 853 . Jump up ^ Albrecht , p. 1294 . Jump up ^ Albrecht , p. 1443 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Albrecht , p. 1359ff . Jump up ^ `` Not since Vergil had there been a Roman poet so effective at establishing a master narrative for his people '' : Marc Mastrangelo , The Roman Self in Late Antiquity : Prudentius and the Poetics of the Soul ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 2008 ) , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Bowersock , p. 694 ^ Jump up to : Rüpke , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Apuleius , Florides 1.1 Jump up ^ Rüpke , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Matthew Bunson , A Dictionary of the Roman Empire ( Oxford University Press , 1995 ) , p. 246 . Jump up ^ The caesareum at Najaran was possibly known later as the `` Kaaba of Najran '' : جواد علي , المفصل في تاريخ العرب قبل الإسلام ( Jawad Ali , Al - Mufassal fi Tarikh Al - ' Arab Qabl Al - Islam ; `` Commentary on the History of the Arabs Before Islam '' ) , Baghdad , 1955 -- 1983 ; P. Harland , `` Imperial Cults within Local Cultural Life : Associations in Roman Asia '' , originally published in Ancient History Bulletin / Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 17 ( 2003 ) 91 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Isaac , Benjamin H. ( 2004 ) The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity . Princeton University Press . p. 449 Jump up ^ Frend , W.H.C. ( 1967 ) Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church : A Study of Conflict from the Maccabees to Donatus . Doubleday . p. 106 Jump up ^ Huskinson , Janet ( 2000 ) Experiencing Rome : Culture , Identity and Power in the Roman Empire . Routledge . p. 261 . See , for instance , the altar dedicated by a Roman citizen and depicting a sacrifice conducted in the Roman manner for the Germanic goddess Vagdavercustis in the 2nd century AD . Jump up ^ Momigliano , Arnaldo ( 1986 ) . `` The Disadvantages of Monotheism for a Universal State '' . Classical Philology. 81 ( 4 ) : 285 -- 297 . doi : 10.1086 / 367003 . JSTOR 269977 . Jump up ^ Fishwick , Duncan ( 1991 ) . The Imperial Cult in the Latin West : Studies in the Ruler Cult of the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire , Vol. 1 , Brill . pp. 97 -- 149 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 07179 - 2 . Jump up ^ Ben - Sasson , H.H. ( 1976 ) A History of the Jewish People , Harvard University Press . pp. 254 -- 256 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 39731 - 2 Jump up ^ Bowman , p. 616 Jump up ^ Frend , W.H.C. ( 2006 ) `` Persecutions : Genesis and Legacy , '' Cambridge History of Christianity : Origins to Constantine . Cambridge University Press . Vol. 1 , p. 510 . ISBN 0521812399 . Jump up ^ Barnes , T.D. ( 2012 ) . `` Legislation against the Christians '' . Journal of Roman Studies . 58 : 32 . doi : 10.2307 / 299693 . JSTOR 299693 . Jump up ^ Sainte - Croix , G.E.M de ( 1963 ) . `` Why Were the Early Christians Persecuted ? '' . Past & Present. 26 : 6 -- 38 . doi : 10.1093 / past / 26.1. 6 . Jump up ^ Musurillo , Herbert ( 1972 ) The Acts of the Christian Martyrs . Oxford : Clarendon Press . pp. lviii -- lxii Jump up ^ Sherwin - White , A.N. ( 1952 ) . `` The Early Persecutions and Roman Law Again '' . The Journal of Theological Studies ( 2 ) : 199 . doi : 10.1093 / jts / III. 2.199 . JSTOR 23952852 . Jump up ^ Tacitus , Annals XV. 44 Jump up ^ Eusebius of Caesarea ( 425 ) . Church History . Jump up ^ Smallwood , E.M. ( 1956 ) . `` ' Domitian 's attitude towards the Jews and Judaism '' . Classical Philology. 51 : 1 -- 13 . doi : 10.1086 / 363978 . Jump up ^ Pliny , Epistle to Trajan on the Christians Jump up ^ Frend , W.H.C. ( 1959 ) . `` The Failure of the Persecutions in the Roman Empire '' . Past and Present. 16 : 10 . doi : 10.1093 / past / 16.1. 10 . JSTOR 650151 . Jump up ^ Bowersock , p. 625 Jump up ^ Rüpke , pp. 406 -- 426 Jump up ^ On vocabulary , see Schilling , Robert ( 1992 ) `` The Decline and Survival of Roman Religion '' , Roman and European Mythologies . University of Chicago Press . p. 110 . Jump up ^ Burgan , Michael ( 2009 ) . Empire of Ancient Rome . Infobase Publishing . pp. 113 -- 114 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 2659 - 3 . Jump up ^ Noble , Thomas F.X. ; Strauss , Barry ; Osheim , Duane J. ; Neuschel , Kristen B. ; Accampo , Elinor Ann ( 2010 ) . Western Civilization : Beyond Boundaries , 1300 -- 1815 . Cengage Learning . p. 352 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4240 - 6959 - 0 . Jump up ^ Goffman , Daniel ( 2002 ) . The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe . Cambridge University Press . p. 107 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , History of Europe , The Romans , 2008 , O. Ed . Jump up ^ Collier , Martin ( 2003 ) . Italian Unification , 1820 -- 71 . Heinemann . p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 435 - 32754 - 2 . Jump up ^ Briggs , Ward ( 2010 ) `` United States , '' in A Companion to the Classical Tradition . Blackwell . p. 279ff . ^ Jump up to : Meinig , D.W. ( 1986 ) The Shaping of America : A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History . Atlantic America , 1492 -- 1800 . Yale University Press . Vol. 1 . pp. 432 -- 435 . ISBN 0300038828 . ^ Jump up to : Vale , Lawrence J. ( 1992 ) Architecture , Power , and National Identity . Yale University Press . pp. 11 , 66 -- 67 Jump up ^ Mallgrave , Harry Francis ( 2005 ) Modern Architectural Theory : A Historical Survey , 1673 -- 1968 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 144 -- 145 ^ Jump up to : Kornwall , James D. ( 2011 ) Architecture and Town Planning in Colonial North America . Johns Hopkins University Press , vol. 3 . pp. 1246 , 1405 -- 1408 . ISBN 0801859867 . Jump up ^ Wood , pp. 73 -- 74 Jump up ^ Onuf , Peter S. and Cole , Nicholas P. introduction to Thomas Jefferson , the Classical World , and Early America . University of Virginia Press . p. 5 Jump up ^ Dietler , Michael ( 2010 ) . Archaeologies of Colonialism : Consumption , Entanglement , and Violence in Ancient Mediterranean France . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 26551 - 6 . Jump up ^ Briggs , W. ( 2010 ) `` United States , '' in A Companion to the Classical Tradition . Blackwell . pp. 282 -- 286 Jump up ^ Wood , pp. 60 , 66 , 73 -- 74 , 239 . Jump up ^ Gelernter , Mark ( 1999 ) A History of American Architecture : Buildings in Their Cultural and Technological Context . University Press of New England . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Richard Guy ( 2011 ) `` Thomas Jefferson 's Classical Architecture : An American Agenda , '' in Thomas Jefferson , the Classical World , and Early America . University of Virginia Press . p. 122 Jump up ^ Spahn , Hannah ( 2011 ) Thomas Jefferson , Time , and History . University of Virginia Press . pp. 144 -- 145 , 163 -- 167 Jump up ^ Wood , pp. 228 -- 330 Jump up ^ Lears , Jackson ( 2009 ) Rebirth of a Nation : The Making of Modern America , 1877 -- 1920 . HarperCollins . pp. 277 -- 278 Jump up ^ Gutheim , Frederick and Lee , Antoinette J. ( 2006 ) Worthy of the Nation : Washington , DC , from L'Enfant to the National Capital Planning Committee . Johns Hopkins University Press , 2nd ed . pp. 137 , 152 . Cited sources Abbott , Frank Frost ( 1901 ) . A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions . Elibron Classics . ISBN 0 - 543 - 92749 - 0 . Adams , J.N. ( 2003 ) . `` ' Romanitas ' and the Latin Language '' . The Classical Quarterly . 53 : 184 . doi : 10.1093 / cq / 53.1. 184 . JSTOR 3556490 . Albrecht , Michael von ( 1997 ) . 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ISBN 0 - 300 - 11208 - 4 . Elsner , Jaś ; Huskinson , Janet ( 2011 ) . Life , Death and Representation : Some New Work on Roman Sarcophagi . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 020213 - 7 . Frier , Bruce W. ; McGinn , Thomas A. ( 2004 ) . A Casebook on Roman Family Law . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516185 - 4 . Gagarin , Michael , ed. ( 2010 ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517072 - 6 . Goldsworthy , Adrian ( 2003 ) . The Complete Roman Army . London : Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05124 - 0 . Goldsworthy , Adrian Keith ( 2009 ) . How Rome Fell : Death of a Superpower . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 13719 - 4 . Habinek , Thomas N. ( 2005 ) . The World of Roman Song : From Ritualized Speech to Social Order . JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8105 - 3 . Harris , W.V. ( 1989 ) . Ancient Literacy . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0674033817 . Holleran , Claire ( 2012 ) . Shopping in Ancient Rome : The Retail Trade in the Late Republic and the Principate . OUP Oxford . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 969821 - 9 . Humphrey , John H. ( 1986 ) . Roman Circuses : Arenas for Chariot Racing . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 04921 - 5 . Huzar , Eleanor Goltz ( 1978 ) . Mark Antony : a Biography . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 0863 - 6 . Johnson , William A ; Parker , Holt N ( 2009 ) . Ancient Literacies : The Culture of Reading in Greece and Rome . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 971286 - 1 . Johnson , William A. ( 2010 ) . Readers and Reading Culture in the High Roman Empire : A Study of Elite Communities . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 972105 - 4 . Jones , A.H.M. ( 1960 ) . `` The Cloth Industry Under the Roman Empire '' . The Economic History Review . 13 ( 2 ) : 183 -- 192 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.1960. tb02114. x . Kelly , Christopher ( 2007 ) . The Roman Empire : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0192803913 . Kousser , Rachel Meredith ( 2008 ) . Hellenistic and Roman Ideal Sculpture : The Allure of the Classical . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87782 - 4 . Laes , Christian ( 2011 ) . Children in the Roman Empire : Outsiders Within . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 89746 - 4 . Marshall , Anthony J. ( 1976 ) . `` Library Resources and Creative Writing at Rome '' . Phoenix . 30 ( 3 ) : 252 -- 264 . doi : 10.2307 / 1087296 . JSTOR 1087296 . Millar , Fergus ( 2012 ) . `` Empire and City , Augustus to Julian : Obligations , Excuses and Status '' . Journal of Roman Studies . 73 : 76 . doi : 10.2307 / 300073 . JSTOR 300073 . Mommsen , Theodore ( 2005 ) ( 1909 ) . William P. Dickson , ed . The provinces of the Roman empire from Caesar to Diocletian . Translated by William P. Dickson . Ann Arbor , Michigan : University of Michigan Library . Morris , Ian ; Scheidel , Walter ( 2009 ) . The Dynamics of Ancient Empires : State Power from Assyria to Byzantium . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 970761 - 4 . Naerebout , Frederick G. ( 2009 ) . `` Dance in the Roman Empire and Its Discontents '' . Ritual Dynamics and Religious Change in the Roman Empire . Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire ( Heidelberg , July 5 -- 7 , 2007 ) , Brill . Nicolet , Claude ( 1991 ) . Space , Geography , and Politics in the Early Roman Empire . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 10096 - 3 . Peachin , Michael , ed. ( 2011 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518800 - 4 . Potter , David Stone ; Mattingly , D.J. ( 1999 ) . Life , Death , and Entertainment in the Roman Empire . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 08568 - 9 . Potter , David S. , ed. ( 2009 ) . A Companion to the Roman Empire . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 9918 - 6 . Rochette , Bruno ( 2012 ) . `` Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire '' . A Companion to the Latin Language . doi : 10.1002 / 9781444343397. ch30 . ISBN 9781444343397 . Rawson , Beryl ( 1987 ) . The Family in Ancient Rome : New Perspectives . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 9460 - 5 . Rawson , Beryl ( 2003 ) . Children and Childhood in Roman Italy . OUP Oxford . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 151423 - 4 . Roberts , Michael John ( 1989 ) . The jeweled style : poetry and poetics in late antiquity . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 2265 - 2 . Rüpke , Jörg ( 2007 ) . A Companion to Roman Religion . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 76645 - 3 . Stambaugh , John E. ( 1988 ) . The Ancient Roman City . JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 3692 - 3 . Sullivan , Richard , D. ( 1990 ) . Near Eastern Royalty and Rome , 100 - 30 BC . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 2682 - 6 . Vout , Caroline ( 2009 ) . `` The Myth of the Toga : Understanding the History of Roman Dress '' . Greece and Rome . 43 ( 2 ) : 204 -- 220 . doi : 10.1093 / gr / 43.2. 204 . JSTOR 643096 . Winterling , Aloys ( 2009 ) . Politics and Society in Imperial Rome . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 7969 - 0 . Wiseman , T.P. ( 1970 ) . `` The Definition of Eques Romanus '' . Historia. 19 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 83 . Wood , Gordon S. ( 2011 ) . The Idea of America : Reflections on the Birth of the United States . Penguin Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 51514 - 3 . 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the roman empire end and start | [
"The Roman Empire (Latin: Imperium Rōmānum, Classical Latin: [ɪmˈpɛ.ri.ũː roːˈmaː.nũː]; Koine and Medieval Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, tr. Basileia tōn Rhōmaiōn) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, with a government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. The city of Rome was the largest city in the world c. 100 BC – c. AD 400, with Constantinople (New Rome) becoming the largest around AD 500,[5][6] and the Empire's population grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population at the time).[n 7][7] The 500-year-old republic which preceded it had been severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC. Civil wars and executions continued, culminating in the victory of Octavian, Caesar's adopted son, over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt. Octavian's power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title Augustus, effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic.\n"
] | [
"c. 100 BC – c. AD 400"
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1608846020231845903 | Texas v. Johnson | Texas v. Johnson - wikipedia Texas v. Johnson Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Texas v. Johnson Supreme Court of the United States Argued March 21 , 1989 Decided June 21 , 1989 Full case name Texas v. Gregory Lee Johnson Citations 491 U.S. 397 ( more ) 109 S. Ct. 2533 ; 105 L. Ed . 2d 342 ; 1989 U.S. LEXIS 3115 ; 57 U.S.L.W. 4770 Prior history Defendant convicted , Dallas County Criminal Court ; affirmed , 706 S.W. 2d 120 ( Tex . App . 1986 ) ; reversed and remanded for dismissal , 755 S.W. 2d 92 ( Tex . Crim . App . 1988 ) ; cert . granted , 488 U.S. 884 ( 1988 ) Holding A statute that criminalizes the desecration of the American flag violates the First Amendment . Texas Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed . Court membership Chief Justice William Rehnquist Associate Justices William J. Brennan , Jr . Byron White Thurgood Marshall Harry Blackmun John P. Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor Antonin Scalia Anthony Kennedy Case opinions Majority Brennan , joined by Marshall , Blackmun , Scalia , Kennedy Concurrence Kennedy Dissent Rehnquist , joined by White , O'Connor Dissent Stevens Laws applied U.S. Const . amend . I ; Desecration of a Venerated Object , Tex . Penal Code § 42.09 ( a ) ( 3 ) Texas v. Johnson , 491 U.S. 397 ( 1989 ) , was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that invalidated prohibitions on desecrating the American flag enforced in 48 of the 50 states . Justice William Brennan wrote for a five - justice majority in holding that the defendant Gregory Lee Johnson 's act of flag burning was protected speech under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution . Johnson was represented by attorneys David D. Cole and William Kunstler . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background of the case 2 The Supreme Court 's decision 2.1 Kennedy 's concurrence 2.2 Rehnquist 's dissent 2.3 Stevens ' dissent 3 Subsequent developments 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Background of the case ( edit ) Johnson ( to right ) with attorney Kunstler , c. 1989 Gregory Lee `` Joey '' Johnson , then a member of the Revolutionary Communist Youth Brigade , participated in a political demonstration during the 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas , of the Reagan Administration and of certain companies based in Dallas . They marched through the streets , shouted chants , destroyed property , broke windows and threw trash , beer cans , soiled diapers and various other items , and held signs outside the offices of several companies . At one point , another demonstrator handed Johnson an American flag stolen from a flagpole outside one of the targeted buildings . When the demonstrators reached Dallas City Hall , Johnson poured kerosene on the flag and set it on fire . During the burning of the flag , demonstrators shouted such phrases as , `` America , the red , white , and blue , we spit on you , you stand for plunder , you will go under , '' and , `` Reagan , Mondale , which will it be ? Either one means World War III . '' No one was hurt , but some witnesses to the flag burning said they were extremely offended . One witness , Daniel E. Walker , received international attention when he collected the burned remains of the flag and buried them according to military protocol in his backyard . Johnson was charged with violating the Texas law that prohibits vandalizing respected objects ( desecration of a venerated object ) . He was convicted , sentenced to one year in prison , and fined $2,000 . He appealed his conviction to the Fifth Court of Appeals of Texas , but he lost this appeal . On appeal to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals the court overturned his conviction , saying that the State could not punish Johnson for burning the flag because the First Amendment protects such activity as symbolic speech . The court said , `` Recognizing that the right to differ is the centerpiece of our First Amendment freedoms , a government can not mandate by fiat a feeling of unity in its citizens . Therefore that very same government can not carve out a symbol of unity and prescribe a set of approved messages to be associated with that symbol . '' The court also concluded that the flag burning in this case did not cause or threaten to cause a breach of the peace . Texas asked the Supreme Court of the United States to hear the case . In 1989 , the Court handed down its decision . The Supreme Court 's decision ( edit ) Justice Brennan wrote the majority opinion The opinion of the Court came down as a controversial 5 -- 4 decision , with the majority opinion delivered by William J. Brennan , Jr. and Justices Thurgood Marshall , Harry Blackmun , Antonin Scalia , and Anthony Kennedy joining Brennan , with Kennedy also writing a concurrence . The Court first considered the question of whether the First Amendment to the United States Constitution protected non-speech acts , since Johnson was convicted of flag desecration rather than verbal communication , and , if so , whether Johnson 's burning of the flag constituted expressive conduct , which would permit him to invoke the First Amendment in challenging his conviction . The First Amendment specifically disallows the abridgment of `` speech , '' but the court reiterated its long recognition that its protection does not end at the spoken or written word . This was concluded based on the 1931 case Stromberg v. California ( 283 U.S. 359 ) which ruled the display of a red flag as speech , and the 1969 case Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District ( 393 U.S. 503 ) , which ruled the wearing of a black armband as speech . The Court rejected `` the view that an apparently limitless variety of conduct can be labeled ' speech ' whenever the person engaging in the conduct intends thereby to express an idea , '' but acknowledged that conduct may be `` sufficiently imbued with elements of communication to fall within the scope of the First and Fourteenth Amendments . '' In deciding whether particular conduct possesses sufficient communicative elements to bring the First Amendment into play , the court asked whether `` an intent to convey a particularized message was present , and ( whether ) the likelihood was great that the message would be understood by those who viewed it . '' The Court found that , `` Under the circumstances , Johnson 's burning of the flag constituted expressive conduct , permitting him to invoke the First Amendment ... Occurring as it did at the end of a demonstration coinciding with the Republican National Convention , the expressive , overtly political nature of the conduct was both intentional and overwhelmingly apparent . '' The court concluded that , while `` the government generally has a freer hand in restricting expressive conduct than it has in restricting the written or spoken word , '' it may not `` proscribe particular conduct because it has expressive elements . '' Texas had conceded , however , that Johnson 's conduct was expressive in nature . Thus , the key question considered by the Court was `` whether Texas has asserted an interest in support of Johnson 's conviction that is unrelated to the suppression of expression . '' At oral argument , the state defended its statute on two grounds : first , that states had a compelling interest in preserving a venerated national symbol ; and second , that the state had a compelling interest in preventing breaches of the peace . As to the `` breach of the peace '' justification , however , the Court found that `` no disturbance of the peace actually occurred or threatened to occur because of Johnson 's burning of the flag , '' and Texas conceded as much . The Court rejected Texas 's claim that flag burning is punishable on the basis that it `` tends to incite '' breaches of the peace , citing the test from the 1969 case Brandenburg v. Ohio ( 395 U.S. 444 ) that the state may only punish speech that would incite `` imminent lawless action , '' finding that flag burning does not always pose an imminent threat of lawless action . The Court noted that Texas already punished `` breaches of the peace '' directly . Kennedy 's concurrence ( edit ) Justice Kennedy wrote a concurrence with Brennan 's opinion . Kennedy wrote : For we are presented with a clear and simple statute to be judged against a pure command of the Constitution . The outcome can be laid at no door but ours . The hard fact is that sometimes we must make decisions we do not like . We make them because they are right , right in the sense that the law and the Constitution , as we see them , compel the result . And so great is our commitment to the process that , except in the rare case , we do not pause to express distaste for the result , perhaps for fear of undermining a valued principle that dictates the decision . This is one of those rare cases . Though symbols often are what we ourselves make of them , the flag is constant in expressing beliefs Americans share , beliefs in law and peace and that freedom which sustains the human spirit . The case here today forces recognition of the costs to which those beliefs commit us . It is poignant but fundamental that the flag protects those who hold it in contempt . Rehnquist 's dissent ( edit ) Brennan 's opinion for the court generated two dissents . Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist , joined by Justices Byron White and Sandra Day O'Connor , argued that the `` unique status '' of the flag `` justifies a governmental prohibition against flag burning in the way respondent Johnson did here . '' Rehnquist wrote : The American flag , then , throughout more than 200 years of our history , has come to be the visible symbol embodying our Nation . It does not represent the views of any particular political party , and it does not represent any particular political philosophy . The flag is not simply another `` idea '' or `` point of view '' competing for recognition in the marketplace of ideas . Millions and millions of Americans regard it with an almost mystical reverence regardless of what sort of social , political , or philosophical beliefs they may have . I can not agree that the First Amendment invalidates the Act of Congress , and the laws of 48 of the 50 States , which make criminal the public burning of the flag . However , the Johnson majority found the lack of evidence for flag protection in the Constitution that necessitated the claim of `` uniqueness '' to counter indicate protection of the flag from free speech . They answered the `` uniqueness '' claim directly : `` We have not recognized an exception to ( bedrock First Amendment principles ) even where our flag has been involved ... There is , moreover , no indication -- either in the text of the Constitution or in our cases interpreting it -- that a separate juridical category exists for the American flag alone ... We decline , therefore , to create for the flag an exception to the joust of principles protected by the First Amendment . '' Rehnquist also argued that flag burning is `` no essential part of any exposition of ideas '' but rather `` the equivalent of an inarticulate grunt or roar that , it seems fair to say , is most likely to be indulged in not to express any particular idea , but to antagonize others . '' He goes on to say that he felt the statute in question was a reasonable restriction only on the manner in which Johnson 's idea was expressed , leaving Johnson with , `` a full panoply of other symbols and every conceivable form of verbal expression to express his deep disapproval of national policy . '' He quoted the 1984 Supreme Court decision in City Council of Los Angeles v. Taxpayers for Vincent ( 466 U.S. 789 ) , where the majority stated that `` the First Amendment does not guarantee the right to employ every conceivable method of communication at all times and in all places . '' Stevens ' dissent ( edit ) Justice John Paul Stevens also wrote a dissenting opinion . Stevens argued that the flag `` is more than a proud symbol of the courage , the determination , and the gifts of nature that transformed 13 fledgling Colonies into a world power . It is a symbol of freedom , of equal opportunity , of religious tolerance , and of good will for other peoples who share our aspirations ... The value of the flag as a symbol can not be measured . '' Stevens concluded , therefore , that `` The case has nothing to do with ' disagreeable ideas . ' It involves disagreeable conduct that , in my opinion , diminishes the value of an important national asset , '' and that Johnson was punished only for the means by which he expressed his opinion , not the opinion itself . Subsequent developments ( edit ) The Court 's decision invalidated laws in force in 48 of the 50 states . More than two decades later , the issue remained controversial , with polls suggesting that a majority of Americans still supported a ban on flag - burning . Congress did , however , pass a statute , the 1989 Flag Protection Act , making it a federal crime to desecrate the flag . In the 1990 Supreme Court case United States v. Eichman ( 496 U.S. 310 ) , that law was struck down by the same five person majority of justices as in Texas v. Johnson ( in an opinion also written by Justice William Brennan ) . Since then , Congress has considered the Flag Desecration Amendment several times . The amendment usually passes the House of Representatives , but has always been defeated in the Senate . The most recent attempt occurred when S.J. Res. 12 failed by one vote on June 27 , 2006 . See also ( edit ) Gregory Lee Johnson Flag desecration Street v. New York Flag Protection Act United States v. Eichman Flag Desecration Amendment Stromberg v. California List of United States Supreme Court cases Lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume List of United States Supreme Court cases , volume 491 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Texas v. Johnson , 491 U.S. 397 ( 1989 ) . This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document . Jump up ^ `` Jan Jarvis , `` Humble man gained national attention for burying flag that had been set on fire at protest '' `` . Fort Worth Star - Telegram , September 16 , 2009 . Retrieved September 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Background Summary and Questions , Texas v. Johnson ( 1989 ) , Landmark Supreme Court Cases '' . Archived from the original on 3 June 2012 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Eisler , 277 Jump up ^ 491 U.S. at 420 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Senate opens flag - burning debate '' . CNN . Jun 26 , 2006 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 496 U.S. 310 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ S.J. Res. 12 Further reading ( edit ) Goldstein , Robert Justin ( 2000 ) . Flag Burning and Free Speech : The Case of Texas v. Johnson . Lawrence , KS : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1053 - 7 . Vergobbi , David J. ( 2003 ) . `` Texas v. Johnson '' . In Parker , Richard A. ( ed . ) . Free Speech on Trial : Communication Perspectives on Landmark Supreme Court Decisions . Tuscaloosa , AL : University of Alabama Press . pp. 281 -- 297 . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 1301 - X . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Texas v. Johnson Text of Texas v. Johnson , 491 U.S. 397 ( 1989 ) is available from : CourtListener Findlaw Justia OpenJurist Google Scholar Audio recording of oral arguments Texas v. Johnson archive of First Amendment Library entry Thoughts on Flag Burning and other statements by Edward Hasbrouck and Joey Johnson ( hide ) United States First Amendment case law Establishment Clause Public funding Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) McCollum v. Board of Education ( 1948 ) Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York ( 1970 ) Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 ) Tilton v. Richardson ( 1971 ) Committee for Public Education & Religious Liberty v. Nyquist ( 1973 ) Sloan v. Lemon ( 1973 ) Wolman v. Walter ( 1977 ) Marsh v. Chambers ( 1983 ) Mueller v. Allen ( 1983 ) Aguilar v. Felton ( 1985 ) Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet ( 1994 ) Agostini v. Felton ( 1997 ) Mitchell v. Helms ( 2000 ) Zelman v. Simmons - Harris ( 2002 ) Locke v. Davey ( 2004 ) Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn ( 2011 ) Public displays Stone v. Graham ( 1980 ) Lynch v. Donnelly ( 1984 ) Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary ( 1985 ) County of Allegheny v. ACLU ( 1989 ) McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky ( 2005 ) Van Orden v. Perry ( 2005 ) Pleasant Grove City v. Summum ( 2009 ) School prayer Zorach v. Clauson ( 1952 ) Engel v. Vitale ( 1962 ) Abington School District v. Schempp ( 1963 ) Stone v. Graham ( 1980 ) Wallace v. Jaffree ( 1985 ) Lee v. Weisman ( 1992 ) Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe ( 2000 ) Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow ( 2004 ) Creationism Epperson v. Arkansas ( 1968 ) Edwards v. Aguillard ( 1987 ) Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District ( M.D. Pa. 2005 ) Legislature prayer Marsh v. Chambers ( 1983 ) Town of Greece v. Galloway ( 2014 ) Establishment Clause , Other McGowan v. Maryland ( 1961 ) Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York ( 1970 ) McDaniel v. Paty ( 1978 ) Widmar v. Vincent ( 1981 ) Larkin v. Grendel 's Den , Inc. ( 1982 ) Estate of Thornton v. Caldor , Inc. ( 1985 ) Texas Monthly , Inc. v. Bullock ( 1989 ) Hosanna - Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( 2012 ) Free Exercise Clause Vidal v. Girard 's Executors ( 1844 ) Reynolds v. United States ( 1879 ) Davis v. Beason ( 1890 ) Schneider v. New Jersey ( 1939 ) Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) Murdock v. Pennsylvania ( 1943 ) United States v. Ballard ( 1944 ) Braunfeld v. Brown ( 1961 ) Torcaso v. Watkins ( 1961 ) Sherbert v. Verner ( 1963 ) Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church ( 1969 ) Wisconsin v. Yoder ( 1972 ) NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago ( 1979 ) Harris v. McRae ( 1980 ) Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division ( 1981 ) United States v. Lee ( 1982 ) Bob Jones University v. United States ( 1983 ) Bowen v. Roy ( 1986 ) Goldman v. Weinberger ( 1986 ) Employment Division v. Smith ( 1990 ) Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah ( 1993 ) City of Boerne v. Flores ( 1997 ) Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton ( 2002 ) Cutter v. Wilkinson ( 2005 ) Gonzales v. UDV ( 2006 ) Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia , Inc. v. Comer ( 2017 ) Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission ( under consideration ) ( hide ) Freedom of speech ( portal ) Sedition and imminent danger Alien and Sedition Acts ( 1798 ) Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten ( S.D.N.Y. 1917 ) Schenck v. United States ( 1919 ) Abrams v. United States ( 1919 ) Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) Whitney v. California ( 1927 ) Dennis v. United States ( 1951 ) Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board ( 1955 , 1961 ) Yates v. United States ( 1957 ) Bond v. Floyd ( 1966 ) Brandenburg v. Ohio ( 1969 ) False speech Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc. ( 1974 ) United States v. Alvarez ( 2012 ) Fighting words and the heckler 's veto Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire ( 1942 ) Terminiello v. Chicago ( 1949 ) Feiner v. New York ( 1951 ) Gregory v. Chicago ( 1969 ) National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie ( 1977 ) R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul ( 1992 ) Snyder v. Phelps ( 2011 ) Elonis v. United States ( 2015 ) Freedom of assembly and public forums Hague v. CIO ( 1939 ) Schneider v. New Jersey ( 1939 ) Thornhill v. Alabama ( 1940 ) Martin v. City of Struthers ( 1943 ) Marsh v. Alabama ( 1946 ) Niemotko v. Maryland ( 1951 ) Edwards v. South Carolina ( 1963 ) Cox v. Louisiana ( 1965 ) Brown v. Louisiana ( 1966 ) Adderley v. Florida ( 1966 ) Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne ( 1968 ) Coates v. Cincinnati ( 1971 ) Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe ( 1971 ) Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner ( 1972 ) Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins ( 1980 ) Widmar v. Vincent ( 1981 ) Hill v. Colorado ( 2000 ) McCullen v. Coakley ( 2014 ) Packingham v. North Carolina ( 2017 ) Symbolic speech Stromberg v. California ( 1931 ) United States v. O'Brien ( 1968 ) Cohen v. California ( 1971 ) Smith v. Goguen ( 1974 ) Texas v. Johnson ( 1989 ) United States v. Eichman ( 1990 ) Virginia v. Black ( 2003 ) Compelled speech Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ( 1943 ) Wooley v. Maynard ( 1977 ) Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth ( 2000 ) Davenport v. Washington Education Association ( 2007 ) Knox v. Service Employees International Union , Local 1000 ( 2012 ) Agency for International Development v. Alliance for Open Society International , Inc. ( 2013 ) Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission ( under consideration ) Loyalty oaths American Communications Association v. Douds ( 1950 ) Garner v. Board of Public Works ( 1951 ) Speiser v. Randall ( 1958 ) Keyishian v. Board of Regents ( 1967 ) Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb ( 1974 ) School speech Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ( 1943 ) Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District ( 1969 ) Island Trees School District v. Pico ( 1982 ) Bethel School District v. Fraser ( 1986 ) Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier ( 1988 ) Rosenberger v. University of Virginia ( 1995 ) Morse v. Frederick ( 2007 ) Obscenity Rosen v. United States ( 1896 ) United States v. One Book Called Ulysses ( S.D.N.Y. 1933 ) Roth v. United States ( 1957 ) One , Inc. v. Olesen ( 1958 ) Marcus v. Search Warrant ( 1961 ) MANual Enterprises v. Day ( 1962 ) Jacobellis v. Ohio ( 1964 ) Quantity of Books v. Kansas ( 1964 ) Freedman v. Maryland ( 1965 ) Ginzburg v. United States ( 1966 ) Memoirs v. Massachusetts ( 1966 ) Redrup v. New York ( 1967 ) Ginsberg v. New York ( 1968 ) Stanley v. Georgia ( 1969 ) Cohen v. California ( 1971 ) United States v. Thirty - seven Photographs ( 1971 ) Kois v. Wisconsin ( 1972 ) Miller v. California ( 1973 ) Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton ( 1973 ) United States v. 12 200 - ft . Reels of Film ( 1973 ) Jenkins v. Georgia ( 1974 ) Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville ( 1975 ) Young v. American Mini Theatres ( 1976 ) New York v. Ferber ( 1982 ) American Booksellers v. Hudnut ( 7th Cir. , 1985 ) Renton v. Playtime Theatres , Inc. ( 1986 ) Osborne v. Ohio ( 1990 ) United States v. X-Citement Video ( 1994 ) Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union ( 1997 ) United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group ( 2000 ) Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition ( 2002 ) Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union ( 2002 ) Nitke v. Gonzales ( S.D.N.Y. , 2005 ) United States v. Williams ( 2008 ) FCC v. Fox Televisions Stations - 2 cases ( 2009 and 2012 ) American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland ( 6th Cir. , 2009 ) United States v. Kilbride ( 9th Cir. , 2009 ) United States v. Stevens ( 2010 ) Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association ( 2011 ) Public employees Pickering v. Board of Education ( 1968 ) Perry v. Sindermann ( 1972 ) Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth ( 1972 ) Mt . Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle ( 1977 ) Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated School District ( 1979 ) Connick v. Myers ( 1983 ) Rankin v. McPherson ( 1987 ) Waters v. Churchill ( 1994 ) Garcetti v. Ceballos ( 2006 ) Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri ( 2011 ) Heffernan v. City of Paterson ( 2016 ) Hatch Act and similar laws Ex parte Curtis ( 1882 ) United Public Workers v. Mitchell ( 1947 ) United States Civil Service Commission v. National Association of Letter Carriers ( 1973 ) Broadrick v. Oklahoma ( 1973 ) Licensing and restriction of speech Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio ( 1915 ) Joseph Burstyn , Inc. v. Wilson ( 1952 ) Freedman v. Maryland ( 1965 ) Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council ( 1976 ) Hoffman Estates v . The Flipside , Hoffman Estates , Inc. ( 1982 ) Walker v. Texas Division , Sons of Confederate Veterans ( 2015 ) Matal v. Tam ( 2017 ) Commercial speech Valentine v. Chrestensen ( 1942 ) Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept. ( 1970 ) Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations ( 1973 ) Bigelow v. Commonwealth of Virginia ( 1974 ) Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council ( 1976 ) Bates v. State Bar of Arizona ( 1977 ) Linmark Associates , Inc. v. Willingboro ( 1977 ) Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Ass'n ( 1978 ) Friedman v. Rogers ( 1979 ) Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission ( 1980 ) Consol . Edison Co. v. Public Serv . Comm'n ( 1980 ) Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products ( 1983 ) Zauderer v. Office of Disciplinary Counsel ( 1985 ) Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Commission of California ( 1986 ) Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico ( 1986 ) San Francisco Arts & Athletics , Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee ( 1987 ) 44 Liquormart , Inc. v. Rhode Island ( 1996 ) Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc. ( 2011 ) Campaign finance and political speech Buckley v. Valeo ( 1976 ) First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti ( 1978 ) Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley ( 1981 ) California Medical Association v. FEC ( 1981 ) Brown v. Socialist Workers ' 74 Campaign Committee ( 1982 ) Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington ( 1983 ) FEC v. National Conservative Political Action Committee ( 1985 ) FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life ( 1986 ) Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce ( 1990 ) McIntyre v. 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Dale ( 2000 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas_v._Johnson&oldid=814931270 '' Categories : United States Supreme Court cases United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court United States Free Speech Clause case law 1989 in United States case law Flag controversies in the United States American Civil Liberties Union litigation Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Articles lacking in - text citations from May 2016 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Русский Српски / srpski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 19 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how did the supreme court rule in texas v johnson | [
"Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397 (1989)[1], was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that invalidated prohibitions on desecrating the American flag enforced in 48 of the 50 states. Justice William Brennan wrote for a five-justice majority in holding that the defendant Gregory Lee Johnson's act of flag burning was protected speech under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. Johnson was represented by attorneys David D. Cole and William Kunstler."
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"Gregory Lee Johnson's act of flag burning was protected speech"
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-8960664014912833183 | Élysée Palace | Élysée palace - wikipedia Élysée palace Jump to : navigation , search `` Elysee '' redirects here . For other uses , see Elysee ( disambiguation ) . Élysée Palace Palais de l'Élysée ( in French ) The palace seen from the Cour d'honneur Location within Paris Former names Hôtel d'Évreux General information Location Paris , France Address 55 , Rue du Faubourg Saint - Honoré 75008 Paris , France Coordinates 48 ° 52 ′ 13 '' N 2 ° 18 ′ 59 '' E / 48.87028 ° N 2.31639 ° E / 48.87028 ; 2.31639 Current tenants President Emmanuel Macron ( 2017 - ) Construction started 1718 Completed 1722 Client Henri - Louis de la Tour d'Auvergne Technical details Floor count Design and construction Architect Armand - Claude Mollet Jean Cailleteau The Élysée Palace ( French : Palais de l'Élysée , pronounced ( pa. lɛ d ( ə ) le. li. ze ) ) has been the official residence of the President of France since 1848 . Dating to the early 18th century , it contains the office of the President and the meeting place of the Council of Ministers . It is located near the Champs - Élysées in the 8th arrondissement of Paris , the name Élysée deriving from Elysian Fields , the place of the blessed dead in Greek mythology . Important foreign visitors are hosted at the nearby Hôtel de Marigny , a palatial residence . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Description 2.1 Ground floor 2.2 First floor 3 References 4 Bibliography 5 External links History ( edit ) The Count of Évreux , by Hyacinthe Rigaud , c. 1720 . The Hôtel d'Évreux and it gardens c. 1737 . The façade seen from the Gardens Former presidents Nicolas Sarkozy and François Hollande , surrounded by Republican Guards , in the interior court during the ceremony of transmission of the mandate in 2012 . The architect Armand - Claude Molet possessed a property fronting on the road to the village of Roule , west of Paris ( now the Rue du Faubourg Saint - Honoré ) , and backing onto royal property , the Grand Cours through the Champs - Élysées . He sold this in 1718 to Louis Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne , Count of Évreux ( families : Dukes and Princes of Bouillon and Sedan : La Marck von der Marck ) , with the agreement that Mollet would construct an hôtel particulier for the count , fronted by an entrance court and backed by a garden . The Hôtel d'Évreux was finished and decorated by 1722 , and though it has undergone many modifications since , it remains a fine example of the French classical style . At the time of his death in 1753 , Évreux was the owner of one of the most widely admired houses in Paris , and it was bought by King Louis XV as a residence for the Marquise de Pompadour , his mistress . Opponents showed their distaste for the regime by hanging signs on the gates that read : `` Home of the King 's whore '' . After her death , it reverted to the crown . In 1773 , it was purchased by Nicolas Beaujon , banker to the Court and one of the richest men in France , who needed a suitably sumptuous `` country house '' ( for the city of Paris did not yet extend this far ) to house his fabulous collection of great masters paintings . To this end , he hired the architect Étienne - Louis Boullée to make substantial alterations to the buildings ( as well as design an English - style garden ) . Soon on display there were such well - known masterpieces as Holbein 's The Ambassadors ( now in the National Gallery in London ) , and Frans Hals ' Bohemian ( now at the Louvre ) . His architectural alterations and art galleries gave this residence international renown as `` one of the premier houses of Paris '' . The palace and gardens were purchased from Beaujon by Bathilde d'Orléans , Duchess of Bourbon in 1787 for 1,300,000 livres . It was the Duchess who named it the Élysée . She also built a group of cottages in the gardens which she named the Hameau de Chantilly , after the Hameau at her father - in - law 's Château de Chantilly . With the French Revolution , the Duchess fled the country and the Élysée was confiscated . It was leased out . The gardens were used for eating , drinking , and dancing , under the name Hameau de Chantilly ; and the rooms became gambling houses . In 1803 , the Élysée was sold to Joachim Murat , and in 1808 , to the Emperor , and it became known as the Élysée - Napoléon . After the Battle of Waterloo , Napoléon returned to the Élysée , signed his abdication there on 22 June 1815 , and left the Élysée on the 25th . Russian Cossacks camped at the Élysée when they occupied Paris in 1814 . The property was then returned to its previous owner , the Duchesse de Bourbon , who then sold it to her royal cousin , Louis XVIII , in 1816 . Under the provisional government of the Second Republic , it took the name of the Élysée National and was designated the official residence of the President of the Republic . ( The President also has the use of several other official residences , including the Château de Rambouillet , forty - five kilometres southwest of Paris , and the Fort de Brégançon near Marseille . ) In 1853 , following his coup d'état that ended the Second Republic , Napoléon III charged the architect Joseph - Eugène Lacroix with renovations ; meanwhile he moved to the nearby Tuileries Palace , but kept the Élysée as a discreet place to meet his mistresses , moving between the two palaces through a secret underground passage that has since been demolished . Since Lacroix completed his work in 1867 , the essential look of the Palais de l'Élysée has remained the same . In 1873 , during the Third Republic , The Élysée became the official presidential residence . In 1899 , Félix Faure became the only French President to die in the palace . Gardens of the Élysée Palace In 1917 , a chimpanzee escaped from a nearby ménagerie , entered the palace and was said to have tried to haul the wife of President Raymond Poincaré into a tree only to be foiled by Élysée guards . President Paul Deschanel , who resigned in 1920 because of mental illness , was said to have been so impressed by the orangutan 's feat that , to the alarm of his guests , he took to jumping into trees during state receptions . The Élysée Palace was closed in June 1940 , and remained empty during World War II . It was reoccupied only in 1946 by Vincent Auriol , President of the provisional government , then first President of the Fourth Republic from 1947 to 1954 . From 1959 to 1969 , the Élysée was occupied by Charles de Gaulle , the first President of the Fifth Republic . De Gaulle did not like its lack of privacy , and oversaw the purchase of the luxurious Hôtel de Marigny to lodge foreign state officials in visits to France , saying , `` I do not like the idea of meeting kings walking around my corridors in their pyjamas . '' In the 1970s , President Georges Pompidou had some of the original rooms in the palace redesigned by Pierre Paulin in the modern style , of which only the Salle à Manger Paulin survives . Socialist President François Mitterrand , who governed from 1981 to 1995 , is said to have seldom used its private apartments , preferring the privacy of his own home on the more bohemian Left Bank . A discreet flat in the nearby presidential annexe Palais de l'Alma housed his mistress Anne Pingeot , mother of his illegitimate daughter Mazarine Pingeot . By contrast , his successor Jacques Chirac lived throughout his two terms in office ( 1995 -- 2007 ) in the Élysée apartments with his wife Bernadette . Chirac increased the Palace 's budget by 105 % to 90 million euros per year , according to the book L'argent caché de l'Élysée . One million euros per year is spent on drinks alone for the guests invited to the Élysée Palace , 6.9 million euros per year on bonuses for presidential staff and 6.1 million euros per year on the 145 extra employees Chirac hired after he was elected in 1995 . The Élysée has gardens , in which presidents hosted parties on the afternoon of Bastille Day until 2010 . That year , then - President Nicolas Sarkozy decided to stop organizing this event because of France 's high debt and the economic crisis . Emmanuel Macron , the President of France since 2017 , currently resides at the palace . Description ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2012 ) The entrance gate of the Elysée Palace seen from the Rue du Faubourg Saint - Honoré The heavily guarded mansion and grounds are situated at 55 Rue du Faubourg Saint - Honoré at its intersection with Avenue de Marigny . A monumental gate with four iconic columns , flanked by walls topped by a balustrade , opens onto a large rounded courtyard . The majestic ceremonial courtyard imparts a degree of grandeur to the house . The main residence is constructed in the French classical style . An entrance vestibule is aligned with the ceremonial courtyard and gardens . There is a long central building , a great -- or State -- apartment divided in the middle by a large salon that opens into the garden . This building also has a central three - storey section , and two single - floor wings : the Appartement des Bains to the right , and the Petit Appartement ( private apartments ) to the left . The French - style garden has a central path aligned with the central building , patterned flowerbeds and alleys of chestnut trees edged with hedgerows . Ground floor ( edit ) Diagram of the ground floor : 1 / Terrasse 2 / Salon d'argent 3 / Salle à Manger 4 / Bibliothèque 5 / Salon bleu 6 / Salon des Cartes 7 / Salle des fêtes 8 / Salon Murat 9 / Salon des Aides de camps 10 / Salon des ambassadeurs 11 / Salon Pompadour 12 / Salon des portraits 13 / Salon Cléopâtre 14 / Escalier Murat 15 / Vestibule d'honneur 16 / Salon des tapisseries 17 / Jardin d'hiver 18 / Salon Napoléon III 19 / Cour d'honneur . The Vestibule d'Honneur ( Hall of Honour ) is the room which the main entrance to the palace leads into . In this room the President of France meets visiting officials , world leaders and spiritual leaders . The Salon d'Argent ( Silver Room ) , in the east wing of the palace , was decorated by Caroline Murat , wife of Joachim Murat and sister of Napoleon I . The room is so called because of the silver coloured edges to the wall features , mantelpieces , tables , sofas and armchairs , of which the last have swan sculptures at the sides . Three notable historical events happened in this room . On 22 June 1815 , Napoleon formally signed his abdication warrant after losing the Battle of Waterloo that year ; on 2 December 1851 Louis Napoleon launched his coup d'état ; and in 1899 , President Félix Faure met his mistress , Marguerite Steinheil . The Salle à Manger Paulin ( Paulin Dining Room ) , named after its architect , Pierre Paulin , is a complete contrast to most of the other rooms in the palace . It was designed as a private dining room for President Georges Pompidou and his wife Claude , and the interior and furniture date from the 1970s . The walls are made of 22 polyester panels , the chairs have a single leg attached to a round base , and the round table is made of glass . The room is lit by roof panels decorated with glass balls and rods . The Salon des Portraits ( Portrait Room ) was used by the Emperor Napoleon III for portrait medallions of the most important sovereigns of the time , replacing earlier portraits of the Bonaparte family installed by Joachim Murat . The portraits are of : Pope Pius IX , Emperor Franz Josef I of Austria - Hungary , Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom , King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy , Tsar Nicholas I of Russia , King Frederick William IV of Prussia , Queen Isabel II of Spain and King William I of Württemberg . Previously a dining room , President Nicolas Sarkozy used the room as his second office . The Salle des Fêtes ( Hall of Festivities ) dominates the west wing of the palace . It was designed by Eugène Debressenne and opened on 10 May 1889 by the then President , Sadi Carnot , to coincide with the Exposition Universelle that year . The room has paintings on the ceiling called `` La République sauvegarde la Paix '' ( The Republic Safeguards Peace ) , painted by Guillaume Dubufe in 1894 . There are also six Gobelins tapestries in the room , which is predominantly laid out in red and gold decor . In 1984 President François Mitterrand added ten windows to the room to let in more light . It is in this room that all French Presidents are inaugurated , and where they host official conferences and banquets . The Jardins d'Hiver ( Winter Gardens ) was built in 1883 as a greenhouse for growing plants . Today it is no longer used for this purpose , being instead an extension of the Salon des Fêtes , and used for official banquets . There is a Gobelins tapestry on the wall , and three chandeliers hang from the ceiling . The Salon des Ambassadeurs The Salon Murat ( Murat Room ) is used every Wednesday by the President for meetings with the Prime Minister and Cabinet of France , along with the Presidential Secretary ( known as the `` Secretary - General of the Élysée '' ) . It was also in this room that Konrad Adenauer , Chancellor of Germany , signed the Treaty of the Élysée in 1963 . The Salon Cléopâtre ( Cleopatra Room ) gets its name from a Gobelins tapestry on the wall , installed during the presidency of Sadi Carnot , which depicts Antony and Cleopatra meeting at Tarsus . Also in the room is a portrait of Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria , painted by Alexandre Roslin . The Salon des Ambassadeurs ( Ambassadors ' Room ) is where the French President officially receives ambassadors from abroad . The Salon Bleu ( Blue Room ) is used as the office of the First Lady of France . The Escalier Murat ( Murat Staircase ) is the main staircase in the palace , linking the ground and first floors . The Salle des Fêtes during the 1990 Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe conference The table in the Salon Murat ( Murat Room ) , where the French President holds meetings with the Cabinet of France . The Salon des Portraits . The Salon Pompadour . Desk in the Salon d'Argent . The Salon Cléopatre . The Salon Bleu . First floor ( edit ) The Salon Doré ( Golden Room ) is named after the gold coloured edges to the wall features , doors , tables and chairs . All the French Presidents have used this room as their main study except Valéry Giscard d'Estaing . The Salon Vert ( Green Room ) is named after the green curtains and chair covers ( the doors , chairs , tables and wall features have gold edges ) . The room is used for reunions , and it was here that Nicolas Sarkozy married his second wife , Carla Bruni , during his presidency . The Salon Angle ( Angle Room ) is a former dining room that has been the office of the Secretary - General of the Élysée since 2007 . The Salon de Fougères ( Flower Room ) is named because it has floral patterned wallpaper . In the room is a portrait of King Louis XV , painted by Charles - André van Loo . The Ancienne Chambre de la Reine and the Ancienne Chambre du Roi were the bedrooms of the former Kings and Queens of France . The latter room was formerly used as the office of the Secretary - General before he moved it to the Salon Angle . Six other rooms on the first floor , in the east wing , are the President 's private living quarters . The Escalier Murat , linking the ground and first floors The President 's desk in the Salon doré The Salon doré ( Golden Room ) , office of the President of the French Republic . The Salon vert . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Armand Claude Molet ( 1660 -- 1742 ) , from the Mollet dynasty of royal gardeners , was the house architect for Henri - Louis , comte de Dreux . Sharing responsibilities for the Tuileries Garden with André Le Nôtre 's nephew Jean Le Nôtre , he was accepted into the Académie royale d'architecture in 1699 . Jump up ^ Simone Bertière , `` La Pompadour a-t - elle mené Louis XV à sa perte ? '' , émission Secrets d'histoire sur France 2 , 25 novembre 2007 . Jump up ^ C. Leroux - Cesbron , Le palais de l'Élysée , chronique d'un palais national , 1925 , deuxième édition , page 76 . ^ Jump up to : Henry Haynie , Paris : Past & Present 2 , New York , 1902 . at Google Books Jump up ^ Bertrand Meyer - Stabley , Les dames de l'Élysée , Perrin , 1999 ( ISBN 2262016208 ) , p. 33 ^ Jump up to : `` Le Palais de l'Élysée , histoire et décorum '' ( in French ) . olivierberni-interieurs.com . Retrieved 7 February 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) René Dosière , L'argent caché de l'Élysée , Seuil , 2007 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Palais de l'Élysée . Official website Coordinates : 48 ° 52 ′ 13 '' N 2 ° 18 ′ 59 '' E / 48.87028 ° N 2.31639 ° E / 48.87028 ; 2.31639 8th arrondissement of Paris Neighbourhoods Quartier des Champs - Élysées Quartier du Faubourg - du - Roule Quartier de la Madeleine Quartier de l'Europe Primary and secondary schools Lycée Chaptal Lycée Racine Cours Hattemer Lycée Fénelon Sainte - Marie Colleges and universities Intégrale : Institut d'enseignement supérieur privé Landmarks Arc de Triomphe Champs - Élysées Grand Palais Élysée Palace Four Seasons Hotel George V Hôtel de Crillon Hôtel de Marigny Hôtel de la Marine La Madeleine Musée Bouilhet - Christofle ( closed ) Musée Cernuschi Musée Jacquemart - André Musée Nissim de Camondo Alexander Nevsky Cathedral , Paris Palais de la Découverte Parc Monceau Petit Palais Pinacothèque de Paris ( closed ) Place Charles de Gaulle Place de la Concorde Luxor Obelisk Pont Alexandre III Pont de l'Alma Pont de la Concorde Pont des Invalides Royal Monceau Raffles Paris Saint - 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Jay Musée Grévin Musée Guimet Maison de Victor Hugo Musée Jacquemart - André Musée du Louvre Musée Marmottan Monet Musée de Montmartre Musée National d'Art Moderne Musée national Eugène Delacroix Musée national Gustave Moreau Musée national des Monuments Français Muséum national d'histoire naturelle Musée national du Moyen Âge Musée de l'Orangerie Musée d'Orsay Musée Pasteur Musée Picasso Musée du quai Branly Musée Rodin Palais de la Légion d'Honneur Musée de la Légion d'honneur Religious buildings Alexander Nevsky Cathedral American Cathedral American Church Chapelle expiatoire Grand Mosque Grand Synagogue La Madeleine Notre - Dame de Paris Notre - Dame - de-Bonne - Nouvelle Notre - Dame - de-Lorette Notre - Dame - des - Victoires Sacré - Cœur Saint Ambroise Saint - Augustin Saint - Étienne - du - Mont Saint - Eustache Saint - François - Xavier Saint - Germain - des - Prés Saint - Germain l'Auxerrois Saint - Gervais - Saint - Protais Saint - Jacques Tower Saint - Jean - de-Montmartre Saint - Paul - Saint - Louis Saint - Pierre de Montmartre Saint - Roch Saint - Sulpice Saint - Vincent - de-Paul Sainte - Chapelle Sainte - Clotilde Sainte - Trinité Temple du Marais Val - de-Grâce Hôtels particuliers and palaces Élysée Palace Hôtel de Beauvais Hôtel de Charost Hôtel de Crillon Hôtel d'Estrées Hôtel de la Païva Hôtel de Pontalba Hôtel de Sens Hôtel de Soubise Hôtel de Sully Hôtel de Ville Hôtel Lambert Hôtel Matignon Luxembourg Palace ( Petit Luxembourg ) Palais Bourbon Palais de Justice Palais - Royal Areas , bridges , streets and squares Avenue Foch Avenue George V Champ de Mars Champs - Élysées Covered passages Latin Quarter Le Marais Montmartre Montparnasse Place Dauphine Place de la Bastille Place de la Concorde Place de la Nation Place de la République Place Denfert - Rochereau Place des États - Unis Place des Pyramides Place des Victoires Place des Vosges Place du Châtelet Place du Tertre Place Saint - Michel Place Vendôme Pont Alexandre III Pont d'Iéna Pont de Bir - Hakeim Pont des Arts Pont Neuf Rive Gauche Rue de Rivoli Rue du Faubourg Saint - Honoré Trocadéro Parks and gardens Bois de Boulogne Bois de Vincennes Jardin d'Acclimatation Jardin du Luxembourg Parc des Buttes Chaumont Parc Montsouris Tuileries Garden Cemeteries Montmartre Cemetery Montparnasse Cemetery Passy Cemetery Père Lachaise Cemetery Picpus Cemetery Région parisienne Chantilly La Défense Grande Arche Disneyland Paris Écouen Fontainebleau France Miniature Malmaison Musée de l'air et de l'espace Musée Fragonard d'Alfort Parc Astérix Provins Rambouillet La Roche - Guyon Basilica of St Denis Saint - Germain - en - Laye Sceaux Stade de France Vaux - le - Vicomte Palace and Gardens of Versailles Vincennes Events and traditions Bastille Day military parade Fête de la Musique Nuit Blanche Paris Air Show Paris - Plages Republican Guard Other Le Bateau - Lavoir La Ruche Café des 2 Moulins Café Procope Les Deux Magots Moulin de la Galette Moulin Rouge Related Paris Musées Axe historique Paris Métro Bateaux Mouches VIAF : 173025976 GND : 4075880 - 1 BNF : cb12085413r ( data ) France portal Paris portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Élysée_Palace&oldid = 784368262 '' Categories : Buildings and structures in the 8th arrondissement of Paris Government of France Official residences in France Royal residences in France Palaces in Paris Presidential residences Houses completed in 1722 1722 establishments in France Hidden categories : CS1 French - 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"The Élysée Palace (French: Palais de l'Élysée, pronounced [pa.lɛ d(ə) le.li.ze]) has been the official residence of the President of France since 1848. Dating to the early 18th century, it contains the office of the President and the meeting place of the Council of Ministers. It is located near the Champs-Élysées in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, the name Élysée deriving from Elysian Fields, the place of the blessed dead in Greek mythology."
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"Élysée Palace"
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9005018024407792809 | The Lawrence Welk Show | The Lawrence Welk show - wikipedia The Lawrence Welk show Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Lawrence Welk Show Opening of The Lawrence Welk Show Presented by Lawrence Welk Starring Myron Floren Bobby Burgess Norma Zimmer Dick Dale The Lennon Sisters Arthur Duncan Joe Feeney Jack Imel Dave Edwards Sandi Griffiths Tanya Falan Ava Barber Ralna English Guy Hovis Gail Farrell Mary Lou Metzger Natalie Nevins Anacani Bob Ralston Among many others Country of origin United States No. of episodes 1065 Production Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) KTLA ( 1951 -- 1955 ) Teleklew Productions ( 1955 -- 1982 ) American Broadcasting Company ( 1955 -- 1971 ) Distributor Don Fedderson Productions ( 1971 -- 1982 ) Release Original network KTLA ( 1951 -- 1955 ) ABC ( 1955 -- 1971 ) Syndicated ( 1971 -- 1982 ) Original release July 2 , 1955 ( 1955 - 07 - 02 ) -- April 17 , 1982 ( 1982 - 04 - 17 ) The Lawrence Welk Show is an American televised musical variety show hosted by big band leader Lawrence Welk . The series aired locally in Los Angeles for four years , from 1951 to 1955 , then nationally for another 27 years on ABC from 1955 to 1971 , and in first - run syndication from 1971 to 1982 . Repeat episodes are broadcast in the United States by Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) stations . These airings incorporate an original program -- usually , a color broadcast from 1965 through 1982 -- in its entirety . In place of the commercials , newer performance and interview clips from the original stars and / or a family member of the performers are included ; these clips are occasionally updated . Contents ( hide ) 1 Broadcast history 1.1 Move to syndication and public television 1.2 Nielsen ratings 2 Format 2.1 The `` Musical Family '' 3 Producers and directors 4 Episode status 4.1 DVD status and Welk specials aired on public television 5 In popular culture 5.1 In music 5.2 In television 6 Singers and performers 6.1 The orchestra 7 Announcers 8 References 9 External links Broadcast History ( edit ) On May 11 , 1951 , The Lawrence Welk Show began as a local program on KTLA in Los Angeles , the flagship station of the Paramount Television Network and the first television station in California . The original show was broadcast from the since - demolished Aragon Ballroom at Venice Beach . The show made its national television debut on ABC Television on July 2 , 1955 , and was initially produced at the Hollywood Palladium , moving to the ABC studios at Prospect and Talmadge in Hollywood shortly afterwards . For 23 of its 27 years on the air , the show would originate there . The only seasons not produced there were 1965 -- 66 , 1976 -- 77 at the Hollywood Palace and CBS Television City from 1977 to 1979 . The 1965 - 66 season was taped at the Hollywood Palace because that was ABC 's only West Coast TV studio at the time equipped for live or taped color production ; Welk had insisted that the show go color in 1965 because he believed that being broadcast in color was critical to the continued success of his program . Once a couple of studios at the ABC Prospect and Talmadge facilities had been converted to color in 1966 , the show moved back there . The show aired on ABC until 1971 . When the show was cancelled by the head of programming there , Welk formed his own production company and continued airing the show , on local stations and , often from 7 to 8 P.M. Eastern Time on Saturdays over some of the ABC affiliates on which he had previously appeared , along with some stations affiliated with other networks . The syndicated version of the program aired from 1971 to 1982 . When the show debuted nationwide , The Lawrence Welk Show was billed as the Dodge Dancing Party in 1955 and 1956 . From 1956 to 1959 , Lawrence Welk was broadcast two nights per week . The second show 's title was Lawrence Welk Presents Top Tunes and New Talent ( 1956 -- 58 ) and then Lawrence Welk 's Plymouth Show , after another Chrysler vehicle ( 1958 -- 59 ) . The Plymouth show was the first American television program to air in stereophonic sound . Due to the fact that stereophonic television had not yet been invented ( it would be 25 more years before it would become standard ) , ABC instead simulcast the show on its radio network , with the TV side airing one audio channel and the radio side airing the other ; viewers would tune in both the TV and the radio to achieve the stereophonic effect . Starting with the 1959 -- 60 season the two shows were merged into The Lawrence Welk Show , reverting to monophonic broadcasts . The name stuck , and it became the most popular variety show ever . The primary sponsor of The Lawrence Welk Show was Dodge ( automobile maker ) , later to be followed by Geritol ( a multivitamin ) , Sominex ( sleep aid ) , Aqua Velva ( aftershave ) , Serutan ( laxative ) , Universal Appliances ( manufacturer of home appliances ) , Polident ( a denture cleanser ) , Ocean Spray ( fruit juice ) and Sinclair Oil ( automobile fuel ) served as associate sponsors for a short time . ( During later years , a number of Welk cast members appeared in commercials for many of the show 's sponsors , filmed specifically to air during Welk broadcasts . ) Move to syndication and public television ( edit ) While the show was highly rated and continued to attract more audiences , ABC canceled it in 1971 for two reasons . The first was that the network had to cut three - and - a-half hours a week of prime - time programming , owing to the institution of the Prime Time Access Rule in 1971 ; the other was the fact that Welk 's viewership was mostly of people over forty - five , mostly because of the music he chose to play , but also because younger viewers , the core viewing target that networks coveted , were either out during the Saturday night slot , or were watching one of the other networks . Over the course of the early 1970s , several variety shows ( including Welk 's , but ranging from long - running series such as The Ed Sullivan Show , The Hollywood Palace and The Red Skelton Show to more contemporary shows such as Hee Haw , The Johnny Cash Show and This Is Tom Jones ) were pulled from network schedules ( particularly ABC and CBS ) in a demographic move known colloquially as the `` rural purge '' . In response to ABC 's move , Welk started his own production company and continued producing the show for syndication . Some independent stations put it in its old Saturday timeslot , and in many cases , it drew higher ratings than the network shows scheduled at that time . In many markets , the syndicated Lawrence Welk aired before the start of network prime - time on Saturday nights ( 7 p.m. Eastern Time ) ; also in many areas , it competed against another show that was cancelled by CBS and resurrected in syndication , also in 1971 -- Hee Haw . Welk 's program was among a group of syndicated niche programs , others including Hee Haw and Soul Train , that flourished during this era . ( The success of Lawrence Welk and Hee Haw in syndication , and the network decisions that led to their respective cancellations , were the inspiration for a novelty song called `` The Lawrence Welk - Hee Haw Counter-Revolution Polka '' , performed by Roy Clark , one of the co-stars of Hee Haw . ) Welk retired in 1982 ; at the time of his retirement , he was 79 years old , making him at the time the oldest host of a regularly scheduled entertainment television series ( a feat later surpassed by Bob Barker in 2003 and later by Betty White in 2012 ) . Classic shows -- largely , from 1967 to 1982 -- were repackaged with new footage ( either Welk or the show 's cast introducing segments ) for syndication during the 1982 -- 1983 season as Memories with Lawrence Welk , after which they were withdrawn from distribution for a short time . In 1985 , The Lawrence Welk Christmas Reunion was produced . It was the last show in which Welk appeared with the `` musical family '' . The Oklahoma Educational Television Authority acquired the broadcast rights to the series in 1986 . In order to introduce the show to a new generation , they produced a documentary film , Lawrence Welk : Television 's Music Man , hosted by Kathy Lennon of The Lennon Sisters . The film was a retrospective on Welk 's life and career , featuring interviews with surviving members of Welk 's `` musical family '' , and scenes from the show . After its airing , reformatted versions of the Welk show were released to public television stations . Welk 's segments from Memories with Lawrence Welk were used until his death , after which select members of the `` musical family '' took over as hosts . Reruns continue to air to this day ( in many markets airing on Saturday nights at 7 pm , the same time the show aired during the latter years of its original run ) , with new and updated interviews with surviving cast members ( Mary Lou Metzger hosts wraparounds that feature interviews , while Bobby Burgess currently hosts the ones that do not ) . The shows are occasionally `` recut '' and interspersed with segments from other episodes for time and diversity purposes ; for example , a rebroadcast of Gail Farrell 's 1969 debut actually featured an added song by Anacani , who had n't joined the show until 1973 . Nielsen ratings ( edit ) The show was a top 30 hit for five seasons , according to ClassicTVHits. com 's ratings database . 1964 -- 65 : No. 30 ( 22.00 rating ) 1965 -- 66 : No. 19 ( 22.40 rating ) 1966 -- 67 : No. 12 ( 22.79 rating ) 1967 -- 68 : No. 17 ( 21.90 rating ) 1968 -- 69 : No. 29 ( 20.50 rating ) Format ( edit ) The show would often open by showing bubbles floating around and was accompanied by a sound effect of a bottle of champagne opening , including the opening theme ( `` Bubbles in the Wine '' , composed by Welk and Frank Loesser ) . Each week , Welk would introduce the theme of the show , which usually inspired joyous singing and / or patriotic fervor . He was most known for delivering these monologues in a distinctive German accent ( this despite being born and raised in North Dakota ) , which was parodied in popular culture ( even by Welk himself : the two books he authored , Wunnerful , Wunnerful ! and Ah - One , Ah - Two ! were so titled because they were his catchphrases ) . This was evident from his mispronunciations of script on cue cards . On one such story , related by Jo Ann Castle on the Mike Douglas Show , has him introducing a medley of World War I tunes as `` songs from World War Eye '' . Also , from his autobiography Wunnerful , Wunnerful ! he bemoans his accent , and in some of his pronunciations of `` wonderful '' in the show he can be heard forcing the D . If the number was more of a dance tune , Welk would frequently dance with ladies from the audience , for which he became somewhat known . For certain songs ( mainly the instrumentals performed by the orchestra ) , the couples in attendance were also allowed to dance at the Ballroom . Many of the show 's songs were performed as part of a skit ; while a handful of skits were common throughout the show 's run , during a short period in mid-1970s ( about the same time The Semonski Sisters were featured performers on the show ) , the show consisted almost entirely of them . Welk often demonstrated multiple times on - camera how the champagne bottle sound was created , by placing a finger in his mouth , releasing it to make the popping sound , and making a soft hissing sound to simulate the bubbles escaping the bottle . One such instance is part of the opening sequence of the public television reruns seen today . Welk frequently had performers sing and play standards from the big band era and the first half of the 20th century . He had a particular admiration for those composers contemporary with him , such as Hoagy Carmichael , Henry Mancini , Johnny Mercer , Cole Porter , and Harry Warren ; although the show 's repertoire was in reality much broader , and would often include pop songs from the 1950s , 1960s , and 1970s -- Welk even devoted an entire show to the music of the 1970s in 1978 -- as well as country music , patriotic music , and religious music , especially if it was thought to appeal to older listeners ( and , as Welk stated in 1956 , `` as long as it 's done in the champagne style '' ) . In one of his most infamous incidents , he asked singers Gail Farrell and Dick Dale to perform Brewer & Shipley 's hit song `` One Toke Over the Line '' ( a mock gospel tune riddled with drug references ) as a modern spiritual , apparently oblivious to the meaning of the word `` toke . '' Brewer responded that although it was `` absurd '' , the duo `` got more publicity than we could pay for '' from the out - of - place performance . Welk , for his part , blamed ABC for pressuring him into including the song , among others he felt did not fit the show 's format . The closing theme during the syndicated years , often performed by the `` Musical Family '' , was `` Adios , Au Revoir , Auf Wiedersehen '' ( composed by George Cates ) . A recording of the song has been edited over the updated credits on PBS reruns . The `` Musical Family '' ( edit ) Alice Lon and Lawrence Welk . Norma Zimmer and Welk . Welk employed many musicians and singers , which were known in the press as his `` Musical Family '' . Most members of the Musical Family had specific , well - defined roles within the context of the show , generally specializing in one type of performance ( for instance , the show had two pianists , but one would specialize in ragtime piano while the other would handle easy listening pieces ; the show 's numerous singers and dancers were similarly typecast ) . One of the most prominent positions in the Musical Family was the `` Champagne Lady '' , who always sang a down - tempo solo number toward the end of each show . These musicians were bound by an unofficial set of morals ( artistic and personal ) dictated by Welk , and if he believed the audience did not find them wholesome enough , they would be fired . Former `` Champagne Lady '' Alice Lon was fired in 1959 for crossing her legs on a desk , which angered Welk . After he fired Lon , thousands of letters filled the ABC mailroom , demanding an apology , and that she be rehired . Welk tried to get Lon back but she refused . In later years however , it was revealed that along with the `` cheesecake '' incident , another one of the reasons for Lon 's departure was money ; she was supporting three young sons and wanted a raise . A further reason was a dispute over what kind of songs she would be singing , and since Welk insisted on playing what he felt his audiences wanted to hear , generally older `` standards '' , she rebelled against such restrictions . After two years and a string of short - lived vocalists , Norma Zimmer was hired , starting in 1960 . Zimmer stayed with Welk for the rest of the show 's run . Another example of being bound by Welk 's set of morals was famed clarinetist Pete Fountain , renowned for his New Orleans - style jazz . He was a valued member of the Welk cast , who was rumored to have quit when Welk objected to his efforts to `` jazz up '' the Christmas standard `` Silver Bells '' on the 1958 Christmas show . In an interview , Fountain admitted he left Welk because `` Champagne and bourbon do n't mix . '' ( The departure was amicable ; Fountain would reappear in Welk reunion shows after the show ended . ) Welk relied on fan letters to tell him who was popular and who was not . Often , performers who received a positive reaction were prominently featured on future shows , while those who did not meet muster with the audience saw their solo opportunities diminish and sometimes were eventually let go . Among the performers that were wildly popular with audiences during the years it was on ABC were The Lennon Sisters , Joe Feeney , Steve Smith , Larry Hooper , Jo Ann Castle and electric guitarist Buddy Merrill , just to name a few . Lynn Anderson , Clay Hart , and Ava Barber used the show as a springboard to launch their own successful careers as country music solo artists . At the height of the show 's popularity , members of the Musical Family were featured in several celebrity tabloid magazines alongside other mainstream television and movie stars . Tap dancer Arthur Duncan became the second African - American to appear regularly on a sponsored television variety program , and the first since 1951 , when he was hired as a permanent music maker by Welk in 1964 . ( The first was Teddy Wilson , a regular band member on the short - lived Star Time throughout its 1950 -- 51 run . ) Producers and directors ( edit ) James Hobson ( also known as Jim Hobson ) served longest as producer ( 1962 -- 1982 ) and director of The Lawrence Welk Show . Hobson died on April 26 , 2013 , in Santa Monica Hospital , California . Episode status ( edit ) The surviving episodes from the first 10 seasons on ABC , which began in 1955 , exist today as black and white kinescopes or videotape , as the show was broadcast live for the first 10 years , right up through the 1964 -- 1965 season . A few of these have been broadcast on public television . Nearly all episodes shown on PBS stations today are from around 1965 to 1982 ( the majority being from the syndicated run ) , but some older black and white segments can be found on YouTube and in recent months more black - and - white episodes have been added into the rotation . Beginning with the 1965 -- 1966 season , the episodes were recorded in color . It is assumed the color episodes exist intact . The very first color episode of the show , which aired in September 1965 , was taped on - location at the Escondido resort near San Diego , in which Welk had a financial and ownership interest . It is occasionally shown on PBS stations ; the PBS rebroadcast is introduced by Bobby Burgess . DVD status and Welk specials aired on public television ( edit ) Neither the Welk Organization nor the OETA have released any episodes of The Lawrence Welk Show on home video , nor are there any plans to do so . Welk Musical Family specials , however , are available on DVD , and can be obtained with a donation during reairs on local PBS stations . 1991 -- `` A Champagne Toast to the Big Bands '' 1992 -- `` The Lennon Sisters : Easy to Remember '' 1993 -- `` From the Heart : A Tribute to Lawrence Welk and the American Dream '' 1994 -- `` The Lawrence Welk Holiday Special : Great Moments & Memories '' 1995 -- `` Lawrence Welk : Then & Now '' 1995 -- `` A Lawrence Welk Family Christmas '' 1997 -- `` From Lawrence Welk : To America With Love '' 1998 -- `` Lawrence Welk 's Favorite Holidays '' 1999 -- `` Lawrence Welk 's Songs of Faith '' 2000 -- `` Lawrence Welk Milestones & Memories '' 2003 -- `` Lawrence Welk : God Bless America '' 2005 -- `` Lawrence Welk Precious Memories '' 2007 -- `` Lawrence Welk 's TV Treasures '' 2009 -- `` Welk Stars Through The Years '' 2011 -- `` Lawrence Welk 's Big Band Splash '' In popular culture ( edit ) In music ( edit ) Accordion pop / rock band Those Darn Accordions recorded `` The Story of Lawrence Welk '' on their 1994 album Squeeze This ! , a comic retelling of Welk 's life story which references his television series , incorporating musical bits from `` Bubbles in the Wine '' and name - dropping series regulars Alice Lon , The Lennon Sisters and even its sponsorships from Dodge and Geritol . Comic Stan Freberg created a parody of the show in a song called `` Wun'erful Wun'erful ( Sides uh - one and uh - two ) '' , which became a Top 30 hit in 1957 . Originally performed on Freberg 's CBS Radio series , the single spoofed the musicianship among some of Welk 's musicians ( including Welk himself ) . The record was arranged by Billy May , who handled the music on Freberg sessions and was known to despise Welk 's style of music . Working with May and Freberg , who portrayed Welk , were some of Hollywood 's best studio musicians , some of them jazz veterans who also held Welk 's music in equal contempt . Welk was not pleased by the record , built around satirical out - of - tune performances and an out - of - control `` bubble machine '' that sent the entire Aragon Ballroom out to sea . Dickie Goodman also used Welk as a source for inspiration and a target of satire on his 1959 novelty single , `` Stagger Lawrence '' , which featured an episode of the show being repeatedly interrupted by Lloyd Price 's version of the blues piece `` Stagger Lee . '' The show is one of two that serve as the main subjects of the 1972 song `` The Lawrence Welk - Hee Haw Counter-Revolution Polka , '' the other being Hee Haw ( Hee Haw host Roy Clark sang the song ) . Both programs had been cancelled by their respective networks in 1971 , only to continue in first - run syndication ( and continued to be enormously popular ) for a number of years thereafter . In television ( edit ) A parody of The Lawrence Welk Show appeared on the Family Guy episode `` Airport ' 07 '' , with Peter Griffin playing the role of Welk . This scene is only available on the DVD version of this episode . In the episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000 featuring The Incredibly Strange Creatures Who Stopped Living and Became Mixed - Up Zombies , during a scene involving a woman dancing with an effeminate man , Tom Servo , imitating Welk , riffed , `` Thank you , Cissy and Sissy '' , referencing his show 's popular dance team of Bobby and Cissy . On October 4 , 2008 , NBC 's Saturday Night Live parodied the show with Fred Armisen taking on the role as the Maestro , whose accent switches on and off for different words , and is often obscured by far too many bubbles . The sketch features the singing Maharelle sisters `` all the way from the Finger Lakes '' . Three of the four sisters are beautiful and perky but the fourth , Dooneese Maharelle ( Kristen Wiig ) , is physically deformed ( with a large forehead , bad teeth and tiny non-functioning hands the size of a doll 's ) and apparently deranged . ( This version notably used Freberg 's sound - alike of the theme song . ) The skit - and Wiig 's character in particular - proved so popular with audiences that the Welk parody became a recurring sketch over the next few seasons , featuring appearances from the likes of Jon Hamm , Melissa McCarthy , Will Ferrell , and Betty White , amongst others . In `` The Ride '' , episode 6.09 of The Sopranos , Paulie Walnuts watches The Lawrence Welk Show with his aunt , Marianucci Gualtieri , who refers to it as The Lawrence Welk 's Program . They have very little dialogue and the show is prominently featured in the scene . The music from the show leads into the credits . The 1970s sitcom Welcome Back Kotter used the Welk show as a source of comedic material . One episode involved a scene when Arnold Horshack , upon noticing a kitchen sink overflowing with bubbles , yelled `` HELP ! WE 'RE BEING INVADED BY LAWRENCE WELK ! '' Singers and performers ( edit ) All of these singers and performers were part of the Music Family , with Welk on the lead . The Aldridge Sisters , singers ( 1977 -- 1982 ) Anacani , singer ( 1973 -- 1982 ) Lynn Anderson , singer ( 1967 -- 1968 ) Ron Anderson , singer ( 1980 -- 1982 ) , Gail , Ron & Michael Ava Barber , singer ( 1974 -- 1982 ) The Blenders , singers ( 1965 -- 1967 ) Barbara Boylan , dancer ( 1961 -- 1967 , 1979 ) Bobby Burgess , dancer ( 1961 -- 1982 ) Jo Ann Castle , honky - tonk pianist ( 1959 -- 1969 ) Dick Dale , saxophonist / singer ( 1955 -- 1982 ) Larry Dean , singer ( 1956 -- 1962 ) Ken Delo , singer ( 1969 -- 1982 ) Arthur Duncan , tap dancer ( 1964 -- 1982 ) Ralna English , singer ( 1969 -- 1982 ) , Guy & Ralna Tanya Falan , singer ( 1967 -- 1977 ) Gail Farrell , singer ( 1969 -- 1982 ) , Gail , Sandi & Mary Lou and Gail , Ron & Michael Joe Feeney , singer ( 1957 -- 1982 ) Myron Floren , accordionist / assistant conductor ( 1955 -- 1982 ) Sally Flynn , singer ( 1968 -- 1972 ) , Sandi & Sally Sandi Griffiths , singer ( 1968 -- 1980 ) , Sandi & Sally and Gail , Sandi & Mary Lou Clay Hart , guitarist / singer ( 1969 -- 1975 ) Larry Hooper , singer / piano ( 1948 -- 1969 , 1973 -- 1980 ) Guy Hovis , singer ( 1970 -- 1982 ) , Guy & Ralna Jack Imel , percussionist / tap dancer ( 1957 -- 1982 ) Cissy King , dancer ( 1967 -- 1978 ) The Lennon Sisters , singers ( 1955 -- 1968 ) Alice Lon , singer / Champagne Lady ( 1955 -- 1959 ) Mary Lou Metzger , singer / tap dancer ( 1970 -- 1982 ) , Gail , Sandi & Mary Lou Tom Netherton , singer ( 1973 -- 1982 ) Natalie Nevins , singer ( 1965 -- 1969 ) Cubby O'Brien , drummer / singer ( 1958 - 1959 ) Elaine Niverson , dancer ( 1979 -- 1982 ) as Elaine Niverson The Otwell Twins , singers ( 1977 -- 1982 ) Maurice Pearson , singer ( 1957 -- 1960 ) Bob Ralston , piano / organ soloist , musical arranger , dancer , singer ( 1963 -- 1982 ) Curt Ramsey , musical arranger , trumpet player , singer , and librarian ( 1955 -- 1982 ) , Curt Ramsey Quintet Michael Redman , singer ( 1980 -- 1982 ) , Gail , Ron & Michael Jimmy Roberts , singer ( 1955 -- 1982 ) The Semonski Sisters , singers ( 1975 -- 1977 ) Bob Smale , pianist ( 1969 - 1982 ) Steve Smith , singer ( 1965 -- 1969 ) , The Blenders from 1965 to 1967 Kathie Sullivan , singer ( 1976 -- 1982 ) Jim Turner , guitarist / singer ( 1979 -- 1982 ) Jayne Walton Rosen , Champagne Lady ( 1940 -- 1945 ) Andra Willis , singer ( 1967 -- 1969 ) Norma Zimmer , singer / Champagne Lady ( 1960 -- 1982 ) The orchestra ( edit ) Orie Amodeo , saxophone / reeds ( 1955 -- 1970 ) George Aubry , saxophone / reeds ( 1951 -- 1957 ) Norman Bailey , trumpet ( 1955 -- 1973 ) Big Tiny Little , ragtime piano ( 1955 -- 1959 ) Don Bonnee , saxophone / reeds ( 1959 -- 1962 ) Bobby Bruce , violin ( 1964 -- 1967 ) Jerry Burke , piano / organ ( 1936 -- 1965 ) George Cates , conductor / music supervisor ( 1955 -- 1982 ) Dick Cathcart , trumpet ( 1962 -- 1968 ) Buddy Clark , bass / tuba ( 1966 -- 1967 ) Mahlon Clark , saxophone / reeds ( 1962 -- 1968 ) Henry Cuesta , saxophone / clarinet ( 1972 -- 1982 ) Bob Davis , saxophone / reeds ( 1965 -- 1982 ) Art Depew , trumpet ( 1957 -- 1965 ) Kurt Dieterle , violin ( 1959 -- 1961 ) Jack Dumont , saxophone / reeds ( 1959 -- 1962 ) Dave Edwards , saxophone / reeds ( 1968 -- 1979 ) Ernie Ehrhardt , cellist ( 1978 -- 1982 ) Pete Fountain , saxophonist / clarinet ( 1957 -- 1959 ) Jimmy Getzhoff , violin ( 1960 -- 1962 ) Woody Guidry , trumpet ( 1955 -- 1956 ) Charlotte Harris , cellist ( 1961 -- 1978 ) Stanley Harris , violist ( 1959 -- 1960 ) Bob Havens , trombone ( 1960 -- 1982 ) Buddy Hayes , bass / tuba ( 1955 -- 1966 ) Jimmy Henderson , trombone ( 1957 -- 1959 ) Skeets Herfurt , saxophone / reeds ( 1979 -- 1982 ) Laroon Holt , trumpet ( 1973 -- 1982 ) Peanuts Hucko , saxophone / clarinet ( 1970 -- 1972 ) Paul Humphrey , drummer ( 1976 -- 1982 ) Harry Hyams , viola ( 1961 -- 1982 ) Dick Kesner , violin ( 1955 -- 1960 ) Johnny Klein , drummer ( 1955 -- 1976 ) Russ Klein , saxophone / reeds ( 1957 -- 1982 ) Neil Levang , guitarist ( 1959 -- 1982 ) Barney Liddell , trombone ( 1955 -- 1982 ) Bob Lido , violin / performer ( 1955 -- 1982 ) Ray Linn , trumpet ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Joe Livoti , violin ( 1962 -- 1982 ) Pete Lofthouse , trombone ( 1955 -- 1965 ) Warren Luening , trumpet ( 1959 -- 1960 ) Richard Maloof , bass / tuba ( 1967 -- 1982 ) Sam McCadden , saxophone / performer ( 1955 -- 1980 ) Mickey McMahan , trumpet ( 1967 -- 1982 ) Jack Martin , saxophone / reeds ( 1955 -- 1959 ) Buddy Merrill , guitarist ( 1955 -- 1974 ) Bill Page , saxophone / reeds ( 1955 -- 1965 ) Aladdin Pallante , violin / performer ( 1955 -- 1967 ) Charlie Parlato , trumpet ( 1962 -- 1982 ) Jim Porter , trumpet ( 1965 ) David Pratt , cellist ( 1959 -- 1961 ) Bob Ralston , piano / organ ( 1963 -- 1982 ) Rocky Rockwell , trumpet ( 1955 -- 1962 ) Mischa Russell , violin ( 1962 -- 1964 ) Ambrose Russo , violin ( 1962 -- 1964 ) Frank Scott , piano / harpsichord ( 1955 -- 1969 ) Bob Smale , piano ( 1969 -- 1982 ) Don Staples , trombone ( 1965 -- 1982 ) George Thow , trumpet / production staff ( 1956 -- 1982 ) Kenny Trimble , trombone ( 1957 -- 1982 ) Billy Wright , violin ( 1957 -- 1959 ) Rubin Zarchy , trumpet ( 1968 ) Johnny Zell , trumpet ( 1968 -- 1982 ) Freddie Mandock , Saxophone ( 1969 - 1977 ) Rose Weiss was the long - term Welk costume designer and manager . Announcers ( edit ) Lou Crosby ( 1955 -- 1960 ) Bob Warren ( 1960 -- 1982 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Video of first 3 minutes of show with comments from the uploader The Lawrence Welk Show : KTLA Clip youtube Retrieved 23 December 2012 . Jump up ^ The New York Times Encyclopedia of Television by Les Brown ( Times Books , a division of Quadrangle / The New York Times Book Company , Inc. , 1977 ) , ISBN 0 - 8129 - 0721 - 3 , p. 238 Jump up ^ Gordon , William A. ( 1992 ) . The Ultimate Hollywood Tour Book . Toluca Lake , CA : North Ridge Books . pp. 156 -- 157 . ISBN 0 - 937813 - 03 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The Hollywood Palladium '' . Wikimapia.org . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A Television First ! Welk Goes Stereophonic '' ( advertisement ) , Los Angeles Times , September 10 , 1958 , p . A-7 . Jump up ^ `` Dealers : Lawrence Welk Leads in Stereo ! '' ( advertisement ) , Billboard , October 13 , 1958 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ `` Fun Facts About the Welk Show '' . welkmusicalfamily.com . Jump up ^ `` Lawrence Welk '' . spaceagepop.com . Jump up ^ Flans , Robyn . `` The Lawrence Welk Show 's Golden Anniversary '' . americanprofile.com . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2007 . as preserved on the Internet Archive Jump up ^ Stevens , Hampton ( 3 September 2010 ) . `` Songs About Pot : A Proposition 19 Playlist '' . TheAtlantic.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ One Toke Over The Line Brewerandshipley.com accessdate = October 23 , 2009 Jump up ^ Van der Werff , Todd December 17 , 2012 ) . The Lawrence Welk Show was TV 's best party -- until it was n't . AV Club . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Lawrence Welk Show at the Museum of Broadcast Communications '' . museum.tv . Jump up ^ Compagno , Nick . `` A Closer Walk with Pete Fountain '' . experienceneworleans.com . Jump up ^ `` Lawrence Welk TV Treasures '' . oeta.onenet.net . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1405546/ External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Lawrence Welk Show . `` America 's Biggest Little Band Made History '' by Jay Landers Contains a lot of information all on one continuous page with many photos . 1955 28 minute The Lawrence Welk Show - Pilot Available for download from the Internet Archive , it was made to get the `` local '' television show picked up as a network series . Official Welk Musical Family Blog OETA 's Lawrence Welk Show page List the release dates past and future ( actual airdates on local PBS stations could be slightly later ) with capsule description of the edited shows being broadcast on public television . Missing are references to the airdates of the original shows . WelkNotes.com Includes complete synopsis and song lists for the edited shows from OETA with air dates of the original shows ; complete information not available for new shows until after they are released . The Lawrence Welk Show on IMDb The Lawrence Welk Show at TV.com Lawrence Welk Music Arrangements database Provides access to some 10,000 music arrangements used on the Welk Show , now preserved at North Dakota State University . Stars of the Lawrence Welk Show The Lawrence Welk Show episodes on Hulu ( currently consisting only of 21 black - and - white episodes from prior to 1965 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lawrence_Welk_Show&oldid=800136059 '' Categories : 1955 American television series debuts 1982 American television series endings 1950s American television series 1960s American television series 1970s American television series 1980s American television series American Broadcasting Company network shows American variety television series American music television series Black - and - white television programs English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States PBS network shows Lawrence Welk Musical television series Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2012 Articles needing additional references from January 2009 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 18 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the lawrence welk show first air | [
"On May 11, 1951, The Lawrence Welk Show began as a local program on KTLA in Los Angeles, the flagship station of the Paramount Television Network and the first television station in California.[1] The original show was broadcast from the since-demolished Aragon Ballroom at Venice Beach."
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"May 11, 1951"
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7639908126785658364 | Sheree J. Wilson | Sheree J. Wilson - wikipedia Sheree J. Wilson Jump to : navigation , search Sheree J. Wilson Wilson on the 2008 Trail of Tears Memorial Ride Sheree Julienne Wilson ( 1958 - 12 - 12 ) December 12 , 1958 ( age 58 ) Rochester , Minnesota , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 1984 -- present Spouse ( s ) Paul DeRobbio ( m . 1991 -- 2004 ) Children Luke ( b . 1990 ) Nicolas ( b . 1997 ) Website Official website Sheree Julienne Wilson ( born on December 12 , 1958 ) is an American actress , producer , businesswoman , and model . She is best known for her roles as April Stevens Ewing on the American primetime television series Dallas ( 1986 -- 1991 ) and as Alex Cahill - Walker on the television series Walker , Texas Ranger ( 1993 -- 2001 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Stage 5 References 6 External links Early Life ( edit ) Wilson was born in Rochester , Minnesota . The daughter of two IBM executives , Wilson moved to Colorado at the age of nine and graduated from Fairview High School . In 1981 , she received a degree in fashion merchandising and business from the University of Colorado Boulder . Career ( edit ) While working in Denver on a fashion shoot , one of the photographers mistook Wilson for a model and then introduced her to a New York modeling agent who signed her on the spot . Wilson then moved to Manhattan , and within 18 months , she had appeared in over 30 commercial campaigns for Clairol , Sea Breeze , Keri - Lotion , and Maybelline . Her print work ran in such popular magazines as Mademoiselle , Glamour , and Redbook . After three years of modeling , Wilson moved to Los Angeles for a career in acting . Her first roles included the black comedy film Crimewave ( 1984 ) directed by Sam Raimi , Velvet ( 1984 ) , an ABC / Aaron Spelling television movie opposite Leah Ayres , Shari Belafonte , and Mary Margaret Humes , and a guest role on the espionage series Cover Up ( 1984 ) . She had a lead role with Tim Robbins in the comedy motion picture Fraternity Vacation ( 1985 ) and also appeared in a CBS television miniseries Kane & Abel ( 1985 ) with Peter Strauss . This immediately led to Our Family Honor ( 1985 - 1986 ) , an NBC drama about Irish cops versus the Mafia , in which she co-starred with Ray Liotta , Michael Madsen , and Eli Wallach . Her career continued to flourish with a role in the television movie News at Eleven ( 1986 ) alongside Martin Sheen . Wilson gained the role as April Stevens Ewing on the CBS soap opera Dallas ( 1986 -- 1991 ) . Her character was gunned down in the fourth episode of the final season during her honeymoon ( with new husband Bobby Ewing ) in Paris . She continued to make some appearances in Bobby 's dream sequences later that season . In reality , Wilson was killed off and left the series due to maternity . Her performance earned her the Soap Opera Digest Award for Best Death Scene in 1991 , as well as four other nominations . In 2006 , she attended the TV Land Award ceremony for Dallas and in November 2008 , the Dallas 30th anniversary reunion party at Southfork Ranch in Parker , Texas , with cast members Larry Hagman , Patrick Duffy , Linda Gray , Ken Kercheval , Steve Kanaly , and Charlene Tilton . In 1993 , following guest roles in the television series Matlock ( opposite Clarence Gilyard 's former acting mentor , Andy Griffith ) and Renegade ( opposite Lorenzo Lamas ) , Wilson played the lead female role in Hellbound opposite Chuck Norris , which led to her best - known role as Alexandra `` Alex '' Cahill - Walker also opposite Norris in Walker , Texas Ranger ( 1993 - 2001 ) . In 2005 she reprised her role in the television movie Walker , Texas Ranger : Trial by Fire which ended with her character being the victim of a courthouse shooting . This left many viewers to believe that there would be a follow - up movie which was severely impaired when CBS said that they would no longer be producing `` Sunday Night Movie of the Week '' projects . She also co-starred in the Showtime movie Past Tense ( 1994 ) . In 2006 , Wilson appeared in Fragile , the first short film by documentary filmmaker Fredric Lean . She played the lead role in television movies Mystery Woman : Game Time ( 2005 ) and Anna 's Storm ( 2007 ) . She produced and starred in independent films Killing Down ( 2006 ) , The Gundown ( 2011 ) , Easy Rider : The Ride Back ( 2012 ) , and Dug Up ( 2013 ) . She co-starred in the television series Pink ( 2007 - 2008 ) and had a guest role in the television series DeVanity ( 2014 ) . She played a major role in the television movie Christmas Belle ( 2013 ) . In 2016 , Wilson began performing in the role of Miss Daisy Werthan in the Neil Simon Film Festival 's Driving Miss Daisy opposite her former Walker , Texas Ranger co-star , Clarence Gilyard . Personal Life ( edit ) Wilson was married ( now divorced ) to Paul DeRobbio and has two sons ; Luke and Nicolas . Wilson has been active in the National Multiple Sclerosis Society , Trail of Tears Remembrance Motorcycle Ride , Wings for Life aimed at healing spinal cord injuries , and White Bridle Humane Society , a horse rescue equine therapy nonprofit organization for children with developmental disabilities located in Texas . Wilson also created a line of beauty therapy skin care products . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1984 Velvet Ellen Stockwell Television film 1985 Crimewave Nancy 1985 Fraternity Vacation Ashley Taylor 1986 News at Eleven Christine Arnold Television film 1994 Past Tense Emily Talbert Television film 1994 Walker Texas Ranger 3 : Deadly Reunion Alex Cahill 1994 Hellbound Leslie 2003 Midnight Expression Mary Drake Short film Birdie and Bogey Shelia 2005 Mystery Woman : Game Time Jody Fiske Television film 2005 Walker , Texas Ranger : Trial by Fire Alex Cahill - Walker Television film 2006 Killing Down Rachel 2006 Fragile Sophie Short film 2007 Anna 's Storm Mayor Anna Davenport - Baxter Television film 2011 The Gundown Sarah Morgan Also producer 2012 Dug Up Mona Walker Also producer 2013 A Country Christmas Bonnie Branson 2013 Easy Rider : The Ride Back Shane Williams Also producer 2013 Christmas Belle Angie 2014 Jail Wagon Martha Also producer Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1984 Cover Up Rachel Episode : `` Death in Vogue '' 1985 -- 1986 Our Family Honor Rita Danzig Series regular , 13 episodes 1985 Kane & Abel Melanie LeRoy Mini-Series 1986 -- 1991 Dallas April Stevens Series regular , 112 episodes TV Land Pop Culture Award ( 2006 ) Soap Opera Digest Award for Best Death Scene ( 1991 ) Nominated -- Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Villainess : Prime Time ( 1988 ) Nominated -- Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Actress in a Supporting Role : Prime Time ( 1989 ) Nominated -- Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Lead Actress : Prime Time ( 1990 ) Nominated -- Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Heroine : Prime Time ( 1991 ) 1991 Matlock Claire Mayfield Episode : `` The Dame '' Renegade Lisa Stone Episode : `` Final Judgement '' 1993 -- 2001 Walker , Texas Ranger Alex Cahill Series regular , 196 episodes 1995 Burke 's Law Jensen Farnsworth Episode : `` Who Killed the King of the Country Club ? '' 1999 Sons of Thunder Alex Cahill 2 episodes 2005 Walker , Texas Ranger : Trial by Fire Alex Cahill TV movie 2014 DeVanity Claudia Muller Episode : `` Death Becomes Him Part I '' Stage ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2016 -- present Driving Miss Daisy Miss Daisy Werthan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sheree J. Wilson Biography ( 1958 - ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` biography '' . Shereejwilson.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sheree J Wilson '' . Movies.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` WITH AN EYE ON ... : Sheree J. Wilson feels very much at home on the ' Walker , Texas ' range -- Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com. 1994 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Sheree J. Wilson is ' Fragile ' in the Directorial Debut Film by Frederic Galfo '' . PRWeb . Jump up ^ Anna 's Storm a tLifetime Jump up ^ `` The Neil Simon Festival 's Driving Miss Daisy '' . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Adrian Gomez -- Journal Arts & Entertainment Editor . `` Popejoy Hall features Pulitzer Prize - winning ' Driving Miss Daisy ' '' . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Sheree J. Wilson '' . TV.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sheree J. Wilson Official Website '' . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Sheree J Wilson '' . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger ( 2013 - 08 - 21 ) . `` DALLAS Star Sheree J. Wilson Joins DEVANITY '' . We Love Soaps . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Sheree J. Wilson on IMDb VIAF : 7165354 LCCN : no2007041106 ISNI : 0000 0001 1467 0433 BNF : cb140420737 ( data ) IATH : w6ms4p4x Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheree_J._Wilson&oldid=801250919 '' Categories : 1958 births American film actresses American soap opera actresses American television actresses Living people People from Rochester , Minnesota University of Colorado Boulder alumni 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Minnesota Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands Polski Română Русский Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 16 : 09 . About Wikipedia | who plays alex cahill on walker texas ranger | [
"Sheree Julienne Wilson (born on December 12, 1958[1]) is an American actress, producer, businesswoman, and model. She is best known for her roles as April Stevens Ewing on the American primetime television series Dallas (1986–1991) and as Alex Cahill-Walker on the television series Walker, Texas Ranger (1993–2001).[2]"
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"Sheree Julienne Wilson"
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1694389757786882635 | Figwit | Figwit - wikipedia Figwit Jump to : navigation , search Bret McKenzie as `` Elf Escort '' in The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King . Figwit is a fan - created name for an unnamed Elven escort in Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy , played by actor and musician Bret McKenzie of Flight of the Conchords fame . The name Figwit derives from an acronym for `` Frodo is great ... who is THAT ? ! ? '' ( sic ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Popularity 2.1 In other media 2.2 Documentary 3 References 4 External links Background ( edit ) McKenzie at the New Zealand premier of Two Little Boys in Invercargill , New Zealand in September 2012 . Bret McKenzie , half of the musical comedy duo Flight of the Conchords and a Wellington native , first landed a small role as an extra in The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring . He appears sitting next to Aragorn during the council in Rivendell scene . When it is decided that the Ring must be destroyed , Frodo offers to take the Ring to Mordor , and Elrond proclaims the formation of the Fellowship of the Ring . The elf was dubbed `` Figwit '' by Tolkien fan Iris Hadad ; after seeing Frodo agree to take the ring , saying `` I will take it '' , the film switches to a shot where Figwit can be seen standing on the far right , and Hadad 's initial reaction was `` Frodo is grea ... who is THAT ? ! ? '' Later , Hadad corresponded with her university friend Sherry de Andres , and the two created the first Figwit fan website , www.figwitlives.net , calling him `` Legolas for the thinking woman '' . McKenzie appeared as Figwit again in the third film , The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King , where he was credited as `` Elf Escort '' . He appears in the scene where Arwen is leaving for the Grey Havens and has a vision of her future son , Eldarion , this time with two lines warning her to not delay and then exclaiming as she turns around . Director Peter Jackson stated in the DVD commentary for The Return of the King that Figwit was called back and given dialogue in the third film `` just for fun for the fans '' because `` so much fuss has been made about him over the last couple of years '' . In the film version of The Hobbit , McKenzie was cast as Lindir , an elf of Rivendell who appeared briefly in J.R.R. Tolkien 's novel , The Fellowship of the Ring . Popularity ( edit ) Though he only appeared for about three seconds in the first film , Figwit 's popularity soon blossomed , with Hadad stating that `` ( the fan site ) got a lot of e-mails from people who thought they were the only ones who had noticed that handsome , dark - haired elf '' . Figwit 's physical appearance and demeanor are the source of much of his popularity : he has been noted for his `` lithe and graceful '' movement , `` enigmatic broodiness '' , `` haughty demeanor '' , and `` pouty '' looks . His fan website proclaims him `` in a word , gorgeous . Or another , stunning ... hypnotic ... stupendous ... captivating ... take your pick . '' McKenzie has stated that the Figwit obsession is `` weird , '' though he is `` flattered . '' He has remarked that `` it 's so hilarious because it 's been propelled by so little ... I 'm famous for doing nothing . '' A Topps Authentic Autograph card featuring ' Figwit ' and Bret McKenzie 's signature . In other media ( edit ) Figwit does not appear in Tolkien 's writings and was created exclusively for the films ; thus there is little authentic information regarding him , save that he was an escort . The only `` official '' place where the name Figwit is used is on several Topps trading cards , including a The Return of the King series card , titled `` Return to Rivendell , '' and an Authentic Autographs card featuring the signature of actor Bret McKenzie . In The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game he was assigned the name of Aegnor , one of Galadriel 's brothers in The Silmarillion . A Figwit action figure was also created , though it was named `` Elven Escort , '' as in the film . Figwit has been a subject of poetry , art , and fiction . He is also a subject in slash fan fiction , where he is named `` Melpomaen '' , a rough , literal Elvish translation of `` fig '' and `` wit , '' derived from melpo , the Quenya word for fruit ( fig ) , and maen , the Noldorin word for clever or skilled . Documentary ( edit ) In 2004 , a 57 - minute documentary on the Figwit phenomenon was created by McKenzie 's fiancée ( and now wife ) Hannah Clarke and friends Stan Alley and Nick Booth . Entitled Frodo Is Great ... Who Is That ? ! ! , it premiered at the Auckland International Film Festival on July 23 . Meant to `` ( unravel ) Bret 's identity '' , it follows McKenzie to the Edinburgh Festival Fringe , where he meets the fans of his trademark pout and `` elvish good looks '' , and features extensive interviews with fans behind various Figwit fan sites as well as with Peter Jackson , Barrie Osborne , Mark Ordesky , Ian McKellen , and other cast members . Booth stated that their film was `` much more irreverent and strange '' compared to other behind - the - scenes documentaries of the film trilogy , which were `` very much driven around the production and the cast and Tolkien '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( 2007 - 07 - 14 ) . `` ' Flight of the Conchords ' : Now with added ' Lord of the Rings ' goodness '' . chicagotribune.com . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` FAQ '' . figwitlives.net . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Wloszczyna , Susan ( 2002 - 08 - 06 ) . `` ' Lord ' of the extras : Elfin charmer nets fans '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Steward , Sara ( 2007 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Kiwi Con Men '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Peter Jackson ( director ) , Fran Walsh ( screenwriter , producer ) , Philippa Boyens ( screenwriter ) ( 2004 - 12 - 14 ) . The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King : Special Extended DVD Edition ( Motion picture ) . New Line Home Entertainment . Event occurs at scene 9 ( with commentary ) . ISBN 0 - 7806 - 4653 - 3 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( 2012 - 01 - 04 ) . `` ' Bret McKenzie Talks The Hobbit ' '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` ' Figwit ' steals Frodo 's thunder '' . guardian.co.uk . London : The Guardian . 2002 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Poole , Oliver ( 2002 - 12 - 13 ) . `` Elf who launched a thousand hits '' . telegraph.co.uk . London : The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Howell , Peter . `` Netting 15 Megabytes of fame '' . Toronto Star ( Ontario edition ) , ( February 9 , 2003 ) . Page D4 . Retrieved July 31 , 2008 , from Canadian Newsstand Major Dailies database . ( Document ID : 421041841 ) . Jump up ^ `` Nameless elf gets cult Rings status '' . CBBC Newsround . BBC . 2002 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Poole , Oliver ( 2003 - 01 - 11 ) . `` The elf who turned into a chick magnet '' . theage.com.au . The Age . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Movie Cards '' . Topps . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings Collector 's Models '' . lotr-models.co.uk . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1998 ) . Qenyaqetsa : The Qenya Phonology and Lexicon . Parma Eldalamberon No. 12 . Jump up ^ David Salo ( 2004 ) . A Gateway to Sindarin : A Grammar of an Elvish Language from J.R.R. Tolkien 's Lord of the Rings . University of Utah Press . p. 319 . ISBN 0 - 87480 - 800 - 6 . Jump up ^ Wolff , Zoë ( 2007 - 06 - 17 ) . `` A Family in Harmony '' . nytimes.com . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Kate ( 2004 - 07 - 23 ) . `` Worldwide fame not a figwit of elf 's imagination '' . nzherald.co.nz . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Another ' Figwit ' Doco Review '' . theonering.net . The One Ring. 2004 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 31 . External links ( edit ) Bret McKenzie on IMDb Frodo is Great ... Who Is That ? ! ! on IMDb Review of Frodo is Great ... Who Is That ? ! ! Fan sites : Figwit Lives ! and Fans of Figwit ( hide ) The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film series The Lord of the Rings Films The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Music The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King `` Aníron '' `` Concerning Hobbits '' `` Into the West '' `` May It Be '' `` A Walking Song '' Production Original characters ( Figwit ) Production design Principal photography Special effects Accolades The Exhibition Gollum : How We Made Movie Magic The Long and Short of It The Hobbit Films An Unexpected Journey The Desolation of Smaug The Battle of the Five Armies Production Original characters Tauriel Music `` I See Fire '' Accolades Video games The Two Towers The Return of the King The Third Age The Third Age ( GBA ) Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth The Battle for Middle - earth II The Battle for Middle - earth II : The Rise of the Witch - king Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Lego The Hobbit Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Figwit&oldid=815610474 '' Categories : The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) Tolkien fandom Internet memes Fictional characters introduced in 2001 Middle - earth Elves Hidden categories : Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 22 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played elf in lord of the rings | [
"Bret McKenzie, half of the musical comedy duo Flight of the Conchords and a Wellington native, first landed a small role as an extra in The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring.[1] He appears sitting next to Aragorn during the council in Rivendell scene. When it is decided that the Ring must be destroyed, Frodo offers to take the Ring to Mordor, and Elrond proclaims the formation of the Fellowship of the Ring. The elf was dubbed \"Figwit\" by Tolkien fan Iris Hadad; after seeing Frodo agree to take the ring, saying \"I will take it\", the film switches to a shot where Figwit can be seen standing on the far right, and Hadad's initial reaction was \"Frodo is grea...who is THAT?!?\"[2] Later, Hadad corresponded with her university friend Sherry de Andres, and the two created the first Figwit fan website, www.figwitlives.net, calling him \"Legolas for the thinking woman\".[3][4]"
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"Bret McKenzie"
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-5954931961529979405 | Interventricular septum | Interventricular septum - wikipedia Interventricular septum Interventricular septum Section of the heart showing the ventricular septum . Interior of dorsal half of heart of human embryo of about thirty - five days . ( Labeled as ' septum inferius ' ) Details Part of Heart Artery anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery and Posterior interventricular artery Identifiers Latin septum interventriculare cordis MeSH D054088 TA A12. 1.00. 013 FMA 7133 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The interventricular septum ( IVS , or ventricular septum , or during development septum inferius ) , is the stout wall separating the ventricles , the lower chambers of the heart , from one another . The ventricular septum is directed obliquely backward to the right , and curved with the convexity toward the right ventricle ; its margins correspond with the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci . The lower part of the septum which is the major part , is thick and muscular and its much smaller upper part is thin and membraneous . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Blood supply 2 Development 3 Clinical significance 4 Additional images 5 References 6 External links Structure ( edit ) Beginning of the interventricular septum shown at 28 days The interventricular septum , is the stout wall separating the ventricles , the lower chambers of the heart from one another . The ventricular septum is directed obliquely backward to the right , and curved with the convexity toward the right ventricle ; its margins correspond with the anterior and posterior longitudinal sulci . The greater portion of it is thick and muscular and constitutes the muscular interventricular septum . Its upper and posterior part , which separates the aortic vestibule from the lower part of the right atrium and upper part of the right ventricle , is thin and fibrous , and is termed the membranous ventricular septum . Blood supply ( edit ) The posterior interventricular artery supplies the posterior 1 / 3 of the interventricular septum . The remaining anterior 2 / 3 is supplied by the anterior interventricular artery which is a septal branch of the left anterior descending artery , which is a branch of left coronary artery . Development ( edit ) Main article : Heart development The muscular part of the interventricular septum derives from the bulboventricular flange which is developed due to differential growth of primitive ventricle and bulbous cordis . Membranous part has a neural crest origin which connects the upper free margin of the bulboventricular flange and anterior and posterior endocardial cushions of atrio ventricular canal . It also gets attached to lower border of spiral septum or the aortico pulmonary septum . Clinical significance ( edit ) A ventricular septal defect ( VSD ) , a hole in the interventricular septum is one of the four congenital defects of the condition of tetralogy of Fallot . A VSD can cause a left - to - right shunt of blood flow in the heart , and is one of the most common of the congenital heart defects . This type of shunt is an acyanotic disorder that can result in ventricular hypertrophy . Additional images ( edit ) Heart normal short axis echo References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Interventricular septum '' . Jump up ^ Reviews , C.T.I. ( 26 September 2016 ) . `` Human Anatomy '' . Cram101 Textbook Reviews . Jump up ^ Pillitteri , Adele ( 2010 ) . `` Maternal & Child Health Nursing : Care of the Childbearing & Childrearing Family '' . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . External links ( edit ) Look up interventricular septum in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to ECHOpedia case ' Ventricular septum defect with right to left shunt ' . Histology image : 128_06 at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center - `` Heart and semilunar valve '' Anatomy of the heart General Surface base apex sulci coronary interatrial anterior interventricular posterior interventricular borders right left Internal atria interatrial septum pectinate muscles terminal sulcus ventricles interventricular septum trabeculae carneae chordae tendineae papillary muscle valves cusps atrioventricular septum cardiac skeleton intervenous tubercle Chambers Right heart ( venae cavae , coronary sinus ) → right atrium ( atrial appendage , fossa ovalis , limbus of fossa ovalis , crista terminalis , valve of inferior vena cava , valve of coronary sinus ) → tricuspid valve → right ventricle ( infundibulum , moderator band / septomarginal trabecula , crista supraventricularis ) , → pulmonary valve → ( pulmonary artery and pulmonary circulation ) Left heart ( pulmonary veins ) → left atrium ( atrial appendage ) → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve ( aortic sinus ) → ( aorta and systemic circulation ) Layers Endocardium heart valves Myocardium Conduction system cardiac pacemaker SA node Bachmann 's bundle AV node bundle of His bundle branches Purkinje fibers Pericardial cavity pericardial sinus Pericardium fibrous pericardium sternopericardial ligaments serous pericardium epicardium / visceral layer fold of left vena cava Blood supply Circulatory system Coronary circulation Coronary arteries Development of the circulatory system Heart Tubular heart Truncus arteriosus Bulbus cordis Primitive ventricle Primitive atrium Sinus venosus Chamber formation Atrioventricular Primary interventricular foramen Endocardial cushions Septum intermedium Atrioventricular canal Atrial Septum primum Foramen secundum Primary interatrial foramen Septum secundum Foramen ovale Other Aorticopulmonary septum Protein signalling in heart development Vessels Arteries Dorsal aorta Aortic arches Aortic sac Veins Anterior cardinal vein Posterior cardinal vein Common cardinal veins Lymph vessels Lymph sacs Other Vascular remodelling in the embryo Extraembryonic hemangiogenesis Blood islands Chorion Connecting stalk Yolk sac Placenta Fetal circulation umbilical cord : Umbilical vein → Ductus venosus → Inferior vena cava → Heart → Pulmonary artery → Ductus arteriosus → Aorta → Umbilical artery yolk sac : Vitelline veins Vitelline arteries Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interventricular_septum&oldid=856245281 '' Categories : Cardiac anatomy Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Articles lacking sources from May 2015 All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Eesti Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 21 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the function of the interventricular septum in the heart | [
"The interventricular septum, is the stout wall separating the ventricles, the lower chambers of the heart from one another. \n"
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"separating the ventricles, the lower chambers of the heart from one another"
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8108244482843550456 | The Lorax (film) | The Lorax ( film ) - wikipedia The Lorax ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2012 film . For other uses , see Lorax ( disambiguation ) . The Lorax Theatrical release poster Directed by Chris Renaud Produced by Janet Healy Chris Meledandri Screenplay by Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio Based on The Lorax by Dr. Seuss Starring Danny DeVito Ed Helms Zac Efron Taylor Swift Betty White Rob Riggle Jenny Slate Music by John Powell Songs : John Powell Cinco Paul Edited by Claire Dodgson Steven Liu Ken Schretzmann Production company Universal Pictures Illumination Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date March 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 02 ) ( United States ) Running time 86 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $70 million Box office $348.8 million The Lorax ( also known as Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax ) is a 2012 American 3D computer - animated musical fantasy -- comedy film produced by Illumination Entertainment and based on Dr. Seuss 's children 's book of the same name . The film was released by Universal Pictures on March 2 , 2012 , on the 108th birthday of Dr. Seuss . The second film adaptation of the book ( following the 1972 animated television special ) , the film builds on the book by expanding the story of Ted , the previously unnamed boy who visits the Once - ler . The cast includes Danny DeVito as the Lorax , Ed Helms as the Once - ler , and Zac Efron as Ted . New characters introduced in the film are Audrey ( voiced by Taylor Swift ) , Aloysius O'Hare ( Rob Riggle ) , Mrs. Wiggins , Ted 's mother ( Jenny Slate ) , and Grammy Norma ( Betty White ) . The film received mixed reviews from critics and was a box office success , grossing $214 million in North America and $348.8 million worldwide based on a $70 million budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Marketing controversy 4.2 Home media 4.2. 1 Mini-movies 4.3 Video game 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 6 Music 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Ted Wiggins is an idealistic boy , who lives in Thneedville , a walled city that , aside from the human citizens , is completely artificial ; everything is made of plastic , metal , or synthetics with no living plants . Ted has a crush on local environmentalist Audrey , who wants to see a `` real tree '' more than anything in the world , and decides to find one in order to impress her . His energetic Grammy Norma secretly tells Ted the legend of the Once - ler , who will tell anyone about trees if they brought him fifteen cents , a nail , and a shell of a great - great - great grandfather snail . When Ted leaves Thneedville in search of the Once - ler , he discovers that the outside world is a contaminated , empty , barren wasteland . Once the boy finds him , the Once - ler agrees to tell Ted about the trees on the condition that he listens to the story over multiple visits . Ted agrees , but on his way home , he encounters the mayor of Thneedville , Aloysius O'Hare , who is also the proprietor of a company that sells bottled oxygen to Thneedville residents . O'Hare explains to Ted that because trees produce oxygen free of charge , he considers it a threat to his business whenever he hears people talking about them . After revealing that he has `` security camera eyes '' all over the city , O'Hare pressures Ted to stay in town . However , Ted continues to sneak out of O'Hare's sight ( with his grandmother 's encouragement ) and learns more of the trees ' history . Over Ted 's various visits , the Once - ler recounts the story that when he was a young man , he departed his family to find good material for his Thneed invention and make a business . The Once - ler meets the guardian of the forest , the Lorax , after cutting down a Truffula tree in a lush Truffula tree forest valley . The Lorax urges the Once - ler to leave the forest , but the Once - ler refuses . Eventually , the Once - ler promises not to chop another tree down , and the two seem to begin a friendship of sorts . Then , the young businessman 's Thneed invention becomes a major success and the Once - ler 's family arrives to participate in the business . At first keeping his promise , the Once - ler continues Thneed production by harvesting the Truffula tree tufts in a slow , but sustainable manner . However , his greedy and lazy relatives soon convince him to resume chopping down the trees . Over time , the Once - ler 's deforestation spirals into a mass overproduction . Flushed with wealth , the Once - ler rationalizes his short - sighted needs into arrogant self - righteousness , and the Lorax 's helpless protests do not stop him . The Once - ler pollutes the sky , river , and landscape , until the very last Truffula Tree falls . With no further chance of business , he is left broken and abandoned by his family , with his mother disowning him , and with the region uninhabitable because of his business 's pollution , the Lorax sends the animals off to find a new place to live before he departs into the sky , leaving only a stone - cut word : `` Unless '' . Distraught and ruined , the Once - ler becomes a recluse . After he finishes telling his story , the Once - ler finally understands the meaning behind the Lorax 's last message , and gives Ted the last Truffula seed in hopes that he can plant it and make others care about real trees once more . Ted 's desire to impress Audrey also becomes a personal mission to remind his town of the importance of nature . O'Hare , still determined not to have trees undermine his business , takes heavy - handed steps such as covering Audrey 's nature paintings , closing off the door that Ted uses to see the Once - ler , and forcibly searching Ted 's room for the seed ( which has begun to grow after having some water from Ted 's falling bottle after he close his room 's door to see O'Hare ) . Ted enlists his family and Audrey to help plant the seed , which has begun to germinate after water was accidentally spilled on it . O'Hare and his employees pursue the dissidents until they manage to elude him and reach the town center . When Ted finally attempts to plant the seed , he is interrupted by O'Hare , who rallies the population to stop them by telling the people that trees are dangerous and filthy . To convince them otherwise , Ted takes an earthmover and rams down a section of the city wall to reveal the environmental destruction outside , thereby showing them what O'Hare is encouraging . Horrified at the sight and inspired by Ted 's conviction ( as though a part of the Lorax is within him ) , the crowd turns against O'Hare when they discover his true nature , with his own henchmen expelling him from the town with his jet pack - like helmet , and the seed is finally planted . Time passes and the land starts to recover ; new trees sprout , the animals begin to return , and the redeemed , now - mustached Once - ler happily reunites with the Lorax . Voice cast ( edit ) Danny DeVito as the Lorax Ed Helms as the Once - ler . Neither the book or the TV special reveal the Once - ler 's face , but instead throughout the book , the Once - ler is pictured by what appear to be green arms and yellow eyes . The filmmakers used that as the basis for the Once - ler 's character design . They interpreted the Once - ler as a human , and also featured his green gloves and showed his face for the first time in this film . Zac Efron as Theodore `` Ted '' Wiggins , an idealistic 12 - year - old boy . He is named after the author of the book , Dr. Seuss ( Theodor Geisel ) . Taylor Swift as Audrey , Ted 's love interest . She is named after Audrey Geisel , Dr. Seuss ' wife . Betty White as Grammy Norma , Ted 's wise - cracking grandmother . Rob Riggle as Aloysius O'Hare , the mayor of Thneedville and head of the `` O'Hare Air '' company that supplies fresh air to Thneedville residents . Jenny Slate as Mrs. Wiggins , Ted 's neurotic mother . Nasim Pedrad as the Once - ler 's mother . Stephen Tobolowsky as Uncle Ubb , the Once - ler 's uncle . Elmarie Wendel as Aunt Grizelda , the Once - ler 's aunt . Danny Cooksey as Brett and Chet , the Once - ler 's younger twin brothers . Production ( edit ) The film is the fourth feature film based on a book by Dr. Seuss , the second fully computer - animated adaptation ( the first one being Horton Hears a Who ! ) , and the first to be released in 3 - D . The Lorax was also Illumination 's first film presented in IMAX 3D ( known as `` IMAX Tree - D '' in publicity for the film ) . The idea for the film was initiated by Audrey Geisel , Dr. Seuss ' wife , who had an established partnership with Chris Meledandri , the producer of the film , from a collaboration on Horton Hears a Who ! . Geisel approached Meledandri when he launched Illumination Entertainment , saying `` This is the one I want to do next '' . The film was officially announced in July 2009 , with Meledandri attached as the producer and Geisel as the executive producer . Chris Renaud and Kyle Balda were announced as the director and co-director of the film , while Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio , the duo who wrote the script for Horton Hears a Who ! , were set to write the screenplay . In 2010 , it was announced that Danny DeVito would be voicing the titular character . The film was fully produced at the French studio `` Illumination Mac Guff '' , which was the animation department of Mac Guff which was acquired by Illumination Entertainment in the summer of 2011 . DeVito reprised his role in five different languages , including the original English audio , and also for the Spanish , Italian , German , and Russian language dub editions . Universal added an environmental message to the film 's website after a fourth - grade class in Brookline , Massachusetts launched a successful petition through Change.org . Release ( edit ) The film was released on March 2 , 2012 in the United States and Canada and was released on July 27 , 2012 in the United Kingdom . Marketing controversy ( edit ) Mazda used the likeness of The Lorax 's setting and characters in an advertisement for their CX - 5 SUV . This was seen by some as the complete opposite of the work 's original meaning . In response , Stephanie Sperber , president of Universal partnerships and licensing , said Universal chose to partner with the Mazda CX - 5 because it is `` a really good choice for consumers to make who may not have the luxury or the money to buy electric or buy hybrid . It 's a way to take the better environmental choice to everyone . '' The film has also been used to sell Seventh Generation disposable diapers . In total , Illumination Entertainment struck more than 70 different product integration deals for the film . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc on August 7 , 2012 . Mini-movies ( edit ) Three mini-movies were released on the Lorax Blu - ray / DVD Combo Pack on August 7 , 2012 : Serenade , Wagon Ho ! , and Forces of Nature . Serenade Lou wants to impress a girl Barbaloot , but he has some competition . Wagon No ! The Once - ler arrives with his wagon and Melvin . Then Pipsqueak and Lou arrive . The Once - ler tells them not to have joyrides . When the Once - ler goes inside his house , Pipsqueak and Lou start cranking up the wagon , but Melvin refuses to pull it because he is angry that they whipped the reins . So Pipsqueak hangs a truffula fruit in front of Melvin as an incentive . However , Melvin gets exhausted going up a steep hill . Then the wagon gets unhooked from Melvin , and it rolls downhill backwards while Pipsqueak and Lou scream in terror . Melvin chases the runaway wagon . Lou tries to stop the wagon by stabbing a stick in one of its wheels , but he gets stuck on the wheel instead . Finally , he lands back on the seat next to Pipsqueak , who hugs him happily . The wagon hits a rock and is propelled downhill even faster . When it approaches a cliff , Pipsqueak panics and grabs the wagon canopy , which flies off -- only to be held in place by Lou . The wagon flies off the cliff , but the canopy acts as a parachute and they make their descent calmly , landing in the same place they left . Melvin appears shortly after . The Once - ler comes out of the house and is surprised to see them . He expresses surprise that they listened to instructions , but just when it seems like they fooled him , Lou sneezes and the wagon falls apart . Melvin hides beneath his hooves and Lou and Pipsqueak curl up into a ball . The Once - ler looks annoyed and makes a small , disgruntled `` Grr '' sound , causing Lou and Pipsqueak to run away into the trees . Forces of Nature The Lorax makes Pipsqueak an Honorary Lorax and team up to scare the Once - ler by using two sticks that looks like a monster 's hand to freak him out . The Once - ler finds out it 's fake and sprays water on the Lorax , which makes his fur puff - up . When the Lorax tells Pipsqueak that he 's going to turn out like him , Pipsqueak gets scared and runs away . The short ends with the Lorax telling Pipsqueak that he lost his Honorary Lorax title . Video game ( edit ) Blockdot created a mobile puzzle game based on the film , titled Truffula Shuffula . The game was released on February 1 , 2012 , for Apple iOS and Android platforms . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film earned a rating of 53 % on Rotten Tomatoes based on 148 reviews and an average rating of 5.9 / 10 , with the critical consensus saying , `` Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax is cute and funny enough , but the moral simplicity of the book gets lost with the zany Hollywood production values . '' It also has a score of 46 on Metacritic based on 30 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . New York magazine film critic David Edelstein on NPR 's All Things Considered strongly objected to the movie , arguing that the Hollywood animation and writing formulas washed out the spirit of the book . `` This kind of studio 3 - D feature animation is all wrong for the material , '' he wrote . Demonstrating how the book 's text was used in the movie in this excerpt from the review , Edelstein discusses Audrey describing the truffula trees to Ted : `` the touch of their tufts was much softer than silk and they had the sweet smell of fresh butterfly milk -- and ( in the movie ) Ted says , `` Wow , what does that even mean ? '' and Audrey says , `` I know , right ? '' So one of the only lines that is from the book , that does have Dr. Seuss ' sublime whimsy , is basically made fun of , or at least , dragged down to Earth . '' Lou Dobbs , the host of Lou Dobbs Tonight on the Fox Business Network , has criticized the film as being `` insidious nonsense from Hollywood '' , and accused Hollywood of `` trying to indoctrinate children '' . The film also garnered some positive reviews from critics such as Richard Roeper , who called it a `` solid piece of family entertainment '' . Roger Moore of the Pittsburgh Tribune called the film `` a feast of bright , Seuss colors , and wonderful Seuss design '' , and supported its environmentalist message . Box Office ( edit ) The film has grossed $214 million in North America , and $134.8 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $348.8 million . The film topped the North American box office with $17.5 million on its opening day ( Friday , March 2 , 2012 ) . During the weekend , it grossed $70.2 million , easily beating the other new nationwide release , Project X ( $21 million ) , and all other films . This was the biggest opening for an Illumination Entertainment film , and for a feature film adaptation of a book by Dr. Seuss , as well as the second largest for an environmentalist film . It also scored the third - best debut for a film opening in March , and the eighth - best of all time for an animated film . The Lorax stayed at # 1 the following weekend , dropping 45 % to $38.8 million and beating all new nationwide releases , including Disney 's John Carter ( second place ) . On April 11 , 2012 , it became the first animated film in nearly a year to gross more than $200 million in North America , since Walt Disney Animation Studios ' Tangled . Music ( edit ) Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax : Original Motion Picture Score Film score by John Powell Released March 6 , 2012 Genre Score Length 45 : 51 Label Varèse Sarabande All tracks written by John Powell . No . Title Length 1 . `` Ted , Audrey and the Trees '' 2 : 36 2 . `` Granny to the Edge '' 2 : 33 3 . `` Wasteland '' 2 : 17 4 . `` Truffula Valley Fantasy ( featuring The Lorax Humming Fish ) '' 5 : 00 5 . `` Once - ler & Lorax Meet '' 2 : 35 6 . `` O'Hare Warns Ted '' 3 : 21 7 . `` The River Bed '' 4 : 03 8 . `` Houseguests '' 3 : 12 9 . `` Valley Exodus '' 4 : 54 10 . `` The Last Seed '' 4 : 54 11 . `` Thneedville Chase '' 5 : 04 12 . `` At the Park '' 3 : 12 13 . `` Funeral For a Tree '' 2 : 10 Total length : 45 : 51 Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax : Original Songs from the Motion Picture Film score by John Powell and Cinco Paul Released February 28 , 2012 Genre Soundtrack Length 34 : 00 Label Interscope All tracks written by John Powell and Cinco Paul . No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Let It Grow ( Celebrate the World ) '' Ester Dean 3 : 39 2 . `` Thneedville '' Fletcher Sheridan , Antonio Sol , Beth Anderson , Oliver Powell , Edie Lehmann Boddicker , Missi Hale , and Rob Riggle 2 : 44 3 . `` This is the Place '' Ed Helms 2 : 24 4 . `` Everybody Needs a Thneed '' Ed Helms , Randy Crenshaw , Fletcher Sheridan , Edie Lehmann Boddicker , Monique Donnelly , Ty Taylor , and The 88 1 : 31 5 . `` How Bad Can I Be ? '' Ed Helms and Kool Kojak 2 : 52 6 . `` Let It Grow '' Fletcher Sheridan , Dan Navarro , Edie Lehmann Boddicker , Jenny Slate , Claira Titman , Betty White , Rob Riggle , and Ed Helms 3 : 17 7 . `` Let It Grow Gospel Ending ( Original Demo ) '' Jenny Slate 0 : 52 8 . `` Thneedville ( Original Demo ) '' Fletcher Sheridan 3 : 58 9 . `` The Once - ler 's Traveling Madness ( Original Demo ) '' Ed Helms 1 : 35 10 . `` I Love Nature ( Original Demo ) '' Randy Crenshaw 2 : 43 11 . `` You Need a Thneed ( Original Demo ) '' Keith Slettedahl and The 88 featuring Antonio Sol , Fletcher Sheridan , and Taylor Graves 1 : 32 12 . `` Nobody Needs a Thneed ( Original Demo ) '' Fletcher Sheridan and Randy Crenshaw 1 : 52 13 . `` Biggering ( Original Demo ) '' Gabriel Mann , Randy Crenshaw , and The 88 5 : 01 Total length : 34 : 00 See also ( edit ) List of films based on Dr. Seuss books References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eggersten , Chris ( February 19 , 2012 ) . `` Taylor Swift , Zac Efron and Betty White get animated at the ' Lorax ' premiere '' . HitFix . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Matt ( March 17 , 2011 ) . `` Taylor Swift Joins Voice Cast of THE LORAX ; New Image Released '' . Collider . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DR . SEUSS ' THE LORAX ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 4 , 2012 . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Jump up ^ `` The Lorax '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` First look : Danny DeVito will stump for trees in 3 - D ' Lorax ' '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2012 . Retrieved October 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sharlette ( March 5 , 2012 ) . `` CINEMA WITH SHARLETTE : ' THE LORAX ' '' . ETonline.com . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . In the 3D - CG version of Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax , we focus on Ted Wiggins , a 12 - year - old boy in search of a living tree for the girl he adores . ^ Jump up to : Radish , Christina ( January 30 , 2012 ) . `` 10 Things to Know About DR . SEUSS ' THE LORAX From Our Editing Room Visit ; Plus an Interview with Producer Chris Meledandri '' . Collider.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sytsma , Alan ( October 29 , 2010 ) . `` Jenny Slate Throws Epic Engagement Parties , Starts Every Morning With Coffee in Bed '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved December 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax : An IMAX 3D Experience '' . IMAX . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` Illumination Chief Chris Meledandri Lines Up Originals for Universal '' . Variety . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( July 28 , 2009 ) . `` U , Illumination to light up ' Lorax ' '' . Variety . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Puchko , Kristy ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` Danny DeVito Will Speak For the Trees as The Lorax '' . The Film Stage . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ILLUMINATION MAC GUFF '' . Societe . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( March 1 , 2012 ) . `` Q&A : Danny DeVito speaks for ' The Lorax ' ( in five languages ! ) -- EXCLUSIVE VIDEO '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kristof , Nicholas ( February 5 , 2012 ) . `` After Recess : Change the World '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mazda C5 - X and Dr Seuss ' The Lorax '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Are You Shitting Me ? : The Lorax Used to Sell SUVs '' . Badass Digest . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rome , Emily ( March 1 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Lorax ' targeted for its green credentials '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` A Bad Marketing The Lorax and Disposable Diapers Really ? ? '' . DirtyDiaperLaundry . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fake Lorax Twitter Mocks the Film 's Many Marketing Tie - ins '' . Jump up ^ `` From Universal Studios Home Entertainment : Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax '' . PR Newswire . June 5 , 2012 . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Blockdot ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` Blockdot Launches Game for Universal Pictures ' Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax '' . PRLog . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Lorax '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Lorax '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Edelstein , David . `` ' The Lorax ' : A Campy And Whimsical Seussical '' . All Things Considered . National Public Radio . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bond , Paul ( February 22 , 2012 ) . `` ' Secret World of Arrietty , ' ' The Lorax ' Are Further Examples of Left - Wing Propaganda , Says Lou Dobbs ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard . `` Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax Review '' . Richard Roeper & The Movies . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Moore , Roger ( March 1 , 2012 ) . `` Review : ' Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax ' a feast of bright colors , design '' . Pittsburgh Tribune . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( March 3 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Report : ' The Lorax ' Gets the Message Out on Friday '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : Little ' Lorax ' Is Box Office Giant '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Illumination Entertainment '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss Showdown '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Environmentalist '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Animation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Lorax ' Defeats Disappointing ' John Carter ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weekend Report ( cont . ) : ' Titanic 3D ' Does n't Sink or Sail Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax ( 2012 ) - Daily Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo '' . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax '' . Varèse Sarabande . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2012 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax ( Original Songs From The Motion Picture ) '' . Interscope . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2012 . Retrieved March 11 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Lorax ( film ) Official website The Lorax on IMDb The Lorax at Box Office Mojo The Lorax at Rotten Tomatoes The Lorax at Metacritic Dr. Seuss Characters The Cat in the Hat The Grinch Horton the Elephant Bartholomew Cubbins Bibliography And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins The King 's Stilts The Seven Lady Godivas Horton Hatches the Egg McElligot 's Pool Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose Bartholomew and the Oobleck If I Ran the Zoo Scrambled Eggs Super ! Horton Hears a Who ! On Beyond Zebra ! If I Ran the Circus How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories Happy Birthday to You ! Green Eggs and Ham One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish The Sneetches and Other Stories Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book Dr. Seuss 's ABC Fox in Socks Hop on Pop I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew Come over to My House The Foot Book I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories Mr. Brown Can Moo ! Can You ? : Dr. Seuss 's Book of Wonderful Noises ! The Lorax Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? Wacky Wednesday Great Day for Up ! Oh , the Thinks You Can Think ! The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Oh Say Can You Say ? The Butter Battle Book You 're Only Old Once ! Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! There 's a Wocket in My Pocket I Wish That I Had Duck Feet Daisy - Head Mayzie My Many Colored Days Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories Horton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories What Pet Should I Get ? Adaptations Television The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1970 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) The Lorax ( 1972 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Butter Battle Book ( 1989 ) In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Daisy - Head Mayzie ( 1995 ) The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss ( 1996 -- 98 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Film Horton Hatches the Egg ( short ; 1942 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( short ; 1950 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2018 ) Other media Welcome ( Russian short film ) Seussical ( musical ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical The Grinch ( video game ) Dr. Seuss : How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( video game ) `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( song ) The Lorax ( play ) Other works Private Snafu The Pocket Book of Boners Your Job in Germany Our Job in Japan Design for Death The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T Hejji Society of Red Tape Cutters Flit Related A Fish out of Water Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum Beginner Books Dr. Seuss Goes to War The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss Dr. Seuss National Memorial Geisel Award Geisel Library Geisel School of Medicine Helen Palmer Geisel PM Political messages of Dr. Seuss Read Across America Seuss Landing as `` Theo . LeSieg '' . Posthumous . Films directed by Chris Renaud No Time for Nuts ( 2006 ) Despicable Me ( 2010 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) The Secret Life of Pets 2 ( 2019 ) Illumination Entertainment Feature films Released Despicable Me ( 2010 ) Hop ( 2011 ) Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax ( 2012 ) Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) Minions ( 2015 ) The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) Sing ( 2016 ) Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) Upcoming Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2018 ) The Secret Life of Pets 2 ( 2019 ) Minions 2 ( 2020 ) Sing 2 ( 2020 ) Franchises Despicable Me ( 2010 -- present ) The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 - present ) Sing ( 2016 - present ) People Chris Meledandri See also Despicable Me : Minion Mayhem Mac Guff Illumination Mac Guff Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lorax_(film)&oldid=800846218 '' Categories : 2012 films English - language films American films 2010s American animated films 2010s fantasy films 2010s musical comedy films 2012 3D films 2012 computer - animated films American animated fantasy films American children 's animated films American children 's fantasy films American computer - animated films American fantasy - comedy films American musical comedy films American musical fantasy films Animated films based on children 's books Animated comedy films Animated musical films Dystopian films Environmental films Fictional endangered and extinct species Films based on works by Dr. Seuss Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Nonlinear narrative films Illumination Entertainment animated films IMAX films Universal Pictures animated films Film scores by John Powell Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English کوردی Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 01 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does the voice of mr o'hare in the lorax | [
"Rob Riggle as Aloysius O'Hare, the mayor of Thneedville and head of the \"O'Hare Air\" company that supplies fresh air to Thneedville residents.[6]"
] | [
"Rob Riggle"
] |
-7040558459931214552 | Denver Broncos | Denver Broncos - wikipedia Denver Broncos Jump to : navigation , search Denver Broncos Current season Established August 14 , 1959 ; 58 years ago ( August 14 , 1959 ) First season : 1960 Play in Sports Authority Field at Mile High Denver , Colorado Headquartered at UCHealth Training Center in Dove Valley , Colorado Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Western Division ( 1960 -- 1969 ) National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) American Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) AFC West ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Orange , Navy Blue , White Mascot Thunder II ( live horse ) Miles ( costume suit ) Personnel Owner ( s ) Pat Bowlen trust Chairman Joe Ellis CEO Joe Ellis President Joe Ellis General manager John Elway Head coach Vance Joseph Team history Denver Broncos ( 1960 -- present ) Team nicknames Orange Crush ( 1977 -- 1979 ; 2015 - 2016 ) No Fly Zone ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Championships League championships ( 3 ) Super Bowl championships ( 3 ) 1997 ( XXXII ) , 1998 ( XXXIII ) , 2015 ( 50 ) , Conference championships ( 8 ) AFC : 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 Division championships ( 15 ) AFC West : 1977 , 1978 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 1996 , 1998 , 2005 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 Playoff appearances ( 22 ) NFL : 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 Home fields DU Stadium ( 1960 ) Mile High Stadium ( 1960 -- 2000 ) Sports Authority Field at Mile High ( 2001 -- present ) The Denver Broncos are an American football team based in Denver , Colorado . The Broncos compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) West division . The team began play in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) and joined the NFL as part of the merger in 1970 . The Broncos are owned by the Pat Bowlen trust . The Broncos have played at Sports Authority Field at Mile High since 2001 , after previously playing at Mile High Stadium from 1960 to 2000 . The Broncos were barely competitive during their 10 - year run in the AFL and their first seven years in the NFL . They did not complete a winning season until 1973 . In 1977 , four years later , they qualified for the playoffs for the first time in franchise history and advanced to Super Bowl XII . Since 1975 , the Broncos have become one of the NFL 's more successful teams , having suffered only seven losing seasons . They have won eight AFC Championships ( 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 , and three Super Bowl championships ( 1997 ( XXXII ) , 1998 ( XXXIII ) , 2015 ( 50 ) . However , the Broncos have the NFL record for most Super Bowl losses ( 5 ) . They have five players in the Pro Football Hall of Fame : John Elway , Floyd Little , Gary Zimmerman , Shannon Sharpe , and the most recently elected member , Terrell Davis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1960 -- 1969 : AFL era 1.2 1970 -- 1982 1.3 1983 -- 1998 : John Elway era 1.3. 1 1997 - 1998 : Back - to - Back Super Bowl Champions 1.4 1999 -- 2011 : Post-Elway era 1.5 2012 -- 2015 : Peyton Manning era 1.5. 1 2015 : Super Bowl 50 Champions and Manning 's Final Season 1.6 2016 -- present : Defensive era 2 Championships 2.1 Super Bowls 2.2 AFC Championships 3 Rivalries 3.1 Divisional 3.1. 1 Kansas City Chiefs 3.1. 2 Oakland Raiders 3.1. 3 San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 3.1. 4 Seattle Seahawks 3.2 Historical 3.2. 1 Cleveland Browns 3.2. 2 Pittsburgh Steelers 3.2. 3 New England Patriots 4 Logos and uniforms 4.1 1960 -- 1996 4.2 1997 -- 2011 4.3 2012 -- present 4.4 Super Bowl uniform colors 5 Home field 6 Statistics 6.1 Season - by - season records 7 Players of note 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Retired numbers 7.3 Pro Football Hall of Famers 7.4 Ring of Fame 7.5 Super Bowl MVPs 7.6 Colorado Sports Hall of Fame 8 Staff 8.1 Head coaches 8.2 Current staff 9 Radio and television 10 Notable fans and in the media 11 Notes and references 12 Further reading 13 External links Franchise history ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see History of the Denver Broncos . Further information : List of Denver Broncos seasons 1960 -- 1969 : AFL era ( edit ) The Denver Broncos were founded on August 14 , 1959 , when Minor League Baseball owner Bob Howsam was awarded an American Football League ( AFL ) charter franchise . The Broncos won the first - ever AFL game over the Boston Patriots 13 -- 10 , on September 9 , 1960 . On August 5 , 1967 , they became the first - ever AFL team to defeat an NFL team , with a 13 -- 7 win over the Detroit Lions in a preseason game . However , the Broncos were not successful in the 1960s , compiling a record of 39 -- 97 -- 4 in the league . Denver came close to losing its franchise in 1965 , until a local ownership group took control and rebuilt the team . The team 's first superstar , `` Franchise '' Floyd Little , was instrumental in keeping the team in Denver , due to his signing in 1967 as well as his Pro Bowl efforts on and off the field . The Broncos were the only original AFL team that never played in the title game , as well as the only original AFL team never to have a winning season while a member of the AFL during the upstart league 's 10 - year history . 1970 -- 1982 ( edit ) In 1972 , the Broncos hired former Stanford University coach John Ralston as their head coach . In 1973 , he was the UPI 's AFC Coach of the Year , after Denver achieved its first winning season at 7 -- 5 -- 2 . In five seasons with the Broncos , Ralston guided the team to winning seasons three times . Though Ralston finished the 1976 season with a 9 -- 5 record , the team , as was the case in Ralston 's previous winning seasons , still missed the playoffs . Following the season , several prominent players publicly voiced their discontent with Ralston , which soon led to his resignation . The Broncos defeated the Raiders in the 1977 -- 78 AFC Championship Game to earn their first trip to the Super Bowl . Red Miller , a long - time assistant coach was hired and along with the Orange Crush Defense ( a nickname originating in the early 1970s , also the brand of the popular orange - flavored soft drink ) and aging quarterback Craig Morton , took the Broncos to what was then a record - setting 12 -- 2 regular season record and their first playoff appearance in 1977 , and ultimately first Super Bowl , in which they were defeated by the Dallas Cowboys ( Morton 's former team ) , 27 -- 10 . In 1981 , Broncos ' owner Gerald Phipps , who had purchased the team in May 1961 from the original owner Bob Howsam , sold the team to Canadian financier Edgar Kaiser Jr. , grandson of shipbuilding industrialist Henry J. Kaiser . In 1984 , the team was purchased by Pat Bowlen , who placed team ownership into a family trust sometime before 2004 and remained in day - to - day control until his battle with Alzheimer 's disease forced him to cede the team to Joe Ellis in 2014 . 1983 -- 1998 : John Elway era ( edit ) Dan Reeves became the youngest head coach in the NFL when he joined the Broncos in 1981 as vice president and head coach . Quarterback John Elway , who played college football at Stanford , arrived in 1983 via a trade . Originally drafted by the Baltimore Colts as the first pick of the draft , Elway proclaimed that he would shun football in favor of baseball ( he was drafted by the New York Yankees to play center field and was also a pitching prospect ) , unless he was traded to a selected list of other teams , which included the Broncos . Prior to Elway , the Broncos had over 24 different starting quarterbacks in its 23 seasons to that point . A ticket for the 1987 - 88 AFC Championship Game between the Browns and the Broncos . Elway ( center ) getting tackled by the Atlanta Falcons in 1985 . Reeves and Elway guided the Broncos to six post-season appearances , five AFC West divisional titles , three AFC championships and three Super Bowl appearances ( Super Bowl XXI , XXII and XXIV ) during their 12 - year span together . The Broncos lost Super Bowl XXI to the New York Giants , 39 -- 20 ; Super Bowl XXII to the Washington Redskins , 42 -- 10 ; and Super Bowl XXIV to the San Francisco 49ers , 55 -- 10 ; the latter score remains the most lopsided scoring differential in Super Bowl history . The last year of the Reeves - Elway era were marked by feuding , due to Reeves taking on play - calling duties after ousting Elway 's favorite offensive coordinator Mike Shanahan after the 1991 season , as well as Reeves drafting quarterback Tommy Maddox out of UCLA instead of going with a wide receiver to help Elway . Reeves was fired after the 1992 season and replaced by his protégé and friend Wade Phillips , who had been serving as the Broncos ' defensive coordinator . Phillips was fired after a mediocre 1994 season , in which management felt he lost control of the team . In 1995 , Mike Shanahan , who had formerly served under Reeves as the Broncos ' offensive coordinator , returned as head coach . Shanahan drafted rookie running back Terrell Davis . In 1996 , the Broncos were the top seed in the AFC with a 13 -- 3 record , dominating most of the teams that year . The fifth - seeded Jacksonville Jaguars , however , upset the Broncos 30 -- 27 in the divisional round of the playoffs , ending the Broncos ' 1996 run . 1997 - 1998 : back - to - back Super Bowl champions ( edit ) During the 1997 season , Elway and Davis helped guide the Broncos to their first Super Bowl victory , a 31 -- 24 win over the defending champion Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXII . Though Elway completed only 13 of 22 passes , throwing one interception and no touchdowns ( he did , however , have a rushing touchdown ) , Davis rushed for 157 yards and a Super Bowl -- record three touchdowns to earn the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award -- this while overcoming a severe migraine headache that caused him blurred vision . The Broncos repeated as Super Bowl champions the following season , defeating the Atlanta Falcons ( led by Elway 's longtime head coach Dan Reeves ) in Super Bowl XXXIII , 34 -- 19 . Elway was named Super Bowl MVP , completing 18 of 29 passes for 336 yards , with an 80 - yard touchdown to wide receiver Rod Smith and one interception . 1999 -- 2011 : post-elway era ( edit ) Broncos ' quarterback Jay Cutler in 2007 . John Elway retired following the 1998 season , and Brian Griese started at quarterback for the next four seasons . After a 6 -- 10 record in 1999 , the Broncos recovered in 2000 , earning a Wild Card playoff berth , but losing to the eventual Super Bowl champion Baltimore Ravens . After missing the playoffs the following two seasons , former Arizona Cardinals ' quarterback Jake Plummer replaced Griese in 2003 , and led the Broncos to two straight 10 -- 6 seasons , earning Wild Card playoff berths both years . However , the Broncos went on the road to face the Indianapolis Colts in back - to - back seasons and were blown out by more than 20 points in each game , allowing a combined 90 points . Plummer led the Broncos to a 13 -- 3 record in 2005 and their first AFC West division title since 1998 . After a first - round bye , the Broncos defeated the defending Super Bowl champion New England Patriots , 27 -- 13 , denying New England from becoming the first NFL team ever to win three consecutive Super Bowl championships . The Broncos ' playoff run came to an end next week , after losing at home to the Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Championship game , 34 -- 17 . The Steelers went on to win Super Bowl XL . The Broncos ' defense began the first five games of the 2006 season allowing only one touchdown -- an NFL record , but struggled down the season stretch . Plummer led the team to a 7 -- 2 record , only to struggle and be replaced by rookie quarterback Jay Cutler . Cutler went 2 -- 3 as a starter , and the Broncos finished with a 9 -- 7 record , losing the tiebreaker to the Kansas City Chiefs for the final playoff spot . Cutler 's first full season as a starter in 2007 became the Broncos ' first losing season since 1999 , with a 7 -- 9 record . The 2008 season ended in a 52 -- 21 loss at the San Diego Chargers , giving the Broncos an 8 -- 8 record and their third straight season out of the playoffs . Mike Shanahan , the longest - tenured and most successful head coach in Broncos ' franchise history , was fired after 14 seasons . On January 11 , 2009 , two weeks after Shanahan was fired , the Broncos hired former New England Patriots ' offensive coordinator Josh McDaniels as the team 's new head coach . Three months later , the team acquired quarterback Kyle Orton as part of a trade that sent Jay Cutler to the Chicago Bears . Tim Tebow playing against the Kansas City Chiefs in January 2012 . Under McDaniels and Orton , the Broncos jumped out to a surprising 6 -- 0 start in 2009 . However , the team lost eight of their next ten games , finishing 8 -- 8 for a second consecutive season and missing the playoffs . The next season ( 2010 ) , the Broncos set a new franchise record for losses in a single season , with a 4 -- 12 record . McDaniels was fired before the end of the 2010 season following a combination of the team 's poor record and the fallout from a highly publicized videotaping scandal . Running backs coach Eric Studesville was named interim coach for the final four games of the 2010 season . He chose to start rookie first - round draft choice Tim Tebow at quarterback for the final three games . Following the 2010 season , Joe Ellis was promoted from Chief Operating Officer to team president , while John Elway returned to the organization as the team 's Executive Vice President of Football Operations . In addition , the Broncos hired John Fox as the team 's 14th head coach . Fox previously served as the Carolina Panthers ' head coach from 2002 -- 10 . Following a 1 -- 4 start to the 2011 season , Tim Tebow replaced Kyle Orton as the Broncos ' starting quarterback , and led the Broncos to an 8 -- 8 record and the team 's first playoff berth and division title since 2005 . The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in the Wild Card round on a memorable 80 - yard touchdown pass from Tebow to wide receiver Demaryius Thomas on the first play of overtime , setting a record for the fastest overtime in NFL history . However , the Broncos were blown out by the New England Patriots in the Divisional round . 2012 -- 2015 : Peyton Manning era ( edit ) In March 2012 , the Broncos reached an agreement on a five - year , $ 96 million contract with former longtime Indianapolis Colts ' quarterback Peyton Manning , who had recently missed the entire 2011 season following multiple neck surgeries . This resulted in the Broncos subsequently trading incumbent quarterback Tim Tebow to the New York Jets . The Broncos finished with a 13 -- 3 record and the AFC 's No. 1 seed in the 2012 playoffs , but were defeated by the Baltimore Ravens in the Divisional round . Like 2012 , the Broncos finished with a 13 -- 3 record and the AFC 's No. 1 seed in 2013 . In the 2013 playoffs , the Broncos defeated the San Diego Chargers in the Divisional round and the New England Patriots in the AFC Championship . However , the Broncos were soundly defeated by the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLVIII by a score of 43 -- 8 , the Broncos ' first Super Bowl berth since winning back - to - back Super Bowls in 1997 and 1998 . Prior to the start of the 2014 season , the Broncos announced that Pat Bowlen , the team 's owner since 1984 , relinquished control of the team due to his battle with Alzheimer 's disease , resulting in team president Joe Ellis and general manager John Elway assuming control of the team . The Broncos finished the 2014 season with a 12 -- 4 record and the AFC 's No. 2 seed . However , the Broncos were defeated by the Indianapolis Colts in the Divisional round of the 2014 playoffs , marking the third time in four seasons that the Broncos lost in the Divisional round of the playoffs . Quarterback Peyton Manning had been playing with strained quadriceps for the final month of the 2014 season . 2015 : Super Bowl 50 champions and Manning 's final season ( edit ) On January 12 , 2015 , one day after the aforementioned Divisional playoff loss to the Colts , the Broncos and head coach John Fox mutually agreed to part ways . Fox left the Broncos with a . 719 winning percentage in his four seasons as the Broncos ' head coach -- the highest in franchise history . One week later , the Broncos hired Gary Kubiak as the team 's 15th head coach . Kubiak served as a backup quarterback to executive vice president / general manager John Elway from 1983 -- 1991 , as well as the Broncos ' offensive coordinator from 1995 -- 2005 . Shortly after Kubiak became head coach , the Broncos underwent numerous changes to their coaching staff , including the hiring of defensive coordinator Wade Phillips , under whom the Broncos ' defense ranked No. 1 in the NFL during the 2015 season . The Broncos finished with a 12 -- 4 record and the AFC 's No. 1 seed , despite Peyton Manning having his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the Indianapolis Colts in 1998 and backup quarterback Brock Osweiler filling in for Manning during the second half of the regular season due to Manning suffering from a foot injury . In the playoffs , the Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 23 -- 16 in the Divisional Round , the New England Patriots 20 -- 18 in the AFC Championship , and defeated the Carolina Panthers 24 -- 10 in Super Bowl 50 -- the Broncos ' third Super Bowl title . 2016 -- present : defensive era ( edit ) Further information : 2016 Denver Broncos season On March 7 , 2016 , quarterback Peyton Manning retired after 18 NFL seasons during a press conference at the team 's Dove Valley headquarters . Following Manning 's retirement , the Broncos have undergone changes at the quarterback position , including the free agent departure of backup quarterback Brock Osweiler ( who is now back with team after stints with the Texans and Browns ) to the Houston Texans , the trade acquisition of Mark Sanchez from the Philadelphia Eagles and the selection of Paxton Lynch during the 2016 draft . Sanchez , Lynch and second - year quarterback Trevor Siemian competed for the starting quarterback spot during the off - season and preseason ; however , Sanchez was released and Siemian was named the starter prior to the start of the season . The Broncos finished the season 9 -- 7 and missed the playoffs for the first time since 2010 . On January 2 , 2017 , coach Gary Kubiak announced his retirement , citing health as the main reason for retiring . The Broncos would later hire Vance Joseph to be their new head coach on January 11 , 2017 . The Broncos have since entered the era of their dominant defense consisting of the Ground Control , and the No Fly Zone . Championships ( edit ) Super Bowls ( edit ) Year Coach Super Bowl Location Opponent Score Record 1997 Mike Shanahan XXXII San Diego , CA Green Bay Packers 31 -- 24 12 -- 4 1998 Mike Shanahan XXXIII Miami , FL Atlanta Falcons 34 -- 19 14 -- 2 2015 Gary Kubiak 50 Santa Clara , CA Carolina Panthers 24 -- 10 12 -- 4 Total Super Bowl championships won : 3 AFC Championships ( edit ) Year Coach Location Opponent Score Record 1977 Red Miller Denver , CO Oakland Raiders 20 -- 17 12 -- 2 1986 Dan Reeves Cleveland , OH Cleveland Browns 23 -- 20 ( OT ) 11 -- 5 Dan Reeves Denver , CO Cleveland Browns 38 -- 33 10 -- 4 -- 1 1989 Dan Reeves Denver , CO Cleveland Browns 37 -- 21 11 -- 5 1997 Mike Shanahan Pittsburgh , PA Pittsburgh Steelers 24 -- 21 12 -- 4 1998 Mike Shanahan Denver , CO New York Jets 23 -- 10 14 -- 2 2013 John Fox Denver , CO New England Patriots 26 -- 16 13 -- 3 2015 Gary Kubiak Denver , CO New England Patriots 20 -- 18 12 -- 4 Total AFC Championships won : 8 Rivalries ( edit ) Divisional ( edit ) See also : American Football League The Denver Broncos have three AFC West rivals -- the Kansas City Chiefs , Los Angeles Chargers and Oakland Raiders . All teams , along with the Broncos , were charter members of the American Football League ( AFL ) , with each team placed in the AFL Western Division . The Broncos were barely competitive during the AFL years ( 1960 -- 69 ) , going a combined 10 -- 49 -- 1 against the Chiefs , Chargers and Raiders . Kansas City Chiefs ( edit ) Further information : Broncos -- Chiefs rivalry The Broncos have had several memorable matchups with the Chiefs , particularly during the years in which John Elway was the Broncos ' starting quarterback ( 1983 -- 98 ) . The Broncos defeated the Chiefs at Arrowhead Stadium in the divisional round of the 1997 NFL playoffs , en route to their first Super Bowl victory . The Chiefs currently hold a 60 -- 55 series lead over the Broncos , including the aforementioned 1997 divisional playoff game . Oakland Raiders ( edit ) Further information : Broncos -- Raiders rivalry The rivalry with the Raiders was ignited in 1977 , when the Broncos advanced to their first Super Bowl by defeating the defending champion Raiders in the 1977 AFC Championship . The rivalry intensified in the mid-1990s , when Mike Shanahan was hired as the Broncos ' head coach in 1995 . Shanahan coached the Raiders in 1988 before being fired four games into the 1989 season . The Raiders currently hold a 63 -- 52 -- 2 series lead over the Broncos , including 1 -- 1 in the playoffs . San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers ( edit ) Further information : Broncos -- Chargers rivalry Unlike their records against the Chiefs and Raiders , the Broncos currently have a winning record against the Chargers , with a 65 -- 51 -- 1 series lead , including 1 -- 0 in the playoffs . The Broncos pulled off one of the largest comebacks in Monday Night Football history , when Peyton Manning led the Broncos from a 24 -- 0 halftime deficit to a 35 -- 24 win at San Diego 's Qualcomm Stadium during the 2012 season . The two teams met in the playoffs for the first time on January 12 , 2014 , at Denver 's Sports Authority Field at Mile High , with the Broncos winning 24 -- 17 . Seattle Seahawks ( edit ) The Broncos had an old rivalry with the Seattle Seahawks , who were members of the AFC West from 1977 -- 2001 , prior to the Seahawks ' move to the NFC West as part of the NFL 's 2002 re-alignment . During the 25 years in which the Seahawks resided in the AFC West , the Broncos went 32 -- 18 against the Seahawks , including a loss at Seattle in the 1983 NFL playoffs . Since 2002 , the two teams have split four interconference meetings , and the two teams met in Super Bowl XLVIII on February 2 , 2014 , with the Seahawks winning by a score of 43 -- 8 . Historical ( edit ) Aside from the aforementioned AFC West teams , the Broncos have had intra-conference rivalries over the years with the Cleveland Browns , Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots . Cleveland Browns ( edit ) See also : The Drive and The Fumble The Broncos had a brief rivalry with the Browns that arose from three AFC championship matches from 1986 -- 89 . In the 1986 AFC Championship , quarterback John Elway led The Drive to secure a tie in the waning moments at Cleveland Municipal Stadium ; the Broncos went on to win in 23 -- 20 in overtime . One year later , the two teams met again in the 1987 AFC Championship at Mile High Stadium . Denver took a 21 -- 3 lead , but Browns ' quarterback Bernie Kosar threw four touchdown passes to tie the game at 31 -- 31 halfway through the 4th quarter . After a long drive , John Elway threw a 20 - yard touchdown pass to running back Sammy Winder to give Denver a 38 -- 31 lead . Cleveland advanced to Denver 's 8 - yard line with 1 : 12 left , but Broncos ' safety Jeremiah Castille stripped Browns ' running back Earnest Byner of the football at the 2 - yard line -- a play that has been called The Fumble by Browns ' fans . The Broncos recovered it , gave Cleveland an intentional safety , and went on to win 38 -- 33 . The two teams met yet again in the 1989 AFC Championship at Mile High Stadium , which the Broncos easily won by a score of 37 -- 21 . Interestingly , the Broncos would not win the Super Bowl after any of the championship games where they beat the Browns . Pittsburgh Steelers ( edit ) As of the end of the 2015 season , the Broncos have met the Steelers in postseason play eight times , more than any other NFL team , with the Broncos owning a 5 -- 3 playoff record vs. the Steelers . Perhaps the most memorable postseason matchup occurred in the 1997 AFC Championship , in which the Broncos defeated the Steelers 24 -- 21 at Three Rivers Stadium , en route to their first Super Bowl victory . Eight years later , the Steelers returned the favor at INVESCO Field at Mile High , defeating the Broncos 34 -- 17 in the 2005 AFC Championship , and subsequently won Super Bowl XL . In the Wild Card round of the 2011 playoffs , the Broncos stunned the Steelers 29 -- 23 on the first play of overtime , when quarterback Tim Tebow connected with wide receiver Demaryius Thomas on an 80 - yard game - winning touchdown pass . The teams met again in the Divisional round of the 2015 playoffs at Denver , where the Broncos defeated the Steelers 23 -- 16 on their way to a victory in Super Bowl 50 . New England Patriots ( edit ) See also : Broncos -- Patriots rivalry and Tom Brady -- Peyton Manning rivalry The Broncos and Patriots met twice annually during the American Football League ( AFL ) years from 1960 -- 69 , and played in the first - ever AFL game on September 9 , 1960 . Since 1995 , the two teams have met frequently during the regular season , including nine consecutive seasons from 1995 -- 2003 . As of the end of the 2015 season , the two teams have met in the playoffs five times , with the Broncos owning a 4 -- 1 record . The teams ' first playoff match on January 4 , 1987 was John Elway 's first career playoff win , while the teams ' second playoff match on January 14 , 2006 game was the Broncos ' first playoff win since Elway 's retirement after the 1998 season . The game was also notable for Champ Bailey 's 100 - yard interception that resulted in a touchdown - saving tackle by Benjamin Watson at the 1 - yard line . On October 11 , 2009 , the two teams met with former Patriots ' offensive coordinator , Josh McDaniels as the Broncos ' head coach . Both teams wore their AFL 50th anniversary jerseys . The game featured a 98 - yard drive in the fourth quarter , with a game - tying touchdown pass from Kyle Orton to Brandon Marshall , followed by an overtime drive led by Orton that resulted in a 41 - yard game - winning field goal by Matt Prater . The two teams met in the Divisional round of the 2011 playoffs , with the Patriots blowing out Tim Tebow and the Broncos by a score of 45 -- 10 . The Broncos ' rivalry with the Patriots later intensified when longtime Indianapolis Colts ' quarterback Peyton Manning became the Broncos ' starting quarterback from 2012 -- 15 . Manning and Patriots ' quarterback Tom Brady maintained a legendary rivalry from 2001 until Manning 's retirement after the 2015 season . Though Brady dominated Manning in regular season play , winning nine of twelve meetings , Manning won three of five playoff meetings , the last of which was a Broncos ' 20 -- 18 win in the 2015 AFC Championship . Logos and uniforms ( edit ) 1960 -- 1996 ( edit ) Denver Broncos uniform set from 1968 -- 96 . The logo was designed by Edwin Guy Taylor of Denver . A contest was held through Public Service of Denver to come up with a new logo for the team . Mr. Taylor 's submission was selected late in 1967 and adopted soon after . The team briefly wore orange pants with the away jerseys between 1969 -- 1971 and 1978 -- 1979 . When the Broncos debuted in 1960 , their original uniforms drew as much attention as their play on the field . They featured white and mustard yellow jerseys , with contrasting brown helmets , brown pants and vertically striped socks . Two years later , the team unveiled a new logo featuring a bucking horse , and changed their team colors to orange , royal blue and white . The 1962 uniform consisted of white pants , orange helmets , and either orange or white jerseys . In 1968 , the Broncos debuted a design that became known as the `` Orange Crush . '' Their logo was redesigned so that the horse was coming out of a `` D . '' Additionally , the helmets were changed to royal blue , with thin stripes placed onto the sleeves , and other minor modifications were added . From 1969 -- 1971 , and again from 1978 -- 79 , the team wore orange pants with their white jerseys . The Broncos wore their white jerseys at home throughout the 1971 season , as well as for 1980 home games vs. the San Diego Chargers and Dallas Cowboys , the latter in hopes to bring out the `` blue jersey jinx '' which has followed the Cowboys for decades ( it worked , the Broncos won 41 -- 20 ) . The Broncos wore their white jerseys for 1983 home games vs. the Philadelphia Eagles , Los Angeles Raiders and Cincinnati Bengals , but would not wear white at home again for two decades -- see next section . In 1994 , in honor of the 75th anniversary season of the NFL , the Broncos wore their 1965 throwback uniforms for two games -- a Week 3 home game against the Raiders , as well a road game at the Buffalo Bills the following week . 1997 -- 2011 ( edit ) The Broncos radically changed their logo and uniforms in 1997 , a design that the team continues to use to this day . The new logos and uniforms were unveiled on February 4 , 1997 . Navy blue replaced royal blue on the team 's color scheme . The current logo is a profile of a horse 's head , with an orange mane and navy blue outlines . The Broncos ' popular live animal mascot Thunder was the inspiration to incorporate a horse - head profile as part of the logo on the team 's helmets . During a February 4 , 1997 press conference introducing the new logo , the team president and the art director for Nike , who were the creators of the new design , described it as `` a powerful horse with a fiery eye and mane . '' The Broncos began wearing navy blue jerseys , replacing their longtime orange jerseys that had been the team 's predominant home jersey color since 1962 . This new uniform design features a new word mark , numbering font and a streak that runs up and down the sides of both the jerseys and the pants . On the navy blue jerseys , the streak is orange , with an orange collar and white numerals trimmed in orange , while on the road white jerseys , the streak is navy blue , with a thin orange accent strip on both sides , a navy collar and navy numerals trimmed in orange . When they debuted , these uniforms were vilified by the press and fans , until the Broncos won their first ever Super Bowl in the new design that same season . The navy blue jerseys served as the team 's primary home jersey until the end of the 2011 season -- see next section . In 2002 , the Broncos introduced an alternate orange jersey that is a mirror image of the aforementioned navy blue jerseys , but with orange and navy trading places . Like the road white jerseys , the white pants with the navy blue streaks running down the sides are worn with this uniform . This jersey was used only once in the 2002 and 2004 seasons , and were used twice per season from 2008 -- 2011 . Mike Shanahan , the team 's head coach from 1995 -- 2008 , was not a big fan of the alternate orange jerseys . The Broncos previously wore orange jerseys as a throwback uniform in a Thanksgiving Day game at the Dallas Cowboys in 2001 . The team also introduced navy blue pants in 2003 , with orange side streaks to match with the navy blue jerseys . Though they were part of the uniform change in 1997 ( in fact , they were worn for a couple of 1997 preseason games ) and most players wanted to wear them , the only player who vetoed wearing them was John Elway , thereby delaying their eventual introduction . From 2003 -- 2011 , these pants were primarily used for select prime - time and late - season home games ( excluding the 2008 season ) , and since 2012 , are used exclusively with the now - alternate navy blue jerseys -- see next section . On November 16 , 2003 , the Broncos wore their white jerseys at home for the first time since 1983 , in a game vs. the San Diego Chargers . This was compensation for a uniform mix - up , after the teams ' first meeting at San Diego 's Qualcomm Stadium in Week 2 earlier that season , when the Chargers were the team that was supposed to declare their uniform color . The Chargers were planning to wear their white jerseys , but the visiting Broncos came to the stadium in white , and were fined $ 25,000 by the NFL as a result . When the two teams met at INVESCO Field at Mile High later that season ( Week 11 ) , the NFL allowed the visiting Chargers to choose their uniform color in advance , and they chose navy blue , forcing the Broncos to wear their white jerseys at home . In 2009 , in honor of their 50th anniversary season as one of the eight original American Football League teams , the Broncos wore their 1960 throwback uniforms ( brown helmets , mustard yellow and brown jerseys ) for games against two fellow AFL rivals -- a Week 5 home game vs. the New England Patriots , as well as the following week at the San Diego Chargers . 2012 -- present ( edit ) Beginning in 2012 , the orange jerseys that served as the alternate colored jerseys from 2002 -- 2011 became the primary home jersey , while the navy blue jerseys that served as the primary home jersey from 1997 -- 2011 switched to alternate designation . The change was made due to overwhelming popularity with the fans , who pressured the Broncos to return to orange as the team 's primary home jersey color . Since the 2012 uniform change , the team has worn the alternate navy blue jerseys for at least one home game per season , with the exception of 2013 , in which the Broncos wore their alternate navy blue uniforms for an October 6 , 2013 road game at the Dallas Cowboys . The team will either wear the navy blue or the white pants -- with the orange side stripes -- to match with the alternate navy blue jerseys . The team initially did not wear the white pants with the orange side stripes , until a November 1 , 2015 game vs. the Green Bay Packers , in which the Broncos wore said design in order to match the uniform ensemble that was used during the team 's Super Bowl XXXII win over the Packers . As the designated home team in Super Bowl 50 , the Broncos -- who have an 0 -- 4 Super Bowl record when using their standard orange jerseys -- chose to wear their white jerseys as the designated `` home '' team . In 2016 , the Broncos ' unveiled a new Color Rush uniform , which the team wore for a Thursday Night game at the San Diego Chargers on October 13 , 2016 . The uniform kit contained the following features : orange pants , which the team wore for the first time since 1979 , orange socks and shoes , along with block - style numerals trimmed in navy blue that mirrored the team 's 1968 -- 1996 uniform style . Due to the NFL 's one - helmet rule implemented in 2013 , the helmets remained the same , with the team temporarily replacing the modern primary logo with the throwback `` D - horse '' logo . The same uniform was used for the TNF game against the Indianapolis Colts on Dec 14 , 2017 . Super Bowl uniform colors ( edit ) Super Bowl Opponent Favorite Jersey Color Result XII Dallas Cowboys Cowboys by 6 L 10 -- 27 XXI New York Giants Giants by 9.5 L 20 -- 39 XXII Washington Redskins Broncos by 3 L 10 -- 42 XXIV San Francisco 49ers 49ers by 12 L 10 -- 55 XXXII Green Bay Packers Packers by 11 W 31 -- 24 XXXIII Atlanta Falcons Broncos by 7.5 W 34 -- 19 XLVIII Seattle Seahawks Broncos by 2 L 8 -- 43 50 Carolina Panthers Panthers by 5.5 W 24 -- 10 Home Field ( edit ) Denver Mile High Stadium was the home of the Broncos from 1960 -- 2000 For most of their history , the Denver Broncos played in Mile High Stadium . The AFL Broncos played at the University of Denver 's Hilltop Stadium from time to time , including the first - ever victory of an AFL team over an NFL team : The Broncos beat the Detroit Lions on August 5 , 1967 , in a preseason game . The team has sold out every home game ( including post-season games ) since the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 , with the exception of two replacement games during the 1987 strike ( but both were sold out before the strike ) . During home games , the attendance is announced to the crowd , along with the number of no - shows ( the fans subsequently boo the no - shows ) . The fans are also known to chant `` IN - COM - PLETE ! '' every time the visiting team throws an incomplete pass . The stadium 's legendary home - field advantage is regarded as one of the best in the NFL , especially during the playoffs . The Broncos had the best home record in pro football over a 32 - year span from 1974 -- 2006 ( 191 -- 65 -- 1 ) . Mile High Stadium was one of the NFL 's loudest stadiums , with steel flooring instead of concrete , which may have given the Broncos an advantage over opponents , plus the advantage of altitude conditioning for the Broncos . In 2001 , the team moved into Invesco Field at Mile High , built next to the former site of the since - demolished Mile High Stadium . Sportswriter Woody Paige , along with many of Denver 's fans , however , often refuse to call the new stadium by its full name , preferring to use `` Mile High Stadium '' because of its storied history and sentimental import . Additionally , The Denver Post had an official policy of referring to the stadium as simply `` Mile High Stadium '' in protest , but dropped this policy in 2004 . Sports Authority Field has been the Bronco 's home since 2001 Prior to the 2011 season , Englewood , Colorado - based sporting goods retailer Sports Authority claimed the naming rights of Invesco Field , which became known as Sports Authority Field at Mile High . However , in the summer of 2016 , Sports Authority went bankrupt , and the Broncos have been seeking a new corporate sponsor for their stadium ever since . The altitude has also been attributed as part of the team 's home success . The stadium displays multiple references to the stadium 's location of 5,280 feet ( 1.000 mi ) above sea level , including a prominent mural just outside the visiting team 's locker room . The team training facility , the UCHealth Training Center ( formerly known as the Paul D. Bowlen Memorial Broncos Centre ) , is a state - of - the - art facility located in Dove Valley , Colorado . With 13.5 acres of property , the facility hosts three full - size fields , a complete weight and training facility , and a cafeteria . In their more than half - century of existence , the Broncos have never been shut out at home , a streak of over 400 games as of the 2016 season . In late 2012 , the Broncos announced that the stadium will receive $30 million upgrades including a new video board in the south end zone that is planned to be three times larger than the previous display . The renovations were finished before kickoff of the 2013 season . Statistics ( edit ) Season - by - season records ( edit ) Main article : List of Denver Broncos seasons Players of note ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) Denver Broncos roster view talk Quarterbacks 12 Paxton Lynch 17 Brock Osweiler Running backs 22 C.J. Anderson 23 Devontae Booker 28 Jamaal Charles 33 De'Angelo Henderson 32 Andy Janovich FB Wide receivers 16 Bennie Fowler 14 Cody Latimer 84 Isaiah McKenzie 10 Emmanuel Sanders 87 Jordan Taylor 88 Demaryius Thomas Tight ends 85 Virgil Green 82 Jeff Heuerman 83 Matt LaCosse 86 Austin Traylor Offensive linemen 73 Allen Barbre G 72 Garett Bolles T -- J.J. Dielman G 76 Max Garcia G 79 Cyrus Kouandjio T 60 Connor McGovern C 61 Matt Paradis C 71 Donald Stephenson T 68 Elijah Wilkinson T Defensive linemen 99 Adam Gotsis DE 96 Shelby Harris DE 92 Zach Kerr DE 94 Domata Peko NT 90 Kyle Peko NT Linebackers 50 Zaire Anderson ILB 48 Shaquil Barrett OLB 51 Todd Davis ILB 41 Jerrol Garcia - Williams ILB 43 Joseph Jones ILB 54 Brandon Marshall ILB 58 Von Miller OLB 53 Deiontrez Mount OLB 57 DeMarcus Walker OLB Defensive backs 20 Jamal Carter SS 25 Chris Harris Jr . CB 39 Michael Hunter CB 27 Brendan Langley CB 34 Will Parks FS 38 Marcus Rios CB 29 Bradley Roby CB 26 Darian Stewart FS 21 Aqib Talib CB 35 Dymonte Thomas S Special teams 9 Riley Dixon P 42 Casey Kreiter LS 8 Brandon McManus K Reserve lists 80 Jake Butt TE ( IR ) 93 Jared Crick DE ( IR ) 11 Carlos Henderson WR ( IR ) 6 Chad Kelly QB ( IR ) 65 Ronald Leary G ( IR ) 52 Corey Nelson ILB ( IR ) 56 Shane Ray OLB ( IR ) 13 Trevor Siemian QB ( IR ) 31 Justin Simmons SS ( IR ) 77 Billy Turner G ( IR ) 75 Menelik Watson T ( IR ) 97 Billy Winn DE ( IR ) 95 Derek Wolfe DE ( IR ) Practice squad 15 River Cracraft WR 55 Dillon Day C 59 Stansly Maponga OLB 89 Brian Parker TE 81 Tim Patrick WR 74 Jeremiah Poutasi G 69 Jhaustin Thomas DE Rookies in italics Roster updated December 19 , 2017 Depth chart Transactions 53 Active , 13 Inactive , 7 Practice squad → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Retired numbers ( edit ) Denver Broncos retired numbers No . Player Position Career 7 John Elway QB 1983 -- 98 18 Frank Tripucka Peyton Manning QB 1960 -- 63 2012 -- 15 † 44 Floyd Little RB 1967 -- 75 † Note : No. 18 was re-issued for Peyton Manning after Tripucka gave his approval ; it was used by Manning from the 2012 season until his retirement after the 2015 season . Manning 's name was added to the retired number 's banner as an honorable mention . Pro Football Hall of Famers ( edit ) Denver Broncos Hall of Famers No . Name Position ( s ) Season ( s ) Inducted 24 Brown , Willie Willie Brown CB 1963 -- 66 1984 30 Davis , Terrell Terrell Davis RB 1995 -- 2001 2017 33 Dorsett , Tony Tony Dorsett RB 1988 1994 7 Elway , John John Elway QB General Manager 1983 -- 98 2011 -- present 65 Zimmerman , Gary Gary Zimmerman OT 1993 -- 97 2008 44 Little , Floyd Floyd Little RB 1967 -- 75 84 Sharpe , Shannon Shannon Sharpe TE 1990 -- 99 , 2002 -- 03 2011 Ring of Fame ( edit ) The Broncos have a Ring of Fame on the Level 5 façade of Sports Authority Field at Mile High , which honors the following : Denver Broncos Ring of Fame No . Name Position ( s ) Seasons Inducted 23 Goose Gonsoulin 1960 -- 66 1984 87 Rich Jackson DE 1967 -- 72 1984 44 Floyd Little RB 1967 -- 75 1984 87 Lionel Taylor WR 1960 -- 66 1984 -- Gerald Phipps Owner 1961 -- 81 1985 12 Charley Johnson QB 1972 -- 75 1986 70 Paul Smith DE 1968 -- 78 1986 18 Frank Tripucka QB 1960 -- 63 1986 36 Billy Thompson 1969 -- 81 7 Craig Morton QB 1977 -- 82 1988 25 Haven Moses WR 1972 -- 81 1988 15 Jim Turner PK 1971 -- 79 1988 53 Randy Gradishar LB 1974 -- 83 1989 57 Tom Jackson LB 1973 -- 86 1992 20 Louis Wright CB 1975 -- 86 1993 7 John Elway QB General manager 1983 -- 98 2011 -- present 1999 77 Karl Mecklenburg LB 1983 -- 95 2001 49 Dennis Smith 1981 -- 94 2001 65 Gary Zimmerman OT 1993 -- 97 2003 27 Steve Atwater 1989 -- 98 2005 30 Terrell Davis RB 1995 -- 2001 2007 84 Shannon Sharpe TE 1990 -- 99 , 2002 -- 03 2009 80 Rod Smith WR 1994 -- 2006 2012 66 Tom Nalen 1994 -- 2007 2013 21 Gene Mingo RB , K , RS 1960 -- 64 2014 -- Dan Reeves Head coach 1981 -- 92 2014 80 Rick Upchurch WR , RS 1975 -- 83 2014 -- Pat Bowlen Owner 1984 -- present 2015 Jason Elam PK 1993 -- 2007 2016 73 Simon Fletcher LB / DE 1985 -- 95 2016 47 John Lynch 2004 -- 07 2016 -- Red Miller Head coach 1977 -- 80 2017 Super Bowl MVPs ( edit ) Super Bowl MVP Winners SB Player Position XXXII Terrell Davis RB XXXIII John Elway QB 50 Von Miller LB Colorado Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Colorado Sports Hall of Fame Staff ( edit ) Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Denver Broncos head coaches Current staff ( edit ) Denver Broncos staff Front Office Owner -- The Pat Bowlen Trust President / Chairman / CEO -- Joe Ellis President of Football Operations / General Manager -- John Elway Director of Football Administration -- Mike Sullivan Director of Player Personnel -- Matt Russell Senior Personnel Advisor -- Tom Heckert Jr . Senior Personnel Advisor -- Gary Kubiak Director of Pro Personnel -- A.J. Durso Director of College Scouting -- Brian Stark Director of Football Analytics -- Mitch Tanney Head Coaches Head Coach -- Vance Joseph Assistant Head Coach / Running Backs -- Eric Studesville Assistant to Head Coach -- Phil Rauscher Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Bill Musgrave Wide Receivers -- Tyke Tolbert Tight Ends -- Geep Chryst Offensive Line -- Jeff Davidson Assistant Offensive Line -- Chris Strausser Quarterbacks -- Klint Kubiak Offensive Quality Control -- Christopher Kragthorpe Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Joe Woods Defensive Line -- Bill Kollar Linebackers -- Reggie Herring Outside Linebackers -- Fred Pagac Secondary -- Marcus Robertson Assistant Secondary -- Johnnie Lynn Defensive Assistant -- Chris Beake Defensive Quality Control -- Charles Gordon Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Brock Olivo Assistant Special Teams -- Chris Gould Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Luke Richesson Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Mike Eubanks Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Anthony Lomando Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Cedric Smith → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television ( edit ) Main article : List of Denver Broncos broadcasters The Broncos ' flagship radio station is currently KOA , 850AM , a 50,000 - watt station owned by Clear Channel Communications . Dave Logan is the play - by - play announcer , with former Broncos ' wide receiver Ed McCaffrey serving as the color commentator beginning in 2012 , replacing Brian Griese . Until 2010 , preseason games not selected for airing on national television were shown on KCNC , channel 4 , which is a CBS owned - and - operated station , as well as other CBS affiliates around the Rocky Mountain region . On May 26 , 2011 , the Broncos announced that KUSA channel 9 , an NBC affiliate also known as 9NEWS in the Rocky Mountain region , will be the team 's new television partner for preseason games . In 2011 , the Broncos began a partnership with KJMN , 92.1 FM , a leading Spanish language radio station owned by Entravision Communications ( EVC ) . The partnership also includes broadcasting rights for a half - hour weekly TV show on KCEC , the local Univision affiliate operated by Entravision Communications . Notable fans and in the media ( edit ) Tim McKernan , a.k.a. Barrel Man , began wearing a barrel in 1977 after making a $10 bet with his brother , Scott , that by wearing one he could get on television . McKernan won the bet , and the barrel he had painted to look like an Orange Crush soda can became his signature costume , and resulted in him becoming one of the Broncos ' most recognized fans and a popular mascot . McKernan died on December 5 , 2009 . The animated television show South Park , set in Park County , Colorado , often mentions the Denver Broncos ; show creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone both grew up in Colorado as devout Broncos fans . In The Simpsons episode `` You Only Move Twice '' , Hank Scorpio gives Homer Simpson the Denver Broncos as a thank - you gift for helping him . Homer complains that he wanted to own the Dallas Cowboys , as the Broncos team that just arrived are playing very sloppy football on his front lawn ( a reference to the team losing four Super Bowl appearances , three by significant margins including Super Bowl XII against Dallas ) . Incidentally , the Broncos were 13 -- 3 in the 1996 season , and won the Super Bowl the next 2 seasons . In the episode , `` The Bonfire of the Manatees '' , Homer picks the Broncos to win the Super Bowl over the Seattle Seahawks . The two teams later did play against each other in Super Bowl XLVIII which aired on Fox , the U.S. home of The Simpsons . In the Mork & Mindy episode `` Hold That Mork '' , Mork 's character , played by Robin Williams , became the first male cheerleader in Broncos ' history . As a member of the `` Pony Express '' , he trotted out on the field at Mile High Stadium during an actual Broncos ' game vs. the New England Patriots on November 11 , 1979 . The episode aired exactly two weeks later . Many former Broncos are now in broadcasting , including Shannon Sharpe , Mark Schlereth , Alfred Williams , Tom Jackson , Ed McCaffrey , Brian Griese , David Diaz - Infante , Terrell Davis and John Lynch . Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Broncos Are Born '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The postal designation of Englewood , a city eight ( 8 ) miles west , is used in the headquarters mailing address . `` Contact Us '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos Directory '' ( PDF ) . 2014 Denver Broncos Media Guide . Denver Broncos . July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wesseling , Chris ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` Denver Broncos owner Pat Bowlen stepping back '' . National Football League . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statements on Owner Pat Bowlen '' . DenverBroncos.com . Denver Broncos . July 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Team Encyclopedia -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Team -- Pro Football Hall of Fame '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos : American Football League Charter Members '' . Conigliofamily.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Team History '' . NFLteamhistory.com . Archived from the original on 3 October 2008 . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Team Encyclopedia -- Pro Football Reference '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Sports E-Cyclopedia -- Denver Broncos '' . Jump up ^ `` 1977 Denver Broncos Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Jump up ^ Paton , James . `` Clock runs out for ex-Broncos owner '' . Rocky Mountain News . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2008 . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Klis , Mike ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` Pat Bowlen resigns control of Denver Broncos , acknowledges he is dealing with Alzheimer 's disease '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Elway Timeline '' . The Sporting News . Archived from the original on 20 September 2008 . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos '' . Football.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` RealClearSports -- Top 10 Coach Killers -- John Elway '' . Jump up ^ Reid Brooks . `` Mile High Feud : John Elway and Mike Shanahan Still Have a Beef , but Why ? '' . Bleacher Report . ^ Jump up to : `` Reeves ' comments rekindle feud with Elway , Shanahan '' . CNN / SI . January 24 , 1999 . Archived from the original on 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXII box score '' . NFL.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Shanahan , Broncos Part Ways '' . Denver Broncos . December 30 , 2008 . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos Introduce McDaniels '' . Denver Broncos . January 11 , 2009 . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stapleton , Arnie ( January 3 , 2011 ) . `` Broncos lose franchise - record 12th game as Chargers win 33 -- 28 '' . Fox 31 Denver . Archived from the original on 6 October 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` McDaniels fired as Broncos coach after controversy , losses pile up '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved December 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` Broncos officially announce Elway hire , promote Ellis to president '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ( January 13 , 2011 ) . `` Fox Takes the Reins '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Legan , Kenny ( January 8 , 2012 ) . `` Thomas Shines in Overtime Victory '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Klis , Mike ( January 14 , 2012 ) . `` Tom Brady leads Patriots ' 45 -- 10 rout of Broncos , Tim Tebow in NFL playoffs '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Peyton Manning , Broncos OK deal '' . ESPN . March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How will Peyton Manning and the Denver Broncos fare next season ? '' . Los Angeles Times . March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jets acquire Tim Tebow for draft pick '' . ESPN . March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ; Zaas , Stuart ( January 12 , 2013 ) . `` Double - OT Heartbreaker Ends Denver 's Season '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` Broncos , Peyton Manning struggle in Super Bowl blowout by Seahawks '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schefter , Adam ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Peyton was injured for past month '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` John Fox , Denver Broncos part ways after four seasons '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holden , Will ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Chicago Bears officially name John Fox new head coach '' . Fox 31 Denver . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jhabvala , Nicki ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Gary Kubiak : Denver Broncos job was `` a game - changer '' `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL.com Statistics '' . NFL.com . January 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . NOTE : Search for the 2015 regular season . Jump up ^ `` Peyton Manning Career Statistics '' . pro-football-reference.com . January 26 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Renck , Troy ( February 7 , 2016 ) . `` Von Miller , defense carry Broncos to Super Bowl 50 victory '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Renck , Troy ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Peyton Manning retires from football : `` I love the game ... I will miss it . '' `` . The Denver Post . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Broncos coach Gary Kubiak retires from coaching '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Broncos appoint Vance Joseph , ' a leader of men , ' as new head coach '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pelissero , Tom ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Vance Joseph hired as Broncos ' new head coach '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Banks , Don ( May 22 , 2001 ) . `` Seattle moved to NFC in approved realignment plan '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore finder : Denver Broncos vs Seattle Seahawks -- Pro-Football - Reference '' . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` Seattle Seahawks stomp Broncos for Super Bowl win '' . National Football League . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bob ( July 5 , 2005 ) . `` Elway led Broncos on `` The Drive '' `` . ESPN . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Rick ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` Byner 's fumble spoils Browns shot at 1987 AFC Championship glory '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heisler , Mark ( January 15 , 1990 ) . `` This Time , Just Call It Elway : AFC championship : Bronco quarterback is at his best in 37 -- 21 victory over Browns as Denver earns its third trip to the Super Bowl in four seasons '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Playoff History -- Pro Football Reference '' . Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew ( January 17 , 2014 ) . `` Recalling the 2005 AFC Title Game '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ( January 8 , 2012 ) . `` Broncos Advance with Postseason Thriller '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Renck , Troy ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Peyton Manning , Broncos beat Steelers , punch ticket to AFC championship game '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Team '' Denver Broncos `` . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 20 July 2009 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew ( November 2 , 2003 ) . `` Broncology : So We Meet Again '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore finder : Denver Broncos vs New England Patriots -- Pro-Football - Reference '' . Jump up ^ Lynch , Tim ( October 16 , 2008 ) . `` Denver Broncos @ New England Patriots ; Through The Years '' . Mile High Report . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos take advantage of turnovers , eliminate Patriots '' . ESPN . January 14 , 2006 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ sevenand7kc ( 2011 - 09 - 16 ) , Benjamin Watson tackle saving touchdown , retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 Jump up ^ `` Denver doldrums continue for the Patriots -- The Boston Globe '' . archive.boston.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots vs. Broncos - Game Recap - October 11 , 2009 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Gasper , Christopher ( October 7 , 2012 ) . `` Lucky to see Tom Brady vs. Peyton Manning again '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Renck , Troy ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Peyton Manning retires from football : `` I love the game ... I will miss it . '' `` . The Denver Post . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Renck , Troy ( January 24 , 2016 ) . `` Broncos hold off Tom Brady and Patriots , head to Super Bowl '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Saccomano , Jim ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Legend and Legacy : Orange 's origin '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` White at Home in the NFL -- Uni Watch '' . Jump up ^ `` Endzone 's Denver Broncos Game - Used News & Price Guide Page '' . Jump up ^ `` New uniforms for a new era '' . Denver Broncos . February 4 , 1997 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Legan , Kenny ( October 3 , 2011 ) . `` Orange Crush '' . Denver Broncos . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pomeroy , L.A. ( 2012 ) . `` Thunder : Denver 's Favorite Bronco '' ( PDF ) . Modern Arabian Horse . Arabian Horse Association . pp. 62 -- 67 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos unveil new uniform and logo '' ( Press release ) . National Football League . February 4 , 1997 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 1997 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos ' RBs turn in uneven performances '' . The Denver Post . August 4 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ESC 's Denver Broncos Uniform History '' . ^ Jump up to : `` End Zone Sports Charities '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` NFL announces 2009 AFL ' Legacy Games ' '' . NFL.com . July 19 , 2009 . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( October 10 , 2009 ) . `` Even if they win , the Broncos figure to look bad in their throwback uniforms Sunday '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Broncos to wear alternate blue uniforms vs. Cowboys in Dallas '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Blue thunder : Broncos to break out blue jerseys against Packers , Raiders '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Swanson , Ben ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broncos to wear white uniforms in Super Bowl 50 '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` NFL reveals Color Rush jersey for the Broncos '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ url = https://www.denverpost.com/2017/12/13/denver-broncos-color-rush-uniforms/ Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Denver Broncos . Jump up ^ `` Guide To Sports Authority Field At Mile High '' . CBS Denver . October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ( August 16 , 2011 ) . `` A New Home '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos stadium renamed Sports Authority Field at Mile High '' . The Denver Post . August 16 , 2011 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Worthington , Danika ; Wolfe , Cameron ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Mile High Stadium will get a new naming sponsor after Sports Authority , Broncos chief says '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Training Facility '' . Denver Broncos . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos and UCHealth announce major health partnership '' . Denver Broncos . July 30 , 2015 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Franchise Encyclopedia -- Pro Football Reference '' . November 12 , 2012 . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Broncos Announce Stadium Upgrades '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Bronco Tripucka says Manning can wear familiar No. 18 '' . National Football League . March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos to unveil retired number signage Sunday '' . KUSA - TV . September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos to unveil retired number signage on Sunday '' . Mile High Report . September 18 , 2016 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swanson , Ben ( September 18 , 2016 ) . `` Broncos unveil retired numbers tribute in pregame ceremony '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Lindsay ( July 31 , 2012 ) . `` Ed McCaffrey joins KOA Broncos broadcast team '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Broadcast Partners '' . Denver Broncos . Jump up ^ Espinoza , Annette ( December 5 , 2009 ) . `` Tim McKernan , `` Barrel Man '' to Broncos fans , dies at 69 `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Denver Broncos owe success to `` South Park '' hilariously claim creators Parker and Stone `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jhabvala , Nicki ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Robin Williams , aka `` Mork '' , made Broncos history as first male cheerleader `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Denver Broncos : The Complete Illustrated History ( 2009 ) , by Jim Saccomano & John Elway , MBI Publishing Company , ISBN 0 - 7603 - 3476 - 5 Then Morton Said to Elway ... : The Best Denver Broncos Stories Ever Told ( 2008 ) , by Craig Morton & Adrian Dater , Triumph Books , ISBN 1 - 60078 - 121 - 7 Game of My Life : Denver Broncos : Memorable Stories of Broncos Football ( 2007 ) , by Jim Saccomano , Sports Publishing LLC , ISBN 1 - 59670 - 091 - 2 The Good , the Bad , and the Ugly Denver Broncos : Heart - Pounding , Jaw - Dropping , and Gut - Wrenching Moments from Denver Broncos History ( 2007 ) , By Adrian Dater -- Triumph Books , ISBN 1 - 57243 - 975 - 0 John Elway and the Denver Broncos : Super Bowl XXXIII ( 2007 ) , by Michael Sandler , Bearport Pub Company , ISBN 1 - 59716 - 536 - 0 The Denver Broncos ( 2006 ) , by Mark Stewart -- Norwood House Press , ISBN 1 - 59953 - 066 - X Denver Broncos : Colorful Tales of the Orange and Blue ( 2004 ) , by Larry Zimmer , Globe Pequot Press , ISBN 0 - 7627 - 2766 - 7 Broncos Power Rankings Around the Web : ( 2017 ) , by Taylor Kothe , SB Nation : Mile High Report Bye Week https://www.milehighreport.com/2017/10/4/16409056/broncos-nfl-power-rankings External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Denver Broncos . Official website Denver Broncos Founded in 1960 Based in Denver , Colorado Headquartered in Englewood , Colorado Franchise History Players Starting quarterbacks Coaches Seasons First - round draft picks Broadcasters Stadiums Mile High Stadium Sports Authority Field at Mile High Key personnel Owner Pat Bowlen President / CEO Joe Ellis Executive Vice President / General Manager John Elway Head Coach Vance Joseph Culture Barrel Man Cheerleaders Miles Mork & Mindy No Fly Zone Orange Crush Defense `` Rocky Mountain Way '' South Park Thunder `` You Only Move Twice '' ( The Simpsons episode ) Lore Mile High Miracle Snowball Game The Drive The Fumble The Helicopter Rivalries Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders New England Patriots Brady -- Manning rivalry Retired numbers 7 18 44 Ring of Fame Steve Atwater Pat Bowlen Terrell Davis Jason Elam John Elway Simon Fletcher Goose Gonsoulin Randy Gradishar Rich Jackson Tom Jackson Charley Johnson Floyd Little John Lynch Karl Mecklenburg Gene Mingo Craig Morton Haven Moses Tom Nalen Gerald Phipps Dan Reeves Shannon Sharpe Dennis Smith Paul Smith Rod Smith Lionel Taylor Billy Thompson Frank Tripucka Jim Turner Rick Upchurch Louis Wright Gary Zimmerman Division championships 1977 1978 1984 1986 1989 1991 1998 2005 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Conference championships 1977 1986 1989 1997 1998 2013 2015 League championships 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 2015 ( 50 ) Media Broadcasters Dave Logan Brian Griese Scott Hastings Ed McCaffrey Alan Roach TV : KUSA 9News Radio : 850 KOA ( AM ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush American Football League Eastern Division Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Houston Oilers New York Titans / Jets Miami Dolphins Western Division Denver Broncos Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders Cincinnati Bengals General Seasons Playoffs All - League Teams All - Star game AFL Draft All - Time Team AFL -- NFL merger NFL Thanksgiving Day games Players Officials Broadcasters ABC AFL All - Star Game AFL Championship Game Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Cincinnati Bengals Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs Denver Broncos Houston Oilers NBC Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers Miami Dolphins New York Titans / Jets Oakland Raiders Super Bowl Commissioners Joe Foss Al Davis Milt Woodard ( President ) Sports teams based in Colorado Baseball MLB Colorado Rockies PCL Colorado Springs Sky Sox PioL Grand Junction Rockies Pecos Trinidad Triggers Basketball NBA Denver Nuggets ABA Colorado Kings Football NFL Denver Broncos WFA Mile High Blaze Rocky Mountain Thunderkatz IWFL Colorado Freeze Ice hockey NHL Colorado Avalanche ECHL Colorado Eagles WSHL Colorado Jr . Eagles Superior RoughRiders Inline hockey PIHA Colorado Springs Thunder Colorado Stallions Fort Collins Catz Mile High Miners Parker Prowlers Westminster Blizzard Lacrosse MLL Denver Outlaws NLL Colorado Mammoth Roller derby WFTDA Ark Valley High Rollers Boulder County Bombers Castle Rock ' n ' Rollers Denver Roller Derby FoCo Girls Gone Derby Pikes Peak Derby Dames Pueblo Derby Devil Dollz Rocky Mountain Rollergirls Slaughterhouse Derby Girls Rugby union PRP Denver Barbarians Glendale Raptors Soccer MLS Colorado Rapids USL Colorado Springs Switchbacks College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Air Force Colorado Colorado College ( men 's ice hockey and women 's soccer only ) Colorado State Denver Northern Colorado City and County of Denver The Mile High City About Commerce Demographics Economy Education Fire History Timeline Geography Landmarks Music Neighborhoods Notable Denverites Police Public schools Public transportation Street system Radio Television Government Mayor Michael Hancock Former mayors City Council Landmarks , museums and culture 16th Street Mall Avenue Theater Brown Palace Hotel Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception City Park Civic Center Clyfford Still Museum Colorado Convention Center Colorado State Capitol Confluence Park Coors Field D&F Tower Denver 's Downtown Aquarium Denver Art Museum Denver Botanic Gardens Denver Firefighters Museum Denver Mint Denver Museum of Miniatures , Dolls and Toys Denver Museum of Nature and Science Denver Center for the Performing Arts Denver Public Library Denver Zoo Elitch Gardens Theme Park Ellie Caulkins Opera House Forney Transportation Museum History Colorado Center Kirkland Museum of Fine & Decorative Art Molly Brown House Museo de las Americas Museum of Contemporary Art Denver Pepsi Center Red Rocks Sakura Square Sports Authority Field at Mile High Tattered Cover Union Station Wells Fargo Center Wings Over the Rockies Museum Colleges and universities University of Colorado Denver Metropolitan State University of Denver Community College of Denver University of Denver Regis University Sports franchises Denver Broncos Colorado Rockies Colorado Avalanche Denver Nuggets Colorado Rapids Colorado Mammoth Denver Outlaws Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Denver_Broncos&oldid=816223762 '' Categories : Denver Broncos American Football League teams National Football League teams American football teams in Denver Companies based in Arapahoe County , Colorado Sports clubs established in 1960 Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ລາວ Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 01 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last time denver broncos won the superbowl | [
"The Broncos were barely competitive during their 10-year run in the AFL and their first seven years in the NFL. They did not complete a winning season until 1973. In 1977, four years later, they qualified for the playoffs for the first time in franchise history and advanced to Super Bowl XII. Since 1975, the Broncos have become one of the NFL's more successful teams, having suffered only seven losing seasons.[7] They have won eight AFC Championships (1977, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1997, 1998, 2013, 2015, and three Super Bowl championships (1997 (XXXII), 1998 (XXXIII), 2015 (50). However, the Broncos have the NFL record for most Super Bowl losses (5). They have five players in the Pro Football Hall of Fame: John Elway, Floyd Little, Gary Zimmerman, Shannon Sharpe, and the most recently elected member, Terrell Davis."
] | [
"2015"
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-643396285545800732 | Can't Take My Eyes Off You | Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You - wikipedia Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You `` I Love You Baby '' redirects here . For the film of that name , see I Love You Baby ( film ) . `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' Cover of the 1967 US single Single by Frankie Valli from the album Frankie Valli : Solo B - side `` The Trouble With Me '' Released May 1967 ( 1967 - 05 ) Format 7 '' Recorded April 1967 Genre Soft rock , soul Length 2 : 58 Label Philips Songwriter ( s ) Bob Crewe Bob Gaudio Producer ( s ) Bob Crewe Frankie Valli singles chronology `` The Proud One '' ( 1966 ) `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' ( 1967 ) `` I Make a Fool of Myself '' ( 1967 ) `` The Proud One '' ( 1966 ) `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' ( 1967 ) `` I Make a Fool of Myself '' ( 1967 ) `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' is a 1967 single credited to Frankie Valli . The song was among his biggest hits , earning a gold record and reaching No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 for a week , stuck behind `` Windy '' by The Association . It was co-written by producer Bob Crewe and Bob Gaudio , a bandmate of Valli 's in The Four Seasons . It was Valli 's biggest solo hit until he hit # 1 in 1974 with `` My Eyes Adored You '' . `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' has had hundreds of cover versions , many of which have been on the charts in different countries . The song is a staple of television and film soundtracks , even being featured as part of the plot of some films , such as when the lead characters sing or arrange their own version of the song . Its chorus has also become a popular football chant , with supporters of various teams inserting their club 's name or a popular player 's name into the beat ( for instance , A.S. Roma fans sing `` Francesco Totti , la la , la la la la ! '' ) . The Valli version was also used by NASA as a wake - up song on the STS - 126 space shuttle mission , to celebrate the anniversary of astronaut Christopher Ferguson , one of the mission 's crew members . Contents 1 Credits 2 Charts 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Notable cover versions 3.1 1967 -- 1969 3.2 1970 -- 1989 3.3 1990 -- 1999 3.4 2000 -- 2009 3.5 2010 -- present 4 References 5 External links Credits ( edit ) The song was written by Bob Crewe and Bob Gaudio . Arrangement was done by Artie Schroeck and Gaudio . The original recording was made at A&R Recording Studios at 799 7th Avenue , with Bob Crewe producing and Phil Ramone engineering . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Rank Canada 18 US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Cash Box Notable cover versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song has been covered by some 200 artists over the years , in many countries , under both versions of the title . A few notable examples of cover versions that appeared on the charts : 1967 -- 1969 ( edit ) The Lettermen ( # 7 in 1967 , in a medley with `` Goin ' Out of My Head '' ) A version by Andy Williams made it to # 5 on the UK singles chart in 1968 . The arranger and producer was Nick DeCaro and the conductor was Eddie Karam . This version is included in the soundtrack of the 2001 film Bridget Jones 's Diary . In 2002 he recorded a new version of the song , as a duet with British actress and singer Denise van Outen , which reached # 23 in the UK singles charts . Vicki Carr recorded a cover of the song on her 1967 album It Must Be Him . Nancy Wilson ( # 52 in 1969 ) Engelbert Humperdinck covered the song on his 1968 album A Man Without Love . The Easybeats covered the song on their 1968 album Vigil , only released on the UK / European version of the album . 1970 -- 1989 ( edit ) In 1970 , Brook Benton recorded the song on his album Brook Benton Today . In 1972 , Bobby Darin performed the song on his summer television series , Dean Martin Presents : The Bobby Darin Amusement Company , and this version was included in the 2004 album Aces Back to Back . In 1974 , Anna Maria Alberghetti performed the song as part of a medley on the 1974 Jerry Lewis Labor Day MDA Telethon . In 1975 , Julio Iglesias sang the song on his TV show . Shirley Bassey recorded this as a United Artist Single in 1976 . In 1978 actors Robert De Niro , Christopher Walken and John Cazale sang the lyrics in the movie The Deer Hunter . Maureen McGovern ( # 27 on the US Adult Contemporary chart in 1979 ; # 5 Canadian AC in 1980 ) . In 1982 , San Francisco based disco band Boys Town Gang performed a disco version of the song which reached number one in the Netherlands , Belgium , Spain and number four in the United Kingdom . This version was also successful in Japan , receiving a gold digital certification by the RIAJ in 2011 , and is also on games such as Just Dance 4 . In 1987 , Hong Kong singer Prudence Liew recorded a Cantonese version and released it as the fourth single from her sophomore album , Why . In 1989 , Michelle Pfeiffer sang the song in The Fabulous Baker Boys . 1990 -- 1999 ( edit ) 1991 , onwards various versions from by disco singer Gloria Gaynor . 1991 , Pet Shop Boys used part of the song on their cover version of U2 's `` Where the Streets Have No Name '' , which reached # 4 in the U.K. and # 72 in the U.S. 1992 , Dutch singers Gerard Joling and Tatjana Šimić recorded a duet version of the song ( including a rap segment by Darrell Bell ) , which peaked at # 5 in the Dutch Top 40 charts . 1993 , the song was recorded by a-ha singer Morten Harket for the soundtrack of the movie Coneheads ( 1993 ) . 1998 , Lauryn Hill ( # 35 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart and # 2 on the Rhythmic Top 40 chart in 1998 and # 8 on the Australian Singles Charts ) . This version was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance in 1999 . 1999 , Heath Ledger sang the song in the film 10 Things I Hate About You . 1999 , Denise Richards sang the song in the film Drop Dead Gorgeous . 2000 -- 2009 ( edit ) 2000 , Japanese singer Ringo Sheena , for the single `` Tsumi to Batsu '' . 2000 , Hong Kong singer Leon Lai did a Cantonese version in his album Beijing Station . 2000 , Sheena Easton recorded her version for her album Fabulous . 2001 , Jimmy Somerville released his version as a single . 2001 , British group Muse , for the single `` Dead Star '' / `` In Your World '' . 2002 , Japanese singer Tommy february6 , on her eponymous album . 2004 , Jennifer Peña recorded a Latin version of the song , `` No Hay Nadie Igual Como Tú '' , which reached # 33 on the Latin charts . 2004 , Bad Manners , for The Ultimate Bad Collection - Crooners 2005 , Jamie Kennedy , for The Son of the Mask . 2006 , Barry Manilow including this song on his album The Greatest Songs of the Sixties . 2007 , Greek singer Efi Thodi included this song in her album I Love You Baby . 2008 , John Barrowman recorded a cover for his album Music Music Music . 2008 , Chinese soft rock duet Yu Quan recorded a cover as an EP titled Fall in Love with Your Beauty . 2008 , Frankie Valli 's version of the song was played by NASA as the morning wake - up call for astronaut Christopher Ferguson , in honor of his anniversary while he was on the STS - 126 Space Shuttle mission . 2010 -- present ( edit ) In 2010 , A cappella group Straight No Chaser included a cover of the song on their album With a Twist . In 2010 , Clay Aiken included a cover of the song on his album Tried and True . In 2011 , Japanese R&B singer Misia , included a cover of the song as a B - side to her single `` Kioku '' . The song was later included on her cover album , Misia no Mori : Forest Covers . In 2011 , Taiwanese - American singer - songwriter Joanna Wang , included a cover of the song on her cover album , The Things We Do for Love . 2011 , Stereophonics frontman Kelly Jones sang an acoustic version of the song in tribute to former Wales national football team manager Gary Speed . The song has been an adopted anthem for Welsh football fans during Speed 's playing career with Wales after being used in a BBC Wales promo for the 1994 World Cup qualifying campaign . In 2013 , South Korean girl group Girls ' Generation performed a version of this song as part of their Japan 2nd Tour ~ Girls&Peace ~ and 2013 Girls ' Generation World Tour - Girls & Peace . In 2013 , the vocal harmony group The Overtones covered the song for the official soundtrack of the German movie Buddy , and also included the song on the Christmas and Mother 's Day editions of their 2013 platinum selling album , Saturday Night at the Movies . In 2014 , John Lloyd Young covered the song for the movie Jersey Boys about the band The Four Seasons where he played Frankie Valli . He was also the original performer on the Broadway musical of the same name which premiered in 2005 . Jessie J recorded her version in 2016 , for the French cosmetics brand Make Up For Ever . Valli 's version appears in two 2018 TV commercials , one for Applebee 's , and another for Heineken . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Official Frankie Valli Site '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 '' . 1967 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred . The Billboard book of number 1 hits . p. 398 . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Valli - Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You / The Trouble With Me ( Vinyl ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , July 15 , 1967 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1967 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Musicoutfitters.com '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1967 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1967 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 40 Official Charts Company '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Love , Andy by Andy Williams , album sleeve , 1967 . New York : Columbia Records CS 9566 Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 40 Official Charts Company '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Engelbert Humperdinck - A Man Without Love ( Vinyl , LP ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Brook Benton - Brook Benton Today ( Vinyl , LP , Album ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 - lijst van week 24 , 1982 '' . Top40.nl . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 74 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gloria Gaynor - Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You - YourDancefloorTV on YouTube . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` JAARLIJST 1992 '' . Members.chello.nl . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Coneheads - Original Soundtrack Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic. 1993 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lauryn Hill Awards '' . AllMusic. 1975 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` MP3 file '' . Spaceflight.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Girls ' Generation Second Japan Arena Tour Set List Retrieved April 5th , 2013 . Jump up ^ 2013 Girls ' Generation World Tour Set List . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Applebee 's 2 For $20 TV Commercial , ' I Love You , Baby ' Song by Frankie Valli '' . iSpot.tv . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Heineken TV Commercial , ' Perfect Introduction ' Song By Frankie Valli '' . ispot.tv . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) `` Official Frankie Valli Site '' . Retrieved 2010 - 2 - 16 . Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics RIAA - Gold & Platinum Searchable Database Andy Williams Studio albums Andy Williams Sings Steve Allen Andy Williams Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein Two Time Winners To You Sweetheart , Aloha Lonely Street The Village of St. Bernadette Under Paris Skies Danny Boy and Other Songs I Love to Sing Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes Warm and Willing Days of Wine and Roses and Other TV Requests The Andy Williams Christmas Album The Wonderful World of Andy Williams The Academy Award - Winning `` Call Me Irresponsible '' and Other Hit Songs from the Movies The Great Songs from `` My Fair Lady '' and Other Broadway Hits Andy Williams ' Dear Heart Merry Christmas The Shadow of Your Smile In the Arms of Love Born Free Love , Andy Honey Happy Heart Get Together with Andy Williams Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head The Andy Williams Show Love Story You 've Got a Friend Love Theme from `` The Godfather '' Alone Again ( Naturally ) Solitaire The Way We Were Christmas Present You Lay So Easy on My Mind The Other Side of Me Andy Let 's Love While We Can Greatest Love Classics Close Enough for Love I Still Believe in Santa Claus Nashville We Need a Little Christmas I Do n't Remember Ever Growing Up Compilations Andy Williams Andy Williams ' Best Million Seller Songs Canadian Sunset Andy Williams ' Newest Hits May Each Day The Andy Williams Sound of Music Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits The Impossible Dream Love Story Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 ( CBS ) Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Reflections The Best of Andy Williams ( 1992 ) Personal Christmas Collection 16 Most Requested Songs : Encore ! The Best of Andy Williams ( 1996 ) The Love Songs In the Lounge with ... The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2000 ) Andy The Essential Andy Williams B Sides and Rarities Music to Watch Girls By : The Very Best of Andy Williams Moon River : The Very Best of Andy Williams The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2009 ) The Classic Christmas Album Live albums Greatest Hits The New Andy Williams Christmas Album Singles `` Walk Hand in Hand '' `` Canadian Sunset '' `` Butterfly '' `` I Like Your Kind of Love '' `` Lips of Wine '' `` Are You Sincere ? '' `` Promise Me , Love '' `` The Hawaiian Wedding Song '' `` Lonely Street '' `` The Village of St. Bernadette '' `` Danny Boy '' `` Fly by Night '' `` Stranger on the Shore '' `` Do n't You Believe It '' `` Twilight Time '' `` Ca n't Get Used to Losing You '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Hopeless '' `` A Fool Never Learns '' `` Charade '' `` Wrong for Each Other '' `` On the Street Where You Live '' `` Almost There '' `` Dear Heart '' `` ... and Roses and Roses '' `` Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars ( Corcovado ) '' `` May Each Day '' `` You 're Gonna Hear from Me '' `` Bye Bye Blues '' `` How Can I Tell Her It 's Over '' `` In the Arms of Love '' `` Music to Watch Girls By '' `` Holly '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Sweet Memories '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Happy Heart '' `` Live and Learn '' `` A Woman 's Way '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` One Day of Your Life '' `` It 's So Easy '' `` Home Lovin ' Man '' `` ( Where Do I Begin ? ) Love Story '' `` A Song for You '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Speak Softly Love ( Love Theme from The Godfather ) '' `` MacArthur Park '' `` Solitaire '' `` Love 's Theme '' `` Another Lonely Song '' `` Cry Softly '' `` Sad Eyes '' `` The Other Side of Me '' `` Tell It Like It Is '' `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' B - Sides `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' `` I Want to Be Wanted '' `` Summertime '' `` So Rare '' `` Emily '' `` Red Roses for a Blue Lady '' `` I 'll Remember You '' `` Something '' `` My Love '' `` They Long to Be Close to You '' `` I Love My Friend '' Related articles Discography The Williams Brothers The Four Seasons Frankie Valli Tommy DeVito Bob Gaudio Nick Massi Charles Calello Joe Long Gerry Polci Albums Sherry & 11 Others ( 1962 ) The 4 Seasons Greetings ( 1962 ) Big Girls Do n't Cry and Twelve Others ( 1963 ) The 4 Seasons Sing Ai n't That a Shame and 11 Others ( 1963 ) Golden Hits of the 4 Seasons ( 1963 ) Dawn ( 1964 ) Rag Doll ( 1964 ) Born to Wonder ( 1964 ) Stay and Other Great Hits ( 1964 ) 4 Seasons Entertain You ( 1965 ) The 4 Seasons Sing Big Hits by Burt Bacharach ... Hal David ... Bob Dylan ( 1965 ) Working My Way Back to You and More Great New Hits ( 1966 ) Lets Hang On ( 1966 ) On Stage with The Four Seasons ( 1965 ) New Gold Hits ( 1967 ) Edizione D'Oro ( Gold Edition ) ( 1968 ) The Genuine Imitation Life Gazette ( 1969 ) Half and Half ( 1970 ) Chameleon ( 1972 ) Who Loves You ( 1975 ) Helicon ( 1977 ) The Very Best of Frankie Valli & The Four Seasons ( 2002 ) Singles `` Bermuda '' `` Sherry '' `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Walk Like a Man '' `` Ai n't That a Shame '' `` Candy Girl '' `` New Mexican Rose '' `` Dawn ( Go Away ) '' `` Stay '' `` Ronnie '' `` Alone ( Why Must I Be Alone ) '' `` Rag Doll '' `` Silence Is Golden '' `` Save It for Me '' `` Sincerely '' `` Big Man in Town '' `` I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus '' `` Bye , Bye , Baby ( Baby Goodbye ) '' `` Since I Do n't Have You '' `` Girl Come Running '' `` The Sun Ai n't Gonna Shine ( Anymore ) '' `` Let 's Hang On ! '' `` Do n't Think Twice '' `` Working My Way Back to You '' `` Opus 17 ( Do n't You Worry ' bout Me ) '' `` On the Good Ship Lollipop '' `` I 've Got You Under My Skin '' `` The Proud One '' `` Tell It to the Rain '' `` Beggin ' '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` C'mon Marianne '' `` Lonesome Road '' `` Watch the Flowers Grow '' `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' `` My Eyes Adored You '' `` Our Day Will Come '' `` Who Loves You '' `` December , 1963 ( Oh , What a Night ) '' `` Silver Star '' `` Grease '' Related topics Discography Members Albums Songs The Four Lovers The Wonder Who ? Bob Crewe `` Ces soirées - là '' Jersey Boys : Original Broadway Cast Recording Jersey Boys ( musical ) Jersey Boys ( film ) Book : The Four Seasons Jimmy Somerville Discography Studio albums Read My Lips Dare to Love Manage the Damage Home Again Compilations The Singles Collection 1984 / 1990 The Very Best of Jimmy Somerville , Bronski Beat and The Communards For a Friend : The Best of Bronski Beat , The Communards & Jimmy Somerville Singles `` Suspicious Minds '' `` Comment te dire adieu '' `` You Make Me Feel ( Mighty Real ) '' `` Read My Lips ( Enough Is Enough ) '' `` To Love Somebody '' `` Smalltown Boy ( ' 91 Remix ) '' `` Gimme Shelter '' `` Heartbeat '' `` Hurt So Good '' `` By Your Side '' `` The Number One Song in Heaven '' `` Why ? ( Almighty Mix ) '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' Other songs `` Love to Love You Baby '' `` Johnny Remember Me '' `` Lover Man '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' `` From This Moment On '' `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' `` But Not Tonight '' `` I Was Born This Way '' `` Tell Me Why '' Related articles Bronski Beat The Communards Book Nancy Wilson Albums Like in Love Something Wonderful The Swingin 's Mutual ! Nancy Wilson / Cannonball Adderley Broadway -- My Way Hollywood -- My Way Yesterday 's Love Songs / Today 's Blues Today , Tomorrow , Forever The Nancy Wilson Show ! Tender Loving Care Lush Life Welcome to My Love But Beautiful Love , Nancy A Nancy Wilson Christmas R.S.V.P. ( Rare Songs , Very Personal ) Turned to Blue Songs `` ( You Do n't Know ) How Glad I Am '' `` Uptight ( Everything 's Alright ) '' `` You 've Got Your Troubles '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` She Called Me Baby '' `` Love Wo n't Let Me Wait '' `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' Related articles Discography Jazz Profiles The Lettermen Tony Butala Bobby Poynton Donovan Tea Studio albums Once Upon a Time ( 1962 ) The Best of The Lettermen ( 1966 ) I Have Dreamed ( 1969 ) Spin Away ( 1972 ) Singles `` The 7th Dawn '' `` Allentown Jail '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Chanson D'Amour '' `` Come Back Silly Girl '' `` Eastward '' `` How Is Julie ? '' `` Hurt So Bad '' `` I Have Dreamed '' `` Love '' `` Our Winter Love '' `` Put Your Head on My Shoulder '' `` Secretly '' `` Shangri - La '' `` She Cried '' `` Silly Boy ( She Does n't Love You ) '' `` Sweet September '' `` Theme from A Summer Place '' `` Turn Around , Look at Me '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` Where or When '' Related Vocal Group Hall of Fame Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Can%27t_Take_My_Eyes_Off_You&oldid=855375846 '' Categories : 1967 singles 1968 singles 1969 singles Songs written by Bob Crewe Songs written by Bob Gaudio Frankie Valli songs The Four Seasons ( band ) songs Jay and the Americans songs Andy Williams songs Lauryn Hill songs Barry Manilow songs The Lettermen songs Nancy Wilson ( jazz singer ) songs Schlager songs Maureen McGovern songs Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in the Netherlands Song recordings produced by Bob Crewe 1967 songs Philips Records singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2018 , at 20 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote cant take my eyes off of you | [
"\"Can't Take My Eyes Off You\"\nCover of the 1967 US singleSingle by Frankie Vallifrom the album Frankie Valli: Solo[1]B-side\n\"The Trouble With Me\"Released\nMay 1967 (1967-05)Format\n7\"Recorded\nApril 1967Genre\nSoft rock, soulLength\n2:58Label\nPhilipsSongwriter(s)\nBob CreweBob GaudioProducer(s)\nBob CreweFrankie Valli singles chronology\n\n\n\n\"The Proud One\" (1966)\n\n\"Can't Take My Eyes Off You\" (1967)\n\n\"I Make a Fool of Myself\" (1967)\n\n\n\n\n\n\"The Proud One\"(1966)\n\n\"Can't Take My Eyes Off You\"(1967)\n\n\"I Make a Fool of Myself\"(1967)\n",
"\"Can't Take My Eyes Off You\"\nCover of the 1967 US singleSingle by Frankie Vallifrom the album Frankie Valli: Solo[1]B-side\n\"The Trouble With Me\"Released\nMay 1967 (1967-05)Format\n7\"Recorded\nApril 1967Genre\nSoft rock, soulLength\n2:58Label\nPhilipsSongwriter(s)\nBob CreweBob GaudioProducer(s)\nBob CreweFrankie Valli singles chronology\n\n\n\n\"The Proud One\" (1966)\n\n\"Can't Take My Eyes Off You\" (1967)\n\n\"I Make a Fool of Myself\" (1967)\n\n\n\n\n\n\"The Proud One\"(1966)\n\n\"Can't Take My Eyes Off You\"(1967)\n\n\"I Make a Fool of Myself\"(1967)\n"
] | [
"Bob Crewe",
"Bob Gaudio"
] |
8050288192625500516 | Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model (cycle 9) | Britain & Ireland 's next Top model ( cycle 9 ) - Wikipedia Britain & Ireland 's next Top model ( cycle 9 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Britain & Ireland 's Next Top Model ( cycle 9 ) Cycle 9 Cast Country of origin United Kingdom Ireland Release Original network Sky Living Original release 20 June ( 2013 - 06 - 20 ) -- 5 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 05 ) Cycle chronology ← Previous Cycle 8 Next → Cycle 10 Series summary Britain and Ireland 's Next Top Model , Cycle 9 is the ninth cycle of Britain & Ireland 's Next Top Model . It began to air on 20 June 2013 . This cycle once again featured fashion model Elle Macpherson as executive producer and host of the show alongside a judging panel consisting of Tyson Beckford and Dannii Minogue . Former judges Whitney Port and Julien Macdonald did not come back for the new series . A new format was introduced at panel this season . Guest judges were no longer a deciding factor during eliminations , and the power lied solely in the main judges ' hands . The cycle featured fourteen contestants in its final cast . Additionally , a new elimination process was implemented . At panel , the judges went straight into deliberation without having evaluated each contestant individually . Furthermore , there were multiple contestants in danger of elimination each week as opposed to the usual two in seasons past . The prizes for this cycle were : A modelling contract with Models 1 . A fashion editorial , along with an appearance on the cover of fashion magazine Company . A contract with Revlon cosmetics and TRESemmé . And an all - expenses paid shopping spree to New York City . The winner of the competition was 23 - year - old Lauren Lambert from Wallington , Surrey , England . Lambert is the first winner of the series to have received a total of four first call - outs during the competition . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Judges 1.2 Casting 1.3 International destination 2 Contestants 3 Episodes 3.1 Episode 1 3.2 Episode 2 3.3 Episode 3 3.4 Episode 4 3.5 Episode 5 3.6 Episode 6 3.7 Episode 7 3.8 Episode 8 3.9 Episode 9 3.10 Episode 10 3.11 Episode 11 3.12 Episode 12 3.13 Episode 13 4 Summaries 4.1 Call - out order 4.2 Photo shoot guide 4.3 Makeovers 5 Post Top Model Agencies 6 Ratings 7 References 8 External links Production ( edit ) Cycle 9 auditions began on November 2012 . The show saw a record number of auditions held in over 17 cities ranging from Plymouth to Glasgow . Thousands of applicants were narrowed to twenty - eight semi-finalists . For unknown reasons , the number was lowered to twenty - seven . Fourteen contestants were selected to take part in the final cast . Filming of the series began on 21 January 2013 The first airing on 20 June contained two episodes . Judges ( edit ) Two judges from the previous cycle did not retain their positions . Elle Macpherson continued as head judge and executive producer along with model Tyson Beckford , but fashion designer Julien Macdonald and Whitney Port decided to leave the show . Australian singer and talent show judge Dannii Minogue joined Macpherson and Beckford . This leaves the show with a panel of only three judges , the first time since cycle 5 . Casting ( edit ) The cycle once again featured a boot - camp stage . Initially , 28 hopefuls were selected to join the semi-finals . However , only 27 of them were revealed to the public . 14 girls ultimately proceeded onto the main competition as finalists . International destination ( edit ) This cycle 's international destination was Barbados . This was the first season since cycle 4 to have featured only one international destination . Contestants ( edit ) ( ages stated are at start of contest ) Contestant Age Hometown Finish Place Christina Chalk 19 Dunblane Episode 2 14 Danielle Sandhu 20 Retford Episode 3 13 Jess Patterson 19 Knocklyon Episode 4 12 Abigail Johns 18 London Episode 5 11 Laura Young 19 Malvern Episode 6 10 Emily Garner 18 Chelmsford Episode 7 9 Saffron Williams 19 Batley Episode 8 8 Holly Carpenter 21 Raheny , Dublin Episode 9 7 Angel Mbonu 18 Middlesex Episode 10 6 Naomi Pelkiewicz 22 Bristol Episode 11 5 Sophie Ellson 19 Bournemouth Episode 12 Sarah Kennedy 22 Portnoo , Donegal Episode 13 3 - 2 Emma Ward 20 Leeds Lauren Lambert 23 Wallington , Surrey Episodes ( edit ) Episode 1 ( edit ) Original Airdate : 20 June 2013 The final 28 semi-finalists selected to take part in Britain & Ireland 's Next Top Model attend the casting of their lives . The girls get a chance to meet one another before meeting Elle , Tyson , and Dannii in person . As the crowd of models watches on , each contestant must walk in front of the judges before being asked questions in order for them to get to know her better . Immediately after the interviews , the girls are dismissed from the room . The judges deliberate on which eight girls should be eliminated . After they make their decision , they reveal to the models that in the room downstairs there is a board with the 20 photographs of the girls that will be moving forward in the competition . Ayoola , Ella , Dominique , Janay , Lucy , Lydia , and Stephanie fail to find their photographs on the board , and are thus eliminated from the competition . The remaining twenty girls move on to the second day of casting . First eliminated semi-finalists : Ayoola Sundari Smart , Ella , Dominique Binns , Janay Saddler , Lucy Bell , Lydia Lyn & Stephanie Taylor The following day , the remaining models take part in their first photo shoot challenge . They must pose together in groups of four while wearing absolutely no make - up . Group Models One Angel M. , Emma , Hannah , Laura Two Claire , Jess , Lauren , Saffron Three Christina , Elizabeth , Emily , Holly Four Abigail , Angel O. , Danielle , Naomi Five Aleksandra , Carly , Sarah , Sophie After the shoot , Elle , Dannii , and Tyson discuss the photographs that the girls had taken earlier that day . As nightfall looms in , each group of models is called individually to face their verdict and find out whether or not they have made the top 14 . The judges eliminate one or two girls from each group as they see fit , until only fourteen finalists remain . Danielle Sandhu , a model who had failed to make the final cut in cycle seven , successfully makes it into the final cast . The episode ends as the final fourteen models move into their new home . Second eliminated semi-finalists : Aleksandra Kozielska , Angel Ojera , Carly Gordon , Claire Bodie , Elizabeth Hamilton & Hannah Gardner Featured photographer : Alex James Episode 2 ( edit ) Original Airdate : 20 June 2013 The final fourteen settle into their new home . They receive their very first Elle Mail , which tells them to be prepared for the upcoming challenge the following day . The following morning , the models arrive at the National Exhibition Centre in Birmingham for their very first bridal runway show . They meet model Jade Parfitt and designer Ian Stuart , who ask each one of the girls to show them their runway walk . Each girl is divided into a team of either brides or bridesmaids . Angel , Christina , Emily , Holly , Laura , Lauren , Naomi , Saffron , and Sophie are chosen to be brides . Abigail , Emma , Danielle , Jess , and Sarah are chosen to be bridesmaids . Immediately before fittings start , Jade and Ian decide to switch Naomi and Emma 's roles in the show , which leaves Naomi in distress . Brief Models Bride Angel , Christina , Emily , Emma , Holly , Laura , Lauren , Saffron , Sophie Bridesmaid Abigail , Danielle , Jess , Naomi , Sarah After the show ends , Angel and Naomi are revealed to be the winners of the bridal runway challenge . They find various products and other prizes sponsored by the show waiting for them back at home . The next day , the models are taken to a warehouse for their photo shoot . There they find their mentor and judge Dannii as well as Victoria White , editor of Company Magazine . They are asked to create the perfect cover shot for the magazine . The majority of the girls receive mostly positive feedback , with Saffron and Danielle impressing the least . For judging , a new system is implemented . The models wait backstage with a board containing copies of their best photos from the shoot . While they wait , the judges discuss their photographs and deliberate on each model 's overall performance . Clear standouts include Emma , Lauren , and Naomi , among others . Abigail , Christina , Danielle , Saffron , and Sarah are critiqued most . The girls enter the judging room for the first time , and Emma is awarded picture of the week . In increments of three , nine other girls are dismissed from the room declared safe . The last four girls , Christina , Danielle , Saffron , and Sarah remain in the room to be critiqued further . Saffron and Sarah are judged about their lack of confidence , while Danielle is critiqued for her lack of presence . Despite having a great personality , Christina comes under fire for not being able to deliver in pictures . The four models in danger are asked to leave while a decision is made . Once the judges have made up their mind , the girls are called back in . Sarah , Saffron , and Danielle continue in the running . Christina is handed a portfolio containing all of her pictures from the show , thus being eliminated from the competition . First call - out : Emma Ward Bottom four : Christina Chalk , Danielle Sandhu , Saffron Williams & Sarah Kennedy Eliminated : Christina Chalk Featured photographer : Tim James Special guests : Jade Parfitt , Ian Stuart , Victoria White Episode 3 ( edit ) Original Airdate : 27 June 2013 The episode begins on the same night of Christina 's elimination after the remaining thirteen models have arrived back at the house . The girls receive an Elle Mail informing them that makeovers will take place the following day . Saffron begins to worry that the judges will want to cut off her hair . The next morning , the models are taken to the salon where hair stylist Matthew Curtis will be in charge of their new looks . To encourage the girls to embrace their new looks , Elle also receives a makeover . Most girls are content with the changes they are given , with Abigail , Saffron , and Emily being the most unhappy . Abigail and Saffron refuse to have their hair cut at all , becoming the first contestants in the entire series to have ever refused a makeover . For the shoot , the girls get taken to a manor house in the countryside where they meet their judge Tyson and gymnast Louis Smith . They are to pose on a pommel horse while at the same time retaining their connection with Louis , who is their partner for the shoot . Some of the girls struggle to maintain their balance , but generally everyone does a good job . Sarah and Lauren receive the best feedback during their sessions , while Emma struggles with her confidence . After the photo shoot , the girls are treated for a meal at a top London restaurant . Lauren begins to talk about her life before coming onto the show , and confesses that she was kicked out of her house at the age of fifteen . During elimination day , the girls get to take a look at their best pictures while the judges deliberate . Sophie , Holly , Naomi , Sarah , and Lauren receive some of the best comments from the judges . They also comment on Sarah 's marked improvement from the week before . Jess and Danielle are judged on not standing out enough , while Abigail and Saffron are criticised for not having cut their hair during makeovers , and possibly not being equipped to be a model . The models are called back into the room , and Lauren is awarded best picture . Eight other girls are dismissed and declared safe , leaving Abigail , Danielle , Laura , and Saffron as the bottom four contestants . Each girl goes up for an individual critique , and are then asked to leave while a final decision is made . When the judges are done , all four are asked to come back . Laura and Saffron are declared safe . Abigail narrowly avoids being eliminated over Danielle , who is handed her portfolio and becomes the second model to be eliminated from the competition . First call - out : Lauren Lambert Bottom four : Abigail Johns , Danielle Sandhu , Laura Young & Saffron Williams Eliminated : Danielle Sandhu Featured photographer : Dan Kennedy Special guests : Matthew Curtis , Louis Smith Episode 4 ( edit ) Original Airdate : 4 July 2013 The episode picks up on the night of the previous elimination . Sophie and Holly begin to talk about Angel 's inability to clean up after herself in the house . The girls receive a new Elle Mail telling them that a few appointments for go - sees have been arranged for them the following day . They all prepare themselves by having a good night 's rest in preparation for the challenge . The next day the models arrive at the offices of Models 1 , which is the prize agency for the contestant who wins the competition . There they meet model bookers Joe and Hannah , who will be in charge of watching the girls at work while they try to impress designers Ben de Lisi and Daniel Lismore . The contestants are divided into two groups of six , with each group meeting one designer at a time . At the end of the challenge , the designer must each choose one girl from the twelve girls they have seen as their challenge winner . Group 1st Designer 2nd Designer Emily , Laura , Lauren , Naomi , Sarah , Sophie Ben de Lisi Daniel Lismore Abigail , Angel , Emma , Holly , Jess , Saffron Daniel Lismore Ben de Lisi Ben compliments Naomi 's unusual beauty , and calls the girls from her group out for wearing wedge booties for a casting . Meanwhile , the other group meets Daniel Lismore . Daniel calls Angel a ' walking piece of art ' but later calls her and Abigail out for talking while he is trying to do a fitting . He compliments Emma 's great face and body , but criticises Abigail for having worn a blue bra to a casting . Abigail also fails to walk in his dress without tripping over it . He admits that Saffron was his favourite , and tells Jess that her walk needs a lot of work . The groups later switch designers for the second part of the challenge . Ben dislikes Saffron and Abigail 's walks , but swoons over Angel 's . Naomi stumbles in one of Daniel 's dresses , and Sophie receives critique for bobbing her head while she walks . Lauren and Sarah receive the best feedback from him . At the end of the challenge , all the girls receive feedback from Joe and Hannah about how the castings went . Angel and Sarah are revealed to be the challenge winners . They are allowed to pick two friends , Abigail and Emma , to accompany them for a night out from the house . While Angel , Abigail , Emma , and Sarah are out , the girls back at home begin talking behind Angel 's back . For the shoot , the girls are taken to a beach . They meet Dannii , their photographer Joseph Sinclair , and British model Jourdan Dunn . They are asked to pose topless in jeans with a male model . Sarah , Laura , Naomi , Lauren , and Angel impress the most . In contrast , Jess and Holly impress the least . During elimination day , the judges praise Naomi and Laura as the clear standouts for the shoot . Although Abigail 's photograph is good , Tyson does not believe she is a model . The judges are also disappointed by her performance at the castings . After some other comments on the pictures , the girls are into the elimination room and Naomi receives picture of the week . Seven other girls are dismissed , leaving Abigail , Holly , Jess , and Sophie as the bottom four . Holly is reprimanded for still being too made up for panel and wearing too much make - up . Sophie receives critique for not showing what the judges believe to be her full potential . After they have been dismissed and a final decision is made , the four models in danger are called back . Sophie and Holly are put through to the next week . Abigail survives her second time in the bottom two , and Jess is eliminated . First call - out : Naomi Pelkiewicz Bottom four : Abigail Johns , Holly Carpenter , Jess Patterson & Sophie Ellson Eliminated : Jess Patterson Featured photographer : Joseph Sinclair Special guests : Daniel Lismore , Ben de Lisi , Jourdan Dunn Episode 5 ( edit ) Original Airdate : 11 July 2013 The episode begins with the weekly challenge . The models head to a studio , where they meet Elle and Nicky Johnston . They are photographed by Nicky , and are asked to find their best light in front of the lens . Most of the girls receive feedback from Elle on how to improve . Sarah is declared the challenge winner , and as her prize she is treated for a night out . She chooses Emma , Saffron , and Abigail to accompany her . While they head to the club , the rest of the girls stays at home . The models receive an Elle Mail telling them to ' take a deep breath ' and prepare for the next photo shoot . Tension at home rises when the girls confront Angel , and Naomi calls her out on her ' attention seeking ways ' . The next day , the girls meet Tyson , their client Laura Maddox , and photographer Zena Holloway for an underwater photo shoot . Naomi begins her session first , with the rest of the girls watching her perform . Angel and Holly begin to argue while they wait for their turn . Emily , Saffron , Sophie , and Lauren receive positive comments from Tyson and Lauren . In contrast , Angel , Laura , and Abigail are given negative feedback . Sarah initially struggles , but manages to conquer her fear and impress both Tyson and the photographer . During elimination day , Sarah receives the most praise for her photo . In general , the judges also express having liked Naomi , Sophie , and Holly 's photographs . Emma , Laura , and Angel stand out as having some of the worst pictures . Meanwhile , Emily , Lauren , Saffron , and Abigail receive mixed comments for theirs . The models are called into the elimination room and Sarah receives picture of the week . Sophie , Naomi , Holly , Lauren , Emily and Saffron are declared safe and are put through to the next round . Abigail , Angel , Emma , and Laura find themselves in the bottom four . The judges tell Emma that her own negativity got in the way of her shoot , and that she needs to begin believing in herself . Elle believes that Abigail and Laura have made progress , but that there are still things for them to work on . Angel is told that she needs to practice more . After the judges have finish deliberating , the girls are called back in one last time . Angel and Emma are saved due to their strong past performances , leaving Laura and Abigail as the last two models vying for a place in the top ten . After having made her third consecutive appearance in the bottom two , Abigail is eliminated . First call - out : Sarah Kennedy Bottom four : Abigail Johns , Angel Mbonu , Emma Ward & Laura Young Eliminated : Abigail Johns Featured photographer : Zena Holloway Special guests : Nicky Johnston , Lauren Maddox Episode 6 ( edit ) Original Airdate : 18 July 2013 The models meet former Britain 's Next Top Model judge Louis Mariette for the weekly challenge . He tells the girls that they will have perform a live runway walk with odd and outlandish accessories . Each contestant picks a box with the object they will have to walk with . Model Accessory Angel Chunky Knitwear Emily Birdcage Emma Metal Jewelry Holly Platform Boots Laura Dress Lauren Angel Wings Naomi Poodle Saffron Pig Sarah Roller Boots Sophie Baby Holly , Sophie , Lauren and Angel all receive good critiques . Naomi and Sarah also receive encouraging comments . Saffron , Emily , Laura , and Emma struggle the most with the challenge . Lauren is chosen as the challenge winner , and as her prize , she is treated to a night out at the disco . She chooses Sarah and Angel to accompany her . Later that night , the girls receive an Elle Mail . Based on the content of the message , the models correctly guess that they will have to perform in a nude shoot . At the photo shoot the girls meet Dannii and their photographer for the day , Catherine . Laura confesses that her goal is to receive picture of the week , but Dannii believes that her performance does n't fully translate in pictures . Holly , Sophie , Emma , Lauren , and Sarah manage to impress the duo . Emily fails to feel confident about being nude , but Dannii assures her that the end results are good . During elimination day , the girls get to have a look at their pictures from the shoot while the judges discuss the photographs in the elimination room . Holly , Angel , Sarah , Emma , Sophie , and Lauren all receive praise for their photographs . Elle believes Laura has the right ingredients for the makings of a good model , but notes that having to photograph her is hard work . She also believes that while Naomi 's photograph is good , it 's not a standout from the other pictures . All three of the judges cackle at Saffron 's walk from the challenge , and frown at yet another bad performance at the shoot . Emily stands out due to her lack of confidence and her awkwardness . At elimination , Lauren receives picture of the week , and is dismissed from the judging room . She is quickly followed by Sophie , Sarah , Holly , Angel , and Emma . Emily , Laura , Naomi , and Saffron remain behind as the bottom four , with Saffron and Laura both being there for the third time during their stay in the competition . Each model is called up for an individual evaluation . Laura is chastised for failing to live up to the potential that the judges believe she has , while Naomi is critiqued for being inconsistent in her trajectory throughout the competition . Saffron is called out on producing another mediocre picture yet again , and Emily is judged for making excuses every week . The judges deliberate alone one last time , and the girls are called back after their decision has been made . Naomi and Saffron are put through to the next round , while Emily and Laura are asked to remain in the room . Emily is given another chance , and Laura is sent home due to her inability to produce good photographs . First call - out : Lauren Lambert Bottom four : Emily Garner , Laura Young , Naomi Pelkiewicz & Saffron Williams Eliminated : Laura Young Featured photographer : Catherine Harbour Special guests : Louis Mariette Episode 7 ( edit ) Original Airdate : 25 July 2013 Emily explains that while she is happy for having made it through the previous elimination , she feels sorry that Laura had to be eliminated . Holly and Saffron discuss what they perceive is the judges favouritism of Lauren and Sarah . Later that night , the girls receive an Elle Mail telling them to prepare for an early start the next day . The following morning , the models are taken to a farm . There they meet casting director Paul de Frades and Tyson , who informs them that they will have to shoot a milk advert for make mine Milk with Daisy , their cow partner for the commercial . Afterwards , the girls are given some time off to memorise their lines . Naomi , Saffron , Angel , and Sophie manage to do a decent job . Emma and Sarah evidently struggle to remember their lines . Other girls struggle to maintain control over the cow . Lauren allows her nerves to get the better of her , and she begins to forget her lines . As sunset begins to loom closer , the girls are gathered together so that Paul can deliver the news . Sophie is revealed to be the winner of the challenge . As her prize , she receives £ 1,000 worth of Danilo Gabrielli vouchers . When the girls arrive home , they find a new Elle Mail informing them that the hair and makeup team will arrive early the next morning to prepare them for a fairy tale photo shoot . After the girls have been styled and prepared , they are taken the studio where the shoot will take place . Elle meets the contestants there and she assigns a different fairy tale character for each model to portray . Model Fairy Tale Angel Snow White Emily Rapunzel Emma Goldilocks Holly Maleficent Lauren Beauty and the Beast Naomi Sleeping Beauty Saffron Little Red Riding Hood Sarah Hansel and Gretel Sophie Cinderella Naomi is chosen to go first . Both Elle and the photographer like that she tried hard to get into character . Sarah impresses Elle and Uli with her beauty . As they are getting prepared , Holly and Angel begin to argue . Angel states that Holly has made both herself and Sarah uncomfortable . Holly begins to cry , explaining that she thinks it 's cruel for Angel to bring those issues up immediately before a shoot . Sophie , Lauren , and Emma do well . Saffron is asked to portray fear . After Holly finishes her session , she begins to cry once more . Elle asks her to explain what happened , and when she does , Elle reassures her that her anguish did n't show in the pictures . Emily and Angel Struggle . Immediately after the shoot wraps up Elle speaks to the girls about professionalism , telling them that they should never bring any problems onto set . Dannii arrives at the house for a pajama party to cheer the models up . On the morning of elimination day , the tensions reach boiling point as Sarah confronts Holly for her behaviour in the house . During the elimination ceremony , Lauren once again receives picture of the week . Angel , Emily , Holly and Naomi stay in the elimination room as the bottom four . After the judges deliberate , Holly and Angel are declared safe . Naomi is spared from being sent home and Emily is axed from the competition due to her increasingly declining performance . First call - out : Lauren Lambert Bottom four : Angel Mbonu , Emily Garner , Holly Carpenter & Naomi Pelkiewicz Eliminated : Emily Garner Featured photographer : Uli Webber Special guests : Paul de Frades Episode 8 ( edit ) Original Airdate : 1 August 2013 The girls arrive home from the previous elimination . Sarah finds a birthday cake with her name on it , along with letters from her family back at home . She attempts to clear the air with Holly , but ultimately ends up getting into a new argument with her instead . Holly believes that Sarah is n't as innocent as she portrays herself to be . The following day , the models meet journalist and stylist Hillary Alexander for their challenge . Hillary tells them that will be tested on their fashion knowledge during a fashion quiz , and she divides the girls into four teams of two . The team with the most points at the end of the quiz wins the challenge . For having had the most right answers , Naomi and Sophie are chosen as the challenge winners . As their prize for winning the challenge , they are treated for a night out on a party bus with former Britain & Ireland 's Next Top Model contestants . Team Finish Naomi & Sophie 1st Emma & Holly 2nd Angel & Lauren 3rd Saffron & Sarah Naomi and Sophie choose Emma and Holly to accompany them . During their time out , Holly realises that she is lucky to be in the competition . She also states not wanting to make Sarah 's time in the competition uncomfortable . The next morning , Holly apologises to Sarah for her behaviour . Sarah expresses that she is glad they can finally move forward again . For the shoot , the models meet Dannii in an elegant building . She explains that the theme for the shoot is ' empowering women ' , and that they will have to pose with snakes . Dannii and the photographer comment on Emma 's lack of facial symmetry . Naomi talks about how determined she is not to be placed in the bottom two again . She receives encouraging comments from both the photographer and Dannii . Lauren has no problems with the snake , but is told to try to make her hands appear smaller . Sophie and Angel both receive unanimous praise . Sarah struggles with her supposed phobia of snakes , but still manages to do a great job on set . Holly struggles with finding a position she 's comfortable in . Back at home , Saffron explains that she is nervous about the upcoming elimination despite feeling pleased about her performance during the shoot . Sophie receives admiration for her photograph . Lauren , Emma , Angel , and Naomi also receive positive feedback for their pictures . Elle argues that Saffron is n't as strong as the other remaining models , and that Sarah failed to grab her attention . Holly comes under fire for her awkwardness on set . At elimination , there is a twist ; only three contestants will be in danger of elimination , as opposed to the usual four . Angel receives picture of the week for the first time during her stay in the competition , while Holly , Saffron , and Sarah land in the bottom three . The panel discusses both their pictures , and their portfolio 's as a whole . After deliberation , Sarah and Holly are given one more chance . Saffron is eliminated for having failed to keep up with the other models throughout the shoots . First call - out : Angel Mbonu Bottom three : Holly Carpenter , Saffron Williams & Sarah Kennedy Eliminated : Saffron Williams Featured photographer : Alex James Special guests : Hillary Alexander , Anita Kaushik , Annaliese Dayes , Catherine Thomas , Charlotte Holmes , Imogen Leaver , Jade Thompson , Letitia Herod , Chris Brown , Mark Amey ( Snake Trainers ) Episode 9 ( edit ) Original Airdate : 8 August 2013 The models receive an Elle Mail telling them to watch their steps and that ' all eyes ' will be on them the following day . The next morning , the girls meet Elle at the Garden Museum . She explains that the models will have to walk in a dining table runway show for Fashion Targets Breast Cancer , and that she will be watching them at the end of the catwalk . Elle also reveals that the six girls who remain at the end of the week will be boarding a flight to Barbados for the remainder of the competition . The models are fitted for their heels and begin to practice their walks . Angel begins to tear up when she is told she has the weakest walk out of the girls there . Afterwards the models are taken into hair and makeup . Most of the girls quickly begin to realise the importance of the show , and the impact it will have on whether or not they will receive a ticket for the trip overseas . After the show Elle congratulates the models for their outstanding performances . For the photo shoot the contestants are taken to a ballroom . In it they meet Tyson and their client for the shoot , Carly O'Connor . The models get their beauty shots taken for Revlon 's super lustrous lipstick campaign . Lauren , Emma , Naomi , and Sophie do well on set . Angel comes across as looking tired . She also receives some comments on not looking as beautiful as she could look in her photographs . Sarah is asked to relax and watch her posture . Holly receives praise from both Tyson and Carly during her shoot . After Holly has left , Tyson points out that while close - ups and beauty shots are her forte , she is n't a very strong editorial or runway model . Carly states that Holly 's photos during the day were very still elegant and glamorous . After having had a look at their pictures for the first time during the day of the elimination , some of the girls begin to worry . Meanwhile , Elle , Dannii , and Tyson discuss the pictures in the elimination room . Elle believes that Sarah 's pictures are n't very inspiring , but that her walk is still good . She also believes that Naomi 's days in the competition are numbered . Angel receives positive feedback from Tyson and Elle , but not from Dannii . Tyson and Dannii like Holly 's picture , but Elle comments on how ' old ' she looks . All three of them agree that her walk is n't impressive . Sophie is critiqued for never fully reaching the judges expectations , but is still complimented on her collective work in the competition . Emma and Lauren receive praise for looking sophisticated and elegant . During the elimination ceremony , Lauren is awarded her fourth picture of the week . Sophie , Emma , and Angel follow suit as the girls who will be travelling to Barbados with her . Holly , Naomi , and Sarah remain in the room as the contestants in danger of being eliminated . During the individual critiques , Elle commends Sarah on the progress she has made from the first week of the competition . Naomi is told that her walk needs improvement , and that she needs to stop comparing herself with the other girls . Holly is told that she has a niche in the industry , but that it is n't enough to be Britain and Ireland 's Next Top Model . After the final deliberation , Naomi is allowed to move on . Sarah is chosen as the final girl who will travel abroad , and Holly is handed her portfolio , making her the eighth contestant to leave the show . First call - out : Lauren Lambert Bottom three : Holly Carpenter , Naomi Pelkiewicz & Sarah Kennedy Eliminated : Holly Carpenter Featured photographer : Seb Winter Special guests : Natalie Legg , Iggy Azalea Episode 10 ( edit ) Original Airdate : 15 August 2013 The girls arrive to Barbados , where they will spend the rest of the competition . They arrive at their new home and quickly get settled in for the night . The following day , the girls are taken to a beach and are introduced to the vice-president of sales and marketing for tourism in Barbados . She explains that the models will have to surf the waves and deliver lines for a commercial that promotes the beauty of the island . After a brief lesson on surfing , the contestants take on their first challenge overseas . None of the girls are able to stay afloat on the surfboard for long , but all of them manage to deliver their line coherently . Immediately afterward , Sophie is revealed to be the challenge winner . She is treated to a spa session at one of the nearby hotels and gets to choose Naomi to accompany her . After their therapeutic session , Naomi and Sophie receive an Elle Mail telling them to prepare to get their ' hair off the shore ' . The contestants meet Dannii and Annabel Granger , who is their client for the photo shoot and a brand manager for TRESemmé . The goal for the shoot is to create a lively and realistic hair campaign for the brand 's new 24 Hour hair product . Angel becomes displeased with her styling for the shoot , as she feels that the afro she is forced to wear wo n't work for a hair campaign . Several of the other girls suggest that she needs to gets over her displeasure and focus on her performance for the shoot instead . Lauren seemingly does well on set , but Dannii comments on her overconfidence . Angel struggles to relax . Once she has left , Dannii , Anabel , and the photographer comment of her inability to pose naturally . Emma finds it hard to smile because of her braces . Sophie manages to fit the brief , but is critiqued for having had more misses rather than hits during her session with the photographer . Sarah and Naomi impress the most with their performances . After seeing their pictures for the first time the models head off to panel . For the remainder of the series the judging format goes back to the style seen in cycles past , where each girl goes up for an individual critique before the judges decide privately about who should be eliminated . The judges review the girls ' adverts and their photographs from the shoot . The judges like Lauren 's end result , but Elle states that Lauren is too relaxed . She explains that Lauren looks as if she ' already has it made ' . Angel is criticised for trying to be someone else in her pictures . Although Emma is congratulated for having achieved the desired results , she is told that her overall film was mediocre . For the most part , Sophie and Naomi receive positive feedback . During deliberation Sophie is critiqued by Elle and Dannii for not having the ' wow factor ' , while Tyson interrupts the conversation to say that Lauren does . The judges talk about Angel 's over-posing , and about Emma 's limitations as a model . Sarah and Naomi receive universal praise for their photos . At elimination , Sarah is awarded picture of the week . Angel and Emma remain as the bottom two , and an emotional teary - eyed Angel is eliminated from the competition . First call - out : Sarah Kennedy Bottom two : Angel Mbonu & Emma Ward Eliminated : Angel Mbonu Featured photographer : Joseph Montezinos Special guests : Joanna Roterberg , Annabel Granger Episode 11 ( edit ) Original Airdate : 22 August 2013 Shortly after having arrived back to their home from the prior elimination , the five remaining models find a brand new Elle Mail that tells them to prepare to follow in the footsteps of working top models for a dancing challenge . Some of the girls reckon that the challenge will have something to do with shooting a music video . The next morning the girls head over to the beach , and upon arriving there , they meet the members of Cover Drive . Lead singer Amanda Reifer explains that the contestants will have to participate as backup dancers for their new music video All My Love that will later be uploaded onto their website . After being taught the dance routine , the models head over to the streets of Barbados to shoot the music video . Sarah impresses the other girls with her skills , while Emma and Sophie struggle with their rigidity . Emma comments on Lauren 's overconfidence , explaining that she seems to think she already has the challenge in the bag . After having finished recording the video , Amanda reveals that Sarah has been chosen as the winner of the challenge due to her natural and outstanding performance . She is allowed to take Lauren with her for a swimming trip with sea turtles . Later that night the models receive a second Elle Mail just in time for the weekly shoot . On the day of the photo shoot , the girls are taken to Harrison 's Cave . Following in the footsteps of season eight winner Letitia , the contestants model pieces of Jerboa Jewellery inside of the caverns . Elle then introduces them to Victoria Barker , the creator of the brand . Naomi struggles with being overly sexy as well as relaxing her face . Despite having done well , Sophie is critiqued on her over-posing after she has left the set . Lauren and Emma both receive positive comments from Elle during their sessions , while Sarah is given mixed feedback . As the sun sets , the models prepare for their second elimination in Barbados . Backstage , the girls have a look at their pictures from the photo shoot . With the exception of Emma , all of them appear unsure about what the judges will think of their photos . The models get to see the video they shot previously that week during panel . Naomi is then called forward for her individual critique . She is shown some of her alternative pictures from the shoot , and is criticized for never fully reaching the judges ' expectations of her . Sophie is also shown some of her alternate pictures , and is told that her overall film was very poor . Lauren is complimented on knowing what to do on set without having to be told . Emma receives praise for her photograph , and is commended for maintaining a positive attitude after having been in the bottom two the previous elimination . Sarah is congratulated on her outstanding learning curve and stellar performance . After deliberation , Emma is awarded picture of the week . Sarah and Lauren join her in safety , while Sophie and Naomi find themselves in the bottom two . Elle reveals that the portfolio she is holding in her hands belongs to Naomi , and that Sophie will be allowed to continue on in the competition . First call - out : Emma Ward Bottom two : Naomi Pelkiewicz & Sophie Ellson Eliminated : Naomi Pelkiewicz Featured photographer : Joseph Montezinos Special guests : Amanda Reifer , T - Ray Armstrong , Barry ' Bar - Man ' Hill , Jamar Harding ( Cover Drive ) , Victoria Barker ( Jerboa Jewellery ) Episode 12 ( edit ) Original Airdate : 29 August 2013 The final four models rejoice in the fact that they have made it so far in the competition . They receive an Elle Mail which alludes that they will be taking part in a styling challenge the following day . Sophie begins to cry when she makes phone - call to her mother , explaining that the judges are beginning to tear her apart during elimination and that she misses her family greatly . The next morning the models arrive at Lime Grove , a shopping destination in Barbados . There they meet fashion guru Kingsley Throne , who tells the girls that they will be given one hour to find clothes around the stores that they will later use to style themselves in a shoot for the cover of LG Magazine . Lauren comes into trouble in one of the shoe stores , when she is unable to find heels that will fit her huge man feet . After the hour is up , all four of the models meet Kingsley once again . He requests that each one of them explains why they have chosen the outfit that they have . Sophie chooses a monochrome dress , explaining that the look is in at the moment , and a red purse with lips to match to add a splash of color . Kinglsley greatly compliments Sophie 's sense of fashion and her overall look . He proceeds to rag on Emma 's choice of androgynous clothes , while she argues that she wanted to choose something unique . Sarah receives a positive critique for her choice of a summer look . Lauren explains that she chose bright colours n order to capture the spirit of the Caribbean . Immediately afterwards , the girls begin their test cover shoot for the magazine . Emma takes some time aside to cry , as she feels upset about Kingsley 's hurtful comments . The girls encourage her to prove everyone wrong on set . Sophie is chosen to begin her session first . She is followed by Emma , Sarah , and Lauren . Lauren complains that the photographer was giving her too much direction , telling him that he should have let her ' do her own thing ' . After close inspection , Sarah is chosen as the winner of the cover challenge . She is given a free shopping spree at Lime Grove with Lauren as her reward . As the two are out shopping together , Emma and Sophie begin to talk about Lauren 's failure to take direction . They also compare Sarah and Lauren to one another . Later that night they receive an Elle Mail that talks about the upcoming photo shoot . The following day they are all driven St Nicholas Abbey , a sugar plantation in Barbados . There they meet Tyson Beckford , who explains the brief for the shoot is posing among the sugar canes in couture designs by Kesia Estwick . Sarah is the first of the girls to shoot , and she receives overwhelmingly positive feedback from everyone on set . Lauren is chosen to go next . She too , is given positive critique . Emma is commended for delivering one of her best performances in the competition . Sophie is initially told she lacks energy , but manages to impress near the end of her session . Tyson comments that deciding who will be eliminated is going to be extremely difficult . At panel , Sarah is the first model to receive her individual evaluation . Elle and Dannii rave about her photo , while Tyson states that all her frames were usable . While the judges like Lauren 's picture , they had been expecting more from her . Emma is praised for her excellence during the photo shoot , but Elle stresses that she must learn to be more commercial in addition to being editorial . Meanwhile , Sophie is given universal praise for her photograph . During elimination , Emma becomes the first finalist by snatching the last picture of the week in the series . Sarah follows suit as the second model through to the final , leaving Lauren and Sophie in danger of elimination . Elle proceeds to tell Sophie that she is no longer in the running towards becoming Britain & Ireland 's Next Top Model , and Lauren becomes the third and last finalist . First call - out : Emma Ward Bottom two : Lauren Lambert & Sophie Ellson Eliminated : Sophie Ellson Featured photographer : Joseph Montezinos Special guests : Kingsley Throne , Kesia Estwick Episode 13 ( edit ) Original Airdate : 5 September 2013 Final three : Emma Ward , Lauren Lambert & Sarah Kennedy Britain & Ireland 's Next Top Model : Lauren Lambert Featured photographer : Joseph Montezinos Summaries ( edit ) Call - out order ( edit ) Order Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Emma Lauren Naomi Sarah Lauren Lauren Angel Lauren Sarah Emma Emma Lauren Naomi Sophie Laura Sophie Sophie Sophie Emma Sophie Naomi Sarah Sarah Emma Sarah Lauren Sarah Emma Naomi Sarah Sarah Sophie Emma Lauren Lauren Lauren Sophie Holly Lauren Holly Holly Emma Naomi Angel Sophie Sophie Sophie 5 Angel Angel Angel Lauren Angel Saffron Lauren Naomi Emma Naomi 6 Holly Emily Sarah Emily Emma Holly Sarah Sarah Angel 7 Emily Emma Emily Saffron Naomi Angel Holly Holly 8 Jess Naomi Saffron Angel Saffron Naomi Saffron 9 Abigail Jess Sophie Emma Emily Emily 10 Laura Laura Holly Laura Laura 11 Sarah Saffron Abigail Abigail 12 Saffron Abigail Jess 13 Danielle Danielle 14 Christina The contestant was eliminated The contestant won the competition In episode 1 , the groups for the first photo shoot met individually with the judges , and the semi-finalists who had failed to impress them were eliminated . In episodes 2 through 7 , the bottom four contestants were in danger of elimination . In episodes 8 and 9 , this was reduced to the bottom three , and from episode 10 and onward , only the bottom two contestants were in danger of elimination . Photo shoot guide ( edit ) Episode 1 photo shoot : Natural beauty in groups ( casting ) Episode 2 photo shoot : Company Magazine cover tries Episode 3 photo shoot : Gymnasts on a pommel horse with Louis Smith Episode 4 photo shoot : Topless jeans dd on a beach with a male model Episode 5 photo shoot : Underwater beauty in gowns Episode 6 photo shoot : Nude editorial in B&W Episode 7 photo shoot : Portraying fairy tales Episode 8 photo shoot : Posing with snakes in an antique library Episode 9 photo shoot : Revlon beauty shots Episode 10 photo shoot : Hair campaign for TRESemmé Episode 11 photo shoot : Jerboa Jewellery in a limestone cavern Episode 12 photo shoots : Couture dresses in a sugar plantation Episode 13 photo shoot : Posing in swimwear for St. Tropez spray tan Makeovers ( edit ) Abigail : No change ( refused makeover ) Angel : New weave and fringes added Danielle : Treated for damage Emily : Cut shorter and dyed darker Emma : Bleached eyebrows and hair Holly : Fringes added Jess : Scruffier and dyed two tones Laura : Fuller hair and dyed darker Lauren : Tidied up and highlights added Naomi : Dyed lighter Saffron : No change ( refused makeover ) Sarah : Extensions added with a few red highlights Sophie : Cut to the collarbone , dyed darker , and highlights added Post Top model agencies ( edit ) Lauren Lambert has been signed with Models 1 as part of her prize package . Sarah Kennedy has been signed with Distinct Model Management in Dublin . Angel Mbonu has been signed with Elite Model Management in London . She was previously signed with Models 1 . Holly Carpenter has been signed with Andrea Roche Agency in Dublin . Saffron Williams has been signed with BOSS Models in London . Jess Patterson has been signed with Assets Model Agency in Dublin . Ratings ( edit ) Episode Viewing figures from BARB Episode Date Total Viewers Sky Living Weekly Ranking 20 June 2013 ( 20 : 00 ) 309,000 5 20 June 2013 ( 21 : 00 ) 348,000 27 June 2013 430,000 4 July 2013 367,000 5 5 11 July 2013 432,000 6 18 July 2013 393,000 7 25 July 2013 471,000 8 1 August 2013 395,000 9 8 August 2013 408,000 10 15 August 2013 306,000 11 22 August 2013 317,000 12 29 August 2013 366,000 13 5 September 2013 334,000 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` First look at Top Model judges : Elle Macpherson brands Dannii Minogue a fashion `` powerhouse '' `` . Mirror Online . ^ Jump up to : `` BINTM Series 9 : What To Expect '' . Sky Living . Jump up ^ http://m.youtube.com/#/watch?feature=m-ch-fea&v=11prKiL7Q0E Jump up ^ `` Size eight wannabe model told she 's TOO FAT '' . Birmingham Mail . Jump up ^ `` Britain & Ireland 's Next Top Model : The Auditions '' . Sky Living . Jump up ^ `` The Models '' . Sky Living . ^ Jump up to : `` BINTM Week 1 : The Story So Far ... '' . Sky Living . Jump up ^ `` Janay Saddler '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BINTM Ep 3 : The Story So Far ... '' . Sky Living . Jump up ^ `` BINTM Episode 4 : Recap '' . Sky Living . Jump up ^ `` BARB '' . BARB. 19 July 2011 . External links ( edit ) Britain and Ireland 's Next Top Model at Sky Living Jerboa Jewellery now known as Victoria Barker - London Britain 's Next Top Model Cycles 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Contestants Winners Lucy Emily Ratcliffe Lianna Fowler Lauren McAvoy Alex Evans Mecia Simson Tiffany Pisani Jade Thompson Letitia Herod Lauren Lambert Chloe Keenan Olivia Wardell Other alumni Abbey Clancy Jasmia Robinson Rachael Cairns Sophie Sumner Jade McSorley Charlotte Holmes Susan Loughnane Juste Juozapaityte Lisa Madden Holly Carpenter Related America 's Next Top Model : British Invasion Dannii Minogue Studio albums Dannii / Party Jam / Love and Kisses Get into You Girl Neon Nights Club Disco Singles `` Love and Kisses '' `` Success '' `` Jump to the Beat '' `` Baby Love '' `` I Do n't Wanna Take This Pain '' `` Show You the Way to Go '' `` Love 's on Every Corner '' `` This Is It '' `` This is the Way '' `` Get into You '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Boogie Woogie '' `` All I Wanna Do '' `` Everything I Wanted '' `` Disremembrance '' `` Coconut '' `` Everlasting Night '' `` Who Do You Love Now ? '' `` Put the Needle on It '' `` I Begin to Wonder '' `` Do n't Wanna Lose This Feeling '' `` Come and Get It '' `` You Wo n't Forget About Me '' `` Perfection '' `` So Under Pressure '' `` I Ca n't Sleep at Night '' `` He 's the Greatest Dancer '' `` Touch Me Like That '' `` Summer of Love '' `` 100 Degrees '' Compilations U.K. Remixes The Singles The Remixes The Hits & Beyond Unleashed The Early Years The 1995 Sessions This Is It : The Very Best Of Video albums Love and Kisses : Video Collection Get into You : Video Collection The Videos Dannii Minogue : The Video Collection Books My Story My Style Related articles Discography Kylie Minogue ( sister ) Terry Ronald Ian Masterson Julian McMahon ( ex-husband ) Project D Style Queen Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Britain_%26_Ireland%27s_Next_Top_Model_(cycle_9)&oldid=801220980 '' Categories : Britain & Ireland 's Next Top Model 2013 British television seasons Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from June 2016 All articles needing style editing Use Australian English from April 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from August 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 12 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | britain and ireland's next top model music video | [
"The next morning the girls head over to the beach, and upon arriving there, they meet the members of Cover Drive. Lead singer Amanda Reifer explains that the contestants will have to participate as backup dancers for their new music video All My Love that will later be uploaded onto their website. After being taught the dance routine, the models head over to the streets of Barbados to shoot the music video. Sarah impresses the other girls with her skills, while Emma and Sophie struggle with their rigidity. Emma comments on Lauren's overconfidence, explaining that she seems to think she already has the challenge in the bag. After having finished recording the video, Amanda reveals that Sarah has been chosen as the winner of the challenge due to her natural and outstanding performance. She is allowed to take Lauren with her for a swimming trip with sea turtles."
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"All My Love"
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-5439966071734230689 | List of San Diego Padres seasons | List of San Diego Padres seasons - wikipedia List of San Diego Padres seasons Jump to : navigation , search The San Diego Padres are a professional baseball franchise based in San Diego , California . They began play in 1969 , but did not achieve their first winning season until 1978 , though they failed to sustain this over the next half - decade . However , in 1984 the Padres surprisingly reached their first - ever postseason appearance and won the National League Championship before losing to a very strong Detroit Tiger outfit in the World Series . This did not usher in a prolonged period of success for the Padres , who failed to achieve a second postseason appearance until 1996 , and after a disappointing 1997 they rebounded again with a franchise - best 98 wins and reached the World Series only to face another exceptionally formidable opponent in the late - 1990s Yankees dynasty . The Padres yet again faltered , but achieved four consecutive winning seasons for the only time in franchise history between 2004 and 2007 without winning more than one playoff game . The Padres have not played in the postseason since 2006 despite only the fourth 90 - win season in franchise history during 2010 . World Series champions † NL champions * Division champions ^ Wild card berth ( 1995 -- present ) ¤ Season Level League Division Finish Wins Losses Win % GB Postseason Awards 1969 MLB NL West 6th 52 110 . 321 41 1970 MLB NL West 6th 63 99 . 389 39 1971 MLB NL West 6th 61 100 . 379 281⁄2 1972 MLB NL West 6th 58 95 . 379 361⁄2 1973 MLB NL West 6th 60 102 . 370 39 MLB NL West 6th 60 102 . 370 42 MLB NL West 4th 71 91 . 438 37 1976 MLB NL West 5th 73 89 . 451 29 Randy Jones ( CYA ) Butch Metzger ( ROY ) 1977 MLB NL West 5th 69 93 . 426 29 1978 MLB NL West 4th 84 78 . 519 11 Gaylord Perry ( CYA ) 1979 MLB NL West 5th 68 93 . 422 22 1980 MLB NL West 6th 73 89 . 451 191⁄2 1981 MLB NL West 6th 23 33 . 411 121⁄2 6th 18 36 . 333 151⁄2 1982 MLB NL West 4th 81 81 . 500 8 MLB NL West 4th 81 81 . 500 10 1984 MLB NL * West ^ 1st 92 70 . 568 -- Won NLCS ( Cubs ) 3 -- 2 Lost World Series ( Tigers ) 4 -- 1 * 1985 MLB NL West 3rd 83 79 . 512 12 1986 MLB NL West 4th 74 88 . 457 22 MLB NL West 6th 65 97 . 401 25 Benito Santiago ( ROY ) 1988 MLB NL West 3rd 83 78 . 516 11 1989 MLB NL West 2nd 89 73 . 549 Mark Davis ( CYA ) 1990 MLB NL West 4th 75 87 . 463 16 1991 MLB NL West 3rd 84 78 . 519 10 1992 MLB NL West 3rd 82 80 . 506 16 1993 MLB NL West 6th 61 101 . 377 43 1994 MLB NL West 4th 47 70 . 402 121⁄2 Playoffs cancelled 1995 MLB NL West 3rd 70 74 . 486 8 MLB NL West ^ 1st 91 71 . 562 -- Lost NLDS ( Cardinals ) 3 -- 0 Ken Caminiti ( MVP ) Bruce Bochy ( MOY ) 1997 MLB NL West 4th 76 86 . 469 14 1998 MLB NL * West ^ 1st 98 64 . 605 -- Won NLDS ( Astros ) 3 -- 1 Won NLCS ( Braves ) 4 -- 2 Lost World Series ( Yankees ) 4 -- 0 * Bruce Bochy ( MOY ) 1999 MLB NL West 4th 74 88 . 457 26 2000 MLB NL West 5th 76 86 . 469 21 2001 MLB NL West 4th 79 83 . 488 13 2002 MLB NL West 5th 66 96 . 407 32 2003 MLB NL West 5th 64 98 . 395 361⁄2 MLB NL West 3rd 87 75 . 537 6 2005 MLB NL West ^ 1st 82 80 . 506 -- Lost NLDS ( Cardinals ) 3 -- 0 2006 MLB NL West ^ 1st 88 74 . 543 -- Lost NLDS ( Cardinals ) 3 -- 1 2007 MLB NL West 3rd 89 74 . 546 11⁄2 Jake Peavy ( CYA ) 2008 MLB NL West 5th 63 99 . 389 21 2009 MLB NL West 4th 75 87 . 463 20 MLB NL West 2nd 90 72 . 555 Heath Bell ( ROY ) Bud Black ( MOY ) 2011 MLB NL West 5th 71 91 . 435 23 2012 MLB NL West 4th 76 86 . 469 18 2013 MLB NL West T - 3rd 76 86 . 469 16 2014 MLB NL West 3rd 77 85 . 475 17 2015 MLB NL West 4th 74 88 . 457 18 2016 MLB NL West 5th 68 94 . 420 23 2017 MLB NL West 4th 71 91 . 438 33 Regular season 3612 4201 . 462 5 Postseason Appearances Playoff games 12 22 . 353 5 Division Titles , 2 League Pennants Playoff series . 375 0 World Series Championships Lost 2007 National League Wild Card tie - breaker game to the Colorado Rockies . Record by decade ( edit ) The following table describes the Padres ' MLB win -- loss record by decade . Decade Wins Losses Pct 1960s 52 110 . 321 1970s 667 942 . 415 1980s 762 805 . 486 1990s 758 799 . 487 2000s 769 852 . 474 2010s 532 602 . 469 All - time 3540 4110 . 463 These statistics are from Baseball-Reference.com 's San Diego Padres History & Encyclopedia , and are current as of October 18 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` San Diego Padres History & Encyclopedia '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Major League Baseball season - by - season team history American League East Division Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Division Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Division Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Division Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Division Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Division Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants San Diego Padres Based in San Diego , California Franchise History Expansion and draft Seasons Players Managers Owners and executives Division Retired numbers Hall of Fame Award winners and league leaders Broadcasters First - round draft picks Opening Day starting pitchers Records Ballparks Qualcomm Stadium Petco Park Spring training Desert Sun Stadium Peoria Sports Complex Culture and lore Fox Sports San Diego Original Padres Swinging Friar San Diego Chicken Steve Garvey home run 2007 NL Wild Card tie - breaker game Trevor time Pitch Key personnel Owner : Ron Fowler General Manager : A.J. Preller Sr. VP of Baseball Operations : Omar Minaya Manager : Andy Green League pennants ( 2 ) 1984 1998 Division titles ( 5 ) 1984 1998 2005 2006 Minor league affiliates El Paso Chihuahuas ( AAA ) San Antonio Missions ( AA ) Lake Elsinore Storm ( A Adv . ) Fort Wayne TinCaps ( A ) Tri-City Dust Devils ( Short A ) AZL Padres ( Rookie ) AZL Padres 2 ( Rookie ) DSL Padres ( Rookie ) Seasons ( 50 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_San_Diego_Padres_seasons&oldid=803641928 '' Categories : San Diego Padres seasons Major League Baseball teams seasons San Diego Padres lists Talk About Wikipedia Français 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 19 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last time the padres went to the playoffs | [
"This did not usher in a prolonged period of success for the Padres, who failed to achieve a second postseason appearance until 1996, and after a disappointing 1997 they rebounded again with a franchise-best 98 wins and reached the World Series only to face another exceptionally formidable opponent in the late-1990s Yankees dynasty. The Padres yet again faltered, but achieved four consecutive winning seasons for the only time in franchise history between 2004 and 2007 without winning more than one playoff game. The Padres have not played in the postseason since 2006 despite only the fourth 90-win season in franchise history during 2010."
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"2006"
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270976813874956095 | World Tourism rankings | World Tourism rankings - wikipedia World Tourism rankings Jump to : navigation , search The World Tourism rankings are compiled by the United Nations World Tourism Organization as part of their World Tourism Barometer publication , which is released three times throughout the year . In the publication , UN regions and subregions are ranked by the number of international visitor arrivals , by the revenue generated by inbound tourism , and by the expenditures of outbound travelers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Most visited destinations by international tourist arrivals 1.1 Africa 1.2 Americas 1.3 Asia - Pacific 1.4 Europe 1.5 Middle East 2 International tourism receipts 2.1 Africa 2.2 Americas 2.3 Asia - Pacific 2.4 Europe 2.5 Middle East 3 International tourism expenditure in 2015 and 2016 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Most visited destinations by international TOURIST arrivals ( edit ) In 2016 , there were 1.235 billion international tourist arrivals worldwide , with a growth of 4 % as compared to 1.186 billion in 2015 . The top 10 international tourism destinations in 2016 were : Rank Destination International tourist arrivals ( 2016 ) International tourist arrivals ( 2015 ) Change ( 2015 to 2016 ) ( % ) Change ( 2014 to 2015 ) ( % ) France 82.6 million 84.5 million 2.2 0.9 United States 75.6 million 77.5 million 2.4 3.3 Spain 75.6 million 68.5 million 10.3 5.5 China 59.3 million 56.9 million 4.2 2.3 5 Italy 52.4 million 50.7 million 3.2 4.4 6 United Kingdom 35.8 million 34.4 million 4.0 5.6 7 Germany 35.6 million 35.0 million 1.7 6.0 8 Mexico 35.0 million 32.1 million 8.9 9.4 9 Thailand 32.6 million 29.9 million 8.9 20.6 10 Turkey 31.3 million 39.5 million 24.6 0.8 Africa ( edit ) In 2015 , there were over 53 million international tourist arrivals to Africa , a decrease of 3 % from 2014 . In 2015 , the top ten African destinations were : Rank Destination International tourist arrivals ( 2015 ) International tourist arrivals ( 2014 ) Change ( 2014 to 2015 ) ( % ) Change ( 2013 to 2014 ) ( % ) Morocco 10.2 million 10.3 million 1.0 2.4 Egypt 9.1 million 9.6 million 5.1 5.0 South Africa 8.9 million 9.5 million 6.8 0.1 Tunisia 5.4 million 7.2 million 25.2 2.6 5 Zimbabwe 2.1 million 1.9 million 9.4 2.6 6 Algeria 1.7 million 2.3 million 25.7 15.8 7 Mozambique 1.6 million 1.7 million 6.6 11.9 8 Botswana 1.5 million 2.0 million 22.3 27.3 9 Ivory Coast 1.4 million 0.5 million 205.9 23.9 10 Namibia 1.4 million 1.3 million 5.1 12.2 Note : Egypt is classified under `` Middle East '' in the UNWTO . Americas ( edit ) In 2015 , there were over 199 million international tourist arrivals to the Americas . In 2015 , the top ten destinations were : Rank Destination International tourist arrivals ( 2015 ) International tourist arrivals ( 2014 ) Change ( 2014 to 2015 ) ( % ) Change ( 2013 to 2014 ) ( % ) United States 77.5 million 75.0 million 3.3 7.2 Mexico 32.1 million 29.3 million 9.4 21.5 Canada 18.0 million 16.5 million 8.7 3.0 Brazil 6.3 million 6.4 million 1.9 10.6 5 Argentina 5.7 million 5.9 million 3.3 13.1 6 Dominican Republic 5.6 million 5.1 million 8.9 9.6 7 Chile 4.5 million 3.7 million 21.9 2.7 8 Puerto Rico 3.5 million 3.2 million 9.1 2.3 9 Cuba 3.5 million 3.0 million 17.5 5.0 10 Peru 3.5 million 3.2 million 7.5 1.6 Asia - Pacific ( edit ) In 2016 , there were over 308 million international tourist arrivals to Asia - Pacific , an increase of 9.0 % over 2015 . In 2016 , the top ten destinations were : Rank Destination International tourist arrivals ( 2016 ) International tourist arrivals ( 2015 ) Change ( 2015 to 2016 ) ( % ) Change ( 2014 to 2015 ) ( % ) China 59.3 million 56.9 million 4.2 2.3 Thailand 32.6 million 29.9 million 8.9 20.6 Malaysia 26.8 million 25.7 million 4.0 6.3 Hong Kong 26.6 million 26.7 million 0.5 3.9 5 Japan 24.0 million 19.7 million 21.8 47.1 6 South Korea 17.2 million 13.2 million 30.3 6.8 7 Macau 15.7 million 14.3 million 9.8 1.8 8 India 14.6 million 13.3 million 9.7 1.4 9 Singapore 12.9 million 12.1 million 7.1 1.6 10 Indonesia 12.0 million 10.0 million 15.5 5.6 Europe ( edit ) In 2016 , there were over 616 million international tourist arrivals to Europe , an increase of 1.0 % over 2015 . In 2016 , the top ten destinations were : Rank Destination International tourist arrivals ( 2016 ) International tourist arrivals ( 2015 ) Change ( 2015 to 2016 ) ( % ) Change ( 2014 to 2015 ) ( % ) France 82.6 million 84.5 million 2.2 0.9 Spain 75.6 million 68.5 million 10.3 5.5 Italy 52.4 million 50.7 million 3.2 4.4 United Kingdom 35.8 million 34.4 million 4.0 5.6 5 Germany 35.6 million 35.0 million 1.7 6.0 6 Turkey 31.3 million 39.5 million 24.6 0.8 7 Austria 28.1 million 26.7 million 5.2 5.7 8 Greece 24.8 million 23.6 million 5.1 7.1 9 Russia 24.6 million 26.9 million 8.6 5.6 10 Poland 17.5 million 16.7 million 4.4 4.6 Middle East ( edit ) In 2015 , there were over 53 million international tourist arrivals to the Middle East , an increase of 2.0 % over 2014 . In 2015 , the top ten destinations were : Rank Destination International tourist arrivals ( 2015 ) International tourist arrivals ( 2014 ) Change ( 2014 to 2015 ) ( % ) Change ( 2013 to 2014 ) ( % ) Turkey 39.5 million 39.8 million 0.8 5.3 Saudi Arabia 18.0 million 18.3 million 1.5 15.8 United Arab Emirates 14.2 million 13.2 million 7.6 32.1 Egypt 9.1 million 9.6 million 5.1 5.0 5 Iran 5.2 million 5.0 million 5.4 4.2 6 Jordan 3.8 million 4.0 million 5.7 1.1 7 Qatar 2.9 million 2.8 million 3.7 8.2 8 Israel 2.8 million 2.9 million 4.4 1.2 9 Oman 1.9 million 1.6 million 17.8 15.7 10 Lebanon 1.5 million 1.4 million 12.1 6.3 Note : Iran is classified as part of `` South Asia '' in the UNWTO . Turkey and Israel are classified as part of `` Southern / Medit. Europe '' in the UNWTO . International Tourism receipts ( edit ) International tourism receipts grew to US $1,260 billion in 2015 , corresponding to an increase in real terms of 4.4 % from 2014 . The World Tourism Organization reports the following destinations as the top twelve tourism earners for the year 2015 , with the United States by far the top earner . Rank Region International tourism receipts ( 2016 ) International tourism receipts ( 2015 ) Change ( 2015 to 2016 ) ( % ) Change ( 2014 to 2015 ) ( % ) United States $205.9 billion $205.4 billion 0.3 % 7.0 % Spain $60.3 billion $56.5 billion 6.9 % 13.3 % Thailand $49.9 billion $44.9 billion 11.0 % 16.9 % China $44.4 billion $45.0 billion 1.2 % 2.1 % 5 France $42.5 billion $44.9 billion 5.3 % 22.9 % 6 Italy $40.2 billion $39.4 billion 2.0 % 13.3 % 7 United Kingdom $39.6 billion $45.5 billion 12.9 % 2.3 % 8 Germany $37.4 billion $36.9 billion 1.4 % 14.8 % 9 Hong Kong $32.9 billion $36.2 billion 9.1 % 5.8 % 10 Australia $32.4 billion $28.9 billion 12.3 % 8.2 % Africa ( edit ) Rank Region International tourism receipts ( US $ million ) ( 2016 ) South Africa $7,910 Morocco $6,548 Egypt $5,258 Tanzania $2,135 5 Mauritius $1,572 6 Tunisia $1,239 7 Botswana $1,101 8 Nigeria $1,070 9 Sudan $1,009 10 Zimbabwe $824 Americas ( edit ) Rank Region International tourism receipts ( US $ million ) ( 2016 ) United States $205,940 Mexico $19,571 Canada $18,213 Dominican Republic $6,723 5 Brazil $6,024 6 Colombia $4,773 7 Argentina $4,687 8 Panama $4,258 9 Puerto Rico $3,985 10 Costa Rica $3,879 Asia - Pacific ( edit ) Rank Region International tourism receipts ( US $ million ) ( 2016 ) Thailand $49,871 China $44,432 Hong Kong $32,860 Australia $32,423 5 Japan $30,678 6 Macau $29,881 7 India $22,427 8 Singapore $18,386 9 Malaysia $18,074 10 South Korea $17,210 Europe ( edit ) Rank Region International tourism receipts ( US $ million ) ( 2016 ) Spain $60,346 France $42,481 Italy $40,246 United Kingdom $39,615 5 Germany $37,433 6 Austria $19,300 7 Switzerland $15,937 8 Greece $14,618 9 Netherlands $14,054 9 Portugal $14,036 Middle East ( edit ) Rank Region International tourism receipts ( US $ million ) ( 2015 ) Turkey $26,616 United Arab Emirates $17,481 Saudi Arabia $10,130 Lebanon $6,857 5 Egypt $6,065 6 Israel $5,794 7 Qatar $5,035 8 Jordan $4,065 9 Iraq $4,060 10 Oman $1,540 International Tourism expenditure in 2015 and 2016 ( edit ) The World Tourism Organization reports the following destinations as the top ten biggest spenders on international tourism for the year 2015 and 2016 . Rank Region International tourism expenditure ( 2016 ) International tourism expenditure ( 2015 ) China $261.1 billion $249.8 billion United States $123.6 billion $114.7 billion Germany $79.8 billion $77.5 billion United Kingdom $63.6 billion $63.3 billion 5 France $40.5 billion $39.3 billion 6 Canada $29.1 billion $30.1 billion 7 South Korea $26.6 billion $25.3 billion 8 Italy $25.0 billion $24.4 billion 9 Australia $24.9 billion $23.8 billion 10 Hong Kong $24.2 billion $23.1 billion See also ( edit ) Tourism World Travel Monitor References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` UNWTO Tourism Highlights : 2017 Edition World Tourism Organization '' . doi : 10.18111 / 9789284419029 . ^ Jump up to : `` WTO / Member States of Middle East '' . World Tourism Organization . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` INDONESIA TOURIST ARRIVALS IN 2016 REACHES 12.023 MILLION GOAL , SURGES 15.54 % '' . External links ( edit ) Official website List of countries by international inbound tourists World Statistics Eltiempo.com Tourism Types Accessible Adventure Agritourism Alternative Atomic Birth Business Child sex Culinary Enotourism Cultural Archaeological Bookstore Music Pop - culture Dark Holocaust Disaster Domestic Drug Ecotourism Shark Extreme Factory Tourism Garden Genealogy Geotourism Heritage Militarism heritage Honeymoon Jihadi Jungle Justice LGBT Literary Tolkien Medical Dental Moon Nautical Rail Religious Christian Halal Kosher Rural Sacred Safaris Sex Child sex Female sex Slum Space Sports Stag party Suicide Sustainable Vacation Volunteer travel War Water Wellness Wildlife Hospitality industry Bed and breakfast Boutique hotel Conference and resort hotels Convention center Destination spa Front desk General manager Homestay Hospitality management studies Hospitality services Hostel Hotel Hotel manager Inn Island resort Motel Referral chain Resort Resort town Restaurant Seaside resort Ski resort Terminology Campus tour Convention ( meeting ) Gift shop Grand Tour Holiday ( vacation ) Hypermobility Package tour Passport Perpetual traveler Road trip Roadside attraction Souvenir Staycation Sunday drive Tour guide Tour operator Tourism geography Tourism minister Tourism region Tourist attraction Tourist gateway Tourist trap Touron Transport Travel Travel agency Travel behavior Travel document Travel insurance Travel literature Travel medicine Travel survey Travel technology Travel warning Travel website Trip planner Visa Visitor center Industry organizations , rankings and events American Bus Association American Hotel and Lodging Association American Hotel & Lodging Educational Institute BEST Education Network Caribbean Tourism Organization Destination marketing organization European Travel Commission Historical archive on tourism South - East Asian Tourism Organisation Tourism Radio Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report Wikivoyage World Tourism Day World Tourism Organization World Tourism rankings World Travel and Tourism Council World Travel Monitor Lists Adjectival tourisms Attractions Bibliography Casino hotels Casinos Convention and exhibition centers Hotels Largest hotels in the world Motels Travel magazines UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists World Heritage Sites by country Commons Portal WikiProject Lists of countries by tourism rankings Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists World Heritage Sites World Tourism rankings List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Tourism in Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / ( see also plazas de soberanía ) ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Tourism in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Tourism in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Tourism in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Tourism in Oceania Sovereign states Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated states of New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna Tourism in South America Sovereign states Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Tourism_rankings&oldid=804318321 '' Categories : Lists of countries by economic indicator International rankings Tourism - related lists World Tourism Organization Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gagauz Bahasa Indonesia Македонски मराठी 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 05 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the most visited tourist destination in the world | [
"\n\nRank\nDestination\nInternational\ntourist\narrivals\n(2016)[1]\nInternational\ntourist\narrivals\n(2015)[1]\nChange\n(2015 to\n2016)\n(%)\nChange\n(2014 to\n2015)\n(%)\n\n\n1\n France\n82.6 million\n84.5 million\n 2.2\n 0.9\n\n\n2\n United States\n75.6 million\n77.5 million\n 2.4\n 3.3\n\n\n3\n Spain\n75.6 million\n68.5 million\n 10.3\n 5.5\n\n\n4\n China\n59.3 million\n56.9 million\n 4.2\n 2.3\n\n\n5\n Italy\n52.4 million\n50.7 million\n 3.2\n 4.4\n\n\n6\n United Kingdom\n35.8 million\n34.4 million\n 4.0\n 5.6\n\n\n7\n Germany\n35.6 million\n35.0 million\n 1.7\n 6.0\n\n\n8\n Mexico\n35.0 million\n32.1 million\n 8.9\n 9.4\n\n\n9\n Thailand\n32.6 million\n29.9 million\n 8.9\n 20.6\n\n\n10\n Turkey\n31.3 million[citation needed]\n39.5 million\n 24.6\n 0.8\n\n"
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8790863528372370895 | List of ethnic cleansing campaigns | List of ethnic cleansing campaigns - wikipedia List of ethnic cleansing campaigns This article lists incidents that have been termed ethnic cleansing by some academic or legal experts . Not all experts agree on every case , particularly since there are a variety of definitions for the term ethnic cleansing . Where claims of ethnic cleansing originate from non-experts ( e.g. , journalists or politicians ) this is noted . Contents 1 Ancient and Medieval periods 2 19th century 3 20th century 3.1 1900s -- 1910s 3.2 1920s -- 1930s 3.3 1940s 3.4 1950s 3.5 1960s 3.6 1970s 3.7 1980s 3.8 1990s 4 21st century 4.1 2000s 4.2 2010s 5 References Ancient and medieval periods ( edit ) c. 149 BC : The Battle of Carthage was the main engagement of the Third Punic War between the Punic city of Carthage in Africa and the Roman Republic . It was a siege operation , starting sometime between 149 and 148 BC , and ending in spring 146 BC with the sack and complete destruction of the city of Carthage . In spring 146 BC , the Romans broke through the city wall , eventually after hours upon hours of house - to - house fighting , the Carthaginians surrendered . An estimated 50,000 surviving inhabitants were sold into slavery . The city was then leveled . The land surrounding Carthage was eventually declared ager publicus ( public land ) , and it was shared between local farmers , and Roman and Italian ones . c. 350 AD : Ancient Chinese texts record that General Ran Min ordered the extermination of the Wu Hu , especially the Jie people , during the Wei -- Jie war in the fourth century AD . People with racial characteristics such as high - bridged noses and bushy beards were killed ; in total , 200,000 were reportedly massacred . c. 1290 AD : Edward I of England expelled all Jews living in England in 1290 . Hundreds of Jewish elders were executed . c. 1282 Sicilian Vespers ( Italian : Vespri siciliani ; Sicilian : Vespiri siciliani ) is the name given to the successful rebellion on the island of Sicily that broke out on the Easter of 1282 against the rule of the French / Capetian king Charles I , who had ruled the Kingdom of Sicily since 1266 . Within six weeks , three thousand French men and women were slain by the rebels , and the government of King Charles lost control of the island . It was the beginning of the War of the Sicilian Vespers . c. 1250 -- 1500 AD : From the 13th to the 16th centuries many European countries expelled the Jews from their territory on at least 15 occasions . Spain was preceded by England , France and some German states , among many others , and succeeded by at least five more expulsions . c. 1492 -- 1614 AD : As a result of religious persecution , up to a quarter million Jews in Spain converted to Catholicism , those remaining ( between 40,000 and 70,000 ) were expelled in 1492 following the Alhambra Decree . Shortly after the practice of Islam was outlawed and all of Spain 's Muslims became nominally Christian . The descendants of these converted Muslims were called Moriscos . After the 1571 suppression of the Morisco Revolt in the Alpujarras region , almost 80,000 Moriscos were relocated to other parts of Spain and some 270 villages and hamlets were repopulated with settlers brought from other regions . This was followed by a general Expulsion of the Moriscos between 1609 -- 1614 which was nominally applied to the entire Spanish realm , but was carried out most thoroughly in the eastern region of Valencia . Although its overall success in terms of implementation is subject to academic debate and did not involve widespread violence , it is considered one of the first episodes of state - sponsored ethnic cleansing in the modern western world . 1556 -- 1620 : Plantations of Ireland . Land in Laois , Offaly , Munster and parts of Ulster was seized by the English crown and colonised with English settlers . Ireland has been described as a `` testing ground '' for British colonialism , with the confiscation of land and expulsion of native Irish from their homelands being a rehearsal for the expulsion of the native Americans by British settlers . c. 1652 AD : After the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland and Act of Settlement in 1652 , the whole post-war Cromwellian settlement of Ireland has been characterised by historians such as Mark Levene and Alan Axelrod as ethnic cleansing , in that it sought to remove Irish Catholics from the eastern part of the country , but others such as the historian Tim Pat Coogan have described the actions of Cromwell and his subordinates as genocide . c. 1740 AD : In the 1740s , the British government , following the Jacobite rising of 1745 , instituted the `` Highland Clearances '' in Scotland which essentially depopulated much of the Scottish Highlands . 1755 -- 1764 AD : During the French and Indian War , the Nova Scotia colonial government aided by New England troops , instituted a systematic removal of the French Catholic Acadian population of Nova Scotia -- eventually removing thousands of settlers from the region and relocating them to areas in the Thirteen Colonies , Britain and France . Many eventually moved and settled in Louisiana and became known as Cajuns . Many scholars have described the subsequent death of over 50 % of the deported Acadian population as an ethnic cleansing . 19th century ( edit ) Jean - Jacques Dessalines , the first ruler of an independent Haiti , ordered the killing of the remaining white population of French creoles on Haiti by instigating the 1804 Haiti Massacre . On 26 May 1830 , president Andrew Jackson of the United States signed the Indian Removal Act which resulted in the Trail of Tears . Michael Mann , basing his figures on those provided by Justin McCarthy , states that between 1821 and 1922 , a large number of Muslims were expelled from Southeast Europe as Bulgaria , Greece and Serbia gained their independence from the Ottoman Empire . Mann describes these events as `` murderous ethnic cleansing on a stupendous scale not previously seen in Europe '' . These countries sought to expand their territory against the Ottoman Empire , which culminated in the Balkan Wars of the early 20th century . After each Russo - Turkish War , the Russians engaged in ethnic cleansing in the Caucasus . After the Russo - Turkish War ( 1877 -- 78 ) some 750,000 Ottoman Muslims disappeared from their native places . Some 210,000 - 310,000 civilian Bulgarians were slaughtered during the same war and the Bulgarian Horrors in 1876 , and 100,000 fled . In the previous Russo - Turkish Wars as a result of voluntary migration and ethnic cleansing an emigrant community of Bessarabian Bulgarians was formed . Some 200,000 Bulgarians had emigrated from the Ottoman Empire between 1768 and 1812 , until 1870 another 400,000 Bulgarians emigrated , mainly prompted by terror and ethnic cleansing in Thrace , while 200,000 were killed . Partly as a result of ethnic cleansing some 250,000 Bulgarians immigrated to Bulgaria from the Ottoman Empire between 1878 -- 1912 . In 2005 , the historian Gary Clayton Anderson of the University of Oklahoma published The Conquest of Texas : Ethnic Cleansing in the Promised Land , 1830 -- 1875 . This book repudiates traditional historians , such as Walter Prescott Webb and Rupert N. Richardson , who viewed the settlement of Texas by the displacement of the native populations as a healthful development . Anderson writes that at the time of the outbreak of the American Civil War , when the population of Texas was nearly 600,000 , the still - new state was `` a very violent place ... Texans mostly blamed Indians for the violence -- an unfair indictment , since a series of terrible droughts had virtually incapacitated the Plains Indians , making them incapable of extended warfare . '' The Conquest of Texas was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize . The nomadic Roma people have been expelled from European countries several times . From 1894 -- 1896 , in an effort to islamize the Ottoman Empire , Sultan Abdul Hamid II ordered the killing of ethnic Armenians ( along with other Christian minorities ) living in the Ottoman Empire , based on their religion . These killings later became known as the Hamidian massacres , named after Sultan Abdul Hamid II . It has been estimated that the total number of people killed ranges from 80,000 to 300,000 . Beginning from about 1848 , and extending into the 20th century , the residents of Silesia have been expelled by various governments as their homeland has come under the rule of different states . 20th century ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Deportation of the Armenians in the Baghdad railway , 1910s 1900s -- 1910s ( edit ) The Herero and Namaqua genocide was a campaign of racial extermination and collective punishment that the German Empire undertook in German South West Africa ( modern - day Namibia ) against the Herero , Nama and San people . It is considered the first genocide of the 20th century. ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) It took place between 1904 and 1907 during the Herero Wars . During the Balkan Wars ethnic cleansings were carried out in Kosovo , Macedonia , Sanjak and Thrace , at first directed against the Muslim population , but later extended towards Christians , involving villages burnt and people massacred . The Bulgarians , Serbs and Greeks burned villages and massacred civilians of Turks , although Turkish majority areas in Bulgarian - occupied areas have still remained almost unchanged . The Turks usually massacred the male population of Bulgarians and Greeks they reoccupied , but not the Greeks during the Second Balkan War , the women and children were also raped in each massacre and frequently slaughtered . During the Second Balkan War , an ethnic cleansing campaign carried out by the Ottoman Army and Turkish Bashi - bazouks exterminated the whole Bulgarian population of Ottoman Adrianople Vilayet ( estimated 300,000 before the war ) by either killing ( 60,000 ) or displacement . Bulgarian Macedonians under Greek occupation were subjected to genocide , involving ethnic cleansing and systematic killing against them . 160 Bulgarian villages were burnt down there , including the complete cleansing of the ' purely ' Bulgarian district Kilkis. 260 rebellious Bulgarian villages were burnt in Serbian Macedonia . The Bulgarians had expelled 100,000 Greeks from Macedonia and West Thrace before the territories have ultimately been returned to Greece. Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars killed 25,000 of them . 18,000 Bulgarian civilians were killed in Macedonia , whereas in Greek Macedonia a quarter of the previous Muslim and Bulgarian population remained . In addition to the dead , the aftermath counts 890,000 people who permanently left their homes , of which 400,000 fled to Turkey , 170,000 to Greece , 150,000 or 280,000 to Bulgaria . The population size of Bulgarians in Macedonia was mostly reduced by forceful assimilation campaigns through terror , following the ban of the use of the Bulgarian language and declarations named `` Declare yourself a Serb or die . '' , signers were required to renounce their Bulgarian identity on paper in Serbia and Greece . German Empire during First World War plans to annex up to 35,000 square kilometers of pre-war Congress Poland and ethnically cleanse between 2 and 3 million Poles and Jews out of these territories to make room for German settlers . The Bolshevik regime killed or deported an estimated 300,000 to 500,000 Don Cossacks during the Russian Civil War , in 1919 -- 1920 . Geoffrey Hosking stated `` It could be argued that the Red policy towards the Don Cossacks amounted to ethnic cleansing . It was short - lived , however , and soon abandoned because it did not fit with normal Leninist theory and practice '' . The Armenian Genocide took place both during and after World War I and it was implemented in two phases : the wholesale killing of the able - bodied male population through massacre and forced labor , and the deportation of women , children , the elderly and infirm on death marches to the Syrian Desert . The total number of people killed as a result of the genocide is most commonly reported to be 1.5 million , however , estimates range from 800,000 to 1,800,000 . In the course of several Armenian - Azerbaijani conflicts ( 1905 -- 07 , 1918 -- 20 ) , hundreds of thousands of Armenians and Azerbaijanis were resettled by force and / or many of them were killed and injured . 1920s -- 1930s ( edit ) The Iraqi army launches a campaign against Assyrian villages in northern Iraq with the help of Kurdish and Arab tribes . The number of deaths ranged from 600 -- 3,000 . Around one third of the Assyrians later sought refuge in Syria . During 1920 -- 21 , The Greek army in the Yalova - Gemlik Peninsula burned dozens of Turkish / Muslim villages with large scale violence and ethnic cleansing The Population exchange between Greece and Turkey has been described as ethnic cleansing In 1928 there were 1,104,216 Ottoman refugees in Greece . 400,000 Muslims left Greece . The Greek genocide refers to 450,000 - 750,000 victims . Greek refugees from Smyrna , 1922 Second Sino - Japanese War , in which the Imperial Japanese Army invaded China in the 1930s . Millions of Chinese were killed , civilians and military personnel alike . The Three Alls Policy that was used by the Imperial Japanese Army resulted in the deaths of many of these Chinese . The Three Alls Policy was Kill all , Burn all , Seize all . Pacification of Libya , Italian authorities committed ethnic cleansing in the Cyrenaica region of Libya by forcibly removing and relocating 100,000 people of the Cyrenaican indigenous population from their valuable land property that was slated to be given to Italian settlers . The Chinese Kuomintang Generals Ma Qi and Ma Bufang launched campaigns of expulsion in Qinghai and Tibet against ethnic Tibetans . The actions of these Generals have been called Genocidal by some authors . However , that was not the last Labrang saw of General Ma . Ma Qi launched a war against the Tibetan Ngoloks , which author `` Dinesh Lal '' calls `` genocidal '' , in 1928 , inflicting a defeat upon them and seizing the Labrang Buddhist monastery . The Muslim forces looted and ravaged the monastery again . Authors Uradyn Erden Bulag called the events that follow genocidal and David Goodman called them ethnic cleansing : The Republic of China government supported Ma Bufang when he launched seven extermination expeditions into Golog , eliminating thousands of Tibetans . Some Tibetans counted the number of times he attacked them , remembering the seventh attack which made life impossible . Ma was highly anti-communist , and he and his army wiped out many Tibetans in the northeast and eastern Qinghai , and also destroyed Tibetan Buddhist Temples . The Holodomor ( 1932 -- 1933 ) is considered by many historians as a genocidal famine perpetrated on the orders of Josef Stalin that involved widespread ethnic cleansing of ethnic Ukrainians in Soviet Ukraine . Food and grain were forcibly seized from villages , internal borders between Soviet Ukraine and the Russian SSR were sealed to prevent population movement ; movement was also restricted between villages and urban centers . Stalin 's destruction of ethnic Ukrainians also extended to a wide - scale purge of Ukrainian intelligentsia , political elite and Party officials before and after the famine . A ban on the Ukrainian language and widespread Russification was also instilled . An estimated 2.5 to 8 million Ukrainians were exterminated in the famine . After liquidation , Stalin repopulated the territory with ethnic Russians . The Mexican Repatriation from 1929 - 1936 in which mass deportations of Mexicans and Mexican - Americans occurred due to nativist fears caused by the Great Depression in the United States . An estimated sixty percent of the 2 million deported were birthright U.S. citizens . Because the forced movement was based on race , and ignored citizenship , the process arguably meets modern definitions of ethnic cleansing . 1940s ( edit ) Westward shift of Poland after World War II . The respective German , Polish and Ukrainian populations were expelled , or ethnically cleansed . The Generalplan Ost The World War II casualties of the Soviet Union The Population transfers in the Soviet Union The Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union following the defeat of Poland in the September Campaign The deportation of Romanians from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina ( 1940 -- 1941 , 1944 -- 1951 ) , by the USSR to Siberia and Central Asia . Following the attack on Pearl Harbor , The United States government forced the Japanese residing in the United States , including American citizens , to be brought to internment camps . Approximately 110,000 to 120,000 Japanese were relocated and incarcerated during World War II . President Franklin D. Roosevelt authorized the deportation and incarceration with Executive Order 9066 , issued on 19 February 1942 , which allowed local military commanders to designate `` military areas '' from which `` any or all persons may be excluded . '' The Deportation of the Crimean Tatars on 18 May 1944 to the Uzbek SSR and other parts of the Soviet Union . The expulsion of 14 million ethnic Germans from the Former eastern territories of Germany after World War II . This policy was decided at the Potsdam Conference by the victorious powers . The Nazi German government 's persecutions and expulsions of Jews in Germany , Austria and other Nazi - controlled areas prior to the initiation of mass genocide . The estimated number of those who died in the process is approximately 6 million Jews . In the last months of the Second World War , ethnic Germans were ethnically cleansed from Yugoslavia , Poland and Czechoslovakia , beginning in the fall of 1944 and going through the spring and summer of 1945 . At the Potsdam Conference July 17 -- 2 August 1945 the Allies agreed to transferring the rest ( article XIII of the Potsdam communiqué ) . In all 14 million ethnic Germans were expelled and it has been asserted that as many as two million might have perished in the process . Due to the horrifying revelations of Nazi genocidal practices during the same period , and the collaboration of many ethnic Germans with the Nazi occupation in various countries , their expulsion was mostly tolerated by international public opinion at the time . Historians such as Thomas Kamusella , Piotr Pikle , Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees all describe it as ethnic cleansing . Kamusella links it to the development of ethnic nationalism in central and eastern Europe . At least 330,000 Serbs , 30,000 Jews and 30,000 Roma , and 12,000 Croats and Bosniaks were killed during the NDH ( see Jasenovac concentration camp ) ( today Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina ) . The same number of Serbs were forced out of the NDH , from May 1941 to May 1945 . The Croatian Fascist regime managed to kill more than 45 000 Serbs , 12 000 or more Jews and approximately 16,000 Roma at the Jasenovac Concentration Camp . Serbian Chetnik atrocities against Bosniaks and Croats in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1941 -- 1945 , under the command of Draza Mihailovic , have been characterised as organised ethnic cleansing . It is estimated that around 32,000 Croats ( 20,000 from Croatia , and 12,000 from Bosnia ) and 33,000 Bosniaks were killed . At least 40,000 Hungarian civilians were killed by Serbians in Vojvodina in an act of revenge ( the so - called `` Cold Days '' ) , in 1944 . Massacres of Poles in Volhynia in 1943 . Most Poles of Volhynia ( now in Ukraine ) had either been murdered or had fled the area . During World War II , in Kosovo & Metohija , approximately 10,000 Serbs were killed by Nazi German soldiers and Albanian colloborators , and about 80 to 100,000 or more were ethnically cleansed . After World War II , the new communist authorities of Yugoslavia banned Serbians and Montenegrins expelled during the war from returning to their abandoned estates . During the four years of wartime occupation from 1941 -- 1944 , the Axis ( German , Hungarian and NDH ) forces committed numerous war crimes against the civilian population of Serbs , Roma and Jews in the former Yugoslavia : about 50,000 people in Vojvodina ( north Serbia ) ( see Occupation of Vojvodina , 1941 -- 1944 ) were murdered and about 280,000 were arrested , raped or tortured . The total number of people killed under Hungarian occupation in Bačka was 19,573 , in Banat 7,513 ( under German occupation ) and in Syrmia 28,199 ( under Croatian occupation ) . During the Axis occupation of Albania ( 1943 -- 1944 ) , the Albanian collaborationist organization Balli Kombëtar with Nazi German support mounted a major offensive in southern Albania ( Northern Epirus ) with devastating results : over 200 Greek populated towns and villages were burned down or destroyed , 2,000 ethnic Greeks were killed , 5,000 imprisoned and 2,000 forced to concentration camps . Moreover , 30,000 people had to flee to nearby Greece during and after this period . Towards the end of World War II , nearly 30,000 ethnic Albanian Muslims were expelled from the coastal region of Epirus in northwestern Greece , an area known among Albanians as Chameria . During the Partition of India 6 million Muslims fled ethnic violence taking place in India to settle in what became Pakistan ( and by 1971 , Bangladesh ) and 5 million Hindus and Sikhs fled from what became Pakistan and Bangladesh , to settle in India . The events which occurred during this time period have been described as ethnic cleansing by Ishtiaq Ahmed and by Barbara and Thomas R. Metcalf . After the Republic of Indonesia achieved independence from the Netherlands in 1949 , around 300,000 people , predominantly Indos , or people of mixed Indonesian and Dutch ancestry , fled or were expelled . In the aftermath of the 1949 Durban Riots ( an inter-racial conflict between Zulus and Asians in South Africa ) , hundreds of Indians fled Cato Manor . In Ethiopia the Harari Muslims peacefully protested against religious oppression , however the state responded violently . Hundreds were arrested and the entire town of Harar was put under house arrest . The government also took control of many assets and estates belonging to the people . These events broke the Harari control of the city of Harar and 10,000 Hararis left the city . Mario Roatta 's war on the ethnic Slovene civil population in the Province of Ljubljana during Fascist Italy 's occupation of Yugoslavia in accord with the 1920s speech by Benito Mussolini 's speech : When dealing with such a race as Slavic -- inferior and barbarian -- we must not pursue the carrot , but the stick policy ... We should not be afraid of new victims ... The Italian border should run across the Brenner Pass , Monte Nevoso and the Dinaric Alps ... I would say we can easily sacrifice 500,000 barbaric Slavs for 50,000 Italians ... -- Benito Mussolini , speech held in Pula , 22 February 1922 Foibe massacres against Italians 1950s ( edit ) On 5 and 6 September 1955 the Istanbul Pogrom or `` Septembrianá '' / `` Σεπτεμβριανά '' , secretly backed by the Turkish government , was launched against the Greek population of Istanbul . The mob also attacked some Jewish and Armenian residents of the city . The event contributed greatly to the gradual extinction of the Greek minority in the city and throughout the entire country , which numbered 100,000 in 1924 after the Turko - Greek population exchange treaty . By 2006 there were only 2,500 Greeks living in Istanbul . 1960s ( edit ) On 5 July 1960 , five days after the Congo gained independence from Belgium , the Force Publique garrison near Léopoldville mutinied against its white officers and attacked numerous European targets . This caused fear amongst the approximately 100,000 whites still resident in the Congo and led to their mass exodus from the country . Ne Win 's rise to power in 1962 and his relentless persecution of `` resident aliens '' ( immigrant groups not recognised as citizens of the Union of Burma ) led to an exodus of some 300,000 Burmese Indians . They migrated to escape racial discrimination and wholesale nationalisation of private enterprises a few years later in 1964 . As the FLN fought for the independence of Algeria from France , it expelled the pied - noir population of European descent and Jews ; most fled to France , where they had citizenship . In just a few months in 1962 , 900,000 of these European descendants and native Jewish people left the country . Zanzibar expelled Arabs and Indians from the nation in 1964 . In 1966 , there was unrest in the northern part of Nigeria that led to the death of about 80,000 people . Those killed were originally from the South Eastern region of the country and this act was seen as an attack on the Igbo people . This led C. Odumegwu Ojukwu , the military governor of the Eastern region , to declare that region a Sovereign state , Biafra . The Nigerian Civil War began on 6 July 1967 , but ended in 1970 with the help of the United Kingdom and China . Although there is relative peace in Nigeria , today , there is still some religious unrest in the North being caused by the Boko Haram group . 1970s ( edit ) Shortly after Muammar Gaddafi gained power in Libya , the Libyan government forcibly expelled some 150,000 Italians living in the country on 7 October 1970 , in retaliation for Italy 's 1911 colonization of the country . The expulsion is known in Libya as the `` Day of Vengeance '' . During the Bangladesh War of Independence of 1971 , the military of Pakistan carried out genocide killing between 100,000 and 3 million people and around 10 million Bengalis , mainly Hindus , fled the country . Furthermore , many intellectuals and other religious minorities were targeted by death squads and razakars . Thousands of temples were desecrated and thousands of women were raped . ( see 1971 Bangladesh atrocities ) Idi Amin 's regime forced the expulsion in 1972 of Uganda 's entire ethnic Asian population , mostly of Indian descent . The ethnic cleansing in 1974 -- 76 of the Greek population of the areas under Turkish military occupation in Cyprus during and after the Turkish Invasion of Cyprus . Following the U.S. withdrawal from South Vietnam in 1973 and the communist victory two years later , the Kingdom of Laos 's coalition government was overthrown by the communists . The Hmong people , who had actively supported the anti-communist government , became targets of retaliation and persecution . The government of Laos has been accused of committing genocide against the Hmong , with up to 100,000 killed . The Communist Khmer Rouge government in Cambodia disproportionately targeted ethnic minority groups , including ethnic Chinese , Vietnamese and Thais . In the late 1960s , an estimated 425,000 ethnic Chinese lived in Cambodia ; by 1984 , as a result of Khmer Rouge genocide and emigration , only about 61,400 Chinese remained in the country . The small Thai minority along the border was almost completely exterminated , only a few thousand managing to reach safety in Thailand . The Cham Muslims suffered serious purges with as much as 80 % of their population exterminated . The Khmer 's racial supremacist ideology was responsible to this ethnic purge . A Khmer Rouge order stated that henceforth `` The Cham nation no longer exists on Kampuchean soil belonging to the Khmers '' ( U.N. Doc . A. 34 / 569 at 9 ) . Subsequent waves of hundreds of thousands of Rohingya fled Burma and many refugees inundated neighbouring Bangladesh including 250,000 in 1978 as a result of the King Dragon operation in Arakan . The Sino - Vietnamese War resulted in the discrimination and consequent migration of Vietnam 's ethnic Chinese . Many of these people fled as `` boat people '' . In 1978 -- 79 , some 250,000 ethnic Chinese left Vietnam by boat as refugees ( many officially encouraged and assisted ) or were expelled across the land border with China . 1980s ( edit ) In 1983 , in Sri Lanka , there were anti-Tamil riots targeting Tamil businessmen in Colombo . In the aftermath of Indira Gandhi 's assassination in 1984 , the ruling party Indian National Congress supporters formed large mobs and killed around 3000 Sikhs around Delhi in what is known as the 1984 anti-Sikh riots during the next four days . The mobs acting with the support of ruling party leaders used the Election voting list to identify Sikhs and kill them . In the 1987 and 1988 Al - Anfal Campaign , the Iraqi government under Saddam Hussein and headed by Ali Hassan al - Majid launched Al - Anfal against Kurdish civilians in Northern Iraq . The Iraqi government Massacred 100,000 to 182,000 non-combatant civilians including women and children , and destroyed about 4,000 villages ( out of 4,655 ) in Iraqi Kurdistan . Between April 1987 and August 1988 , 250 towns and villages - were exposed to chemical weapons ; , 1,754 schools were destroyed , along with 270 hospitals , 2,450 mosques , 27 churches ; and around 90 % of all Kurdish villages in the targeted areas were wiped out . Between 16 -- 17 March 1988 , the Iraqi government under Saddam Hussein carried out a poison gas attack in the Kurdish town of Halabja in Iraqi Kurdistan . Between 3,200 and 5,000 civilians died instantly , and between 7,000 and 10,000 civilians were injured , and thousands more would die in the following years from complications , diseases , and birth defects caused by the attack . The forced assimilation campaign during 1984 -- 1985 directed against ethnic Turks by the Bulgarian State resulted in the mass emigration of some 360,000 Bulgarian Turks to Turkey in 1989 has been characterized as ethnic cleansing . The Nagorno Karabakh conflict has resulted in the displacement of populations from both sides . Among the displaced are 700,000 Azerbaijanis and several Kurds from ethnic Armenian - controlled territories including Armenia and areas of Nagorno - Karabakh , more than 353,000 Armenians were forced to flee from territories controlled by Azerbaijan plus some 80,000 had to flee Armenian border territories . Since April 1989 , some 70,000 black Mauritanians -- members of the Fula , Toucouleur , Wolof , Soninke and Bambara ethnic groups -- have been expelled from Mauritania by the Mauritanian government . In 1989 , after bloody pogroms against the Meskhetian Turks by Uzbeks in Central Asia 's Ferghana Valley , nearly 90,000 Meskhetian Turks left Uzbekistan . 1990s ( edit ) The cemetery at the Srebrenica - Potočari Memorial and Cemetery to Genocide Victims A boy at a grave during the 2006 funeral of genocide victims Bhutanese refugees in Nepal In 1990 , inter-ethnic tensions escalated in Bhutan , resulting in the flight of many Lhotshampa , or ethnic Nepalis , from Bhutan to Nepal , many of whom were expelled by the Bhutanese military . By 1996 , over 100,000 Bhutanese refugees were living in refugee camps in Nepal . Many have since been resettled in Western nations . One reason for this expulsion was the desire of the Bhutanese government to remove a largely Hindu population and preserve its Buddhist culture and identity . In 1991 , as part of the Nagorno - Karabakh conflict , during Operation Ring , Soviet troops and the predominantly Azerbaijani soldiers in the AzSSR OMON and army forcibly uprooted Armenians living in the 24 villages strewn across Shahumyan to leave their homes and settle elsewhere in Nagorno - Karabakh or in the neighboring Armenian SSR . Human rights organizations documented a wide number of human rights violations and abuses committed by Soviet and Azerbaijani forces and many of them properly characterised them as ethnic cleansing . These violations and abuses included forced deportations of civilians , unlawful killings , torture , kidnapping harassment , rape and the wanton seizure or destruction of property . Despite fierce protests , no measures were taken either to prevent the human rights abuses or to punish the perpetrators . Approximately 17,000 Armenians living in twenty - three of Shahumyan 's villages were deported out of the region . In 1991 , following a crackdown on Rohingya Muslims in Burma , 250,000 refugees took shelter in the Cox 's Bazar district of neighboring Bangladesh . After the Gulf War in 1991 , Kuwait conducted a campaign of expulsion against the Palestinians living in the country , who before the war had numbered 400,000 . Some 200,000 who had fled during the Iraqi occupation were banned from returning , while the remaining 200,000 were pressured into leaving by the authorities , who conducted a campaign of terror , violence , and economic pressure to get them to leave . The Palestinians expelled from Kuwait moved to Jordan , where they had citizenship . The policy which partly led to this exodus was a response to the alignment of PLO leader Yasser Arafat with Saddam Hussein . As a result of the 1991 -- 1992 South Ossetia War , about 100,000 ethnic Ossetians fled South Ossetia and Georgia proper , most across the border into North Ossetia . A further 23,000 ethnic Georgians fled South Ossetia and settled in other parts of Georgia . According to Helsinki Watch , the campaign of ethnic - cleansing was orchestrated by the Ossetian militants , during the events of the Ossetian -- Ingush conflict , which resulted in the expulsion of approximately 60,000 Ingush inhabitants from Prigorodny District . Ethnic cleansing of a Croatian home The widespread ethnic cleansing accompanying the Croatian War of Independence that was committed by Serb - led JNA and rebel militia in the occupied areas of Croatia ( self - proclaimed Republic of Serbian Krajina ) ( 1991 -- 1995 ) . Large numbers of Croats and non-Serbs were removed , either by murder , deportation or by being forced to flee . According to the ICTY indictment against Slobodan Milošević , there was an expulsion of around 170,000 Croats and other non-Serbs from their home , in addition to an estimated 10,000 Croats that were also killed . In February 1992 , hundreds of ethnic Azeris and Meskhetian Turks are massacred as Armenian troops capture the city of Khojaly in Nagorno - Karabakh . Following the abrogation of Krajina , around 200,000 Serbs fled Croatia during or after Operation Storm Widespread ethnic cleansing accompanied the War in Bosnia ( 1992 -- 1995 ) . Large numbers of Croats and Bosniaks were forced to flee their homes by the Army of the Republika Srpska , large numbers of Serbs and Bosniaks by the Croatian Defence Council and Serbs and Croats by the Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina . Beginning in 1991 , political upheavals in the Balkans displaced about 2,700,000 people by mid-1992 , of which over 700,000 sought asylum in other parts of Europe . Ethnic cleansing of non-Croats in the breakaway state the Croatian Republic of Herzeg - Bosnia More than 800,000 Kosovo Albanians fled their homes in Kosovo between 1998 and 1999 during the Kosovo War . In the aftermath of Kosovo War between 200,000 and 250,000 Serbs and other non-Albanians fled Kosovo . At least one additional thousand of Serbs fled their homes during the 2004 unrest in Kosovo and numerous religious and cultural object were burned down . The forced displacement and ethnic - cleansing of more than 250,000 people , mostly Georgians but some others too , from Abkhazia during the conflict and after in 1993 and 1998 . The mass expulsion of southern Lhotshampas ( Bhutanese of Nepalese origin ) by the northern Druk majority in Bhutan in 1990 . The number of refugees is approximately 103,000 . In October 1990 , the militant Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam ( LTTE ) , forcibly expelled the entire Muslim population ( approx 65,000 ) from the Northern Province of Sri Lanka . The Muslims were given 48 hours to vacate the premises of their homes while their properties were subsequently looted by LTTE . Those who refused to leave were killed . This act of ethnic cleansing was carried out so the LTTE could facilitate their goal of creating a mono - ethnic Tamil state in Northern Sri Lanka . In Jammu and Kashmir , a separatist insurgency has targeted the Hindu Kashmiri Pandit minority and 400,000 have been displaced , and 1,200 have been killed since 1991 . Islamic terrorists infiltrated the region in 1989 and began an ethnic cleansing campaign to convert Kashmir to a Muslim state . Since that time , over 400,000 Kashmiri Hindus have either been murdered or forced from their homes . This has been condemned and labeled as ethnic cleansing in a 2006 resolution passed by the United States Congress . Also in 2009 the Oregon Legislative Assembly introduced a resolution to recognize 14 September 2007 , as Martyrs Day to acknowledge the ethnic cleansing and the campaigns of terror inflicted on the non-Muslim minorities of Jammu and Kashmir by militants seeking to establish an independent Kashmir , and also to recognize the region as Indian territory rather than as a disputed territory -- the resolution failed to pass . The Jakarta riots of May 1998 targeted many Chinese Indonesians . Suffering from looting and arson many Chinese Indonesians fled from Indonesia . There have been serious outbreaks of inter-ethnic violence on the island of Kalimantan since 1997 , involving the indigenous Dayak peoples and immigrants from the island of Madura . In 2001 in the Central Kalimantan town of Sampit , at least 500 Madurese were killed and up to 100,000 Madurese were forced to flee . Some Madurese bodies were decapitated in a ritual reminiscent of the headhunting tradition of the Dayaks of old . 21st century ( edit ) 2000s ( edit ) In 2003 , Sinafasi Makelo , a representative of Mbuti Pygmies , told the UN 's Indigenous People 's Forum that during the Congo Civil War , his people were hunted down and eaten as though they were game animals . Both sides of the war regarded them as `` subhuman '' and some say their flesh can confer magical powers . Makelo asked the UN Security Council to recognise cannibalism as a crime against humanity and an act of genocide . From the late 1990s to the early 2000s , Indonesian paramilitaries organized and armed by Indonesian military and police killed or expelled large numbers of civilians in East Timor . After the East Timorese people voted for independence in a 1999 referendum , Indonesian paramilitaries retaliated , murdering some supporters of independence and levelling most towns . More than 200,000 people either fled or were forcibly taken to Indonesia before East Timor achieved full independence . Since the mid-1990s the central government of Botswana has been trying to move Bushmen out of the Central Kalahari Game Reserve . As of October 2005 , the government has resumed its policy of forcing all Bushmen off their lands in the Game Reserve , using armed police and threats of violence or death . Many of the involuntarily displaced Bushmen live in squalid resettlement camps and some have resorted to prostitution and alcoholism , while about 250 others remain or have surreptitiously returned to the Kalahari to resume their independent lifestyle . `` How can we continue to have Stone Age creatures in an age of computers ? '' asked Botswana 's president Festus Mogae . Since 2003 , Sudan has been accused of carrying out a campaign against several black ethnic groups in Darfur , in response to a rebellion by Africans alleging mistreatment . Sudanese irregular militia known as the Janjaweed and Sudanese military and police forces have killed an estimated 450,000 , expelled around two million , and burned 800 villages . A 14 July 2007 article notes that in the past two months up to 75,000 Arabs from Chad and Niger crossed the border into Darfur . Most have been relocated by the Sudanese government to former villages of displaced non-Arab people . Some 450,000 have been killed and 2.5 million have now been forced to flee to refugee camps in Chad after their homes and villages were destroyed . Sudan refuses to allow their return , or to allow United Nations peacekeepers into Darfur . During the Iraq Civil War and consequent Iraqi insurgency ( 2011 -- present ) , entire neighborhoods in Baghdad are being ethnically cleansed by Shia and Sunni militias . Some areas are being evacuated by every member of a particular group due to lack of security , moving into new areas because of fear of reprisal killings . As of 21 June 2007 , the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees estimated that 2.2 million Iraqis had been displaced to neighboring countries , and 2 million were displaced internally , with nearly 100,000 Iraqis fleeing to Syria and Jordan each month . Assyrian exodus from Iraq from 2003 until present is often described as ethnic cleansing . Although Iraqi Christians represent less than 5 % of the total Iraqi population , they make up 40 % of the refugees now living in nearby countries , according to UNHCR . In the 16th century , Christians constituted half of Iraq 's population . In 1987 , the last Iraqi census counted 1.4 million Christians . Following the 2003 invasion and the reusltant growth of militant Islamism , Christians ' total numbers slumped to about 500,000 , of whom 250,000 live in Baghdad . Furthermore , the Mandaean and Yazidi communities are at the risk of elimination due to the ongoing atrocities by Islamic extremists . A 25 May 2007 article notes that in the past 7 months only 69 people from Iraq have been granted refugee status in the United States . In October 2006 , Niger announced that it would deport Arabs living in the Diffa region of eastern Niger to Chad . This population numbered about 150,000 . Nigerien government forces forcibly rounded up Arabs in preparation for deportation , during which two girls died , reportedly after fleeing government forces , and three women suffered miscarriages . Niger 's government eventually suspended the plan . In 1950 , the Karen had become the largest of 20 minority groups participating in an insurgency against the military dictatorship in Burma . The conflict continues as of 2008 . In 2004 , the BBC , citing aid agencies , estimates that up to 200,000 Karen have been driven from their homes during decades of war , with 120,000 more refugees from Burma , mostly Karen , living in refugee camps on the Thai side of the border . Many accuse the military government of Burma of ethnic cleansing . As a result of the ongoing war in minority group areas more than two million people have fled Burma to Thailand . Civil unrest in Kenya erupted in December 2007 . By 28 January 2008 , the death toll from the violence was at around 800 . The United Nations estimated that as many as 600,000 people have been displaced . A government spokesman claimed that Odinga 's supporters were `` engaging in ethnic cleansing '' . The 2008 attacks on North Indians in Maharashtra began on 3 February 2008 . Incidences of violence against North Indians and their property were reported in Mumbai , Pune , Aurangabad , Beed , Nashik , Amravati , Jalna and Latur . Nearly 25,000 North Indian workers fled Pune , and another 15,000 fled Nashik in the wake of the attacks . South Africa Ethnic Cleansing erupted on 11 May 2008 within three weeks 80 000 were displaced the death toll was 62 , with 670 injured in the violence when South Africans ejected non-nationals in a nationwide ethnic cleansing / xenophobic outburst . The most affected foreigners have been Somalis , Ethiopians , Indians , Pakistanis , Zimbabweans and Mozambiqueans . Local South Africans have also been caught up in the violence . Refugee camps a mistake Arvin Gupta , a senior UNHCR protection officer , said the UNHCR did not agree with the City of Cape Town that those displaced by the violence should be held at camps across the city . During the 2010 FIFA world cup , rumors were reported that xenophobic attacks will be commenced after the final . A few incidents occurred where foreign individuals were targeted , but the South African police claims that these attacks can not be classified as xenophobic attacks but rather as regular criminal activity in the townships . Elements of the South African Army were sent into the affected townships to assist the police in keeping order and preventing continued attacks . In December 2008 200 Turkish intellectuals and academics issued an apology for the ethnic cleansing of Armenians during World War I , an event that most Western historians view as amounting to a genocide . At a conference of Hellenes victims of ethnic cleansing , held in February 2011 in Nicosia , an apology was demanded . In August 2008 , the 2008 South Ossetia war broke out when Georgia launched a military offensive against South Ossetian separatists , leading to military intervention by Russia , during which Georgian forces were expelled from the separatist territories of South Ossetia and Abkhazia . During the fighting , 15,000 ethnic Georgians living in South Ossetia were forced to flee to Georgia proper , and Ossetian militia burned their villages to prevent their return . 2010s ( edit ) Strategic demographic and cultural cleansing by the Sinhala Buddhist majority of the Muslim and Tamil minorities in Sri Lanka . The cultural genocide , forced demographic changes along with a military operations in Pakistan 's Balochistan have been going on since 2001 to present . Various sources report that more than 20,000 Baloch people have been killed by Pakistani forces . It is feared that the already marginalized Baloch people will turn into a minority in their own homeland by 2020 . Refugees of the fighting in the Central African Republic , January 19 , 2014 The killing of hundreds of ethnic Uzbeks in Kyrgyzstan during the 2010 South Kyrgyzstan riots resulting in the flight of thousands of Uzbek refugees to Uzbekistan have been called ethnic cleansing by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and international media . The black Libyan tribe of Tawergha town de-populated by Anti-Gaddafi forces following the Battle of Tawergha in 2011 . Members of the Azusa 13 gang , associated with the Mexican Mafia , were accused of attempting a racial cleansing of African Americans in Azusa , California . 2012 Rakhine State riots . An estimated 90,000 people have been displaced in the recent sectarian violence between Rohingya Muslims and Buddhists in Burma 's western Rakhine State . Approximately 400,000 people have been displaced in the 2012 Assam ethnic violence between indigenous Bodos and Bengali - speaking Muslims in Assam , India . Sources inside the Syriac Orthodox Church have reported that an ongoing ethnic cleansing of Syrian Christians is being carried out by anti-government jihadist rebels . Central African Republic conflict ( 2012 -- present ) . More than 1 million have been internally displaced . 2013 Burma anti-Muslim riots South Sudanese conflict ( 2013 -- present ) . More than 700,000 have been internally displaced . Part of Ethnic violence in South Sudan . In 2017 a new wave of government sanctioned ethnic cleansing against Rohingya Muslims amounting to genocide with thousands killed and many villages burned to the ground with their inhabitants executed has been reported in Myanmar . Even children were reportedly beheaded or burned alive by the Mayanmar military and buddhist vigilantes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 《 晉書 卷 一 百 七 》 ( `` Jìnshū Juǎn Yī Bǎi Qī '' ) Jin Shu Original text 閔 躬 率 趙 人 誅 諸 胡 羯 , 無 貴賤 男女 少 長 皆 斬 之 , 死者 二 十 余 萬 , 屍 諸城 外 , 悉 為 野犬 豺狼 所 食. 屯 據 四方 者 , 所在 承 閔 書 誅 之 , 于 時 高鼻 多 須 至 有 濫 死者 半. ( Mǐn gōng lǜ zhào rén zhū zhū hú jié , wú guìjiàn nánnǚ shǎo cháng jiē zhǎn zhī , sǐzhě èrshí yú wàn , shī zhūchéng wài , xī wéi yě quǎn cháiláng suǒ shí . Tún jù sìfāng zhě , suǒzài chéng mǐn shū zhū zhī , yú shí gāo bí duō xū zhì yǒu làn sǐzhě bàn . ) Jump up ^ Richards , Eric ( 2004 ) . Britannia 's children : emigration from England , Scotland , Wales and Ireland since 1600 . Continuum International Publishing Group . p. 24 . ISBN 1 - 85285 - 441 - 3 . Jump up ^ A brief History of Ethnic Cleansing , by Andrew Bell - Fialkoff , p. 4 Jump up ^ Rogers , Joe ( 30 April 2018 ) . `` From an Irish Market Town '' . Publishamerica Incorporated -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Fasua , Tope ( 1 February 2011 ) . `` Crushed ! : Navigating Africa 'S Tortuous Quest for Development -- Myths and Realities '' . AuthorHouse -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Albert Breton ( Editor , 1995 ) . Nationalism and Rationality . Cambridge University Press 1995 . Page 248 . `` Oliver Cromwell offered Irish Catholics a choice between genocide and forced mass population transfer '' Ukrainian Quarterly . Ukrainian Society of America 1944 . `` Therefore , we are entitled to accuse the England of Oliver Cromwell of the genocide of the Irish civilian population ... '' David Norbrook ( 2000 ). Writing the English Republic : Poetry , Rhetoric and Politics , 1627 -- 1660 . Cambridge University Press . 2000 . In interpreting Andrew Marvell 's contemporarily expressed views on Cromwell Norbrook says ; `` He ( Cromwell ) laid the foundation for a ruthless programme of resettling the Irish Catholics which amounted to large scale ethnic cleansing ... '' Frances Stewart Archived 16 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ( 2000 ) . War and Underdevelopment : Economic and Social Consequences of Conflict v. 1 ( Queen Elizabeth House Series in Development Studies ) , Oxford University Press . 2000 . p. 51 `` Faced with the prospect of an Irish alliance with Charles II , Cromwell carried out a series of massacres to subdue the Irish . Then , once Cromwell had returned to England , the English Commissary , General Henry Ireton , adopted a deliberate policy of crop burning and starvation , which was responsible for the majority of an estimated 600,000 deaths out of a total Irish population of 1,400,000 . '' Alan Axelrod ( 2002 ) . Profiles in Leadership , Prentice - Hall . 2002 . Page 122 . `` As a leader Cromwell was entirely unyielding . He was willing to act on his beliefs , even if this meant killing the king and perpetrating , against the Irish , something very nearly approaching genocide '' Tim Pat Coogan ( 2002 ) . The Troubles : Ireland 's Ordeal and the Search for Peace . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 29418 - 2 . p 6 . `` The massacres by Catholics of Protestants , which occurred in the religious wars of the 1640s , were magnified for propagandist purposes to justify Cromwell 's subsequent genocide . '' Peter Berresford Ellis ( 2002 ) . Eyewitness to Irish History , John Wiley & Sons Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 26633 - 4 . p. 108 `` It was to be the justification for Cromwell 's genocidal campaign and settlement . '' John Morrill ( 2003 ) . Rewriting Cromwell -- A Case of Deafening Silences , Canadian Journal of History . Dec 2003 . `` Of course , this has never been the Irish view of Cromwell . Most Irish remember him as the man responsible for the mass slaughter of civilians at Drogheda and Wexford and as the agent of the greatest episode of ethnic cleansing ever attempted in Western Europe as , within a decade , the percentage of land possessed by Catholics born in Ireland dropped from sixty to twenty . In a decade , the ownership of two - fifths of the land mass was transferred from several thousand Irish Catholic landowners to British Protestants . The gap between Irish and the English views of the seventeenth - century conquest remains unbridgeable and is governed by G.K. Chesterton 's mirthless epigram of 1917 , that `` it was a tragic necessity that the Irish should remember it ; but it was far more tragic that the English forgot it . '' James M Lutz Archived 16 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , Brenda J Lutz , ( 2004 ) . Global Terrorism , Routledge : London , p. 193 : `` The draconian laws applied by Oliver Cromwell in Ireland were an early version of ethnic cleansing . The Catholic Irish were to be expelled to the northwestern areas of the island . Relocation rather than extermination was the goal . '' Mark Levene ( 2005 ) . Genocide in the Age of the Nation State : Volume 2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 057 - 4 Page 55 , 56 & 57 . A sample quote describes the Cromwellian campaign and settlement as `` a conscious attempt to reduce a distinct ethnic population '' . Mark Levene ( 2005 ) . Genocide in the Age of the Nation - State , I.B. Tauris : London : ( The Act of Settlement of Ireland ) , and the parliamentary legislation which succeeded it the following year , is the nearest thing on paper in the English , and more broadly British , domestic record , to a programme of state - sanctioned and systematic ethnic cleansing of another people . The fact that it did not include ' total ' genocide in its remit , or that it failed to put into practice the vast majority of its proposed expulsions , ultimately , however , says less about the lethal determination of its makers and more about the political , structural and financial weakness of the early modern English state . Jump up ^ `` 1755 Ethnic Cleansing of Acadia ; Who Was Responsible ? '' . Jump up ^ Girard , Philippe R. ( 2011 ) . The Slaves Who Defeated Napoleon : Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian War of Independence 1801 -- 1804 . Tuscaloosa , Alabama : The University of Alabama Press . pp. 319 -- 322 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8173 - 1732 - 4 . Jump up ^ Robert E. Greenwood ( 2007 ) . Outsourcing Culture : How American Culture has Changed From `` We the People '' Into a One World Government . Outskirts Press . p. 97 . Jump up ^ Rajiv Molhotra ( 2009 ) . `` American Exceptionalism and the Myth of the American Frontiers '' . In Rajani Kannepalli Kanth . The Challenge of Eurocentrism . Palgrave MacMillan . pp. 180 , 184 , 189 , 199 . Jump up ^ Paul Finkelman and Donald R. Kennon ( 2008 ) . Congress and the Emergence of Sectionalism . Ohio University Press . pp. 15 , 141 , 254 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Ben Kiernan ( 2007 ) . Blood and Soil : A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur . Yale University Press . pp. 328 , 330 . Jump up ^ Michael Mann , The dark side of democracy : explaining ethnic cleansing , pp. 112 -- 4 , Cambridge , 2005 `` ... figures are derive ( d ) from McCarthy ( 1995 : I 91 , 162 -- 4 , 339 ) , who is often viewed as a scholar on the Turkish side of the debate . Yet even if we reduce his figures by 50 percent , they would still horrify . He estimates that between 1812 and 1922 somewhere around 51⁄2 million Muslims were driven out of Europe and 5 million more were killed or died of either disease or starvation while fleeing ... In the final Balkan Wars of 1912 -- 13 he estimates that 62 percent of all Muslims ( 27 percent dead , 35 percent refugees ) disappeared from the lands conquered by Greece , Serbia , and Bulgaria . This was murderous ethnic cleansing on a stupendous scale not previously seen in Europe , ... '' Jump up ^ Mihcael , Radu . Dangerous Neighborhood : Contemporary Issues in Turkey 's Foreign Relations , p. 78 Jump up ^ Howard , Douglas Arthur ( 2001 ) , The history of Turkey , p. 67 Jump up ^ Crampton , RJ ( 1997 ) , A Concise History of Bulgaria , Cambridge University Press , p. 426 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 56719 - X . Jump up ^ Crowe , D. ( 30 April 2016 ) . A History of the Gypsies of Eastern Europe and Russia . Springer -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Statistika ( 54 ed . ) . Indiana University . p. 35 . Jump up ^ Greene , Francis Vinton ( 1879 ) . Report on the Russian Army and its Campaigns in Turkey in 1877 -- 1878 . D Appleton & Co. p. 204 . Jump up ^ Halil İnalcık ; Suraiya Faroqhi ; Donald Quataert . An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire . Cambridge University Press . p. 650 . ISBN 9780521574556 . Jump up ^ Statistika. 54 . Indiana University . Jump up ^ International Labour Office . Refugees and Labour Conditions in Bulgaria . California University . Jump up ^ The Conquest of Texas : Ethnic Cleansing in the Promised Land , 1830 -- 1875 . University of Oklahoma Press , 2005 , p. 9 ( quotation ) , ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3698 - 7 . 2005 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3698 - 1 . Retrieved 23 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Donald Kenrick , Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies ( Romanies ) pages xx -- xxiv , Scarecrow , Lanham , 2007 Jump up ^ Kamusella , Tomasz . The Dynamics of the Policies of Ethnic Cleansing in Silesia in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries . Web open access Archived 24 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Emran Qureshi , Michael A. Sells . The New Crusades : Constructing the Muslim Enemy , p. 180 Jump up ^ Downes . Targeting Civilians in War . Cornell University Press . ^ Jump up to : Lieberman , Benjamin . Terrible Fate : Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 75 , 61 . ISBN 9781442230385 . ^ Jump up to : Mozjes , Paul . Balkan Genocides : Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century . p. 34 , 35 Jump up ^ Stark , Laura . `` Ethnologia Europaea vol. 46 : 1 '' . Jump up ^ Carnegie Endowment for International Peace , Publication No. 4 , Washington , D.C. , 1914 ( 1 ) . Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Jump up ^ Despot , Igor . The Balkan Wars in the Eyes of the Warring Parties . pp. 250 , 253 , 198 , 258 . ISBN 9781475947038 . Jump up ^ Richard J. Evans . The Third Reich at War : 1939 -- 1945 , p. 146 Jump up ^ Ther , Philip . The Dark Side of Nation - States : Ethnic Cleansing in Modern Europe , p. 61 Jump up ^ Knight , Robert . Ethnicity , Nationalism and the European Cold War , p. 96 Jump up ^ Truth or conjecture ? : German civilian war losses in the East , page 366 Stanisław Schimitzek Zachodnia Agencia Prasowa , 1966 Jump up ^ To the Threshold of Power , 1922 / 33 : Origins and Dynamics of the Fascist and Nationalist Socialist Dictatorships , page 151 - 152 Jump up ^ Shatterzone of Empires : Coexistence and Violence in the German , Habsburg , Russian , and Ottoman Borderlands by Omer Bartov and Eric D. Weitz page 55 Indiana University Press 2013 Jump up ^ Immanuel Geiss Tzw . polski pas graniczny 1914 -- 1918 . Warszawa 1964 Jump up ^ The Red Prince : The Secret Lives of a Habsburg Archduke by Timothy Snyder `` On the annexations and ethnic cleansing , see Geiss , Der Polnische Grenzstreifen '' Jump up ^ Absolute Destruction : Military Culture And The Practices Of War In Imperial Germany Isabel V. Hull page 233 Cornell University Press , 2005 Jump up ^ Kort , Michael ( 2001 ) . The Soviet Colossus : History and Aftermath , p. 133 . Armonk , New York : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 0396 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hosking , Geoffrey A. ( 2006 ) . Rulers and Victims : The Russians in the Soviet Union . Harvard University Press . p. ( 2 ) footnote 29 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02178 - 9 . The footnote ends with a reference : Holquist , Peter ( 1997 ) . `` Conduct Merciless , Mass Terror Decossackization on the Don , 1919 '' . Cahiers di monde Russe ( 38 ) : 127 -- 162 . Jump up ^ `` Armenia : The Survival of A Nation '' by Christopher J. Walker , Croom Helm ( Publisher ) London 1980 , pp. 200 -- 203 Jump up ^ The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire , 1915 -- 1916 : Documents Presented to Viscount Grey of Falloden by Viscount Bryce , James Bryce and Arnold Toynbee , Uncensored Edition . Ara Sarafian ( ed . ) Princeton , New Jersey : Gomidas Institute , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 9535191 - 5 - 5 , pp. 635 -- 649 Jump up ^ `` Tsitsernakaberd Memorial Complex '' . Armenian Genocide Museum - Institute . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Kifner , John ( 7 December 2007 ) . `` Armenian Genocide of 1915 : An Overview ''. The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The forgotten Holocaust : The Armenian massacre that inspired Hitler '' . The Daily Mail ( London ) . 11 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` German MPs recognise Armenian ' genocide ' amid Turkish fury '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Auron , Yair ( 2000 ) . The banality of indifference : Zionism & the Armenian genocide . Transaction . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0881 - 3 . Jump up ^ Göçek , Fatma Müge ( 2015 ) . Denial of violence : Ottoman past , Turkish present and collective violence against the Armenians , 1789 - 2009 . Oxford University Press . p. 1 . ISBN 019933420X . Jump up ^ Forsythe , David P. ( 11 August 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of human rights ( Google Books ) . Oxford University Press . p. 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533402 - 9 . Jump up ^ Chalk , Frank Robert ; Jonassohn , Kurt ( 10 September 1990 ) . The history and sociology of genocide : analyses and case studies . Institut montréalais des études sur le génocide . Yale University Press . pp. 270 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 04446 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` '' Черный сад `` : Глава 5 . Ереван . Тайны Востока '' . BBC Russian . 8 July 2005 . Retrieved 1 September 2011 . Jump up ^ De Waal , Thomas . Black Garden . NYU Press . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 1945 - 7 . Retrieved 1 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Lowell W. Barrington ( 2006 ) . After Independence : Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial & Postcommunist States . USA : University of Michigan Press . pp. In late 1988 , the entire Azerbaijani population ( including Muslim Kurds ) -- some 167000 people -- was kicked out of the Armenian SSR . In the process , dozens of people died due to isolated Armenian attacks and adverse conditions . This population transfer was partially in response to Armenians being forced out of Azerbaijan , but it was also the last phase of the gradual homogenization of the republic under Soviet rule . The population transfer was the latest , and not so `` gentle '' , episode of ethnic cleansing that increased Armenia 's homogenization from 90 percent to 98 percent . Nationalists , in collaboration with the Armenian state authorities , were responsible for this exodus . ISBN 0 - 472 - 06898 - 9 . Jump up ^ De Waal , Thomas . Black garden : Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War . New York : New York University Press , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 8147 - 1945 - 7 , p. 40 Jump up ^ Cornell , Svante E. Small nations and great powers : a study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus . London : Routledge , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 7007 - 1162 - 7 . p. 82 Jump up ^ Remnick , David . `` Hate Runs High in Soviet Union 's Most Explosive Ethnic Feud . '' The Washington Post . 6 September 1989 . Jump up ^ Hosking , Geoffrey A . The First Socialist Society : A History of the Soviet Union from Within , 2nd ed . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press , 1993 , p. 475 . Jump up ^ Kenez , Peter . A History of the Soviet Union from the Beginning to the End , 2nd ed . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2006 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Azerbaijan : The status of Armenians , Russians , Jews and other minorities , report , 1993 , INS Resource Informacion Center , p. 10 Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan -- history -- geography '' . Jump up ^ Makiya , K ( 1998 ) ( 1989 ) , Republic of fear : the politics of modern Iraq , University of California Press , pp. 168 -- 172 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 21439 - 2 Jump up ^ url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6DF4dNEjenIC&pg=PA113&dq=Most+Christian+irregulars+involved+in+the+ethnic+cleansing+of+the+Gemlik%E2%80%93Yalova%E2%80%93+%CC%87Izmit+region&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=WXPtUf-kGsTStAb3-YBg&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Most%20Christian%20irregulars%20involved%20in%20the%20ethnic%20cleansing%20of%20the%20Gemlik%E2%80%93Yalova%E2%80%93%20%CC%87Izmit%20region&f=falsequote=Most Christian irregulars involved in the ethnic cleansing of the Gemlik -- Yalova -- ̇İzmit region Jump up ^ Sassounian , Harut ( 28 June 2009 ) . `` Turkish Prime Minister Admits Ethnic Cleansing '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Geniki Statistiki Ypiresia tis Ellados ( Statistical Annual of Greece ) , Statistia apotelesmata tis apografis sou plithysmou tis Ellados tis 15 -- 16 Maiou 1928 , pg. 41 . Athens : National Printing Office , 1930 . Quoted in Kontogiorgi , Elisabeth ( 2006 - 08 - 17 ) . Population Exchange in Greek Macedonia : The Forced Settlement of Refugees 1922 -- 1930 . Oxford University Press . pp. 96 , footnote 56 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 927896 - 1 . Jump up ^ Anthony L. Cardoza . Benito Mussolini : the first fascist . Pearson Longman , 2006 Pp. 109 . Jump up ^ Paul Kocot Nietupski ( 1999 ) . Labrang : a Tibetan Buddhist monastery at the crossroads of four civilizations . Snow Lion Publications . p. 90 . ISBN 1 - 55939 - 090 - 5 . Retrieved 28 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Uradyn Erden Bulag ( 2002 ) . Dilemmas The Mongols at China 's edge : history and the politics of national unity . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 273 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 1144 - 8 . Retrieved 28 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Chung - kuo fu li hui , Zhongguo fu li hui ( 1961 ) . China reconstructs , Volume 10 . China Welfare Institute . p. 16 . Retrieved 28 June 2010 . Jump up ^ David S.G. Goodman ( 2004 ) . China 's campaign to `` Open up the West '' : national , provincial , and local perspectives . Cambridge University Press . p. 204 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 61349 - 3 . Retrieved 28 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Shail Mayaram ( 2009 ) . The other global city . Taylor & Francis US . p. 76 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 99194 - 3 . Retrieved 30 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Shail Mayaram ( 2009 ) . The other global city . Taylor & Francis US . p. 77 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 99194 - 3 . Retrieved 30 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Abraham ( 1974 - 01 - 01 ) . Unwanted Mexican Americans in the Great Depression : Repatriation Pressures , 1929 - 1939 . VNR AG . ISBN 9780816503667 . Jump up ^ Balderrama , Francisco E. ; Rodriguez , Raymond ( 2006 - 01 - 01 ) . Decade of Betrayal : Mexican Repatriation in the 1930s . UNM Press . ISBN 9780826339737 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kevin ( Fall 2005 ) . `` The Forgotten Repatriation of Persons of Mexican Ancestry and Lessons for the War on Terror '' . 26 ( 1 ) . Davis , California : Pace Law Review . Jump up ^ Cambridge Journals Online - Central European History - Abstract - National Mythologies and Ethnic Cleansing : The Expulsion of Czechoslovak Germans in 1945 . Journals.cambridge.org . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Cambridge Journals Online - The Review of Politics - Abstract - The Expulsion of the Germans from Hungary : A Study in Postwar Diplomacy . Journals.cambridge.org . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Diasporas and Ethnic Migrants : Germany , Israel , and Post-Soviet Successor ... - Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Naimark. , Norman M. ( 2001 ) . Fires of Hatred : Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth - Century Europe . Cambridge and London : : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 00994 - 3 . Jump up ^ Alfred de Zayas , Nemesis at Potsdam , Routledge , London 177 ; `` A Terrible Revenge '' Palgrave / Macmillan 2006 Jump up ^ The Expulsion of ' German ' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War , European University Institute , Florense . EUI Working Paper HEC No. 2004 / 1 , Edited by Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees pp. 24 , 20 , 29 Jump up ^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum about Jasenovac and Independent State of Croatia Archived 16 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Genocide and Resistance in Hitler 's Bosnia : The Partisans and the Chetniks , 1941 -- 1943 pp20 Jump up ^ www.utilis.biz , Utilis d.o.o. , Zagreb , . `` JUSP Jasenovac -- LIST OF INDIVIDUAL VICTIMS OF JASENOVAC CONCENTRATION CAMP '' . www.jusp-jasenovac.hr . Jump up ^ JUSP Jasenovac - ENGLISH . Jusp-jasenovac.hr . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Account Suspended . Hungarianhistory.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Serge Krizman , Maps of Yugoslavia at War , Washington 1943 . ^ Jump up to : ISBN 86 - 17 - 09287 - 4 : Kosta Nikolić , Nikola Žutić , Momčilo Pavlović , Zorica Špadijer : Историја за трећи разред гимназије природно - математичког смера и четврти разред гимназије општег и друштвено - језичког смера , Belgrade , 2002 , p. 182 . ^ Jump up to : Annexe I Archived 1 March 2003 at the Wayback Machine. , by the Serbian Information Centre - London to a report of the Select Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . Jump up ^ Orthodox Diocese of Raska and Prizren . Kosovo.net . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Enciklopedija Novog Sada , Sveska 5 , Novi Sad , 1996 ( page 196 ) . Jump up ^ Slobodan Ćurčić , Broj stanovnika Vojvodine , Novi Sad , 1996 ( pages 42 , 43 ) . Jump up ^ Albania in the Twentieth Century , A History : Volume II : Albania in Occupation and War , 1939 -- 45 . Owen Pearson . I.B. Tauris , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 84511 - 104 - 4 . Jump up ^ . Pyrrhus J. Ruches . Albania 's captives Argonaut , 1965 , p. 172 `` The entire carnage , arson and imprisonment suffered by the hands of Balli Kombetar ... schools burned '' . Jump up ^ Partition India : : Twentieth century regional history : : Cambridge University Press . Cambridge.org . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Ishtiaq ( March 2002 ) . `` The 1947 Partition of India : A Paradigm for Pathological Politics in India and Pakistan '' . Asian Ethnicity. 3 ( 1 ) : 9 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Barbara D. Metcalf ; Thomas R. Metcalf ( 2006 ) . A Concise History of India ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 222 . ISBN 978 - 0521682251 . The outcome , akin to what today is called ' ethnic cleansing ' , produced an Indian Punjab 60 per cent Hindu and 35 per cent Sikh , while the Pakistan Punjab became almost wholly Muslim . Jump up ^ `` WHKMLA : History of Indonesia , 1945 - 1949 '' . www.zum.de . Jump up ^ `` Current Africa race riots like 1949 anti-Indian riots : minister '' , TheIndianStar.com Jump up ^ Ibrahim , Abadir ( 8 December 2016 ) . The Role of Civil Society in Africa 's Quest for Democratization . Springer . p. 134 . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Muehlenbeck , Phil ( 2012 ) . Religion and the Cold War : A Global Perspective . Vanderbilt University Press . p. 147 . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Wehib , Ahmed ( October 2015 ) . History of Harar and Harari ( PDF ) . Harari people regional state , culture , heritage and tourism bureau . p. 141 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Pirjevec , Jože ( 2008 ) . `` The Strategy of the Occupiers '' . Resistance , Suffering , Hope : The Slovene Partisan Movement 1941 -- 1945 ( PDF ) . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 961 - 6681 - 02 - 5 . Jump up ^ Verginella , Marta ( 2011 ) . `` Antislavizmo , rassizmo di frontiera ? '' . Aut aut ( in Italian ) . ISBN 978 - 88 - 6576 - 106 - 9 . Jump up ^ Santarelli , Enzo ( 1979 ) . Scritti politici : di Benito Mussolini ; Introduzione e cura di Enzo Santarelli ( in Italian ) . p. 196 . Jump up ^ `` From `` Denying Human Rights and Ethnic Identity '' series of Human Rights Watch '' Archived 7 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Human Rights Watch , 2 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The United Nations and the Congo -- History Learning Site '' . Jump up ^ Martin Smith ( 1991 ) . Burma -- Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity . London , New Jersey : Zed Books . pp. 43 -- 44 , 98 , 56 -- 57,176 . ISBN 0 - 86232 - 868 - 3 . Jump up ^ Asians v. Asians , TIME Jump up ^ `` '' Marketplace : Pied - noirs breathe life back into Algerian tourism `` '' . Jump up ^ `` Lexicorient.com '' . lexicorient.com . Jump up ^ `` Country Histories -- Empire 's Children '' . Archived from the original on 18 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Fault Is It ? '' . Jump up ^ BBC NEWS Africa Libya cuts ties to mark Italy era . Bbc.co.uk ( 2005 - 10 - 27 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh : The Demolition Of Ramana Kali Temple In March 1971 '' . Asian Tribune . Retrieved 28 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1972 : Asians given 90 days to leave Uganda '' . 7 August 1972 -- via news.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` ' Ethnic cleansing ' , Cypriot style '' . The New York Times . 5 September 1992 . Retrieved 29 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization . `` WGIP : Side event on the Hmong Lao , at the United Nations '' . Retrieved 20 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Jane Hamilton - Merritt , Tragic Mountains : The Hmong , the Americans , and the Secret Wars for Laos , 1942 -- 1992 ( Indiana University Press , 1999 ) , pp337 - 460 Jump up ^ Forced Back and Forgotten ( Lawyers ' Committee for Human Rights , 1989 ) , p8 . Jump up ^ `` Cambodia -- Population '' . Library of Congress Country Studies . Jump up ^ Cambodia -- the Chinese . Library of Congress Country Studies . ^ Jump up to : `` Ethnic Cleansing in Myanmar '' . 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Jump up ^ Ng , Christina ( 9 June 2011 ) . `` Latino Gang Charged With Racial Cleansing Attacks in California Town '' . ABC News . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Burma unrest : UN body says 90,000 displaced by violence '' . BBC . 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Harris , Gardiner ( 28 July 2012 ) . `` As Tensions in India Turn Deadly , Some Say Officials Ignored Warning Signs '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Putz , Ulrike ( 2012 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Christians Flee from Radical Rebels in Syria -- SPIEGEL ONLINE '' . Spiegel.de . Jump up ^ `` Church fears ' ethnic cleansing ' of Christians in Homs , Syria '' . Los Angeles Times . 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Day Plan for Priority Humanitarian Action in the Central African Republic , 24 December 2013 -- 2 April 2014 '' . ReliefWeb. 24 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rights group accuses Myanmar of ' ethnic cleansing ' '' . CNN.com. 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HRW accuses South Sudan , rebels of ethnic cleaning '' . Press TV . 19 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Al Jazeera English ( 11 September 2017 ) . `` UN : Rohingya facing ' ethnic cleansing ' in Myanmar '' -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : McPherson , Poppy ( 8 May 2017 ) . `` ' We must protect our country ' : extremist Buddhists target Mandalay 's Muslims '' -- via www.theguardian.com . Jump up ^ `` Rohingya villages ' burned by Burmese army ' in crackdown on Muslim minority '' . 29 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gruesome New Details on The Ethnic Cleansing in Myanmar No One Is Talking About '' . Jump up ^ `` Women , children feared among scores dead in Myanmar village ' massacre ' '' . 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In Myanmar 's hidden region , media tour takes harrowing turn when soldiers are n't watching '' . 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rohingya children ' beheaded and burned alive ' in Burma '' . 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ MacGregor , Fiona ( 2 September 2017 ) . `` Fears of mass atrocities against Rohingya civilians in Burma '' -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ edition.cnn.com . `` UV : At least 30,000 Rohingya trapped in Myanmar mountains without food '' . unv.is/ . Ethnicity Related concepts Clan Ethnic group Ethnolinguistic group Ethnoreligious group Indigenous peoples Ingroups and outgroups Meta - ethnicity Metroethnicity Minority group Monoethnicity Nation Nationality Panethnicity Polyethnicity Population Race Symbolic ethnicity Tribe Ethnology Anthropology Ethnic studies Ethnoarchaeology Ethnobiology Ethnobotany Ethnozoology Ethnoecology Ethnocinema Ethnogeology Ethnography Autoethnography Clinical Critical Cyber - Netnography Online Person - centered Salvage Transidioethnography Video Ethnohistory Ethnolinguistics Ethnology Ethnomathematics Ethnomethodology Ethnomuseology Ethnomusicology Ethnophilosophy Ethnopoetics Ethnoscience Ethnosemiotics Ethnotaxonomy Groups by region Africa Americas Indigenous Canada Mexico United States Central America South America Asia Central Asia East Asia Northern Asia South Asia Southeast Asia Southwest Asia Australia Indigenous Europe Oceania Indigenous European Identity and ethnogenesis Cross-race effect Cultural assimilation Cultural identity Demonym Development Endonym Ethnic flag Ethnic option Ethnic origin Ethnic religion Ethnicity in census Ethnofiction Ethnonym Folk religion Historical Imagined community Kinship Legendary progenitor Lineage - bonded society Mythomoteur Mores Nation - building Nation state National language National myth Origin myth Pantribal sodality Tribal name Tribalism Urheimat Multiethnic society Consociationalism Diaspora politics Dominant minority Ethnic democracy Ethnic enclave Ethnic interest group Ethnic majority Ethnic media Ethnic pornography Ethnic theme park Ethnoburb Ethnocracy Indigenous rights Middleman minority Minority rights Model minority Multinational state Ideology and ethnic conflict Ethnic bioweapon Ethnic cleansing Ethnic hatred Ethnic joke Ethnic nationalism Ethnic nepotism Ethnic penalty Ethnic slur Ethnic stereotype Ethnic violence Ethnocentrism Ethnocide Ethnosymbolism Indigenism Separatist movements Xenophobia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_ethnic_cleansing_campaigns&oldid=853922299 '' Categories : Ethnic cleansing Forced migration Human rights abuses Persecution Racism Discrimination Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2010 CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template archiveis links Use dmy dates from January 2012 Articles with dead external links from August 2018 Articles that may contain original research from May 2009 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from July 2009 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from November 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with failed verification from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 20 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the principal balkan country in which ethnic cleansing took place in the mid-1990s was | [
"Widespread ethnic cleansing accompanied the War in Bosnia (1992–1995). Large numbers of Croats and Bosniaks were forced to flee their homes by the Army of the Republika Srpska, large numbers of Serbs and Bosniaks by the Croatian Defence Council and Serbs and Croats by the Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[158] Beginning in 1991, political upheavals in the Balkans displaced about 2,700,000 people by mid-1992, of which over 700,000 sought asylum in other parts of Europe.[159][160]"
] | [
"Bosnia"
] |
4359258088705437748 | List of The Big Bang Theory episodes | List of the Big Bang Theory episodes - wikipedia List of the Big Bang Theory episodes Jump to : navigation , search The Big Bang Theory is an American comedy television series created and executively produced by Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady . Like the name of the series itself ( with the exception of the first episode `` Pilot '' ) , episode titles of The Big Bang Theory always start with `` The '' and resemble the name of a scientific principle , theory or experiment , whimsically referencing a plot point or quirk that is stated in that episode . In March 2017 , CBS announced that the series was renewed for two more years , leading the show to a total of 12 seasons . The eleventh season premiered on September 25 , 2017 . As of November 2 , 2017 , 237 episodes of The Big Bang Theory have aired . There was also an unaired pilot which CBS did not broadcast . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Unaired pilot 2.2 Season 1 ( 2007 -- 08 ) 2.3 Season 2 ( 2008 -- 09 ) 2.4 Season 3 ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2.5 Season 4 ( 2010 -- 11 ) 2.6 Season 5 ( 2011 -- 12 ) 2.7 Season 6 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.8 Season 7 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.9 Season 8 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.10 Season 9 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.11 Season 10 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.12 Season 11 ( 2017 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Viewers ( millions ) Viewers rank 18 -- 49 rating / share 18 -- 49 rank 17 September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) 8.31 68 3.3 / 8 46 23 September 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) May 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 11 ) 10.03 40 N / A N / A 23 September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) May 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) 14.22 12 5.3 / 13 5 24 September 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 23 ) May 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 19 ) 13.21 13 4.4 / 13 7 5 24 September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) 15.82 8 5.5 / 17 6 6 24 September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 18.68 6.2 / 19 7 24 September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) 19.96 6.2 / 20 8 24 September 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 22 ) May 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) 19.05 5.6 / 17 9 24 September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 20.36 5.8 / 19 10 24 September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 18.99 4.9 / 19 11 TBA September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA Episodes ( edit ) Unaired pilot ( edit ) Main article : Pilot ( The Big Bang Theory ) § Unaired pilot The original pilot , which CBS passed on , featured Amanda Walsh as Katie instead of Kaley Cuoco as Penny and had a darker tone . Season 1 ( 2007 -- 08 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Big Bang Theory ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' James Burrows Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) 276023 9.52 `` The Big Bran Hypothesis '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady Teleplay by : Robert Cohen & Dave Goetsch October 1 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 01 ) 3T6601 8.58 `` The Fuzzy Boots Corollary '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Steven Molaro October 8 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 08 ) 3T6602 8.36 `` The Luminous Fish Effect '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady Teleplay by : David Litt & Lee Aronsohn October 15 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 15 ) 3T6603 8.15 5 5 `` The Hamburger Postulate '' Andrew D. Weyman Story by : Jennifer Glickman Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Steven Molaro October 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 22 ) 3T6604 8.81 6 6 `` The Middle - Earth Paradigm '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Dave Goetsch Teleplay by : David Litt & Robert Cohen October 29 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 29 ) 3T6605 8.92 7 7 `` The Dumpling Paradox '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady Teleplay by : Lee Aronsohn & Jennifer Glickman November 5 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 05 ) 3T6606 9.68 8 8 `` The Grasshopper Experiment '' Ted Wass Story by : Dave Goetsch & Steven Molaro Teleplay by : Lee Aronsohn & Robert Cohen November 12 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 12 ) 3T6607 9.32 9 9 `` The Cooper - Hofstadter Polarization '' Joel Murray Story by : Bill Prady & Stephen Engel Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Lee Aronsohn & Dave Goetsch March 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 17 ) 3T6608 9.11 10 10 `` The Loobenfeld Decay '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Lee Aronsohn March 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 24 ) 3T6609 8.63 11 11 `` The Pancake Batter Anomaly '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Lee Aronsohn Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Stephen Engel March 31 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 31 ) 3T6610 8.68 12 12 `` The Jerusalem Duality '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Jennifer Glickman & Stephen Engel Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Steven Molaro April 14 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 14 ) 3T6611 7.69 13 13 `` The Bat Jar Conjecture '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Stephen Engel & Jennifer Glickman Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Robert Cohen April 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 21 ) 3T6612 7.51 14 14 `` The Nerdvana Annihilation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady Teleplay by : Stephen Engel & Steven Molaro April 28 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 28 ) 3T6613 8.07 15 15 `` The Shiksa Indeterminacy '' `` The Pork Chop Indeterminacy '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre Teleplay by : Lee Aronsohn & Bill Prady May 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 05 ) 3T6614 7.38 16 16 `` The Peanut Reaction '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Lee Aronsohn Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Steven Molaro May 12 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 12 ) 3T6615 7.79 17 17 `` The Tangerine Factor '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady Teleplay by : Lee Aronsohn & Steven Molaro May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) 3T6616 7.34 Season 2 ( 2008 -- 09 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Big Bang Theory ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 18 `` The Bad Fish Paradigm '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Steven Molaro September 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) 3T7351 9.36 19 `` The Codpiece Topology '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Lee Aronsohn September 29 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 29 ) 3T7352 8.76 20 `` The Barbarian Sublimation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Nicole Lorre Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan October 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 06 ) 3T7353 9.33 21 `` The Griffin Equivalency '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Chuck Lorre Teleplay by : Stephen Engel & Tim Doyle October 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 13 ) 3T7354 9.36 22 5 `` The Euclid Alternative '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Steven Molaro Teleplay by : Lee Aronsohn & Dave Goetsch October 20 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 20 ) 3T7355 9.28 23 6 `` The Cooper -- Nowitzki Theorem '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Stephen Engel & Daley Haggar Teleplay by : Tim Doyle & Richard Rosenstock November 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 03 ) 3T7356 9.67 24 7 `` The Panty Piñata Polarization '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Tim Doyle Teleplay by : Jennifer Glickman & Steven Molaro November 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 10 ) 3T7357 10.01 25 8 `` The Lizard -- Spock Expansion '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Jennifer Glickman November 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 17 ) 3T7358 9.76 26 9 `` The White Asparagus Triangulation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Dave Goetsch & Steven Molaro Teleplay by : Stephen Engel & Richard Rosenstock November 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 24 ) 3T7359 10.19 27 10 `` The Vartabedian Conundrum '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Richard Rosenstock December 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 08 ) 3T7360 10.80 28 11 `` The Bath Item Gift Hypothesis '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Richard Rosenstock Teleplay by : Stephen Engel & Eric Kaplan December 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 15 ) 3T7361 11.42 29 12 `` The Killer Robot Instability '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Richard Rosenstock Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Daley Haggar January 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 12 ) 3T7362 11.81 30 13 `` The Friendship Algorithm '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Richard Rosenstock Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro January 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 19 ) 3T7363 11.10 31 14 `` The Financial Permeability '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro Teleplay by : Richard Rosenstock & Eric Kaplan February 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 02 ) 3T7364 10.89 32 15 `` The Maternal Capacitance '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady Teleplay by : Richard Rosenstock & Steven Molaro February 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 09 ) 3T7365 13.11 33 16 `` The Cushion Saturation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Lee Aronsohn March 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 02 ) 3T7366 10.94 34 17 `` The Terminator Decoupling '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Dave Goetsch Teleplay by : Tim Doyle & Stephen Engel March 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 09 ) 3T7367 9.46 35 18 `` The Work Song Nanocluster '' Peter Chakos Story by : Bill Prady & Lee Aronsohn Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Richard Rosenstock March 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 16 ) 3T7368 9.76 36 19 `` The Dead Hooker Juxtaposition '' Mark Cendrowski Steven Molaro March 30 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 30 ) 3T7369 9.77 37 20 `` The Hofstadter Isotope '' Mark Cendrowski Dave Goetsch April 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 13 ) 3T7370 10.13 38 21 `` The Vegas Renormalization '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Jessica Ambrosetti & Nicole Lorre & Andrew Roth Teleplay by : Steven Molaro April 27 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 27 ) 3T7371 9.31 39 22 `` The Classified Materials Turbulence '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Lee Aronsohn Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Steven Molaro May 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 04 ) 3T7373 9.25 40 23 `` The Monopolar Expedition '' Mark Cendrowski Eric Kaplan & Richard Rosenstock May 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 11 ) 3T7372 9.81 Season 3 ( 2009 -- 10 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Big Bang Theory ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 41 `` The Electric Can Opener Fluctuation '' Mark Cendrowski Steven Molaro September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) 3X5551 12.96 42 `` The Jiminy Conjecture '' Mark Cendrowski Jim Reynolds September 28 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 28 ) 3X5552 13.27 43 `` The Gothowitz Deviation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Lee Aronsohn & Richard Rosenstock Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Maria Ferrari October 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 05 ) 3X5553 12.52 44 `` The Pirate Solution '' Mark Cendrowski Steve Holland October 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 12 ) 3X5554 13.07 45 5 `` The Creepy Candy Coating Corollary '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady Teleplay by : Lee Aronsohn & Steven Molaro October 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 19 ) 3X5556 13.47 46 6 `` The Cornhusker Vortex '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Steven Molaro Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Richard Rosenstock November 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 02 ) 3X5555 12.73 47 7 `` The Guitarist Amplification '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Lee Aronsohn Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Richard Rosenstock & Jim Reynolds November 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 09 ) 3X5557 12.79 48 8 `` The Adhesive Duck Deficiency '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady & Dave Goetsch Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari November 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 16 ) 3X5558 13.23 49 9 `` The Vengeance Formulation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Richard Rosenstock & Jim Reynolds & Steve Holland November 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 23 ) 3X5559 14.13 50 10 `` The Gorilla Experiment '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Richard Rosenstock & Steve Holland Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Steven Molaro & Maria Ferrari December 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 07 ) 3X5560 14.38 51 11 `` The Maternal Congruence '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Lee Aronsohn & Steven Molaro & Richard Rosenstock & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady & Dave Goetsch December 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 14 ) 3X5562 15.58 52 12 `` The Psychic Vortex '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Lee Aronsohn & Steven Molaro Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Jim Reynolds January 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 11 ) 3X5561 15.82 53 13 `` The Bozeman Reaction '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Lee Aronsohn & Jim Reynolds Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Steve Holland January 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 18 ) 3X5563 14.99 54 14 `` The Einstein Approximation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Lee Aronsohn & Dave Goetsch & Steve Holland Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan February 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 01 ) 3X5565 15.51 55 15 `` The Large Hadron Collision '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Jim Reynolds Teleplay by : Lee Aronsohn & Richard Rosenstock & Maria Ferrari February 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 08 ) 3X5564 16.26 56 16 `` The Excelsior Acquisition '' Peter Chakos Story by : Chuck Lorre & Lee Aronsohn & Steven Molaro Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari March 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 01 ) 3X5566 15.73 57 17 `` The Precious Fragmentation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Lee Aronsohn & Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Steven Molaro & Richard Rosenstock March 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 08 ) 3X5567 16.32 58 18 `` The Pants Alternative '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady & Steve Holland Teleplay by : Eric Kaplan & Richard Rosenstock & Jim Reynolds March 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 22 ) 3X5568 13.42 59 19 `` The Wheaton Recurrence '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Nicole Lorre & Jessica Ambrosetti Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Dave Goetsch & Jim Reynolds & Maria Ferrari April 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 12 ) 3X5569 13.39 60 20 `` The Spaghetti Catalyst '' Anthony Rich Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady & Lee Aronsohn & Steven Molaro May 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 03 ) 3X5570 11.63 61 21 `` The Plimpton Stimulation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady & Lee Aronsohn Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Jim Reynolds & Maria Ferrari May 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 10 ) 3X5571 13.73 62 22 `` The Staircase Implementation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Lee Aronsohn & Steven Molaro & Steve Holland Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Dave Goetsch & Maria Ferrari May 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 17 ) 3X5572 15.02 63 23 `` The Lunar Excitation '' Peter Chakos Story by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Lee Aronsohn & Steven Molaro & Steve Holland May 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) 3X5573 14.78 Season 4 ( 2010 -- 11 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Big Bang Theory ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 64 `` The Robotic Manipulation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Lee Aronsohn & Dave Goetsch Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Steve Holland September 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 23 ) 3X6651 14.04 65 `` The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Lee Aronsohn & Steve Holland Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Jim Reynolds September 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 30 ) 3X6652 13.05 66 `` The Zazzy Substitution '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady & Jim Reynolds Teleplay by : Lee Aronsohn & Steven Molaro & Maria Ferrari October 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 07 ) 3X6653 12.59 67 `` The Hot Troll Deviation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Adam Faberman Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Lee Aronsohn & Maria Ferrari October 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 14 ) 3X6654 12.57 68 5 `` The Desperation Emanation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Lee Aronsohn & Dave Goetsch Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Steve Holland October 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 21 ) 3X6655 13.05 69 6 `` The Irish Pub Formulation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Lee Aronsohn & Steven Molaro Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari October 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 28 ) 3X6656 13.04 70 7 `` The Apology Insufficiency '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Lee Aronsohn & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Steven Molaro & Steve Holland November 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 04 ) 3X6657 14.00 71 8 `` The 21 - Second Excitation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady & Jim Reynolds Teleplay by : Lee Aronsohn & Steven Molaro & Steve Holland November 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 11 ) 3X6658 13.11 72 9 `` The Boyfriend Complexity '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Lee Aronsohn & Jim Reynolds Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Steven Molaro & Dave Goetsch November 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 18 ) 3X6659 13.02 73 10 `` The Alien Parasite Hypothesis '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Steve Holland Teleplay by : Lee Aronsohn & Jim Reynolds & Maria Ferrari December 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 09 ) 3X6660 12.03 74 11 `` The Justice League Recombination '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Lee Aronsohn & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Steven Molaro & Steve Holland December 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 16 ) 3X6661 13.24 75 12 `` The Bus Pants Utilization '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Lee Aronsohn & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan January 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 06 ) 3X6662 13.98 76 13 `` The Love Car Displacement '' Anthony Rich Story by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady & Dave Goetsch Teleplay by : Lee Aronsohn & Steven Molaro & Steve Holland January 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 20 ) 3X6663 13.63 77 14 `` The Thespian Catalyst '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Lee Aronsohn & Jim Reynolds Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Steven Molaro & Maria Ferrari February 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 03 ) 3X6664 13.83 78 15 `` The Benefactor Factor '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Lee Aronsohn & Dave Goetsch Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Steve Holland February 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 10 ) 3X6665 12.79 79 16 `` The Cohabitation Formulation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Lee Aronsohn & Dave Goetsch Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Steven Molaro & Jim Reynolds February 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 17 ) 3X6666 12.41 80 17 `` The Toast Derivation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Dave Goetsch & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Jim Reynolds February 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 24 ) 3X6667 12.35 81 18 `` The Prestidigitation Approximation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Steve Holland & Eddie Gorodetsky Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan March 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 10 ) 3X6668 12.06 82 19 `` The Zarnecki Incursion '' Peter Chakos Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Dave Goetsch & Jim Reynolds March 31 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 31 ) 3X6669 11.92 83 20 `` The Herb Garden Germination '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Eddie Gorodetsky Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Steven Molaro & Steve Holland April 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 07 ) 3X6670 11.40 84 21 `` The Agreement Dissection '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Dave Goetsch & Eddie Gorodetsky Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan April 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 28 ) 3X6671 10.71 85 22 `` The Wildebeest Implementation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Eddie Gorodetsky & Maria Ferrari May 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 05 ) 3X6672 10.50 86 23 `` The Engagement Reaction '' Howard Murray Story by : Bill Prady & Eric Kaplan & Jim Reynolds Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Steve Holland May 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 12 ) 3X6673 10.78 87 24 `` The Roommate Transmogrification '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Eddie Gorodetsky Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Eric Kaplan & Jim Reynolds May 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 19 ) 3X6674 11.30 Season 5 ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Big Bang Theory ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 88 `` The Skank Reflex Analysis '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari & Anthony Del Broccolo Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady & Steven Molaro September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) 3X6851 14.30 89 `` The Infestation Hypothesis '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Steven Molaro & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Jim Reynolds & Steve Holland September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) 3X6852 14.94 90 `` The Pulled Groin Extrapolation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Jim Reynolds Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Steven Molaro & Dave Goetsch September 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 29 ) 3X6853 14.74 91 `` The Wiggly Finger Catalyst '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Dave Goetsch & Anthony Del Broccolo Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Steven Molaro & Steve Holland October 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 06 ) 3X6854 13.92 92 5 `` The Russian Rocket Reaction '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Steven Molaro & Jim Reynolds Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari October 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 13 ) 3X6855 13.58 93 6 `` The Rhinitis Revelation '' Howard Murray Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Steve Holland Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Steven Molaro & Jim Reynolds October 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 20 ) 3X6857 14.93 94 7 `` The Good Guy Fluctuation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Dave Goetsch & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Steven Molaro & Steve Holland October 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 27 ) 3X6856 14.54 95 8 `` The Isolation Permutation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Steven Molaro & Steve Holland November 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 03 ) 3X6858 15.98 96 9 `` The Ornithophobia Diffusion '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Dave Goetsch & Anthony Del Broccolo Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan November 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 10 ) 3X6859 15.89 97 10 `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Dave Goetsch Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Jim Reynolds & Steve Holland November 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 17 ) 3X6860 15.05 98 11 `` The Speckerman Recurrence '' Anthony Rich Story by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady & Steve Holland Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Anthony Del Broccolo December 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 08 ) 3X6861 14.02 99 12 `` The Shiny Trinket Maneuver '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steve Holland & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Steven Molaro & Jim Reynolds January 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 12 ) 3X6862 16.13 100 13 `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Steven Molaro January 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 19 ) 3X6863 15.83 101 14 `` The Beta Test Initiation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Dave Goetsch & Maria Ferrari January 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 26 ) 3X6864 16.13 102 15 `` The Friendship Contraction '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Jim Reynolds Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Steven Molaro & Steve Holland February 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 02 ) 3X6865 16.54 103 16 `` The Vacation Solution '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Anthony Del Broccolo & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Steven Molaro & Maria Ferrari February 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 09 ) 3X6866 16.21 104 17 `` The Rothman Disintegration '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady & Steve Holland Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Jim Reynolds February 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 16 ) 3X6867 15.65 105 18 `` The Werewolf Transformation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Todd Craig & Gary Torvinen Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Steven Molaro & Jim Reynolds & Maria Ferrari February 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 23 ) 3X6868 16.20 106 19 `` The Weekend Vortex '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Steve Holland March 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 08 ) 3X6869 15.04 107 20 `` The Transporter Malfunction '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Jim Reynolds & Steve Holland March 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 29 ) 3X6870 13.96 108 21 `` The Hawking Excitation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Steven Molaro & Steve Holland Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari April 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 05 ) 3X6871 13.29 109 22 `` The Stag Convergence '' Peter Chakos Story by : Billy Prady & Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Jim Reynolds April 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 26 ) 3X6872 12.65 110 23 `` The Launch Acceleration '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Jim Reynolds Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari May 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 03 ) 3X6873 13.91 111 24 `` The Countdown Reflection '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Eric Kaplan & Steve Holland Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Jim Reynolds May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) 3X6874 13.72 Season 6 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Big Bang Theory ( season 6 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 112 `` The Date Night Variable '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Steve Holland Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Jim Reynolds & Maria Ferrari September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) 3X7601 15.66 113 `` The Decoupling Fluctuation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Jim Reynolds & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Steve Holland October 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 04 ) 3X7602 15.18 114 `` The Higgs Boson Observation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro & Dave Goetsch & Steve Holland Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Jim Reynolds & Maria Ferrari October 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 11 ) 3X7603 14.23 115 `` The Re-Entry Minimization '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Jim Reynolds & Anthony Del Broccolo Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan October 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 18 ) 3X7604 15.73 116 5 `` The Holographic Excitation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Jeremy Howe Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari October 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 25 ) 3X7605 15.82 117 6 `` The Extract Obliteration '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady & Steve Holland Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Jim Reynolds & Eric Kaplan November 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 01 ) 3X7606 15.90 118 7 `` The Habitation Configuration '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Jim Reynolds Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari November 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 08 ) 3X7607 16.68 119 8 `` The 43 Peculiarity '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Dave Goetsch & Anthony Del Broccolo Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Jim Reynolds & Steve Holland November 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 15 ) 3X7608 17.63 120 9 `` The Parking Spot Escalation '' Peter Chakos Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Adam Faberman Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari November 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 29 ) 3X7609 17.25 121 10 `` The Fish Guts Displacement '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Jim Reynolds December 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 06 ) 3X7610 16.94 122 11 `` The Santa Simulation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Steve Holland Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Jim Reynolds & Maria Ferrari December 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 13 ) 3X7611 16.77 123 12 `` The Egg Salad Equivalency '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Jim Reynolds Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Bill Prady & Steve Holland January 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 03 ) 3X7612 19.25 124 13 `` The Bakersfield Expedition '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Jim Reynolds & Steve Holland Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari January 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 10 ) 3X7613 20.00 125 14 `` The Cooper / Kripke Inversion '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Anthony Del Broccolo Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Jim Reynolds & Steve Holland January 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 31 ) 3X7614 17.76 126 15 `` The Spoiler Alert Segmentation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan and Steve Holland Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Maria Ferrari & Adam Faberman February 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 07 ) 3X7615 18.98 127 16 `` The Tangible Affection Proof '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady and Steve Holland Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Jim Reynolds & Tara Hernandez February 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 14 ) 3X7616 17.89 128 17 `` The Monster Isolation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Dave Goetsch and Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan and Steve Holland February 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 21 ) 3X7617 17.62 129 18 `` The Contractual Obligation Implementation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan and Steve Holland Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Jim Reynolds and Maria Ferrari March 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 07 ) 3X7618 17.63 130 19 `` The Closet Reconfiguration '' Anthony Rich Story by : Chuck Lorre & Jim Reynolds and Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland and Eric Kaplan March 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 14 ) 3X7619 15.90 131 20 `` The Tenure Turbulence '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan and Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steve Holland and Jim Reynolds April 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 04 ) 3X7620 17.24 132 21 `` The Closure Alternative '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady and Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Jim Reynolds and Steve Holland April 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 25 ) 3X7621 15.05 133 22 `` The Proton Resurgence '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Jim Reynolds and Steve Holland Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan and Maria Ferrari May 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 02 ) 3X7622 16.29 134 23 `` The Love Spell Potential '' Anthony Rich Story by : Chuck Lorre & Jim Reynolds and Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan and Steve Holland May 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 09 ) 3X7623 16.30 135 24 `` The Bon Voyage Reaction '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland and Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Jim Reynolds and Maria Ferrari May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 3X7624 15.48 Season 7 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Big Bang Theory ( season 7 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 136 `` The Hofstadter Insufficiency '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Eric Kaplan & Jim Reynolds & Steve Holland September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) 4X5301 18.99 137 `` The Deception Verification '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Jim Reynolds Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) 4X5302 20.44 138 `` The Scavenger Vortex '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Dave Goetsch & Eric Kaplan & Steve Holland Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Jim Reynolds & Maria Ferrari October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) 4X5303 18.22 139 `` The Raiders Minimization '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Jim Reynolds & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari October 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 10 ) 4X5304 17.64 140 5 `` The Workplace Proximity '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Jim Reynolds October 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 17 ) 4X5305 17.80 141 6 `` The Romance Resonance '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Eric Kaplan & Jim Reynolds & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari October 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 24 ) 4X5306 16.98 142 7 `` The Proton Displacement '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Maria Ferrari & Anthony Del Broccolo Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Jim Reynolds November 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 07 ) 4X5307 16.89 143 8 `` The Itchy Brain Simulation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro & Bill Prady & Jim Reynolds Teleplay by : Eric Kaplan & Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari November 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 14 ) 4X5308 18.30 144 9 `` The Thanksgiving Decoupling '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Eric Kaplan & Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Jim Reynolds & Jeremy Howe November 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 21 ) 4X5309 18.94 145 10 `` The Discovery Dissipation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Eric Kaplan & Jim Reynolds & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Adam Faberman December 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 05 ) 4X5310 15.63 146 11 `` The Cooper Extraction '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Jim Reynolds & Steve Holland & Tara Hernandez December 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 12 ) 4X5311 17.68 147 12 `` The Hesitation Ramification '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Dave Goetsch & Jim Reynolds & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steve Molaro & Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari January 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 02 ) 4X5312 19.20 148 13 `` The Occupation Recalibration '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steve Molaro & Jim Reynolds & Steve Holland January 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 09 ) 4X5313 20.35 149 14 `` The Convention Conundrum '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Eric Kaplan & Jim Reynolds & Adam Faberman Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Dave Goetsch & Steve Holland January 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 30 ) 4X5315 19.05 150 15 `` The Locomotive Manipulation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Jim Reynolds & Steve Holland & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari February 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 06 ) 4X5314 17.53 151 16 `` The Table Polarization '' Gay Linvill Story by : Steven Molaro & Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Jim Reynolds & Steve Holland February 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 27 ) 4x5316 17.73 152 17 `` The Friendship Turbulence '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Jim Reynolds & Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari March 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 06 ) 4X5318 18.09 153 18 `` The Mommy Observation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Jim Reynolds & Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Anthony Del Broccolo March 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 13 ) 4x5319 17.34 154 19 `` The Indecision Amalgamation '' Anthony Rich Story by : Bill Prady & Eric Kaplan & Jim Reynolds Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Dave Goetsch & Steve Holland April 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 03 ) 4x5320 17.73 155 20 `` The Relationship Diremption '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro & Bill Prady & Jim Reynolds Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Steve Holland April 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 10 ) 4X5321 16.49 156 21 `` The Anything Can Happen Recurrence '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Adam Faberman Teleplay by : Jim Reynolds & Steve Holland & Tara Hernandez April 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 24 ) 4x5322 16.44 157 22 `` The Proton Transmogrification '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Jim Reynolds & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy Howe Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Steve Holland May 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 01 ) 4X5317 16.07 158 23 `` The Gorilla Dissolution '' Peter Chakos Story by : Chuck Lorre & Jim Reynolds & Jeremy Howe Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan May 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 08 ) 4x5323 14.42 159 24 `` The Status Quo Combustion '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Eric Kaplan & Jim Reynolds & Jeremy Howe Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Tara Hernandez May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) 4X5324 16.73 Season 8 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Big Bang Theory ( season 8 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 160 `` The Locomotion Interruption '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Jim Reynolds & Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan September 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 22 ) 4X6751 18.08 161 `` The Junior Professor Solution '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Steve Holland Teleplay by : Jim Reynolds & Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez September 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 22 ) 4X6752 18.30 162 `` The First Pitch Insufficiency '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Jim Reynolds & Anthony Del Broccolo Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari September 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 29 ) 4X6753 16.44 163 `` The Hook - Up Reverberation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Jim Reynolds October 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 06 ) 4X6754 15.94 164 5 `` The Focus Attenuation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Jim Reynolds & Maria Ferrari & Adam Faberman Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Steve Holland October 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) 4X6755 15.63 165 6 `` The Expedition Approximation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro & Dave Goetsch & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Jim Reynolds & Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari October 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 20 ) 4X6756 16.02 166 7 `` The Misinterpretation Agitation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Jim Reynolds Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari October 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 30 ) 4X6758 16.25 167 8 `` The Prom Equivalency '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Jim Reynolds & Steve Holland & Jeremy Howe Teleplay by : Steve Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari November 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 06 ) 4X6757 16.56 168 9 `` The Septum Deviation '' Anthony Rich Story by : Steven Molaro & Bill Prady and Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Eric Kaplan & Steve Holland and Tara Hernandez November 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 13 ) 4X6759 16.90 169 10 `` The Champagne Reflection '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro & Tara Hernandez and David Saltzberg & Ph. D Teleplay by : Jim Reynolds & Steve Holland and Dave Goetsch November 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 20 ) 4X6760 14.61 170 11 `` The Clean Room Infiltration '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez & & Jeremy Howe Teleplay by : Eric Kaplan & Jim Reynolds & & Steve Holland December 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 11 ) 4X6761 15.49 171 12 `` The Space Probe Disintegration '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Eric Kaplan & & Jim Reynolds Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & & Maria Ferrari January 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 08 ) 4X6762 18.11 172 13 `` The Anxiety Optimization '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari & Adam Faberman Teleplay by : Jim Reynolds & Steve Holland & Tara Hernandez January 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 29 ) 4X6763 17.25 173 14 `` The Troll Manifestation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Jim Reynolds & Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari February 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 05 ) 4X6765 17.09 174 15 `` The Comic Book Store Regeneration '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Jim Reynolds & Maria Ferrari and Jeremy Howe Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan and Steve Holland February 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 19 ) 4X6764 17.49 175 16 `` The Intimacy Acceleration '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Dave Goetsch & Eric Kaplan and Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steve Molaro & Jim Reynolds & and Steve Holland February 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 26 ) 4X6766 16.67 176 17 `` The Colonization Application '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Dave Goetsch & Jim Reynolds and Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steve Molaro & Eric Kaplan and Maria Ferrari March 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 05 ) 4X6767 18.17 177 18 `` The Leftover Thermalization '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro & Maria Ferrari and Jeremy Howe Teleplay by : Eric Kaplan & Jim Reynolds and Steve Holland March 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 12 ) 4X6768 16.13 178 19 `` The Skywalker Incursion '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Jim Reynolds & Tara Hernandez & Jeremy Howe Teleplay by : Steve Molaro & Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari April 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 02 ) 4X6769 13.89 179 20 `` The Fortification Implementation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Jim Reynolds & Saladin Patterson & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari April 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 09 ) 4X6770 14.78 180 21 `` The Communication Deterioration '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Dave Goetsch & Steve Holland & Jeremy Howe & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Jim Reynolds April 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 16 ) 4X6771 14.82 181 22 `` The Graduation Transmission '' Anthony Rich Story by : Chuck Lorre & Dave Goetsch & Anthony Del Broccolo Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan April 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 23 ) 4X6772 14.63 182 23 `` The Maternal Combustion '' Anthony Rich Story by : Steven Molaro & Tara Hernandez & Jeremy Howe Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Jim Reynolds & Maria Ferrari April 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 30 ) 4X6773 13.85 183 24 `` The Commitment Determination '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Jim Reynolds & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan May 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) 4X6774 14.64 Season 9 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Big Bang Theory ( season 9 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 184 `` The Matrimonial Momentum '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Jim Reynolds & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 4X7201 18.20 185 `` The Separation Oscillation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Jim Reynolds & Maria Ferrari September 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 28 ) 4X7202 15.23 186 `` The Bachelor Party Corrosion '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Dave Goetsch & Jim Reynolds & Jeremy Howe Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan October 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 05 ) 4X7203 15.40 187 `` The 2003 Approximation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez October 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 12 ) 4X7204 14.96 188 5 `` The Perspiration Implementation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Jim Reynolds & Saladin Patterson October 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 19 ) 4X7205 14.68 189 6 `` The Helium Insufficiency '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari & Anthony Del Broccolo Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Jim Reynolds October 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) 4X7207 16.32 190 7 `` The Spock Resonance '' Nikki Lorre Story by : Chuck Lorre & Jim Reynolds & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Jeremy Howe November 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 05 ) 4X7206 14.81 191 8 `` The Mystery Date Observation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Jim Reynolds Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steve Holland & Tara Hernandez November 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 12 ) 4X7208 14.92 192 9 `` The Platonic Permutation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Jim Reynolds & Jeremy Howe & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari & Adam Faberman November 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 19 ) 4X7209 15.19 193 10 `` The Earworm Reverberation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Eric Kaplan & Jim Reynolds & Saladin Patterson Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Jeremy Howe December 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 10 ) 4X7210 15.27 194 11 `` The Opening Night Excitation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Jim Reynolds & Maria Ferrari December 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 17 ) 4X7211 17.23 195 12 `` The Sales Call Sublimation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steve Holland & Jim Reynolds & Saladin K. Patterson Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Maria Ferrari & Anthony Del Broccolo January 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 07 ) 4X7212 15.85 196 13 `` The Empathy Optimization '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Dave Geotsch Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Saladin K. Patterson January 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 14 ) 4X7213 15.75 197 14 `` The Meemaw Materialization '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Jim Reynolds & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Tara Hernandez February 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 04 ) 4X7214 15.29 198 15 `` The Valentino Submergence '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steve Molaro & Jim Reynolds & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Jeremy Howe February 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 11 ) 4X7215 16.25 199 16 `` The Positive Negative Reaction '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Eric Kaplan & Jim Reynolds & Saladin Patterson Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari February 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 18 ) 4X7216 15.24 200 17 `` The Celebration Experimentation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Jeremy Howe Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Tara Hernandez February 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 25 ) 4X7217 15.94 201 18 `` The Application Deterioration '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Adam Faberman Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Jim Reynolds & Maria Ferrari March 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 10 ) 4X7218 14.68 202 19 `` The Solder Excursion Diversion '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Saladin K. Patterson March 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 31 ) 4X7219 14.24 203 20 `` The Big Bear Precipitation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Dave Goetsch & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Jim Reynolds April 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 07 ) 4X7220 13.50 204 21 `` The Viewing Party Combustion '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy Howe Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Tara Hernandez April 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) 4X7221 14.16 205 22 `` The Fermentation Bifurcation '' Nikki Lorre Story by : Steven Molaro & Jim Reynolds & Anthony Del Broccolo Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steve Holland & Tara Hernandez April 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 28 ) 4X7222 14.13 206 23 `` The Line Substitution Solution '' Anthony Rich Story by : Steve Holland & Saladin K. Patterson & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari May 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 05 ) 4X7223 13.22 207 24 `` The Convergence Convergence '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro & Tara Hernandez & Adam Faberman Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steve Holland & Jeremy Howe May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 4X7224 14.73 Season 10 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Big Bang Theory ( season 10 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 208 `` The Conjugal Conjecture '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steve Holland & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Jim Reynolds September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) T12. 15303 15.82 209 `` The Military Miniaturization '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Jim Reynolds Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari September 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 26 ) T12. 15301 14.24 210 `` The Dependence Transcendence '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro & Saladin K. Patterson & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy Howe October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) T12. 15302 14.32 211 `` The Cohabitation Experimentation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Dave Goetsch & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Tara Hernandez October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) T12. 15304 14.41 212 5 `` The Hot Tub Contamination '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Jim Reynolds October 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) T12. 15305 14.20 213 6 `` The Fetal Kick Catalyst '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steve Holland & Tara Hernandez & Jeremy Howe Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Saladin K. Patterson & Anthony Del Broccolo October 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 27 ) T12. 15306 14.31 214 7 `` The Veracity Elasticity '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Jim Reynolds & Adam Faberman November 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 03 ) T12. 15307 14.18 215 8 `` The Brain Bowl Incubation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steve Holland & Saladin K. Patterson Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez November 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 10 ) T12. 15308 14.47 216 9 `` The Geology Elevation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Erik Kaplan & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Jim Reynolds & Jeremy Howe November 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) T12. 15309 14.34 217 10 `` The Property Division Collision '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steve Holland & Bill Prady & Steve Goetsch Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez December 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 01 ) T12. 15310 14.54 218 11 `` The Birthday Synchronicity '' Nikki Lorre Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Tara Hernandez December 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 15 ) T12. 15311 15.96 219 12 `` The Holiday Summation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy Howe January 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 05 ) T12. 15312 16.80 220 13 `` The Romance Recalibration '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Dave Goetsch & Anthony Del Broccolo Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Saladin K. Patterson January 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 19 ) T12. 15313 15.15 221 14 `` The Emotion Detection Automation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Jim Reynolds & Saladin K. Patterson February 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) T12. 15314 14.66 222 15 `` The Locomotion Reverberation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steve Holland & Jim Reynolds Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) T12. 15315 14.15 223 16 `` The Allowance Evaporation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy Howe Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Jim Reynolds February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) T12. 15316 13.51 224 17 `` The Comic - Con Conundrum '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Eric Kaplan & Saladin K. Patterson & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steve Molaro & Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) T12. 15317 13.38 225 18 `` The Escape Hatch Identification '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Anthony Del Broccolo Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Jim Reynolds & Tara Hernandez March 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) T12. 15318 13.08 226 19 `` The Collaboration Fluctuation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Tara Hernandez & Giuseppe Graziano Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Dave Goetsch March 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 30 ) T12. 15319 12.78 227 20 `` The Recollection Dissipation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Eric Kaplan & Tara Hernandez & Jeremy Howe Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari April 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) T12. 15320 12.59 228 21 `` The Separation Agitation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro & Jim Reynolds & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Tara Hernandez & Jeremy Howe April 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 13 ) T12. 15321 11.89 229 22 `` The Cognition Regeneration '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steve Holland & Tara Hernandez & Jeremy Howe Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Eric Kaplan & Jim Reynolds April 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 27 ) T12. 15322 12.52 230 23 `` The Gyroscopic Collapse '' Anthony Rich Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steve Holland & Alex Ayers Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Jim Reynolds & Saladin K. Patterson May 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) T12. 15323 12.39 231 24 `` The Long Distance Dissonance '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Jim Reynolds Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steve Holland & Tara Hernandez May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) T12. 15324 12.99 Season 11 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Big Bang Theory ( season 11 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 232 `` The Proposal Proposal '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Jeremy Howe Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) T12. 15601 17.65 233 `` The Retraction Reaction '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Eric Kaplan & Anthony Del Broccolo October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) T12. 15602 14.06 234 `` The Relaxation Integration '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steve Holland & Adam Faberman Teleplay by : Maria Ferrari & Andy Gordon & Tara Hernandez October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) T12. 15603 13.13 235 `` The Explosion Implosion '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Jeremy Howe October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) T12. 15604 13.07 236 5 `` The Collaboration Contamination '' Nikki Lorre Story by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy Howe October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) T12. 15605 13.20 237 6 `` The Proton Regeneration '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro , Dave Goetsch , Alex Yonks Teleplay by : Dave Steve Holland , Andy Gordon , Jeremy Howe November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) T12. 15606 TBD 238 7 `` The Geology Methodology '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Holland & Anthony Del Broccolo & Adam Faberman Teleplay by : Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) T12. 15607 TBD 239 8 `` The Tesla Recoil '' Anthony Rich Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy Howe November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) T12. 15608 TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' Officially Renewed for Two Seasons as Mayim Bialik , Melissa Rauch Await Deals '' . 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Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 7 , 2008 ) . `` TV Ratings Monday : Dancing With the Stars , Two And A Half Men , Heroes Winners '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2009 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 14 , 2008 ) . `` Monday Night Ratings : Dancing With the Stars , Two and a Half Men Lead Night '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2009 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 21 , 2008 ) . `` Monday Night Ratings : Chuck , Terminator : The Sarah Connor Chronicles Languish '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2008 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 11 , 2008 ) . `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , November 3 -- 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2009 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 11 , 2008 ) . `` '' The Big Bang Theory '' Getting Bigger ... Ratings Bang Getting Louder `` . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 25 , 2008 ) . `` Top CBS Primetime Shows November 17 -- 23 , 2008 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2008 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 25 , 2008 ) . `` Monday Nielsen Ratings : Heroes Stabilizes , Sarah Connor Fades '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 9 , 2008 ) . `` Monday Ratings : CBS is king of comedy , Denny Crane bids farewell '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2010 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 16 , 2008 ) . `` Updated Monday Ratings : Big Bang Theory and How I Met Your Mother continue climb '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2010 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 13 , 2009 ) . `` Monday Ratings : Two and a Half Men and 24 rule Monday night '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2009 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 20 , 2009 ) . `` Monday Ratings : House + 24 = Win '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2010 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 3 , 2009 ) . `` Monday Ratings : Super Bowl promotions do n't help NBC 's ratings woes '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 10 , 2009 ) . `` Loud BANG at 9 : 30pm '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2009 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 3 , 2009 ) . `` Monday Ratings : The Bachelor stands tall above the crowd '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2009 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 10 , 2009 ) . `` Monday Ratings : Dancing with the Stars returns bigger than before '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2010 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 17 , 2009 ) . `` Monday Ratings : Dancing with the Stars propels ABC to top '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2010 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 31 , 2009 ) . `` Monday Ratings : Fox & ABC Tie At The Top Lead By House , Dancing With The Stars '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2010 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 14 , 2009 ) . `` Monday Ratings : FOX and CBS battle for youth , Castle slips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2009 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 28 , 2009 ) . `` Updated Monday Ratings : Chuck , Heroes finales , Castle hanging on ? '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2009 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 7 , 2009 ) . `` ABC Wins As Castle Surges After Dancing '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2010 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 12 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Ratings : House wins , Castle hangs on '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` Monday broadcast final numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 29 , 2009 ) . `` Big Bang Theory 's BANG even louder in final numbers , rises to 5.3 w / adults 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2009 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 6 , 2009 ) . `` '' The Big Bang Theory '' builds on its lead - in for third straight week `` . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2009 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Wins Monday in Key Demos '' . CBS . October 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Biggest Bang Yet ! '' . CBS . October 20 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` '' How I Met Your Mother '' Delivers Largest Audience Since Its Season Premiere `` . CBS . November 3 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CBS First in Viewers for the Sixth Time in Seven Weeks '' . CBS . November 10 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Places First on Monday in Adults 18 - 49 and Adults 25 - 54 '' . CBS . November 18 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Comedies Lead CBS to Win in Key Demos '' . CBS . November 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 8 , 2009 ) . `` Monday Finals : Big Bang Theory drops a tick ; Castle drops two ticks '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2009 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Viewers embrace CBS Monday '' . CBS . December 15 , 2009 . Retrieved October 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 12 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Broadcast Finals Plus Chuck Quarter Hour Detail '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 19 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : CBS Wins ; How I Met Your Mother hits season highs ; Life Unexpected Premieres Solidly '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2010 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CBS sweeps Monday in viewers and Key demographics '' . CBS . February 3 , 2010 . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Super Night for CBS 's Comedy Power Hour '' . CBS . February 9 , 2010 . Retrieved September 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CBS 's Monday Comedy Block grows opposite `` The Bachelor '' final and Olympic - Promoted NBC `` . CBS . March 2 , 2010 . Retrieved October 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Editor 's Note : With final Monday ratings in , The Big Bang Theory has now reached a new series high in viewers ( 16.32 m ) and was the night 's top program in adults 18 - 49 ( 5.9 / 15 ) , up a tenth from this morning . -- `` Two and a Half Men '' Soars to Its Best Adult 18 - 49 Rating in Three Years `` . CBS . March 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 23 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Finals : `` Dancing With the Stars '' Rises ; `` Castle '' Falls `` . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2010 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 13 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Broadcast Finals : Dancing , 2.5 Men , Big Bang Adjusted Up ; Castle , CSI : Miami , 24 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2010 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 4 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Finals : '' House , '' `` Big Bang '' Adjusted Up ; `` Romantically Challenged , '' `` Castle '' Adjusted Down `` . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2010 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Big Bang Theory '' Makes Monday 's Loudest Noise in Adults 18 - 34 , Adults 18 - 49 and Adults 25 - 54 `` . CBS . May 11 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` This Just In ... From CBS Entertainment ... `` The Big Bang Theory '' Tops Monday in Key Demos `` . CBS . May 18 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2014 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Wins the Final Monday of the Season in Key Demos '' . CBS . May 25 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2014 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : `` Sunday Night Football '' , `` Glee '' , `` Grey 's Anatomy '' , `` Dancing with the Stars '' Top Premiere Week Archived October 1 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , TV By the Numbers , September 28 , 2010 Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 1 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : Grey 's Anatomy , Big Bang Theory , $ # * ! My Dad Says , CSI Adjusted Up ; Vampire Diaries , Private Practice , Apprentice Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2010 . Retrieved October 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 8 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : Bones , Community , Grey 's Anatomy , Big Bang Theory , $ # * ! My Dad Says , The Office Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2010 . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 15 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : The Big Bang Theory , $ # * ! , 30 Rock , The Office , Outsourced , Grey 's Anatomy , Fringe All Adjusted Up '' . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2010 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 22 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : Grey 's Anatomy , Big Bang , CSI , Vampire Diaries Adjusted Up ; Private Practice Down ; Plus NLCS Game 5 Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2010 . Retrieved October 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 29 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : Grey 's Anatomy , Big Bang Theory , Shrekless , Office Adjusted Up ; Nikita Down ; Plus World Series Game 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved October 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 5 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : Big Bang Theory , The Mentalist , Office , Vampire Diaries Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2010 . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 12 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : Fringe , Community , 30 Rock , Outsourced , The Office Adjusted Down ; Bones , $ # * ! My Dad Says Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert . `` Thursday Final Ratings : $ # * ! My Dad Says , 30 Rock , Outsourced Adjusted Down ; The Office Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2010 . Retrieved November 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones , ' ' Fringe , ' ' Community , ' ' 30 Rock , ' ' Office , ' ' Apprentice ' Adjusted Down ; ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Walters : Oprah ' Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2010 . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert . `` Thursday Final Ratings : Big Bang Theory , $ # * ! My Dad Says Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2010 . Retrieved December 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Winter Wipeout , ' ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2011 . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 21 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' $ # * ! My Dad Says ' Adjusted Up , ' Bones ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2011 . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 4 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Private Practice , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2011 . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 11 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Private Practice , ' ' Bones , ' ' Office , ' ' Parks & Rec ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2011 . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Recreation , ' ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2011 . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 25 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Office , ' ' Outsourced , ' and ' Private Practice ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2011 . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 11 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : `` American Idol '' Adjusted Up ; `` Bones , '' `` CSI '' and `` The Mentalist '' Adjusted Down `` . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2011 . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 1 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Rules Of Engagement , ' ' CSI , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Steidman , Robert ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Rules Of Engagement , ' ' CSI , ' ' Outsourced ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bones ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 29 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Idol , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' CSI ' Adjusted Up ; ' Community ' Down + ' The Office , ' ' Parks & Rec ' Finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2011 . Retrieved April 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 6 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' CSI , ' ' The Mentalist , ' ' Community , ' ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bones , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2011 . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Community , ' ' Rules , ' ' Mentalist , ' ' Office , ' ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bones ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2011 . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' The Office , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2011 . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Finals : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The X Factor , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' and ' Whitney ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved September 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 29 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' X Factor , ' ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' The Office , ' ' The Secret Circle ' & ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up '' . tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 8 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' X Factor , ' ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' The Office , ' ' Person of Interest , ' ' Parks & Rec ' Adjusted Up ; ' Private Practice ' Down '' . tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2011 . Retrieved October 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Thursday : ' X Factor ' Drops , Still Leads Fox Win ; On A Mixed Night Of Advances & Declines '' . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 21 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : World Series + ' Big Bang , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rules , ' ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2011 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : World Series Game 6 Finals + ' Big Bang , ' ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' Office , ' ' Person , ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rules , ' ' Secret Circle , ' ' Whitney , ' ' Prime Suspect ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2011 . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 3 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The X Factor , ' ' Parks & Recreation , ' ' The Office , ' ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2011 . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Prime Suspect ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bones , ' ' Rules , ' ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2011 . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 19 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' X Factor , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bones ' Adjusted Down ; ' Beneath The Blue ' Evaporates '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 9 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Parks & Rec ' Adjusted Up ; ' Big Bang , ' ' Rules , ' ' Person of Interest , ' ' Mentalist , ' ' X Factor , ' ' Bones ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2012 . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 13 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2012 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 20 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Tops ' American Idol ' 1st Half Hour ; ' Office , ' ' Mentalist , ' ' Grey 's ' Adj . Up ; ' Person , ' ' Rob , ' ' Parks ' Adj . Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2012 . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 27 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up to Thursday High ; ' American Idol ' Up ; ' The Finder ' Adjusted Down '' . Tv by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2012 . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 3 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Office , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rob ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2012 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 10 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' American Idol , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' The Mentalist , ' ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rob , ' ' Private Practice , ' ' The Finder , ' ' Up All Night ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2012 . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 17 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' 30 Rock , ' ' Office ' Adjusted Up ; ' Person Of Interest , ' ' Mentalist , ' ' Secret Circle ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2012 . Retrieved February 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 24 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' American Idol , ' ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rob , ' ' Private Practice , ' ' Up All Night ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 9 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Recreation ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2012 . Retrieved March 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 30 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , '' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Missing ' and ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up , ' Rules ' and ' Touch ' Adjusted Down `` . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2012 . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 6 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Person of Interest ' , ' Missing ' , ' Up All Night ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2012 . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 27 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Idol ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Mentalist ' & ' Missing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2012 . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Secret Circle ' , ' The Mentalist ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Office ' , ' Secret Circle ' , ' Grey 's ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2015 . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Rec . ' , ' Up All Night ' , ' SNL : Weekend Update ' , ' The Office ' , ' Glee ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 5 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' Last Resort ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' The Office ' Adjusted Up ; ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Person of Interest ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Elementary ' , ' Rock Center ' & ' The Next ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2012 . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 12 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Two and a Half Men ' Adjusted Up ; ' Up All Night ' , ' Beauty and the Beast ' and ' 30 Rock Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' The Vampire Diaries ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2012 . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Office ' Adjusted Up ; ' 30 Rock ' , ' Up All Night ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down Plus Final Baseball Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . October 19 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2012 . Retrieved October 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 26 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Rec ' , ' Up All Night ' , ' Rock Center ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' Person of Interest ' & Beauty & the Beast ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2012 . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up , ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up , ' The Office ' , ' Parks & Rec ' , ' Scandal ' & ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2012 . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Office ' Adjusted Up ; ' Last Resort & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2012 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' & ' Beauty and the Beast ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2012 . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' and ' Glee ' Adjusted Up ; ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Elementary ' , ' Person of Interest ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2012 . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Last Resort ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Person of Interest ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2012 . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Mobbed ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' Two and a Half Men ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2013 . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' 30 Rock ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Scandal ' '' . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2013 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments for ' Scandal ' , ' American Idol ' or ' Do No Harm ' '' . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 8 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Community ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Person of Interest ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2013 . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Zero Hour ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Community ' , ' Idol ' , ' Elementary ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2013 . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' Beauty and the Beast ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2013 . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Glee ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Community ' Adjusted Up ; ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The Office ' , & ' Wife Swap ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2013 . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2013 . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 3 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Glee ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Hannibal ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Wipeout ' , & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' Glee ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2013 . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hannibal ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Office ' Retrospective Adjusted Up '' . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Michael J Fox Show ' & ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Crazy Ones ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 4 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks And Recreation ' , ' Welcome to the Family ' , ' Sean Saves the World ' , ' Michael J. Fox Show ' , & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2013 . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The X Factor ' & ' Glee ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Crazy Ones ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' and ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2013 . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Elementary ' , ' Scandal ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Voice ' , ' The Millers ' , ' Sean Saves the World ' , ' Parenthood ' , & ' The Michael J Fox Show ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' The X Factor ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' , ' The Millers ' , ' Sean Saves the World ' , ' Glee ' , ' The Michael J. Fox Show ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' The X Factor ' , ' Glee ' , and ' Reign ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2013 . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Once Upon a Time in Wonderland ' , ' The Millers ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Sing - Off ' , ' Once Upon a Time in Wonderland ' , ' The Millers ' , ' The Crazy Ones ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV By the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 6 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' & ' The Taste ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2014 . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 10 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Parks and Recreation ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2014 . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' The Taste ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Parks & Recreation ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' , ' Elementary ' , & Reign ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2014 . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' & the Olympics Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2014 . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Parks & Recreation ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2014 . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Once Upon A Time in Wonderland ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' & ' Two and a Half Men ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2014 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' , ' The Crazy Ones ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' and ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2014 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Adams , Bradley ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Final Adjusted TV Ratings for Thursday 3rd April 2014 '' . SpoilerTV . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2014 . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Community ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Shark Tank ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2014 . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2014 . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Prady , Bill ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` Today ! # bigbangtheory '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2014 . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 2 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' & ' Bad Teacher ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2014 . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 9 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Black Box ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' & ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2014 . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gotham ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Gotham ' & ' Red Band Society ' Top Percentage Gains & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending September 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Parenthood ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending October 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Revised Monday , October 6 Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Scorpion ' , ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dancing With The Stars ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Monday : ' The Voice ' & ' The Blacklist ' Up ; ' Gotham ' & ' Scorpion ' Down , ' Castle ' , ' Sleepy Hollow ' & ' The Originals ' Steady , Decent Start for ' Jane The Virgin ' - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Gotham ' Adjusted Up ; ' Jane the Virgin ' , ' The Originals ' , ' The Millers ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mom ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The McCarthys ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mom ' , ' The McCarthys ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Bad Judge ' , ' A to Z ' , ' Elementary ' , ' Parenthood ' & ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mom ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The McCarthys ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2016 . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 21 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Gracepoint ' , ' Reign ' , ' Parenthood ' , ' Bad Judge ' , ' Mom ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' ' The Biggest Loser ' & ' A to Z ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Mom ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The McCarthys ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2014 . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mom ' Adjusted Down '' . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2015 . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2015 . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Blacklist ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2015 . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Scandal ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Blacklist ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2015 . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' & ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2015 . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Scandal ' , ' American Idol ' , & ' Dateline ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Odd Couple ' , ' Mom ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2015 . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Bones ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dateline ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Backstrom ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Odd Couple ' & ' Reign ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2015 . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2015 . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Bones ' Adjusted Up ; ' American Crime ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2015 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Significant Mother ' , ' Life in Pieces ' & ' Penn & Teller ' Adjusted Down - Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' + ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' , ' Life in Pieces ' & ' Dancing with the Stars ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Blindspot ' and ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2015 . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusted up , ' Castle , ' ' Life in Pieces ' and ' Scorpion ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2015 . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusted down , ' Big Bang ' adjusted up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2015 . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl ' and ' Blindspot ' adjust down , ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Elementary ' and ' Mom ' adjust down considerably thanks to NFL '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' and CBS take NFL hit , ' Elementary ' below 1.0 , ' Blacklist ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2015 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Mom ' and ' 2 Broke Girls ' up even after adjusting down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' and other CBS shows adjust down with NFL pre-emptions '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2015 . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' holds , season high for ' Mom ' despite adjusting down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2015 . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Life in Pieces ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2016 . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' The Blacklist ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' and ' Mom ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2016 . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Mom ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2016 . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Scandal ' and ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2016 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2016 . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Scandal ' adjusts up , 4 CBS shows adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Scandal , ' ' Life in Pieces ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Odd Couple ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Bones ' adjust up , ' 2 Broke Girls ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up , ' Odd Couple , ' ' Mom ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Mom ' and ' Rush Hour ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Catch ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Gotham ' adjust up , ' Kevin ' and ' Good Place ' hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Voice ' adjusts down , final debate numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Conviction , ' ' Timeless , ' ' Kevin ' and ' Scorpion ' all adjust down , ' Big Bang ' and ' Voice ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Timeless , ' ' Conviction , ' ' DWTS , ' ' Lucifer ' adjust down , ' Big Bang ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gotham , ' ' The Voice , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' DWTS ' adjust up , ' Conviction ' and ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Good Place ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Pure Genius , ' other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2016 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' How to Get Away ' adjust up , ' Great Indoors ' and NBC adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' and NBC adjust down with NFL pre-emptions : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Great Indoors ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjusts up , ' Supernatural , ' ' Great Indoors , ' ' Baking Show ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2016 . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Great Indoors ' adjusts down , ' Big Bang ' adjusts up , final NFL numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` ABC 's Menendez brothers special adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' ajdusts up , ' My Kitchen Rules ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' adjusts down a little : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' adjusts up ; ' Great Indoors , ' ' Powerless , ' ' Mom , ' ' Chicago Med ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2017 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' How to Get Away with Murder ' finale , ' Training Day ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mom ' and NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Scandal , ' ' Mom , ' ' Powerless ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Blacklist : Redemption ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2017 . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Update : 4.13. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2017 . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up ; ' The Catch ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' Riverdale ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2017 . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Voice ' adjust up ; ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Brave ' & ' Scorpion ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Good Doctor ' adjust up , other CBS shows and ' The Brave ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang , ' ' Voice , ' ' Lucifer , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' adjust up , ABC and ' 9JKL ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' adjusts down , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Voice ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # T12. 15607 ) The Geology Methodology '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # T12. 15608 ) The Tesla Recoil '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . General references `` The Big Bang Theory on CBS '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . `` Shows A-Z -- big bang theory , the on CBS '' . the Futon Critic . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . `` The Big Bang Theory : Episode Guide '' . MSN TV . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) The Big Bang Theory Characters Leonard Hofstadter Sheldon Cooper Penny Howard Wolowitz Raj Koothrappali Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 `` The Terminator Decoupling '' Season 3 `` The Jiminy Conjecture '' Season 4 `` The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification '' `` The Hot Troll Deviation '' `` The Love Car Displacement '' `` The Toast Derivation '' `` The Roommate Transmogrification '' Season 5 `` The Skank Reflex Analysis '' `` The Infestation Hypothesis '' `` The Wiggly Finger Catalyst '' `` The Russian Rocket Reaction '' `` The Rhinitis Revelation '' `` The Good Guy Fluctuation '' `` The Isolation Permutation '' `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' `` The Shiny Trinket Maneuver '' `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' `` The Beta Test Initiation '' `` The Werewolf Transformation '' `` The Hawking Excitation '' `` The Stag Convergence '' `` The Countdown Reflection '' Season 6 `` The Fish Guts Displacement '' `` The Santa Simulation '' `` The Egg Salad Equivalency '' Season 7 `` The Hofstadter Insufficiency '' `` The Convention Conundrum '' Season 8 `` The Locomotion Interruption '' Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Recurring concepts `` Soft Kitty '' Related articles Awards and nominations Bazinga ( genus ) Euglossa bazinga Young Sheldon Portal Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Big_Bang_Theory_episodes&oldid=808474651 '' Categories : Lists of American sitcom television series episodes The Big Bang Theory episodes Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from July 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikidata Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenčina Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 02 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what season is it on big bang theory | [
"\n\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\nNielsen ratings\n\n\nFirst aired\nLast aired\nViewers\n(millions)\nViewers\nrank\n18–49\nrating/share\n18–49\nrank\n\n\n\n1\n17\nSeptember 24, 2007 (2007-09-24)\nMay 19, 2008 (2008-05-19)\n8.31\n68[3]\n3.3/8\n46[4]\n\n\n\n2\n23\nSeptember 22, 2008 (2008-09-22)\nMay 11, 2009 (2009-05-11)\n10.03\n40[5]\nN/A\nN/A\n\n\n\n3\n23\nSeptember 21, 2009 (2009-09-21)\nMay 24, 2010 (2010-05-24)\n14.22\n12\n5.3/13\n5[6]\n\n\n\n4\n24\nSeptember 23, 2010 (2010-09-23)\nMay 19, 2011 (2011-05-19)\n13.21\n13\n4.4/13\n7[7]\n\n\n\n5\n24\nSeptember 22, 2011 (2011-09-22)\nMay 10, 2012 (2012-05-10)\n15.82\n8\n5.5/17\n6[8]\n\n\n\n6\n24\nSeptember 27, 2012 (2012-09-27)\nMay 16, 2013 (2013-05-16)\n18.68\n3\n6.2/19\n2[9]\n\n\n\n7\n24\nSeptember 26, 2013 (2013-09-26)\nMay 15, 2014 (2014-05-15)\n19.96\n2\n6.2/20\n2[10]\n\n\n\n8\n24\nSeptember 22, 2014 (2014-09-22)\nMay 7, 2015 (2015-05-07)\n19.05\n2\n5.6/17\n4[11]\n\n\n\n9\n24\nSeptember 21, 2015 (2015-09-21)\nMay 12, 2016 (2016-05-12)\n20.36\n2\n5.8/19\n3[12]\n\n\n\n10\n24\nSeptember 19, 2016 (2016-09-19)\nMay 11, 2017 (2017-05-11)\n18.99\n2\n4.9/19\n3[13]\n\n\n\n11\nTBA\nSeptember 25, 2017 (2017-09-25)\nTBA\nTBA\nTBA\nTBA\nTBA\n\n"
] | [
"11"
] |
-990874493184949390 | Wand'rin' Star | Wand'rin ' Star - Wikipedia Wand'rin ' Star This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Wand'rin ' Star '' Single by Lee Marvin A-side `` Wand'rin ' Star '' B - side `` I Talk to the Trees '' ( Clint Eastwood ) Released 1970 ( 1970 ) Format 7 '' Genre Rock Label Paramount Songwriter ( s ) Alan J. Lerner ( lyrics ) Frederick Loewe ( music ) Producer ( s ) Tom Mack `` Wand'rin ' Star '' was a number one single in the UK and Ireland for Lee Marvin for three weeks in March 1970 . It was originally written by Alan J. Lerner ( lyrics ) and Frederick Loewe ( music ) for the stage musical Paint Your Wagon in 1951 . When the film of the musical was made in 1969 , Lee Marvin took the role of prospector Ben Rumson . Not a natural singer , Marvin nevertheless sang all of his songs in the film , rejecting the idea of miming to another singer 's voice . Despite the film being a box office flop , the soundtrack became a success . Orchestrated and arranged by Nelson Riddle , Marvin 's version of the song `` Wand'rin Star '' became a number - one single in Ireland and the UK , keeping The Beatles at number two in the UK with their single `` Let It Be '' . Marvin never released a follow - up single , so he is considered a one - hit wonder . A sound - alike cover appeared on the 1970 album Top of the Pops , Volume 10 , with one reviewer using terms like `` laryngitic croak '' and `` gargling gargoyles '' to describe how he felt about the cover . `` Wand'rin ' Star '' was covered by English comedian and novelist Julian Clary ; his version was released as a single in the United Kingdom in 1990 , backed with the self - penned track `` Uncanny and Unnatural '' . The song was covered by Shane MacGowan and The Popes on their 1997 album The Crock of Gold . The song was mentioned in the words of `` Build A Fire '' by The KLF . The last lines are , `` We 'll stop for lunch , in some taco bar. / Lee Marvin on the jukebox , ' Wand'rin ' Star . ' '' Sample ( edit ) sample of `` Wand'rin ' Star '' by Lee Marvin Problems playing this file ? See media help . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.discogs.com/Lee-Marvin-Clint-Eastwood-Wandrin-Star-I-Talk-To-The-Trees/release/1975553 Jump up ^ `` All The Number 1 Singles > 1970 's '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 26 February 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) This pop song -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This 1970s single -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wand%27rin%27_Star&oldid=849344695 '' Categories : UK Singles Chart number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles 1970 singles Songs from musicals Songs with lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner Songs with music by Frederick Loewe Pop song stubs 1970s single stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Norsk Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 8 July 2018 , at 10 : 40 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who wrote i was born under a wandering star | [
"It was originally written by Alan J. Lerner (lyrics) and Frederick Loewe (music) for the stage musical Paint Your Wagon in 1951. When the film of the musical was made in 1969, Lee Marvin took the role of prospector Ben Rumson. Not a natural singer, Marvin nevertheless sang all of his songs in the film, rejecting the idea of miming to another singer's voice. Despite the film being a box office flop, the soundtrack became a success. Orchestrated and arranged by Nelson Riddle, Marvin's version of the song \"Wand'rin Star\" became a number-one single in Ireland and the UK, keeping The Beatles at number two in the UK with their single \"Let It Be\". Marvin never released a follow-up single, so he is considered a one-hit wonder.\n",
"It was originally written by Alan J. Lerner (lyrics) and Frederick Loewe (music) for the stage musical Paint Your Wagon in 1951. When the film of the musical was made in 1969, Lee Marvin took the role of prospector Ben Rumson. Not a natural singer, Marvin nevertheless sang all of his songs in the film, rejecting the idea of miming to another singer's voice. Despite the film being a box office flop, the soundtrack became a success. Orchestrated and arranged by Nelson Riddle, Marvin's version of the song \"Wand'rin Star\" became a number-one single in Ireland and the UK, keeping The Beatles at number two in the UK with their single \"Let It Be\". Marvin never released a follow-up single, so he is considered a one-hit wonder.\n"
] | [
"Alan J. Lerner (lyrics)",
"Frederick Loewe (music)"
] |
8805715007768168187 | Cleveland Browns relocation controversy | Cleveland Browns relocation controversy - wikipedia Cleveland Browns relocation controversy Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cleveland Stadium , where the Browns played until 1995 . The Cleveland Browns relocation controversy , sometimes referred to by fans as `` The Move '' , was the decision by then - Browns owner Art Modell to relocate the National Football League ( NFL ) 's Cleveland Browns from its long - time home of Cleveland to Baltimore during the 1995 NFL season . Subsequent legal actions by the city of Cleveland and Browns season ticket holders led the NFL to broker a compromise that saw the Browns history , records , and intellectual property remain in Cleveland . In return , Modell was permitted to move his football organization to Baltimore where he established the Baltimore Ravens . The Ravens are officially regarded by the NFL as an expansion team that began play in 1996 . The city of Cleveland agreed to demolish Cleveland Stadium and build a new stadium on the same site , and the NFL agreed to reactivate the Browns by the 1999 season through either an expansion draft or a relocated franchise . The Browns were officially reactivated in 1998 through the expansion process and resumed play in 1999 . The compromise between Cleveland , the NFL , and Modell was a first in North American professional sports . The compromise has been cited in franchise moves and agreements in other leagues , including those in Major League Baseball , Major League Soccer , the National Basketball Association , and the National Hockey League . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dissatisfaction with Cleveland Stadium 2 Announcing the move 3 Initial reaction 4 Settlement 5 Aftermath and Legacy 6 Effect on teams in other sports leagues 6.1 Major League Baseball 6.2 Major League Soccer 6.3 National Hockey League 6.4 National Basketball Association 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Dissatisfaction with Cleveland Stadium ( edit ) Art Modell . In 1975 , knowing that Municipal Stadium was costing the city over $300,000 annually to operate , then - Browns owner Art Modell signed a 25 - year lease whereby he agreed to incur these expenses in exchange for quasi ownership of the stadium . Under the terms of the lease he agreed to give back the City a portion of the profits he would realize each year , and also agreed to make capital improvements to the stadium at his expense . Modell 's newly formed company , Stadium Corporation , paid an annual rent of $150,000 for the first five years and $200,000 afterwards to the city . Modell had originally promised never to move the Browns . He had publicly criticized the Baltimore Colts ' move to Indianapolis , and had testified in favor of the NFL in court cases where the league unsuccessfully tried to stop Al Davis from moving the Oakland Raiders to Los Angeles . However , Modell refused to share the suite revenue with the Cleveland Indians , who also played at Cleveland Stadium , even though much of the revenues were generated during baseball games as well as football games . In 1990 , the Indians prevailed upon the local governments and voters and convinced them to build them their own facility where they controlled the suite revenue . Modell , mistakenly believing that his revenues were not endangered , agreed to participate in the Gateway Project that built Jacobs Field ( now Progressive Field ) for the Indians and Gund Arena ( now Quicken Loans Arena ) for the Cleveland Cavaliers . Modell 's assumptions proved incorrect , and Stadium Corp 's suite revenues declined sharply when the Indians moved from the stadium to Jacobs Field in 1994 . Soaring player salaries and deficits put additional financial pressure on the Browns ' owner . Modell claimed to have lost $21 million between 1993 and 1994 . Announcing the move ( edit ) After Modell realized how much revenue he lost from the Indians moving out of Cleveland Stadium , he requested an issue be placed on the ballot to provide $175 million in tax dollars to refurbish the outmoded and declining Cleveland Stadium . On the field , the Browns , coached by Bill Belichick , were coming off a playoff season in which the team finished 11 -- 5 and advanced to the second round of the playoffs entering the 1995 season . Sports Illustrated even predicted the Browns would represent the AFC in Super Bowl XXX at the end of the season . However , the team disappointed many fans by losing three straight games after starting the season 3 -- 1 . On November 6 , 1995 , with the team sitting at 4 -- 5 , Modell announced in a press conference at Camden Yards that he had signed a deal to relocate the Browns to Baltimore in 1996 -- a move which would return the NFL to that city since the Colts relocated to Indianapolis after the 1983 season . The reason Modell chose to relocate to Baltimore was because he felt the city of Cleveland did not have the funding nor political will to build a first - class stadium . The very next day , on November 7 , Cleveland voters overwhelmingly approved the aforementioned tax issue to remodel Cleveland Stadium . Initial reaction ( edit ) The City of Cleveland sued Modell , the Browns , Stadium Corp , the Maryland Stadium Authority , and the authority 's director , John A. Moag Jr. , in City of Cleveland v. Cleveland Browns , et al. , Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas Case No . CV - 95 - 297833 , for breaching the Browns ' lease , which required the team to play its home games at Cleveland Stadium for several years beyond 1995 , filing an injunction to keep the Browns in the city until at least 1998 . Several other lawsuits were filed by fans and ticket holders . The United States Congress even held hearings on the matter . Actor / comedian Drew Carey returned to his hometown of Cleveland on November 26 , 1995 , to host `` Fan Jam '' in protest of the proposed move . A protest was held in Pittsburgh during the Browns ' game there against the Pittsburgh Steelers , but ABC , the network broadcasting the game ( and also the home of Carey 's new sitcom that had just premiered ) , declined to cover or mention the protest . That game was one of the few instances that Steelers fans and Browns fans were supportive of each other , as fans in Pittsburgh felt that Modell was robbing their team of their long - standing rivalry with the Browns . Browns fans reacted with anger to the news , wearing hats and T - shirts that read `` Muck Fodell '' . On the field , the Browns stumbled to finish 5 -- 11 after the announcement , ahead of only the expansion Jacksonville Jaguars , to whom they lost twice , in the AFC Central , becoming the first team in the NFL 's modern era to lose twice to a first - year expansion team . Virtually all of the team 's sponsors pulled their support , leaving Cleveland Stadium devoid of advertising during the team 's final weeks . The final game the team played at Cleveland Municipal Stadium was a 26 -- 10 victory over the Cincinnati Bengals , the first and only win since the announcement of the relocation . The game itself was blacked out on television locally , but NBC did broadcast extensive pregame coverage from Cleveland . Settlement ( edit ) After extensive talks between the NFL , the Browns , and officials of the two cities , Cleveland accepted a legal settlement that would keep the Browns ' legacy in Cleveland . On February 9 , 1996 , the NFL announced that the Browns would be ' deactivated ' for three years , and that a new stadium would be built for a new Browns team , as either an expansion team or a team moved from another city , that would begin play in 1999 . Modell would in turn then be granted a new franchise ( the 31st NFL franchise ) , for Baltimore , retaining the current contracts of players and personnel . There would be a reactivated team for Cleveland , where the Browns ' name , colors , history , records , awards , and archives would remain in Cleveland . The only other current NFL team to suspend operations without merging with another was Cleveland 's previous NFL team , the Rams , during the 1943 season at the height of World War II . An additional stipulation was that in any future realignment plan , the Browns would automatically be placed in a division with the Pittsburgh Steelers and Cincinnati Bengals , because of longstanding rivalries with those two teams . Upon their reactivation in 1999 , the Browns were placed back in the AFC Central with the Steelers and Bengals , as well as the Ravens , Titans , and Jaguars . This arrangement had the effect of creating -- for the first time in NFL history -- an alignment with teams from Baltimore , Cleveland and Pittsburgh all playing in the same division . When the NFL realigned into divisions of four teams for the 2002 season , Cleveland , Pittsburgh , Cincinnati and Baltimore remained together , but in the newly created AFC North . Aftermath and legacy ( edit ) The return of the NFL to Baltimore compelled the departure of the professional football team already in Baltimore at the time , the Grey Cup champion Baltimore Stallions of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . Although they had generated respectable fan support during their two seasons in Baltimore , Stallions owner Jim Speros knew his team could not compete with an NFL team and opted to establish a new franchise in Montreal . They subsequently adopted the name of the team that previously played in the city , the Alouettes . Focus groups , a telephone survey , and a fan contest were all held to help select a new name for Modell 's team . Starting with a list of over 100 possible names , the team 's management reduced it to 17 . From there , focus groups of a total of 200 Baltimore area residents reduced the list of names to six , and then a phone survey of 1000 people trimmed it down to three , Marauders , Americans , and Ravens . Finally , a fan contest drawing 33,288 voters picked `` Ravens '' , a name that alludes to the famous poem , `` The Raven '' , by Edgar Allan Poe , who spent the latter part of his life in Baltimore , and is also buried there . The team also adopted purple and black as their team colors , a stark contrast to the brown and orange colors of the Browns . Ex-Baltimore Colts quarterback Johnny Unitas disowned the Colts after their move to Indianapolis . The former Colts Marching Band , which remained in Baltimore after the Colts moved , was subsequently renamed the Baltimore 's Marching Ravens . Along with the San Francisco 49ers , Buffalo Bills , and Washington Redskins , the Ravens are one of only four NFL teams with an official marching band . Modell 's move to Baltimore came at the height of NFL teams relocating . The move also fueled a proliferation of 12 new stadiums throughout the NFL . Several NFL franchises used the threat of relocation to coerce their respective cities to build new stadiums with public funds . Such franchises include the Seahawks , Buccaneers , Bengals , Lions , Cardinals , and Bears . In the three - year period from 1995 -- 1997 , four NFL teams moved . In addition to Modell 's move , Los Angeles lost both of its teams for the 1995 season , as the Raiders moved back to Oakland and the Rams moved east to St. Louis . The fourth and final move saw the Houston Oilers move to Tennessee in 1997 to eventually become the Tennessee Titans in 1999 . After several NFL teams used Cleveland as a relocation threat to become the reactivated Browns ( most notably the Tampa Bay Buccaneers ) , the NFL decided in 1998 to make the reactivated Browns an expansion team , which while it temporarily gave the league an odd number of teams ( causing at least one team to be off in each of the 17 weeks of the NFL season from 1999 -- 2001 ) , it also eliminated any possibility of an existing franchise giving up its own identity for the Browns and thus prevented more lawsuits . In a somewhat ironic twist , Al Lerner -- who helped Modell move to Baltimore -- was granted ownership of the reactivated Browns ; his son Randy took over ownership after Al 's death in 2002 before selling the team to Pilot Flying J CEO Jimmy Haslam in 2012 . From its beginning , the odd number of teams and the ensuing awkward scheduling was considered a temporary arrangement pending the addition of a 32nd NFL franchise -- although Los Angeles was heavily favored , it was ultimately the Houston Texans who were created as the 32nd team to replace the Oilers in Houston , Texas for the 2002 NFL season to give the league once again an even number of teams . Following this decision , Los Angeles became the favored destination for owners threatening to move their teams until the St. Louis Rams finally returned to Los Angeles for the 2016 season , followed by the San Diego Chargers ( who had previously called L.A. home in the early days of the American Football League ) one year later . The reactivated Browns have had only two winning seasons since returning to the NFL in 1999 : a 9 -- 7 finish in 2002 which also saw the team clinch a wild card spot in the playoffs , and a 10 -- 6 finish in 2007 while barely missing the playoffs . Meanwhile , the Ravens have been more successful , reaching the playoffs eight times since 2000 and winning Super Bowl XXXV and Super Bowl XLVII , often to the dismay of Browns fans . Longtime placekicker Matt Stover was the last remaining Ravens player that played for the Modell - owned Browns -- he departed the Ravens following the 2008 season when the team chose not to re-sign him , finishing his career ( somewhat ironically ) with the Indianapolis Colts . General manager and former Browns tight end Ozzie Newsome ( who was in a front - office role under Modell in Cleveland ) remains with the Ravens . The move would also have an effect in Pittsburgh as well . Steelers owner Dan Rooney was one of two owners to oppose Modell 's move to Baltimore because of a mutual respect for the team and the fans . Because of the move , the Browns -- Steelers rivalry , arguably one of the most heated rivalries in the NFL , has somewhat cooled in Pittsburgh due to the new Browns ' lack of success . The Steelers -- Ravens rivalry is considered the spiritual successor by fans in Pittsburgh and is one of the most heated current rivalries in the NFL . Since returning to the NFL , the Browns and Steelers rivalry has been largely one - sided in favor of Pittsburgh ; although the rivalry is not as intense in Pittsburgh , Browns fans still consider it their top rivalry despite the Browns ' recent struggles against the Steelers . Because of continual financial hardships , the NFL directed Modell to initiate the sale of his franchise . On March 27 , 2000 , NFL owners approved the sale of 49 percent of the Ravens to Steve Bisciotti . In the deal , Bisciotti had an option to purchase the remaining 51 percent for $325 million in 2004 from Art Modell . On April 8 , 2004 , the NFL approved Steve Bisciotti 's purchase of the majority stake in the club . Although Modell later retired and had relinquished control of the Ravens , he is still hated in Cleveland , not only for relocating the Browns , but also for his firing of legendary head coach Paul Brown in 1963 . Some considered the Browns ' relocation and subsequent lawsuits costing Modell a spot in the Pro Football Hall of Fame , which is located in Canton , Ohio , just 60 miles south of Cleveland and is both part of the Cleveland television market and part of the Browns ' territorial rights . Modell died in 2012 , never returning to Cleveland after the move . On July 23 , 2014 , a video surfaced on YouTube of an unidentified Browns fan desecrating the grave of Modell wearing a Lyle Alzado jersey by urinating on the grave through a catheter , saying in the video that `` he had no choice '' , echoing Modell 's comments on moving his team to Baltimore . Baltimore County filed charges for disorderly conduct at the request of Modell 's son David Modell once the fan was identified . Effect on teams in other sports leagues ( edit ) Major League baseball ( edit ) The Minnesota Twins , when they signed their deal with Hennepin County , Minnesota for Target Field in 2006 , agreed to a provision that was signed into law that allows the state of Minnesota the right of first refusal to buy the team if it is ever sold . Also , it requires that the name , colors , World Series trophies , and history of the team remain in Minnesota if the Twins are ever moved out of state . The deal is similar to what Modell agreed to with the city of Cleveland during the move . Major League Soccer ( edit ) In December 2005 , the San Jose Earthquakes moved to Houston , Texas to become the Houston Dynamo . At the time , it was announced by the league that while players and staff would move with the team , but the team name , colors , logo , and records ( including two championship trophies ) would stay in San Jose for when a new expansion team arrives . In 2008 , the Earthquakes returned under the ownership of Lew Wolff . National Hockey League ( edit ) After the Quebec Nordiques moved to Denver in 1995 to become the Colorado Avalanche , the franchise 's retired numbers , name , logos , and historical stats remained in Quebec City and are expected to be used by any future Quebec City NHL franchise that may be established or relocate there . Upon arrival at Denver , the Nordiques ' retired numbers were placed back into circulation . On the other hand , in a more recent professional sports franchise relocation scenario , a team retook the name of the city 's previous team that bore that name ( as the relocated Baltimore Stallions did when the Ravens forced their move to Montreal ) . The Winnipeg Jets announced in 1996 that they would be leaving Manitoba for Phoenix , Arizona and become the Phoenix Coyotes . After the Coyotes went bankrupt and were taken over by the league in 2009 , Winnipeg - based True North Sports & Entertainment offered to buy the team and return it to Canada , where it presumably would have re-assumed the Jets ' name and history in Winnipeg . The NHL turned down that proposal because they still thought an owner willing to operate the franchise in Arizona could be found and because the municipal government had agreed to subsidize the Coyotes ' financial losses , while also confirming that their preference would be to return the team to Manitoba if that effort proved unsuccessful . However , when the Atlanta Thrashers came up for sale a year later the league decided that , compared to Phoenix , they had no realistic prospect of finding another owner willing to operate a franchise in Atlanta , so they arranged for True North to purchase that franchise instead and move them north for the 2011 -- 12 NHL season . Since the NHL was still in control of the Coyotes after their bankruptcy , they had the prerogative to decide if the new Winnipeg team could assume both the identity and the history . The league elected to let True North and the new Jets use the identity , but not the history , which remained in Arizona with the Coyotes . Among other things , the `` new '' Jets organization effectively recognized the league decision when they immediately re-issued the team 's # 9 jersey to forward Evander Kane ( who had worn the same number in Atlanta ) , notwithstanding that number 's retirement by the former Jets / Coyotes organization in recognition of superstar Bobby Hull 's tenure with the original Jets . Forward Bryan Little switched to # 18 from his original # 10 in respect to Dale Hawerchuk , often considered the greatest original Jet . National Basketball Association ( edit ) The Seattle SuperSonics relocation to Oklahoma City in 2008 included an agreement that the SuperSonics ' name , logo , colors , and history would all be left in Seattle . This also includes banners and trophies , which would be displayed in a museum until a new franchise is brought to Seattle to be hung from the rafters of its arena . The original franchise , now the Oklahoma City Thunder , continue to keep the SuperSonics tie - ins , including records , championships , and retired numbers , until a new SuperSonics franchise is brought to Seattle . Both the Thunder and a potential new SuperSonics franchise would `` share '' the original SuperSonics history . Similar to the Winnipeg Jets scenario in the NHL , the NBA first entered Charlotte in 1988 in the form of the Charlotte Hornets . That team remained in Charlotte until moving to New Orleans after the 2001 -- 02 season , retaining the Hornets name . The league returned to Charlotte for the 2004 -- 05 season with a new team , the Charlotte Bobcats . After the New Orleans franchise changed its name to the Pelicans after the 2012 -- 13 season , the Bobcats announced that they would reclaim the `` Hornets '' name effective with the 2014 -- 15 season . When the name change from Bobcats to Hornets became official in May 2014 , it was also announced that the Hornets , Pelicans , and the NBA had reached an agreement that all history and records of the original Charlotte Hornets would be transferred to the revived Hornets . As a result , the Hornets are now considered to have been established in 1988 , suspended operations in 2002 , and resumed in 2004 ( as the Bobcats , then again changing their name back to the Hornets in 2014 ) , while the Pelicans are now considered a 2002 expansion team . See also ( edit ) Relocation of professional sports teams Cleveland sports curse History of the Cleveland Browns History of the Baltimore Ravens References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dyer , Bob ( 2007 ) . The Top 20 Moments in Cleveland Sports History : Tremendous Tales of Heroes and Heartbreaks . Gray & Company . pp. 277 -- 291 . ISBN 9781598510300 . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James makes his pick : He 's going to Miami '' . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Associated Press . July 9 , 2010 . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Henkel , Frank ( 2005 ) . Cleveland Browns History . Arcadia . p. 102 . Jump up ^ Munson , Lester ( December 4 , 1995 ) . `` A Busted Play '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Henkel 2005 , p. 102 Jump up ^ Naymik , Mark ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` Art Modell was offered a stadium for the Cleveland Browns and passed '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McFadden , Robert D. ( September 6 , 2012 ) . `` Art Modell , Owner of Browns , Then Ravens , Dies at 87 '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Timothy ( November 4 , 1995 ) . `` Baltimore Browns May Be a Done Deal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( September 4 , 1995 ) . `` Postseason Predictions '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2010 . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1995 Cleveland Browns '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Jon ( November 6 , 1996 ) . `` Unforgettable is what it 's been '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Jon ( December 17 , 1995 ) . `` Inside the Browns Deal '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sandomir , Richard ( November 12 , 1995 ) . `` A City Fights To Save The Browns '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Rushin , Steve ( December 4 , 1995 ) . `` The Heart of a City : Cleveland won round 1 in what will be an agonizing battle to hold on to its beloved Browns '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise Relocation Curb Sought on Hill '' . Washington Post . 1995 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Cleveland Browns Move to Baltimore Debate . C - SPAN . December 1 , 1995 . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Muck Fodell '' . September 4 , 1995 . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Henkel 2005 , p. 103 Jump up ^ `` Agreement between the NFL , Cleveland '' . National Football League . February 8 , 1996 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 1996 . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Cleveland Rams '' . Encyclopedia of Cleveland History . Case Western Reserve University . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Stellino , Vito ( October 7 , 1999 ) . `` NFL to try realign play '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Klingaman , Mike ( November 26 , 2000 ) . `` Once , the Stallions rode high '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Ravens History '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Naming Baltimore 's Team : Ravens '' . Baltimore Ravens . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chappell , Mike ; Richards , Phil ; Marchibroda , Ted ( 2004 ) . Tales from the Indianapolis Colts Sideline . p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` Band History '' . Baltimore Ravens . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : King , Peter ( November 13 , 1995 ) . `` Down ... And Out : Citing his crushing debts , Art Modell is taking his Browns to Baltimore '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Crothers , Tim ( June 19 , 1995 ) . `` The Shakedown : Greedy owners are threatening to move their teams if demands for new stadiums , better lease deals , etc. , are n't met '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , Charean ( December 7 , 1995 ) . `` Tampa Still Hopeful Bucs Will Stay Put '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( September 9 , 1998 ) . `` PRO FOOTBALL ; Lerner Wins Browns for $530 Million '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rams to Return to Los Angeles '' . St. Louis Rams . January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ NFL Network ( May 31 , 2010 ) . `` Top 10 snakebit franchises '' . National Football League . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grossi , Tony ( February 5 , 2010 ) . `` Indianapolis Colts kicker Matt Stover has many ties to Cleveland Browns '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 New NFL Rivalries '' . Sports Illustrated Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 07 Jump up ^ `` Bisciotti approved as co-owner of Ravens '' . Associated Press . 2000 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Bisciotti takes control of Ravens '' . National Football League . Associated Press . April 8 , 2004 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2004 . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Livingston , Bill ( December 12 , 2010 ) . `` Upon further review , Art Modell 's case for Canton gets weaker every year '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clayton , John ( September 6 , 2012 ) . `` Modell was mostly a model owner '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hensley , Jamison ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` Cemetery decries fan 's actions '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man faces jail time , fine for urination '' . ESPN . Associated Press . July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Halpin , Jason ( December 15 , 2005 ) . `` Earthquakes set to move to Houston '' . Major League Soccer . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2006 . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` San Jose 's MLS team moving to Houston '' . USA Today . Associated Press . December 15 , 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` THE PROFESSIONAL BASKETBALL CLUB , LLC AND CITY OF SEATTLE SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . City of Seattle , Washington . July 2 , 2008 . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charlotte Hornets Name Returns to Carolinas '' ( Press release ) . Charlotte Hornets . May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Henkel , Frank M. ( 2005 ) . Cleveland Browns History . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 3428 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Inside the Browns deal . A Los Angeles Times article on the Cleveland Browns relocation controversy . Cleveland Browns relocation on YouTube on The NFL on NBC pregame show . Cleveland Browns Founded in 1946 Based in Cleveland , Ohio Headquartered in Berea , Ohio Franchise History Players Head coaches Seasons Logos and uniforms First - round draft picks 1999 expansion draft Starting quarterbacks Pro Bowlers Stadiums Cleveland Stadium FirstEnergy Stadium Key personnel Owners : Jimmy Haslam Dee Haslam President ( de facto ) : Paul DePodesta General manager ( de facto ) : Sashi Brown Head coach : Hue Jackson Culture Art Modell Cleveland sports curse Dawg Pound Draft Day Hot Tub Time Machine Paul Brown `` The Best Man '' The Express The Fortune Cookie Lore Kardiac Kids Miracle at the Met Red Right 88 Marty Ball The Drive The Fumble Relocation controversy Rivalries Cincinnati Bengals Pittsburgh Steelers Playoff appearances ( 28 ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1957 1958 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969 1971 1972 1980 1982 1985 1986 1988 1989 1994 2002 Division championships ( 12 ) 1946 1947 1948 1967 1968 1969 1971 1980 1985 1986 1989 Conference championships ( 11 ) 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1957 1964 1965 1968 1969 League championships ( 8 ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1954 1955 1964 Retired numbers 14 32 45 46 76 Hall of Fame inductees Players : Brown DeLamielleure Ford Gatski Graham Groza Hickerson Kelly Lavelli McCormack Mitchell Motley Newsome Warfield Willis Coach : Brown Media Broadcasters Radio network Flagships : WKNR WKRK - FM WNCX Television : WEWS - TV SportsTime Ohio Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1950 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : North Division Former league affiliation League : All - America Football Conference ( 1946 -- 1949 ) Seasons ( 69 ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Baltimore Ravens Founded in 1996 Based in Baltimore , Maryland Headquartered in Owings Mills , Maryland Franchise History Seasons Head coaches Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks Draft history Ring of Honor Stadiums Memorial Stadium M&T Bank Stadium Key personnel Owner : Steve Bisciotti President : Dick Cass General manager : Ozzie Newsome Head coach : John Harbaugh Culture and lore Baltimore 's Marching Ravens ( The Band That Would n't Die ) Cheerleaders Cleveland Browns relocation controversy Edgar , Allan , and Poe Mile High Miracle Rivalries Pittsburgh Steelers New England Patriots Division championships ( 4 ) 2003 2006 2011 2012 Conference championships ( 2 ) 2000 2012 League championships ( 2 ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2012 ( XLVII ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : American Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 22 ) 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold NFL on NBC Related programs The NFL on NBC pregame show ( Football Night in America ) NBC Sunday Night Football NFL on NBC Radio Thursday Night Football ( 2016 -- present ) College football programs College Football on NBC ( Notre Dame ) College Football on USA Other pro football programs Arena Football League on NBC Canadian Football League World League of American Football on USA XFL on NBC Related articles NFL on television ( history ) Primary television stations Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead - out programs ) American Football League 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Baltimore Colts 1960 1961 Pittsburgh Steelers 1960 1961 Prime - time results Monday night NFL games prior to 1970 Sunday Night Football results ( 2006 - present ) Commentators AFC Championship Game Commentator pairings Pro Bowl Pregame show panelists Super Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger AFL Championship Game AFL All - Star Game NFL Championship Game Preseason games American Bowl Lore 1982 CFL season Announcerless Game `` The Clock Play '' Cleveland Browns relocation controversy `` The Holy Roller '' `` Snowplow Game '' `` Leon Lett Blunder II '' Postseason lore `` The Epic in Miami '' `` Ghost to the Post '' `` Immaculate Reception '' `` Red Right 88 '' `` The Freezer Bowl '' `` The Drive '' `` The Fumble '' `` Beast Quake '' `` The Comeback '' `` The Interception '' Pre-AFL -- NFL merger lore `` The Greatest Game Ever Played '' `` Heidi Game '' Sunday Night Football lore `` 4th and 2 '' 16 -- 0 `` Butt fumble '' Music John Colby Randy Edelman John Tesh Sunday Night Football John Williams `` I Hate Myself for Loving You '' `` Somethin ' Bad '' Faith Hill Pink Carrie Underwood NFL Championship 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 AFL Championship 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Super Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger I ( 1966 ) III ( 1968 ) AFC package carrier ( 1970 -- 1997 ) V ( 1970 ) VII ( 1972 ) IX ( 1974 ) XI ( 1976 ) XIII ( 1978 ) XV ( 1980 ) XVII ( 1982 ) XX ( 1985 ) XXIII ( 1988 ) XXVII ( 1992 ) XXVIII ( 1993 ) XXX ( 1995 ) XXXII ( 1997 ) Sunday Night Football era ( 2006 -- present ) XLIII ( 2008 ) XLVI ( 2011 ) XLIX ( 2014 ) LII ( 2017 ) LV ( 2020 ) Pro Bowl 1952 1953 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1972 2009 2012 2013 2014 Website : NBC Sports - NFL News Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleveland_Browns_relocation_controversy&oldid=806162806 '' Categories : National Football League controversies Cleveland Browns Baltimore Ravens National Football League franchise relocations Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 03 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the cleveland browns come back to the nfl | [
"The Cleveland Browns relocation controversy, sometimes referred to by fans as \"The Move\",[1][2] was the decision by then-Browns owner Art Modell to relocate the National Football League (NFL)'s Cleveland Browns from its long-time home of Cleveland to Baltimore during the 1995 NFL season. Subsequent legal actions by the city of Cleveland and Browns season ticket holders led the NFL to broker a compromise that saw the Browns history, records, and intellectual property remain in Cleveland. In return, Modell was permitted to move his football organization to Baltimore where he established the Baltimore Ravens. The Ravens are officially regarded by the NFL as an expansion team that began play in 1996. The city of Cleveland agreed to demolish Cleveland Stadium and build a new stadium on the same site, and the NFL agreed to reactivate the Browns by the 1999 season through either an expansion draft or a relocated franchise. The Browns were officially reactivated in 1998 through the expansion process and resumed play in 1999."
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"1998"
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4601908196973857051 | Islam in India | Islam in India - wikipedia Islam in India Indian Muslims Total population approx. 189 million ( 2017 estimate ) Regions with significant populations Throughout India Majority in Jammu and Kashmir and Lakshadweep . Large concentration in Assam , West Bengal and Kerala . Large populations in Uttar Pradesh , Bihar , Maharashtra . Languages Urdu / Hindi languages , Bengali , Dakhini , Kashmiri , and some other regional languages of India Religion Sunni , Ahmadiyya , Shia , Bohra , Nizari Part of a series on Islam in India History ( show ) Malik bin Deenar Cheraman Perumal Kunhali Marakkar I Cheraman Juma Masjid Ali Raja Mappila Rebellion Architecture ( show ) Mughal Indo - Islamic Indo - Saracenic Sharqi Major figures ( show ) Malik bin Deenar Moinuddin Chishti Bakhtiar Kaki Nizamuddin Auliya Amir Khusrow Sarkar Waris Pak Ahmad Raza Khan Syed Ahmed Khan Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Allama Iqbal Sayyed Ahmad Saeed Kazmi Shah Ahmad Noorani Siddiqi Sheikh Aboobacker Ahmed Syed Faiz - ul Hassan Shah Asaf Ali Asghar Fyzee Communities ( show ) Uttar Pradesh Kashmiri Rajasthani Gujarati Konkani Mappilas ( Kerala ) Hyderabadi Khoja Dawoodi Bohras Memons Vora Patel Bihari Oriya Tamil Dakhini Muslims Nawayath Bearys The Saits Meo Sunni Bohras Iraqi Biradari Arabs ( India ) Kayamkhani Goan Muslims Chaush Siddi Shershahabadia Religious jurisprudence ( show ) Hanafi Shafi ` i Hanbali Maliki Schools of thought ( show ) Barelwi Deobandi Mosques in India ( show ) List of mosques in India Universities ( show ) Markazu Saqafathi Sunniyya Darul Huda Islamic University Darul Uloom Deoband Al Jamiatul Ashrafia Jamia Nizamia Aliah University Influential bodies ( show ) Jamiat Ulema - e-Hind All India Ulema & Mashaikh Board Ahle Sunnat Movement in South Asia Raza Academy All - India Muslim League Jamaat - e-Islami Hind Indian Union Muslim League All India Shia Personal Law Board All India Muslim Personal Law Board Indian Muslim nationalism Muslim chronicles for Indian history All India Majlis - e-Ittehadul Muslimeen Islam by country Islam in Africa ( show ) Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Ivory Coast Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Western Sahara Zambia Zimbabwe Islam in Asia ( show ) Afghanistan Armenia Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Burma Cambodia Central Asia China Hong Kong Macau Tibet East Timor Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Korea Kyrgyzstan Kuwait Laos Lebanon Maldives Malaysia Mongolia Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Asia Southeast Asia Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan UAE Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Islam in Europe ( show ) Albania Andorra Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Macedonia Luxembourg Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales USSR Islam in the Americas ( show ) Antigua & Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador French Guiana Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru St. Kitts & Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent & the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad & Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Islam in Oceania ( show ) Australia Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Caledonia New Zealand Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Islam portal Islam is the second largest religion in India , with 14.2 % of the country 's population or roughly 172 million people identifying as adherents of Islam ( 2011 census ) as an ethnoreligious group . Islam first came to the western coast of India when Arab traders as early as the 7th century CE came to coastal Malabar and Konkan - Gujarat . Cheraman Juma Mosque in Kerala is thought to be the first mosque in India , built in 629 CE by Malik Deenar . Following an expedition by the governor of Bahrain to Bharuch in the 7th century CE , immigrant Arab and Persian trading communities from South Arabia and the Persian Gulf began settling in coastal Gujarat . Ismaili Shia Islam was introduced to Gujarat in the second half of the 11th century , when Fatimid Imam Al - Mustansir Billah sent missionaries to Gujarat in 467 AH / 1073 CE . Islam arrived in North India in the 12th century via the Turkic invasions and has since become a part of India 's religious and cultural heritage . Over the centuries , there has been significant integration of Hindu and Muslim cultures across India and Muslims have played a notable role in economics , politics and culture of India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history of Islam in India 1.1 Arab -- Indian interactions 2 Political history of Islam in India 2.1 Delhi sultanate 2.2 Bengal sultanate 2.3 Gujarat sultanate 2.4 Deccan sultanates 2.5 Mughal Empire 2.6 Sur Empire 2.7 Post-Mughal era 3 Role in the Indian independence movement 4 Partition of India 5 Population 6 Muslim population by states 6.1 Population growth rate 7 Denominations 7.1 Sunni 7.2 Shia 7.2. 1 Bohra 7.2. 2 Khojas 7.3 Sufis 7.4 Ahmadiyya 7.5 Quranists 8 Origins 9 Caste system among South Asian Muslims 9.1 Stratification 9.2 Interaction and mobility 9.3 Criticism 10 Prominent Muslims in India 11 Islamic culture in India 11.1 Indo - Islamic art and architecture 11.2 Mosques 11.3 Tombs and Mausoleum 11.4 Styles of Islamic architecture in India 12 Law and politics 12.1 Active Muslim political parties 12.2 Active Muslim - majority political parties 13 Conversion controversy 14 Intra-Muslim relations 14.1 Shia - Sunni relations 15 Relationship of Muslims with non-Muslim communities 15.1 Muslim -- Hindu conflict 15.2 Muslim - Sikh conflict 15.3 Muslim -- Christian conflict 15.4 Muslim -- Buddhist conflict 16 Muslim institutes 16.1 Modern universities and institutes 16.2 Traditional Islamic universities 17 Islamic traditions in South Asia 18 Leadership and organisations 19 Notable Islamic scholars and activists 20 Haj subsidy 21 Muslims in government 22 Ghettoisation of Indian Muslims 23 See also 24 References 25 Further reading 26 External links Early History of Islam in India Cheraman Perumal Juma Masjid on the Malabar Coast , probably the first Mosque in India Jama Masjid , Delhi , one of the largest mosques in the `` Asia - Pacific '' region Trade relations have existed between Arabia and the Indian subcontinent since ancient times . Even in the pre-Islamic era , Arab traders used to visit the Konkan - Gujarat coast and Malabar region , which linked them with the ports of Southeast Asia . Newly Islamised Arabs were Islam 's first contact with India . Historians Elliot and Dowson say in their book The History of India , as Told by Its Own Historians , that the first ship bearing Muslim travellers was seen on the Indian coast as early as 630 CE . H.G. Rawlinson in his book Ancient and Medieval History of India claims that the first Arab Muslims settled on the Indian coast in the last part of the 7th century CE . ( Zainuddin Makhdoom II `` Tuhafat Ul Mujahideen '' is also a reliable work . ) This fact is corroborated by J. Sturrock in his Madras District Manuals and by Haridas Bhattacharya in Cultural Heritage of India Vol. IV . It was with the advent of Islam that the Arabs became a prominent cultural force in the world . Arab merchants and traders became the carriers of the new religion and they propagated it wherever they went . Mausoleum of 1 st Wali -- ul -- Hind : Moulai Abadullah , Khambat , Gujarat , 11th century Muslim neighbourhood in Delhi c. 1852 Pencil and wash drawing of a mosque at Sambhal in Uttar Pradesh by Thomas ( 1749 -- 1840 ) and William ( 1769 -- 1837 ) Daniell , 24 March 1789 The first Indian mosque , Cheraman Juma Mosque , is thought to have been built in 629 CE by Malik Deenar although some historians say the first mosque was in Gujarat . In Malabar , the Mappilas may have been the first community to convert to Islam . Intensive missionary activities were carried out along the coast and many other natives embraced Islam . These new converts were now added to the Mappila community . Thus , among the Mappilas we find both the descendants of the Arabs through local women and converts from among the local people . In the 8th century , the province of Sindh ( in present - day Pakistan ) was conquered by an Arab army led by Muhammad bin Qasim . Sindh became the easternmost province of the Umayyad Caliphate . In the first half of the 10th century , Mahmud of Ghazni added the Punjab to the Ghaznavid Empire and conducted 17 raids on modern - day India . In the 11th century , Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud played a significant role in the conversion of locals ( Hindus ) to Islam . A more successful invasion came at the end of the 12th century from Muhammad of Ghor . This eventually led to the formation of the Delhi Sultanate . According to legend , two travellers from India , Moulai Abdullah ( formerly known as Baalam Nath ) and Maulai Nuruddin ( Rupnath ) , went to the court of Imam Mustansir ( 427 -- 487 AH ) / ( 1036 - 1094 CE ) and were so impressed that they converted to Islam and came back to preach in India in 467 AH / 1073 CE . Moulai Ahmed was their companion . Abadullah was the first Wali - ul - Hind ( saint of India ) . He came across a married couple named Kaka Akela and Kaki Akela who became his first converts in the Taiyabi ( Bohra ) community . Arab -- Indian interactions There is much historical evidence to show that Arabs and Muslims interacted with India and Indians from the very early days of Islam or even before the arrival of Islam in Arabia . Arab traders transmitted the numeral system developed by Indians to the Middle East and Europe . Many Sanskrit books were translated into Arabic as early as the 8th century . In his book `` Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance '' , George Saliba writes that `` some major Sanskrit texts began to be translated during the reign of the second Abbasid caliph al - Mansur ( 754 -- 775 ) , if not before ; some texts on logic even before that , and it has been generally accepted that the Persian and Sanskrit texts , few as they were , were indeed the first to be translated . '' Commercial intercourse between Arabia and India had gone on from time immemorial , with for example the sale of dates and aromatic herbs by Arabs traders who came to Indian shores every spring with the advent of the monsoon breeze . People living on the western coast of India were as familiar with the annual coming of Arab traders as they were with the flocks of monsoon birds ; they were as ancient a phenomenon as the monsoon itself . However , whereas monsoon birds flew back to Africa after a sojourn of few months , not all traders returned to their homes in the desert ; many married Indian women and settled in India . The advent of Muhammad ( 569 -- 632 CE ) changed the idolatrous and easy - going Arabs into a nation unified by faith and fired with zeal to spread the gospel of Islam . The merchant seamen who brought dates year after year now brought a new faith with them . The new faith was well received by South India . Muslims were allowed to build mosques , intermarry with Indian women , and very soon an Indian - Arabian community came into being . Early in the 9th century , Muslim missionaries gained a notable convert in the person of the King of Malabar . The peaceful spread of Islam was suddenly checked when Muslim armies began to invade India . Mohammed Bin Qasim ( 672 CE ) at the age of 17 was the first Muslim invader and he managed to reach Sindh . Centuries later Mahmud of Ghazni ( 971 - 1030 CE ) was the second , much more ferocious invader , who swept up into Northern India as far as Gujarat . Political History of Islam in India Main article : Islamic rulers in South Asia For further details see : History of India See also : Muslim conquests of the Indian subcontinent Delhi sultanate Main article : Delhi Sultanate Bengal sultanate Main article : Bengal Sultanate Gujarat sultanate Main article : Gujarat Sultanate Deccan sultanates Main article : Deccan sultanates The first independent sultanate in the central Indian region of the Deccan was the Bahmani Sultanate . Later this broke up into a number of different kingdoms collectively known as the Deccan sultanates. . These were five dynasties of various ethnic backgrounds ( Afghan , Turk , Mongol etc . ) that ruled late medieval kingdoms , namely , Bijapur , Golkonda , Ahmadnagar , Bidar , and Berar in south - western India . The Deccan sultanates were located on the Deccan Plateau , between the Krishna River and the Vindhya Range . These kingdoms became independent during the break - up of the Bahmani Sultanate . In 1490 , Ahmadnagar declared independence , followed by Bijapur and Berar in the same year . Golkonda became independent in 1518 and Bidar in 1528 . In 1510 , Bijapur repulsed an invasion by the Portuguese against the city of Goa , but lost it later that year. Although generally rivals , they did ally against the Vijayanagara Empire in 1565 , permanently weakening Vijayanagar in the Battle of Talikota . In 1574 , after a coup in Berar , Ahmadnagar invaded and conquered it . In 1619 , Bidar was annexed by Bijapur . The sultanates were later conquered by the Mughal Empire ; Berar was stripped from Ahmadnagar in 1596 , Ahmadnagar was completely taken between 1616 and 1636 , and Golkonda and Bijapur conquered by Aurangzeb 's 1686 - 87 campaign . Main articles : Ahmadnagar Sultanate , Bidar Sultanate , Berar Sultanate , Bijapur Sultanate , Golconda Sultanate Mughal Empire Main article : Mughal Empire Sur Empire Main article : Sur Empire Post-mughal era Main articles : Nizam of Hyderabad , Hyder Ali , Tipu Sultan , and Siraj ud - Daulah For the decline of Muslim politics in India see Maratha Empire , East India Company . Role in the Indian independence movement Further information : Indian independence movement This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The contribution of Muslim revolutionaries , poets and writers is documented in the history of India 's struggle for independence . Titumir raised a revolt against the British Raj . Abul Kalam Azad , Hakim Ajmal Khan and Rafi Ahmed Kidwai are other Muslims who engaged in this endeavour . Ashfaqulla Khan of Shahjahanpur conspired to loot the British treasury at Kakori ( Lucknow ) . Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan ( popularly known as `` Frontier Gandhi '' ) was a noted nationalist who spent 45 of his 95 years of life in jail ; Barakatullah of Bhopal was one of the founders of the Ghadar Party , which created a network of anti-British organisations ; Syed Rahmat Shah of the Ghadar Party worked as an underground revolutionary in France and was hanged for his part in the unsuccessful Ghadar Mutiny in 1915 ; Ali Ahmad Siddiqui of Faizabad ( UP ) planned the Indian Mutiny in Malaya and Burma , along with Syed Mujtaba Hussain of Jaunpur , and was hanged in 1917 ; Vakkom Abdul Khadir of Kerala participated in the `` Quit India '' struggle in 1942 and was hanged ; Umar Subhani , an industrialist and millionaire from Bombay , provided Mahatma Gandhi with Congress expenses and ultimately died for the cause of independence . Among Muslim women , Hazrat Mahal , Asghari Begum , and Bi Amma contributed in the struggle for independence from the British . Maulana Azad was a prominent leader of the Indian independence movement and a strong advocate of Hindu - Muslim unity . Shown here is Azad ( left ) with Sardar Patel and Mahatma Gandhi in 1940 . The first ever Indian rebellion against the British was the Vellore mutiny of 10 July 1806 , in which around 200 British officers and troops were killed or injured . The rebellion was subdued by the British , however , and the mutineers and the family of Tipu Sultan who were incarcerated in the Vellore Fort at that time had to pay a heavy price . This rebellion predates the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 , as a result of which mostly upper - class Muslim rebels were targeted by the British , as it was under their leadership that the war was fought , mostly in and around Delhi ; thousands of their relatives were shot or hanged near the gate of the Red Fort in Delhi , which is now known as `` Khooni Darwaza '' ( `` the Bloody Gate '' ) . The renowned Urdu poet Mirza Ghalib ( 1797 -- 1869 ) gave a vivid description of such executions in his letters , now published by the Oxford University Press , Ghalib , Life and Letters , compiled and translated by Ralph Russell and Khurshidul Islam ( 1994 ) . As Muslim power waned with the gradual demise of the Mughal Empire , the Muslims of India faced a new challenge , that of protecting their own culture and interests , yet interacting with an alien , technologically advantaged power . During this period , the ulama of Firangi Mahal -- based first at Sehali in District Barabanki and , since the 1690s , based in Lucknow -- educated and guided the Muslims . The Firangi Mahal led and steered the Muslims of India . Other famous Muslims who fought for independence against British rule were Abul Kalam Azad , Mahmud al - Hasan of Darul Uloom Deoband , who was implicated in the famous Silk Letter Movement to overthrow the British through an armed struggle , Husain Ahmad Madani , former Shaikhul Hadith of Darul Uloom Deoband , Ubaidullah Sindhi , Hakim Ajmal Khan , Hasrat Mohani , Syed Mahmud , Professor Maulavi Barkatullah , Zakir Husain , Saifuddin Kitchlew , Vakkom Abdul Khadir , Manzoor Abdul Wahab , Bahadur Shah Zafar , Hakeem Nusrat Husain , Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan , Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai , Colonel Shahnawaz , M.A. Ansari , Rafi Ahmed Kidwai , Fakhruddin Ali Ahmad , Ansar Harwani , Tak Sherwani , Nawab Viqarul Mulk , Nawab Mohsinul Mulk , Mustsafa Husain , V.M. Ubaidullah , S.R. Rahim , Badruddin Tyabji , Abid Hasan and Moulvi Abdul Hamid . Until 1920 , Muhammad Ali Jinnah , later the founder of Pakistan , was a member of the Indian National Congress and was part of the independence struggle . Muhammad Iqbal , poet and philosopher , was a strong proponent of Hindu -- Muslim unity and an undivided India , perhaps until 1930 . Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy was also active in the Indian National Congress in Bengal , during his early political career . Mohammad Ali Jouhar and Shaukat Ali struggled for the emancipation of the Muslims in the overall Indian context , and struggled for independence alongside Mahatma Gandhi and Abdul Bari of Firangi Mahal . Until the 1930s , the Muslims of India broadly conducted their politics alongside their countrymen , in the overall context of an undivided India . Partition of India Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan with Gandhi in 1930 . Also known as Frontier Gandhi , Khan led the non-violent opposition against the British Raj and strongly opposed the partition of India . Main article : Partition of India Colonial India Imperial entities of India Dutch India 1605 -- 1825 Danish India 1620 -- 1869 French India 1668 -- 1954 Portuguese India ( 1505 -- 1961 ) Casa da Índia 1434 -- 1833 Portuguese East India Company 1628 -- 1633 British India ( 1612 -- 1947 ) East India Company 1612 -- 1757 Company rule in India 1757 -- 1858 British Raj 1858 -- 1947 British rule in Burma 1824 -- 1948 Princely states 1721 -- 1949 Partition of India 1947 The Partition of British India was based on religion . The negotiations failed several times , with differing demands about boundaries , as shown in this map of 1946 . The partition of India ( Hindi : हिन्दुस्तान का बटवारा , Urdu : تقسیم ہند ) was the partition of British India on the basis of religious demographics . This led to the creation of the sovereign states of the Dominion of Pakistan ( that later split into the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the People 's Republic of Bangladesh ) and the Union of India ( later Republic of India ) . The Indian Independence Act 1947 had decided 15 August 1947 , as the appointed date for the partition . However , Pakistan celebrates its day of creation on 14 August . The partition of India was set forth in the Indian Independence Act 1947 and resulted in the dissolution of the British Indian Empire and the end of the British Raj . It resulted in a struggle between the newly constituted states of India and Pakistan and displaced up to 12.5 million people with estimates of loss of life varying from several hundred thousand to a million ( most estimates of the numbers of people who crossed the boundaries between India and Pakistan in 1947 range between 10 and 12 million ) . The violent nature of the partition created an atmosphere of mutual hostility and suspicion between India and Pakistan that plagues their relationship to this day . The partition included the geographical division of the Bengal province into East Bengal , which became part of the Dominion of Pakistan ( from 1956 , East Pakistan ) . West Bengal became part of India , and a similar partition of the Punjab province became West Punjab ( later the Pakistani Punjab and Islamabad Capital Territory ) and East Punjab ( later the Indian Punjab , as well as Haryana and Himachal Pradesh ) . The partition agreement also included the division of Indian government assets , including the Indian Civil Service , the Indian Army , the Royal Indian Navy , the Indian railways and the central treasury , and other administrative services . Muslims in India by population . The two self - governing countries of India and Pakistan legally came into existence at the stroke of midnight on 14 -- 15 August 1947 . The ceremonies for the transfer of power were held a day earlier in Karachi , at the time the capital of the new state of Pakistan , so that the last British Viceroy , Lord Mountbatten of Burma , could attend both the ceremony in Karachi and the ceremony in Delhi . Thus , Pakistan 's Independence Day is celebrated on 14 August and India 's on 15 August . After Partition of India in 1947 , two - thirds of the Muslims resided in Pakistan ( both east and West Pakistan ) but a third resided in India . Based on 1951 census of displaced persons , 7,226,000 Muslims went to Pakistan ( both West and East ) from India while 7,249,000 Hindus and Sikhs moved to India from Pakistan ( both West and East ) . Some critics allege that British haste in the partition process increased the violence that followed . Because independence was declared prior to the actual Partition , it was up to the new governments of India and Pakistan to keep public order . No large population movements were contemplated ; the plan called for safeguards for minorities on both sides of the new border . It was a task at which both states failed . There was a complete breakdown of law and order ; many died in riots , massacre , or just from the hardships of their flight to safety . What ensued was one of the largest population movements in recorded history . According to Richard Symonds : At the lowest estimate , half a million people perished and twelve million became homeless . However , many argue that the British were forced to expedite the Partition by events on the ground . Once in office , Mountbatten quickly became aware if Britain were to avoid involvement in a civil war , which seemed increasingly likely , there was no alternative to partition and a hasty exit from India . Law and order had broken down many times before Partition , with much bloodshed on both sides . A massive civil war was looming by the time Mountbatten became Viceroy . After the Second World War , Britain had limited resources , perhaps insufficient to the task of keeping order . Another viewpoint is that while Mountbatten may have been too hasty he had no real options left and achieved the best he could under difficult circumstances . The historian Lawrence James concurs that in 1947 Mountbatten was left with no option but to cut and run . The alternative seemed to be involvement in a potentially bloody civil war from which it would be difficult to get out . Population Main article : Islam by country § Countries India 's Muslim population is the world 's third largest and the world 's largest Muslim - minority population . Officially , India has the third largest Muslim population next to Indonesia and Pakistan . India is home to 10 % of the world 's Muslim population . India has around 172 million Muslims ( 2011 census ) . Pakistan has more Muslims than India , as Provisional results of 2017 Census in Pakistan which were released on August 25 , 2017 , put its population at 207.8 million . Pakistan 's census provisional results exclude data from Gilgit - Baltistan and Azad Kashmir , which is likely to be included in the final report which will come in 2018 . Muslim populations ( top 5 countries ) as of 2017 Country Population Percentage Indonesia 225,000,000 12.65 % Pakistan 204,097,000 11.00 % India 189,000,000 10.97 % Bangladesh 148,607,000 9.18 % Egypt 80,024,000 4.94 % World 1,619,300,000 100 % Muslims represent a majority of the local population in Lakshadweep and Jammu and Kashmir . The largest concentration -- about 47 % of all Muslims in India , live in the three states of Uttar Pradesh , West Bengal , and Bihar . High concentrations of Muslims are found in states of Assam , Kerala , Maharashtra , Jharkhand , Karnataka , and Telangana . Muslim population by states Muslims as percentage of total population in different states of India ( Census 2011 ) . As of 2015 , Muslims comprise the majority of the population in the only Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir and in a Union territory Lakshadweep . In 110 minority - concentrated districts , at least a fifth of the population are Muslim . Muslim populations by Indian state : 2011 census State Population Muslims % Muslims India 1,210,854,977 172,245,158 14.2 % Andaman and Nicobar Islands 379,944 31,915 8.4 % Andhra Pradesh , Telangana 84,580,777 8,128,661 9.6 % Arunachal Pradesh 1,382,611 27,652 2.0 % Assam 31,169,272 10,659,891 34.2 % Bihar 103,804,637 17,542,984 16.9 % Chandigarh 1,054,686 50,625 4.8 % Chhattisgarh 25,540,196 510,804 2.0 % Dadra and Nagar Haveli 342,853 13,028 3.8 % Daman and Diu 242,911 18,947 7.8 % Delhi 16,753,235 2,161,167 12.9 % Goa 1,457,723 122,449 8.4 % Gujarat 60,383,628 5,857,212 9.7 % Haryana 25,353,081 1,774,716 7.0 % Himachal Pradesh 6,856,509 150,843 2.2 % Jammu and Kashmir 12,548,926 8,570,916 68.3 % Jharkhand 32,966,238 4,780,104 14.5 % Karnataka 61,130,704 7,885,861 12.9 % Kerala 33,387,677 8,881,122 26.6 % Lakshadweep 64,429 61,981 96.2 % Madhya Pradesh 72,597,565 4,791,439 6.6 % Maharashtra 112,372,972 12,922,892 11.5 % Manipur * 2,721,756 228,627 8.4 % Meghalaya 2,964,007 130,416 4.4 % Mizoram 1,091,014 15,274 1.4 % Nagaland 1,980,602 49,515 2.5 % Odisha 41,947,358 922,842 2.2 % Pondicherry 1,244,464 75,912 6.1 % Punjab 27,704,236 526,380 1.9 % Rajasthan 68,621,012 6,244,512 9.1 % Sikkim 607,688 9,723 1.6 % Tamil Nadu 72,138,958 4,256,199 5.9 % Tripura 3,671,032 315,709 8.6 % Uttar Pradesh 199,581,477 38,519,225 19.3 % Uttarkhand 10,116,752 1,406,229 13.9 % West Bengal 91,347,736 24,663,889 27.0 % The Census 2011 results of Mao - Maram , Paomata and Purul Sub-divisions of Senapati district of Manipur were withheld due to administrative reasons . The figures have now been finalized . Population growth rate This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Muslim population growth per Census Year Total population Muslim population Percentage 1951 361,088,090 35,856,047 9.93 % 1961 439,234,771 46,998,120 10.70 % 1971 548,159,652 61,448,696 11.21 % 1981 * 683,329,097 77,557,852 11.35 % 1991 * * 846,427,039 102,586,957 12.12 % 1,028,737,436 138,159,437 13.43 % 2011 1,210,726,932 172,245,158 14.23 % 1981 Census : * Parts of Assam were not included in the 1981 Census Data due to violence in some districts . 1991 Census : * * Jammu and Kashmir was not included in the 1991 Census Data due to militant activity in the state . Table : Census information for 2011 : Hindu and Muslim compared Composition Hindus Muslims % total of population 2011 79.8 14.23 10 - yr . Growth % ( est. 2001 -- 11 ) 16.76 24.6 Sex ratio * 939 951 Literacy rate ( avg . 64.8 ) 63.6 57.28 Work Participation Rate 41 33 Urban sex ratio 894 907 Child sex ratio ( 0 -- 6 yrs . ) 913 943 Muslims in India have a much higher total fertility rate ( TFR ) compared to that of other religious communities in the country . Because of higher birthrates the percentage of Muslims in India has risen from about 10 % in 1951 to 14.23 % by 2013 . The Muslim population growth rate from 1991 - 01 was higher by more than 10 % of the total growth compared to that of Hindus . However , since 1991 , the largest decline in fertility rates among all religious groups in India has occurred among Muslims . The Population Growth rate is also attributable to the fact that majority of Muslim populations are concentrated in the states that are lagging behind in social reforms and services which have shown higher birth rates than other states . However , the Sachar Committee Report shows that the Muslim Population Growth has slowed down and will be on par with national averages . The Sachar Committee Report estimated that the Muslim proportion will stabilise at between 17 % and 21 % of the Indian population by 2100 . Social and economic reasons behind population growth Demographers have put forward several factors behind high birthrates among Muslims in India . According to sociologists Roger and Patricia Jeffery , socio - economic conditions rather than religious determinism is the main reason for higher Muslim birthrates . Indian Muslims are poorer and less educated compared to their Hindu counterparts . Noted Indian sociologist , B.K. Prasad , argues that since India 's Muslim population is more urban compared to their Hindu counterparts , infant mortality rates among Muslims is about 12 % lower than those among Hindus . However , other sociologists point out that religious factors can explain high Muslim birthrates . Surveys indicate that Muslims in India have been relatively less willing to adopt family planning measures and that Muslim women have a larger fertility period since they get married at a much younger age compared to Hindu women . On the other hand , it is also documented that Muslims tend to adopt family planning measures . A study conducted by K.C. Zacharia in Kerala in 1983 revealed that on average , the number of children born to a Muslim woman was 4.1 while a Hindu woman gave birth to only 2.9 children . Religious customs and marriage practices were cited as some of the reasons behind the high Muslim birth rate . According to Paul Kurtz , Muslims in India are much more resistant to modern contraception than are Hindus and , as a consequence , the decline in fertility rate among Hindu women is much higher compared to that of Muslim women . The National Family and Health survey conducted in 1998 -- 99 highlighted that Indian Muslim couples consider a substantially higher number of children to be ideal for a family as compared to Hindu couples in India . The same survey also pointed out that percentage of couples actively using family planning measures was more than 49 % among Hindus against 37 % among Muslims . Denominations There are many denominations amongst Indian Muslims , the majority belong to the Sunni branch of Islam , while a substantial minority belong to the Shia branch . There are also small minorities of Ahmadiyya and Quranists . Many Indian Muslim communities , both Sunni and Shia , are also considered to be Sufis . Sunni Indian Sunnis largely follow the Hanafi school of Islamic law . The majority of Indian Sunnis follow the Barelvi movement which was founded in 1904 by Ahmed Razi Khan of Bareilly in defense of traditional Islam as understood and practised in South Asia and in reaction to the reformist attempts of the Deobandi movement . In the 19th century the Deobandi , a revivalist movement in Sunni Islam was established in India . It is named after Deoband a small town northeast of Delhi , where the original madrasa or seminary of the movement was founded . From its early days this movement has been influenced by Wahhabism . A minority of Indian Muslims also follow the Ahl - i Hadith movement . Shia Main article : Shia Islam in India Shia Muslims are a large minority among India 's Muslims . However , there has been no particular census conducted in India regarding sects , but Indian sources like Times of India and Daily News and Analysis reported Indian Shia population in mid 2005 -- 2006 between 25 % and 31 % of entire Muslim population of India which accounts them in numbers between 40,000,000 to 50,000,000 of 157,000,000 Indian Muslim population . However , as per an estimation of one reputed Shia NGO Alimaan Trust , India 's Shia population in early 2000 was around 30 million with Sayyids comprising just a tenth of the Shia population . According to some national and international sources Indian Shia population is the world 's second - largest after Iran . Bohra Main article : Dawoodi Bohra Mausoleum of 1 st Wali -- ul -- Hind : Moulai Abadullah , Khambat , Gujarat , era 1050 -- 1100 CE Dawoodi Bohra 53rd Dai Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin , with Dawat office at Mumbai Bohra İsmayıllı Shia was established in Gujarat in the second half of the 11th century . This community 's belief system originates in Yemen , evolved from the Fatimid were persecuted due to their adherence to Fatimid Shia Islam -- leading the shift of Dawoodi Bohra to India . After occultation of their 21st Fatimid Imam Tayyib , they follow Dai as representative of Imam which are continued till date . Dā'ī Zoeb appointed Maulai Yaqoob ( after the death of Maulai Abdullah ) , who was the second Walī al - Hind of the Fatimid dawat . Moulai Yaqoob was the first person of Indian origin to receive this honour under the Dā'ī . He was the son of Moulai Bharmal , minister of Hindu Solanki King Jayasimha Siddharaja ( Anhalwara , Patan ) . With Minister Moulai Tarmal , they had honoured the Fatimid dawat along with their fellow citizens on the call of Moulai Abdullah . Syedi Fakhruddin , son of Moulai Tarmal , was sent to western Rajasthan , India , and Moulai Nuruddin went to the Deccan ( death : Jumadi al - Ula 11 at Don Gaum , Aurangabad , Maharashtra , India ) . One Dai succeeded another until the 23rd Dai in Yemen . In India also Wali - ul - Hind were appointed by them one after another until Wali - ul - Hind Moulai Qasim Khan bin Hasan ( 11th and last Wali - ul - Hind , d. 950AH , Ahmedabad ) . Due to persecution by the local Zaydi Shi'a ruler in Yemen , the 24th Dai , Yusuf Najmuddin ibn Sulaiman ( d. 1567 CE ) , moved the whole administration of the Dawat ( mission ) to India . The 25th Dai Jalal Shamshuddin ( d. 1567 CE ) was first dai to die in India . His mausoleum is in Ahmedabad , India . The Dawat subsequently moved from Ahmedabad to Jamnagar Mandvi , Burhanpur , Surat and finally to Mumbai and continues there to the present day , currently headed by 53rd Dai . Asaf Ali Asghar Fyzee was a Bohra and 20th century Islamic scholar from India who promoted modernization and liberalization of Islam through his writings . He argued that with changing time modern reforms in Islam are necessary without compromising on basic `` spirit of Islam '' . Khojas The Khojas are a group of diverse people who converted to Islam in South Asia . In India , most Khojas live in the states of Gujarat , Maharashtra , Rajasthan and the city of Hyderabad . Many Khojas have also migrated and settled over the centuries in East Africa , Europe and North America . The Khoja were by then adherents of Nizari Ismailism branch of Shi'ism . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , particularly in the aftermath of the Aga Khan Case a significant minority separated and adopted Twelver Shi'ism or Sunni Islam , while the majority remained Nizārī Ismā'īlī . Sufis Main article : Sufism in India Tomb of Sufi saint Shaikh Salim Chisti in Fatehpur Sikri , Uttar Pradesh Sufis ( Islamic mystics ) played an important role in the spread of Islam in India . They were very successful in spreading Islam , as many aspects of Sufi belief systems and practices had their parallels in Indian philosophical literature , in particular nonviolence and monism . The Sufis ' orthodox approach towards Islam made it easier for Hindus to practice . Hazrat Khawaja Muin - ud - din Chishti , Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki , Nizamuddin Auliya , Shah Jalal , Amir Khusrow , Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari , Shekh Alla - ul - Haq Pandwi , Ashraf Jahangir Semnani , Waris Ali Shah , Ata Hussain Fani Chishti trained Sufis for the propagation of Islam in different parts of India . Once the Islamic empire was established in India , Sufis invariably provided a touch of colour and beauty to what might have otherwise been rather cold and stark reigns . The Sufi movement also attracted followers from the artisan and untouchable communities ; they played a crucial role in bridging the distance between Islam and the indigenous traditions . Ahmad Sirhindi , a prominent member of the Naqshbandi Sufi advocated the peaceful conversion of Hindus to Islam . Ahmadiyya Mirza Ghuam Ahmad , founder of the Ahmadiyya movement Main article : Ahmadiyya The Ahmadiyya movement was founded in 1889 by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian . He claimed to be the promised messiah and mahdi awaited by the Muslims and obtained a considerable number of followers initially within the United Provinces , the Punjab and Sindh . Ahmadis claim the Ahmadiyya movement to embody the latter day revival of Islam and the movement has also been seen to have emerged as an Islamic religious response to the Christian and Arya Samaj missionary activity that was widespread in 19th century India . After the death of Ghulam Ahmad , his successors directed the Ahmadiyya Community from Qadian which remained the headquarters of the community until 1947 with the creation of Pakistan . The movement has grown in organisational strength and in its own missionary programme and has expanded to over 200 countries as of 2014 but has received a largely negative response from mainstream Muslims who see it as heretical , due mainly to Ghulam Ahmad 's claim to be a prophet within Islam . Ahmaddiya have been identified as sects of Islam in 2011 Census of India apart from Sunnis , Shias , Bohras and Agakhanis . India has a significant Ahmadiyya population . Most of them live in Rajasthan , Odisha , Haryana , Bihar , Delhi , Uttar Pradesh , and a few in Punjab in the area of Qadian . In India , Ahmadis are considered to be Muslims by the Government of India ( unlike in neighbouring Pakistan ) . This recognition is supported by a court verdict ( Shihabuddin Koya vs. Ahammed Koya , A.I.R. 1971 Ker 206 ) . There is no legislation that declares Ahmadis non-Muslims or limits their activities , but they are not allowed to sit on the All India Muslim Personal Law Board , a body of religious leaders India 's government recognises as representative of Indian Muslims . Ahmadiyya are estimated to be from 60,000 to 1 million in India . Quranists Non-sectarian Muslims who reject the authority of hadith , known as Quranists , Quraniyoon , or Ahle Quran , are also present in India . In South Asia during the 19th century , the Ahle Quran movement formed partially in reaction to the Ahle Hadith movement whom they considered to be placing too much emphasis on hadith . Notable Indian Quranists include Chiragh Ali , Aslam Jairajpuri , Khwaja Ahmad - ud - Din Amritsari , and Abdullah Chakralawi . Origins The vast majority of the Muslims in India belong to South Asian ethnic groups . However , some Indian Muslims were found with detectable , traceable , minor to some levels of gene flow from outside , primarily from the Middle East and Central Asia . However , they are found in very low levels . Sources indicate that the castes among Muslims developed as the result of the concept of Kafa'a . Those who are referred to as Ashrafs ( see also Sharif ) are presumed to have a superior status derived from their foreign Arab ancestry , while the Ajlafs are assumed to be converts from Hinduism , and have a lower status . Many of these ulema also believed that it is best to marry within one own caste . The practice of endogamous marriage in one 's caste is strictly observed in India . In two of the three genetic studies referenced here , in which is described that samples were taken from several regions of India 's Muslim communities , it was again found that the Muslim population was overwhelmingly similar to the local non-Muslims associated , with some having minor but still detectable levels of gene flow from outside , primarily from Iran and Central Asia , rather than directly from the Arabian peninsula . A research regarding the comparison of Y chromosomes of Indian Muslims with other Indian groups was published in 2005 . In this study 124 Sunnis and 154 Shias of Uttar Pradesh were randomly selected for their genetic evaluation . Other than Muslims , Hindu higher and middle caste group members were also selected for the genetic analysis . Out of 1021 samples in this study , only 17 samples showed E haplogroup and all of them were Shias . The very minor increased frequency however , does place these Shias , solely with regards to their haplogroups , closer to Iraqis , Turks and Palestinians . Caste system among South Asian Muslims Main article : Caste system among South Asian Muslims Caste system among South Asian Muslims refers to units of social stratification that have developed among Muslims in South Asia . Stratification See also : Persecution of minority Muslim groups In some parts of South Asia , the Muslims are divided as Ashrafs and Ajlafs . Ashrafs claim a superior status derived from their foreign ancestry . They , in turn , are divided into a number of occupational castes . Barrani was specific in his recommendation that the `` sons of Mohamed '' ( i.e. Ashrafs ) `` be given a higher social status than the low - born ( i.e. Ajlaf ) . His most significant contribution in the fatwa was his analysis of the castes with respect to Islam . His assertion was that castes would be mandated through state laws or `` Zawabi '' and would carry precedence over Sharia law whenever they were in conflict . Every act which is `` contaminated with meanness and based on ignominity , comes elegantly ( from the Ajlaf ) '' . He sought appropriate religious sanction to that effect . Barrani also developed an elaborate system of promotion and demotion of imperial officers ( `` Wazirs '' ) that was primarily on the basis of their caste . In addition to the ashraf / ajlaf divide , there is also the arzal caste among Muslims , who were regarded by anti-caste activists like Babasaheb Ambedkar as the equivalent of untouchables . The term `` Arzal '' stands for `` degraded '' and the Arzal castes are further subdivided into Bhanar , Halalkhor , Hijra , Kasbi , Lalbegi , Maugta , Mehtar etc . They are relegated to `` menial '' professions such as scavenging and carrying night soil . Some South Asian Muslims have been known to stratify their society according to qaums . Studies of Bengali Muslims in India indicate that the concepts of purity and impurity exist among them and are applicable in inter-group relationships , as the notions of hygiene and cleanliness in a person are related to the person 's social position and not to his / her economic status . Muslim Rajput is another caste distinction among Indian Muslims . Some of the upper and middle caste Muslim communities include Syed , Shaikh , Shaikhzada , Khanzada , Pathan , Mughal , and Malik . Genetic data has also supported this stratification . Interestingly , in three genetic studies representing the whole of South Asian Muslims , it was found that the Muslim population was overwhelmingly similar to the local non-Muslims associated with minor but still detectable levels of gene flow from outside , primarily from Iran and Central Asia , rather than directly from the Arabian Peninsula . The Sachar Committee 's report commissioned by the government of India and released in 2006 , documents the continued stratification in Muslim society . Interaction and mobility Upon contact with a low - caste Muslim , a Muslim of a higher zat can `` purify '' by taking a short bath , since there are no elaborate rituals for purification . In Bihar state of India , cases have been reported in which the higher caste Muslims have opposed the burials of lower caste Muslims in the same graveyard . Some data indicates that the castes among Muslims have never been as rigid as that among Hindus . An old saying also goes in Bangladesh `` Last year I was a Julaha ( weaver ) ; this year a Shaikh ; and next year if the harvest be good , I shall be a Sayyid . '' . However , other scholars , such as Ambedkar , disagreed with this thesis . Mohammad Ashraf writes in his `` Hindustani Maashra Ahd - e-Usta Main '' that many medieval Islamic rulers did not allow to low - class people to enter their courts , or if some did they forbade them from opening their mouths because they considered them to be ' impure ' . Criticism Some Muslim scholars have tried to reconcile and resolve the `` disjunction between Quranic egalitarianism and Indian Muslim social practice '' through theorizing it in different ways and interpreting the Quran and Sharia to justify casteism . While some scholars theorize that Muslim castes are not as acute in their discrimination as that among Hindus , Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar argued otherwise , arguing the social evils in Muslim society were `` worse than those seen in Hindu society '' . He was critical of Ashraf antipathy towards the Ajlaf and Arzal and attempts to palliate sectarian divisions . He condemned the Indian Muslim community of being unable to reform like Muslims in other countries such as Turkey did during the early decades of the twentieth century . Prominent Muslims in India India is home to many eminent Muslims who have made their mark in numerous fields and have played a constructive role in India 's economic rise and cultural influence across the world . Out of the 12 Presidents of the Republic of India , three were Muslims -- Zakir Husain , Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed and A.P.J. Abdul Kalam . Additionally , Mohammad Hidayatullah , Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi , Mirza Hameedullah Beg and Altamas Kabir held the office of the Chief Justice of India on various occasions since independence . Mohammad Hidayatullah also served as the acting President of India on two separate occasions ; and holds the distinct honour of being the only person to have served in all three offices of the President of India , the Vice-President of India and the Chief Justice of India . The former Vice-President of India , Mohammad Hamid Ansari , former Foreign Minister Salman Khurshid are Muslims . Dr. S.Y. Quraishi served as the Chief Election Commissioner of India from 30 July 2010 to 10 June 2012 . He was the first Muslim to serve in this position . Syed Nasim Ahmad Zaidi was also the chief election commissioner recently . Prominent Indian bureaucrats and diplomats include Abid Hussain , Ali Yavar Jung and Asaf Ali . Zafar Saifullah was Cabinet Secretary of the Government of India from 1993 to 1994 . Salman Haidar was Indian Foreign Secretary from 1995 to 1997 and Deputy Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations . Influential Muslim politicians in India include Sheikh Abdullah , Farooq Abdullah and his son Omar Abdullah , Mufti Mohammad Sayeed , Sikander Bakht , A.R. Antulay , Ahmed Patel , C.H. Mohammed Koya , A.B.A. Ghani Khan Choudhury , Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi , Salman Khurshid , Saifuddin Soz , E. Ahamed , Ghulam Nabi Azad , Syed Shahnawaz Hussain and Asaduddin Owaisi . Numerous Muslims have achieved high rank in the Indian Police Service , with several attaining the rank of Director general of police and serving as commanders of both state and Central Armed Police Forces . In 2013 , IPS officer Syed Asif Ibrahim became the first Muslim Director of the Intelligence Bureau , the seniormost appointment in the service . There have been five Muslim Chief Ministers of Indian states ( other than Jammu and Kashmir ) : Barkatullah Khan ( Rajasthan : 1971 - 73 ) Abdul Ghafoor ( Bihar : 1973 - 75 ) C.H. Mohammed Koya ( Kerala : 1979 ) Anwara Taimur ( Assam : 1980 - 81 ) A.R. Antulay ( Maharashtra : 1980 - 82 ) M.O.H. Farook was a three - time CM of the Union Territory of Pondicherry . Some of the most popular and influential as well as critically acclaimed actors and actresses of the Indian film industry are Muslims . These include Yusuf Khan ( stage name Dilip Kumar ) , Shah Rukh Khan , Aamir Khan , Salman Khan , Saif Ali Khan , Madhubala , Nawazuddin Siddiqui , Naseeruddin Shah , Johnny Walker , Shabana Azmi , Waheeda Rehman , Amjad Khan , Parveen Babi , Feroz Khan , Meena Kumari , Prem Nazir , Mammootty , Nargis , Irrfan Khan , Farida Jalal , Arshad Warsi , Mehmood , Zeenat Aman , Farooq Sheikh and Tabu . Some of the best known film directors of Indian cinema include Mehboob Khan , Khwaja Ahmad Abbas , Kamal Amrohi , K. Asif and the Abbas -- Mustan duo . Indian Muslims also play pivotal roles in other forms of performing arts in India , particularly in music , modern art and theatre . M.F. Husain is one of India 's best known contemporary artists . Academy Awards winners Resul Pookutty and A.R. Rahman , Naushad , Salim -- Sulaiman and Nadeem Akhtar of the Nadeem -- Shravan duo are some of India 's celebrated musicians . Abrar Alvi penned many of the greatest classics of Indian cinema . Prominent poets and lyricists include Shakeel Badayuni , Sahir Ludhianvi and Majrooh Sultanpuri . Popular Indian singers of Muslim faith include Mohammed Rafi , Anu Malik , Lucky Ali , Talat Mahmood and Shamshad Begum . Another famous personality is the tabla maestro Zakir Hussian . Sania Mirza , from Hyderabad , is the highest - ranked Indian woman tennis player . In cricket ( the most popular sport of India ) , there are many Muslim players who have made strong and significant impacts . Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi , Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi and Mohammad Azharuddin captained the Indian cricket team on various occasions . Other prominent Muslim cricketers in India are Mushtaq Ali , Syed Kirmani , Arshad Ayub , Mohammad Kaif , Munaf Patel , Zaheer Khan , Irfan Pathan , Yusuf Pathan and Wasim Jaffer . Azim Premji , CEO of India 's 3rd largest IT company Wipro Technologies and the 5th richest man in India with an estimated fortune of US $17.1 billion India is home to several influential Muslim businessmen . Some of India 's most prominent firms , such as Wipro , Wockhardt , Himalaya Health Care , Hamdard Laboratories , Cipla and Mirza Tanners were founded by Muslims . The only two South Asian Muslim billionaires named by Forbes magazine , Yusuf Hamied and Azim Premji , are from India . Though Muslims are under - represented in the Indian Armed Forces , as compared to Hindus and Sikhs , several Indian military Muslim personnel have earned gallantry awards and high ranks for exceptional service to the nation . Air Chief Marshal I.H. Latif was Deputy Chief of the Air Staff ( India ) during the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 and later served as Chief of the Air staff of the Indian Air Force from 1973 to 1976 . Air Marshal Jaffar Zaheer ( 1923 - 2008 ) commanded IAF Agra and was decorated for his service during the 1971 Indo - Pakistan War , eventually rising to the rank of air marshal and ending his career as Director - General of Civil Aviation from 1979 - 1980 . Indian Army 's Abdul Hamid was posthumously awarded India 's highest military decoration , the Param Vir Chakra , for knocking - out seven Pakistani tanks with a recoilless gun during the Battle of Asal Uttar in 1965 . Two other Muslims -- Brigadier Mohammed Usman and Mohammed Ismail -- were awarded Maha Vir Chakra for their actions during the Indo - Pakistani War of 1947 . High ranking Muslims in the Indian Armed Forces include : Lieutenant General Jameel Mahmood ( former GOC - in - C Eastern Command of the Indian Army ) , Lieutenant General Sami Khan ( former GoC - in - C , Central Army Command ) , Lieutenant General Syed Ata Hasnain , Lieutenant General Pattiarimmal Mohamed Hariz ( GOC - in - C , Southern Command ) , Major General Afsir Karim , Major General SM Hasnain , and Major General Mohammed Amin Naik . Abdul Kalam , one of India 's most respected scientists and the father of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme ( IGMDP ) of India , was honoured through his appointment as the 11th President of India . His extensive contribution to India 's defence industry lead him to being nicknamed as the Missile Man of India and during his tenure as the President of India , he was affectionately known as People 's President . Syed Zahoor Qasim , former Director of the National Institute of Oceanography , led India 's first scientific expedition to Antarctica and played a crucial role in the establishment of Dakshin Gangotri . He was also the former Vice Chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia , Secretary of the Department of Ocean Development and the founder of Polar Research in India . Other prominent Muslim scientists and engineers include C.M. Habibullah , a stem cell scientist and director of Deccan College of Medical Sciences and Center for Liver Research and Diagnostics , Hyderabad . In the field of Yunani medicine , one can name Hakim Ajmal Khan , Hakim Abdul Hameed and Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman . Salim Ali , was an Indian ornithologist and naturalist , also known as the `` birdman of India '' . Ahle Sunnat Sufi leader Hazrat Syed Muhammad Ameen Mian Qaudri and Aboobacker Ahmad Musliyar have been included in the list of most influential Muslims list by Georgetown University . Mahmood Madani , leader of Jamiat Ulema - e-Hind and MP was ranked at 36 for initiating a movement against terrorism in South Asia . Syed Ameen Mian has been ranked 44th in the list . In January 2018 , Jamitha reportedly became the first woman to lead a Jumu'ah prayer service in India . Islamic culture in India Indo - Islamic art and architecture The Taj Mahal in Agra is one of India 's most iconic monuments . Asafi Imambargah also known as Bara Imambara at Lucknow The Humayun 's Tomb in Delhi Gol Gumbaz at Bijapur , Karnataka , has the second largest pre-modern dome in the world after the Byzantine Hagia Sophia . Bahauddin Makbara , mausoleum of the Wazir of Junagadh , Gujarat 400 - year - old Makkah Masjid , مسجد مكة Hyderabad , Telangana . Photo : 1885 . The Asafi Mosque within the Asafi Imambargah Complex at Lucknow The Rumi Darwaza at Lucknow Gole - Gumma , Mousoleum of Nawab Wahab Khan , Kurnool , Andhra Pradesh Architecture of India took new shape with the advent of Islamic rule in India towards the end of the 12th century CE . New elements were introduced into the Indian architecture that include : use of shapes ( instead of natural forms ) ; inscriptional art using decorative lettering or calligraphy ; inlay decoration and use of coloured marble , painted plaster and brightly coloured glazed tiles . Quwwat - ul - Islam Mosque built in 1193 CE was the first mosque to be built in the Indian subcontinent ; its adjoining `` Tower of Victory '' , the Qutb Minar also started around 1192 CE , which marked the victory of Muhammad of Ghor and his general Qutb al - Din Aibak , from Ghazni , Afghanistan , over local Rajput kings , is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Delhi . In contrast to the indigenous Indian architecture which was of the trabeate order , i.e. all spaces were spanned by means of horizontal beams , the Islamic architecture was arcuate , i.e. an arch or dome was adopted as a method of bridging a space . The concept of arch or dome was not invented by the Muslims but was , in fact , borrowed and further perfected by them from the architectural styles of the post-Roman period . Muslims used a cementing agent in the form of mortar for the first time in the construction of buildings in India . They further put to use certain scientific and mechanical formulae , which were derived by experience of other civilisations , in their constructions in India . Such use of scientific principles helped not only in obtaining greater strength and stability of the construction materials but also provided greater flexibility to the architects and builders . One fact that must be stressed here is that , the Islamic elements of architecture had already passed through different experimental phases in other countries like Egypt , Iran and Iraq before these were introduced in India . Unlike most Islamic monuments in these countries , which were largely constructed in brick , plaster and rubble , the Indo - Islamic monuments were typical mortar - masonry works formed of dressed stones . It must be emphasized that the development of the Indo - Islamic architecture was greatly facilitated by the knowledge and skill possessed by the Indian craftsmen , who had mastered the art of stonework for centuries and used their experience while constructing Islamic monuments in India . Islamic architecture in India can be divided into two parts : religious and secular . Mosques and Tombs represent the religious architecture , while palaces and forts are examples of secular Islamic architecture . Forts were essentially functional , complete with a little township within and various fortifications to engage and repel the enemy . Mosques Main article : List of mosques in India There are more than 300,000 active mosques in India , which is higher than any other country , including the Muslim world . The mosque or masjid is a representation of Muslim art in its simplest form . The mosque is basically an open courtyard surrounded by a pillared verandah , crowned off with a dome . A mihrab indicates the direction of the qibla for prayer . Towards the right of the mihrab stands the minbar or pulpit from where the Imam presides over the proceedings . An elevated platform , usually a minaret from where the Faithful are summoned to attend prayers is an invariable part of a mosque . Large mosques where the faithful assemble for the Friday prayers are called the Jama Masjids . Tombs and mausoleum The tomb or maqbara could range from being a simple affair ( Aurangazeb 's grave ) to an awesome structure enveloped in grandeur ( Taj Mahal ) . The tomb usually consists of a solitary compartment or tomb chamber known as the huzrah in whose centre is the cenotaph or zarih . This entire structure is covered with an elaborate dome . In the underground chamber lies the mortuary or the maqbara , in which the corpse is buried in a grave or qabr . Smaller tombs may have a mihrab , although larger mausoleums have a separate mosque located at a distance from the main tomb . Normally the whole tomb complex or rauza is surrounded by an enclosure . The tomb of a Muslim saint is called a dargah . Almost all Islamic monuments were subjected to free use of verses from the Quran and a great amount of time was spent in carving out minute details on walls , ceilings , pillars and domes . Styles of Islamic architecture in India Islamic architecture in India can be classified into three sections : Delhi or the imperial style ( 1191 to 1557CE ) ; the provincial style , encompassing the surrounding areas like Ahmedabad , Jaunpur and the Deccan ; and the Mughal architecture style ( 1526 to 1707 CE ) . Law and politics Certain civil matters of jurisdiction for Muslims such as marriage , inheritance and waqf properties are governed by the Muslim Personal Law , which was developed during British rule and subsequently became part of independent India with some amendments . Lack of knowledge especially by some western writers tend to conflate Indian Muslim Personal Law with Sharia Law . Indian Muslims have rejected for any calls of sharia law in India . Indian Muslim personal law is not developed as a Sharia Law but as an interpretation of existing Muslim laws as part of Common Law . The Supreme Court of India has ruled that Sharia or Muslim law holds precedence for Muslims over Indian civil law in such matters . Muslims in India are governed by `` The Muslim Personal Law ( Shariat ) Application Act , 1937 . '' It directs the application of Muslim Personal Law to Muslims in marriage , mahr ( dower ) , divorce , maintenance , gifts , waqf , wills and inheritance . The courts generally apply the Hanafi Sunni law for Sunnis ; Shia Muslims are independent of Sunni law for those areas where Shia law differs substantially from Sunni practice . The Indian constitution provides equal rights to all citizens irrespective of their religion . Article 44 of the constitution recommends a uniform civil code . However , attempts by successive political leadership in the country to integrate Indian society under common civil code is strongly resisted and is viewed by Indian Muslims as an attempt to dilute the cultural identity of the minority groups of the country . The All India Muslim Personal Law Board was established for the protection and continued applicability of `` Muslim Personal Law '' , i.e. Shariat Application Act in India . The Sachar Committee was asked to report about the condition of Muslims in India in 2005 . Almost all the recommendations of the Sachar Committee have been implemented . The following laws / acts of Indian legislation are applicable to Muslims in India ( except in the state of Goa ) regarding matters of marriage , succession , inheritance , child adoption etc . Muslim Personal Law Sharia Application Act , 1937 The Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act , 1939 Muslim Women ( Protection of Rights on Divorce ) Act , 1986 Note : Above laws are not applicable in the state of Goa . The Goa civil code , also called the Goa Family Law , is the set of civil laws that governs the residents of the Indian state of Goa . In India , as a whole , there are religion - specific civil codes that separately govern adherents of different religions . Goa is an exception to that rule , in that a single secular code / law governs all Goans , irrespective of religion , ethnicity or linguistic affiliation . Above laws are also not applicable to Muslims throughout India who had civil marriage under the Special Marriage Act , 1954 . Bharatiya Muslim Mahila Andolan is an Indian Muslim women 's organisation in India . It released a draft on June 23 , 2014 , ' Muslim Marriage and Divorce Act ' recommending that polygamy be made illegal in Muslim Personal Law of India . The Citizenship ( Amendment ) Bill , 2016 was proposed for the changes in the citizenship and immigration norms of the country by relaxing the requirements for Indian citizenship . The applicability of the amendments are debated in news as it is on religious lines ( excluding Muslims ) . India 's Constitution and Parliament have protected the rights of Muslims but , under the Bharatiya Janata Party , Modi ministry , there has been a growth in ' climate of fear ' and ' targeting of dissenters ' , affecting the feelings of security and tolerance amongst Indian Muslims . Active Muslim political parties All India Majlis - e-Ittehadul Muslimeen ( AIMIM ) , led by Asaduddin Owaisi active in states of Telangana , Maharashtra and Karnataka . Indian Union Muslim League ( IUMN ) , led by E. Ahamed active in Kerala . All India United Democratic Front ( AIUDF ) , led by Badruddin Ajmal active in Assam state . Active Muslim - majority political parties National Conference ( NC ) main party of Jammu and Kashmir state . Peoples Democratic Party ( PDP ) main party of Jammu and Kashmir state . Conversion controversy See also : Persecution of Hindus § Medieval persecution by Muslim rulers Considerable controversy exists both in scholarly and public opinion about the conversions to Islam typically represented by the following schools of thought : The bulk of Muslims are descendants of migrants from the Iranian Plateau or Arabs . Conversions occurred for non-religious reasons of pragmatism and patronage such as social mobility among the Muslim ruling elite or for relief from taxes Conversion was a result of the actions of Sunni Sufi saints and involved a genuine change of heart . Conversion came from Buddhists and the en masse conversions of lower castes for social liberation and as a rejection of the oppressive Hindu caste strictures . A combination , initially made under duress followed by a genuine change of heart . As a socio - cultural process of diffusion and integration over an extended period of time into the sphere of the dominant Muslim civilisation and global polity at large . Embedded within this lies the concept of Islam as a foreign imposition and Hinduism being a natural condition of the natives who resisted , resulting in the failure of the project to Islamize the Indian subcontinent and is highly embroiled within the politics of the partition and communalism in India . An estimate of the number of people killed , based on the Muslim chronicles and demographic calculations , was done by K.S. Lal in his book Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India , who claimed that between 1000 CE and 1500 CE , the population of Hindus decreased by 80 million . His work has come under criticism by historians such as Simon Digby ( SOAS , University of London ) and Irfan Habib for its agenda and lack of accurate data in pre-census times . Lal has responded to these criticisms in later works . Historians such as Will Durant contend that Islam was spread through violence . Jadunath Sarkar contends that several Muslim invaders were waging a systematic jihad against Hindus in India to the effect that `` Every device short of massacre in cold blood was resorted to in order to convert heathen subjects '' . Hindus who converted to Islam were not immune to persecution due to the Muslim Caste System in India established by Ziauddin al - Barani in the Fatawa - i Jahandari , where they were regarded as an `` Ajlaf '' caste and subjected to discrimination by the `` Ashraf '' castes . Disputers of the `` conversion by the sword theory '' point to the presence of the large Muslim communities found in Southern India , Sri Lanka , Western Burma , Bangladesh , Southern Thailand , Indonesia and Malaysia coupled with the distinctive lack of equivalent Muslim communities around the heartland of historical Muslim empires in the Indian subcontinent as refutation to the `` conversion by the sword theory '' . The legacy of the Muslim conquest of South Asia is a hotly debated issue and argued even today . Different population estimates by economics historian Angus Maddison and by Jean - Noël Biraben also indicate that India 's population did not decrease between 1000 and 1500 , but increased by about 35 million during that time . Not all Muslim invaders were simply raiders . Later rulers fought on to win kingdoms and stayed to create new ruling dynasties . The practices of these new rulers and their subsequent heirs ( some of whom were born of Hindu wives ) varied considerably . While some were uniformly hated , others developed a popular following . According to the memoirs of Ibn Battuta who travelled through Delhi in the 14th century , one of the previous sultans had been especially brutal and was deeply hated by Delhi 's population , Batuta 's memoirs also indicate that Muslims from the Arab world , Persia and Anatolia were often favoured with important posts at the royal courts suggesting that locals may have played a somewhat subordinate role in the Delhi administration . The term `` Turk '' was commonly used to refer to their higher social status . S.A.A. Rizvi ( The Wonder That Was India -- II ) , however points to Muhammad bin Tughluq as not only encouraging locals but promoting artisan groups such as cooks , barbers and gardeners to high administrative posts . In his reign , it is likely that conversions to Islam took place as a means of seeking greater social mobility and improved social standing . Intra-Muslim relations Shia - Sunni relations The Sunnis and Shia are the biggest Muslim groups by denomination . Although the two groups remain cordial , there have been instances of conflict between the two groups especially in the city of Lucknow Relationship of Muslims with non-muslim communities Muslim -- Hindu conflict See also : Persecution of Muslims , Persecution of Hindus § During Islamic rule of the Indian sub-continent , Religious violence in India , and Anti-Muslim violence in India Before 1947 The conflict between Hindus and Muslims in the Indian subcontinent has a complex history which can be said to have begun with the Umayyad Caliphate 's invasion of Sindh in 711 . The persecution of Hindus during the Islamic expansion in India during the medieval period was characterised by destruction of temples , often illustrated by historians by the repeated destruction of the Hindu Temple at Somnath and the anti-Hindu practices of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb . Although there were instances of conflict between the two groups , a number of Hindus worshipped and continue to worship at the tombs of Muslim Sufi Saints . From 1947 to 1991 The aftermath of the Partition of India in 1947 saw large scale sectarian strife and bloodshed throughout the nation . Since then , India has witnessed sporadic large - scale violence sparked by underlying tensions between sections of the Hindu and Muslim communities . These include 1969 Gujarat riots , 1970 Bhiwandi riots , 1983 Nellie massacre , and the 1989 Bhagalpur violence . These conflicts stem in part from the ideologies of Hindu nationalism and Islamic extremism . Since independence , India has always maintained a constitutional commitment to secularism . Since 1992 The sense of communal harmony between Hindus and Muslims in the post-partition period was compromised greatly by the razing of the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya . The demolition took place in 1992 and was perpetrated by the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party and organisations like Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh , Bajrang Dal , Vishva Hindu Parishad and Shiv Sena . This was followed by tit for tat violence by Muslim and Hindu fundamentalists throughout the country , giving rise to the Bombay riots and the 1993 Bombay bombings . Kashmir ( 1990s ) During the eruption of militancy in the 1990s , following persecution and threats by radical Islamists and militants , the native Kashmiri Hindus were forced into an exodus from Kashmir , a Muslim - majority region in Northern India . Mosques issued warnings , telling them to leave Kashmir , convert to Islam or be killed . Approximately 300,000 350,000 pandits left the valley during the mid-80s and the 90s , many of them have been living in abject conditions in refugee camps of Jammu . Gujarat ( 2002 ) One of the most violent events in recent times took place during the Gujarat riots in 2002 , where it is estimated one thousand people were killed , most allegedly Muslim . Some sources claim there were approximately 2,000 Muslim deaths . There were also allegations made of state involvement . The riots were in retaliation to the Godhra train burning in which 59 Hindus pilgrims returning from the disputed site of the Babri Masjid , were burnt alive in a train fire at the Godhra railway station . Gujarat police claimed that the incident was a planned act carried out by extremist Muslims in the region against the Hindu pilgrims . The Bannerjee commission appointed to investigate this finding declared that the fire was an accident . In 2006 the High Court decided the constitution of such a committee was illegal as another inquiry headed by Justice Nanavati Shah was still investigating the matter . The skyline of Moradabad filled with smoke as buildings and shops are set on fire . In 2004 , several Indian school textbooks were scrapped by the National Council of Educational Research and Training after they were found to be loaded with anti-Muslim prejudice . The NCERT argued that the books were `` written by scholars hand - picked by the previous Hindu nationalist administration '' . According to The Guardian , the textbooks depicted India 's past Muslim rulers `` as barbarous invaders and the medieval period as a dark age of Islamic colonial rule which snuffed out the glories of the Hindu empire that preceded it '' . In one textbook , it was purported that the Taj Mahal , the Qutb Minar and the Red Fort -- all examples of Islamic architecture -- `` were designed and commissioned by Hindus '' . West Bengal ( 2010 ) In the 2010 Deganga riots , rioting began on 6 September 2010 , when an Islamist mob resorted to arson and violence on the Hindu neighborhoods of Deganga , Kartikpur and Beliaghata under the Deganga police station area . The violence began late in the evening and continued throughout the night into the next morning . The district police , Rapid Action Force , Central Reserve Police Force and Border Security Force all failed to stop the mob violence and the army was finally deployed . The army staged a flag march on the Taki Road , while Islamist violence continued unabated in the interior villages off the Taki Road , till Wednesday in spite of army presence and promulgation of prohibitory orders under section 144 of the CrPC . Assam ( 2012 ) At least 77 people died and 400,000 people were displaced in the 2012 Assam violence between indigenous Bodos and East Bengal rooted Muslims . Muslim - Sikh conflict Main article : Islam and Sikhism See also : Chhōtā Ghallūghārā Sikhism emerged in the Punjab during the Mughal period . Conflict between early Sikhs and the Muslim power center at Delhi reached an early high point in 1606 when Guru Arjan , the fifth guru of the Sikhs , was tortured and killed by Jahangir , the Mughal emperor . After the death of the fifth beloved Guru his son had taken his spot Guru Hargobind who basically made the Sikhs a warrior religion . Guru ji was the first to defeat the Mughal empire in a battle which had taken place in present Sri Hargobindpur in Gurdaspur After this point the Sikhs were forced to organise themselves militarily for their protection . Later in the 16th century , Tegh Bahadur became guru in 1665 and led the Sikhs until 1675 . Teg Bahadur was executed by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb for helping to protect Hindus , after a delegation of Kashmiri Pandits came to him for help when the Emperor condemned them to death for failing to convert to Islam . At this point Aurangzeb had instituted forceful conversions for which they would charge citizens with various accusations granting them to have charges and execution waved off if they converted this led to a high increase of violence between the Sikhs and Hindus as well as rebellions of Aurangzeb 's empire . This is an early example which illustrates how the Hindu - Muslim conflict and the Muslim - Sikh conflicts are connected . After which Guru Gobind Singh and the Sikhs helped the next successor of the throne of India to rise who was Bahadur Shah Zafar for certain period of time good relations were maintained somewhat like they were in Akbar 's time until disputes arose again . The Mughal period saw various invaders coming into India through Punjab with which they would loot and severely plunder . Better relations have been seen by Dulla Bhatti , Mian Mir , Pir Budhu Shah , Pir Bhikham Shah , Bulleh Shah . In 1699 , the Khalsa was founded by Guru Gobind Singh , the last guru . A former ascetic was charged by Gobind Singh with the duty of punishing those who had persecuted the Sikhs . After the guru 's death , Baba Banda Singh Bahadur became the leader of the Sikh army and was responsible for several attacks on the Mughal empire . He was executed by the emperor Jahandar Shah after refusing the offer of a pardon if he converted to Islam . The decline of Mughal power during the 17th and 18th centuries , along with the growing strength of the Sikh Empire resulted in a balance of power which protected the Sikhs from more violence . The Sikh empire was absorbed into the British Indian empire after the Second Anglo - Sikh War of 1849 . Massive population exchanges took place during the Partition of India in 1947 , and the British Indian province of Punjab was divided into two parts , and the western parts were given to the Dominion of Pakistan , while the eastern parts were given to the Union of India . 5.3 million Muslims moved from India to West Punjab in Pakistan , 3.4 million Hindus and Sikhs moved from Pakistan to East Punjab in India . The newly formed governments were completely unequipped to deal with migrations of such staggering magnitude , and massive violence and slaughter occurred on both sides of the border . Estimates of the number of deaths range around roughly 500,000 , with low estimates at 200,000 and high estimates at 1,000,000 . Tens of thousands of Muslims are living with a disguised identity as Sikhs since the confessional cleansing during the Partition of India . Muslim -- Christian conflict The Jamalabad fort route . Mangalorean Catholics had travelled through this route on their way to Srirangapatna . In spite of the fact that there have been relatively fewer conflicts between Muslims and Christians in India in comparison to those between Muslims and Hindus , or Muslims and Sikhs , the relationship between Muslims and Christians have also been occasionally turbulent . With the advent of European colonialism in India with the demise of Mughal empire beginning from 18th century , Christians were persecuted in some Muslim ruled princely states in India . Anti-Christian persecution by Tipu Sultan in the 17th century Perhaps the most infamous acts of anti-Christian persecution by Muslims was committed by Tipu Sultan , the ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore against the Mangalorean Catholics . Tippu was widely reputed to be anti-Christian . The captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Srirangapatna , which began on 24 February 1784 and ended on 4 May 1799 , remains the most disconsolate memory in their history . Muslim -- Buddhist conflict In 1989 there was a social boycott by the Buddhists of the Muslims of Leh district . The boycott remained in force till 1992 . Relations between the Buddhists and Muslims in Leh improved after the lifting of the boycott , although suspicions remained . Muslim institutes See also : List of Islamic universities and colleges in India Aligarh Muslim University There are several well established Muslim institutions in India . Here is a list of reputed institutions established by Muslims in India . Modern universities and institutes Al - Ameen Educational Society Aliah University Aligarh Muslim University Jamia Markazu Saqafathi Sunniyya Ma'dinu Ssaquafathil Islamiyya B.S. Abdur Rahman University Darul Huda Islamic University Darul Uloom Deoband Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences Integral University Jamal Mohamed College , Tiruchirappalli Hamdard University , Delhi Jamia Millia Islamia M.S.S. Wakf Board College , Madurai ( The only college in India run by a State Wakf Board ) Maulana Azad National Urdu University Hyderabad Maulana Azad College of Arts and Science , Aurangabad Muslim Educational Association of Southern India National College of Engineering , Tirunelveli Osmania University , Hyderabad Traditional Islamic universities Al Jamea tus Saifiyah , Bohra Al Jamiatul Ashrafia , Barelvi Jamia Darussalam , Oomerabad Al - Jame - atul - Islamia , Uttar Pradesh Darul Huda Islamic University , Kerala Jamia Nizamia , Hyderabad Manzar - e-Islam , Bareilly Raza Academy Sunni Cultural Center , Karanthur , Kerala Islamic traditions in South Asia An outside view of the Maqbara Sufism is a mystical dimension of Islam , often complimentary with the legalistic path of the sharia had a profound impact on the growth of Islam in India . A Sufi attains a direct vision of oneness with God , often on the edges of orthodox behaviour , and can thus become a Pir ( living saint ) who may take on disciples ( murids ) and set up a spiritual lineage that can last for generations . Orders of Sufis became important in India during the thirteenth century following the ministry of Moinuddin Chishti ( 1142 -- 1236 ) , who settled in Ajmer and attracted large numbers of converts to Islam because of his holiness . His Chishti Order went on to become the most influential Sufi lineage in India , although other orders from Central Asia and Southwest Asia also reached India and played a major role in the spread of Islam . In this way , they created a large literature in regional languages that embedded Islamic culture deeply into older South Asian traditions . Leadership and organisations AIUMB Protest against caricature of Prophet of Islam in the city of Sambhal Uttar Pradesh , India The Ajmer Sharif Dargah and Dargah - e-Ala Hazrat at Bareilly Shareef are prime center of Sufi oriented Sunni Muslims of India . Indian Shia Muslims form a substantial minority within the Muslim community of India comprising between 25 -- 31 % of total Muslim population in an estimation done during mid-2005 to 2006 of the then Indian Muslim population of 157 million . Sources like The Times of India and DNA reported Indian Shia population during that period between 40,000,000 to 50,000,000 of 157,000,000 Indian Muslim population . The Deobandi movement , another section of the Sunni Muslim population , originate from the Darul Uloom Deoband , an influential religious seminary in the district of Saharanpur of Uttar Pradesh . The Jamiat Ulema - e-Hind , founded by Deobandi scholars in 1919 , became a political mouthpiece for the Darul Uloom . The Jamaat - e-Islami Hind , founded in 1941 , advocates the establishment of an Islamic government and has been active in promoting education , social service and ecumenical outreach to the community . Notable Islamic scholars and activists Ameen Mian Qaudri , spiritual leader of Qadri Sufi order TAJUL ULAMA Sayyid Abdurrahman Al Bukhari Ullal Sheikh Aboobacker Ahmed Kanthapuram Qamaruzzaman Azmi of World Islamic Mission Muhammad Saeed Noori of Raza Academy Yaseen Akhtar Misbahi , author and leader of Darul Qalam Institute Subhan Raza Khan , former head of Dargah - e-Ala Hazrat Mukarram Ahmad , Imam of Fatehpuri Mosque Obaidullah Khan Azmi , former Member of Parliament and Sunni scholar Syed Babar Ashraf , young Sunni leader Ale Ahmad Suroor , poet and critic , honoured by Presidents of both India and Pakistan K. Ali Kutty Musliyar , General Secretary of Samastha Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama Bahauddeen Muhammed Nadwi , Vice Chancellor of Darul Huda Islamic University and Member of International Union of Muslim Scholars Haj subsidy Main article : Haj subsidy The government of India subsidises the cost of the airfare for Hajj pilgrims . All pilgrims travel on Air India . In compliance with Supreme Court of India and Allahabad High Court directions , the Government of India has proposed that , starting from 2011 , the amount of government subsidy per person will be decreased and by 2017 will be ended completely . Maulana Mahmood A. Madani , a member of the Rajya Sabha and general secretary of the Jamiat Ulema - e-Hind , declared that the Hajj subsidy is a technical violation of Islamic Sharia , since the Quran declares that Hajj should be performed by Muslims using their own resources . Influential Muslim lobbies in India have regularly insisted that the Hajj subsidy should be phased out as it is un-Islamic . Muslims in Government India has seen three Muslim presidents and many chief ministers of State Governments have been Muslims . Apart from that , there are and have been many Muslim ministers , both at the centre and at the state level . Out of the 12 Presidents of the Republic of India , three were Muslims -- Zakir Husain , Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed and A.P.J. Abdul Kalam . Additionally , Mohammad Hidayatullah , Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi , Mirza Hameedullah Beg and Altamas Kabir held the office of the Chief Justice of India on various occasions since independence . Mohammad Hidayatullah also served as the acting President of India on two separate occasions ; and holds the distinct honour of being the only person to have served in all three offices of the President of India , the Vice-President of India and the Chief Justice of India . The former Vice-President of India , Mohammad Hamid Ansari , former Foreign Minister Salman Khurshid and former Director ( Head ) of the Intelligence Bureau , Syed Asif Ibrahim are Muslims . Ibrahim was the first Muslim to hold this office . From 30 July 2010 to 10 June 2012 , Dr. S.Y. Quraishi served as the Chief Election Commissioner of India . He was the first Muslim to serve in this position . Prominent Indian bureaucrats and diplomats include Abid Hussain , Ali Yavar Jung and Asaf Ali . Zafar Saifullah was Cabinet Secretary of the Government of India from 1993 to 1994 . Salman Haidar was the Foreign Secretary from 1995 to 1997 and Deputy Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations . Influential Muslim politicians in India include Sheikh Abdullah , Farooq Abdullah and his son Omar Abdullah ( the current Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir ) , Mufti Mohammad Sayeed , Sikander Bakht , A.R. Antulay , Ahmed Patel , C.H. Mohammed Koya , A.B.A. Ghani Khan Choudhury , Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi , Salman Khurshid , Saifuddin Soz , E. Ahamed , Ghulam Nabi Azad , Syed Shahnawaz Hussain and Asaduddin Owaisi . Ghettoisation of Indian Muslims Ghettoisation among Indian Muslims began in the mid-1970s when first communal riots occurred . It got heightened after the 1989 Bhagalpur violence in Bihar and became a trend after the demolition of the Babri Masjid in 1992 . Soon several major cities developed ghettos , or segregated areas , where the Muslim population moved in . This trend however , did not help for the anticipated security the anonymity of ghetto was thought to have provided . During the 2002 Gujarat riots , several such ghettos became easy targets for the rioting mobs , as they enabled the profiling of residential colonies . This kind of ghettoisation can be seen in Mumbai , Delhi , Kolkata and many cities of Gujarat where a clear socio - cultural demarcation exists between Hindu - dominated and Muslim - dominated neighbourhoods . In places like Gujarat , riots and alienation of Muslims have led to large scale ghettoisation of the community . For example , the Juhapura area of Ahmadabad has swelled from 250,000 to 650,000 residents since 2002 riots . Muslims in Gujarat have no option but to head to a ghetto , irrespective of their economic and professional status . Increase in ghetto living has also shown a strengthening of stereotyping due to lack of cross-cultural interaction , and reduction in economic and educational opportunities at large . On the other hand , the larger community which for centuries had benefited from its interactions with Islamic traditions , to create a rich cultural and social fabric , formed through amalgamation of the two diverse traditions faces a danger of fast becoming insular . Secularism in India is being seen by some as a favour to the Muslims , and not an imperative for democracy . See also India portal Islam portal Islam in South Asia Islam in Africa Islam in Europe Islam in Russia Islam in Central Asia Islam in China Islam in Southeast Asia Islam in Afghanistan Bihari Muslims Gujarati Muslims Hyderabadi Muslims Tamil Muslim Mappila Hindu -- Islamic relations Hinduism in Pakistan Hinduism in Bangladesh Muslim nationalism in South Asia NCERT textbook controversies Mohd . Ahmed Khan v. 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Jump up ^ `` CIA Factbook : India -- Transnational Issues '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 23 years on , Kashmiri Pandits remain refugees in their own nation - Rediff.com India News '' . Rediff.com. 2012 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ India 's Great Divide . Retrieved on 4 April 2007 . Jump up ^ India 's Great Divide . Retrieved on 4 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Demand for CBI probe into Zaheera 's u-turn Archived 5 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... The Hindu . Retrieved on 4 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Still a burning question '' . www.frontline.in . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Banerjee panel illegal : Gujarat HC - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ These figures were reported to the Rajya Sabha by the Union Minister of State for Home Affairs Sriprakash Jaiswal in May 2005 . `` Gujarat riot death toll revealed '' . BBC News . 11 May 2005 . PTI ( 12 May 2005 ) . `` BJP cites govt statistics to defend Modi '' . ExpressIndia . Archived from the original on 26 February 2009 . PTI ( 11 May 2005 ) . `` 254 Hindus , 790 Muslims killed in post-Godhra riots '' . Indiainfo.com . Archived from the original on 26 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Ramesh , Randeep . Another rewrite for India 's history books , The Guardian . Jump up ^ Ramesh , Randeep ( 2004 - 06 - 25 ) . `` Another rewrite for India 's history books '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Communal clash near Bangla border , Army deployed '' . The Times of India . Kolkata . 8 September 2010 . Retrieved 11 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Army out after Deganga rioting '' . The Times of India . Kolkata . 8 September 2010 . Retrieved 11 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Curfew in Bengal district , Army called in '' . The Indian Express . Kolkata . 8 September 2010 . Retrieved 11 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Bose , Raktima ( 8 September 2010 ) . `` Youth killed in group clash '' . The Hindu . Chennai . Retrieved 11 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ground report : Death toll in Bodo attack mounts to 70 '' . News18 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Harris , Gardiner ( 2012 - 07 - 28 ) . `` As Tensions in India Turn Deadly , Some Say Officials Ignored Warning Signs '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Shackle , Christopher ; Mandair , Arvind - Pal Singh ( 2005 ) . Teachings of the Sikh Gurus : Selections from the Sikh Scriptures . United Kingdom : Routledge . pp. xv -- xvi . ISBN 0 - 415 - 26604 - 1 . Jump up ^ Rama , Swami ( 1986 ) . Celestial Song / Gobind Geet : The Dramatic Dialogue Between Guru Gobind Singh and Banda Singh Bahadur . Himalayan Institute Press . pp. 7 -- 8 . ISBN 0 - 89389 - 103 - 7 . Jump up ^ Singh , Khushwant ( 2006 ) . The Illustrated History of the Sikhs . India : Oxford University Press . pp. 47 -- 53 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 567747 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` WAR STATS REDIRECT '' . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Irfan . `` CC current issue '' . www.sabrang.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Deportation & The Konkani Christian Captivity at Srirangapatna ( 1784 Feb. 24th Ash Wednesday ) '' . Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore . Archived from the original on 29 January 2008 . Retrieved 29 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Muslim - Buddhist Clashes In Ladakh : The Politics Behind The ' Religious ' Conflict By Yoginder Sikand '' . www.countercurrents.org . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The sufi solution - Livemint '' . www.livemint.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Shia women too can initiate divorce '' . The Times of India . India . 6 November 2006 . Retrieved 21 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Only a few people have right to issue fatwas ' '' . The Times of India . India . 6 November 2006 . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Talaq rights proposed for Shia women '' . Daily News and Analysis , www.dnaindia.com. 5 November 2006 . Retrieved 21 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Monash Arts Online Presence Team . `` Global Terrorism Research Centre ( GTReC ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Pg 32 , INTRODUCTION , A Historical Overview of Islam in South Asia , Islam in South Asia in Practice - by Barbara D. Metcalf Princeton University Press , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Abolish Haj subsidy in 10 years : Supreme Court '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Ranjan , Amitav ( 13 October 2010 ) . `` Haj subsidy cuts start soon '' . The India Express . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Haj subsidy unIslamic , use that money on our education , health ' '' . The Indian Express . 17 November 2006 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Muslim leaders back cutting Haj subsidy '' . Hindustan Times . 11 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 21 January 2012 . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pariahs in our own home - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Banu , Musarrath . `` Ghetto paper '' . Jump up ^ Post Gujarat Riots Crisis and contention in Indian society , by T.K. Oommen . Published by SAGE , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 3359 - X . Page 119 Jump up ^ Human Development and Social Power : Perspectives from South Asia , by Ananya Mukherjee Reed . Published by Taylor & Francis , 2008 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 77552 - 3 . Page 149 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS World South Asia India 's Muslims feel backlash '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Worlds apart in a divided city '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Media , The Milli Gazette , OPI , Pharos . `` The Milli Gazette '' . www.milligazette.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` In India 's largest Muslim ghetto '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Biswas , Soutik ( 2014 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Why segregated housing is thriving in India '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The price of exclusion '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Further reading Asghar Ali Engineer , Islam in India : The Impact of Civilizations . Shipra Publications , 2002 . ISBN 81 - 7541 - 115 - 5 . Mohamed Taher . Muslims in India : Recent Contributions to Literature on Religion , Philosophy , History , & Social Aspects . Anmol Publications PVT . LTD. , 1993 . ISBN 81 - 7041 - 620 - 5 . Excerpts Mohammad Mujeeb . Islam in South Asia : A Short History . Leiden and Boston : Brill , 2008 . Jamal Malik . Islam in South Asia : A Short History . Leiden and Boston : Brill , 2008 . Murray Thurston Titus , Indian Islam : A Religious History of Islam in India . Milford , Oxford university press , 1930 . ISBN 81 - 7069 - 096 - X Yogindar Sikand . Muslims in India Since 1947 : Islamic Perspectives on Inter-faith Relations . Routledge , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 31486 - 0 . Elliot and Dowson : The History of India as told by its own Historians , New Delhi reprint , 1990 . Elliot , Sir H.M. , Edited by Dowson , John . The History of India , as Told by Its Own Historians . The Muhammadan Period ; published by London Trubner Company 1867 -- 1877 . ( Online Copy : The History of India , as Told by Its Own Historians . The Muhammadan Period ; by Sir H.M. Elliot ; Edited by John Dowson ; London Trubner Company 1867 -- 1877 -- This online Copy has been posted by : The Packard Humanities Institute ; Persian Texts in Translation ; Also find other historical books : Author List and Title List ) Majumdar , Ramesh Chandra ; Pusalker , A.D. ; Majumdar , A.K. , eds. ( 1960 ) . The History and Culture of the Indian People . VI : The Delhi Sultanate . Bombay : Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan . Majumdar , Ramesh Chandra ; Pusalker , A.D. ; Majumdar , A.K. , eds. ( 1973 ) . The History and Culture of the Indian People . VII : The Mughal Empire . Bombay : Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan . Mistry , Malika B. ( December 2005 ) . `` Muslims in India : A demographic and socio - economic profile '' . Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs . 25 ( 3 ) : 399 -- 422 . doi : 10.1080 / 13602000500408468 . MKA Siddiqui ( ed . ) , Marginal Muslim Communities in India , Institute of Objective Studies , New Delhi ( 2004 ) ( review ) Nizami , Khaliq Ahmad ( 1957 ) . `` Some Aspects of Khānqah Life in Medieval India '' . Studia Islamica . Maisonneuve & # 38 . 8 ( 8 ) : 51 -- 69 . doi : 10.2307 / 1595247 . JSTOR 1595247 . Wink , André ( 2004 ) . Indo - Islamic society : 14th - 15th centuries . Volume 3 of Al - Hind Series . BRILL . ISBN 9004135618 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . External links Online Copy : The History of India , as Told by Its Own Historians . The Muhammadan Period ; by Sir H.M. Elliot ; Edited by John Dowson ; London Trubner Company 1867 -- 1877 -- This online Copy has been posted by : The Packard Humanities Institute ; Persian Texts in Translation ; Also find other historical books : Author List and Title List This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ . Islam in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Indian Muslim communities Majority Arain Arghon Ansari Awan Baghban Balti Behna Bhatiara Bhishti Bisati Chaush Dakhini Muslims Dard Dhobi Ghosi Gujjar Hyderabadi Iraqi ( Tamimi ) Jat Khanzada Kashmiri Kunjra Malkana Manihar Mappila Meo Mughal Pathans Purigpa Qassab Muslim Rajput Garha Garha Ranghar Rangrez Saifi Shaikh Sayyid Salmani Siddi Teli Minority Assamese Bengali Bhili Dogra Gondi Gujarati Konkani Nawayath Marathi Marwari Meitei Oriya Punjabi Tamil Telugu Labbay Goan Muslims Alavi Bohra Bihar Abdal Ansari Bakho Bisati Chamail Churihar Chik Gaddi Idrisi Khanzada Kulhaiya Lal Begi Malik of Bihar Mirasi Mirshikar Mughal Muker Muslim Chhipi Pasi Nat Pamaria Pathans Rayeen Sai Sapera Sayyid Syed ( Mallick ) Shaikh of Bihar Shershahabadia Thakurai Teli Gujarat Abdal Alavi Bohra Ansari Arabs Attarwala Bafan Baloch Banjara Behlim Bhadala Bharbhunja Bhishti Chhipa Chunara Chundrigar Dawoodi Bohra Dhobi Dhuldhoya Doodwala Faqir Galiara Ghanchi Ghanchi - Pinjara Halaypotra Hingorja Hingora Jats of Kutch Juneja Kadia Kagzi Ker Khalifa Khaskheli Khoja Machiyar Makrani Malik of Gujarat Mandali Makwana Manka Mansoori Memon Meta Qureshi Miyana Molesalam Momna Mughal Multani Multani Lohar Mutwa Nagori Nayak Node Panar Parmar Patani Bohra Patni Jamat Pathans Salaat Samma Sandhai Muslims Sanghar Shaikhs of Gujarat Shaikhda Sayyid of Gujarat Siddi Sipahi Soomra Sulaymani Bohra Sunni Bohra Tai Turk Jamat Vora Patel Vyapari Wagher Karnataka Baghban Beary Chaush Chhaparband Kodava Maaple Konkani Muslims Nawayath Pinjara Siddi Assadi Kerala Mappila Keyi Thangal Marakkar Ossan Pusalan Thulukkar Madhya Pradesh Ansari Banjara Dawoodi Bohra Dhobi Mughal Muslim Chhipi Pathans Shaikh Sayyid Maharashtra Attar Baghban Bhishti Chaush Chhaparband Dawoodi Bohra Dhawad Faqir Garodi Gavandi Kachar Kagzi Konkani Muslims Momin Muslim Raj Gond Qassab Saiqalgar Tadvi Bhil Rajasthan Ansari Bhutta Cheetah Chadwa Dawoodi Bohra Deshwali Gaddi Ghosi Hela Mehtar Hiranbaz Kandera Khadem Khanzada Langha Manganiar Merat Meo Mughal Pathans Pinjara Qaimkhani Rangrez Rath Shaikhs of Rajasthan Silawat Sindhi - Sipahi Singiwala Sorgar Tamil Nadu Kayalar Labbay Marakkar Pathans Rowther Mappila Uttar Pradesh Ahbans Khanzada Ansari Atishbaz Bachgoti Khanzada Baghban Baluch Bandhmati Banjara Barhai Behlim Banu Israil Behna Bhand Bharbhunja Bhale Sultan Khanzada Bhatti Khanzada Bhatiara Bhishti Bhumihar Musalman Bisati Chandel Khanzada Chhipi Chik Dakhini Dafali Dhagi Dharhi Dhobi Musalmaan Dogar Fareedi Faqir Gaddi Gautam Khanzada Ghosi Goriya Gujjar Musalmaan Halalkhor Halwai Idrisi Iraqi ( Tamimi ) Jhojha Kabaria Kakorvi Shaikh Kamangar Kamboh Kasgar Kayastha Musalman Khanzada Khokhar Khanzada Khumra Kingharia Kunjra Lal Begi Lalkhani Rajput Madari Mandarkia Malkana Manihar Meo Milki Mirasi Mughal Mujavir Muker Muslim Chhipi Muley Jat Nagar Muslims Nalband Nanbai Naqqal Panchpiria Pankhiya Pathans Putliwale Qalandar Qassab Qaum - e-Punjaban Qidwai Rai Bhatt Raj Garha Garha Rajput Musalmaan Ramaiya Rangrez Rayeen Rohilla Sadaat Amroha Sadaat - e-Bara Sadaat - e-Bilgram Sai Saifi Salmani Sayyid of Uttar Pradesh Shaikh of Uttar Pradesh Shaikh Ja'fri Shaikhzada Siddiqui Sikarwar Khanzada Teli Musalmaan Turk Tyagi Musalmaan Zamindara West Bengal Abdal Dawoodi Bohra Bedia Faqir Ghosi Iraqi ( Tamimi ) Kahar Kan Kela Lodha Malla Nashya Patua Sapuria Shamsi Religion in India topics Indian religions Hinduism ( Punjab South India ) Buddhism Jainism Ayyavazhi Sikhism Abrahamic religion Christianity ( List of denominations ( in Northeast India ) ) Islam ( Shia Islam Ahmadiyya Sufism ) Judaism Bahá'í Faith Other paths Zoroastrianism Tribalism Irreligion Policy and history Secularism in India Freedom of religion Religious conflicts Religious violence Religious harmony Religious thinkers Ministry of Minority Affairs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_India&oldid=842153703 '' Categories : Islam in India Islam by country Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with listed invalid ISBNs Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages EngvarB from July 2015 Use dmy dates from July 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Articles needing additional references from March 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Urdu - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how much of india's population is muslim | [
"Islam is the second largest religion in India, with 14.2% of the country's population or roughly 172 million people identifying as adherents of Islam (2011 census) as an ethnoreligious group.[2][3][4] Islam first came to the western coast of India when Arab traders as early as the 7th century CE came to coastal Malabar[5] and Konkan-Gujarat.[6] Cheraman Juma Mosque in Kerala is thought to be the first mosque in India, built in 629 CE by Malik Deenar.[7][8][9][10][11][12] Following an expedition by the governor of Bahrain to Bharuch in the 7th century CE, immigrant Arab and Persian trading communities from South Arabia and the Persian Gulf began settling in coastal Gujarat.[13] Ismaili Shia Islam was introduced to Gujarat in the second half of the 11th century, when Fatimid Imam Al-Mustansir Billah sent missionaries to Gujarat in 467 AH/1073 CE.[14][15] Islam arrived in North India in the 12th century via the Turkic invasions and has since become a part of India's religious and cultural heritage.[16] Over the centuries, there has been significant integration of Hindu and Muslim cultures across India[17][18] and Muslims have played a notable role in economics, politics and culture of India.[19]"
] | [
"14.2%"
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4812993244461325647 | Great Plague of London | Great plague of London - wikipedia Great plague of London Jump to : navigation , search Collecting the dead for burial during the Great Plague The Great Plague , lasting from 1665 to 1666 , was the last major epidemic of the bubonic plague to occur in England . It happened within the centuries - long time period of the Second Pandemic , an extended period of intermittent bubonic plague epidemics which began in Europe in 1347 , the first year of the Black Death , an outbreak which included other forms such as pneumonic plague , and lasted until 1750 . The Great Plague killed an estimated 100,000 people -- almost a quarter of London 's population -- in 18 months . The plague was caused by the Yersinia pestis bacterium , which is usually transmitted through the bite of an infected rat flea . The 1665 -- 66 epidemic was on a far smaller scale than the earlier Black Death pandemic ; it was remembered afterwards as the `` great '' plague mainly because it was the last widespread outbreak of bubonic plague in England during the 400 - year timespan of the Second Pandemic . Contents ( hide ) 1 London in 1665 2 The recording of deaths 3 Preventative measures 4 Outbreak 4.1 Early days 4.2 Exodus from the city 4.3 Height of the epidemic 5 Aftermath 6 Impact 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links London in 1665 ( edit ) Map of London by Wenceslas Hollar , c. 1665 As in other European cities of the period , the plague was endemic in 17th century London . The disease periodically erupted into massive epidemics . There were 30,000 deaths due to the plague in 1603 , 35,000 in 1625 , and 10,000 in 1636 , as well as smaller numbers in other years . During the winter of 1664 , a bright comet was to be seen in the sky and the people of London were fearful , wondering what evil event it portended . London at that time consisted of a city of about 448 acres surrounded by a city wall , which had originally been built to keep out raiding bands . There were gates at Ludgate , Newgate , Aldersgate , Cripplegate , Moorgate and Bishopsgate and to the south lay the River Thames and London Bridge . In the poorer parts of the city , hygiene was impossible to maintain in the overcrowded tenements and garrets . There was no sanitation , and open drains flowed along the centre of winding streets . The cobbles were slippery with animal dung , rubbish and the slops thrown out of the houses , muddy and buzzing with flies in summer and awash with sewage in winter . The City Corporation employed `` rakers '' to remove the worst of the filth and it was transported to mounds outside the walls where it accumulated and continued to decompose . The stench was overwhelming and people walked around with handkerchiefs or nosegays pressed against their nostrils . Some of the city 's necessities such as coal arrived by barge , but most came by road . Carts , carriages , horses and pedestrians were crowded together and the gateways in the wall formed bottlenecks through which it was difficult to progress . The nineteen - arch London Bridge was even more congested . The better - off used hackney carriages and sedan chairs to get to their destinations without getting filthy . The poor walked , and might be splashed by the wheeled vehicles and drenched by slops being thrown out and water falling from the overhanging roofs . Another hazard was the choking black smoke belching forth from factories which made soap , from breweries and iron smelters and from about 15,000 houses burning coal . Outside the city walls , suburbs had sprung up providing homes for the craftsmen and tradespeople who flocked to the already overcrowded city . These were shanty towns with wooden shacks and no sanitation . The government had tried to control this development but had failed and over a quarter of a million people lived here . Other immigrants had taken over fine town houses , vacated by Royalists who had fled the country during the Commonwealth , converting them into tenements with different families in every room . These properties were soon vandalised and became rat - infested slums . Administration of the City of London was organised by the Lord Mayor , Aldermen and common councillors , but not all of the inhabited area generally comprising London was legally part of the City . Both inside the City and outside its boundaries there were also Liberties , which were areas of varying sizes which historically had been granted rights to self - government . Many had been associated with religious institutions , and when these were abolished in the Dissolution of the Monasteries , their historic rights were transferred along with their property to new owners . The walled City was surrounded by a ring of Liberties which had come under its authority , contemporarily called ' the City and Liberties ' , but these were surrounded by further suburbs with varying administrations . Westminster was an independent town with its own liberties , although it was joined to London by urban development . The Tower of London was an independent liberty , as were others . Areas north of the river not part of one of these administrations came under the authority of the county of Middlesex , and south of the river under Surrey . The `` Woodcut '' map of London , dating from the 1560s At that time , bubonic plague was a much feared disease but its cause was not understood . The credulous blamed emanations from the earth , `` pestilential effluviums '' , unusual weather , sickness in livestock , abnormal behaviour of animals or an increase in the numbers of moles , frogs , mice or flies . It was not until 1894 that the identification by Alexandre Yersin of its causal agent Yersinia pestis was made and the transmission of the bacterium by rat fleas became known . Although the Great Plague in London had long been believed to be bubonic plague caused by Yersinia pestis , this was only definitively confirmed by DNA analysis in 2016 . The recording of deaths ( edit ) In order to judge the severity of an epidemic , it is first necessary to know how big the population was in which it occurred . There was no official census of the population to provide this figure , and the best contemporary count comes from the work of John Graunt ( 1620 -- 1674 ) , who was one of the earliest Fellows of the Royal Society and one of the first demographers , bringing a scientific approach to the collection of statistics . In 1662 , he estimated that 384,000 people lived in the City of London , the Liberties , Westminster and the out - parishes , based on figures in the bills of mortality published each week in the capital . These different districts with different administrations constituted the officially recognised extent of London as a whole . In 1665 , he revised his estimate to ' not above 460,000 ' . Other contemporaries put the figure higher , ( the French Ambassador , for example , suggested 600,000 ) but with no mathematical basis to support their estimates . The next largest city in the kingdom was Norwich , with a population of 30,000 . Infected Oriental rat flea . Yersinia pestis bacteria appear as a dark mass in the gut . The bacteria block the flea 's digestive system , leaving it hungry but unable to eat . Instead , when it tries to feed , it regurgitates Yersinia into the wound . There was no duty to report a death to anyone in authority . Instead , each parish appointed two or more ' searchers of the dead ' , whose duty was to inspect a corpse and determine the cause of death . A searcher was entitled to charge a small fee from relatives for each death they reported , and so habitually the parish would appoint someone to the post who would otherwise be destitute and would be receiving support from the parish poor rate . Typically , this meant searchers would be old women who were illiterate , might know little about identifying diseases and who would be open to dishonesty . Searchers would typically learn about a death either from the local sexton who had been asked to dig a grave , or from the tolling of a church bell . Anyone who did not report a death to their local church , such as Quakers , Anabaptists , other non-Anglican Christians or Jews , frequently did not get included in the official records . Searchers during times of plague were required to live apart from the community and stay indoors except when performing their duties , for fear of spreading the diseases . Outside they should avoid other people and always carry a white stick to warn of their occupation . Searchers reported to the Parish Clerk , who made a return each week to the Company of Parish Clerks in Brode Lane . Figures were then passed to the Lord Mayor and then to the Minister of State once plague became a matter of national concern . The reported figures were used to compile the Bills of Mortality , which listed total deaths in each parish and whether by plague . The system of Searchers to report the cause of death continued until 1836 . Graunt recorded the incompetence of the Searchers at identifying true causes of death , remarking on the frequent recording of ' consumption ' rather than other diseases which were recognised then by physicians . He suggested a cup of ale and a doubling of their fee to two groats rather than one was sufficient for Searchers to change the cause of death to one more convenient for the householders . No one wished to be known as having had a death by plague in their household , and Parish Clerks , too , connived in covering up cases of plague in their official returns . Analysis of the Bills of Mortality during the months plague took hold shows a rise in deaths other than by plague well above the average death rate , which has been attributed to misrepresentation of the true cause of death . As plague spread , a system of quarantine was introduced , whereby any house where someone had died from plague would be locked up and no one allowed to enter or leave for 40 days . This frequently led to the deaths of the other inhabitants , by neglect if not from plague , and provided ample incentive not to report the disease . The official returns record 68,596 cases of plague , but a reasonable estimate suggests this figure is 30,000 short of the true total . A plague house was marked with a red cross on the door with the words `` Lord have mercy upon us '' , and a watchman stood guard outside . Preventative measures ( edit ) Reports of plague around Europe began to reach England in the 1660s , causing the Privy Council to consider what steps might be taken to prevent it crossing to England . Quarantining of ships had been used during previous outbreaks and was again introduced for ships coming to London in November 1663 , following outbreaks in Amsterdam and Hamburg . Two naval ships were assigned to intercept any vessels entering the Thames estuary . Ships from infected ports were required to moor at Hole Haven on Canvey Island for a period of 30 days before being allowed to travel upriver . Ships from ports free of plague or completing their quarantine were given a certificate of health and allowed to travel on . A second inspection line was established between the forts on opposite banks of the Thames at Tilbury and Gravesend with instructions only to pass ships with a certificate . The duration of quarantine was increased to forty days in May 1664 as the continental plague worsened , and the areas subject to quarantine changed with the news of the spread of plague to include all of Holland , Zeeland and Friesland ( all regions of the Dutch Republic ) , although restrictions on Hamburg were removed in November . Quarantine measures against ships coming from the Dutch Republic were put in place in 29 other ports from May , commencing with Great Yarmouth . The Dutch ambassador objected at the constraint of trade with his country , but England responded that it had been one of the last countries introducing such restrictions . Regulations were enforced quite strictly , so that people or houses where voyagers had come ashore without serving their quarantine were also subjected to 40 days quarantine . Outbreak ( edit ) Plague was one of the hazards of life in Britain from its dramatic appearance in 1347 with the Black Death . The Bills of Mortality began to be published regularly in 1603 , in which year 33,347 deaths were recorded from plague . Between then and 1665 , only four years had no recorded cases . In 1563 , a thousand people were reportedly dying in London each week . In 1593 , there were 15,003 deaths , 1625 saw 41,313 dead , between 1640 and 1646 came 11,000 deaths , culminating in 3,597 for 1647 . The 1625 outbreak was recorded at the time as the ' Great Plague ' , until 1665 surpassed it . These official figures are likely to under - report actual numbers . Early days ( edit ) Rattus rattus , the Black Rat . Smaller than the Norwegian rat , which later supplanted it , it is also keener to live near to humankind . Timber houses and overcrowded slums provided great homes . The link between the rat as reservoir of infection and host to fleas which could transfer to man was not understood . Efforts were made to eliminate cats and dogs but not rats . If anything , this encouraged the rats . Although plague was known , it was still sufficiently uncommon that medical practitioners might have had no personal experience of seeing the disease ; medical training varied from those who had attended the college of physicians , to apothecaries who also acted as modern doctors , to simple charlatans . Other diseases abounded , such as an outbreak of smallpox the year before , and these uncertainties all added to difficulties identifying the true start of the epidemic . Contemporary accounts suggest cases of plague occurred through the winter of 1664 / 5 , some of which were fatal but a number of which did not display the virulence of the later epidemic . The winter was cold , the ground frozen from December to March , river traffic on the Thames twice blocked by ice , and it may be that the cold weather held back its spread . This outbreak of bubonic plague in England is thought to have spread from the Netherlands , where the disease had been occurring intermittently since 1599 . It is unclear exactly where the disease first struck but the initial contagion may have arrived with Dutch trading ships carrying bales of cotton from Amsterdam , which was ravaged by the disease in 1663 -- 1664 , with a mortality given of 50,000 . The first areas to be struck are believed to be the dock areas just outside London , and the parish of St Giles in the Fields . In both of these localities , poor workers were crowded into ill - kept structures . Two suspicious deaths were recorded in St. Giles parish in December 1664 and another in February 1665 . These did not appear as plague deaths on the Bills of Mortality , so no control measures were taken by the authorities , but the total number of people dying in London during the first four months of 1665 showed a marked increase . By the end of April , only four plague deaths had been recorded , two in the parish of St. Giles , but total deaths per week had risen from around 290 to 398 . Although there had been only three official cases in April , which level of plague in earlier years had not induced any official response , the Privy Council now acted to introduce household quarantine . Justices of the Peace in Middlesex were instructed to investigate any suspected cases and to shut up the house if it was confirmed . Shortly after , a similar order was issued by the King 's Bench to the City and Liberties . A riot broke out in St. Giles when the first house was sealed up ; the crowd broke down the door and released the inhabitants . Rioters caught were punished severely . Instructions were given to build pest - houses , which were essentially isolation hospitals built away from other people where the sick could be cared for ( or stay until they died ) . This official activity suggests that despite the few recorded cases , the government was already aware that this was a serious outbreak of plague . With the arrival of warmer weather , the disease began to take a firmer hold . In the week 2 -- 9 May , there were three recorded deaths in the parish of St Giles , four in neighbouring St Clement Danes and one each in St Andrew , Holborn and St Mary Woolchurch Haw . Only the last was actually inside the city walls . A Privy Council committee was formed to investigate methods to best prevent the spread of plague , and measures were introduced to close some of the ale houses in affected areas and limit the number of lodgers allowed in a household . In the city , the Lord Mayor issued a proclamation that all householders must diligently clean the streets outside their property , which was a householder 's responsibility , not a state one ( the city employed scavengers and rakers to remove the worst of the mess ) . Matters just became worse , and Aldermen were instructed to find and punish those failing their duty . As cases in St. Giles began to rise , an attempt was made to quarantine the area and constables were instructed to inspect everyone wishing to travel and contain inside vagrants or suspect persons . People began to be alarmed . Samuel Pepys , who had an important position at the Admiralty , stayed in London and provided a contemporary account of the plague through his diary . On 30 April he wrote : `` Great fears of the sickness here in the City it being said that two or three houses are already shut up . God preserve us all ! '' Another source of information on the time is a fictional account , A Journal of the Plague Year , which was written by Daniel Defoe and published in 1722 . He had been only six when the plague struck but made use of his family 's recollections ( his uncle was a saddler in East London and his father a butcher in Cripplegate ) , interviews with survivors and sight of such official records as were available . Exodus from the city ( edit ) By July 1665 , plague was rampant in the City of London . King Charles II of England , his family and his court left the city for Salisbury , moving on to Oxford in September when some cases of plague occurred in Salisbury . The aldermen and most of the other city authorities opted to stay at their posts . The Lord Mayor of London , Sir John Lawrence , also decided to stay in the city . Businesses were closed when merchants and professionals fled . Defoe wrote `` Nothing was to be seen but wagons and carts , with goods , women , servants , children , coaches filled with people of the better sort , and horsemen attending them , and all hurrying away '' . As the plague raged throughout the summer , only a small number of clergymen , physicians and apothecaries remained to cope with an increasingly large number of victims . Edward Cotes , author of London 's Dreadful Visitation , expressed the hope that `` Neither the Physicians of our Souls or Bodies may hereafter in such great numbers forsake us '' . The poorer people were also alarmed by the contagion and some left the city , but it was not easy for them to abandon their accommodation and livelihoods for an uncertain future elsewhere . Before exiting through the city gates , they were required to possess a certificate of good health signed by the Lord Mayor and these became increasingly difficult to obtain . As time went by and the numbers of plague victims rose , people living in the villages outside London began to resent this exodus and were no longer prepared to accept townsfolk from London , with or without a certificate . The refugees were turned back , were not allowed to pass through towns and had to travel across country , and were forced to live rough on what they could steal or scavenge from the fields . Many died in wretched circumstances of starvation and thirst in the hot summer that was to follow . Height of the epidemic ( edit ) A bill of mortality for the plague in 1665 In the last week of July , the London Bill of Mortality showed 3,014 deaths , of which 2,020 had died from the plague . The number of deaths as a result of plague may have been underestimated , as deaths in other years in the same period were much lower , at around 300 . As the number of victims affected mounted up , burial grounds became overfull , and pits were dug to accommodate the dead . Drivers of dead - carts travelled the streets calling `` Bring out your dead '' and carted away piles of bodies . The authorities became concerned that the number of deaths might cause public alarm and ordered that body removal and interment should take place only at night . As time went on , there were too many victims , and too few drivers , to remove the bodies which began to be stacked up against the walls of houses . Daytime collection was resumed and the plague pits became mounds of decomposing corpses . In the parish of Aldgate , a great hole was dug near the churchyard , fifty feet long and twenty feet wide . Digging was continued by labourers at one end while the dead - carts tipped in corpses at the other . When there was no room for further extension it was dug deeper until ground water was reached at twenty feet . When finally covered with earth it housed 1,114 corpses . Plague doctors traversed the streets diagnosing victims , although many of them had no formal medical training . Several public health efforts were attempted . Physicians were hired by city officials and burial details were carefully organized , but panic spread through the city and , out of the fear of contagion , people were hastily buried in overcrowded pits . The means of transmission of the disease were not known but thinking they might be linked to the animals , the City Corporation ordered a cull of dogs and cats . This decision may have affected the length of the epidemic since those animals could have helped keep in check the rat population carrying the fleas which transmitted the disease . Thinking bad air was involved in transmission , the authorities ordered giant bonfires to be burned in the streets and house fires to be kept burning night and day , in hopes that the air would be cleansed . Tobacco was thought to be a prophylactic and it was later said that no London tobacconist had died from the plague during the epidemic . Trade and business had completely dried up , and the streets were empty of people except for the dead - carts and the desperate dying victims , as witnessed and recorded by Samuel Pepys in his diary : `` Lord ! How empty the streets are and how melancholy , so many poor sick people in the streets full of sores ... in Westminster , there is never a physician and but one apothecary left , all being dead . '' That people did not starve was down to the foresight of Sir John Lawrence and the Corporation of London who arranged for a commission of one farthing to be paid above the normal price for every quarter of corn landed in the Port of London . Another food source was the villages around London which , denied of their usual sales in the capital , left vegetables in specified market areas , negotiated their sale by shouting , and collected their payment after the money had been left submerged in a bucket of water to `` disinfect '' the coins . Records state that plague deaths in London and the suburbs crept up over the summer from 2,000 people per week to over 7,000 per week in September . These figures are likely to be a considerable underestimate . Many of the sextons and parish clerks who kept the records themselves died . Quakers refused to co-operate and many of the poor were just dumped into mass graves unrecorded . It is not clear how many people caught the disease and made a recovery because only deaths were recorded and many records were destroyed in the Great Fire of London the following year . In the few districts where intact records remain , plague deaths varied between 30 % and over 50 % of the total population . Though concentrated in London , the outbreak affected other areas of the country as well . Perhaps the most famous example was the village of Eyam in Derbyshire . The plague allegedly arrived with a merchant carrying a parcel of cloth sent from London , although this is a disputed point . The villagers imposed a quarantine on themselves to stop the further spread of the disease . This prevented the disease from moving into surrounding areas but the cost to the village was the death of around 80 % of its inhabitants over a period of fourteen months . Aftermath ( edit ) See also : Great Fire of London By late autumn , the death toll in London and the suburbs began to slow until , in February 1666 , it was considered safe enough for the King and his entourage to come back to the city . With the return of the monarch , others began to return : The gentry returned in their carriages accompanied by carts piled high with their belongings . The judges moved back from Windsor to sit in Westminster Hall , although Parliament , which had been prorogued in April 1665 , did not reconvene until September 1666 . Trade recommenced and businesses and workshops opened up . London was the goal of a new wave of people who flocked to the city in expectation of making their fortunes . Writing at the end of March 1666 , Lord Clarendon , the Lord Chancellor , stated `` ... the streets were as full , the Exchange as much crowded , the people in all places as numerous as they had ever been seen ... '' . Plague cases continued to occur sporadically at a modest rate until the summer of 1666 . On the second and third of September that year , the Great Fire of London destroyed much of the City of London , and some people believed that the fire put an end to the epidemic . However , it is now thought that the plague had largely subsided before the fire took place . In fact , most of the later cases of plague were found in the suburbs , and it was the City of London itself that was destroyed by the Fire . According to the Bills of Mortality , there were in total 68,596 deaths in London from the plague in 1665 . Lord Clarendon estimated that the true number of mortalities was probably twice that figure . The next year , 1666 , saw further deaths in other cities but on a lesser scale . Dr Thomas Gumble , chaplain to the Duke of Albermarle , both of whom had stayed in London for the whole of the epidemic , estimated that the total death count for the country from plague during 1665 and 1666 was about 200,000 . The Great Plague of 1665 / 1666 was the last major outbreak of bubonic plague in Great Britain . The last recorded death from plague came in 1679 , and it was removed as a specific category in the Bills of Mortality after 1703 . It spread to other towns in East Anglia and the southeast of England but fewer than ten percent of parishes outside London had a higher than average death rate during those years . Urban areas were more affected than rural ones ; Norwich , Ipswich , Colchester , Southampton and Winchester were badly affected , while the West of England and areas of the Midlands escaped altogether . The population of England in 1650 was approximately 5.25 million , which declined to about 4.9 million by 1680 , recovering to just over 5 million by 1700 . Other diseases , such as smallpox , took a high toll on the population even without the contribution by plague . The higher death rate in cities , both generally and specifically from the plague , was made up by continuous immigration , from small towns to larger ones and from the countryside to the town . There were no contemporary censuses of London 's population , but available records suggest that the population returned to its previous level within a couple of years . Burials in 1667 had returned to 1663 levels , Hearth Tax returns had recovered , John Graunt contemporarily analysed baptism records and concluded they represented a recovered population . Part of this could be accounted for by the return of wealthy households , merchants and manufacturing industries , all of which needed to replace losses amongst their staff and took steps to bring in necessary people . Colchester had suffered more severe depopulation , but manufacturing records for cloth suggested that production had recovered or even increased by 1669 , and the total population had nearly returned to pre-plague levels by 1674 . Other towns did less well : Ipswich was affected less than Colchester , but in 1674 , its population had dropped by 18 % , more than could be accounted for by the plague deaths alone . As a proportion of the population who died , the London death toll was less severe than in a number of other towns . The total of deaths in London was greater than in any previous outbreak for 100 years , though as a proportion of the population , the epidemics in 1563 , 1603 and 1625 were comparable or greater . Perhaps around 2.5 % of the English population died . Impact ( edit ) The plague in London largely affected the poor , as the rich were able to leave the city by either retiring to their country estates or residing with kin in other parts of the country . The subsequent Great Fire of London , however , ruined many city merchants and property owners . As a result of these events , London was largely rebuilt and Parliament enacted the Rebuilding of London Act 1666 . Although the street plan of the capital remained relatively unchanged , some improvements were made : streets were widened , pavements were created , open sewers abolished , wooden buildings and overhanging gables forbidden , and the design and construction of buildings controlled . The use of brick or stone was mandatory and many gracious buildings were constructed . Not only was the capital rejuvenated , but it became a healthier environment in which to live . Londoners had a greater sense of community after they had overcome the great adversities of 1665 and 1666 . Rebuilding took over ten years and was supervised by Robert Hooke as Surveyor of London . The architect Sir Christopher Wren was involved in the rebuilding of St Paul 's Cathedral and more than fifty London churches . King Charles ll did much to foster the rebuilding work . He was a patron of the arts and sciences and founded the Royal Observatory and supported the Royal Society , a scientific group whose early members included Robert Hooke , Robert Boyle and Sir Isaac Newton . In fact , out of the fire and pestilence flowed a renaissance in the arts and sciences in England . Plague pits have been archaeologically excavated during underground construction work . Between 2011 and 2015 , some 3,500 burials from the ' New Churchyard ' or ' Bethlam burial ground ' were discovered during the construction of the Crossrail railway at Liverpool Street . Yersinia pestis DNA was found in the teeth of individuals found buried in pits at the site , confirming they had died of bubonic plague . See also ( edit ) Loimologia , a first - hand account of the 1665 plague by Dr. Nathaniel Hodges Plague doctor costume Black Death in England Derby plague of 1665 Great Plague of Vienna of 1679 Plague doctor contract Old St. Paul 's , A Tale of the Plague and the Fire , novel by Harrison Ainsworth Plague ! The Musical , a musical loosely based on the 1665 plague Ring a Ring o ' Roses , a nursery rhyme , commonly believed to have arisen at this time References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Haensch , Stephanie ; et al. ( 2010 ) , `` Distinct Clones of Yersinia pestis Caused the Black Death '' , PLoS Pathogens , 6 ( 10 ) : e1001134 , PMC 2951374 , PMID 20949072 , doi : 10.1371 / journal. ppat. 1001134 Jump up ^ `` The Great Plague of London , 1665 '' . Contagion , Historical Views of Diseases and Epidemics . Harvard University . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` DNA in London Grave May Help Solve Mysteries of the Great Plague '' . 2016 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` DNA confirms cause of 1665 London 's Great Plague '' . BBC News . 8 September 2016 . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Backgrounder : Plague '' . AVMA : Public Health . American Veterinary Medical Association . 2006 - 11 - 27 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2008 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Spread of the Plague '' . Bbc.co.uk. 2002 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ibeji , Mike ( 2011 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Black Death '' . BBC . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Moote ( 2004 ) pp. 60 - 61 Jump up ^ Porter , Stephen ( 2001 ) . `` 17th Century : Plague '' . Gresham College . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Moote ( 2004 ) pp. 10 - 11 Jump up ^ Pepys , Samuel ( 1665 ) . `` March 1st '' . Diary of Samuel Pepys . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22167 - 2 . Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 12 -- 13 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 14 -- 15 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 18 -- 19 ^ Jump up to : Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 24 -- 27 Jump up ^ Porter 1999 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) p. 42 Jump up ^ Bockemühl J ( 1994 ) . `` 100 years after the discovery of the plague - causing agent -- importance and veneration of Alexandre Yersin in Vietnam today '' . Immun Infekt. 22 ( 2 ) : 72 -- 5 . PMID 7959865 . ^ Jump up to : Stanbridge , Nicola ( 2016 - 09 - 08 ) . `` DNA confirms cause of 1665 London 's Great Plague '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bell , Folio ed. p. 7 Jump up ^ Bell Folio ed. , p. 10 -- 11 Jump up ^ Bell folio ed. , p. 10 -- 11 ^ Jump up to : Bell , Folio ed. , p. 12 ^ Jump up to : Bell , Folio ed. p. 13 Jump up ^ Porter 1999 , p. 116 Jump up ^ Porter 1999 , p. 117 -- 119 Jump up ^ Bell , Folio ed. , p. 3 -- 5 Jump up ^ Bell , Folio ed. p. 10 Jump up ^ Bell , Folio ed. , pp. 7 , 8 Jump up ^ Appleby , Andrew B. ( 1980 ) . `` The Disappearance of Plague : A Continuing Puzzle '' . The Economic History Review . 33 ( 2 ) : 161 -- 173 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.1980. tb01821. x . Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 46 -- 50 Jump up ^ Bell , Folio ed. , p. 14 , 15 Jump up ^ Bell , Folio ed. , p. 16 Jump up ^ Bell , Folio ed. , p. 17 ^ Jump up to : Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 60 -- 62 Jump up ^ Pepys , Samuel ( 1665 ) . `` April 30th '' . Diary of Samuel Pepys . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22167 - 2 . Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 47 , 62 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) p. 103 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 66 -- 69 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 141 -- 145 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 174 -- 175 Jump up ^ Moote , Lloyd and Dorothy : The Great Plague : the Story of London 's most Deadly Year , Baltimore , 2004 . p. 115 . Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 166 -- 169 Jump up ^ Porter , Stephen ( 2009 ) . The Great Plague . Amberley Publishing . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84868 - 087 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pepys , Samuel ( 1996 ) . The Concise Pepys . Wordsworth Editions Ltd . pp. 363 , 16 September 1665 . ISBN 978 - 1853264788 . ^ Jump up to : Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 99 -- 101 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 155 -- 156 Jump up ^ Coleman , Michel P. ( 1986 ) . `` A Plague Epidemic in Voluntary Quarantine '' . International Journal of Epidemiology. 15 ( 3 ) : 379 -- 385 . doi : 10.1093 / ije / 15.3. 379 . ^ Jump up to : Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 193 -- 196 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 250 -- 251 Jump up ^ Porter 1999 , p. 155 Jump up ^ Porter 1999 , p. 154 Jump up ^ Porter 1999 , p. 148 -- 150 Jump up ^ Porter 1999 , p. 155 -- 156 Jump up ^ `` An Act for rebuilding the City of London '' . Statutes of the Realm : volume 5 - 1628 - 80 , pp. 603 -- 612 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 269 -- 271 Jump up ^ The Rebuilding of London After the Great Fire . Thomas Fiddian. 1940 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Hart , Vaughan ( 2002 ) . Nicholas Hawksmoor : Rebuilding Ancient Wonders . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 09699 - 6 . Bibliography ( edit ) Arnold , Catherine ( 2006 ) . Necropolis : London and its dead . London : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 0248 - 7 . Bell , Walter George ( 1924 ) . The Great Plague in London in 1665 . Michigan : AMS Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85891 - 218 - 9 . Bell , Walter George ( 1951 ) . Belinda Hollyer , ed . The great Plague in London ( folio society ed . ) . Folio society by arrangement with Random House . Leasor , James ( 1962 ) . The Plague and the Fire . London : George Allen and Unwin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7551 - 0040 - 8 . Moote , A. Lloyd ( 2008 ) . The Great Plague : The Story of London 's Most Deadly Year . London : JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 9230 - 1 . Porter , Stephen ( 2012 ) . The Great Plague of London . Gloucestershire : Amberley Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4456 - 0773 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black Death . History of the Plague in London by Daniel Defoe History of London Evolution Londinium Lundenwic City of London City of Westminster Middlesex County of London Greater London Timeline Periods Roman London Anglo - Saxon London Norman and Medieval London Tudor London Stuart London 18th - century London 19th - century London 1900 -- 39 The Blitz 1945 -- 2000 21st century Events Peasants ' Revolt Black Death Great Plague Great Fire 1854 cholera outbreak Great Stink Great Exhibition 1908 Franco - British Exhibition The Battle of Cable Street Festival of Britain Great Smog Swinging London London Plan 1966 FIFA World Cup Final 7 / 7 bombings Olympic Games ( 1908 1948 2012 ) 2012 Summer Paralympics Grenfell Tower fire Government Metropolitan Board of Works London County Council Greater London Council Greater London Authority London Assembly Mayor of London London independence Services Bow Street Runners Metropolitan Police Service London Ambulance Service London Fire Brigade Port of London Authority London sewerage system London Underground City of London City of London Corporation Lord Mayor of the City of London Wards of the City of London Guildhall Livery Companies Lord Mayor 's Show City of London Police Bank of England Structures St Paul 's Cathedral Tower of London Palace of Whitehall Westminster Hall London Bridge Tower Bridge Westminster Abbey Big Ben The Monument Fortifications Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Plague_of_London&oldid=793412511 '' Categories : Second plague pandemic Health disasters in the United Kingdom Disasters in London 17th - century deaths from plague ( disease ) 17th - century health disasters 17th century in London 1665 in England 1666 in England 1666 natural disasters Death in London Epidemics Health in London Social history of London Hidden categories : Good articles Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Use dmy dates from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English ไทย Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2017 , at 15 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | whose diary describes the great plague of london | [
"People began to be alarmed. Samuel Pepys, who had an important position at the Admiralty, stayed in London and provided a contemporary account of the plague through his diary.[35] On 30 April he wrote: \"Great fears of the sickness here in the City it being said that two or three houses are already shut up. God preserve us all!\"[36] Another source of information on the time is a fictional account, A Journal of the Plague Year, which was written by Daniel Defoe and published in 1722. He had been only six when the plague struck but made use of his family's recollections (his uncle was a saddler in East London and his father a butcher in Cripplegate), interviews with survivors and sight of such official records as were available.[37]"
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"Samuel Pepys"
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961748279268994595 | History of New Zealand | History of New Zealand - wikipedia History of New Zealand Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the History of New Zealand Timeline General topics Capital city Education Environment LGBT Military Postal Voting Prior to 1800 19th century Pākehā settlers New Zealand Company Musket Wars Treaty of Waitangi British colony New Zealand Wars Land confiscations Women 's suffrage Stages of independence Responsible government Dominion status Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947 World Wars World War I World War II Post-war and contemporary history Māori protest movement Rogernomics Nuclear - free zone See also Bibliography List of years in New Zealand New Zealand portal Part of a series on the Culture of New Zealand History ( show ) Timeline Independence Colonial Dominion Military People ( show ) `` Kiwi '' Māori culture Languages ( show ) English Māori NZ Sign Language Traditions ( show ) Humour Māori mythology Cuisine ( show ) Alcohol Hāngi Festivals ( show ) Music festivals Religion ( show ) Christianity Māori religion Art ( show ) Architecture Māori art Literature ( show ) Māori poetry Music and performing arts ( show ) Music Media ( show ) Radio Television Cinema Sport ( show ) Sportspeople Cricket Cycling Football Netball Rugby league Rugby union Monuments ( show ) World Heritage Sites Symbols ( show ) Flag Coat of arms National anthems New Zealand portal The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians , who developed a distinct Māori culture centred on kinship links and land . The first European explorer to sight New Zealand was Dutch navigator Abel Tasman on 13 December 1642 . The Dutch were also the first non-natives to explore and chart New Zealand 's coastline . Captain James Cook , who reached New Zealand in October 1769 on the first of his three voyages , was the first European explorer to circumnavigate and map New Zealand . From the late 18th century , the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors , missionaries , traders and adventurers . In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British Crown and various Māori chiefs , bringing New Zealand into the British Empire and giving Māori the same rights as British subjects . There was extensive British settlement throughout the rest of the century and into the early part of the next century . War and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealand 's land passing from Māori to Pākehā ( European ) ownership , and most Māori subsequently became impoverished . From the 1890s the New Zealand Parliament enacted a number of progressive initiatives , including women 's suffrage and old age pensions . The country remained an enthusiastic member of the British Empire , and 110,000 men fought in World War I in the New Zealand Expeditionary Force . After the war New Zealand signed the Treaty of Versailles ( 1919 ) , joined the League of Nations , and pursued an independent foreign policy , while its defence was still controlled by Britain . When World War II broke out in 1939 , New Zealanders contributed to the defence of the British Empire ; the country contributed some 120,000 troops . From the 1930s the economy was highly regulated and an extensive welfare state was developed . Meanwhile , Māori culture underwent a renaissance , and from the 1950s Māori began moving to the cities in large numbers . This led to the development of a Māori protest movement which in turn led to greater recognition of the Treaty of Waitangi in the late 20th century . The country 's economy suffered in the aftermath of the 1973 global energy crisis , the loss of New Zealand 's biggest export market upon Britain 's entry to the European Economic Community , and rampant inflation . In 1984 , the Fourth Labour Government was elected amid a constitutional and economic crisis . The interventionist policies of the Third National Government were replaced by `` Rogernomics '' , a commitment to a free market economy . Foreign policy after 1980 became more independent especially in pushing for a nuclear - free zone . Subsequent governments have generally maintained these policies , although tempering the free market ethos somewhat . Contents ( hide ) 1 Māori arrival and settlement 2 Early contact periods 2.1 Early European exploration 2.2 European settlement 2.3 Māori response 3 British sovereignty 3.1 Treaty of Waitangi 3.2 The colonisation project 4 Growth , conflict and depression 4.1 Colonial self - government , 1850s 4.2 Farming and mining 4.3 Women 4.4 Schools 4.5 Immigration 4.6 Māori adaptation and resistance 4.7 South Island predominance 5 Liberal to Labour 5.1 Liberal asendancy , 1890s 5.2 Economic developments 5.3 Dominion status 5.4 Temperance and prohibition 5.5 First World War 5.6 Imperial loyalties 5.7 Great Depression 5.8 Building the welfare state 5.9 Second World War 6 The later 20th century 6.1 National in power 6.2 The British connection 6.3 Māori urbanisation 6.4 The Muldoon years , 1975 -- 1984 6.5 The radical 1980s reforms 6.6 Continuing reform under National 7 21st century 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Māori arrival and settlement ( edit ) Polynesian expansion ( from Taiwan to the Polynesian triangle . ) New Zealand was originally settled by Polynesians from Eastern Polynesia . Genetic and archaeological evidence suggests that humans emigrated from Taiwan to Melanesia and then travelled east through to the Society Islands ; after a pause of 70 to 265 years , a new wave of exploration led to the discovery and settlement of New Zealand . The most current reliable evidence strongly indicates that initial settlement of New Zealand occurred around 1280 CE . Previous dating of some Kiore ( Polynesian rat ) bones at 50 -- 150 CE has now been shown to have been unreliable ; new samples of bone ( and now also of unequivocally rat - gnawed woody seed cases ) match the 1280 CE date of the earliest archaeological sites and the beginning of sustained , anthropogenic deforestation . The descendants of these settlers became known as the Māori , forming a distinct culture of their own . The separate settlement of the tiny Chatham Islands in the east of New Zealand about 1500 CE produced the Moriori ; linguistic evidence indicates that the Moriori were mainland Māori who ventured eastward . The original settlers quickly exploited the abundant large game in New Zealand , such as moa , which were large flightless ratites pushed to extinction by about 1500 . As moa and other large game became scarce or extinct , Māori culture underwent major change , with regional differences . In areas where it was possible to grow taro and kūmara , horticulture became more important . This was not possible in the south of the South Island , but wild plants such as fernroot were often available and cabbage trees were harvested and cultivated for food . Warfare also increased in importance , reflecting increased competition for land and other resources . In this period , fortified pā became more common , although there is debate about the actual frequency of warfare . As elsewhere in the Pacific , cannibalism was part of warfare . Māori whānau from Rotorua in the 1880s . Many aspects of Western life and culture , including European clothing and architecture , became incorporated into Māori society during the 19th century . Leadership was based on a system of chieftainship , which was often but not always hereditary , although chiefs ( male or female ) needed to demonstrate leadership abilities to avoid being superseded by more dynamic individuals . The most important units of pre-European Māori society were the whānau or extended family , and the hapū or group of whānau . After these came the iwi or tribe , consisting of groups of hapū . Related hapū would often trade goods and co-operate on major projects , but conflict between hapū was also relatively common . Traditional Māori society preserved history orally through narratives , songs , and chants ; skilled experts could recite the tribal genealogies ( whakapapa ) back for hundreds of years . Arts included whaikōrero ( oratory ) , song composition in multiple genres , dance forms including haka , as well as weaving , highly developed wood carving , and tā moko ( tattoo ) . New Zealand has no native land mammals ( apart from some rare bats ) so birds , fish and sea mammals were important sources of protein . Māori cultivated food plants which they had brought with them from Polynesia , including sweet potatoes ( called kūmara ) , taro , gourds , and yams . They also cultivated the cabbage tree , a plant endemic to New Zealand , and exploited wild foods such as fern root , which provided a starchy paste . Early contact periods ( edit ) Early European exploration ( edit ) An early map of Australasia during the Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery ( c. 1590s -- 1720s ) . Based on a chart by Joan Blaeu , c. 1644 . Map of the New Zealand coastline as Cook charted it on his first visit in 1769 -- 70 . The track of the Endeavour is also shown . The first Europeans known to reach New Zealand were the crew of Dutch explorer Abel Tasman who arrived in his ships Heemskerck and Zeehaen . Tasman anchored at the northern end of the South Island in Golden Bay ( he named it Murderers ' Bay ) in December 1642 and sailed northward to Tonga following an attack by local Māori . Tasman sketched sections of the two main islands ' west coasts . Tasman called them Staten Landt , after the States General of the Netherlands , and that name appeared on his first maps of the country . In 1645 Dutch cartographers changed the name to Nova Zeelandia in Latin , from Nieuw Zeeland , after the Dutch province of Zeeland . It was subsequently anglicised as New Zealand by British naval captain James Cook of HM Bark Endeavour who visited the islands more than 100 years after Tasman during 1769 -- 1770 . Cook returned to New Zealand on both of his subsequent voyages . Various claims have been made that New Zealand was reached by other non-Polynesian voyagers before Tasman , but these are not widely accepted . Peter Trickett , for example , argues in Beyond Capricorn that the Portuguese explorer Cristóvão de Mendonça reached New Zealand in the 1520s , and the Tamil bell discovered by missionary William Colenso has given rise to a number of theories , but historians generally believe the bell ' is not in itself proof of early Tamil contact with New Zealand ' . From the 1790s , the waters around New Zealand were visited by British , French and American whaling , sealing and trading ships . Their crews traded European goods , including guns and metal tools , for Māori food , water , wood , flax and sex . Māori were reputed to be enthusiastic and canny traders , even though the levels of technology , institutions and property rights differed greatly from the standards in European societies . Although there were some conflicts , such as the killing of French explorer Marc - Joseph Marion du Fresne in 1772 and the destruction of the Boyd in 1809 , most contact between Māori and European was peaceful . European settlement ( edit ) Further information : Pākehā settlers The Mission House at Kerikeri is New Zealand 's oldest surviving building , having been completed in 1822 European ( Pākehā ) settlement increased through the early decades of the 19th century , with numerous trading stations established , especially in the North Island . Christianity was introduced to New Zealand in 1814 by Samuel Marsden , who travelled to the Bay of Islands where he founded a mission station on behalf of the Church of England 's Church Missionary Society . By 1840 over 20 stations had been established . From missionaries , the Māori learnt not just about Christianity but also about European farming practices and trades , and how to read and write . Beginning in 1820 , linguist Samuel Lee worked with Māori chief Hongi Hika to transcribe the Māori language into written form . The first full - blooded European infant in the territory , Thomas Holloway King , was born on 21 Feb 1815 at the Oihi Mission Station near Hohi Bay in the Bay of Islands . Kerikeri , founded in 1822 , and Bluff founded in 1823 , both claim to be the oldest European settlements in New Zealand . Many European settlers bought land from Māori , but misunderstanding and different concepts of land ownership led to conflict and bitterness . In 1839 , the New Zealand Company announced plans to buy large tracts of land and establish colonies in New Zealand . This alarmed the missionaries , who called for British control of European settlers in New Zealand . Māori response ( edit ) The effect of contact on Māori varied . In some inland areas life went on more or less unchanged , although a European metal tool such as a fish - hook or hand axe might be acquired through trade with other tribes . At the other end of the scale , tribes that frequently encountered Europeans , such as Ngāpuhi in Northland , underwent major changes . Pre-European Māori had no distance weapons except for tao ( spears ) and the introduction of the musket had an enormous impact on Māori warfare . Tribes with muskets would attack tribes without them , killing or enslaving many . As a result , guns became very valuable and Māori would trade huge quantities of goods for a single musket . From 1805 to 1843 the Musket Wars raged until a new balance of power was achieved after most tribes had acquired muskets . In 1835 , the peaceful Moriori of the Chatham Islands were attacked , enslaved , and nearly exterminated by mainland Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama Māori . In the 1901 census , only 35 Moriori were recorded although the numbers subsequently increased . Around this time , many Māori converted to Christianity . The reasons for this have been hotly debated , and may include social and cultural disruption caused by the Musket Wars and European contact . Other factors may have been the appeal of a religion that promotes peace and forgiveness , a desire to emulate the Europeans and to gain a similar abundance of material goods , and the Māori 's polytheistic culture that easily accepted the new God . British sovereignty ( edit ) In 1788 the Colony of New South Wales had been founded . According to the future Governor , Captain Arthur Phillip 's amended Commission , dated 25 April 1787 the colony of New South Wales included `` all the islands adjacent in the Pacific Ocean within the latitudes of 10 ° 37 'S and 43 ° 39 'S '' which included most of New Zealand except for the southern half of the South Island . In 1825 with Van Diemen 's Land becoming a separate colony , the southern boundary of New South Wales was altered to the islands adjacent in the Pacific Ocean with a southern boundary of 39 ° 12 'S which included only the northern half of the North Island . However , these boundaries had no real impact as the New South Wales administration had little interest in New Zealand . New Zealand was first mentioned in British statute in the Murders Abroad Act 1817 . It made it easier for a court to punish `` murders or manslaughters committed in places not within His Majesty 's dominions '' , and the Governor of New South Wales was given increased legal authority over New Zealand . The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of New South Wales over New Zealand was initiated in the New South Wales Act 1823 , and lesser offences were included at that time . In response to complaints from missionaries , about lawless sailors and adventurers in New Zealand , the British government appointed James Busby as Official Resident in 1832 . In 1834 he encouraged Māori chiefs to assert their sovereignty with the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1835 . This was acknowledged by King William IV . Busby was provided with neither legal authority nor military support and was thus ineffective in controlling the European population . Treaty of Waitangi ( edit ) Main article : Treaty of Waitangi One of the few extant copies of the Treaty of Waitangi In 1839 , the New Zealand Company announced its plans to establish colonies in New Zealand . This and the increased commercial interests of merchants in Sydney and London spurred the British to take stronger action . Captain William Hobson was sent to New Zealand to persuade Māori to cede their sovereignty to the British Crown . In reaction to the New Zealand Company 's moves , on 15 June 1839 new Letters Patent were issued to expand the territory of New South Wales to include all of New Zealand . Governor of New South Wales George Gipps was appointed Governor over New Zealand . This was the first clear expression of British intent to annex New Zealand . On 6 February 1840 , Hobson and about forty Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi at Waitangi in the Bay of Islands . Copies of the Treaty were subsequently taken around the country to be signed by other chiefs . A significant number refused to sign or were not asked but , in total , more than five hundred Māori eventually signed . The Treaty gave Māori sovereignty over their lands and possessions and all of the rights of British citizens . What it gave the British in return depends on the language - version of the Treaty that is referred to . The English version can be said to give the British Crown sovereignty over New Zealand but in the Māori version the Crown receives kawanatanga , which , arguably , is a lesser power ( see interpretations of the Treaty ) . Dispute over the true meaning and the intent of either party remains an issue . Britain was motivated by the desire to forestall other European powers ( France established a very small settlement at Akaroa in the South Island later in 1840 ) , to facilitate settlement by British subjects and , possibly , to end the lawlessness of European ( predominantly British and American ) whalers , sealers and traders . Officials and missionaries had their own positions and reputations to protect . Māori chiefs were motivated by a desire for protection from foreign powers , the establishment of governorship over European settlers and traders in New Zealand , and to allow for wider settlement that would increase trade and prosperity for Māori . Hobson died on 10 September 1842 . Robert FitzRoy , the new governor , took some legal steps to recognise Māori custom . However , his successor , George Grey , promoted rapid cultural assimilation and reduction of the land ownership , influence and rights of the Māori . The practical effect of the Treaty was , in the beginning , only gradually felt , especially in predominantly Māori regions . The colonisation project ( edit ) At first New Zealand was administered from Australia as part of the colony of New South Wales . On 1 July 1841 New Zealand became a colony in its own right . A bust of Edward Wakefield from the 1897 book New Zealand rulers and statesmen from 1840 to 1897 British writer Edward Gibbon Wakefield ( 1796 -- 1862 ) exerted a far - reaching influence . His plans for systematic British colonisation focused on a free labour system , in contrast to the slavery in the United States and the convict labour in Australia . Inspired by evangelical Christianity and abolitionism , Wakefield 's essays ( 1829 to 1849 ) , condemned both slavery and indentured and convict labour as immoral , unjust , and inefficient . Instead , he proposed a government sponsored system in which the price of farm land was set at a high enough level to prevent urban workers from easily purchasing it and thus leaving the labour market . His colonisation programmes were over-elaborate and operated on a much smaller scale than he hoped for , but his ideas influenced law and culture , especially his vision for the colony as the embodiment of post-Enlightenment ideals , the notion of New Zealand as a model society , and the sense of fairness in employer - employee relations . Scottish Highland family migrating to New Zealand , 1844 Settlement continued under British plans , inspired by a vision of New Zealand as a new land of opportunity . The Church of England sponsored the Canterbury Association colony with assisted passages from Great Britain in the early 1850s . As a result of the influx of settlers , the Pākehā population grew explosively from fewer than 1000 in 1831 to 500,000 by 1881 . Some 400,000 settlers came from Britain , of whom 300,000 stayed permanently . Most were young people and 250,000 babies were born . The passage of 120,000 was paid by the colonial government . After 1880 immigration reduced , and growth was due chiefly to the excess of births over deaths . In 1846 , the British Parliament drafted eleborate plans for a form of self - government for the 13,000 settlers in New Zealand . The new Governor , George Grey , suspended the plans . He argued that the Pākehā could not be trusted to pass laws that would protect the interests of the Māori majority -- already there had been Treaty violations -- and persuaded his political superiors to postpone its introduction for five years . Growth , conflict and depression ( edit ) Colonial self - government , 1850s ( edit ) The first Government House in Auckland , as painted by Edward Ashworth in 1842 or 1843 . Auckland was the second capital of New Zealand . When the British settlers petititoned for self - government , the British Parliament passed the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 , setting up a central government with an elected General Assembly ( Parliament ) and six provincial governments . The General Assembly did not meet until 24 May 1854 , 16 months after the Constitution Act had come into force . Provinces were reorganised in 1846 and in 1853 , when they acquired their own legislatures , and then abolished with effect in 1877 . The settlers soon won the right to responsible government ( with an executive supported by a majority in the elected assembly ) . But the governor , and through him the Colonial Office in London , retained control of native policy until the mid-1860s . Farming and mining ( edit ) Main article : Otago Gold Rush The Māori tribes at first sold the land to the settlers , but the government voided the sales in 1840 . Now only the government was allowed to purchase land from Māori , who received cash . The government bought practically all the useful land , then resold it to the New Zealand Company , which promoted immigration , or leased it for sheep runs . The Company resold the best tracts to British settlers ; its profits were used to pay the travel of the immigrants from Britain . Because of the vast distances involved , the first settlers were self - sufficient farmers . By the 1840s , however , large scale sheep stations were exporting large quantities of wool to the textile mills of England . Most of the early settlers were brought over by a programme operated by the New Zealand Company and were located in the central region on either side of Cook Strait , and at Wellington , Wanganui , New Plymouth and Nelson . These settlements had access to some of the richest plains in the country and after refrigerated ships appeared in 1882 , they developed into closely settled regions of small - scale farming . Outside these compact settlements were the sheep runs . Pioneer pastoralists , often men with experience as squatters in Australia , leased lands from the government at the annual rate of £ 5 plus £ 1 for each 1,000 sheep above the first 5,000 . The leases were renewed automatically , which gave the wealthy pastoralists a strong landed interest and made them a powerful political force . In all between 1856 and 1876 , 8.1 million acres were sold for £ 7.6 million , and 2.2 million acres were given free to soldiers , sailors and settlers . With an economy based on agriculture , the landscape was transformed from forest to farmland . Gold discoveries in Otago ( 1861 ) and Westland ( 1865 ) , caused a worldwide gold rush that more than doubled the population in a short period , from 71,000 in 1859 to 164,000 in 1863 . The value of trade increased fivefold from £ 2 million to £ 10 million . As the gold boom ended Premier Julius Vogel borrowed money from British investors and launched in 1870 an ambitious programme of public works and infrastructure investment , together with a policy of assisted immigration . Successive governments expanded the program with offices across Britain that enticed settlers and gave them and their families one - way tickets . In the 1870s , the economy lapsed into a long depression as a result of Vogel 's borrowing and the associated debt burden ( especially on land ) . Despite a brief boom in wheat , prices for farm products sagged . The market for land seized up . Hard times led to urban unemployment and sweated labour ( exploitative labour conditions ) in industry . The country lost people through emigration , mostly to Australia . Women ( edit ) See also : Women 's suffrage in New Zealand Tribute to the Suffragettes memorial in Christchurch adjacent to Our City . The figures shown from left to right are Amey Daldy , Kate Sheppard , Ada Wells and Harriet Morison Although norms of masculinity were dominant , strong minded women originated a feminist movement starting in the 1860s , well before women gained the right to vote in 1893 . Middle class women employed the media ( especially newspapers ) to communicate with each other and define their priorities . Prominent feminist writers included Mary Taylor , Mary Colclough ( pseud . Polly Plum ) , and Ellen Ellis . The first signs of a politicised collective female identity came in crusades to pass the Contagious Diseases Prevention Act . Feminists by the 1880s were using the rhetoric of `` white slavery '' to reveal men 's sexual and social oppression of women . By demanding that men take responsibility for the right of women to walk the streets in safety , New Zealand feminists deployed the rhetoric of white slavery to argue for women 's sexual and social freedom . Middle class women successfully mobilised to stop prostitution , especially during the First World War . Māori women developed their own form of feminism , derived from Māori nationalism rather than European sources . In 1893 Elizabeth Yates was elected mayor of Onehunga , making her the first woman in the British Empire to hold the office . She was an able administrator : she cut the debt , reorganised the fire brigade , and improved the roads and sanitation . Many men were hostile however , and she was defeated for re-election . Hutching argues that after 1890 women were increasingly well organised through the National Council of Women , the Women 's Christian Temperance Union ( WCTU ) , the Women 's International League , and the Housewives Union , and others . By 1910 they were campaigning for peace , and against compulsory military training , and conscription . They demanded arbitration and the peaceful resolution of international disputes . The women argued that womenhood ( thanks to motherhood ) was the repository of superior moral values and concerns and from their domestic experience they knew best how to resolve conflicts . Schools ( edit ) Main article : History of education in New Zealand Prior to 1877 schools were operated by the provincial government , churches , or by private subscription . Education was not a requirement and many children did not attend any school , especially farm children whose labour was important to the family economy . The quality of education provided varied substantially depending on the school . The Education Act of 1877 created New Zealand 's first free national system of primary education , establishing standards that educators should meet , and making education compulsory for children aged 5 to 15 . Immigration ( edit ) Main article : Immigration to New Zealand `` First Scottish Colony for New Zealand '' -- 1839 poster advertising emigration from Scotland to New Zealand . Collection of Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum , Glasgow , Scotland . From 1840 there was considerable European settlement , primarily from England and Wales , Scotland and Ireland ; and to a lesser extent the United States , India , China , and various parts of continental Europe , including the province of Dalmatia in what is now Croatia , and Bohemia in what is now the Czech Republic . Already a majority of the population by 1859 , the number of Pākehā settlers increased rapidly to reach over one million by 1916 . In the 1870s and 1880s , several thousand Chinese men , mostly from Guangdong , migrated to New Zealand to work on the South Island goldfields . Although the first Chinese migrants had been invited by the Otago Provincial government they quickly became the target of hostility from white settlers and laws were enacted specifically to discourage them from coming to New Zealand . Māori adaptation and resistance ( edit ) HMS North Star destroying Pomare 's Pā during the Northern / Flagstaff War , 1845 , Painting by John Williams . Māori had welcomed Pākehā for the trading opportunities and guns they brought . However it soon became clear that they had underestimated the number of settlers that would arrive in their lands . Iwi ( tribes ) whose land was the base of the main settlements quickly lost much of their land and autonomy through government acts . Others prospered -- until about 1860 the city of Auckland bought most of its food from Māori who grew and sold it themselves . Many iwi owned flour mills , ships and other items of European technology , some exported food to Australia for a brief period during the 1850s gold rush . Although race relations were generally peaceful in this period , there were conflicts over who had ultimate power in particular areas -- the Governor or the Māori chiefs . One such conflict was the Northern or Flagstaff War of the 1840s , during which Kororareka was sacked . As the Pākehā population grew , pressure grew on Māori to sell more land . Land is not only an economic resource , but also one basis of Māori identity and a connection with their ancestor 's bones . Land was used communally , but under the mana of chiefs . In Māori culture there was no such idea as selling land until the arrival of Europeans . The means of acquiring land was to defeat another hapu or iwi in battle and seize their land . Te Rauparaha seized the land of many lower North Island and upper South Island iwi during the musket wars . Land was usually not given up without discussion and consultation . When an iwi was divided over the question of selling this could lead to great difficulties as at Waitara . Pākehā had little understanding of all that and accused Māori of holding onto land they did not use efficiently . Competition for land was one important cause of the New Zealand Wars of the 1860s and 1870s , in which the Taranaki and Waikato regions were invaded by colonial troops and Māori of these regions had some of their land taken from them . The wars and confiscation left bitterness that remains to this day . After the conclusion of the Land Wars some iwi , especially in the Waikato , such as Ngati Haua sold land freely . However , only the chiefs and their whanau benefited from this income . The 2013 Ngati Haua treaty settlement recognised that many Ngati Haua had not received any benefit from the large payments in the 1870s hence the government was paying compensation . Some iwi sided with the government and , later , fought with the government . They were motivated partly by the thought that an alliance with the government would benefit them , and partly by old feuds with the iwi they fought against . One result of their co-operation strategy was the establishment of the four Māori electorates in the House of Representatives , in 1867 . After the wars , some Māori began a strategy of passive resistance , most famously at Parihaka in Taranaki . Most , such as NgaPuhi and Arawa continued co-operating with Pākehā . For example , tourism ventures were established by Te Arawa around Rotorua . Resisting and co-operating iwi both found that Pākehā desire for land remained . In the last decades of the century , most iwi lost substantial amounts of land through the activities of the Native Land Court . This was set up to give Māori land European - style titles and to establish exactly who owned it . Due to its Eurocentric rules , the high fees , its location remote from the lands in question , and unfair practices by some Pākehā land agents , its main effect was to allow Māori to sell their land without restraint from other tribal members . The combination of war , confiscations , disease , assimilation and intermarriage , land loss leading to poor housing and alcohol abuse , and general disillusionment , caused a fall in the Māori population from around 86,000 in 1769 to around 70,000 in 1840 and around 48,000 by 1874 , hitting a low point of 42,000 in 1896 . Subsequently , their numbers began to recover . South Island predominance ( edit ) See also : South Island nationalism The settlement of English in the North Island and northern South Island and Scottish in the Deep South is reflected in the dominance of Anglicanism and Presbyterianism in the respective regions . While the North Island was convulsed by the Land Wars , the South Island , with its lower Māori population , was generally peaceful . In 1861 gold was discovered at Gabriel 's Gully in Central Otago , sparking a gold rush . Dunedin became the wealthiest city in the country and many in the South Island resented financing the North Island 's wars . In 1865 Parliament defeated a proposal to make the South Island independent by 17 to 31 . The South Island contained most of the Pākehā population until around 1911 when the North Island again took the lead and has supported an ever - greater majority of the country 's total population through the 20th century and into the 21st . Scottish immigrants dominated the South Island and evolved ways to bridge the old homeland and the new . Many local Caledonian societies were formed . They organised sports teams to entice the young and preserved an idealised Scottish national myth ( based on Robert Burns ) for the elderly . They gave Scots a path to assimilation and cultural integration as Scottish New Zealanders . Liberal to Labour ( edit ) Liberal asendancy , 1890s ( edit ) Richard Seddon , Liberal Prime Minister from 1893 to his death in 1906 The pre-war era saw the advent of party politics , with the establishment of the Liberal Government . The landed gentry and aristocracy ruled Britain at this time . New Zealand never had an aristocracy but it did have wealthy landowners who largely controlled politics before 1891 . The Liberal Party set out to change that by a policy it called `` populism . '' Richard Seddon had proclaimed the goal as early as 1884 : `` It is the rich and the poor ; it is the wealthy and the landowners against the middle and labouring classes . That , Sir , shows the real political position of New Zealand . '' The Liberal strategy was to create a large class of small land - owning farmers who supported Liberal ideals . To obtain land for farmers the Liberal government from 1891 to 1911 purchased 3.1 million acres of Māori land . The government also purchased 1.3 million acres from large estate holders for subdivision and closer settlement by small farmers . The Advances to Settlers Act of 1894 provided low - interest mortgages , while the Agriculture Department disseminated information on the best farming methods . The 1909 Native Land Act allowed the Māori to sell land to private buyers . Māori still owned five million acres by 1920 ; they leased three million acres and used one million acres for themselves . The Liberals proclaimed success in forging an egalitarian , antimonopoly land policy . The policy built up support for the Liberal party in rural North Island electorates . By 1903 the Liberals were so dominant that there was no longer an organised opposition in Parliament . The Liberal government laid the foundations of the later comprehensive welfare state : introducing old age pensions ; maximum hour regulations ; pioneering minimum wage laws ; and developing a system for settling industrial disputes , which was accepted by both employers and trade unions . In 1893 it extended voting rights to women , making New Zealand the first country in the world to enact universal female suffrage . New Zealand gained international attention for its reforms , especially how the state regulated labour relations . The impact was especially strong on the reform movement in the United States . Coleman argues that the Liberals in 1891 lacked a clear - cut ideology to guide them . Instead they approached the nation 's problems pragmatically , keeping in mind the constraints imposed by democratic public opinion . To deal with the issue of land distribution , they worked out innovative solutions to access , tenure , and a graduated tax on unimproved values . Economic developments ( edit ) During the 1880s , New Zealand 's economy grew from one based on wool and local trade to the export of wool , cheese , butter and frozen beef and mutton to Britain . The change was enabled by the invention of refrigerated steamships in 1882 and a result of the large market demands overseas . In order to increase production , alongside a more intensive use of factor inputs a transformation of production techniques was necessary . The required capital came mainly from outside of New Zealand . Refrigerated shipping remained the basis of New Zealand 's economy until the 1970s . New Zealand 's highly productive agriculture gave it probably the world 's highest standard of living , with fewer at the rich and poor ends of the scale . During this era ( c. 1880 -- c. 1914 ) the banking system was weak and there was little foreign investment , so businessmen had to build up their own capital . Historians have debated whether the `` long depression '' of the late 19th century stifled investment , but the New Zealanders found a way around adverse conditions . Hunter has studied the experiences of 133 entrepreneurs who started commercial enterprises between 1880 and 1910 . The successful strategy was to deploy capital economising techniques , and reinvesting profits rather than borrowing . The result was slow but stable growth that avoided bubbles and led to long - lived family owned firms . Dominion status ( edit ) Main articles : Dominion of New Zealand and Independence of New Zealand Zealandia rejecting Australian Constitution in 1900 New Zealand initially expressed interest in joining the proposed Federation of the Australian colonies , attending the 1891 National Australia Convention in Sydney . Interest in the proposed Australian Federation faded and New Zealand decided against joining the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901 . New Zealand instead changed from being a colony to a separate `` Dominion '' in 1907 , equal in status to Australia and Canada . Dominion status was a public mark of the self - governance that had evolved over half a century through responsible government . Just under one million people lived in New Zealand in 1907 and cities such as Auckland and Wellington were growing rapidly . Temperance and prohibition ( edit ) Further information : Temperance movement in New Zealand and Alcohol in New Zealand In New Zealand , prohibition was a moralistic reform movement begun in the mid-1880s by the Protestant evangelical and Nonconformist churches and the Woman 's Christian Temperance Union and after 1890 by the Prohibition League . It never achieved its goal of national prohibition . It was a middle - class movement which accepted the existing economic and social order ; the effort to legislate morality assumed that individual redemption was all that was needed to carry the colony forward from a pioneering society to a more mature one . However , both the Church of England and the largely Irish Catholic Church rejected prohibition as an intrusion of government into the church 's domain , while the growing labour movement saw capitalism rather than alcohol as the enemy . Reformers hoped that the women 's vote , in which New Zealand was a pioneer , would swing the balance , but the women were not as well organised as in other countries . Prohibition had a majority in a national referendum in 1911 , but needed a 60 % majority to pass . The movement kept trying in the 1920s , losing three more referenda by close votes ; it managed to keep in place a 6 pm closing hour for pubs and Sunday closing ( leading to the so - called six o'clock swill ) . The Depression and war years effectively ended the movement . First World War ( edit ) Main article : Military history of New Zealand during World War I New Zealand Division in 1916 The country remained an enthusiastic member of the British Empire , and 110,000 men fought in World War I ( see New Zealand Expeditionary Force ) . 16,688 died . Conscription had been in force since 1909 , and while it was opposed in peacetime there was less opposition during the war . The labour movement was pacifistic , opposed the war , and alleged that the rich were benefitting at the expense of the workers . It formed the New Zealand Labour Party in 1916 . Māori tribes that had been close to the government sent their young men to volunteer . Unlike in Britain , relatively few women became involved . Women did serve as nurses ; 640 joined the services and 500 went overseas . New Zealand forces captured Western Samoa from Germany in the early stages of the war , and New Zealand administered the country until Samoan Independence in 1962 . However Samoans greatly resented the imperialism , and blamed inflation and the catastrophic 1918 flu epidemic on New Zealand rule . The heroism of the soldiers in the failed Gallipoli Campaign made their sacrifices iconic in New Zealand memory , and is often credited with securing the psychological independence of the nation . Imperial loyalties ( edit ) George V with his prime ministers at the 1926 Imperial Conference . Standing ( left to right ) : Monroe ( Newfoundland ) , Coates ( New Zealand ) , Bruce ( Australia ) , Hertzog ( Union of South Africa ) , Cosgrave ( Irish Free State ) . Seated : Baldwin ( UK ) , King George V , King ( Canada ) . After the war New Zealand signed the Treaty of Versailles ( 1919 ) , joined the League of Nations and pursued an independent foreign policy , while its defence was still controlled by Britain . New Zealand depended on Britain 's Royal Navy for its military security during the 1920s and 1930s . Officials in Wellington trusted Conservative Party governments in London , but not Labour . When the British Labour Party took power in 1924 and 1929 , the New Zealand government felt threatened by Labour 's foreign policy because of its reliance upon the League of Nations . The League was distrusted and Wellington did not expect to see the coming of a peaceful world order under League auspices . What had been the Empire 's most loyal dominion became a dissenter as it opposed efforts the first and second British Labour governments to trust the League 's framework of arbitration and collective security agreements . The governments of the Reform and United parties between 1912 and 1935 followed a `` realistic '' foreign policy . They made national security a high priority , were sceptical of international institutions , and showed no interest on the questions of self - determination , democracy , and human rights . However the opposition Labour Party was more idealistic and proposed a liberal internationalist outlook on international affairs . The Labour Party emerged as a force in 1919 with a socialist platform . It won about 25 % of the vote . However its appeals to working class solidarity were not effective because a large fraction of the working class voted for conservative candidates of the Liberal and Reform parties . ( They merged in 1936 to form the New Zealand National Party . ) As a consequence the Labour party was able to jettison its support for socialism in 1927 ( a policy made official in 1951 ) , as it expanded its reach into middle class constituencies . The result was a jump in strength to 35 % in 1931 , 47 % in 1935 , and peaking at 56 % in 1938 . From 1935 the First Labour Government showed a limited degree of idealism in foreign policy , for example opposing the appeasement of Germany and Japan . Great depression ( edit ) Like most other countries , New Zealand was hard hit by the Great Depression of the 1930s , which affected the country via its international trade , with farming export drops then going on to affect the money supply and in turn consumption , investment and imports . The country was most affected around 1930 -- 1932 , when average farm incomes for a short time dipped below zero , and the unemployment rates peaked . Though actual unemployment numbers were not officially counted , the country was affected especially strongly in the North Island . Unlike later years , there were no public benefit ( ' dole ' ) payments -- the unemployed were given ' relief work ' , much of which was however not very productive , partly because the size of the problem was unprecedented . Women also increasingly registered as unemployed , while Māori received government help through other channels such as the land development schemes organised by Āpirana Ngata . In 1933 , 8.5 % of the unemployed were organised in work camps , while the rest received work close to their homes . Typical occupations in relief work were road work ( undertaken by 45 % of all part - time and 19 % of all full - time relief workers in 1934 , with park improvement works ( 17 % ) and farm work ( 31 % ) being the other two most common types of work for part - time and full - time relief workers respectively ) . Building the welfare state ( edit ) Further information : Welfare in New Zealand The 1935 Labour Cabinet . Michael Joseph Savage is seated in the front row , centre . Attempts by the United - Reform Coalition to deal with the situation with spending cuts and relief work were ineffective and unpopular . In 1935 , the First Labour Government was elected , and the post-depression decade showed that average Labour support in New Zealand had roughly doubled comparable to pre-depression times . By 1935 economic conditions had improved somewhat , and the new government had more positive financial conditions . Prime Minister Michael Joseph Savage proclaimed that : `` Social Justice must be the guiding principle and economic organization must adapt itself to social needs . '' The new government quickly set about implementing a number of significant reforms , including a reorganisation of the social welfare system and the creation of the state housing scheme . Labour also gained Māori votes by working closely with the Rātana movement . Savage was idolised by the working classes , and his portrait hung on the walls of many houses around the country . The newly created welfare state promised government support to individuals `` from the cradle to the grave '' , according to the Labour slogan . It included free health care and education , and state assistance for the elderly , infirm , and unemployed . The opposition attacked the Labour Party 's more left - wing policies , and accused it of undermining free enterprise and hard work . The Reform Party and the United Party merged to become the National Party , and would be Labour 's main rival in future years . However the welfare state system was retained and expanded by successive National and Labour governments until the 1980s . Second World War ( edit ) Main article : Military history of New Zealand during World War II Men of the Māori Battalion , New Zealand Expeditionary Force , after disembarking at Gourock in Scotland in June 1940 When World War II broke out in 1939 , New Zealanders saw their proper role as defending their proud place in the British Empire . It contributed some 120,000 troops . They mostly fought in North Africa , Greece / Crete , and Italy , relying on the Royal Navy and later the United States to protect New Zealand from the Japanese forces . Japan had no interest in New Zealand in the first place ; it had already over-reached when it invaded New Guinea in 1942 . ( There were a few highly publicised but ineffective Japanese scouting incursions . ) The 3rd New Zealand Division fought in the Solomons in 1943 -- 44 , but New Zealand 's limited manpower meant 2 Divisions could not be maintained , and it was disbanded and its men returned to civilian life or used to reinforce the 2nd Division in Italy . The armed forces peaked at 157,000 in September 1942 ; 135,000 served abroad , and 10,100 died . A 1943 poster produced during the war . The poster reads : `` When war broke out ... industries were unprepared for munitions production . To - day New Zealand is not only manufacturing many kinds of munitions for her own defence but is making a valuable contribution to the defence of the other areas in the Pacific ... '' New Zealand , with a population of 1.7 million , including 99,000 Māori , was highly mobilised during the war . The Labour party was in power and promoted unionisation and the welfare state . Agriculture expanded , sending record supplies of meat , butter and wool to Britain . When American forces arrived , they were fed as well . The nation spent £ 574 million on the war , of which 43 % came from taxes , 41 % from loans and 16 % from American Lend Lease . It was an era of prosperity as the national income soared from £ 158 million in 1937 to £ 292 million in 1944 . Rationing and price controls kept inflation to only 14 % during 1939 -- 45 . Over £ 50 million was spent on defence works and military accommodation and hospitals , including 292 mi ( 470 km ) of roads . Montgomerie shows that the war dramatically increased the roles of women , especially married women , in the labour force . Most of them took traditional female jobs . Some replaced men but the changes here were temporary and reversed in 1945 . After the war , women left traditional male occupations and many women gave up paid employment to return home . There was no radical change in gender roles but the war intensified occupational trends under way since the 1920s . The later 20th century ( edit ) National in power ( edit ) Labour remained in power after the Second World War and in 1945 , Labour Prime Minister Peter Fraser played an important role in the establishment of the United Nations , of which New Zealand was a founding member . However , domestically Labour had lost the reforming zeal of the 1930s and its electoral support ebbed after the war . After Labour lost power in 1949 , the conservative National Party began an almost continuous thirty - year stint in government , interrupted by single - term Labour governments in 1957 to 60 and 1972 to 75 . National Prime Minister Sidney Holland called a snap election as a result of the 1951 waterfront dispute , an incident that reinforced National 's dominance and severely weakened the union movement . Cooperation with the United States set a direction of policy which resulted in the ANZUS Treaty between New Zealand , America and Australia in 1951 , as well as participation in the Korean War . The British connection ( edit ) Fedorowich and Bridge argue that the demands of the Second World War produced long - term consequences for New Zealand 's relationship with the government in London . The key component was the office of the high commissioner . By 1950 it was the main line of communications between the British and New Zealand governments . 1950s New Zealand culture was deeply British and conservative , with the concept of `` fairness '' holding a central role . New immigrants , still mainly British , flooded in while New Zealand remained prosperous by exporting farm products to Britain . In 1953 New Zealanders took pride that a countryman , Edmund Hillary , gave Queen Elizabeth II a coronation gift by reaching the summit of Mount Everest . From the 1890s , the economy had been based almost entirely on the export of frozen meat and dairy products to Britain , and in 1961 , the share of New Zealand exports going to the United Kingdom was still at slightly over 51 % , with approximately 15 % going to other European countries . The 1960s was a decade of rising prosperity for most New Zealanders , but from 1965 there were also protests -- in support of women 's rights and the nascent ecological movement , and against the Vietnam War . Irrespective of political developments , many New Zealanders still perceived themselves as a distinctive outlying branch of the United Kingdom until at least the 1970s . In 1973 Britain joined the European Community and abrogated its preferential trade agreements with New Zealand ( see below ) , forcing New Zealand to not only find new markets , but also re-examine its national identity and place in the world . Māori urbanisation ( edit ) Māori always had a high birth rate ; that was neutralised by a high death rate until modern public health measures became effective in the 20th century when tuberculosis deaths and infant mortality declined sharply . Life expectancy grew from 49 years in 1926 to 60 years in 1961 and the total numbers grew rapidly . Many Māori served in the Second World War and learned how to cope in the modern urban world ; others moved from their rural homes to the cities to take up jobs vacated by Pākehā servicemen . The shift to the cities was also caused by their strong birth rates in the early 20th century , with the existing rural farms in Māori ownership having increasing difficulty in providing enough jobs . Māori culture had meanwhile undergone a renaissance thanks in part to politician Āpirana Ngata . By the 1980s 80 % of the Māori population was urban , in contrast to only 20 % before the Second World War . The migration led to better pay , higher standards of living and longer schooling , but also exposed problems of racism and discrimination . By the late 1960s a protest movement had emerged to combat racism , promote Māori culture and seek fulfilment of the Treaty of Waitangi . Urbanisation proceeded rapidly across the land . In the late 1940s , town planners noted that the country was `` possibly the third most urbanised country in the world '' , with two - thirds of the population living in cities or towns . There was also increasing concern that this trend was badly managed , with it being noted that there was an `` ill - defined urban pattern that appears to have few of the truly desirable urban qualities and yet manifests no compensating rural characteristics . '' The Muldoon years , 1975 -- 1984 ( edit ) Elizabeth II and Muldoon 's Cabinet , taken during the Queen 's 1981 tour of New Zealand The country 's economy suffered in the aftermath of the 1973 global energy crisis , the loss of New Zealand 's biggest export market upon Britain 's entry to the European Economic Community , and rampant inflation . Robert Muldoon , Prime Minister from 1975 to 1984 , and his Third National Government responded to the crises of the 1970s by attempting to preserve the New Zealand of the 1950s . He attempted to maintain New Zealand 's `` cradle to the grave '' welfare state , which dated to 1935 . His government sought to give retirees 80 % of the current wage , which would require large - scale borrowing ; critics said it would bankrupt the treasury . Muldoon 's response to the crisis also involved imposing a total freeze on wages , prices , interest rates and dividends across the national economy . Muldoon 's conservatism and antagonistic style exacerbated an atmosphere of conflict in New Zealand , most violently expressed during the 1981 Springbok Tour . In the 1984 elections Labour promised to calm down the increasing tensions , while making no specific promises ; it scored a landslide victory . However , Muldoon 's government was not entirely backward looking . Some innovations did take place , for example the Closer Economic Relations ( CER ) free - trade programme with Australia to liberalise trade , starting in 1982 . The aim of total free trade between the two countries was achieved in 1990 , five years ahead of schedule . The radical 1980s reforms ( edit ) In 1984 , the Fourth Labour Government , led by David Lange , was elected amid a constitutional and economic crisis . The crisis led the incoming government to review New Zealand 's constitutional structures , which resulted in the Constitution Act 1986 . In power from 1984 to 1990 , the Labour government launched a major policy of restructuring the economy , radically reducing the role of government . A political scientist reports : `` Between 1984 and 1993 , New Zealand underwent radical economic reform , moving from what had probably been the most protected , regulated and state - dominated system of any capitalist democracy to an extreme position at the open , competitive , free - market end of the spectrum . '' Roger Douglas , the architect of New Zealand 's 1980s neo-liberal reform programme The economic reforms were led by finance minister Roger Douglas ( 1984 -- 1988 ) . Dubbed Rogernomics , it was a rapid programme of deregulation and public - asset sales . Subsidies were phased out to farmers and consumers . High finance was partly deregulated . Restrictions on foreign exchange were relaxed and the dollar was allowed to float and seek its natural level on the world market . The tax on high incomes was cut in half from 65 % to 33 % . The shares exchange entered a bubble , which then burst . Shares had a total value of $50 billion in 1987 and only $15 billion in 1991 ; at one point the crash was `` the worst in world . '' Overall the economic growth fell from 2 % a year to 1 % . Douglas 's reforms resembled the contemporaneous policies of Margaret Thatcher in Britain and Ronald Reagan in the United States . Strong criticism of Rogernomics came from the left , especially from Labour 's traditional trade union support - base ; Lange broke with Douglas 's policies in 1987 ; both men were forced out and Labour was in confusion . In keeping with the mood of the 1980s the government sponsored liberal policies and initiatives in a number of social areas ; this included Homosexual Law Reform , the introduction of ' no - fault divorce ' , reduction in the gender pay gap and the drafting of a Bill of Rights . Immigration policy was liberalised , allowing an influx of immigrants from Asia ; previously most immigrants to New Zealand had been European and especially British . The Fourth Labour Government also revolutionised New Zealand 's foreign policy , making the country a nuclear - free zone and effectively leaving the ANZUS alliance . The French intelligence service 's sinking of the Rainbow Warror , and the diplomatic ramifications following the incident , did much to promote the anti-nuclear stance as an important symbol of New Zealand 's national identity . Continuing Reform under National ( edit ) Voters unhappy with the rapid speed and far - reaching extent of reforms elected a National government in 1990 , led by Jim Bolger . However the new government continued the economic reforms of the previous Labour government , in what was known as Ruthanasia . Unhappy with what seemed to be a pattern of governments failing to reflect the mood of the electorate , New Zealanders in 1992 and 1993 voted to change the electoral system to mixed - member proportional ( MMP ) , a form of proportional representation . New Zealand 's first MMP election was held in 1996 . Following the election National was returned to power in coalition with the New Zealand First Party . With the end of the Cold War in 1991 , the nation 's foreign policy turned increasingly to issues of its nuclear - free status and other military issues ; its adjustment to neoliberalism in international trade relations ; and its involvement in humanitarian , environmental , and other matters of international diplomacy . 21st century ( edit ) Prime Ministers John Key and Helen Clark The Fifth Labour Government led by Helen Clark was elected in 1999 . In power for nine years , it maintained most of the previous governments ' economic reforms -- restricting government intervention in the economy much more so than previous governments -- while putting more of an emphasis on social policy and outcomes . For example , employment law was modified to give more protection to workers , and the student loan system was changed to eliminate interest payments for New Zealand resident students and graduates . New Zealand retains strong but informal links to Britain , with many young New Zealanders travelling to Britain for their `` OE '' ( overseas experience ) due to favourable working visa arrangements with Britain . Despite New Zealand 's immigration liberalisation in the 1980s , Britons are still the largest group of migrants to New Zealand , due in part to recent immigration law changes which privilege fluent speakers of English . One constitutional link to Britain remains -- New Zealand 's head of State , the Queen in Right of New Zealand , is a British resident . However , British imperial honours were discontinued in 1996 , the Governor - General has taken a more active role in representing New Zealand overseas , and appeals from the Court of Appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council were replaced by a local Supreme Court of New Zealand in 2003 . There is public debate about whether New Zealand should became a republic , and public sentiment is divided on the issue . Foreign policy has been essentially independent since the mid-1980s . Under Prime Minister Clark , foreign policy reflected the priorities of liberal internationalism . She stressed the promotion of democracy and human rights ; the strengthening of the role of the United Nations ; the advancement of anti-militarism and disarmament ; and the encouragement of free trade . She sent troops to the War in Afghanistan , but did not contribute combat troops to the Iraq War although some medical and engineering units were sent . John Key led the National Party to victory in the November 2008 . Key became Prime Minister of the Fifth National Government which entered government at the beginning of the late - 2000s recession . In February 2011 , a major earthquake in Christchurch , the nation 's second largest city , significantly impacted the national economy and the government formed the Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority in response . In foreign policy , Key announced the withdrawal of New Zealand Defence Force personnel from their deployment in the war in Afghanistan , signed the Wellington Declaration with the United States and has pushed for more nations to join the Trans - Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership . Tourism and agriculture are now the major industries that contribute to New Zealand 's economy . The traditional agricultural products of meat , dairy and wool has been supplemented by other products such as fruit , wine and timber as the economy has diversified . See also ( edit ) Bibliography of New Zealand history Military history of New Zealand Political history of New Zealand Timeline of New Zealand history Timeline of the New Zealand environment Timeline of nursing history in Australia and New Zealand History of Oceania References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wilson , John . `` European discovery of New Zealand -- Abel Tasman '' . Te Ara -- the Encyclopedia of New Zealand . New Zealand : Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga . Retrieved 16 January 2010 . ' On 13 December 1642 the Dutch sighted `` a large land , uplifted high '' -- probably the Southern Alps ... ' Jump up ^ Cook 's Journal , 7 October 1769 , National Library of Australia , http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/cook/17691007.html , visited 20120409 Jump up ^ Coleman , Andrew ; Dixon , Sylvia ; Maré , David C ( September 2005 ) . `` Māori economic development -- Glimpses from statistical sources '' ( PDF ) . Motu . pp. 8 -- 14 . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wilmshurst , J.M. ; Hunt , T.L. ; Lipo , C.P. ; Anderson , A.J. ( 2010 ) . `` High - precision radiocarbon dating shows recent and rapid initial human colonization of East Polynesia '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 108 ( 5 ) : 1815 . Bibcode : 2011PNAS ... 108.1815 W . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1015876108 . PMC 3033267 . Jump up ^ Lowe , David J. ( November 2008 ) . `` Polynesian settlement of New Zealand and the impacts of volcanism on early Maori society : an update '' ( PDF ) . Guidebook for Pre-conference North Island Field Trip A1 ' Ashes and Issues ' : 142 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 473 - 14476 - 0 . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Clark , Ross ( 1994 ) . Moriori and Māori : The Linguistic Evidence . Auckland , NZ : Auckland University Press . pp. 123 -- 135 . Jump up ^ Belich , James ( 1996 ) . Making Peoples : A History of the New Zealanders from the Polynesian Settlement to the End of the Nineteenth Century . p. 504 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 100639 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Tamil Bell '' , Te Papa Jump up ^ Sridharan , K. ( 1982 ) . A maritime history of India . Government of India . p. 45 . Jump up ^ Dikshitar , V.R. Ramachandra ( 1947 ) . Origin and Spread of the Tamils . Adyar Library . p. 30 . Jump up ^ Kerry R. Howe ( 2003 ) . The Quest for Origins : Who First Discovered and Settled New Zealand and the Pacific Islands ? pp 144 -- 5 Auckland : Penguin . Jump up ^ New Zealand Journal of Science . Wise , Caffin & Company . 1883 . p. 58 . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . Jump up ^ New Zealand Institute ( 1872 ) . Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute . New Zealand Institute . pp. 43 -- . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . Jump up ^ King , Michael ( 2003 ) . The Penguin History of New Zealand . p. 122 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 301867 - 1 . Jump up ^ Baten , Jörg ( 2016 ) . A History of the Global Economy . From 1500 to the Present . Cambridge University Press . p. 284 . ISBN 9781107507180 . ^ Jump up to : Brandt , Agnes ( 2013 ) . Among Friends ? : On the Dynamics of Maori - Pakeha Relationships in Aotearoa New Zealand . V&R unipress GmbH . p. 63 . ISBN 9783847100607 . ^ Jump up to : Philips , Jock ( February 2005 ) . `` History - Europeans to 1840 '' . Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Goddard , Melina . `` Archaeological Investigation at Hohi Bay / Marsden Cross ( Oihi Bay ) '' . Department of Conservation Te Papa Atawhai . Department of Conservation New Zealand . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Philips , Jock ( February 2005 ) . `` History of immigration - Early year '' . Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ McLintock , Alexander Hare ; Lucas , Percy Hylton Craig . `` Settlement from 1840 to 1852 '' . An Encyclopedia of New Zealand 1966 . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Jump up ^ `` Spear tao kaniwha , spear tao huata , spears tao '' . Cook 's Pacific Encounters : Cook - Forster collection . Australia : National Museum of Australia . Retrieved 13 December 2009 . ' ... Maori weapons were generally used in close combat , and the various types of clubs ... ' Jump up ^ `` Musket Wars -- Beginnings -- Hongi Hika : Warrior chief '' . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 23 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Denise Davis ; Māui Solomon ( 4 March 2009 ) . `` Moriori -- The impact of new arrivals '' . New Zealand : Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga . Retrieved 16 January 2010 . ' ... The annihilation of Moriori . Although the total number of Moriori first slaughtered was said to be around 300 , hundreds more were enslaved and later died ... ' Jump up ^ Denise Davis ; Māui Solomon ( 4 March 2009 ) . `` Moriori -- Facts and figures '' . New Zealand : Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga . Retrieved 16 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Nation sub-divided '' . Australian Heritage . Heritage Australia Publishing . 2011 . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Governor Darling 's Commission 1825 ( UK ) '' ( PDF ) . Documenting A Democracy , New South Wales Documents . Australia : National Archives of Australia . 1825 . Retrieved 16 January 2010 . ' ... over our Territory called New South Wales extending from the Northern Cape or extremity of the Coast called Cape York in the latitude ... ' Jump up ^ For example , the British New South Wales Judicature Act 1823 made specific provision for administration of justice by the New South Wales Courts ; stating `` And be it further enacted that the said supreme courts in New South Wales and Van Diemen 's Land respectively shall and may inquire of hear and determine all treasons piracies felonies robberies murders conspiracies and other offences of what nature or kind soever committed or that shall be committed upon the sea or in any haven river creek or place where the admiral or admirals have power authority or jurisdiction or committed or that shall be committed in the islands of New Zealand '' . Jump up ^ `` Murders Abroad Act , 1817 '' . Office of the Attorney General . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ McLintock , A.H. , ed. ( 22 April 2009 ) ( First published in 1966 ) . `` The Establishment of Sovereignty '' . An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand . Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , James Oakley ( 1985 ) ( First published in 1913 ) . New Zealand Parliamentary Record , 1840 -- 1984 ( 4th ed . ) . Wellington : V.R. Ward , Govt . Printer . pp. 15f . OCLC 154283103 . Jump up ^ Jenks , Edward ( 1912 ) . A history of the Australasian colonies : from their foundation to the year 1911 ( 3rd ed . ) . Cambridge : University Press . p. 170 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Making the Treaty '' . The Story of the Treaty . History Group of the New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 28 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crown colony era '' . NZ History . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Dalley , Bronwyn ( 2000 ) . `` ' Fresh Attractions ' : White slavery and feminism in New Zealand , 1885 -- 1918 '' . Women 's History Review . Taylor and Francis . 9 ( 3 ) : 585 -- 606 . doi : 10.1080 / 09612020000200255 . Jump up ^ Dalley , Bronwyn ( 1996 ) . `` Lolly shops ' of the Red - Light Kind ' and ' Soldiers of the King ' : Suppressing one - woman brothels in New Zealand , 1908 -- 1916 '' . New Zealand Journal of History . 30 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Mohanram , Radhika ( Spring 1996 ) . `` The construction of place : Maori feminism and nationalism in Aotearoa / New Zealand '' . NWSA Journal . 8 ( 1 ) : 50 -- 69 . JSTOR 4316423 . Jump up ^ Dominay , Michele ( 1990 ) , `` Maori sovereignty a femimst invention of tradition '' , in Linnekin , Jocelyn ; Poyer , Lin , Cultural identity and ethnicity in the Pacific , Hawaii : University of Hawaii Press , pp. 237 -- 257 , ISBN 9780824818913 . Jump up ^ Janice C. Mogford , `` Yates , Elizabeth , '' Dictionary of New Zealand Biography ( 2010 ) online Jump up ^ Hutching , Megan ( 1993 ) . `` ' Mothers of the World ' : Women , peace and arbitration in early twentieth - century New Zealand '' . New Zealand Journal of History . 27 ( 2 ) : 173 -- 185 . Jump up ^ McLintock , A.H. ( 1966 ) . `` Establishment of a National System of Education '' . An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Carl Walrond . ' Dalmatians ' , Te Ara -- the Encyclopedia of New Zealand , updated 26 September 2006 , http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/Dalmatians/en Jump up ^ John Wilson . ' Central and South - eastern Europeans ' , Te Ara -- the Encyclopedia of New Zealand , updated 26 September 2006 , http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/CentralAndSouth-easternEuropeans/en Jump up ^ `` Economic growth and renewed immigration , 1891 - 1915 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Manying Ip . ' Chinese ' , Te Ara -- the Encyclopedia of New Zealand , updated 21 December 2006 , http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/Chinese/en Archived 24 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Roger , Blackley ( 1984 ) . `` Lance - Sergeant John Williams : Military Topographer of the Northern War '' . Art New Zealand no. 32 . pp. 50 -- 53 . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Epidemic Diseases ( Papa reti or Mate uruta ) '' . National Library of New Zealand . Jump up ^ Entwisle , Peter ( 20 October 2006 ) . `` Estimating a population devastated by epidemics '' . Otago Daily Times . Jump up ^ Belich , James ( 1996 ) . Making Peoples . Auckland : Penguin Press . p. 178 . Jump up ^ Amber , George . `` A History of South Island Self - Determination ( hosted in Nelson , New Zealand at Amber House Guest House 's website ) '' . www.amberhouse.co.nz . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Thorns , David C. ( 2003 ) . Fragmenting Societies ? : A Comparative Analysis of Regional and Urban Development . Routledge . p. 147 . ISBN 9781134952601 . Jump up ^ Tanja Bueltmann , `` ' No Colonists are more Imbued with their National Sympathies than Scotchmen , ' '' New Zealand Journal of History ( 2009 ) 43 # 2 pp 169 -- 181 online Jump up ^ Leslie Lipson ( 1948 ) . The Politics of Equality : New Zealand 's Adventures in Democracy . U. of Chicago Press . Jump up ^ Reeves , William Pember ( 4 May 2011 ) . State Experiments in Australia and New Zealand . Cambridge University Press . p. 99 . ISBN 9781108030595 . Archived from the original on 10 August 2016 . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OFFICIAL GUIDE TO THE GOVERNMENT COURT : N.Z. CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION '' . University of Wellington . 2016 . Archived from the original on 18 June 2016 . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Sharpe , Maureen ( 1981 ) . `` Anzac Day in New Zealand , 1916 -- 1939 '' . THE NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF HISTORY. 15 ( 2 ) : 97 -- 114 . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Eveline ( Apr 23 , 2008 ) . `` How the Herald reported the Gallipoli landings '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Gerald Chaudron , `` The League of Nations and Imperial Dissent : New Zealand and the British Labour Governments , 1924 -- 31 , '' Journal of Imperial & Commonwealth History ( March 2011 ) 39 # 1 pp 47 -- 71 ^ Jump up to : D.J. McCraw , `` The Zenith of Realism in New Zealand 's Foreign Policy , '' Australian Journal of Politics & History ( 2002 ) 48 # 3 pp 353 -- 368 . Jump up ^ Miles Fairburn and Stephen Haslett , `` The Rise of the Left and Working - Class Voting Behavior in New Zealand : New Methods , '' Journal of Interdisciplinary History ( 2005 ) 35 # 3 pp 523 -- 555 ^ Jump up to : Malcolm McKinnon , ed. , New Zealand Historical Atlas ( David Bateman , 1997 ) , Plate 79 Jump up ^ David Hackett Fischer ( 2012 ) . Fairness and Freedom : A History of Two Open Societies : New Zealand and the United States . Oxford U.P. p. 368 . ISBN 9780199912957 . Jump up ^ Gustafson , Barry ( 1986 ) . From the Cradle to the Grave : a biography of Michael Joseph Savage . Auckland : Reed Methuen . ISBN 0 - 474 - 00138 - 5 . Jump up ^ J.V.T. Baker War Economy ( 1965 ) , the official history ; and Nancy M. Taylor , The Home Front Volume I NZ official history ( 1986 ) ; Volume II Jump up ^ Walter Yust , Ten Eventful Years : 1937 -- 1946 ( 1947 ) 3 : 347 -- 52 Jump up ^ `` AtoJs Online -- Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives -- 1946 Session I -- D - 03 MINISTRY OF WORKS REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF WORKS FOR THE PERIOD ENDED 31st MARCH , 1946 '' . atojs.natlib.govt.nz . p. 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Deborah Montgomerie , `` The Limitations of Wartime Change : Women War Workers in New Zealand , '' New Zealand Journal of History ( 1989 ) 23 # 1 pp 68 -- 86 Jump up ^ On the home front see Gwen Parsons , `` The New Zealand Home Front during World War One and World War Two , '' History Compass ( 2013 ) 11 # 6 pp 419 -- 428 , online Jump up ^ McGibbon , Ian ( June 2012 ) . `` Asian conflicts - Korean War '' . Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Division and defeat - The 1951 waterfront dispute '' . NZ History . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . 24 June 2014 . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Gerald Hensley , Beyond the Battlefield : New Zealand and its Allies , 1939 -- 45 ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Kent Fedorowich and Carl Bridge , `` Family Matters ? The Dominion High Commissioners in Wartime Britain , 1938 -- 42 , '' Journal of Imperial & Commonwealth History ( March 2012 ) 40 # 1 pp 1 -- 23 Jump up ^ David Hackett Fischer , Fairness and Freedom : A History of Two Open Societies : New Zealand and the United States ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` The coronation and visit of Queen Elizabeth II '' . Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . The coronation on 2 June was especially memorable for New Zealanders , as it coincided with news of Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenza Norgay reaching the summit of Mt Everest ... ( described as ) ' a most fitting gift for her Majesty 's Coronation ' . Jump up ^ McKinnon , ed . New Zealand Historical Atlas -- Plate 100 Jump up ^ `` The 1960s '' . NZ History . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . 5 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1970s Key events '' . NZ History . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . 20 December 2012 . Jump up ^ D. Ian Pool , `` Post-War Trends in Maori Population Growth , '' Population Studies ( 1967 ) 21 # 2 pp. 87 -- 98 in JSTOR ^ Jump up to : McKinnon , ed . New Zealand Historical Atlas Plate 91 Jump up ^ Sorrenson , M.P.K. ( 2012 ) ( 1996 ) . `` Ngata , Apirana Turupa '' . Dictionary of New Zealand Biography . Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Keane , Basil ( June 2012 ) . `` Ngā rōpū tautohetohe -- Māori protest movements '' . Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Urban Development from a paper read to the New Zealand Branch , Town Planning Institute , 4 May 1949 . Via New Zealand Electronic Text Centre . Accessed 13 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Barry Gustafson , His Way : A Biography of Robert Muldoon ( 2000 ) ch 21 Jump up ^ `` The 1981 Springbok rugby tour '' . NZ History . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . 5 August 2014 . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ - Australia Closer Economic Relations ( CER ) '' . New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Galligan , Brian ; Brenton , Scott ( 2015 - 08 - 04 ) . Constitutional Conventions in Westminster Systems . Oxford University Press . p. 251 . ISBN 9781107100244 . Jump up ^ Belich , Paradise reforged , pp 394 -- 424 Jump up ^ Jack H. Nagel , `` Social Choice in a Pluralitarian Democracy : The Politics of Market Liberalization in New Zealand , '' British Journal of Political Science ( 1998 ) 28 # 2 pp. 223 -- 267 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Belich p 407 Jump up ^ Belich p 423 Jump up ^ J. Boston , `` Thatcherism and Rogernomics : changing the rules of the game -- comparisons and contrasts , '' Political Science ( 1987 ) 39 # 2 pp 129 -- 52 Jump up ^ Brian Easton , ed. , The Making of Rogernomics ( Auckland University Press , 1989 ) ^ Jump up to : `` The 1980s -- Overview '' . NZ History . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . 15 March 2017 . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Homosexual law reform in New Zealand '' . NZ History . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . 14 June 2016 . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Rishworth , Paul ( June 2012 ) . `` Human rights - Legal protection for human right '' . Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sinking the Rainbow Warrior '' . NZ History . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . 13 March 2015 . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nuclear - free legislation '' . NZ History . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . 8 July 2015 . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nuclear - free New Zealand turns 30 '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ James , Colin ( June 2012 ) . `` National Party - Shifting rightwards '' . Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The road to MMP '' . NZ History . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . 5 August 2014 . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 and beyond - the road to MMP '' . NZ History . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . 12 July 2016 . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Paul G. Buchanan , `` Lilliputian in Fluid Times : New Zealand Foreign Policy after the Cold War , '' Political Science Quarterly ( 2010 ) 125 # 2 pp 255 -- 279 Jump up ^ David J. McCraw , `` New Zealand 's Foreign Policy Under National and Labour Governments : Variations on the ' Small State ' Theme ? '' Pacific Affairs ( 1994 ) 67 # 1 pp. 7 -- 25 in JSTOR Jump up ^ `` New Zealand shifts left '' . BBC News . 27 November 1999 . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Avril ; Elizabeth , Vivienne ; McIntosh , Tracey ; Wynyard , Matt ( 2017 ) . A Land of Milk and Honey ? : Making Sense of Aotearoa New Zealand . Auckland University Press . p. 109 . ISBN 9781775589112 . Jump up ^ Coker , Emma ( 2014 ) . Distributional impacts of interest free student loans ( PDF ) ( Thesis ) . University of Waikato . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why travel on an OE ? , Working Holidays in New Zealand - Overseas experience New Zealand travel & OE '' . Work New Zealand . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Kirk , Stacey ( 4 September 2016 ) . `` Nearly 60 per cent of Kiwis want the British Monarchy out - poll '' . Stuff . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ David McCraw , `` New Zealand Foreign Policy Under the Clark Government : High Tide of Liberal Internationalism ? , '' Pacific Affairs ( 2005 ) 78 # 2 pp 217 -- 235 in JSTOR Jump up ^ `` New Zealand 's 15 - year role in Iraq '' . Radio New Zealand . 7 October 2015 . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen Levine and Nigel S. Roberts , eds . Key to Victory : The New Zealand General Election of 2008 ( Victoria U.P , 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` New authority created for Canterbury rebuild '' . The Beehive . New Zealand Government . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Full text of the Wellington Declaration '' . Stuff.co.nz. 4 November 2010 . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Takahashi , Kaori ( 25 May 2017 ) . `` New Zealand leads the push to keep the TPP alive - Nikkei Asian Review '' . Nikkei Asian Review . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Smelt , Roselynn ( 1998 ) . New Zealand . Marshall Cavendish . p. 43 . ISBN 9780761408086 . Further reading ( edit ) Main article : Bibliography of New Zealand history James Belich , Making Peoples : A History of the New Zealanders from the Polynesian settlement to the end of the nineteenth century ( 1996 ) and Paradise Reforged : A History of the New Zealanders from 1880 to the Year 2000 ( 2001 ) . Although Belich 's history of New Zealand appears in two large volumes , it is not heavy going as it is full of anecdote and humour . The two books are the most academically respected histories in decades ; they are very comprehensive and include several new and important theories . They are required reading for anyone making a serious study of New Zealand history . Giselle Byrnes , ed. ( 2009 ) . The New Oxford History of New Zealand . Oxford University Press . Michael King ( 2003 ) The Penguin History of New Zealand . Immensely popular , this well - written and comprehensive single volume history is probably the best place to start for those new to New Zealand history . Leveridge , Steven . `` Another Great War ? New Zealand interpretations of the First World War towards and into the Second World War '' First World War Studies ( 2016 ) 7 # 3 : 303 - 25 . Parsons , Gwen . `` The New Zealand Home Front during World War One and World War Two . '' History Compass 11.6 ( 2013 ) : 419 - 428 . Smith , Philippa Mein . A Concise History of New Zealand ( Cambridge Concise Histories ) ( 2nd ed. 2012 ) 368pp ; a survey by a leading scholar . excerpt and text search Keith Sinclair , ed. , ( 1996 ) The Oxford Illustrated History of New Zealand . Shorter than most recent general histories and with lots of good illustrations . Keith Sinclair , A History of New Zealand . First published in 1959 , this is a classic of New Zealand history . Its updates consist mostly of what has happened since the previous edition , so it is seriously dated . in Questia Ranginui Walker ( 2004 ) , Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou : Struggle Without End . The only general history written from a Māori perspective ; fair , informative and interesting . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of New Zealand . New Zealand in History -- an overview of pre-historic , colonial and modern periods . Catholic Encyclopedia -- entry on New Zealand from the 1911 edition New Zealand Official Yearbook annual 1893 -- 2008 Waitangi Treaty Grounds website NZHistory.net.nz -- New Zealand history website from the Ministry for Culture and Heritage , including an ever - growing number of multimedia features on a wide range of topics . Early New Zealand Books Collection -- 260 searchable books 1805 -- 1870 New Zealand Journal of History -- 1967 -- except latest issues New Zealand articles History Timeline Military history Treaty of Waitangi New Zealand Wars Women 's suffrage New Zealand and Antarctica Colony Dominion Independence Geography Biodiversity Caves Climate Earthquakes Environment Geology Islands North Island South Island Lakes Marine reserves National parks Rivers Time zones Cities Auckland Christchurch Dunedin Hamilton Invercargill New Plymouth Napier -- Hastings Nelson Palmerston North Rotorua Tauranga Wellington capital Subdivisions Regions Territorial authorities Politics Constitution Elections Electoral system Political parties Foreign relations Human rights Disability Intersex LGBT Transgender Judiciary Supreme Court Chief Justice Law enforcement Military Monarchy Parliament ( House of Representatives ) Government Cabinet Governor - General list Ministers Prime Minister list Ministries Economy Agriculture Dairy farming Wine industry Companies Energy Rogernomics Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Society Citizenship Crime Demographics Ethnic origins Education Immigration Languages Māori New Zealand English New Zealand Sign Language LGBT issues People `` Kiwi '' Māori Women Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Literature Māori culture Media Music National symbols Coat of arms Flag Public holidays Radio Religion Sport Television Outline Book Portal History of Oceania Sovereign states Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated states of New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_Zealand&oldid=843614382 '' Categories : History of New Zealand Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from September 2015 Use dmy dates from September 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Languages Asturianu বাংলা Български Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Ido עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 08 : 48 . 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"The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct Māori culture centred on kinship links and land. The first European explorer to sight New Zealand was Dutch navigator Abel Tasman on 13 December 1642.[1] The Dutch were also the first non-natives to explore and chart New Zealand's coastline. Captain James Cook, who reached New Zealand in October 1769 on the first of his three voyages,[2] was the first European explorer to circumnavigate and map New Zealand. From the late 18th century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British Crown and various Māori chiefs, bringing New Zealand into the British Empire and giving Māori the same rights as British subjects. There was extensive British settlement throughout the rest of the century and into the early part of the next century. War and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealand's land passing from Māori to Pākehā (European) ownership, and most Māori subsequently became impoverished.[3]"
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"13 December 1642"
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4879421173954178831 | Stoneman Douglas High School shooting | Stoneman Douglas High school shooting - wikipedia Stoneman Douglas High school shooting Jump to : navigation , search mass shooting in Parkland , Florida in 2018 This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Stoneman Douglas High School shooting Part of school shootings in the United States The front of Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in 2008 Parkland Parkland ( Florida ) Parkland Parkland ( the US ) Show map of Florida Show map of the US Show all Location Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School 5901 Pine Island Road Parkland , Florida , U.S. Coordinates 26 ° 18 ′ 19 '' N 80 ° 16 ′ 06 '' W / 26.3053 ° N 80.2683 ° W / 26.3053 ; - 80.2683 ( Shooting ) Coordinates : 26 ° 18 ′ 19 '' N 80 ° 16 ′ 06 '' W / 26.3053 ° N 80.2683 ° W / 26.3053 ; - 80.2683 ( Shooting ) ( shooting ) 26 ° 17 ′ 23 '' N 80 ° 17 ′ 14 '' W / 26.2897 ° N 80.2871 ° W / 26.2897 ; - 80.2871 ( Arrest ) ( arrest ) Date February 14 , 2018 2 : 21 -- 2 : 27 p.m. ( EST , UTC − 5 ) Attack type School shooting , mass shooting Weapons AR - 15 style semi-automatic rifle ( Smith & Wesson M&P15 ) Deaths 17 Non-fatal injuries 17 Perpetrator Nikolas Cruz Charges 17 counts of first - degree murder 17 counts of attempted first - degree murder A school shooting occurred at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland , Broward County , Florida , part of the Miami metropolitan area , on February 14 , 2018 . Seventeen people -- fourteen students and three staff members -- were fatally shot and seventeen others were wounded , making the shooting one of the deadliest school massacres . After being identified by witnesses and arrested by the Broward County Sheriff 's Office shortly afterward , 19 - year - old Nikolas Cruz confessed to being the perpetrator . He was charged with 17 counts of premeditated murder and 17 counts of attempted murder . Police and prosecutors have not yet offered a motive and are investigating `` a pattern of disciplinary issues and unnerving behavior '' . The massacre surpassed the 1999 Columbine High School massacre as the deadliest high school shooting in American history . The sheriff 's office received a number of tips in 2016 and 2017 about Cruz 's threats to carry out a school shooting . The Federal Bureau of Investigation learned that a YouTube user with the username `` nikolas cruz '' posted a message in September 2017 about becoming a school shooter , but the agency could not identify the user . In January 2018 , a direct complaint of a death threat by Cruz was not forwarded to the local FBI office by the FBI tip line . After the shooting , some Stoneman Douglas students began campaigning for gun control legislation , founding the advocacy group Never Again MSD . On March 9 , Governor Rick Scott signed a bill that raised the minimum age for buying rifles in Florida from 18 to 21 . The legislation also established waiting periods and background checks for gun buyers . The law also allowed for the arming of properly trained teachers and the hiring of school police . Bump stocks would now be banned and some potentially violent or mentally unstable people would be prohibited from possessing guns . The National Rifle Association ( NRA ) immediately filed a lawsuit that challenged the federal constitutionality of the age requirement clause . Contents ( hide ) 1 Shooting 2 Victims 3 Suspect 3.1 Warnings to law enforcement 4 Legal proceedings 5 Aftermath 5.1 Officer response 5.2 Political reaction 5.3 Gun control debate 5.4 Florida law 5.5 Federal law 5.6 Boycott of NRA 5.7 Victims ' funds 5.8 Conspiracy theories , disinformation , and harassment 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Shooting ( edit ) The shooting took place during the afternoon of February 14 , 2018 , at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland , Florida , an affluent suburb about 30 miles ( 48 km ) northwest of Fort Lauderdale . The shooter , former student Nikolas Cruz , was dropped off at the school by an Uber driver at 2 : 19 p.m. , near dismissal time . Carrying a duffel bag and a backpack , he was spotted and recognized by a staff member who radioed a colleague that he was walking `` purposefully '' toward Building 12 , according to a police report . Cruz entered Building 12 , a three - story structure containing 30 classrooms typically occupied by about 900 students and 30 teachers . Armed with an AR - 15 style semi-automatic rifle and multiple magazines , he activated a fire alarm and began firing indiscriminately at students and teachers . The fire alarm caused confusion because there had been a fire drill earlier in the day . Cruz during his arrest At about 2 : 21 , the same staff member heard gunfire and activated a code red lockdown . A school resource officer of the Broward County Sheriff 's Office rushed to the scene and took a position between two other buildings next to Building 12 . The shooting lasted six minutes , after which Cruz dropped his rifle on the 3rd floor of the building and left the scene by blending in with fleeing students . He walked to a Walmart , where he purchased a soda at its Subway restaurant . He then walked to a McDonald 's and lingered before leaving on foot at 3 : 01 . At about 3 : 40 , he was stopped by police in Coral Springs , 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) from the school , and arrested without incident . He was taken to a hospital emergency room with `` labored breathing '' . After 40 minutes , he was released back into police custody and booked into the Broward County Jail . School surveillance camera footage revealed Cruz as the perpetrator , and he was also recognized by eyewitnesses . Victims ( edit ) Banner created by an Independent Baptist church to offer support for the survivors . Such banners offering love and support were requested by school officials and were hung all over the campus . Seventeen people were killed and seventeen people were wounded but survived their gunshot wounds . Three remained in critical condition the day after the shooting and one remained by the second day . The fourteen students and three staff members killed were : Alyssa Alhadeff , age 14 Scott Beigel , 35 Martin Duque , 14 Nicholas Dworet , 17 Aaron Feis , 37 Jaime Guttenberg , 14 Chris Hixon , 49 Luke Hoyer , 15 Cara Loughran , 14 Gina Montalto , 14 Joaquin Oliver , 17 Alaina Petty , 14 Meadow Pollack , 18 Helena Ramsay , 17 Alex Schachter , 14 Carmen Schentrup , 16 Peter Wang , 15 Geography teacher Scott Beigel was killed after he unlocked a classroom for students to enter and hide from the gunman . Aaron Feis , an assistant football coach and security guard , was killed as he shielded two students . Chris Hixon , the school 's athletic director , was killed as he ran toward the sound of the gunfire and tried to help fleeing students . Student Peter Wang was last seen in his Junior Reserve Officers ' Training Corps ( JROTC ) uniform , holding doors open so others could get out more quickly . He sacrificed his life for others and was called a hero . A White House petition was circulated , calling for him to be buried with full military honors . At their respective funerals , Wang , Alaina Petty , and Martin Duque were all posthumously honored by the U.S. Army with the ROTC Medal for Heroism , and Wang was buried in his JROTC Blues uniform . On February 20 , he was given a rare posthumous admission to the United States Military Academy . Sheriff Israel visits victim Anthony Borges Alyssa Alhadeff , who played for and captained a local soccer team in Parkland , was honored by the United States women 's national soccer team before a game in Orlando , on March 7 , 2018 , nearly three weeks after the shooting . Her teammates and family were invited to the game and presented with official jerseys that featured Alhadeff 's name . Meadow Pollack , a senior at Stoneman Douglas High , had been shot four times during the shooting . As the shooter shot into other classrooms , Meadow crawled to a classroom door but was not able to get inside . Along side her was Cara Loughran , who Meadow covered in an attempt to shield her from bullets . The shooter returned to the classroom where Meadow was and shot her five more times , killing her and Cara . The last victim to remain hospitalized , 15 - year - old Anthony Borges , was released on April 4 . Dubbed `` the real Iron Man '' , Borges was shot five times after he used his body to barricade the door of a classroom where twenty students were inside . Upon his release , Borges issued a statement that criticized the actions of Broward Sheriff 's deputies , Sheriff Scott Israel and School Superintendent Robert Runcie . His family has filed notice of its intent to sue the school district for personal injury to cover costs related to his recovery . Suspect ( edit ) Broward County Sheriff 's Office mugshot of Cruz The shooter was identified by police as Nikolas Jacob Cruz , a 19 - year - old former student who had been expelled from the school . He was born in South Florida and was adopted at birth . His adoptive father died at age 67 in 2004 . His adoptive mother died at age 68 in November 2017 , three months before the shooting . He had been living with relatives and friends since her death . At the time of the shooting , he was enrolled in a GED program and employed at a local dollar store . Cruz was a member of the Junior Reserve Officers ' Training Corps ( JROTC ) and had received multiple awards `` including academic achievement for maintaining an A grade in JROTC and Bs in other subjects '' , according to CNN . He was also a member of his school 's varsity air rifle team . Cruz had behavioral issues since middle school , but a Washington Post writer said he was `` entrenched in the process for getting students help rather than referring them to law enforcement '' and he was transferred between schools six times in three years to deal with these problems . In 2014 , he was transferred to a school for children with emotional or learning disabilities . There were reports that he made threats against other students . He returned to Stoneman Douglas High School two years later , only to be banished from the school in 2017 for disciplinary reasons . An email from the school administration had circulated among teachers , warning that he had made threats against other students . This led the school to ban him from wearing a backpack on campus . Psychiatrists recommended an involuntary admission of Cruz to a residential treatment facility starting in 2013 . The Florida Department of Children and Families investigated him in September 2016 for Snapchat posts in which he cut both his arms and said he planned to buy a gun . At this time , a school resource officer requested to have him undergo an involuntary psychiatric examination under the provisions of the Baker Act . Two guidance counselors agreed , but a mental institution did not . State investigators reported he had depression , autism , and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) . In their assessment , they concluded he `` was at low risk of harming himself or others '' . He had previously received mental health treatment , but had not received treatment in the year leading up to the shooting . Broward County Sheriff Scott Israel described Cruz 's online profiles and accounts as `` very , very disturbing '' . They contained pictures and posts of him with a variety of weapons , including long knives , a shotgun , a pistol , and a BB gun . Police said that he held `` extremist '' views ; social media accounts that were thought to be linked to him contained anti-black and anti-Muslim slurs . YouTube comments linked to him include `` I wan na die Fighting ( sic ) killing shit ton ( sic ) of people '' , threats against police officers and Antifa , and intent to mimic the University of Texas tower shooting . In February 2017 , he legally purchased an AR - 15 style rifle from a Coral Springs gun store . A year later , he used this weapon to commit the mass shooting at his former school . Items recovered by police at the scene included gun magazines with swastikas carved in them . One student reported that Cruz had drawn a swastika and the words `` I hate niggers '' on his backpack . CNN reported that Cruz was in a private Instagram group chat where he expressed racist , homophobic , antisemitic , and anti-immigrant ( xenophobic ) views . He said he wanted to kill gay people and Mexicans , and talked about keeping black people in chains . He said he hated black people `` simply because they were black , '' and Jewish people because he believed `` they wanted to destroy the world '' . He also referred to white women who engaged in interracial relationships as traitors . A former classmate said Cruz had anger management issues and often joked about guns and gun violence , which included threats of shooting up establishments . The brother of a 2016 graduate described him as `` super stressed out all the time and talked about guns a lot and tried to hide his face '' . A student who was enrolled at the school at the time of the shooting said , `` I think everyone had in their minds if anybody was going to do it , it was going to be him '' . A classmate who was assigned to work with him in sophomore year said , `` He told me how he got kicked out of two private schools . He was held back twice . He had aspirations to join the military . He enjoyed hunting . '' A student 's mother said that he also bragged about killing animals . A neighbor said his mother would call the police over to the house to try to talk some sense into him . Warnings to law enforcement ( edit ) Sheriff Scott Israel said that his office received 23 calls about Cruz during the previous decade , but this figure is in dispute . CNN used a public records request to obtain a sheriff 's office log , which showed that from 2008 to 2017 , at least 45 calls were made in reference to Cruz , his brother , or the family home . The calls included an anonymous tip on February 5 , 2016 , that Cruz had threatened to shoot up the school , and a tip on November 30 , 2017 , that he might be a `` school shooter in the making '' and that he collected knives and guns . On September 23 , 2016 , a peer counselor notified the school resource officer of his suicide attempt and intent to buy a gun ; the school indicated it would do a `` threat assessment '' . In September 2016 , three people -- a sheriff 's deputy who worked as a resource officer at Stoneman Douglas , and two of the school 's counselors -- stated that Cruz should be committed for mental evaluation . On September 24 , 2017 , a person with the username `` nikolas cruz '' posted a comment to a YouTube video . It read , `` Im ( sic ) going to be a professional school shooter '' . The video 's uploader reported the comment to the FBI . According to agent Robert Lasky , the agency conducted database reviews but was unable to track down the individual who made the threatening comment . On January 5 , 2018 , the FBI 's Public Access Line received a tip from a person who was close to Cruz . On February 16 , two days after the shooting , the agency released a statement that detailed this information . According to the statement , `` The caller provided information about Cruz 's gun ownership , desire to kill people , erratic behavior , and disturbing social media posts , as well as the potential of him conducting a school shooting . '' After conducting an investigation , the FBI said the tip line did not follow protocol when the information was not forwarded to the Miami Field Office , where investigative steps would have been taken . The FBI opened a probe into the tip line 's operations . The lack of response by Israel and other members of the Broward Country sheriff 's department to the numerous red flags and warnings about Cruz has been the subject of much scrutiny . In the days following the shooting , calls for Israel 's resignation intensified as more information that alluded to the department 's inaction was revealed . Since the shooting , Israel has declined to resign and refused to take responsibility for his role in failing to stop Cruz before the mass shooting took place . In an interview with CNN , Israel described his leadership at the department as `` amazing '' , a claim that was widely mocked and criticized . Legal proceedings ( edit ) Play media Cruz 's initial arraignment ( 3 : 02 ) At his initial arraignment the day after the shootings , Cruz was charged with 17 counts of premeditated murder and ordered held without bond . If convicted of first degree murder , he faces either the death penalty or life without parole . According to an affidavit by the sheriff 's office , Cruz confessed to the shooting . He also told officers that he brought additional loaded magazines hidden in a backpack . The chief public defender said it is yet unknown if Cruz 's court - appointed attorneys will seek an insanity defense . Cruz was placed on suicide watch in an isolation cell ( solitary confinement ) after the arraignment . Lead defense counsel Gordon Weekes asked Judge Elizabeth Scherer to recuse herself , claiming that her previous comments and rulings showed favoritism toward the prosecution , which would prevent Cruz from receiving a fair trial . She disagreed and declined the request on February 26 . On March 7 , a grand jury indicted Cruz on 34 charges : 17 counts of first - degree murder and 17 counts of attempted first - degree murder . He was arraigned on March 13 , and the prosecution filed notice of their intent to seek the death penalty . They said they can prove five of the aggravating factors that qualify a murder for the death penalty in Florida . Cruz declined to enter a plea , so Judge Scherer entered `` not guilty '' on his behalf . The defense had earlier offered a guilty plea if the death penalty was taken off the table , and reiterated it immediately before it was refused . During the week of April 8 -- 12 , 2018 , Broward Circuit Judge Elizabeth Scherer included a three - page letter from a Minnesotan into the court record of the case . The letter was addressed to the judge and claimed that research into Cruz 's ' past led the writer to believe that Cruz suffered from a developmental disability and that he was `` ... fearful of other people and was threatened by bullies . '' The letter ended by claiming that Cruz appeared to be consumed by sadness and depression . This is part of a string of letters that have been sent to the judge , asking for her to show mercy or for God to forgive his actions against his victims . The same week , a hearing was held to determine if taxpayers will pay for Cruz 's defense . Information was revealed that Cruz 's inheritance from his late mother 's estate could be worth hundreds of thousands of dollars . His attorney Howard Finkelstein , the court - appointed public defender , pleaded with the court to wait until the probate case involving Cruz 's late mother 's estate was concluded and his net worth could be determined . There are also lawsuits and claims against his mother 's estate . These liens can complicate the proceedings , although Cruz has reportedly stated he wants the leftover money from his defense to be donated to a cause that promotes healing and education in the community . Aftermath ( edit ) President Trump and First Lady Melania visit a victim at Broward Health North Medical Center , two days after the shooting The school district provided grief counseling to students and their families . Attorney General Pam Bondi said that the fees of funerals and counseling would be paid for by the state . On February 15 , police presence was increased at schools in at least two counties in Florida in response to the shooting . The building where the shooting took place will be demolished . Two weeks after the shooting , Stoneman Douglas reopened to students on February 28 amid a heavy police presence . School principal Ty Thompson emphasized that the first week back would be focused on healing , with classes ending at 11 : 40 a.m. through March 2 . He tweeted `` ... Remember our focus is on emotional readiness and comfort not curriculum : so there is no need for backpacks . Come ready to start the healing process and # RECLAIMTHENEST '' . Extra counseling and emotional support dogs were provided to students upon return . In early April , the school implemented several new safety rules and regulations . The changes included fewer entrances , law enforcement officers at each entrance , identification badges for students and staff , and the requirement that all book bags must be transparent . The use of metal detectors is under consideration . Several students criticized the new safety measures as ineffective and intrusive . Officer response ( edit ) `` Scot Peterson '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Scott Peterson . The school resource officer ( SRO ) who remained outside Building 12 during the shooting was a sheriff 's deputy ; he was suspended without pay the following day but he immediately retired . Sheriff Israel said `` ( the deputy ) was absolutely on campus for this entire event '' and that he should have `` ( gone ) in , addressed the killer , ( and ) killed the killer '' . A statement released by the officer 's lawyer said he believed the shooting was happening outside the building , which he said he told the first Coral Springs police officer who arrived on scene . It also pointed to radio transmissions indicating a gunshot victim near the football field . However , the Miami Herald transcribed radio dispatches that the SRO at 2 : 23 said , `` possible shots fired -- 1200 building '' . At 2 : 25 , he radioed that `` We also heard it 's by , inside the 1200 '' . At 2 : 27 , at Building 12 , he radioed , `` Stay at least 500 feet away at this point . '' On March 15 in compliance with a court order , the sheriff 's office released video footage , captured by school surveillance cameras , showing some of the SRO 's movements during the shooting . Unnamed sources told CNN that Coral Springs police arrived at the scene and saw three Broward deputies behind their vehicles with pistols drawn . The commanding sheriff 's office captain ordered deputies to form a perimeter instead of immediately confronting the shooter ; this tactic was contrary to BSO training regarding active shooters . Based on time stamps of the police logs , the order was given some time after the shooting had stopped . Sheriff Israel said that Coral Springs officers were the first to enter the building , about four minutes after Cruz had left the school . Due to a tape delay in viewing surveillance footage , officers believed that Cruz was still in the building . As of early March , there were three investigations into the timeline of police response . President Donald Trump criticized the officers who failed to enter the building during the shooting . On February 26 , he said that he believed he would have entered `` even if I did n't have a weapon , and I think most of the people in this room would have done that , too '' , a claim and reaction that was mocked by the media . Political reaction ( edit ) President Trump offered his prayers and condolences to the victims ' families , writing , `` no child , teacher or anyone else should ever feel unsafe in an American school '' . In a televised address , he mentioned school safety and mental health issues . Florida Governor Rick Scott ordered that flags at state buildings be flown at half - staff , and Trump later ordered flags be flown at half - staff for the entire country . Two days after the shooting , Trump and his wife Melania visited Broward Health North , a hospital where eight of the shooting victims were admitted . They met with two victims and Trump praised doctors and law enforcement officials for their responses to the attack . On February 22 , Trump met with students and others at the White House for a `` listening session '' . He suggested arming up to 20 % of the teachers to stop `` maniacs '' from attacking students . The following day , he called a `` gun free '' school a `` magnet '' for criminals and tweeted , `` Highly trained , gun adept , teachers / coaches would solve the problem instantly , before police arrive . '' BBC News characterized Republican politicians ' reactions as focusing on mental health issues while dodging debate on gun control , with the reasoning that it was either `` too political or too soon '' . Republican House Speaker Paul Ryan said that this was the time to `` step back and count our blessings '' instead of `` taking sides and fighting each other politically '' . Republican Florida Senator Marco Rubio said that `` most '' proposals on stricter gun laws `` would not have prevented '' this shooting nor `` any of those in recent history '' and that lawmakers should take action with `` focus on the violence part '' alongside guns . Republican Kentucky Governor Matt Bevin declared that the country should re-evaluate `` the things being put in the hands of our young people '' , specifically `` quote - unquote video games '' that `` have desensitized people to the value of human life '' . Al Hoffman Jr. , a Republican donor in Florida , pledged that he would no longer fund legislative groups or candidates who were not actively working to ban sales of military - style assault weapons to civilians . He said , `` For how many years now have we been doing this -- having these experiences of terrorism , mass killings -- and how many years has it been that nothing 's been done ? '' Sheriff Israel called on lawmakers to amend the Baker Act to allow police to detain and hospitalize people who make disturbing posts -- not just clear threats -- on social media . `` I 'm talking about being around bombs , possibly talking about ' I want to be a serial killer ' , talking about taking people 's lives '' , he said . `` Just taking a picture with a gun or a knife or a weapon -- that in and of itself is clearly not even remotely something that we 're concerned about . '' Gun control debate ( edit ) Main articles : 2018 United States gun violence protests and March for Our Lives Student Emma González speaks at the Rally to Support Firearm Safety Legislation in Fort Lauderdale , February 17 . Students protest outside the White House in Washington , D.C. , February 18 Many student survivors criticized the response from politicians and asked them not to offer condolences but to take action to prevent more children from being killed in shootings . These students have demanded stricter gun control measures . Survivor Emma González was noted for her speech that rebuked thoughts and prayers from politicians . She later helped lead a protest movement against gun violence in the United States . Broward County Schools Superintendent Rob Runcie said , `` now is the time to have a real conversation about gun control legislation '' . Lori Alhadeff , whose daughter was killed in the shooting , implored President Trump to do something to improve school safety . In the aftermath of the shooting , some of the student survivors organized a group called Never Again MSD . The group was created on social media with the hashtag # NeverAgain , activism inspired in part by the ground broken by the # MeToo movement and the 2018 Women 's March . The group demanded legislative action to prevent similar shootings , and has condemned lawmakers who received political contributions from the National Rifle Association . The group held a rally on February 17 in Fort Lauderdale that was attended by hundreds of supporters . Since the shooting , several more rallies have been planned to take place with the focus on legislative action . The Women 's March Network organized a 17 - minute school walkout that took place on March 14 . A series of demonstrations called `` March for Our Lives '' on March 24 included a march in Washington , D.C. On April 20 , the anniversary of the Columbine High School massacre , all - day walkouts are planned for teacher groups by educators Diane Ravitch and David Berliner , as well as student groups . On February 20 , dozens of Stoneman Douglas High School students went to the State Capital in Tallahassee and watched as the Florida House of Representatives rejected a bill that would have banned assault weapons . Students strongly criticized the vote . The bill 's sponsor , Carlos Guillermo Smith , noted the peculiarity of the timing of the rejection both because of the tragedy at Stoneman Douglas High School and because the Florida House of Representatives had just recently passed a bill declaring that pornography is a public health risk . In mid-March , Lori Alhadeff announced her own nonprofit organization Make Schools Safe , which will be mostly focusing on school campus security . Florida law ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Florida In March , the Florida Legislature passed a bill titled the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School Public Safety Act . It raises the minimum age for buying rifles to 21 , establishes waiting periods and background checks , provides a program for the arming of some school employees and hiring of school police , bans bump stocks , and bars some potentially violent or mentally unhealthy people arrested under certain laws from possessing guns . In all , it allocated around $400 million . Rick Scott signed the bill into law on March 9 . The same day , the NRA challenged the law by filing a lawsuit alleging that the ban on gun sales to people under 21 is unconstitutional because it violates the rights that the Second and Fourteenth Amendments conferred to 18 - to 21 - year - olds , who were classified as adults . Federal law ( edit ) Main article : Gun law in the United States On March 23 , the STOP School Violence Act was signed into law as part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act , 2018 , which increases funding for metal detectors , security training , and similar safety measures . Lawmakers made it clear it was in response to the shooting and the public outcry . However students from the Stoneman Douglas High School who were active in calling for stricter gun control ( not just safety measures ) felt this was passed because lawmakers `` pass something very easy and simple that everyone can get behind . But that 's because it does n't do anything . '' Boycott of NRA ( edit ) Main article : 2018 NRA boycott Following the shooting , a boycott emerged against the U.S. gun rights advocacy group National Rifle Association ( NRA ) and its business affiliates . Calls for companies to sever their ties to the NRA were heeded when several companies terminated their business relationships with the NRA . Public pressure resulted major gun sellers like Dick 's , Walmart , and Fred Meyer to voluntarily bump the age requirement on gun purchases from 18 to 21 . Victims ' funds ( edit ) In the aftermath of the shooting , over $7.5 million was raised for the victims as of April 2018 . Two other funds , Florida 's Crime Victims Compensation Fund , which pays for medical and funeral expenses , and the National Compassion Fund which pays for pain and suffering , are also available to help the victims of the Parkland shooting . Conspiracy theories , disinformation , and harassment ( edit ) Student David Hogg was subjected to widespread false allegations of being a crisis actor . Conspiracy theories circulated in the wake of the shooting . The speculation included false claims that the shooting did not happen or was staged by `` crisis actors '' . In one of the claims , Benjamin A. Kelly , a district secretary for Republican state Rep. Shawn Harrison , sent an email to the Tampa Bay Times stating that the children in the picture were not students at the school . The children were actually students at Stoneman Douglas High School who were interviewed by CNN . As a result of the backlash , Kelly was fired hours later . Former Republican congressman and CNN contributor Jack Kingston suggested student demonstrators were paid by billionaire George Soros or were supported by members of Antifa . A video with a description espousing a conspiracy theory that student David Hogg was a `` crisis actor '' reached No. 1 on YouTube 's trending page before it was removed by the company . The Alliance for Securing Democracy showed that Russia - linked accounts on Twitter and other platforms used the shooting 's aftermath to inflame tensions and divide Americans by posting loaded comments that oppose gun control . Other Russia - linked accounts labeled the shooting a false flag operation that the U.S. government would exploit to seize guns from citizens . Hundreds of Russian bots are also suspected of coming to the defense of Laura Ingraham on Twitter following the boycott of her show , The Ingraham Angle that resulted from her public ridicule of Hogg . Some of the survivors of the massacre and their relatives were targeted by online harassment that included death threats . Cameron Kasky wrote on Twitter that he was quitting Facebook for the time being , because the death threats from `` NRA cultists '' were slightly more graphic on a service without a character limit . See also ( edit ) Assault weapons legislation in the United States Extreme Risk Protection Order Federal Assault Weapons Ban Gun politics in the United States List of attacks related to secondary schools List of disasters in the United States by death toll List of rampage killers ( school massacres ) List of school shootings in the United States Santa Fe High School shooting -- similar school shooting in Texas in May 2018 2010s portal Criminal justice portal Florida portal Schools portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ 4700 block of Wyndham Lakes Drive , Coral Springs . Jump up ^ Also known as the `` freshman building '' because it was originally built for use only by freshmen , it later became used for other grades as well . Jump up ^ Smith & Wesson M&P15 . Jump up ^ Called in as a gunshot wound , according to an emergency room doctor . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Blaskey , Sarah ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` He turned school into slaughterhouse , then stopped at McDonald 's '' . Miami Herald . MSN . Jump up ^ Laughland , Oliver ; Luscombe , Richard ; Yuhas , Alan ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Florida school shooting : at least 17 people dead on ' horrific , horrific day ' '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Earl , Jennifer ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Florida school shooting among 10 deadliest in modern US history '' . Fox News . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fleshler , David ; Hobbs , Stephen ; Huriash , Lisa J. ; Trischitta , Linda ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Captain in Parkland school shooting was brought onto force by Sheriff Israel '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Florida school shooting suspect hid among students after massacre '' . CBS News . Associated Press . February 15 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rozsa , Lori ; Berman , Mark ; Barrett , Devlin ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' A day of mourning ' : Florida school shooting suspect denied bond , charged with 17 counts of premeditated murder '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sweeney , Dan ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Florida House sends Stoneman Douglas gun and school bill to Gov. Scott '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sanchez , Ray ; Yan , Holly ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Florida Gov. Rick Scott signs gun bill '' . CNN . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Schweers , Jeffrey ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` NRA sues Florida over gun bill same day Gov. Scott signed it into law '' . Tallahassee Democrat . Tallahassee , Florida . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hayes , Christal ; Bohatch , Emily ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' I 'm sick to my stomach ' : 17 dead in Florida high school shooting ; former student in custody '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burch , Audra D.S. ; Mazzei , Patricia ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Death Toll Is at 17 and Could Rise in Shooting '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Neal , David J. ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` Uber driver says Nikolas Cruz told her : ' I am going to my music class ' '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Alex ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` As officers searched Florida school , shooting suspect was shopping , authorities say '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Teacher told students to run after encountering Florida school shooting suspect '' . CBS News . February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fahrenthold , David A. ; Sullivan , Kevin ; Schmidt , Samantha ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` What happened in the 82 minutes between Nikolas Cruz 's arrival and arrest during Florida shooting '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Nicole ; Almasy , Steve ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` What happened , moment by moment , in the Florida school massacre '' . CNN . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Almukhtar , Sarah ; Lai , K.K. Rebecca ; Singvhi , Anjali ; Yourish , Karen ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` What Happened Inside the Florida School Shooting '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Swisher , Skyler ; McMahon , Paula . `` Nikolas Cruz passed background check , including mental health questions , to get AR - 15 rifle '' . Sun - Sentinel . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nehamas , Nicholas ; Smiley , David ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Florida school shooter 's AR - 15 may have jammed , saving lives , report says '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zwirz , Elizabeth ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Parkland high school shooting : At least 17 killed , suspect in custody , Florida sheriff says '' . Fox News . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Suspect , Nikolas Cruz , in custody in Parkland school shooting in Florida '' . CBS News . February 14 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Alex ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Today was different ' : Douglas High teacher describes confusion then terror '' . NBC News . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fleshler , David ; Chokey , Aric ; Huriash , Lisa J. ; Trischitta , Linda ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Florida school shooting leaves 17 dead as gunman stalked halls '' . Sun - Sentinel . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ovalle , David ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` I 'm no coward , says deputy who did n't go inside Parkland school during massacre '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rabin , Charles ; Teproff , Carli ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Douglas school officer who ' never went in ' resigns '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Florida school shooting : Armed officer ' did not confront killer ' '' ( February 23 , 2018 ) . BBC . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fausset , Richard ; Kovaleski , Serge F. ; Mazzei , Patricia ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` On a Day Like Any Other at a Florida School , 6 Minutes of Death and Chaos '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Karimi , Faith ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` Police calls reveal frantic search to find Florida gunman '' . CNN . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stoneman Douglas shooting timeline of events '' . Broward County Sheriff 's Office . February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Torres , Andrea ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Timeline of shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School '' . Miami , Florida : WPLG . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fink , Sheri ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Treating the Victims , and the Teenager Accused of Gunning Them Down '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Slayton , Ashley M. ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Doctor : Hospitals treating 16 shooting victims ; 17 fatalities also confirmed '' . Tyler , Texas : KLTV . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Keneally , Meghan ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` What the school , police did right in Florida school shooting '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` MSDStrong '' . Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Fleshler , David ; Valys , Phillip ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Named for the first time : All 17 who survived Nikolas Cruz 's bullets '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ @ browardsheriff ( February 24 , 2018 ) . `` our focus is on the 33 victims ( 17 murdered and 16 survivors ) and their families '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Burke , Peter ; Batchelor , Amanda ; Suarez , Carlos ; Mohan , Neki ; Seiden , Michael ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` 17 killed in shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School '' . Miami , Florida : WPLG . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Grinberg , Emanuella ; Levenson , Eric ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` At least 17 dead in Florida school shooting , law enforcement says '' . CNN . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Herrera , Chabeli ; Blaskey , Sarah ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` At Broward hospitals , 7 shooting victims still being treated . One remains critical '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Micklethwaite , Jamie ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Florida school shooter who killed 17 and injured 50 named as ex-pupil Nikolas Cruz '' . Daily Star . UK . Jump up ^ Chokey , Aric ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Two more people wounded in Florida school shooting released from hospital '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 17 lives lost at Douglas High '' . Miami Herald . February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Student Describes Hearing Her Teacher Being Fatally Shot in Florida School Shooting : ' It Haunts Me ' '' . Los Angeles , California : KTLA . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dusenbury , Wells ; Diaz , Johnny . `` Scott Beigel , Florida school shooting victim : A hero teacher who saved students was among 17 deaths in Parkland '' . Sun - Sentinel . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chuck , Elizabeth . `` Parkland school shooting : Football coach Aaron Feis died shielding students '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Harris , Chris . `` Wife of Florida School Shooting Hero Knew Husband Would Run Toward Gunfire : ' I 'm Beyond Proud ' '' . People . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hussain , Selima ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` Petition : JROTC Cadet Killed In Stoneman Shooting Deserves Full Honors Military Burial '' . Miami , Florida : WTVJ . Jump up ^ Swift , Tim ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` Friends petition for military funeral for Stoneman Douglas student hailed as hero '' . Miami , Florida : WPLG . Jump up ^ Tavss , Jeff ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Parkland cadet victims to receive JROTC heroism medals '' . Miami , Florida : WPLG . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bacon , John ( February 19 , 2018 ) . `` Teen shot 5 times closing the door during Florida shooting gets visit from Broward sheriff '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hays , Graham ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` For grieving family and friends of Alyssa Alhadeff , U.S. women 's soccer provides joyous interlude '' . Orlando , Florida : ESPN . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Parkland shooting : Hair Club founder helps a father 's passionate pitch '' . mypalmbeachpost . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Levenson , Eric ; Henderson , Jennifer ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` Final Parkland shooting survivor released from the hospital '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Lubben , Alex ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` Parkland `` hero '' who took 5 bullets for his friends is finally out of the hospital `` . Vice News . Jump up ^ Fleshler , David ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Parkland shooting victim Anthony Borges criticizes Sheriff 's Office and School District '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Both Of You Failed Us ' : Florida School Shooting Hero Blames Sheriff , Superintendent '' . Miami , Florida : WFOR - TV . April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Borges , Stoneman Douglas Shooting Hero , Calls Out Broward Sheriff '' . WTVJ . Miami , Florida . April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Carol Marbin ; Gurney , Kyra ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Parkland shooter always in trouble , never expelled . Could school system have done more ? '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Contrary to early reports , Cruz was never expelled from Broward schools . Legally , he could n't be . Under federal law , Nikolas Cruz had a right to a ' free and appropriate ' education at a public school near him . ^ Jump up to : Teproff , Carli ; Herrera , Chabeli ; Smiley , David ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` 17 dead , 15 wounded after expelled student shoots up Stoneman Douglas High in Broward '' . Miami Herald . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wallman , Brittany ; McMahon , Paula ; O'Matz , Megan ; Bryan , Susannah ( February 24 , 2018 ) . `` School shooter Nikolas Cruz : An unending saga of disturbed behavior and red flags '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Bill ; Hill , James ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` School shooting suspect could lose public defender after reports of $800 K inheritance '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jaeger , Max ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Mom 's flu death may have sent Florida massacre suspect over the edge '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hobbs , Stephen ; McMahon , Paula ; Geggis , Anne ; Travis , Scott . `` Nikolas Cruz : Troubled suspect had been expelled from Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School '' . Sun - Sentinel . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Drew ; Glover , Scott ; Pagliery , Jose ; Lah , Kyung ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` From ' broken child ' to mass killer '' . CNN . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wan , William ; Sullivan , Kevin ; Weingrad , David ; Berman , Mark ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Florida shooting suspect Nikolas Cruz : Guns , depression and a life in trouble '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McLaughlin , Eliott C. ; Park , Madison ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Social media paints picture of racist ' professional school shooter ' '' . CNN . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wright , Mike ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` Florida shooting suspect Nikolas Cruz was member of school 's rifle team and described as a ' very good shot ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Craig , Tim ; Brown , Emma ; Larimer , Sarah ; Balingit , Moriah ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` Teachers say Florida suspect 's problems started in middle school , and the system tried to help him '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . interviews with teachers , administrators and those who knew Cruz -- along with other records and accounts -- show that he was well - known to school and mental health authorities and was entrenched in the process for getting students help rather than referring them to law enforcement . Jump up ^ Zezima , Katie ( March 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' People need to listen to us ' : Demonstrators gather around the U.S. to protest gun violence '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelli , Kennedy ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's what we know about Nikolas Cruz , the Florida school shooting suspect '' . The Boston Globe . Associated Press . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ De Moraes , Lisa ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Police : At Least 17 Dead In Florida High School Shooting ; Ex-Student In Custody , ID 'd -- Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Olmeda , Rafael ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` School officials worried about Nikolas Cruz and guns 18 months before mass shooting '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stoneman Douglas ' resource officer recommended committing Nikolas Cruz for mental health issues '' . WPMT . York , Pennsylvania . CNN Wire . March 19 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ( a ) school resource officer ( ... ) wanted to use the Baker Act on September 28 , 2016 , after the then - student allegedly made threats against himself and others . Although two guidance counselors initially agreed with ( the officer ) , two mental health professionals from Henderson Behavioral Health said Cruz did n't meet the criteria Jump up ^ Burch , Audra D.S. ; Robles , Frances ; Mazzei , Patricia ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` Florida Agency Investigated Nikolas Cruz After Violent Social Media Posts '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chen , Joyce ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` What We Know About the Alleged Florida School Shooter '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alleged Shooter Nikolas Cruz Threatened Mass Campus Shooting 9 Months Ago '' . TMZ . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Herrera , Chabeli ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Gun shop owners distraught over firearm sold to teen now held in school massacre '' . Miami Herald . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Janon ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Florida school gunman carved swastikas into rifle magazines , had 180 rounds remaining '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Paul . `` Exclusive : Group chat messages show school shooter obsessed with race , violence and guns '' . CNN . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Darrah , Nicole ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Nikolas Cruz was living with Florida high school student in months leading up to shooting , attorney says '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ Haag , Matthew ; Kovaleski , Serge F. ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Nikolas Cruz , Florida Shooting Suspect , Described as a ' Troubled Kid ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Devine , Curt ; Pagliery , Jose ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Sheriff says he got 23 calls about shooter 's family , but records show more '' . CNN . ^ Jump up to : Blinder , Alan ; Mazzei , Patricia ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` As Gunman Rampaged Through Florida School , Armed Deputy ' Never Went In ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nehamas , Nicholas ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' School shooter in the making ' : All the times authorities were warned about Nikolas Cruz '' . Miami Herald . Jump up ^ Hobbs , Stephen ; Travis , Scott ; Huriash , Lisa J. ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` Stoneman Douglas cop resigns ; sheriff says he should have ' killed the killer ' '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . deputies were under review for how they handled two calls , including the one from November where the caller also said Cruz `` was collecting guns and knives , '' according to documents released by the sheriff 's office . A deputy followed up with the caller but did not create a report documenting it . A separate incident , from February 2016 , was also under review . The sheriff 's office said a deputy responded to a tip that Cruz planned to shoot up a school and that the information was forwarded to Peterson , the school resource officer . Jump up ^ Murphy , Brett ; Perez , Maria ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` Florida school shooting : Sheriff got 18 calls about Nikolas Cruz 's violence , threats , guns '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Anderson , Curt ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` Some officials wanted Florida school shooting suspect forcibly committed in 2016 '' . Orlando Sentinel . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Officials Warned to Institutionalize Alleged Parkland Shooter '' . WTVJ . Miami , Florida . Associated Press . March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Adam ; Mazzei , Patricia ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` YouTube Comment Seen as Early Warning in Shooting Left Little for F.B.I. to Investigate '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sacks , Brianna ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` The FBI Was Warned About A School Shooting Threat From A YouTube User Named Nikolas Cruz in September '' . BuzzFeed . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benner , Katie ; Mazzei , Patricia ; Goldman , Adam ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` F.B.I. Was Warned of Florida Suspect 's Desire to Kill but Did Not Act '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FBI Statement on the Shooting in Parkland , Florida '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . February 16 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilber , Del Quentin ; Viswanatha , Aruna ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` FBI Probes Tip - Line Operations After Missed Florida - Shooting Warning '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Wamsley , Laurel ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Broward Sheriff Under Scrutiny For Handling Of Parkland Shooting '' . NPR . Jump up ^ Scherer , Michael ; Davis , Aaron C. ; Berman , Mark ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Florida sheriff faces intensifying political scrutiny , calls to resign in wake of school shooting '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Watkins , Eli ( February 25 , 2018 ) . `` Broward sheriff grilled on red flags during lengthy CNN interview '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Mazzei , Patricia ( February 25 , 2018 ) . `` Under Pressure , Florida Sheriff Defends ' Amazing Leadership ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Hart , Benjamin ( February 25 , 2018 ) . `` Broward County Sheriff Brags About ' Amazing Leadership ' in Wake of School - Shooting Failures '' . New York . Jump up ^ Boss , Jeff ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` This Is What ' Amazing Leadership ' Does n't Look Like '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Smiley , David ; Nehamas , Nicholas ; Rabin , Charles ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` As Broward sheriff touts ' amazing leadership , ' a low grumble builds in the ranks '' . Miami Herald . Jump up ^ Kosnar , Michael ; Arkin , Daniel ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Florida shooting : FBI was alerted about threat on YouTube '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lockie , Alex . `` Suspect in Florida shooting could face death penalty for 17 counts of premeditated murder '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Turkewitz , Julie ; Mazzei , Patricia ; Burch , Audra D.S. ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Florida Shooting : Nikolas Cruz Is Charged With 17 Counts of Murder '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Florida high school shooting suspect confesses to 17 counts of murder '' . Tallahassee , Florida : WTXL - TV . Associated Press . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fausset , Richard ; Kovaleski , Serge F. ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Nikolas Cruz , Florida Shooting Suspect , Showed ' Every Red Flag ' '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Buncombe , Andrew ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Nikolas Cruz placed on suicide watch after first court appearance for Florida shooting '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Kelli ; Farrington , Brendan ; Anderson , Curt ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Judge refuses to step aside in Florida school shooting case '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McMahon , Paula ; Alanez , Tonya ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Nikolas Cruz indicted on 17 counts of murder and 17 counts of attempted murder '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Eliott C. ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Prosecutors will seek death penalty in Parkland school massacre '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Batchelor , Amanda ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Judge enters not guilty plea for Nikolas Cruz during arraignment hearing '' . WPLG . Miami , Florida . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Ray ; Flores , Rosa . `` Letter asks judge to show mercy on Parkland shooter '' . CNN . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McLaughlin , Eliott C. ; Flores , Rosa . `` Nikolas Cruz , brother might have $1 million in bank , attorney says '' . CNN . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gonzales , Richard ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Sheriff 's Office Reports 17 People Dead in South Florida High School Shooting '' . NPR . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marino , Amanda ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Collier County sheriff , superintendent announce increased security '' . Cape Coral , Florida : WFTX - TV . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nealeigh , Sara ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` After mass shooting , more security at Manatee County schools '' . The Bradenton Herald . Bradenton , Florida . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mark , Michelle . `` Florida high school building to be torn down after mass shooting '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Healy , Jack ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` Scared but Resilient , Stoneman Douglas Students Return to Class '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Ty ( @ PrincipalMSD ) ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Looking forward to tomorrow Eagles ! Remember our focus is on emotional readiness and comfort not curriculum : so there is no need for backpacks . Come ready to start the healing process and # RECLAIMTHENEST '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Diao , Alexis ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` Parkland Students Return To School Skeptical Of Clear Backpacks '' . NPR . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Owen , Tess ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` The armed school resource officer at Stoneman Douglas waited outside during the shooting '' . Vice News . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tapper , Jake ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` Sources : Coral Springs police upset at some Broward deputies for not entering school '' . CNN . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ovalle , David ; Rabin , Charles ; Smiley , David ; Teproff , Carli . `` Disgraced Parkland deputy heard shots inside school building , told cops to stay away '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Berman , Mark ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Broward Sheriff 's Office releases video showing deputy standing outside Parkland school during massacre '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Demarzo , Wanda J. ; Nehamas , Nicholas ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` BSO captain told deputies to set up ' perimeter ' around shooting . That 's not the training '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Huriash , Lisa J. ; Hobbs , Stephen ; O'Matz , Megan ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Video delays misled cops at Stoneman Douglas shooting '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Finn , Matt ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Broward sheriff 's captain who gave initial order to ' stage ' not enter Stoneman Douglas is ID 'd '' . Fox News . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . The policy did not appear to indicate a priority for staging or a perimeter . The Broward County Sheriff 's office is performing its own investigation into the timeline of the day of the shooting . The Florida Department of Law Enforcement is also investigating BSO and the Florida Senate subpoenaed the Broward County Public Schools and responding law enforcement agencies for all records and information related to the shooting . Jump up ^ Shear , Michael D. ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Trump Says He Would Have Rushed in Unarmed to Stop School Shooting '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nevins , Jake ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` Stephen Colbert mocks Trump for ' cheat sheet ' on how to react to shooting survivors '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Greenwood , Max ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Colbert mocks Trump 's school shooting claim : ' We already know how you react to combat situations ' '' . The Hill . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ovenden , Olivia ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Twitter Mocks Draft - Dodging Trump 's Claims He 'd Have Been A Florida Shooting Hero '' . Esquire . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Travis ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` US late night hosts mock Donald Trump 's claims he 'd run into a school during mass shooting '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Rafi ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` At Least One Dead , Dozens Injured in Florida High School Shooting ( DEVELOPING ) '' . Splinter News . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trump , Donald J. ( @ realDonaldTrump ) ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` My prayers and condolences to the families of the victims of the terrible Florida shooting . No child , teacher or anyone else should ever feel unsafe in an American school '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Luce , Catherine ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` President Trump Pledges to Address School Safety , Without Mentioning Gun Control '' . Time . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Flesher , David ; Chokey , Aric ; Huriash , Lisa J. ; Trischitta , Linda ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Seventeen killed in South Florida high school shooting '' . Sun - Sentinel . Broward County , Florida . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Steinbuch , Yaron ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Trump orders flags at half staff to honor Florida massacre victims '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Katie ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Trump Visits Florida Hospital That Treated School Shooting Victims '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Beatty , Andrew . `` ' Gun free ' schools are magnets for ' bad people ' : Trump '' . Yahoo ! News . Agence France - Presse . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Merica , Dan ; Klein , Betsy ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Trump suggests arming teachers as a solution to increase school safety '' . CNN . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Spicuzza , Mary ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Paul Ryan on Florida shooting : ' This is not the time to jump to some conclusion ' '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vazquez , Maegan . `` Rubio : Gun laws would n't have prevented Parkland '' . CNN . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wartman , Scott . `` School shootings : Kentucky Gov. Matt Bevin blames violent video games and shows , not guns '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fogel , Stefanie . `` Kentucky Governor Blames Video Games for Florida School Shooting '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burns , Alexander ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` Prominent Republican Donor Issues Ultimatum on Assault Weapons '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Silva , Daniella . `` Sheriff in Florida shooting calls for power to detain over social media '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rossman , Sean . `` ' We 're children . You guys are the adults ' : Shooting survivor , 17 , calls out lawmakers '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ebbs , Stephanie . `` Survivors of Florida high school shooting call for action on gun control '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Chelsea ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` At rally , Parkland shooting survivors rail against gun laws , NRA and Trump '' . NBC News . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Iasimone , Ashley ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` Artists React to Florida School Shooting Survivor 's Powerful Speech at Gun Control Rally '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Christal ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` Emma Gonzalez survived the Florida shooting . Now she 's taking on Trump and the NRA '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 ... passionate speech at an anti-gun rally ... Jump up ^ `` Roosevelt grad Robert Runcie leads Florida district after shooting '' . Poughkeepsie Journal . Poughkeepsie , New York . February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cassidy , John ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` What Does Donald Trump Have to Say to the Parkland Parent Lori Alhadeff ? '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 ... So far , the reaction to the shooting from the White House and congressional Republicans has been predictably pathetic ... Jump up ^ Lowery , Wesley ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' No more guns ! ' : Florida students rally to denounce political inaction after 17 killed in school shooting '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Turning Anger into Activism : School Shooting Victims Say ' Never Again ' '' . Miami , Florida : WFOR - TV . February 18 , 2018 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Roland ( February 25 , 2018 ) . `` Florida school shooting : Where do US protests go from here ? '' . BBC . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Students Who Survived Florida Shooting Want Politicians To Know They 're Angry '' . All Things Considered . NPR . February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burch , Audra D.S. ; Mazzei , Patricia ; Healy , Jack ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` A ' Mass Shooting Generation ' Cries Out for Change '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Nicole ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` Florida school shooting survivors turn grief into action '' . CNN . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Witt , Emily ( February 19 , 2018 ) . `` How the Survivors of Parkland Began the Never Again Movement '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Isabella ; Jackson , Amanda . `` Women 's March organizers are planning a national student walkout to protest gun violence '' . CNN . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ENOUGH : National School Walkout '' . The Action Network . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Kelly - Leigh ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` In Florida aftermath , US students say ' Never Again ' '' . BBC . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` March for Our Lives '' . March for Our Lives . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lam , Katherine ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` Florida school shooting survivors plan march demanding end to gun violence '' . Fox News . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lithwick , Dahlia . `` A Nationwide Teacher Walkout Could Shake Us Out of Our Mass Shooting Stupor '' . Slate . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gray , Sarah ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` Here Are the Student Protests Planned After the Florida School Shooting '' . Time . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lavoie , Denise ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` Schools brace for massive student walkouts over gun violence '' . PBS NewsHour . Associated Press . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Ray ; Boyette , Chris ; McLaughlin , Eliott C. ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Florida Legislature rejects weapons ban with massacre survivors en route to Capitol '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Lewak , Doree ; Ridley , Jane ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Parkland survivors revisit tragedy -- and fight to make schools safer '' . New York Post . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alhadeff , Lori ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` My daughter died at Parkland . It 's now my job to be her voice '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Highlights from the omnibus spending bill '' . KOLD - TV . Tucson , Arizona . March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Man , Anthony ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` U.S. House easily approves bill to reduce school violence '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript : Parkland student activists on `` Face the Nation , '' March 25 , 2018 `` . CBS News . March 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hsu , Tiffany ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Big and Small , N.R.A. Boycott Efforts Come Together in Gun Debate '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Levin , Bess . `` Corporate America Second - Guessing Association with Mass Murder '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Meyer , David ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` Companies Are Starting to Back Away From the Gun Industry and NRA '' . Fortune . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Held , Amy ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` One By One , Companies Cut Ties With The NRA '' . NPR . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Allen , Greg ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` Fund For Victims Of Parkland Shooting Reaches $7.5 Million '' . NPR . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Christopher ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` The ' crisis actors ' lie spreads in wake of Florida shooting '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Travis M. ; Schmidt , Samantha ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' I am not a crisis actor ' : Florida teens fire back at right - wing conspiracy theorists '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Grynbaum , Michael M. ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Right - Wing Media Uses Parkland Shooting as Conspiracy Fodder '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Strachan , Maxwell ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` A Conspiracy Theory About A Stoneman Douglas Student Reaches No. 1 on YouTube '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Papenfuss , Mary ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Russia - Linked Accounts Exploit Parkland Shooting on Twitter , Analysts Say '' . HuffPost . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Griffith , Erin ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Pro-Gun Russian Bots Flood Twitter After Parkland Shooting '' . Wired . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Applebaum , Anne . `` After the Parkland shooting , pro-Russian bots are pushing false - flag allegations again '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sit , Ryan ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Russian Bots Defend Fox News Pundit Laura Ingraham as Advertisers Leave Following David Hogg Tweet '' . Newsweek . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Amanda ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Russian bots are tweeting their support of embattled Fox News host Laura Ingraham '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wong , Herman ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` His daughter was killed in Parkland . He 's begging President Trump to protect those who survived '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Timberg , Craig ; Dwoskin , Elizabeth ; Ohlheiser , Abby ; Tran , Andrew Ba ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` How a survivor of the Florida school shooting became the victim of an online conspiracy '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shamsian , Jacob ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` Florida school shooting : Teenage survivor says he 's quitting Facebook because of death threats from ' NRA cultists ' '' . The Independent . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutStoneman Douglas High School shootingat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX `` Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School Public Safety Commission . '' Florida Department of Law Enforcement . Message from principal of Stoneman Douglas High School , Ty Thompson on YouTube ( 2 : 11 ) `` # MSDStrong Documentary '' , a video produced by students at Stoneman Douglas High School after the incident on YouTube ( 26 : 46 ) Cruz 's second arraignment hearing , March 13 on YouTube ( 27 : 45 ) ( hide ) Stoneman Douglas High School shooting Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School Parkland , Florida Organizations Never Again MSD Protests NRA boycott March for Our Lives locations Portland The Ingraham Angle boycott Stand for the Second Activists Alfonso Calderon Sarah Chadwick Jaclyn Corin Ryan Deitsch Emma González Fred Guttenberg David Hogg Kyle Kashuv Cameron Kasky Andrew Pollack Hunter Pollack Alex Wind § parent , Δ student survivor , † supportive of gun control , ‡ critical of gun control Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stoneman_Douglas_High_School_shooting&oldid=843667141 '' Categories : 2018 in Florida 2018 mass shootings in the United States Massacres in the United States Broward County , Florida Deaths by firearm in Florida February 2018 crimes February 2018 events in the United States High school shootings in the United States Mass shootings in Florida School massacres in the United States School shootings committed by adults Stoneman Douglas High School shooting Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2018 Articles with short description Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from April 2018 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from May 2018 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from May 2018 All articles that are excessively detailed Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2018 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2018 Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 17 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how old was the shooter in the florida massacre | [
"A school shooting occurred at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Broward County, Florida, part of the Miami metropolitan area, on February 14, 2018. Seventeen people – fourteen students and three staff members – were fatally shot and seventeen others were wounded, making the shooting one of the deadliest school massacres.[2][3][4] After being identified by witnesses and arrested by the Broward County Sheriff's Office shortly afterward, 19-year-old Nikolas Cruz confessed to being the perpetrator.[5] He was charged with 17 counts of premeditated murder and 17 counts of attempted murder. Police and prosecutors have not yet offered a motive and are investigating \"a pattern of disciplinary issues and unnerving behavior\".[6] The massacre surpassed the 1999 Columbine High School massacre as the deadliest high school shooting in American history."
] | [
"19"
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-3588706440748812605 | This Is Us (TV series) | This Is Us ( TV series ) - wikipedia This Is Us ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This Is Us Genre Drama Family drama Created by Dan Fogelman Starring Milo Ventimiglia Mandy Moore Sterling K. Brown Chrissy Metz Justin Hartley Susan Kelechi Watson Chris Sullivan Ron Cephas Jones Jon Huertas Alexandra Breckenridge Niles Fitch Logan Shroyer Hannah Zeile Mackenzie Hancsicsak Parker Bates Eris Baker Faithe Herman Lonnie Chavis Composer ( s ) Siddhartha Khosla Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 36 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Dan Fogelman Jess Rosenthal Donald Todd Ken Olin Charlie Gogolak John Requa Glenn Ficarra Isaac Aptaker Elizabeth Berger Location ( s ) Los Angeles , California Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Rhode Island Ave . Productions Zaftig Films 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network NBC Original release September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) -- present External links Website This Is Us is an American television drama series created by Dan Fogelman that premiered on NBC on September 20 , 2016 . The series stars an ensemble cast featuring Milo Ventimiglia , Mandy Moore , Sterling K. Brown , Chrissy Metz , Justin Hartley , Susan Kelechi Watson , Chris Sullivan , Ron Cephas Jones , Jon Huertas , Alexandra Breckenridge , Niles Fitch , Logan Shroyer , Hannah Zeile , Mackenzie Hancsicsak , Parker Bates , Lonnie Chavis , Eris Baker , and Faithe Herman . The program details the lives and families of two parents , and their three children born on the same day as their father 's birthday . This Is Us is filmed in Los Angeles . The series has received positive reviews and has been nominated for Best Television Series -- Drama at the 74th Golden Globe Awards and Best Drama Series at the 7th Critics ' Choice Awards , as well as being chosen as a Top Television Program by the American Film Institute . Sterling K. Brown has received an Emmy , a Golden Globe , a Critics ' Choice Award , and an NAACP Image Award for his acting in the series . Mandy Moore and Chrissy Metz received Golden Globe nominations for Best Supporting Actress . In 2017 , the series received ten Emmy nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , with Brown winning for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series . On September 27 , 2016 , NBC picked up the series for a full season of 18 episodes . In January 2017 , NBC renewed the series for two additional seasons of 18 episodes each . The second season premiered on September 26 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Accolades 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows the lives of siblings Kevin , Kate , and Randall ( known as the `` Big Three '' ) , and their parents Jack and Rebecca Pearson . It takes place in the present and using flashbacks , at various times in the past . Kevin and Kate are the two surviving members of a triplet pregnancy , born six weeks premature on Jack 's 36th birthday in 1980 ; their brother is stillborn . Believing they were meant to have three children , Jack and Rebecca , who are white , decide to adopt Randall , a black child born the same day and brought to the same hospital after his biological father abandoned him at a fire station . Jack dies when his children are 17 . Most episodes feature a storyline taking place in the present ( 2016 -- 2018 , contemporaneous with airing ) and a storyline taking place at a set time in the past ; but some episodes are set in one time period or use multiple flashback time periods . Flashbacks often focus on Jack and Rebecca c. 1980 both before and after their babies ' birth , or on the family when the Big Three are children ( at least ages 8 -- 10 ) or adolescents ; these scenes usually take place in Pittsburgh , where the Big Three are born and raised . Various other time periods and locations have also served a settings . As adults , Kate lives in Los Angeles , Randall and his family are in New Jersey , and Kevin relocates from Los Angeles to New York City . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of This Is Us characters Main cast members ( L -- R ) Jones , Watson , Brown , Ventimiglia , Moore , Hartley , Metz , and Sullivan at PaleyFest 2017 Main ( edit ) Milo Ventimiglia as Jack Pearson : Rebecca 's husband , and Kate , Kevin , and Randall 's father . Mandy Moore as Rebecca Pearson ( née Malone ) : Jack 's wife , and Kate , Kevin , and Randall 's mother . Sterling K. Brown as Randall Pearson : Jack and Rebecca 's adopted son , and Kate and Kevin 's brother . Also played by Niles Fitch ( ages 15 -- 17 ) and Lonnie Chavis ( ages 8 -- 10 ) . Chrissy Metz as Kate Pearson : Jack and Rebecca 's daughter , and Kevin and Randall 's sister . Also played by Hannah Zeile ( ages 15 -- 17 ) and Mackenzie Hancsicsak ( ages 8 -- 10 ) . Justin Hartley as Kevin Pearson : Jack and Rebecca 's son , and Kate and Randall 's brother . Also played by Logan Shroyer ( ages 15 -- 17 ) and Parker Bates ( ages 8 -- 10 ) . Susan Kelechi Watson as Beth Pearson : Randall 's wife , and mother of Tess and Annie . Chris Sullivan as Toby Damon : Kate 's husband . Ron Cephas Jones as William H. `` Shakespeare '' Hill : Randall 's biological father . Also played by Jermel Nakia as a young adult . Jon Huertas as Miguel Rivas : Jack 's best friend and Rebecca 's second husband . ( recurring season 1 ; main season 2 -- present ) Alexandra Breckenridge as Sophie : Kate 's childhood best friend as well as Kevin 's childhood love and ex-wife . Also played by Amanda Leighton ( ages 15 -- 17 ) and Sophia Coto ( age 10 ) . ( recurring season 1 ; main season 2 -- present ) Eris Baker as Tess Pearson : Randall and Beth 's older daughter . ( recurring season 1 ; main season 2 -- present ) Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson : Randall and Beth 's younger daughter . ( recurring season 1 ; main season 2 -- present ) Recurring ( edit ) Gerald McRaney as Dr. Nathan Katowski ( aka Dr. K ) : An elderly widower , who delivers Kate and Kevin . Janet Montgomery as Olivia Maine : Kevin 's former stage partner and ex-girlfriend . Milana Vayntrub as Sloane Sandburg : Kevin 's stage partner and ex-girlfriend . Ryan Michelle Bathe as Yvette : A family friend of the Pearsons . Denis O'Hare as Jesse : William 's friend and former romantic partner . Adam Bartley as Duke : The stable worker at the weight - loss camp Kate attends . Jill Johnson as Laurie : A member of Toby and Kate 's weight - loss support group . Jermel Nakia as young adult William H. `` Shakespeare '' Hill Lyric Ross as Deja : Randall and Beth 's foster child . Debra Jo Rupp as Linda : A social worker who works with Randall and Beth when they foster Deja . Caitlin Thompson as Madison : Kate 's group 's resident thin member . Joy Brunson as Shauna : Deja 's mother , who first works against Beth and Randall having Deja , then abruptly leaves her with them . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Avg . viewership ( inc . DVR ) ( in millions ) 18 September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 6 14.70 18 September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) TBA TBA Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) Main article : This Is Us ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) 1AZC01 10.07 `` The Big Three '' Ken Olin Dan Fogelman September 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 27 ) 1AZC02 8.75 `` Kyle '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) 1AZC03 9.87 `` The Pool '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman & Donald Todd October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) 1AZC04 9.71 5 5 `` The Game Plan '' George Tillman Joe Lawson October 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 25 ) 1AZC05 8.68 6 6 `` Career Days '' Craig Zisk Bekah Brunstetter November 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) 1AZC06 8.48 7 7 `` The Best Washing Machine in the World '' Silas Howard K.J. Steinberg November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) 1AZC07 9.50 8 8 `` Pilgrim Rick '' Sarah Pia Anderson Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger November 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) 1AZC08 9.00 9 9 `` The Trip '' Uta Briesewitz Vera Herbert November 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) 1AZC09 10.53 10 10 `` Last Christmas '' Helen Hunt Donald Todd December 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 06 ) 1AZC10 10.95 11 11 `` The Right Thing to Do '' Timothy Busfield Aurin Squire January 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 10 ) 1AZC11 10.48 12 12 `` The Big Day '' Ken Olin Dan Fogelman & Laura Kenar January 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 17 ) 1AZC12 9.59 13 13 `` Three Sentences '' Chris Koch Joe Lawson & Bekah Brunstetter January 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) 1AZC13 9.63 14 14 `` I Call Marriage '' George Tillman Jr . Kay Oyegun February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) 1AZC14 9.57 15 15 `` Jack Pearson 's Son '' Ken Olin Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 1AZC15 9.03 16 16 `` Memphis '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 1AZC16 9.35 17 17 `` What Now ? '' Wendey Stanzler K.J. Steinberg & Vera Herbert March 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) 1AZC17 11.15 18 18 `` Moonshadow '' Ken Olin Dan Fogelman & Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 1AZC18 12.84 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) Main article : This Is Us ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 19 `` A Father 's Advice '' Ken Olin Dan Fogelman September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 2AZC01 12.94 20 `` A Manny - Splendored Thing '' John Fortenberry Dan Fogelman & Bekah Brunstetter October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 2AZC02 11.06 21 `` Déjà Vu '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 2AZC03 11.02 22 `` Still There '' Ken Olin Vera Herbert October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 2AZC04 10.65 23 5 `` Brothers '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Tyler Bensinger October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 2AZC05 10.60 24 6 `` The 20 's '' Regina King Don Roos October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 2AZC06 8.43 25 7 `` The Most Disappointed Man '' Chris Koch Kay Oyegun November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 2AZC07 9.89 26 8 `` Number One '' Ken Olin K.J. Steinberg November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 2AZC08 10.05 27 9 `` Number Two '' Ken Olin K.J. Steinberg & Shukree Hassan Tilghman November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 2AZC09 9.34 28 10 `` Number Three '' Ken Olin Shukree Hassan Tilghman November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) 2AZC10 10.94 29 11 `` The Fifth Wheel '' Chris Koch Vera Herbert January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) 2AZC11 9.65 30 12 `` Clooney '' Zetna Fuentes Bekah Brunstetter January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) 2AZC12 9.82 31 13 `` That 'll Be the Day '' Uta Briesewitz Kay Oyegun & Don Roos January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) 2AZC13 9.37 32 14 `` Super Bowl Sunday '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman February 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 04 ) 2AZC14 26.97 33 15 `` The Car '' Ken Olin Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) 2AZC15 10.13 34 16 `` Vegas , Baby '' Joanna Kerns Laura Kenar February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) 2AZC16 9.74 35 17 `` This Big , Amazing , Beautiful Life '' Rebecca Asher Kay Oyegun March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 2AZC17 8.90 36 18 `` The Wedding '' Ken Olin Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 2AZC18 10.94 Release ( edit ) Home Media ( edit ) In May 2017 , Hulu acquired the SVOD rights to new and past episodes of the series to air exclusively on Hulu , in addition to NBC.com and the NBC app . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 89 % approval rating for the first season with an average rating of 7.72 / 10 based on 63 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Featuring full - tilt heartstring - tugging family drama , This Is Us will provide a suitable surrogate for those who have felt a void in their lives since Parenthood went off the air . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the season a score of 76 out of 100 based on 34 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Season 2 received a 94 % approval rating from Rotten Tomatoes based on 17 reviews . Entertainment Weekly gave the first few episodes of This Is Us a rating of B , calling it `` a refreshing respite from the relational violence and pessimism that marks the other buzz soaps that have bubbled forth from a culture of divisiveness '' . Moreover , they praised all the actors , specifically Sterling K. Brown , for being able to navigate `` his scenes with such intelligence , authenticity , and charisma '' . Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Tuesday 10 : 00 pm ( 1 -- 2 , 11 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( 3 -- 10 , 12 -- 18 ) 18 September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) 10.07 March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 12.84 2016 -- 17 6 14.70 4.6 / 16 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( 1 -- 13 , 15 -- 18 ) Sunday 10 : 30 pm ( 14 ) 18 September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 12.94 March 13 , 2018 10.94 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 African - American Critics Association Awards Top Ten TV Show This Is Us Won American Film Institute Awards TV Program of the Year This Is Us Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series This Is Us Nominated Most Exciting New Series This Is Us Won 2017 ACE Eddie Awards Best Edited One Hour Series for Commercial Television David L. Bertman ( for `` Pilot '' ) Won Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Bernard Telsey , Tiffany Little Canfield Nominated Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series Brian Tyree Henry Nominated Gerald McRaney Won Denis O'Hare Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Zoe Hay , Heather Plott , Elizabeth Hoel - Chang , Judith Lynn Staats , John Damiani Nominated Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series This Is Us Nominated Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Won Milo Ventimiglia Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Ron Cephas Jones Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Chrissy Metz Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Chrissy Metz Nominated Mandy Moore Nominated Best Television Series -- Drama This Is Us Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Outstanding Music Supervision -- Television Jennifer Pyken Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Actor in a Show Mandy Moore Nominated Show of the Year This Is Us Nominated Tearjerker Milo Ventimiglia and Lonnie Chavis ( Jack and Randall at Karate ) Won NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Won Outstanding Drama Series This Is Us Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Youth Lonnie Chavis Nominated Peabody Awards Entertainment and Children 's programs This Is Us Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Actor in a New TV Series Milo Ventimiglia Nominated Favorite Actress in a New TV Series Mandy Moore Nominated Favorite New TV Drama This Is Us Won Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Nominated Seoul International Drama Awards Best Director Dan Fogelman Nominated Grand Prize This Is Us Won Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Breakout Star Chrissy Metz Nominated Choice TV Actor : Drama Sterling K. Brown Nominated Milo Ventimiglia Nominated Choice TV Show : Drama This Is Us Nominated Television Critics Association Awards Individual Achievement in Drama Sterling K. Brown Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Drama This Is Us Nominated Outstanding New Program This Is Us Won Program of the Year This Is Us Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards Episodic Drama Vera Herbert ( for `` The Trip '' ) Won New Series This Is Us Nominated 2018 Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Won Best Drama Series This Is Us Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Chrissy Metz Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Sterling K. Brown Won Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Chrissy Metz Nominated Best Television Series -- Drama This Is Us Nominated Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Best Music Supervision in a Television Drama Jennifer Pyken Nominated Best Song / Recording Created for Television `` We Can Always Come Back To This '' Nominated NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Nominated Outstanding Drama Series This Is Us Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Youth Lonnie Chavis Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Susan Kelechi Watson Nominated Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series Vera Herbert ( for `` Still Here '' ) Nominated Satellite Awards Best Musical Or Comedy Series This Is Us Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Won Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series This Is Us Won Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In 2017 , Hala Bahmet , Marina Ray and Elinor Bardach were nominated for Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series , Limited Series , or Movie . The nomination was rescinded after it was determined that the submitted episode `` Moonshadow '' was primarily set in the 1970s , violating the TV Academy 's rule that `` more than 50 percent '' of the episode must be contemporary ( within 25 years of the air date ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bianco , Robert ( September 20 , 2016 ) , `` Review : ' This is Us ' is heartfelt ( if sweet - toothed ) family drama '' , USA Today , archived from the original on February 18 , 2017 Jump up ^ http://www.post-gazette.com/ae/tv-radio/2017/07/12/This-Is-Us-returns-to-Pittsburgh-in-spirit/stories/201707120146 Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' Gets Full - Season Order At NBC For Total Of 18 Episodes '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Roots , Kimberly ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` This Is Us Renewed for Seasons 2 and 3 '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' : Alexandra Breckenridge , & Jon Huertas Upped To Series Regulars For Season 2 Of NBC Drama '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS , ' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' adjust up , ' This Is Us ' & ' Bull ' steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Scream Queens ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Flash ' and ABC comedies adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up , ' Chicago Fire , ' ' SHIELD ' and ' Real O'Neals ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , final World Series numbers : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' Chicago Fire , ' ' The Voice , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' adjusts up , all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , everything else holds : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' American Housewife ' adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mick ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Bones ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Fire ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle , ' ' The Wall , ' ' This Is Us , ' FOX comedies all adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' and ' Tough Mudder ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' NCIS , ' all others unchanged : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finishes with season highs : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bull , ' ' Voice , ' ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' and ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Voice ' adjust up , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice , ' ' Flash , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Originals all hold , ' Modern Family ' rerun adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' LA to Vegas ' and ' Bull ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Final numbers for Super Bowl LII and ' This Is Us ' : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' Bull ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' adjusts up , ' Lethal Weapon ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Black - ish ' adjust up , ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` This Is Us : Hulu acquires streaming rights to all episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` This Is Us : Season 1 ( 2016 -- 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This Is Us : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This Is Us : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` This Is Us : EW Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finishes with season highs : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Black - ish ' adjust up , ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2016 -- Honorees '' . American Film Institute . December 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Critics ' Choice Television Awards : HBO Leads 22 Nominations '' . Indie Wire . November 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paul Sheehan ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ACE Eddie Awards 2017 : Full list of nominations includes Oscar frontrunner ' La La Land ' '' . Gold Derby . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Feinberg , Scott ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Emmys : ' This Is Us ' Nomination Revoked ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 69th Primetime Emmys Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Emmys.com . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Golden Globes : People v. O.J. , Night Manager , This Is Us , black - ish Lead Early TV Nominees '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : Full Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations List -- ' This Is Us , ' ' Stranger Things ' '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kinane , Ruth ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Beyonce leads the pack of 2017 NAACP Image Award Nominees '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2016 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Dan ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` The Peabody Awards Pretty Much Nailed Their List Of TV Nominees '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees 2017 -- Full List '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CNN , Lisa Respers France . `` ' Manchester by the Sea ' leads film SAG Award nominations '' . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' This is Us ' Wins Grand Prize at Seoul Int'l Drama Awards '' . KBS World . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( 5 August 2017 ) . `` TCA Awards : The Handmaid 's Tale , Atlanta , Big Little Lies , Carrie Coon Among Big Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Writers Guild TV Nominations : ' Stranger Things , ' ' Westworld , ' ' This Is Us , ' ' Atlanta ' Break Through '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aiello , McKenna ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` Writers Guild Awards 2017 Winners : The Complete List '' . E ! News . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( December 2 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix , FX 's ' Feud ' Lead Critics ' Choice TV Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes Winners : Complete List '' . Variety . January 7 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sufjan Stevens , ' Greatest Showman , ' ' Girls ' Among Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Nominees '' . Variety . January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( 20 November 2017 ) . `` NAACP Image Awards : ' Marshall , ' ' Get Out , ' ' Girls Trip ' Dominate Film Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` SAG Awards Analysis : ' Three Billboards ' Rebounds From PGA Loss , But Oscar Race Still Too Close To Call ; NBC 's ' This Is Us ' Shakes Things Up On TV Side '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website This Is Us on IMDb Preceded by 24 : Legacy 2017 Super Bowl lead - out program This Is Us 2018 Succeeded by TBA 2019 NBC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime American Ninja Warrior ( since 2011 ) America 's Got Talent ( since 2006 ) A.P. Bio ( since 2018 ) Better Late Than Never ( since 2016 ) The Blacklist ( since 2013 ) Blindspot ( since 2015 ) The Brave ( since 2017 ) Champions ( since 2018 ) Chicago Fire ( since 2012 ) Chicago Med ( since 2015 ) Chicago P.D. ( since 2014 ) Dateline NBC ( since 1992 ) Ellen 's Game of Games ( since 2017 ) First Dates ( since 2017 ) Genius Junior ( since 2018 ) Good Girls ( since 2018 ) The Good Place ( since 2016 ) Great News ( since 2017 ) Hollywood Game Night ( since 2013 ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( since 1999 ) Law & Order True Crime ( since 2017 ) Little Big Shots ( since 2016 ) Marlon ( since 2017 ) Midnight , Texas ( since 2017 ) Rise ( since 2018 ) Running Wild with Bear Grylls ( since 2014 ) Shades of Blue ( since 2016 ) Spartan : Ultimate Team Challenge ( since 2016 ) Superstore ( since 2015 ) Taken ( since 2017 ) This Is Us ( since 2016 ) Timeless ( since 2016 ) Trial & Error ( since 2017 ) The Voice ( since 2011 ) The Wall ( since 2016 ) Weekend Update Summer Edition ( since 2017 ) Will & Grace ( 1998 -- 2006 ; since 2017 ) World of Dance ( since 2017 ) Daytime Days of Our Lives ( since 1965 ) Late night 1st Look ( since 2008 ) Last Call with Carson Daly ( since 2002 ) Late Night with Seth Meyers ( since 2014 ) Open House ( since 2008 ) Open House NYC ( since 2012 ) Saturday Night Live ( since 1975 ) The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon ( since 2014 ) News Dateline NBC ( since 1992 ) Early Today ( since 1999 ) Meet the Press ( since 1947 ) Megyn Kelly Today ( since 2017 ) NBC Nightly News ( since 1970 ) Sunday Night with Megyn Kelly ( since 2017 ) Today ( since 1952 ) Sports NBC Golf NASCAR on NBC NFL on NBC Football Night in America NBC Sunday Night Football NHL on NBC Notre Dame Football on NBC Olympics on NBC Premier Boxing Champions Tennis on NBC Thoroughbred Racing on NBC Saturday morning ( The More You Know ) The Voyager with Josh Garcia Wilderness Vet Journey with Dylan Dreyer Naturally , Danny Seo Give The Champion Within with Lauren Thompson Upcoming Making It ( 2018 ) Reverie ( 2018 ) The Awesome Show ( TBA ) The Titan Games ( TBA ) People 's Choice Awards for Favorite New TV Drama Eight Is Enough ( 1978 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 1979 ) Hart to Hart ( 1980 ) Magnum , P.I. ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1982 ) St. Elsewhere ( 1983 ) Hotel ( 1984 ) Miami Vice ( 1985 ) Dynasty II : The Colbys ( 1986 ) L.A. Law ( 1987 ) Thirtysomething ( 1988 ) China Beach ( 1989 ) Rescue 911 ( 1990 ) Equal Justice ( 1991 ) Homefront ( 1992 ) Melrose Place ( 1993 ) NYPD Blue ( 1994 ) ER ( 1995 ) Murder One ( 1996 ) Millennium ( 1997 ) Brooklyn South ( 1998 ) L.A. Doctors ( 1999 ) Providence ( 2000 ) Dark Angel ( 2001 ) Alias ( 2002 ) CSI : Miami ( 2003 ) Joan of Arcadia ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2005 ) Prison Break ( 2006 ) Heroes ( 2007 ) Moonlight ( 2008 ) The Mentalist ( 2009 ) The Vampire Diaries ( 2010 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2011 ) Person of Interest ( 2012 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2013 ) Reign ( 2014 ) The Flash ( 2015 ) Supergirl ( 2016 ) This Is Us ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series 2010 : Boardwalk Empire , season 1 Antonacci Buscemi Coleman Graham de la Huerta Laciura Macdonald Mol Palladino Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Weiner Whigham 2011 : Boardwalk Empire , season 2 Buscemi Chianese Clohessy Coleman Cox J. Gallina L. Gallina Graham Huston Laciura Lind Macdonald D. McTigue R. McTigue Mol B. Noon C. Noon O'Rourke Palladino Pennewill Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Van Wagner Whigham Williams Yusef 2012 : Downton Abbey , series 2 Bonneville Boyle Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Findlay Finneran Froggatt Glen Howes James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Nuttall Robb Smith Stevens Wilton 2013 : Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II Bowen Brandt Cranston Crawford Fletcher Fraser Gunn Metzler Mitte Norris Odenkirk Paul Plemons Quezada Rankin Sane 2014 : Downton Abbey , series 4 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Milne Robb Smith Speleers Theobold Wilton 2015 : Downton Abbey , series 5 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Cassidy Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Ovenden Smith Wilton 2016 : Stranger Things , season 1 M.B. Brown Buono Chrest Dyer Harbour Heaton Keery Matarazzo McLaughlin Modine Morgan Reynolds Ryder Schnapp Steger Wolfhard 2017 : This Is Us , season 1 / season 2 Baker Breckenridge S.K. Brown Chavis Hartley Herman Jones Metz Moore Sullivan Ventimiglia Watson Zeile Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) TCA Award for Outstanding New Program Ally McBeal ( 1998 ) The Sopranos ( 1999 ) The West Wing ( 2000 ) Gilmore Girls ( 2001 ) 24 ( 2002 ) Boomtown ( 2003 ) Arrested Development ( 2004 ) Lost ( 2005 ) My Name is Earl ( 2006 ) Friday Night Lights ( 2007 ) Mad Men ( 2008 ) True Blood ( 2009 ) Glee ( 2010 ) Game of Thrones ( 2011 ) Homeland ( 2012 ) The Americans ( 2013 ) Orange Is the New Black ( 2014 ) Better Call Saul ( 2015 ) Mr. Robot ( 2016 ) This Is Us ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_Is_Us_(TV_series)&oldid=832342950 '' Categories : 2016 American television series debuts 2010s American drama television series American LGBT - related television shows English - language television programs NBC network shows Nonlinear narrative television series Serial drama television series Television series about families Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television series set in the 1980s Television shows set in Los Angeles Television shows set in New Jersey Television shows set in New York City Television shows set in Pittsburgh This Is Us ( TV series ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 11 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does rebecca live in this is us | [
"Most episodes feature a storyline taking place in the present (2016–2018, contemporaneous with airing) and a storyline taking place at a set time in the past; but some episodes are set in one time period or use multiple flashback time periods. Flashbacks often focus on Jack and Rebecca c.1980 both before and after their babies' birth, or on the family when the Big Three are children (at least ages 8–10) or adolescents; these scenes usually take place in Pittsburgh, where the Big Three are born and raised. Various other time periods and locations have also served a settings. As adults, Kate lives in Los Angeles, Randall and his family are in New Jersey, and Kevin relocates from Los Angeles to New York City."
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"Pittsburgh"
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-4228556271689309598 | Nick Bakay | Nick Bakay - wikipedia Nick Bakay Nick Bakay Nicholas Bakay ( 1959 - 10 - 08 ) October 8 , 1959 ( age 58 ) Buffalo , New York , U.S. Occupation Actor , voice actor , writer , comedian , sportscaster Years active 1984 -- present Spouse ( s ) Robin Bakay ( m . 1994 ) Children Nicholas Bakay ( / bəˈkeɪ / bə - KAY ; born October 8 , 1959 ) is an American actor , voice actor , writer , comedian and sportscaster . He is known as the voice of Salem Saberhagen on ABC / The WB 's Sabrina the Teenage Witch and Sabrina : The Animated Series , and Norbert Beaver on The Angry Beavers . He played Karl on the Fox series ' Til Death as well as serving as a producer of the show until it was cancelled by Fox . Contents 1 Early career 2 Career 2.1 Guest appearances 3 Personal life 4 References 5 External links Early career ( edit ) Nicholas Bakay was born on October 8 , 1959 in Buffalo , New York , where he attended Nichols School . He graduated from Kenyon College in 1981 . He has Hungarian roots ( his surname means `` from Baka '' ) . Career ( edit ) Bakay served as a writer of Sabrina the Teenage Witch , in which he also voiced Salem Saberhagen , a warlock who has been transformed into the Spellman family 's pet cat for trying to take over the world . Bakay also served as a writer for the cartoon series Sabrina : The Animated Series , also providing his voice as Salem in this series as well , and as the voice of Norbert on The Angry Beavers . Bakay is also an avid sport writer and commentator . He writes a weekly column for NFL.com called `` Nick Bakay 's Manly House of Football '' , as well as occasional columns for ESPN.com and ESPN The Magazine . He appears on SportsCenter on ESPN Wednesday and Thursday mornings during NFL season , and has frequently done segments on NFL Total Access on NFL Network . Bakay also has guest hosted numerous episodes of Up Close and Talk2 , as well as contributed to Jim Rome Is Burning and numerous other sports shows . Early in his career he wrote the storylines for the Evil Clown Comics series which appeared in National Lampoon magazine . From 1993 -- 1994 , he was a writer for the comedy sketch series In Living Color , and appeared as Stu Dunfy , the host of the fictional game show The Dirty Dozens . He worked at Comedy Central , writing and appearing on numerous shows , including Night After Night with Allan Havey and Sports Monster . Beginning in 2000 , Bakay worked as a producer on the CBS hit comedy , The King of Queens , where he also wrote and acted in several episodes . He co-wrote the 2009 comedy film Paul Blart : Mall Cop with King of Queens star Kevin James , as well as its sequel , Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 ( 2015 ) . In 2006 , Bakay created , wrote , and voiced a cartoon for Comedy Central called The Adventures of Baxter and McGuire , which was nominated for an Emmy in the `` Best Broadband Comedy '' category . In 2013 , Bakay began as a producer for the series Mom . Bakay also voiced the self - help radio announcer throughout the series . From 2006 to 2010 , Bakay served as a producer for and acted in the Fox comedy , ' Til Death . Guest appearances ( edit ) Bakay has guest - starred on numerous TV sitcoms . He appeared on In Living Color in a semi-recurring role as Stu Dunfy , guest - host of the sketch `` The Dirty Dozens '' ( and other voice work ) . He also appeared on the Seinfeld episode ( `` The Smelly Car '' ) , Bakay plays Elaine 's boyfriend who in the beginning of the episode is so great because he `` pillages and plunders , '' but later on , he ca n't bear being with Elaine because of the intense body odor she acquired from being in Jerry 's car . In the That ' 70s Show episode `` Ski Trip '' , Bakay played Gus , a gay truck driver attracted to Kelso . He also stars in another episode of That ' 70s Show as the voice of Donna 's journal , and in `` An Eric Forman Christmas '' as the voice of Santa Claus in Kelso 's Rankin - Bass - modeled dream . Bakay had numerous recurring roles ( such as Father McDaniel , Gus and miscellaneous voice work ) on the show The King of Queens , which he also served as a producer and writer on . In the popular sitcom Ellen , Bakay starred as bookstore employee Lloyd in the 10th episode of the 2nd series , alongside comedian Ellen DeGeneres . He also had roles on The Simpsons and Sabrina the Teenage Witch , playing Salem . He was the side - kick on two late night talk shows , Night After Night with Allan Havey and Dennis Miller 's short - lived show . Personal life ( edit ) Bakay met his wife Robin while working at Comedy Central , where she was writing and producing on - air promos . They married in February 1994 and have two children together . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` About Nick '' . nickbakay.com . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( December 7 , 2010 ) . `` Kevin James And Adam Sandler Drive Nick Bakay Laugher ' Valet Guys ' For Sony '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` About Robin '' . nickbakay.com . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmy Broadband Nominees '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . May 31 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2007 . Retrieved July 15 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Nick Bakay '' dated 2007 - 12 - 03 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Nick Bakay on IMDb BNF : cb16708657r ( data ) GND : 1019423366 ISNI : 0000 0000 7154 7733 LCCN : n2003119544 VIAF : 100950819 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nick_Bakay&oldid=848700279 '' Categories : 1959 births Male actors from Buffalo , New York American people of Hungarian descent American male comedians American male screenwriters American male television actors American television sports announcers American television producers American television writers American male voice actors Kenyon College alumni Living people Writers from New York ( state ) Male television writers Comedians from New York ( state ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2014 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Nederlands Norsk Polski Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 3 July 2018 , at 18 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the voice of salem the cat | [
"Nicholas Bakay (/bəˈkeɪ/ bə-KAY;[1] born October 8, 1959) is an American actor, voice actor, writer, comedian and sportscaster. He is known as the voice of Salem Saberhagen on ABC/The WB's Sabrina the Teenage Witch and Sabrina: The Animated Series, and Norbert Beaver on The Angry Beavers. He played Karl on the Fox series 'Til Death as well as serving as a producer of the show until it was cancelled by Fox.[1]\n"
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"Nicholas Bakay"
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-36165520519873908 | War (The Temptations song) | War ( the Temptations song ) - wikipedia War ( the Temptations song ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` War '' Song by The Temptations from the album Psychedelic Shack Released June 10 , 1970 ( 1970 - 06 - 10 ) Recorded 1969 -- 1970 Studio Hitsville USA ( Studio A ) , Detroit , Michigan Genre Psychedelic soul Length 3 : 11 Label Gordy Songwriter ( s ) Norman Whitfield , Barrett Strong Producer ( s ) Norman Whitfield Psychedelic Shack track listing `` It 's Summer '' ( 5 ) `` War '' ( 6 ) `` You Need Love Like I Do ( Do n't You ) '' ( 7 ) `` War '' is a counterculture - era soul song written by Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong for the Motown label in 1969 . Whitfield first produced the song -- an obvious anti-Vietnam War protest -- with The Temptations as the original vocalists . After Motown began receiving repeated requests to release `` War '' as a single , Whitfield re-recorded the song with Edwin Starr as the vocalist , with the label deciding to withhold the Temptations ' version from single release so as not to alienate their more conservative fans . Starr 's version of `` War '' was a number - one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1970 , and is not only the most successful and well - known record of his career , but it is also one of the most popular protest songs ever recorded . It was one of 161 songs on the Clear Channel no - play list after September 11 , 2001 . The song 's power was reasserted when Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band took their rendition into the U.S. Top 10 in 1986 . It was also covered by Frankie Goes to Hollywood in 1984 and more recently by the Rock band Black Stone Cherry on its 2016 album Kentucky . Contents ( hide ) 1 Temptations ' version and release debate 2 Edwin Starr version 2.1 Chart position 3 Frankie Goes to Hollywood version 4 Bruce Springsteen version 4.1 Charts 5 Personnel 5.1 Edwin Starr version 5.2 Temptations version 5.3 Frankie Goes to Hollywood version 5.4 Bruce Springsteen version 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Temptations ' version and release debate ( edit ) The Temptations ' version of `` War '' , featuring Paul Williams and Dennis Edwards on lead vocals , was much less intense than the Edwin Starr version . Williams and Edwards deliver the song 's anti-war , pro-peace message over a stripped - down instrumental track , with bass singer Melvin Franklin chanting a repeated recruit training - like `` hup , two , three , four '' in the background during the verses . The song was included as a track on the March 1970 Psychedelic Shack album , which featured the title track as its only single . The track 's direct message , summarized by its chorus ( `` War , what is it good for ? Absolutely nothin ' ! '' ) , struck a chord with the American public and resonated with growing public opposition to the war in Vietnam . Fans from across the nation , many of them college students and other young people , sent letters to Motown requesting the release of `` War '' as a single . The label did not want to risk the image of its most popular male group , and the Temptations themselves were also apprehensive about releasing such a potentially controversial song as a single . The label decided to withhold `` War '' 's release as a single , a decision that Whitfield fought until the label came up with a compromise : `` War '' would be released , but it would have to be re-recorded with a different act . Edwin Starr version ( edit ) `` War '' Single by Edwin Starr from the album War & Peace B - side `` He Who Picks a Rose '' Released June 10 , 1970 ( 1970 - 06 - 10 ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded May 15 , 1970 Studio Hitsville USA ( Studio A ) , Detroit , Michigan Genre Psychedelic soul , funk Length 3 : 48 Label Gordy ( Gordy 7101 ) Songwriter ( s ) Norman Whitfield , Barrett Strong Producer ( s ) Norman Whitfield Edwin Starr singles chronology `` Time '' ( 1970 ) `` War '' ( 1970 ) `` Stop the War Now '' ( 1970 ) Edwin Starr sings War Sample of the song Problems playing this file ? See media help . Edwin Starr , who had become a Motown artist in 1968 after his former label , Ric - Tic , was purchased by Motown founder Berry Gordy , Jr. , became `` War 's '' new vocalist . Considered among Motown 's `` second - string '' acts , Starr had only one major hit , 1968 's number - six hit `` Twenty - Five Miles '' , to his name by this time . He heard about the conflict surrounding the debate of whether or not to release `` War '' , and volunteered to re-record it . Whitfield re-created the song to match Starr 's James Brown - influenced soul shout : the single version of `` War '' was dramatic and intense , depicting the general anger and distaste the antiwar movement felt towards the war in Vietnam . Unlike the Temptations ' original , Starr 's `` War '' was a full - scale Whitfield production , with prominent electric guitar lines , clavinets , a heavily syncopated rhythm accented by a horn section , and with The Originals and Whitfield 's new act The Undisputed Truth on backing vocals . Upon its release in June 1970 , Starr 's `` War '' became a runaway hit , and held the # 1 position on the Billboard Pop Singles chart for three weeks , in August and September 1970 . It replaced `` Make It With You '' by Bread , and was replaced by another Motown single , `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' by Diana Ross . Billboard ranked it as the No. 5 song of 1970 . Notable as the most successful protest song to become a pop hit , earning compliments from contemporary protester John Lennon , `` War '' became Edwin Starr 's signature song . Rather than hindering his career ( as it might have done for the Temptations ) , `` War '' buoyed Starr 's career , and he adopted the image of an outspoken liberal orator for many of his other early - 1970s releases , including the similarly themed `` Stop the War Now '' from 1971 . It and another 1971 single , `` Funky Music Sho ' ' Nuff Turns Me On '' , continued Starr 's string of Whitfield - produced psychedelic soul hits . After 1971 , Starr 's career began to falter , and , citing Motown 's reliance on formulas , he departed the label in the mid-1970s . Later in his career , after moving to the United Kingdom , Starr re-recorded several of his hits with British band Utah Saints . Starr 's new version of `` War '' in 2003 was his final piece . He died on April 2 of the same year of a heart attack . Starr earned a Grammy nomination in 1971 for `` War '' for best R&B Male Vocal . In 1999 , Starr 's recording of the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . `` War '' was featured in the films Agent Cody Banks 2 : Destination London , Gulliver 's Travels , Small Soldiers as well as its soundtrack , Rush Hour , Rush Hour 3 , and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows , and in the TV spot to Tropic Thunder . The song is featured in The Simpsons episode `` Treehouse of Horror VIII , '' in the segment `` The Homega Man '' . After Springfield is attacked by a French nuclear weapon , Homer , seemingly the only person in the city not killed or mutated by the explosion , is seen dancing completely naked to the song in a church . The song was sung by Stewie Griffin in Family Guy episode `` Bigfat '' when he was helping Peter sing while grunting at the rhythm . Starr 's version of `` War '' is featured in a 2015 TV commercial for the Nissan Rogue . A truncated version of Starr 's original recording was used as the opening theme to the TV drama Family Law ( 1999 -- 2002 ) . The song was referenced in the Seinfeld episode `` The Marine Biologist '' where Jerry convinces Elaine that Tolstoy 's original title for `` War and Peace '' was `` War , What Is It Good For ? '' Chart position ( edit ) Chart Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 16 Canada ( RPM 100 Singles ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 9 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 14 Norway ( VG - lista ) 9 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 Frankie Goes to Hollywood version ( edit ) `` War '' Single by Frankie Goes to Hollywood from the album Welcome to the Pleasuredome B - side `` Two Tribes ( Carnage ) '' `` One February Friday '' Released July 9 , 1984 Format 12 - inch single Genre Hi - NRG dance synthpop new wave Length 8 : 33 Label ZTT ( WARTZ 3 ) Songwriter ( s ) Norman Whitfield Barrett Strong Producer ( s ) Trevor Horn Frankie Goes to Hollywood singles chronology `` Relax '' ( 1983 ) `` War '' ( 1984 ) `` The Power of Love '' ( 1984 ) Frankie Goes to Hollywood followed their debut 1983 UK number one single Relax with Two Tribes . The principal B - side for 12 - inch single was a cover version of `` War '' . To build on the chart success of `` Two Tribes '' , `` War '' became the subject of an accomplished extended remix in its own right ( subtitled `` Hidden '' ) for the third version of single 's UK 12 - inch . For the release `` War '' was promoted as a double - A-side with the `` Carnage '' mix of `` Two Tribes '' on the reverse . The 12 - inch double - A-side single was released in standard and picture disc versions , both with the ZTT Records catalog number WARTZ 3 . Versions of both `` Two Tribes '' and `` War '' would later appear on the group 's 1984 debut album Welcome to the Pleasuredome as well as numerous Frankie Goes to Hollywoood and ZTT Records compilation albums . The release of `` War '' / `` Two Tribes '' also coincided with an extensive and iconic t - shirt marketing campaign for the band during the summer of 1984 , featuring such slogans as `` Frankie Say WAR ! Hide Yourself '' , as pictured on the 12 '' single cover . Several lines of spoken dialogue were added to the Temptations / Edwin Starr version of the song . Impressionist Chris Barrie voiced the long soliloquy about war and love , while impersonating the American President Ronald Reagan ; a role he would later reprise in the hit UK TV Show Spitting Image . Born in Germany , Barrie translated and subversively quoted Adolf Hitler from his failed 1924 putsch trial , in the first new lines added to the song . Bruce Springsteen version ( edit ) `` War '' Single by Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band from the album Live / 1975 -- 85 B - side `` Merry Christmas Baby '' Released November 10 , 1986 Format 7 - inch single Recorded September 30 , 1985 Venue Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , Los Angeles Genre Hard rock , funk rock Length 5 : 10 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Norman Whitfield Barrett Strong Producer ( s ) Bruce Springsteen Jon Landau Chuck Plotkin Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band singles chronology `` My Hometown '' ( 1985 ) `` War '' ( 1986 ) `` Fire '' ( 1987 ) `` War '' was performed in concert by Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band in 1985 , added to the set list for the final few shows of their lengthy Born in the U.S.A. Tour . Springsteen and his manager Jon Landau were looking for a way to make these concluding shows , taking place at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , a little different and special , and Landau suggested playing `` War '' . A year earlier , he had suggested the same , as a loose protest against Reagan Administration foreign policy in Central America and elsewhere , but the band had been unable to come up with an effective arrangement . This time , however , they did . Springsteen taped the words of the song to his arm , prefaced the song with a spoken admonition not to blindly trust the government , leaders or anything else , and then he and the band performed a rock rendition . Springsteen released the September 30 , 1985 performance as a part of his 1986 box set , Live / 1975 -- 85 . `` War '' was chosen as the first single from the set , and it was again a big hit , reaching # 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . The music video for the single was a straight concert filming of the same performance . Springsteen continued to perform `` War '' regularly through his 1988 Tunnel of Love Express and Human Rights Now ! Tours . He then retired it , until again performing it on his 2003 Rising Tour before and during the start of the Iraq War . Charts ( edit ) Chart Peak position Germany ( Official German Charts ) 27 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 10 United States ( Billboard Hot 100 ) 8 Ireland ( IRMA ) Norway ( VG - lista ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 42 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 8 UK ( UK Singles Chart ) 18 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Personnel ( edit ) Edwin Starr version ( edit ) Edwin Starr -- lead vocals The Originals ( Freddie Gorman , Walter Gaines , Hank Dixon , C.P. Spencer ) and The Undisputed Truth ( Joe Harris , Billie Rae Calvin , Brenda Joyce Evans ) -- background vocals The Funk Brothers -- instrumentation Temptations version ( edit ) Paul Williams and Dennis Edwards -- lead vocals Dennis Edwards , Melvin Franklin , Paul Williams , Eddie Kendricks , and Otis Williams -- background vocals The Funk Brothers -- instrumentation Frankie Goes to Hollywood version ( edit ) Holly Johnson -- lead vocals Paul Rutherford -- backing vocals Brian Nash -- guitar Mark O'Toole -- bass Peter Gill -- drums Trevor Horn -- producer Stuart Bruce , Steve Lipson -- engineers Ian Cooper -- mastering Bruce Springsteen version ( edit ) Bruce Springsteen -- lead vocals The E Street Band ( Roy Bittan , Clarence Clemons , Danny Federici , Nils Lofgren , Patti Scialfa , Garry Tallent ) -- background vocals The E Street Band -- instrumentation See also ( edit ) List of anti-war songs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` It 's the End of the World as Clear Channel Knows It '' . Slate.com. 2001 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Award Nominees 1971 - Grammy Award Winners 1971 '' . Awardsandshows.com. 1971 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- EDWIN STARR -- WAR '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Library and archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` germancharts.com - Edwin Starr - War '' . germancharts.de . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts -- All there is to know '' . IRMA . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Edwin Starr -- War '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- EDWIN STARR -- WAR '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` EDWIN STARR - full Official Chart History - Official Charts Company '' . www.officialcharts.com . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` EDWIN STARR Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` 25 Years On : Frankie Goes To Hollywood 's Welcome To The Pleasuredome '' . The Quietus.com . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band -- War ( Live ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Springsteen Chart History '' . Billboard.com . Billboard . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band -- War ( Live ) '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band -- War ( Live ) '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band -- War ( Live ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Springsteen Artist Official Charts '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band -- War ( Live ) '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Edwin Starr , `` War '' -- Superseventies.com Edwin Starr interview by Pete Lewis , ' Blues & Soul ' 10 / 92 Andrew Hamilton , All Music Guide review Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Peace movement / Anti-war movement Peace advocates Anti-nuclear organizations Anti-war movement Anti-war organizations Bed - In Central Park be-ins Conscientious objectors Counterculture Culture of peace Draft evasion Human Be-In List of peace activists Peace and conflict studies Peace camp Peace churches Peace commission Peace education Peace movement Peace walk Teach - in War resisters War tax resisters Ideologies Ahimsa Anarchism Anarcho - pacifism Anarcho - punks Christian anarchism Anti-imperialism Anti-nuclear movement Antimilitarism Appeasement Direct action Finvenkismo Hippie Isolationism Non-interventionism Nonkilling Nonviolence Pacificism Pacifism Peace Satyagraha Simple living Socialism Soviet influence on the peace movement Media and cultural Art Books Films International Day of Non-Violence International Day of Peace Dialogue Among Civilizations List of places named Peace `` Make love , not war '' Monuments and memorials Museums Peace journalism Peace News Plays Promoting Enduring Peace Songs Symbols World Game Opposition to specific wars or their aspects Afghan War American Civil War Iraq War Landmines Military action in Iran Military intervention in Libya Military taxation Nuclear armament Second Boer War Sri Lankan Civil War Vietnam War War of 1812 War on Terror World War I World War II Countries Canada Germany Israel Netherlands Spain United Kingdom United States Edwin Starr Studio albums War & Peace Singles `` Way Over There '' `` Twenty - Five Miles '' `` War '' `` Contact '' `` H.A.P.P.Y. Radio '' Related articles Angelo Starr Blinky Williams Ferry Aid Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band Bruce Springsteen Garry Tallent Roy Bittan Max Weinberg Steven Van Zandt Nils Lofgren Patti Scialfa Jake Clemons Charles Giordano Soozie Tyrell Former members Ernest Carter Clarence Clemons Danny Federici Vini Lopez David Sancious Former touring musicians Everett Bradley Barry Danielian Clark Gayton Curtis King Suki Lahav Ed Manion The Miami Horns Cindy Mizelle Michelle Moore Tom Morello Curt Ramm Jay Weinberg Studio albums Greetings from Asbury Park , N.J. ( 1973 ) The Wild , the Innocent & the E Street Shuffle ( 1973 ) Born to Run ( 1975 ) Darkness on the Edge of Town ( 1978 ) The River ( 1980 ) Nebraska ( 1982 ) Born in the U.S.A. ( 1984 ) Tunnel of Love ( 1987 ) Human Touch ( 1992 ) Lucky Town ( 1992 ) The Ghost of Tom Joad ( 1995 ) The Rising ( 2002 ) Devils & Dust ( 2005 ) We Shall Overcome : The Seeger Sessions ( 2006 ) Magic ( 2007 ) Working on a Dream ( 2009 ) Wrecking Ball ( 2012 ) High Hopes ( 2014 ) Live albums & Bruce Springsteen Archives Live 1975 -- 85 ( 1986 ) In Concert / MTV Plugged ( 1993 ) Live in New York City ( 2001 ) Hammersmith Odeon London ' 75 ( 2006 ) Live in Dublin ( 2007 ) Live from the Carousel ( 2011 ) Apollo Theater 3 / 09 / 12 ( 2014 ) The Agora , Cleveland 1978 ( 2015 ) Tower Theater , Philadelphia 1975 ( 2015 ) Nassau Coliseum , New York 1980 ( 2015 ) Brendan Byrne Arena , New Jersey 1984 ( 2015 ) LA Sports Arena , California 1988 ( 2015 ) Schottenstein Center , Ohio 2005 ( 2015 ) Ippodromo delle Capannelle , Rome 2013 ( 2015 ) Arizona State University , Tempe 1980 ( 2015 ) The Christic Shows 1990 ( 2016 ) HSBC Arena , Buffalo , NY , 11 / 22 / 09 ( 2016 ) Scottrade Center , St. Louis , MO , 8 / 23 / 08 ( 2017 ) Olympiastadion , Helsinki , July 31 , 2012 ( 2017 ) Wachovia Spectrum , Philadelphia , PA 10 / 20 / 09 ( 2017 ) Palace Theatre , Albany 1977 ( 2017 ) Auditorium Theatre , Rochester , NY 1977 ( 2017 ) King 's Hall , Belfast March 19 , 1996 ( 2017 ) The Summit , Houston , TX December 8 , 1978 ( 2017 ) Compilations Greatest Hits ( 1995 ) 18 Tracks ( 1999 ) The Essential Bruce Springsteen ( 2003 ) Greatest Hits ( 2009 ) The Promise ( 2010 ) Collection : 1973 -- 2012 ( 2013 ) Chapter and Verse ( 2016 ) Box sets The Born in the U.S.A. 12 '' Single Collection ( 1985 ) Tracks ( 1998 ) The Collection ( 2004 ) Born to Run : 30th Anniversary Edition ( 2005 ) The Collection 1973 -- 1984 ( 2010 ) The Promise : The Darkness on the Edge of Town Story ( 2010 ) The Album Collection Vol. 1 1973 -- 1984 ( 2014 ) The Ties That Bind : The River Collection ( 2015 ) EPs Live Collection ( 1987 ) Chimes of Freedom ( 1988 ) Blood Brothers ( 1996 ) PBS Exclusive ( 2007 ) Magic Tour Highlights ( 2008 ) American Beauty ( 2014 ) Singles `` Blinded by the Light '' ( 1973 ) `` Spirit in the Night '' ( 1973 ) `` 4th of July , Asbury Park ( Sandy ) '' ( 1974 ) `` Born to Run '' ( 1975 ) `` Tenth Avenue Freeze - Out '' ( 1976 ) `` Prove It All Night '' ( 1978 ) `` Badlands '' ( 1978 ) `` The Promised Land '' ( 1978 ) `` Rosalita ( Come Out Tonight ) '' ( 1979 ) `` Hungry Heart '' ( 1980 ) `` Fade Away '' ( 1981 ) `` Sherry Darling '' ( 1981 ) `` The River '' ( 1981 ) `` Cadillac Ranch '' ( 1981 ) `` Point Blank '' ( 1981 ) `` Atlantic City '' ( 1982 ) `` Open All Night '' ( 1982 ) `` Dancing in the Dark '' ( 1984 ) `` Cover Me '' ( 1984 ) `` Born in the U.S.A. '' ( 1984 ) `` I 'm on Fire '' ( 1985 ) `` Glory Days '' ( 1985 ) `` I 'm Goin ' Down '' ( 1985 ) `` My Hometown '' ( 1985 ) `` Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town '' ( 1985 ) `` War '' ( 1986 ) `` Fire '' ( 1987 ) `` Brilliant Disguise '' ( 1987 ) `` Tunnel of Love '' ( 1987 ) `` One Step Up '' ( 1988 ) `` Tougher Than the Rest '' ( 1988 ) `` Spare Parts '' ( 1988 ) `` Human Touch '' ( 1992 ) `` 57 Channels ( And Nothin ' On ) '' ( 1992 ) `` Better Days '' ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' ( 1994 ) `` Secret Garden '' ( 1995 ) `` The Ghost of Tom Joad '' ( 1996 ) `` Sad Eyes '' ( 1999 ) `` The Rising '' ( 2002 ) `` Lonesome Day '' ( 2002 ) `` Waitin ' on a Sunny Day '' ( 2003 ) `` Devils & Dust '' ( 2005 ) `` All The Way Home '' ( 2005 ) `` Radio Nowhere '' ( 2007 ) `` Girls in Their Summer Clothes '' ( 2008 ) `` Working on a Dream '' ( 2008 ) `` My Lucky Day '' ( 2008 ) `` The Wrestler '' ( 2009 ) `` We Take Care of Our Own '' ( 2012 ) `` Death to My Hometown '' ( 2012 ) `` High Hopes '' ( 2013 ) `` Just Like Fire Would '' ( 2014 ) Charting songs `` Be True '' ( 1981 ) `` Ramrod '' ( 1981 ) `` Nebraska '' ( 1982 ) `` Johnny 99 '' ( 1982 ) `` No Surrender '' ( 1984 ) `` Stand on It '' ( 1985 ) `` Trapped '' ( live ) ( 1985 ) `` Because the Night '' ( live ) ( 1986 ) `` Chimes of Freedom '' ( live ) ( 1988 ) `` Youngstown '' ( 1995 ) `` American Skin ( 41 Shots ) '' ( 2001 ) `` Pay Me My Money Down '' ( 2006 ) `` Long Walk Home '' ( 2006 ) `` My City of Ruins '' ( 2011 ) `` Rocky Ground '' ( 2012 ) Other notable songs `` Growin ' Up '' ( 1973 ) `` For You '' ( 1973 ) `` Incident on 57th Street '' ( 1973 ) `` The Fever '' ( 1973 ) `` Thunder Road '' ( 1975 ) `` Night '' ( 1975 ) `` Backstreets '' ( 1975 ) `` She 's the One '' ( 1975 ) `` Meeting Across the River '' ( 1975 ) `` Jungleland '' ( 1975 ) `` Adam Raised a Cain '' ( 1978 ) `` Racing in the Street '' ( 1978 ) `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' ( 1978 ) `` Stay '' ( 1979 ) `` The Ties That Bind '' ( 1980 ) `` Independence Day '' ( 1980 ) `` Out in the Street '' ( 1980 ) `` Stolen Car '' ( 1980 ) `` Wreck on the Highway '' ( 1980 ) `` Highway Patrolman '' ( 1982 ) `` Darlington County '' ( 1984 ) `` Working on the Highway '' ( 1984 ) `` Downbound Train '' ( 1984 ) `` Bobby Jean '' ( 1984 ) `` Pink Cadillac '' ( 1984 ) `` Jersey Girl '' ( 1986 ) `` Light of Day '' ( 1993 ) `` The New Timer '' ( 1995 ) `` Land of Hope and Dreams '' ( 2012 ) `` Hunter of Invisible Game '' ( 2014 ) Video releases Video Anthology / 1978 -- 88 ( 1989 ) In Concert / MTV Plugged ( 1992 ) Blood Brothers ( 1996 ) The Complete Video Anthology / 1978 -- 2000 ( 2001 ) Live in New York City ( 2001 ) Live in Barcelona ( 2003 ) VH1 Storytellers ( 2005 ) Wings For Wheels ( 2005 ) Hammersmith Odeon London ' 75 ( 2005 ) Live in Dublin ( 2007 ) Magic Tour Highlights ( 2008 ) London Calling : Live in Hyde Park ( 2010 ) The Promise : The Making of Darkness on the Edge of Town ( 2010 ) Springsteen & I ( 2013 ) Born in the U.S.A. Live : London 2013 ( 2014 ) A MusiCares Tribute to Bruce Springsteen ( 2014 ) Bruce Springsteen 's High Hopes ( 2014 ) High Hopes in South Africa ( 2014 ) Hunter of Invisible Game ( 2014 ) Concerts Born to Run tours ( 1974 -- 77 ) Darkness Tour ( 1978 ) The River Tour ( 1980 -- 81 ) Born in the U.S.A. Tour ( 1984 -- 85 ) Tunnel of Love Express ( 1988 ) Human Rights Now ! ( 1988 ) Bruce Springsteen 1992 -- 1993 World Tour ( 1992 -- 93 ) Ghost of Tom Joad Tour ( 1995 -- 97 ) Reunion Tour ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Rising Tour ( 2002 -- 03 ) Vote for Change ( 2004 ) Devils & Dust Tour ( 2005 ) Seeger Sessions Band Tour ( 2006 ) Magic Tour ( 2007 -- 08 ) Working on a Dream Tour ( 2009 ) Wrecking Ball Tour ( 2012 - 13 ) High Hopes Tour ( 2014 ) The River Tour 2016 ( 2016 ) Summer ' 17 ( 2017 ) Springsteen on Broadway ( 2017 - 18 ) Related Discography E Street Band Steel Mill The Sessions Band The Miami Horns Born to Run autobiography E Street Radio Little Steven 's Underground Garage Outlaw Pete Mike Appel Jon Landau Brendan O'Brien Bob Clearmountain The Max Weinberg 7 Southside Johnny Joe Grushecky Badlands : A Tribute to Bruce Springsteen 's Nebraska Greetings from E Street Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_(The_Temptations_song)&oldid=846770862 '' Categories : 1970 songs 1970 singles 1986 singles Anti-war songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Bruce Springsteen songs Columbia Records singles Counterculture of the 1960s Edwin Starr songs Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Motown singles Gordy Records singles ZTT Records singles Island Records singles Psychedelic soul songs Song recordings produced by Norman Whitfield Songs of the Vietnam War Songs written by Barrett Strong Songs written by Norman Whitfield The Temptations songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Latina Simple English Slovenčina Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 20 June 2018 , at 19 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who made the song war what is it good for | [
"\"War\" is a counterculture-era soul song written by Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong for the Motown label in 1969. Whitfield first produced the song – an obvious anti-Vietnam War protest – with The Temptations as the original vocalists. After Motown began receiving repeated requests to release \"War\" as a single, Whitfield re-recorded the song with Edwin Starr as the vocalist, with the label deciding to withhold the Temptations' version from single release so as not to alienate their more conservative fans. Starr's version of \"War\" was a number-one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1970, and is not only the most successful and well-known record of his career, but it is also one of the most popular protest songs ever recorded. It was one of 161 songs on the Clear Channel no-play list after September 11, 2001.[1]\n"
] | [
"The Temptations"
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5143240786913439296 | Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan | Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan - wikipedia Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan The Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan is a 6th century Christian extracanonical work found in Ge'ez , translated from an Arabic original . It does not form part of the canon of any known church . Contents 1 Editions and translations 2 Content 3 Textual origin 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Editions and translations ( edit ) It was first translated from the Ge'ez Ethiopic version into German by August Dillmann . It was first translated into English by S.C. Malan from the German of Ernest Trumpp . The first half of Malan 's translation is included as the `` First Book of Adam and Eve '' and the `` Second Book of Adam and Eve '' in The Lost Books of the Bible and the Forgotten Books of Eden . The books mentioned below were added by Malan to his English translation ; the Ethiopic is divided into sections of varying length , each dealing with a different subject . Content ( edit ) Books 1 and 2 begin immediately after the expulsion from the Garden of Eden , and end with the testament and translation of Enoch . Great emphasis is placed in Book 1 on Adam 's sorrow and helplessness in the world outside the garden . In Book 2 , the `` sons of God '' who appear in Genesis 6 : 2 are identified as the children of Seth , and the `` daughters of men '' as women descended from Cain , who successfully tempt most of the Sethites to come down from their mountain and join the Cainites in the valley below , under the instigation of Genun , son of Lamech . This Genun , as the inventor of musical instruments , seems to correspond to the Biblical Jubal ; however he also invents weapons of war . The Cainites , descended from Cain the first murderer , are described as exceedingly wicked , being prone to commit murder and incest . After seducing the Sethites , their offspring become the Nephilim , the `` mighty men '' of Gen. 6 who are all destroyed in the deluge , as also detailed in other works such as I Enoch and Jubilees . Books 3 and 4 continue with the lives of Noah , Shem , Melchizedek , etc. through to the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus in AD 70 . The genealogy from Adam to Jesus is given , as in the Gospels , but including also the names of the wives of each of Jesus ' ancestors , which is extremely rare . Textual origin ( edit ) The Cave of Treasures is a Syriac work containing many of the same legends ; indeed , as Malan remarks , a whole body of stories expanding upon the Old Testament is found in the Talmud , in the Koran , and in other late antique texts . See also ( edit ) Life of Adam and Eve Apocalypse of Adam Testament of Adam Books of Adam References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Charles , R.H. ( 2004 ) . The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament , Volume Two : Pseudepigrapha . Apocryphile Press . p. 127 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9747623 - 7 - 1 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , P. ( 2015 ) . The Many Faces of Christ : The Thousand - Year Story of the Survival and Influence of the Lost Gospels . Basic Books . p. 144 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 06161 - 7 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Weinberger , E. ( 2016 ) . The Ghosts of Birds . New Directions . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8112 - 2619 - 6 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Malan , S.C. ( 1882 ) . The Book of Adam and Eve : Also Called the Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan , a Book of the Early Eastern Church , Translated from the Ethiopic , with Notes from the Kufale , Talmud , Midrashim , and Other Eastern Works . Williams and Norgate . p. 6 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Dillmann , A. ( 1853 ) . Das christliche Adambuch des Morgenlandes . Göttingen : Dieterich . OCLC 230747084 Jump up ^ Malan , S.C. ( 1882 ) . The Book of Adam and Eve : Also called the conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan , a book of the early Eastern Church . London , Williams and Norgate ; repr . Kiesinger 2003 , Gorgias Press 2010 . External links ( edit ) The First Book of Adam and Eve and the Second Book of Adam and Eve , Malan 's translation as modernized by Dennis Hawkins : From Project Gutenberg : First Book From Blackmask : First Book and Second Book From Dubjockey : First Book and Second Book From GoogleBooks : Complete translation , including Books 3 and 4 From Live Search Books The First Book of Adam and Eve public domain audiobook at LibriVox The Lost Books of the Bible and the Forgotten Books of Eden ( 1926 ) The Lost Books of the Bible Gospel of James Syriac Infancy Gospel Infancy Gospel of Thomas Epistles of Jesus Christ and Abgarus King of Edessa Gospel of Nicodemus Apostles ' Creed Epistle to the Laodiceans Epistle to Seneca the Younger Acts of Paul and Thecla First Epistle of Clement Second Epistle of Clement Epistle of Barnabas Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians Epistle of Ignatius to the Trallians Epistle of Ignatius to the Romans Epistle of Ignatius to the Philadelphians Epistle of Ignatius to the Smyrneans Epistle of Ignatius to Polycarp The Shepherd of Hermas Letter of Herod To Pilate the Governor Letter of Pilate to Herod Gospel of Peter Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians The Forgotten Books of Eden Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan Second Book of Enoch Psalms of Solomon Odes of Solomon Letter of Aristeas 4 Maccabees Story of Ahikar Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs Adam and Eve Source Genesis creation narrative in the Book of Genesis Adam Eve Offspring Cain and Abel Aclima Seth Awan Azura Television `` Probe 7 , Over and Out '' ( 1963 ) Film Mama 's Affair ( 1921 ) Good Morning , Eve ! ( 1934 ) The Broken Jug ( 1937 ) The Original Sin ( 1948 ) The Private Lives of Adam and Eve ( 1960 ) El pecado de Adán y Eva ( 1969 ) La Biblia en pasta ( 1984 ) The Annunciation ( 1984 ) Adipapam ( 1988 ) Adam ( 1992 ) Man 's Best Friend ( 1998 ) Babs ( 2000 ) The Last Eve ( 2005 ) Year One ( 2009 ) The Tragedy of Man ( 2011 ) Adam and Dog ( 2011 ) Tropico ( 2013 ) Plays Le Jeu d'Adam ( 12th century ) The Broken Jug ( 1808 ) The Tragedy of Man ( 1861 ) The Creation of the World and Other Business ( 1972 ) Musicals The Apple Tree ( 1966 ) Dude ( 1972 ) Up from Paradise ( 1973 ) Children of Eden ( 1991 ) Compositions The Creation ( 1798 ) structure La mort d'Adam ( 1809 ) Ève ( 1875 ) Genesis Suite ( 1945 ) Lilith ( 2001 ) Literature Apocalypse of Adam Book of Moses Book of Abraham Books of Adam Book of the Penitence of Adam Cave of Treasures `` El y Ella '' Genesis A and Genesis B Harrowing of Hell Life of Adam and Eve Testament of Adam Testimony of Truth ( 3rd century ) Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan ( 6th century ) `` Old Saxon Genesis '' ( 9th century ) `` Adam lay ybounden '' ( 15th century ) Paradise Lost ( 1667 ) Le Dernier Homme ( 1805 ) Extracts from Adam 's Diary ( 1904 ) Eve 's Diary ( 1905 ) The Book of Genesis ( 2009 ) Art Bernward Doors ( 1015 ) Tapestry of Creation ( 11th century ) Expulsion from the Garden of Eden ( 1425 ) Vienna Diptych ( 15th century ) The Last Judgment ( 1482 ) The Garden of Earthly Delights ( 1504 ) Adam and Eve ( 1507 ) Paradise and Hell ( 1510 ) The Creation of Adam ( 1512 ) The Haywain Triptych ( 1516 ) Eve , the Serpent and Death ( 1510s or 1520s ) Adam and Eve ( 1528 ) The Fall of Man ( 1550 ) Maps of ancient Israel The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man ( 1617 ) The Fall of Man ( 1628 ) The Four Seasons ( 1660s ) The Koren Picture - Bible ( 1692 -- 1696 ) The First Mourning ( 1888 ) Eve ( 1931 ) Adam and Eve ( 1932 ) The Serpent Chooses Adam and Eve ( 1958 ) Songs `` Dese Bones G'wine Rise Again '' `` Adam - ondi - Ahman '' ( 1835 ) `` Forbidden Fruit '' ( 1915 ) `` The Garden of Eden '' ( 1956 ) `` Let 's Give Adam and Eve Another Chance '' ( 1970 ) `` Man Gave Names to All the Animals '' ( 1979 ) Albums The Cainian Chronicle ( 1996 ) Visions of Eden ( 2006 ) Other cultures Adam -- God doctrine Adam and Eve ( LDS Church ) Adam in Islam Adam in rabbinic literature Al - A'raf Book of Moses Endowment Manu ( Hinduism ) Mashya and Mashyana Serpent seed Tree of Jiva and Atman Tree of life ( Quran ) Our Lady of Endor Coven Geography Adam - ondi - Ahman Tomb of Eve Biology Mitochondrial Eve Y - chromosomal Adam The Real Eve Story within a story Doraemon : Nobita 's Diary of the Creation of the World Island of Love The Visitors Games Demon : The Fallen ( 2002 ) Related theology Fall of man Original sin Garden of Eden Tree of the knowledge of good and evil Serpents in the Bible Forbidden fruit Apple Fig leaf Figs in the Bible Adam 's ale Adamic language Rosh Hashanah Camael Shamsiel Tree of life Allegorical interpretations of Genesis Other Pre-Adamite Generations of Adam Cave of the Patriarchs `` In - A-Gadda - Da - Leela '' `` Simpsons Bible Stories '' Second Time Lucky Adam and Eve cylinder seal Timeline of Genesis patriarchs Genealogies of Genesis Carnal knowledge Legend of the Rood Ystorya Adaf Snakes for the Divine Ransom theory of atonement Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conflict_of_Adam_and_Eve_with_Satan&oldid=847949075 '' Categories : 6th - century Christian texts Old Testament apocrypha Adam and Eve Texts in Ge'ez Satan Hidden categories : Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Frysk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 28 June 2018 , at 21 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was the book of adam and eve found | [
"The Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan is a 6th century[1][2][3][4] Christian extracanonical work found in Ge'ez, translated from an Arabic original.\nIt does not form part of the canon of any known church.\n"
] | [
"Ge'ez"
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-1101848447008861423 | Canadian Open (golf) | Canadian Open ( Golf ) - wikipedia Canadian Open ( Golf ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the men 's golf tournament . For the women 's tournament , see Canadian Women 's Open . This article or section contains close paraphrasing of one or more non-free copyrighted sources . Ideas in this article should be expressed in an original manner . More details may be available on the talk page . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) RBC Canadian Open Tournament information Location Canada -- varies Established 1904 , 113 years ago Course ( s ) Glen Abbey Golf Course , Oakville , Ontario Par 72 Length 7,253 yards ( 6,632 m ) Organized by Golf Canada Tour ( s ) PGA Tour Format Stroke play Prize fund US $ 6.0 million Month played July Tournament record score Aggregate 263 Johnny Palmer ( 1952 ) 263 Scott Piercy ( 2012 ) 263 Tim Clark ( 2014 ) To par − 25 Johnny Palmer ( 1952 ) Current champion Jhonattan Vegas Glen Abbey Location in Canada Glen Abbey Location in southern Ontario The Canadian Open ( French : L'Omnium Canadien ) is a professional golf tournament in Canada , first played 113 years ago in 1904 . It is organized by the Royal Canadian Golf Association / Golf Canada . Played annually continuously since then , except for some years during World War I and World War II , the Canadian Open is the third oldest continuously running tournament on the PGA Tour , after The Open Championship and the U.S. Open . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tournament 2 Courses 3 History 3.1 Canadian performances 4 Event titles 5 Winners 6 Multiple and consecutive champions 7 Champions by nationality 8 Trophies 9 Future sites 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Tournament ( edit ) As a national open , and especially as the most accessible non-U.S. national open for American golfers , the event had a special status in the era before the professional tour system became dominant in golf . In the interwar years it was sometimes considered the third most prestigious tournament in the sport , after The Open Championship and the U.S. Open . This previous status was noted in the media in 2000 , when Tiger Woods became the first man to win The Triple Crown ( all three Opens in the same season ) in 29 years , since Lee Trevino in 1971 . In the decades preceding the tournament 's move to an undesirable September date in 1988 , the Canadian Open was often unofficially referred to as the fifth major . Due to the PGA Tour 's unfavorable scheduling , this special status has largely dissipated , but the Canadian Open remains a well - regarded fixture on the PGA Tour . The top three golfers on the PGA Tour Canada Order of Merit prior to the tournament are given entry into the Canadian Open . However , prize money won at the Canadian Open does not count towards the Canadian Tour money list . Celebrated winners include Hall of Fame members Leo Diegel , Walter Hagen , Tommy Armour , Harry Cooper , Lawson Little , Sam Snead , Craig Wood , Byron Nelson , Doug Ford , Bobby Locke , Bob Charles , Arnold Palmer , Kel Nagle , Billy Casper , Gene Littler , Lee Trevino , Curtis Strange , Greg Norman , Nick Price , Vijay Singh , and Mark O'Meara . The Canadian Open is regarded as the most prestigious tournament never won by Jack Nicklaus , a seven - time runner - up . Diegel has the most titles , with four in the 1920s . In the early 2000s , the tournament was still being held in early September . Seeking to change back to a more desirable summer date in the schedule , the RCGA lobbied for a better date . When the PGA Tour 's schedule was revamped to accommodate the FedEx Cup in 2007 , the Canadian Open was rescheduled for late July , sandwiched between three events with even higher profiles ( The Open Championship the week prior , the WGC - Bridgestone Invitational the week after , and the PGA Championship the week after that ) . The tournament counts towards the FedEx Cup standings , and earns the winner a Masters invitation . Courses ( edit ) Glen Abbey Golf Course has hosted the most Canadian Opens , with 29 to date . Glen Abbey was designed in 1976 by Jack Nicklaus for the Royal Canadian Golf Association , to serve as the permanent home for the championship . In the mid-1990s , the RCGA decided to move the championship around the country , and continues to alternate between Glen Abbey and other clubs . The owner since 2005 , Clublink Corp filed an application in October 2015 to redevelop the property into a residential community , with offices and retail stores . There was no provision for a golf course in the plan . The Town of Oakville Council responded in August 2017 by declaring the golf course a heritage site under the Ontario Heritage Act . This would make it more difficult for ClubLink to develop the area as it had planned . Golf Canada was also concerned since it could not predict whether it could get the necessary permit to hold the Canadian Open at Glen Abbey in 2018 as it had planned . Royal Montreal Golf Club , home of the first Open in 1904 , ranks second with nine times hosted . Mississaugua Golf & Country Club has hosted six Opens . Three clubs -- Toronto Golf Club , St. George 's Golf and Country Club , and Hamilton Golf and Country Club -- have each hosted five Opens . Three clubs have each hosted four Opens : Lambton Golf Club , Shaughnessy Golf & Country Club , and Scarboro Golf and Country Club . The championship has for the most part been held in Ontario and Quebec , between them having seen all but nine Opens . New Brunswick had the Open in 1939 , Manitoba in 1952 and 1961 , Alberta in 1958 , and British Columbia in 1948 , 1954 , 1966 , 2005 and 2011 . History ( edit ) The Royal Montreal Golf Club , host of the first Canadian Open in 1904 . The Royal Montreal Golf Club , founded in 1873 , is the oldest continuously running official golf club in North America . The club was the host of the first Canadian Open championship in 1904 , and has been host to eight other Canadian Opens . The 1912 Canadian Open at the Rosedale Golf Club was famed American golfer Walter Hagen 's first professional competition . In 1914 , Karl Keffer won the event , being the last Canadian - born champion . Englishman J. Douglas Edgar captured the 1919 championship at Hamilton Golf and Country Club by a record 16 - stroke margin ; 17 - year - old amateur prodigy Bobby Jones ( who was coached by Edgar ) tied for second . The 1930 Canadian Open at Hamilton was another stellar tournament . Tommy Armour blazed his way around the course over the final 18 holes of regulation play , shooting a 64 . Four - time champion Diegel and Armour went to a 36 - hole playoff to decide the title . Armour shot 138 ( 69 - 69 ) to defeat Diegel by three strokes . Toronto 's St. Andrews Golf Club hosted the Open in 1936 and 1937 -- the only course to hold back - to - back Opens until the creation of Glen Abbey -- before it felt the impact of the growth of the city , and was ploughed under to allow for the creation of Highway 401 . The Riverside Golf and Country Club of Saint John , New Brunswick was host to the 1939 Canadian Open where Harold `` Jug '' McSpaden was champion . This was the only time the Open has been held in Atlantic Canada . Gene Sarazen , Tommy Armour , and Walter Hagen at Lakeview Golf Club in Toronto in 1934 . Scarboro Golf and Country Club in eastern Toronto was host to four Canadian Opens : 1940 , 1947 , 1953 , and 1963 . Three of these events were decided by one stroke , and the only time the margin was two shots was when Bobby Locke defeated Ed `` Porky '' Oliver in 1947 . With his win at Scarboro in 1947 , the golfer from South Africa became just the second non-North American winner of the Canadian Open . Locke fired four rounds in the 60s to finish at 16 - under - par , two strokes better than the American Oliver . After the prize presentation Locke was given a standing ovation , and was then hoisted to shoulders by fellow countrymen who were then residents of Canada . In 1948 , for the first time , the Canadian Open traveled west of Ontario , landing at Shaughnessy Heights Golf Club in Vancouver , British Columbia , where Charles Congdon sealed his victory on the 16th hole with a 150 - yard bunker shot that stopped eight feet from the cup . The following birdie gave him the lead , and Congdon went on to win by three shots . Mississaugua Golf & Country Club has hosted six Canadian Opens : 1931 , 1938 , 1942 , 1951 , 1965 , and 1974 . The 1951 Open tournament was won by Jim Ferrier , who successfully defended the title he had won at Royal Montreal a year earlier . Winnipeg 's St. Charles Country Club hosted the 1952 Canadian Open , and saw Johnny Palmer set the 72 - hole scoring record of 263 , which still stands after more than 60 years . Palmer 's rounds of 66 - 65 - 66 - 66 bettered the old 1947 mark set by Bobby Locke by five shots . In 1955 , Arnold Palmer captured the Canadian Open championship , his first PGA Tour victory , at the Weston Golf Club . Montreal , Quebec 's Laval - sur - le - Lac hosted the 1962 Open where Gary Player was disqualified after the first round , when he recorded the wrong score on the 10th hole . He had won the PGA Championship the week before . Californian Charlie Sifford attended the 1962 Canadian Open in part to raise the profile of African - American players on the PGA Tour . He was one of only 16 of the top 100 players on tour to play there in 1962 . Pinegrove Country Club played host to the Canadian Open in 1964 and 1969 . Australian Kel Nagle edged Arnold Palmer and Raymond Floyd at the 1964 Open to become , aged almost 44 at the time , the oldest player to win the title . Five years later , Tommy Aaron fired a final - round 64 to force a playoff with 57 - year - old Sam Snead . Aaron won the 18 - hole playoff , beating Snead by two strokes ( 70 - 72 ) . The small town of Ridgeway , Ontario in the Niagara Peninsula was host of the 1972 Open at Cherry Hill Golf Club . A popular choice of venue , it drew rave reviews by the players , specifically the 1972 champion Gay Brewer , who called it the best course he had ever played in Canada , and Arnold Palmer , who suggested the Open be held there again the following year . In 1975 , Tom Weiskopf won his second Open in three years in dramatic fashion at the Blue Course of Royal Montreal 's new venue , defeating Jack Nicklaus on the first hole of a sudden - death playoff , after almost holing his short - iron approach . Windsor , Ontario 's Essex Golf & Country Club was host of the 1976 Canadian Open , where Jack Nicklaus again finished second , this time behind champion Jerry Pate . Essex came to the rescue late in the game , when it was determined that the newly built Glen Abbey was not yet ready to host the Canadian Open . The 1997 Open at Royal Montreal was the first time Tiger Woods ever missed a professional cut , after winning the Masters Tournament a few months before . Nick Price 's second Canadian Open win in 1994 Angus Glen Golf Club was host to two recent Canadian Opens , 2002 and 2007 . In 2007 Jim Furyk became one of a few golfers who have won two consecutive Canadian Open titles , joining James Douglas Edgar , Leo Diegel , Sam Snead and Jim Ferrier . Angus Glen owns the unique distinction of having each of its two courses ( North and South ) host the Canadian Open . Glen Abbey Golf Club of Oakville , Ontario has hosted 27 Open Championships ( 1977 -- 79 , 1981 -- 96 , 1998 -- 2000 , 2004 , 2008 -- 09 , 2013 , 2015 ) , and has crowned 22 different champions . The 11th hole at Glen Abbey is widely considered its signature hole , and begins the world - famous valley sequence of five holes from 11 to 15 . The picturesque 11th is a 459 - yard straightaway par - 4 , where players tee off 100 feet above the fairway , which ends at Sixteen Mile Creek , just short of the green . John Daly left his mark , and a plaque is permanently displayed on the back tee deck , recounting Daly 's attempt to reach the green with his tee shot . His ball landed in the creek . In 2000 , Tiger Woods dueled with Grant Waite over the final 18 holes , before finally subduing the New Zealander on the 72nd hole with one of the most memorable shots of his career . Holding a one - shot advantage , Woods found his tee shot in a fairway bunker , and after watching Waite put his second shot 30 feet from the hole , decided he had no choice but to go for the green . Woods sent a 6 - iron which carried a lake and settled on the fringe just past the flag , which was 218 yards away , and then chipped to tap - in range for the title - clinching birdie . With the victory , Woods became only the second golfer to capture the U.S. Open , Open Championship and Canadian Open in the same year , earning him the Triple Crown trophy . In 2009 , Mark Calcavecchia scored nine consecutive birdies at the second round , breaking the PGA Tour record . Canadian performances ( edit ) A Canadian has not won the Canadian Open since Pat Fletcher in 1954 , and one of the most exciting conclusions ever seen at the Open came in 2004 , extending that streak . Mike Weir had never done well at the Glen Abbey Golf Course , the site of the tournament that week . In fact , he had only made the cut once at any of the Opens contested at Glen Abbey . But Weir clawed his way to the top of the leaderboard by Friday . And by the third day at the 100th anniversary Open , he had a three - stroke lead , and many Canadians were buzzing about the possibility of the streak 's end . Weir started off with a double bogey , but then went 4 - under to keep his 3 - stroke lead , with only eight holes left . Yet , with the expectations of Canadian observers abnormally high , there was another roadblock in the way of Mike Weir : Vijay Singh . Weir bogeyed three holes on the back nine but still had a chance to win the tournament with a 10 - footer on the 72nd hole . When he missed the putt , the two entered a sudden - death playoff . Weir missed two more chances to win the tournament : a 25 - foot putt for eagle on No. 18 on the first hole of sudden - death , and a 5 - foot putt on No. 17 , the second playoff hole . On the third playoff hole , Weir put his third shot into the water after a horrid drive and lay - up , and Singh was safely on the green in two . Singh won the Open and overtook Tiger Woods as the world 's number one player . Canadian David Hearn took a two - shot lead into the final round in 2015 . He still had the lead as late as the 15th hole , but was being closely pursued by three players ranked near the top of the Official World Golf Ranking -- Bubba Watson , Jim Furyk , and Jason Day . All four golfers had chances to win right until the end . Hearn was overtaken by champion Day 's three consecutive birdies to close the round ; Day finished one shot ahead of Watson , who also birdied the final three holes , narrowly missing an eagle attempt on a final hole greenside chip that would have tied . Day 's fourth career Tour triumph came after he had just missed a potential tying putt on the final hole at the Open Championship the previous week . Hearn finished third , the best result by a Canadian since Weir 's near - miss in 2004 . In 2016 , Canadian amateur Jared du Toit was only one stroke behind going into the final round , allowing him to play in the final group . He finished tied for ninth , three strokes behind eventual winner Jhonattan Vegas . Event titles ( edit ) Years Event title 1904 -- 1993 , 2006 -- 2007 Canadian Open 1994 -- 2005 Bell Canadian Open 2008 -- present RBC Canadian Open Winners ( edit ) George Sargent , winner of the 1912 Canadian Open at Rosedale Golf Club . Tommy Armour , three - time Canadian Open champion in 1927 , 1930 and 1934 . Other three - time winners are Sam Snead and Lee Trevino . Walter Hagen , winner at the 1931 Canadian Open Championship . Arnold Palmer , 1955 Open winner , his first PGA Tour victory . Greg Norman , two - time Canadian Open champion in 1984 and 1992 . Tiger Woods , champion of the 2000 Canadian Open and winner of the Triple Crown along with Lee Trevino ( 1971 ) . Jim Furyk , back - to - back Canadian Open winner in 2006 -- 07 , along with James Douglas Edgar , Leo Diegel , Sam Snead , Jim Ferrier , and Jhonattan Vegas Year Player Country Score To par Margin of victory Runner ( s ) - up Winner 's share ( $ ) Purse ( $ ) Course Location 2017 Jhonattan Vegas ( 2 ) Venezuela 267 − 21 Playoff Charley Hoffman 1,080,000 6,000,000 Glen Abbey Golf Course Oakville , Ontario 2016 Jhonattan Vegas Venezuela 276 − 12 1 stroke Dustin Johnson Martin Laird Jon Rahm 1,062,000 5,900,000 Glen Abbey Golf Course Oakville , Ontario 2015 Jason Day Australia 271 − 17 1 stroke Bubba Watson 1,044,000 5,800,000 Glen Abbey Golf Course Oakville , Ontario 2014 Tim Clark South Africa 263 − 17 1 stroke Jim Furyk 1,026,000 5,700,000 Royal Montreal Golf Club Île Bizard , Quebec 2013 Brandt Snedeker United States 272 − 16 3 strokes Jason Bohn Dustin Johnson Matt Kuchar William McGirt 1,008,000 5,600,000 Glen Abbey Golf Course Oakville , Ontario 2012 Scott Piercy United States 263 − 17 1 stroke Robert Garrigus William McGirt 936,000 5,200,000 Hamilton Golf and Country Club Ancaster , Ontario 2011 Sean O'Hair United States 276 − 4 Playoff Kris Blanks 936,000 5,200,000 Shaughnessy Golf & Country Club Vancouver , British Columbia Carl Pettersson Sweden 266 − 14 1 stroke Dean Wilson 918,000 5,100,000 St. George 's Golf and Country Club Toronto , Ontario 2009 Nathan Green Australia 270 − 18 Playoff Retief Goosen 918,000 5,100,000 Glen Abbey Golf Course Oakville , Ontario 2008 Chez Reavie United States 267 − 17 3 strokes Billy Mayfair 900,000 5,000,000 Glen Abbey Golf Course Oakville , Ontario 2007 Jim Furyk ( 2 ) United States 268 − 16 1 stroke Vijay Singh 900,000 5,000,000 Angus Glen Golf Club ( North Course ) Markham , Ontario 2006 Jim Furyk United States 266 − 14 1 stroke Bart Bryant 900,000 5,000,000 Hamilton Golf and Country Club Ancaster , Ontario 2005 Mark Calcavecchia United States 275 − 5 1 stroke Ben Crane Ryan Moore 882,000 4,900,000 Shaughnessy Golf & Country Club Vancouver , British Columbia Vijay Singh Fiji 275 − 9 Playoff Mike Weir 810,000 4,500,000 Glen Abbey Golf Course Oakville , Ontario 2003 Bob Tway United States 272 − 8 Playoff Brad Faxon 756,000 4,200,000 Hamilton Golf and Country Club Ancaster , Ontario 2002 John Rollins United States 272 − 16 Playoff Neal Lancaster Justin Leonard 720,000 4,000,000 Angus Glen Golf Club ( South Course ) Markham , Ontario Scott Verplank United States 266 − 14 3 strokes Bob Estes Joey Sindelar 684,000 3,800,000 Royal Montreal Golf Club Île - Bizard , Quebec 2000 Tiger Woods United States 266 − 22 1 stroke Grant Waite 594,000 3,300,000 Glen Abbey Golf Course Oakville , Ontario 1999 Hal Sutton United States 275 − 13 3 strokes Dennis Paulson 450,000 2,500,000 Glen Abbey Golf Course Oakville , Ontario 1998 Billy Andrade United States 275 − 13 Playoff Bob Friend 396,000 2,200,000 Glen Abbey Golf Course Oakville , Ontario Steve Jones ( 2 ) United States 275 − 5 1 stroke Greg Norman 270,000 1,500,000 Royal Montreal Golf Club Île - Bizard , Quebec Dudley Hart United States 202 − 14 1 stroke David Duval 270,000 1,500,000 Glen Abbey Golf Course Oakville , Ontario 1995 Mark O'Meara United States 274 − 14 Playoff Bob Lohr 234,000 1,300,000 Glen Abbey Golf Course Oakville , Ontario 1994 Nick Price ( 2 ) Zimbabwe 275 − 13 1 stroke Mark Calcavecchia 234,000 1,300,000 Glen Abbey Golf Course Oakville , Ontario David Frost South Africa 279 − 9 1 stroke Fred Couples 180,000 1,000,000 Glen Abbey Golf Course Oakville , Ontario Greg Norman ( 2 ) Australia 280 − 8 Playoff Bruce Lietzke 180,000 1,000,000 Glen Abbey Golf Course Oakville , Ontario 1991 Nick Price Zimbabwe 273 − 15 1 stroke David Edwards 180,000 1,000,000 Glen Abbey Golf Course Oakville , Ontario Wayne Levi United States 278 − 10 1 stroke Ian Baker - Finch Jim Woodward 180,000 1,000,000 Glen Abbey Golf Course Oakville , Ontario Steve Jones United States 271 − 17 2 strokes Clark Burroughs Mark Calcavecchia Mike Hulbert 162,000 900,000 Glen Abbey Golf Course Oakville , Ontario 1988 Ken Green United States 275 − 13 1 stroke Bill Glasson Scott Verplank 135,000 900,000 Glen Abbey Golf Course Oakville , Ontario Curtis Strange ( 2 ) United States 276 − 12 3 strokes David Frost Jodie Mudd Nick Price 108,000 600,000 Glen Abbey Golf Course Oakville , Ontario 1986 Bob Murphy United States 280 − 8 3 strokes Greg Norman 108,000 600,000 Glen Abbey Golf Course Oakville , Ontario 1985 Curtis Strange United States 279 − 9 2 strokes Jack Nicklaus Greg Norman 86,507 580,000 Glen Abbey Golf Course Oakville , Ontario 1984 Greg Norman Australia 278 − 10 2 strokes Jack Nicklaus 72,000 525,000 Glen Abbey Golf Course Oakville , Ontario John Cook United States 277 − 7 Playoff Johnny Miller 63,000 425,000 Glen Abbey Golf Course Oakville , Ontario 1982 Bruce Lietzke ( 2 ) United States 277 − 7 2 strokes Hal Sutton 76,500 425,000 Glen Abbey Golf Course Oakville , Ontario 1981 Peter Oosterhuis England 280 − 4 1 stroke Bruce Lietzke Jack Nicklaus Andy North 76,500 425,000 Glen Abbey Golf Course Oakville , Ontario 1980 Bob Gilder United States 274 − 6 2 strokes Jerry Pate Leonard Thompson 63,000 350,000 Royal Montreal Golf Club Île - Bizard , Quebec 1979 Lee Trevino ( 3 ) United States 281 − 3 3 strokes Ben Crenshaw 63,000 350,000 Glen Abbey Golf Course Oakville , Ontario 1978 Bruce Lietzke United States 283 − 1 1 stroke Pat McGowan 50,000 250,000 Glen Abbey Golf Course Oakville , Ontario 1977 Lee Trevino ( 2 ) United States 280 − 8 4 strokes Peter Oosterhuis 45,000 225,000 Glen Abbey Golf Course Oakville , Ontario 1976 Jerry Pate United States 267 − 13 4 strokes Jack Nicklaus 40,000 200,000 Essex Golf & Country Club Windsor , Ontario Tom Weiskopf ( 2 ) United States 274 − 6 Playoff Jack Nicklaus 40,000 200,000 Royal Montreal Golf Club Île - Bizard , Quebec Bobby Nichols United States 270 − 10 4 strokes John Schlee Larry Ziegler 40,000 200,000 Mississaugua Golf & Country Club Mississauga , Ontario 1973 Tom Weiskopf United States 278 − 6 2 strokes Forrest Fezler 35,000 175,000 Richelieu Valley Golf & Country Club Ste. - Julie , Quebec 1972 Gay Brewer United States 275 − 9 1 stroke Sam Adams Dave Hill 30,000 150,000 Cherry Hill Club Ridgeway , Ontario 1971 Lee Trevino United States 275 − 13 Playoff Art Wall , Jr . 30,000 150,000 Richelieu Valley Golf & Country Club Ste. - Julie , Quebec 1970 Kermit Zarley United States 279 − 9 3 strokes Gibby Gilbert 25,000 125,000 London Hunt & Country Club London , Ontario 1969 Tommy Aaron United States 275 − 13 Playoff Sam Snead 25,000 125,000 Pine Grove Golf & Country Club St. Luc , Quebec 1968 Bob Charles New Zealand 274 − 6 2 strokes Jack Nicklaus 25,000 125,000 St. George 's Golf and Country Club Toronto , Ontario 1967 Billy Casper United States 279 − 5 Playoff Art Wall , Jr . 30,000 100,000 Montreal Municipal Golf Club Montreal , Quebec 1966 Don Massengale United States 280 − 4 3 strokes Chi - Chi Rodríguez 20,000 100,000 Shaughnessy Golf & Country Club Vancouver , British Columbia 1965 Gene Littler United States 273 − 7 1 stroke Jack Nicklaus 20,000 100,000 Mississaugua Golf & Country Club Mississauga , Ontario 1964 Kel Nagle Australia 277 − 11 2 strokes Arnold Palmer 7,500 50,000 Pine Grove Golf & Country Club St. Luc , Quebec 1963 Doug Ford ( 2 ) United States 280 − 4 1 stroke Al Geiberger 9,000 50,000 Scarboro Golf and Country Club Scarborough , Ontario 1962 Ted Kroll United States 278 − 10 2 strokes Charlie Sifford 4,300 30,000 Le Club Laval - sur - le - Lac Laval - sur - le - Lac , Quebec 1961 Jacky Cupit United States 270 − 10 5 strokes Buster Cupit Dow Finsterwald Bobby Nichols 4,300 30,000 Niakwa Country Club Winnipeg , Manitoba 1960 Art Wall , Jr . United States 269 − 19 6 strokes Bob Goalby Jay Hebert 3,500 25,000 St. George 's Golf and Country Club Toronto , Ontario 1959 Doug Ford United States 276 − 12 2 strokes Dow Finsterwald Art Wall , Jr . Bo Wininger 3,500 25,000 Islesmere Golf & Country Club Montreal , Quebec 1958 Wes Ellis United States 267 − 13 1 stroke Jay Hebert 3,500 25,000 Royal Mayfair Golf & Country Club Edmonton , Alberta 1957 George Bayer United States 271 − 13 2 strokes Bo Wininger 3,500 25,000 Westmount Golf and Country Club Kitchener , Ontario 1956 Doug Sanders ( a ) United States 273 − 11 Playoff Dow Finsterwald 2,400 15,000 Beaconsfield Golf Club Montreal , Quebec 1955 Arnold Palmer United States 265 − 23 4 strokes Jack Burke , Jr . 2,400 15,000 Weston Golf and Country Club Toronto , Ontario 1954 Pat Fletcher Canada 280 − 8 4 strokes Gordie Brydson Bill Welch 3,000 15,000 Point Grey Golf Club Vancouver , British Columbia 1953 Dave Douglas United States 273 − 11 1 stroke Wally Ulrich 3,000 15,000 Scarboro Golf and Country Club Scarborough , Ontario 1952 Johnny Palmer United States 263 − 25 11 strokes Fred Haas Dick Mayer 3,000 15,000 St. Charles Country Club Winnipeg , Manitoba 1951 Jim Ferrier ( 2 ) Australia 273 − 7 2 strokes Fred Hawkins Ed Oliver 2,250 15,000 Mississaugua Golf & Country Club Mississauga , Ontario 1950 Jim Ferrier Australia 271 − 17 3 strokes Ted Kroll 2,000 10,000 Royal Montreal Golf Club Dorval , Quebec 1949 E.J. Harrison United States 271 − 17 4 strokes Jim Ferrier 2,000 9,200 St. George 's Golf and Country Club Toronto , Ontario 1948 Charles Congdon United States 280 − 4 3 strokes Vic Ghezzi Ky Laffoon Dick Metz 2,000 9,000 Shaughnessy Golf & Country Club Vancouver , British Columbia 1947 Bobby Locke South Africa 268 − 16 2 strokes Ed Oliver 2,000 10,000 Scarboro Golf and Country Club Scarborough , Ontario 1946 George Fazio United States 278 − 6 Playoff Dick Metz 2,000 9,000 Beaconsfield Golf Club Montreal , Quebec 1945 Byron Nelson United States 280 − 8 4 strokes Herman Barron 2,000 10,000 Thornhill Golf Club Thornhill , Ontario 1943 -- 44 : Cancelled due to World War II 1942 Craig Wood United States 275 − 13 4 strokes Mike Turnesa 1,000 3,000 Mississaugua Golf & Country Club Mississauga , Ontario 1941 Sam Snead ( 3 ) United States 274 − 6 2 strokes Bob Gray , Jr . 1,000 3,000 Lambton Golf Club Toronto , Ontario 1940 Sam Snead ( 2 ) United States 281 − 3 Playoff Jug McSpaden 1,000 3,000 Scarboro Golf and Country Club Scarborough , Ontario 1939 Jug McSpaden United States 282 + 2 5 strokes Ralph Guldahl 1,000 3,000 Riverside Country Club Saint John , New Brunswick 1938 Sam Snead United States 277 − 11 Playoff Harry Cooper 1,000 3,000 Mississaugua Golf & Country Club Mississauga , Ontario 1937 Harry Cooper ( 2 ) England 285 + 5 2 strokes Ralph Guldahl 1,000 3,200 St. Andrews Club Toronto , Ontario 1936 Lawson Little United States 271 − 9 8 strokes Jimmy Thomson 1,000 3,000 St. Andrews Club Toronto , Ontario 1935 Gene Kunes United States 280 − 8 2 strokes Vic Ghezzi 500 1,465 Summerlea Golf Club Montreal , Quebec 1934 Tommy Armour ( 3 ) United States 287 − 1 2 strokes Ky Laffoon 500 1,465 Lakeview Golf Club Toronto , Ontario 1933 Joe Kirkwood Sr . Australia 282 − 2 8 strokes Harry Cooper Lex Robson 500 1,465 St. George 's Golf and Country Club Toronto , Ontario 1932 Harry Cooper England 290 + 2 3 strokes Al Watrous 500 1,465 Ottawa Hunt and Golf Club Ottawa , Ontario 1931 Walter Hagen United States 292 + 4 Playoff Percy Alliss 500 1,485 Mississaugua Golf & Country Club Mississauga , Ontario 1930 Tommy Armour ( 2 ) United States 273 − 7 Playoff Leo Diegel 500 1,475 Hamilton Golf and Country Club Ancaster , Ontario 1929 Leo Diegel ( 4 ) United States 274 − 6 3 strokes Tommy Armour 400 1,320 Kanawaki Golf Club Kahnawake , Quebec 1928 Leo Diegel ( 3 ) United States 282 − 2 2 strokes Archie Compston Walter Hagen Macdonald Smith 400 1,320 Rosedale Golf Club Toronto , Ontario 1927 Tommy Armour United States 288 1 stroke Macdonald Smith 400 1,320 Toronto Golf Club Mississauga , Ontario 1926 Macdonald Smith Scotland 283 + 3 3 strokes Gene Sarazen 500 1,575 Royal Montreal Golf Club Dorval , Quebec 1925 Leo Diegel ( 2 ) United States 295 + 11 2 strokes Mike Brady 500 900 Lambton Golf Club Toronto , Ontario 1924 Leo Diegel United States 285 + 1 2 strokes Gene Sarazen 400 750 Mt . Bruno Golf Club St. Bruno , Quebec 1923 Clarence Hackney Scotland 295 + 7 5 strokes Tom Kerrigan 350 580 Lakeview Golf Club Toronto , Ontario 1922 Al Watrous United States 303 + 19 1 stroke Tom Kerrigan 250 450 Mt . Bruno Golf Club St. Bruno , Quebec 1921 William Trovinger United States 293 + 5 3 strokes Mike Brady 250 450 Toronto Golf Club Mississauga , Ontario 1920 James Douglas Edgar ( 2 ) England 298 + 10 Playoff Tommy Armour ( a ) Charlie Murray 300 600 Rivermead Golf Club Aylmer , Quebec 1919 James Douglas Edgar England 278 − 2 16 strokes Jim Barnes Bobby Jones ( a ) Karl Keffer 200 435 Hamilton Golf and Country Club Ancaster , Ontario 1915 -- 18 : Cancelled due to World War I 1914 Karl Keffer ( 2 ) Canada 300 + 12 1 stroke George Cumming 100 265 Toronto Golf Club Mississauga , Ontario 1913 Albert Murray ( 2 ) Canada 295 + 15 6 strokes Jack Burke Sr . Nicol Thompson 100 265 Royal Montreal Golf Club Dorval , Quebec 1912 George Sargent England 299 + 19 1 stroke Jim Barnes 100 265 Rosedale Golf Club Toronto , Ontario 1911 Charlie Murray ( 2 ) Canada 314 + 26 2 strokes Davie Black 100 265 Royal Ottawa Golf Club Aylmer , Quebec 1910 Daniel Kenny United States 303 + 19 4 strokes George Lyon ( a ) 100 265 Lambton Golf Club Toronto , Ontario 1909 Karl Keffer Canada 309 + 21 3 strokes George Cumming 100 265 Toronto Golf Club Mississauga , Ontario 1908 Albert Murray Canada 300 + 20 4 strokes George Sargent 80 225 Royal Montreal Golf Club Dorval , Quebec 1907 Percy Barrett England 306 + 22 2 strokes George Cumming 80 245 Lambton Golf Club Toronto , Ontario 1906 Charlie Murray Canada 170 + 26 1 stroke George Cumming Tom Reith ( a ) Alex Robertson 70 225 Royal Ottawa Golf Club Aylmer , Quebec 1905 George Cumming Canada 148 + 8 3 strokes Percy Barrett 60 225 Toronto Golf Club Mississauga , Ontario 1904 Jack Oke England 156 + 16 2 strokes Percy Barrett 60 170 Royal Montreal Golf Club Dorval , Quebec Yellow highlight indicates a winner of the Triple Crown of Golf . Green highlight indicates scoring records . Source Multiple and consecutive champions ( edit ) This table lists the golfers who have won more than one Canadian Open . Deceased golfer † Major championship winner the same year as the Open win ‡ Major championship winner M Country Golfer Total Years United States Diegel , Leo Leo Diegel ‡ † M 1924 , 1925 , 1928 , 1929 United States Armour , Tommy Tommy Armour ‡ † M 1927 , 1930 , 1934 United States Snead , Sam Sam Snead M † 1938 , 1940 , 1941 United States Trevino , Lee Lee Trevino ‡ M 1971 , 1977 , 1979 Canada Murray , Charles Charles Murray † 1906 , 1911 Canada Murray , Albert Albert Murray † 1908 , 1913 Canada Karl Keffer † 1909 , 1914 England Edgar , James Douglas James Douglas Edgar † 1919 , 1920 England Cooper , Harry Harry Cooper † 1932 , 1937 Australia Ferrier , Jim Jim Ferrier M † 1950 , 1951 United States Ford , Doug Doug Ford M 1959 , 1963 United States Weiskopf , Tom Tom Weiskopf ‡ M 1973 , 1975 United States Lietzke , Bruce Bruce Lietzke 1978 , 1982 United States Strange , Curtis Curtis Strange M 1985 , 1987 Australia Norman , Greg Greg Norman M 1984 , 1992 Zimbabwe Price , Nick Nick Price ‡ M 1991 , 1994 United States Jones , Steve Steve Jones M 1989 , 1997 United States Furyk , Jim Jim Furyk M 2006 , 2007 Venezuela Jhonattan Vegas 2016 , 2017 Bolded years and player names means back - to - back wins denotes Triple - Crown winner in 1971 . Champions by nationality ( edit ) This table lists the total number of titles won by golfers of each nationality . Rank Country Wins Winners First title Last title United States 72 55 1910 2013 T2 England 8 6 1904 1981 Australia 8 6 1933 2015 Canada 7 1906 1954 T5 Scotland 1905 1926 South Africa 1947 2014 T6 Zimbabwe 1991 1994 Venezuela 2016 2017 T8 New Zealand 1968 Fiji Sweden Trophies ( edit ) Canadian Amateur Trophy 1895 -- 1907 The Seagram Gold Cup 1935 -- 1970 The Du Maurier Trophy 1971 -- 1993 Earl Grey Trophy 1908 -- RBC Canadian Open Trophy 1994 -- present Rivermead Challenge Cup ( presented to low Canadian ) 1936 -- 1961 , 2007 -- Future sites ( edit ) Year Edition Course City Dates 2018 109th Glen Abbey Oakville , Ontario July 26 -- 29 Source : See also ( edit ) Triple Crown of Golf References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` RBC Canadian Open : Course Overview '' . PGA Tour . 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/clublink-files-to-redevelop-glen-abbey-golf-club-into-residential-community/article27012533/?ref=http://www.theglobeandmail.com& Jump up ^ Brian Milner ( 27 Oct 2015 ) . `` ClubLink files to redevelop Glen Abbey into residential community '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/oakville-council-unanimously-votes-to-give-heritage-status-for-glen-abbey/article36053209/?ref=http://www.theglobeandmail.com& Jump up ^ http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/oakville-city-council-unanimously-votes-to-designate-glen-abbey-golf-course-a-heritage-site-1.4256733 Jump up ^ https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/heritage-designation-raises-questions-about-glen-abbeys-future/article36075968/?ref=http://www.theglobeandmail.com& Jump up ^ `` Canadian Open History : 100 years of golf '' . RBC Canadian Open . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Brent . `` Largest Margin of Victory on the PGA Tour '' . About.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Open : The Past Champions '' . RBC Canadian Open . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Open : The Venues '' . RBC Canadian Open . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Randy ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` Tiger Woods 's greatest shot was at Canadian Open '' . The Gazette . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Calcavecchia birdies record 9 straight holes '' . Golf.com . Associated Press . July 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weir falls short in Canadian bid '' . ESPN . Associated Press . September 14 , 2004 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Feschuk , Dave ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` Day seized Open with late birdie barrage '' . Toronto Star . Jump up ^ `` 2016 RBC Canadian Open Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . RBC Canadian Open . pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ `` Glen Abbey Golf Club to host 2018 RBC Canadian Open '' . Golf Canada . July 29 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Coverage on the PGA Tour 's official site Canadian Open Championship of Golf rota courses Current rota courses Angus Glen Glen Abbey Hamilton Mississaugua Royal Montreal Royal St George 's Shaughnessy Former rota courses Beaconsfield Cherry Hill Essex Islesmere Kanawaki Lakeview Lambton Laval - sur - le - Lac London Hunt Montreal Municipal Mount Bruno Niakwa Ottawa Hunt Pine Grove Richelieu Valley Lakeview Rivermead Riverside Rosedale Royal Mayfair Royal Ottawa Royal Quebec St. Andrews Scarboro St. Charles Summerlea Thornhill Toronto Golf Club Westmount Weston PGA Tour events Major championships Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship ( British Open ) PGA Championship Other tournaments Safeway Open CIMB Classic CJ Cup WGC - HSBC Champions Sanderson Farms Championship Shriners Hospitals for Children Open OHL Classic at Mayakoba RSM Classic Sentry Tournament of Champions Sony Open in Hawaii CareerBuilder Challenge Farmers Insurance Open Waste Management Phoenix Open AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am Genesis Open The Honda Classic WGC - Mexico Championship Valspar Championship Arnold Palmer Invitational Puerto Rico Open WGC - Dell Technologies Match Play Shell Houston Open RBC Heritage Valero Texas Open Zurich Classic of New Orleans Wells Fargo Championship The Players Championship AT&T Byron Nelson Dean & DeLuca Invitational Memorial Tournament FedEx St. Jude Classic Travelers Championship Quicken Loans National Greenbrier Classic John Deere Classic Barbasol Championship RBC Canadian Open WGC - Bridgestone Invitational Barracuda Championship Wyndham Championship FedEx Cup playoff events The Northern Trust Dell Technologies Championship BMW Championship Tour Championship Team events Ryder Cup Presidents Cup World Cup Unofficial money events Hero World Challenge QBE Shootout CVS Health Charity Classic Former events List of former events Fall Series All events are listed in chronological order . Coordinates : 43 ° 27 ′ 07 '' N 79 ° 43 ′ 08 '' W / 43.452 ° N 79.719 ° W / 43.452 ; - 79.719 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Open_(golf)&oldid=797734597 '' Categories : Canadian Open ( golf ) PGA Tour events Golf tournaments in Canada Royal Bank of Canada 1904 establishments in Ontario Recurring sporting events established in 1904 Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from May 2015 All pages needing cleanup Articles with close paraphrasing from May 2015 All articles with close paraphrasing Use mdy dates from November 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing French - language text All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with hCards Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 21 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last time a canadian won the canadian open | [
"A Canadian has not won the Canadian Open since Pat Fletcher in 1954, and one of the most exciting conclusions ever seen at the Open came in 2004, extending that streak. Mike Weir had never done well at the Glen Abbey Golf Course, the site of the tournament that week. In fact, he had only made the cut once at any of the Opens contested at Glen Abbey. But Weir clawed his way to the top of the leaderboard by Friday. And by the third day at the 100th anniversary Open, he had a three-stroke lead, and many Canadians were buzzing about the possibility of the streak's end. Weir started off with a double bogey, but then went 4-under to keep his 3-stroke lead, with only eight holes left. Yet, with the expectations of Canadian observers abnormally high, there was another roadblock in the way of Mike Weir: Vijay Singh. Weir bogeyed three holes on the back nine but still had a chance to win the tournament with a 10-footer on the 72nd hole. When he missed the putt, the two entered a sudden-death playoff. Weir missed two more chances to win the tournament: a 25-foot putt for eagle on No. 18 on the first hole of sudden-death, and a 5-foot putt on No. 17, the second playoff hole. On the third playoff hole, Weir put his third shot into the water after a horrid drive and lay-up, and Singh was safely on the green in two. Singh won the Open and overtook Tiger Woods as the world's number one player.[13]"
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1786657947117675880 | Runaways (TV series) | Runaways ( TV series ) - wikipedia Runaways ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Marvel television series . For other series with similar names , see Runaway ( disambiguation ) § Television . Runaways Genre Adventure Superhero Teen drama Created by Josh Schwartz Stephanie Savage Based on Runaways by Brian K. Vaughan Adrian Alphona Starring Rhenzy Feliz Lyrica Okano Virginia Gardner Ariela Barer Gregg Sulkin Allegra Acosta Angel Parker Ryan Sands Annie Wersching Kip Pardue Ever Carradine James Marsters Brigid Brannagh Kevin Weisman Brittany Ishibashi James Yaegashi Composer ( s ) Siddhartha Khosla Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 9 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Brett Morgen ( 1x01 only ) Alan Fine Stan Lee Joe Quesada Karim Zreik Jim Chory Jeph Loeb Josh Schwartz Stephanie Savage Producer ( s ) Kelly Van Horn Emma Fleischer Location ( s ) Los Angeles Cinematography Ramsey Nickell David Stockton Editor ( s ) Jeff Granzow Lois Blumenthal Adrienne McNally Jesse Ellis Running time 46 -- 53 minutes Production company ( s ) ABC Signature Studios Marvel Television Fake Empire Productions Distributor Hulu Release Original network Hulu Original release November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows Marvel Cinematic Universe television series External links Website www.hulu.com/marvels-runaways Marvel 's Runaways , or simply Runaways , is an American web television series created for Hulu by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage , based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise . The series is produced by ABC Signature Studios , Marvel Television and Fake Empire Productions , with Schwartz and Savage serving as showrunners . Rhenzy Feliz , Lyrica Okano , Virginia Gardner , Ariela Barer , Gregg Sulkin , and Allegra Acosta star as the Runaways , six teenagers from different backgrounds who unite against their parents , the Pride , portrayed by Angel Parker , Ryan Sands , Annie Wersching , Kip Pardue , Ever Carradine , James Marsters , Brigid Brannagh , Kevin Weisman , Brittany Ishibashi , and James Yaegashi . A film from Marvel Studios based on the Runaways began development in May 2008 , before being shelved in 2013 due to the success of The Avengers . In August 2016 , Marvel Television announced that Runaways had received a pilot order from Hulu , after being developed and written by Schwartz and Savage . Casting for the Runaways and the Pride were revealed in February 2017 . Filming on the pilot began in Los Angeles in February 2017 . The series was officially ordered by Hulu in May 2017 . Runaways premiered in Los Angeles on November 16 , 2017 , with the 10 - episode series releasing on Hulu between November 21 , 2017 , and January 9 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Filming 4.5 Music 4.6 Marvel Cinematic Universe tie - ins 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Critical response 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) Six teenagers from different backgrounds unite against a common enemy -- their criminal parents , collectively known as the Pride . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Rhenzy Feliz as Alex Wilder : A nerd who longs to reunite with his childhood friends and a member of the Runaways . Lyrica Okano as Nico Minoru : A Wiccan who isolates herself with her gothic appearance and a member of the Runaways . Unlike the comics , Nico does not summon the Staff of One through self - harm . Okano said this was tweaked , `` for good reason '' as there would be `` a lot of young teenagers watching the show and we do n't want to promote anything like self - harm because that 's serious . '' She added that an element of drawing blood would still be involved . Virginia Gardner as Karolina Dean : An alien passing as a human model , who is burdened by her privileged upbringing and wants to pursue her own desires and a member of the Runaways . She can fly and glow with rainbow - colored light . Ariela Barer as Gert Yorkes : A riot grrrl , social activist , and a Runaway . Gregg Sulkin as Chase Stein : A high school lacrosse player who is often dismissed as a dumb jock but displays brilliance in engineering and a member of the Runaways . Sulkin and the writers wanted the character to be `` more layered '' than the comics , and Sulkin felt that Chase was the most changed of the Runaways from the source material . The character is depicted as having the potential to be as much of a genius as his father is , and builds gadgets such as the weaponized gauntlets called `` fistigons '' . Connor Falk portrays a young Chase Allegra Acosta as Molly Hernandez : The youngest member of the Runaways who is characterized by her positive attitude . Evelyn Angelos portrays a young Molly . Angel Parker as Catherine Wilder : Alex 's mother , a successful lawyer , and a member of the Pride . Ryan Sands as Geoffrey Wilder : Alex 's father and a self - made business man who had a grueling path to his success who is a member of the Pride . Annie Wersching as Leslie Dean : Karolina 's mother and one of the leaders of the cult - like religious group the Church of Gibborim who is a member of the Pride . Kip Pardue as Frank Dean : Karolina 's father , a former teen star who is struggling in his professional acting career , who is one of the leaders of the Church of Gibborim . Ever Carradine as Janet Stein : Chase 's mother who has a brilliant mind , is `` a perfect PTA mom '' , and a member of the Pride . Sorel Carradine portrays a young Janet . James Marsters as Victor Stein : Chase 's father , an engineering genius , and a member of Pride . Marsters was inspired by Vincent D'Onofrio 's portrayal of Wilson Fisk in Daredevil , saying it was `` exactly opposite of what I was expecting '' , and also looked for common ground with Victor , saying , `` I 'm not an abusive parent but I 'm not a perfect parent . I do n't think anyone is . '' He added that Victor just wants Chase to live up to his potential . Tim Pocock portrays a young Victor . Brigid Brannagh as Stacey Yorkes : Gert 's mother , a bioengineer , and a member of Pride . Kevin Weisman as Dale Yorkes : Gert 's father , a bioengineer , and a member of Pride . Brittany Ishibashi as Tina Minoru : Nico 's mother who is a brilliant innovator , ruthless CEO , and perfectionist `` tiger mom '' who is a member of Pride . The character previously appeared in the film Doctor Strange , in a minor role as a Master of the Mystic Arts , portrayed by Linda Louise Duan . The producers felt free to recast the role and create a different version of Tina Minoru since Duan was not named as the character in the film . James Yaegashi as Robert Minoru : Nico 's father and a member of Pride . Recurring ( edit ) Danielle Campbell as Eiffel : A girl who attends Atlas Academy and looks down on Karolina . Julian McMahon as Jonah : Someone who helps the Runaways rebel against their parents and Karolina 's biological father . McMahon described Jonah as `` the wealthy guy who 's pretty ego - driven and mission - driven ... who 's trying to accomplish certain things and if something were to get in his way he 'd plow through it '' , which he felt was similar to Victor von Doom , who he portrayed in Fantastic Four and its sequel . He also revealed that he did not appear in the earlier episodes as the character in his near - death state , as he had been cast after the first four episodes had been completed . Ric Sarabia portrayed the character in this state , which McMahon stated took five hours of make up application to achieve . Old Lace , a genetically engineered Deinonychus telepathically linked with Gert Yorkes , appears in the series . The character is portrayed by a puppet that was operated by six people , including one person pumping air through the puppet to show the dinosaur breathing . Barer called the puppet `` incredible ... You see her emotions . We do n't not make use of that . '' Guest ( edit ) Zayne Emory as Brandon : A member of Chase 's lacrosse team . Timothy Granaderos as Lucas : A member of Chase 's lacrosse team . Nicole Wolf as Destiny Gonzalez : A young woman who joins the Church of Gibborim and is sacrificed soon after by the Pride . Pat Lentz as Aura : A member of the Church of Gibborim who works for the Deans . Heather Olt as Frances : A member of the Church of Gibborim who works for the Deans . DeVaughn Nixon as Darius Davis : An old associate of Geoffrey 's who holds a grudge against him . Cody Mayo as Vaughn : Leslie Dean 's assistant at the Church of Gibborim . Nathan Davis Jr. as Andre : An associate of Darius ' who is used as a sacrifice for the Pride . Alex Fernandez as Flores : An LAPD lieutenant who works under the Pride . Ryan Doom as Alphona : Chase 's lacrosse coach . Devan Chandler Long as Kincaid : A man hired by Tina Minoru for devious purposes . Kimmy Shields as a supporter of Gert 's club . Anjelika Washington as a supporter of Gert 's club . Cooper Mothersbaugh as a supporter of Gert 's club . Amanda Suk as Amy Minoru : Nico 's sister and Tina and Robert 's daughter who died prior to the beginning of the series . Chandler Shen portrays a young Amy . Vladimir Caamaño as Gene Hernandez : Molly 's father and a former member of the Pride who died in a fire . Carmen Serano as Alice Hernandez : Molly 's mother and a former member of the Pride who died in a fire . Marlene Forte as Graciela Aguirre : A distant relative of Molly 's . Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance as a limo driver . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Reunion '' Brett Morgen Josh Schwartz & Stephanie Savage November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) A girl named Destiny is `` rescued '' by the Church of Gibborim from two muggers , who were actually trying to save her . Six months later , friends Alex Wilder , Nico Minoru , Chase Stein , Gert Yorkes , Karolina Dean , and Molly Hernandez have grown apart since the death of Nico 's sister , Amy , two years earlier . Alex uses a meeting for their parents ' group the Pride to reach out to the others , but they turn him down . They later change their minds : Karolina removes her Church of Gibborim bracelet at a party , sees her hands glowing , and loses consciousness -- Chase rescues her from being raped ; because of this , Chase stands Gert up for a study session , and she picks up her adopted sister Molly who has discovered that she has super strength and that their parents have a creature in the basement ; and Nico arrives after failing to contact Amy 's spirit in a ritual . The gathering is awkward , but they soon discover a secret passage in the house that leads to their parents sacrificing Destiny in a ritual . Molly 's camera flash is seen by the parents . `` Rewind '' Roxann Dawson Josh Schwartz & Stephanie Savage November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) Before the ritual , Geoffrey Wilder had confronted an old associate from his time as a criminal , threatening him against interfering with the Pride 's construction project ; Victor Stein was having issues testing the container used in the ritual ; Leslie Dean convinced Destiny not to leave the Church of Gibborim until she reaches the stage of `` Ultra '' , which involves the then upcoming secret ritual ; her husband Frank , an actor who is not a member of the Pride , lost his agent due to his role as the co-founder of the Church . The group are all reluctant to sacrifice someone the same age as their children , but go ahead anyway . When they see the flash , the race to investigate , but are convinced by the children that there was an electrical problem in the house . Geoffrey later finds Molly 's hairpin outside the entrance to the secret passage , while Victor realizes that his container malfunctioned and Destiny is still alive inside it . Meanwhile , Frank unsuccessfully attempts to enter Leslie 's private study , where a decrepit figure lies on another of Victor 's containers . `` Destiny '' Nina Lopez - Corrado Kalinda Vazquez November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) Karolina is told that Destiny is officially in London for a Church trip . Nico investigates the Staff of One , but is unable to control its power and calls Alex for help . Chase and Gert use some of Victor 's inventions to search for Destiny in the Steins ' house , and then discover that the creature in the Yorkes ' house is a dinosaur genetically engineered by Gert 's parents . Tina and Robert Minoru attempt to deal with their deteriorating marriage , due to Amy 's death , but it ends with Robert continuing a secret affair with Janet Stein , and Tina returning home to find Nico and Alex ( pretending to be romantically involved to avoid suspicion ) . Catherine Wilder confronts Molly , but the latter lies that she had been sneaking around to steal alcohol for the other children . Catherine promises to tell Molly about her parents , who died in a fire when Molly was young ( members of the Pride blamed each other for doing this ) . The Yorkes plan to move with Gert , Molly , and their dinosaur to a remote ranch in Yucatan now that the Pride is over , but then Destiny 's body is found . `` Fifteen '' Ramsey Nickell Tamara Becher - Wilkinson November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) The Pride holds an emergency meeting , though the Yorkes are out searching for their missing dinosaur . Victor accepts responsibility for the failed sacrifice ; he and Robert go to find a new one . They attempt to kidnap a homeless man , but they bungle the act and are arrested . Karolina is shunned at school as a slut , and Chase is told to apologize to his lacrosse teammates who he injured when he stopped them from raping her . He instead quits the team . Karolina reveals to Chase how her body glows without her bracelet . She and Gert also look for proof of their parents ' innocence , but with Alex 's help they realise that Leslie has been selecting people from her church to sacrifice for years . This does not include Amy , who appeared to commit suicide but Nico believes was murdered by the Pride . She goes to the police , but leaves when she sees Victor and Robert talking with a policeman apparently on their payroll . The Yorkes find the dinosaur , doing what Gert tells her to do , and are then threatened by Tina who knows about Yucatan . Alex is kidnapped . 5 `` Kingdom '' Jeffrey W. Byrd Rodney Barnes & Michael Vukadinovich December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) In flashback , Geoffrey makes a deal with the mysterious Jonah to buy up land and has to convince his cellmate Darius to take the blame for shooting someone to get out of prison . In the present , Darius has kidnapped Alex as ransom for Geoffrey to pay one million dollars . Nico gets Karolina , Gert , Molly and Chase to come to the rescue , using the staff to find Alex . Geoffrey shows up with LAPD to take out Darius and his men , Alex shoots Andre , one of Darius ' goons , but he gets taken again . Alex 's friends show up and using their newfound abilities cause Darius to run . Alex makes it back to Geoffrey who tells him to go home while he preps Andre for a sacrifice . The kids all barge into the secret room only to realize that the Pride has moved the sacrifice somewhere else . Tina reveals that she knows Nico used the staff , but allows her to use it and Victor 's time machine shows Los Angeles crumbling in the future . Frank fails going Ultra and the sacrifice works revealing that the man the Pride was reviving is Jonah who demands to see Karolina . 6 `` Metamorphosis '' Patrick Norris Kalinda Vazquez December 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) Jonah has all the parents recorded during their first sacrifice so as to keep them in check and to prevent them from leaving the Pride . The Pride hosts their annual gala and the kids use the time to download footage of the previous sacrifices from the Minoru 's servers . Gert deduces that Karolina is lesbian , but she gets mad at her for not being honest with Chase . While drunk on the roof , Karolina discovers she can fly and Chase kisses her which she is placid to . Alex and Nico break into Tina 's office to get the footage causing Nico to become suspicious of him as he knew the password rather easily . During the Pride members speech , Victor reveals his knowledge of Robert and Janet 's tryst and collapses from his brain tumor . Jonah uses his experimental medicine to revive him , making him happily euphoric with his family . Frank appears to know about Leslie and Jonah 's secret relationship , but keeps this information to himself . Molly , in an effort to know more about her parents , accidentally lets slip to Catherine about her knowledge of the Pride . 7 `` Refraction '' Peter Hoar Quinton Peeples December 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 19 ) Victor sees a message from Chase from the future telling him not to pick up the fistigons . Frank gets healing gloves from Jonah causing Leslie to become suspicious . Molly becomes distant from the others and tries joining the cheerleaders who disregard her and finds solace with Karolina . Dale and Stacy discover that Jonah 's cure makes people hyperactive and euphoric , but gives them a drawn hangover . At the open house , Leslie gets Janet to break up with Robert who agrees due to Victor 's changing behavior and has Tina take Robert back . Geoffrey and Catherine tell Dale and Stacy that they must do something about Molly as she knows about the Pride 's activities . They tell Molly she is going to be sent away which angers her and Gert comforts her . Frank discovers that Jonah has been living for a long time and finally confronts Leslie about what she and Jonah have been doing . Nico forces Alex to reveal how he knew Tina 's password . Victor suddenly becomes violent again and attacks his son with the fistigons only to get shot by Janet . 8 `` Tsunami '' Millicent Shelton Rodney Barnes & Michael Vukadinovich December 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 26 ) Victor bleeds out as the Pride members arrive to try and patch him up , though this proves to be inefficient . Leslie has Frank arrive to use his healing gloves , but it sends Victor into a coma . Tina contacts Jonah who instructs them to have Janet be sacrificed for Victor causing the Pride to argue . Robert decides to sacrifice himself instead , but Tina destroys the pod reaffirming her devotion to him . Victor is carried away to be revived later . Karolina decides to tell Frank everything she knows about Pride , getting him to her side . Alex reveals to an angry Nico that he was aware of Amy 's snooping and was told to keep her information secret . Molly is living with her relative , Graciela , who gives Molly a letter containing a key . It leads her to a locker that holds a VHS tape . Nico finds Amy 's things and Alex successfully gets the footage of their parents , but his laptop is destroyed by a sympathetic Chase . In flashback , Amy learns from Alex that her laptop was hacked and confides her findings to Kincaid . Upon `` him '' finding out , Amy tries to runaway from home , but is caught . 9 `` Doomsday '' Jeremy Webb Jiehae Park & Kendall Rogers January 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) 10 `` Hostile '' TBA TBA January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Brian K. Vaughan was hired to write a screenplay for Marvel Studios in May 2008 , based on his Runaways . In April 2010 , Marvel hired Peter Sollett to direct the film , and a month later Drew Pearce signed on to write a new script . Development on the film was put on hold the following October , and Pearce explained in September 2013 that the Runaways film had been shelved due to the success of The Avengers ; the earliest the film could be made was for Phase Three of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . In October 2014 , after announcing Marvel 's Phase Three films without Runaways , Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige said the project was `` still an awesome script that exists in our script vault ... . In our television and future film discussions , it 's always one that we talk about , because we have a solid draft there . ( But ) we ca n't make them all . '' Marvel Television , based at ABC Studios , was waiting for the right showrunner before moving forward with a television take on the characters . Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage , whose company Fake Empire Productions had an overall deal with ABC , independently brought up the property during a general meeting with the studio , and , by August 2016 , the pair had spent a year conversing with Marvel about turning Runaways into a television series . That month , Marvel 's Runaways was announced from Marvel Television , ABC Signature Studios , and Fake Empire Productions , with the streaming service Hulu ordering a pilot episode and scripts for a full season . Hulu was believed to already have `` an eye toward a full - season greenlight . '' Executive producer Jeph Loeb felt `` it was an easy decision '' to have Hulu air the series over the other networks Marvel Television works with , because `` We were very excited about the possibility of joining a network that was young and growing in the same way that when we went to Netflix when it was young and growing on the original side . It really feels like we 're in the right place at the right time with the right show . '' Loeb and Marvel Television were also impressed by the success of Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale , which helped further justify the decision . Schwartz and Savage wrote the pilot , and serve as showrunners on the series , as well as executive producers alongside Loeb and Jim Chory . In May 2017 , Runaways received a 10 - episode series order from Hulu at their annual advertising upfront presentation . Fake Empire 's Lis Rowinski produces the series , and Vaughan serves as an executive consultant . On this , Vaughan noted he `` did a little consulting early in the process , '' but felt the series `` found the ideal ' foster parents ' in Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage ... ( who ) lovingly adapted ( the comics ) into a stylish drama that feels like contemporary Los Angeles . '' He also praised the cast , crew and writers working on the series , and felt the pilot looked `` like an Adrian Alphona comic '' , referring to the artist who worked with Vaughan when he created the characters . Loeb said that it had been Schwartz and Savage who had asked that Vaughan be involved , and said that this was something that `` a lot of showrunners do n't immediately gravitate towards . '' In discussions with Vaughan , Marvel found that he `` really wanted to be involved and make sure that it was done , not just properly , but in a way that it would last 100 episodes . '' Writing ( edit ) Schwartz was a fan of the Runaways comic for some time , and introduced it to Savage , saying , `` When you 're a teenager , everything feels like life and death , and the stakes in this story -- really felt like that . '' Loeb described the series as The O.C. of the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , which Schwartz said meant `` treating the problems of teenagers as if they are adults '' and having the series `` feel true and authentic to the teenage experience , even in this heightened context '' . Loeb noted that it would deal with modern political issues by saying , `` This is a time when figures of authority are in question , and this is a story where teenagers are at that age where they see their parents as fallible and human . Just because someone is in charge , does n't mean that they 're here to do good . '' The producers did note that the series would explore the parents ' perspective as well , with the pilot telling the story from the Runaways ' perspective , and the second episode showing the same story from their parents , the Pride 's perspective , with the two stories converging midway through the first season . Schwartz likened the tone of Runaways to that of the comics it was based on , calling it `` so distinct '' , saying much of the tone Vaughn used when writing the comics overlapped with the tones Schwartz and Savage like to work in . The pair were excited by the freedom given to them by Hulu over the usual broadcasters they were used to working with , such as allowing the children to swear in the show , not having set lengths for each episode , and being able to explore the parents ' story ; Hulu wanted `` something that felt broad and where we could push the envelope in places '' . Schwartz described the series as a coming - of - age story and a family drama , with focus on the characters that can lead to long stretches of the series not featuring super powers , so `` if you did n't see the show title , you would n't know that you were in a Marvel show for long stretches ... That was our aesthetic starting place , but there are episodes where there 's some good ( Marvel ) stuff . '' Casting ( edit ) Cast of Runaways at the 2017 New York Comic Con ( L-R : Rhenzy Feliz , Lyrica Okano , Gregg Sulkin , Virginia Gardner and Ariela Barer ) In February 2017 , Marvel announced the casting of the Runaways , with Rhenzy Feliz as Alex Wilder , Lyrica Okano as Nico Minoru , Virginia Gardner as Karolina Dean , Ariela Barer as Gert Yorkes , Gregg Sulkin as Chase Stein , and Allegra Acosta as Molly Hernandez . Shortly after , Marvel announced the casting of the Pride , with Ryan Sands as Geoffrey Wilder , Angel Parker as Catherine Wilder , Brittany Ishibashi as Tina Minoru , James Yaegashi as Robert Minoru , Kevin Weisman as Dale Yorkes , Brigid Brannagh as Stacey Yorkes , Annie Wersching as Leslie Dean , Kip Pardue as Frank Dean , James Marsters as Victor Stein , and Ever Carradine as Janet Stein . Loeb praised casting director Patrick Rush , explaining that all of the series regulars for Runaways were the producers ' first choice for the role . The majority of the children are portrayed by `` fresh faces '' , which was an intentional choice . By August 2017 , Julian McMahon had been cast in the recurring role of Jonah . Filming ( edit ) Filming on the pilot began by February 10 , 2017 , in Los Angeles , under the working title Rugrats , and concluded on March 3 . Director Brett Morgen was given free rein by Marvel and Hulu to establish the look of the series , and wanted to create a feel that was `` very grounded and authentic '' . He also looked to differentiate between the hand - held , gritty world of the Runaways and the more stylistic world of the Pride . He felt the latter could be explored more in the series moving forward , but was not available to direct any more episodes of the season . Following completion of the pilot and the show 's pick - up to series , there was concern among the cast and crew that the impending writers ' strike would prevent the series to move forward . However , the strike did not happen , and filming on the rest of the season began at the end of June , again in Los Angeles . Production on the season had concluded by October 21 . Music ( edit ) In May 2017 , Siddhartha Khosla was hired to compose the music for the series . Khosla said that , due to his history as a songwriter , his scoring process involves `` working on these song - stories and weaving them through different episodes '' . He described the Runaways score as being `` completely synthesized '' , utilizing analog synthesizers from the 1980s , specifically the Roland Juno - 60 and Oberheim Electronics ' synths . Khosla compared the `` alternative feel '' of his score to Depeche Mode , adding `` There is an element of rebellion , so sonically going for something that is a little bit outside the box , non-traditional , I felt was an appropriate approach . I feel like I 'm making art on this show . '' Alex Patsavas serves as music supervisor , having done so on all of Schwartz and Savage 's previous series . Marvel Cinematic Universe tie - ins ( edit ) Loeb confirmed in July 2017 that the series would be set in the MCU , but that the show 's characters would not be concerned with the actions of the Avengers , for example , saying , `` Would you be following Iron Man ( on social media ) or would you be following someone your own age ? The fact that they 've found each other and they 're going through this mystery together at the moment is what we 're concerned about , not what Captain America is doing . '' The showrunners considered the series ' connection to the MCU to be `` liberating '' , as it allowed them to set the series in a universe where superheroics and fantasy are already established and do not need to be explained to the audience . Schwartz said they `` were very capable of telling the story that we wanted to tell independent of any of the other Marvel stories that are out there . '' Loeb added that there were no plans to crossover across networks with the similarly themed Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger on Freeform and Marvel 's New Warriors , as Marvel wanted the series to find its footing before further connecting with other elements of the universe , though `` You 'll see things that comment on each other ; we try to touch base wherever we can ... things that are happening in L.A. are not exactly going to be affecting what 's happening in New Orleans ( where Cloak & Dagger is set ) ... It 's being aware of it and trying to find a way ( to connect ) that makes sense . '' Release ( edit ) Runaways premiered its first three episodes on Hulu in the United States on November 21 , 2017 , with the series consisting of 10 episodes . The series will air on Showcase in Canada , premiering on November 22 . Runaways is scheduled to conclude its season on January 9 , 2018 . Marketing ( edit ) Cast members and Schwartz and Savage appeared at New York Comic Con 2017 to promote the series , where a trailer for the series was revealed , along with a screening of the first episode . The series had its red carpet premiere at the Regency Bruin Theatre in Westwood , Los Angeles on November 16 , 2017 . Critical Response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 83 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.63 / 10 based on 52 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` Earnest , fun , and more balanced than its source material , Runaways finds strong footing in an over-saturated genre . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 68 out of 100 based on 22 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Reviewing the first two episodes of the series , Joseph Schmidt of ComicBook.com praised the show for its faithfulness to the comics , but also for some of the changes it made , appreciating the increased focus on the parents . He thought the cast portraying the Runaways was `` pretty spot on '' , but `` many of the parents are scene stealers '' , highlighting the performances of Marsters , Wersching , and Pardue . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Hulu Orders ' Marvel 's Runaways ' Series From Josh Schwartz & Stephanie Savage '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dinh , Christine ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Runaways ' Sets Remaining Cast For Television Project With Hulu '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( September 24 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Runaways ' Shelved in Post - ' Avengers ' Marvel Movieverse '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Watch : All Of Your Marvel Phase 3 Questions Answered By Marvel Head Kevin Feige '' . / Film . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : D'Allessandro , Anthony ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` How Marvel 's Hulu Series ' Runaways ' Is A Response To Trump America -- TCA '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Runaways ' Coming to Hulu from ' Gossip Girl ' Creators '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Julia ( October 8 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel TV boss explains why next big show , Runaways , is a Hulu exclusive , not Netflix '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Runaways , ' From ' The O.C. ' Creators , Ordered to Series at Hulu '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Renaud , Jeffrey ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Interview : BKV Brings Saga Out West for ' Fun - Filled ' Arc , The Coffin '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Radish , Christina ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Runaways ' EPs on Bringing `` ' The O.C. ' of the Marvel Universe '' to Life on Hulu `` . Collider . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu 's ' Runaways ' `` Lives in the Same World '' as Other Marvel Fare `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marsters , James ( @ @ JamesMastersOf ) ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's the sitch . I 'm filming Marvel 's ' Runaways ' ! Set photos are strictly forbidden , but I snuck this pic of the carpet in my trailer ... '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Kincaid , Rhiannon ( January 7 , 2017 ) . `` Working Titles For Black Panther , Runaways , and Cloak & Dagger Revealed '' . MCUExchange . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2017 . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Matthew ( January 7 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Runaways Working Title Revealed '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2017 . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marsters , James ( @ @ JamesMastersOf ) ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` We 're finishing filming on Marvel 's Runaways . Great cast , great crew ... tight social media security ! No beans will be spilled on this deal ! '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Radish , Christina ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Director Brett Morgen on ' Jane ' and Directing the Pilot of Marvel 's ' Runaways ' '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Runaways Has Wrapped Filming '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Siddhartha Khosla to Score Marvel 's ' Runaways ' '' . Film Music Reporter . May 12 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McBride , Genevieve ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Stars Come Out For The Behind The Music Panel At San Diego Comic - Con '' . Skiewed ' n Reviewed . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Composers for Marvel 's TV Universe Strike a Different Chord '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Velocci , Carli ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Does ' Runaways ' Connect With the Marvel Cinematic Universe ? Sort Of '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu Sets Fall Premieres : Slate Includes ' Mindy Project ' , ' Marvel 's Runaways ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couto , Anthony ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Runaways : How to Watch In Canada '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - marvel 's runaways on hulu '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel TV Brings Agents of SHIELD , Punisher and Runaways to NYCC '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Runaways ' is the teen superhero drama we 've been waiting for '' . Mashable . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Runaways cast attend LA premiere of new Hulu show '' . Firstpost . November 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Runaways : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Runaways : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Joseph ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` First Look : First Two Episodes Of ' Marvel 's Runaways ' '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Runaways on IMDb Runaways Brian K. Vaughan Adrian Alphona Main characters Karolina Dean Molly Hayes Nico Minoru Chase Stein Gertrude Yorkes Old Lace Former characters Leapfrog Victor Mancha Klara Prast Alex Wilder Xavin Villains The Pride Geoffrey Wilder The Gibborim Topher Ultron Val Rhymin Skrull Related groups Cloak and Dagger Excelsior Young Avengers Story arcs `` Pride & Joy '' `` Dead Wrong '' Publications Tie - ins X-Men / Runaways : Free Civil War : Young Avengers / Runaways Mystic Arcana : Sister Grimm Secret Invasion : Runaways / Young Avengers Spin - offs Loners Avengers Arena Avengers Undercover Secret Wars : Runaways In other media Runaways `` Reunion '' Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War production Ant - Man and the Wasp Untitled Avengers film production Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 5 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` Behold ... The Inhumans '' `` Those Who Would Destroy Us '' Netflix Daredevil season 1 characters Jessica Jones season 1 characters Luke Cage season 1 characters Iron Fist season 1 characters The Defenders The Punisher Hulu Runaways `` Reunion '' Freeform Cloak & Dagger Other Most Wanted New Warriors Other Short films Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King Digital series WHIH Newsfront Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot Tie - in comics Fury 's Big Week Cast and characters Film cast Television series cast Phil Coulson Erik Selvig Trevor Slattery Claire Temple Music Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Captain America : Civil War Luke Cage Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok MCU - inspired media Video games Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor : God of Thunder Captain America : Super Soldier Iron Man 3 Lego Marvel 's Avengers Attraction Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Book Portal Live - action television programs based on Marvel Comics TV series Current Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( since 2013 ) Daredevil ( since 2015 ) Jessica Jones ( since 2015 ) Luke Cage ( since 2016 ) Legion ( since 2017 ) Iron Fist ( since 2017 ) Inhumans ( since 2017 ) The Gifted ( since 2017 ) The Punisher ( since 2017 ) Runaways ( since 2017 ) Former Spidey Super Stories ( 1974 -- 77 ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( 1977 -- 79 ) The Incredible Hulk ( 1978 -- 82 ) Spider - Man ( Toei ) ( 1978 -- 79 ) Night Man ( 1997 -- 99 ) Mutant X ( 2001 -- 04 ) Blade : The Series ( 2006 ) Agent Carter ( 2015 -- 16 ) Powers ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Defenders ( 2017 ) Upcoming Cloak & Dagger ( 2018 ) New Warriors ( 2018 ) Unaired pilot Most Wanted TV films Spider - Man The Incredible Hulk The Return of the Incredible Hulk Dr. Strange Captain America Captain America II : Death Too Soon The Incredible Hulk Returns The Trial of the Incredible Hulk The Death of the Incredible Hulk Power Pack Generation X Nick Fury : Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Man - Thing See also Marvel Television List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Hulu original programming Current The Doozers ( since 2014 ) Casual ( since 2015 ) The Path ( since 2016 ) Freakish ( since 2016 ) Chance ( since 2016 ) Shut Eye ( since 2016 ) Harlots ( since 2017 ) Dimension 404 ( since 2017 ) The Handmaid 's Tale ( since 2017 ) I Love You , America with Sarah Silverman ( since 2017 ) Future Man ( since 2017 ) Marvel 's Runaways ( since 2017 ) Former The Morning After ( 2011 -- 14 ) A Day in the Life ( 2011 -- 13 ) Battleground ( 2012 ) Spoilers ( 2012 -- 14 ) Up to Speed ( 2012 ) The Thick of It ( series 4 ; 2012 ) East Los High ( 2013 - 17 ) The Awesomes ( 2013 -- 15 ) Quick Draw ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Behind the Mask ( 2013 -- 15 ) Mother Up ! ( 2013 -- 14 ) The Wrong Mans ( 2013 -- 14 ) Deadbeat ( 2014 -- 16 ) The Hotwives ( 2014 -- 15 ) Difficult People ( 2015 -- 17 ) The Mindy Project ( 2015 -- 17 ) 11.22. 63 ( 2016 ) Triumph 's Election Watch 2016 ( 2016 ) Upcoming The Looming Tower ( 2018 ) Hard Sun ( 2018 ) Castle Rock ( 2018 ) The First ( 2018 ) Hitman ( TBA ) Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Television in the United States portal Superhero fiction portal Comics portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Runaways_(TV_series)&oldid=818332266 '' Categories : 2017 American television series debuts 2010s American drama television series 2010s American science fiction television series American action television series American LGBT - related television shows American teen drama television series English - language television programs Hulu original programs Lesbian - related television programmes Marvel Cinematic Universe television programs Serial drama television series Teen superhero television programs Television series by ABC Signature Studios Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Television shows set in Los Angeles Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2017 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 23 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many episodes in marvels runaways season 1 | [
"\n\nRunaways\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nAdventure\nSuperhero\nTeen drama\n\n\n\n\n\nCreated by\n\n\n\nJosh Schwartz\nStephanie Savage\n\n\n\n\n\nBased on\n\nRunaways\nby\n\n\nBrian K. Vaughan\nAdrian Alphona\n\n\n\n\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nRhenzy Feliz\nLyrica Okano\nVirginia Gardner\nAriela Barer\nGregg Sulkin\nAllegra Acosta\nAngel Parker\nRyan Sands\nAnnie Wersching\nKip Pardue\nEver Carradine\nJames Marsters\nBrigid Brannagh\nKevin Weisman\nBrittany Ishibashi\nJames Yaegashi\n\n\n\n\n\nComposer(s)\nSiddhartha Khosla\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nEnglish\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n1\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n9 (list of episodes)\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\n\n\n\nBrett Morgen (1x01 only)\nAlan Fine\nStan Lee\nJoe Quesada\nKarim Zreik\nJim Chory\nJeph Loeb\nJosh Schwartz\nStephanie Savage\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nKelly Van Horn\nEmma Fleischer\n\n\n\n\n\nLocation(s)\nLos Angeles\n\n\nCinematography\n\n\n\nRamsey Nickell\nDavid Stockton\n\n\n\n\n\nEditor(s)\n\n\n\nJeff Granzow\nLois Blumenthal\nAdrienne McNally\nJesse Ellis\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n46–53 minutes\n\n\nProduction company(s)\n\n\n\nABC Signature Studios\nMarvel Television\nFake Empire Productions\n\n\n\n\n\nDistributor\nHulu\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nHulu\n\n\nOriginal release\nNovember 21, 2017 (2017-11-21) – present (present)\n\n\nChronology\n\n\nRelated shows\nMarvel Cinematic Universe television series\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.hulu.com/marvels-runaways\n\n"
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-5478774612537409707 | Love Island (series 3) | Love Island ( series 3 ) - wikipedia Love Island ( series 3 ) Love Island ( series 3 ) Country of origin United Kingdom Release Original network ITV2 Original release 5 June ( 2017 - 06 - 05 ) -- 24 July 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 24 ) Series chronology ← Previous Series 2 Next → Series 4 The third series of Love Island began on 5 June 2017 hosted by Caroline Flack on ITV2 . The series concluded on 24 July 2017 , making it the longest series to date . It is the third from the current revived series , but fifth overall . The series was narrated by Iain Stirling . As well as the series airing every night of the week with the Saturday episode being used as a weekly catch - up entitled `` Love Island : The Weekly Hot List '' , a new spin - off was confirmed , `` Love Island : Aftersun '' hosted by Caroline Flack with a studio audience and celebrity guests on Sunday nights after the main show . During the final Aftersun episode of the series , which was presented live from outside the villa , it was announced that there would be a one - off reunion special airing on 30 July 2017 which included all of the Islanders from the series . On 28 June 2017 , it was confirmed that a second villa would be introduced to the show for the first time ever in a twist designed to put the couples to the ultimate test . Eleven new Islanders were introduced during this twist . Mike Thalassitis and Sam Gowland became the first Islanders to return to the villa having been dumped from the island , after being voted back in by the public . On 24 July 2017 , the series was won by Amber Davies and Kem Cetinay , with Camilla Thurlow and Jamie Jewitt as runners - up . The average viewers for this series was 2.52 million , up 1.05 million on the previous series . Shortly after the final , islanders Chris Hughes and Kem Cetinay released their debut single `` Little Bit Leave It '' . In 2018 , Kem went onto participate in the tenth series of Dancing on Ice , whilst Jonny Mitchell took part in the twenty - first series of Celebrity Big Brother . It was also announced that Mike would be joining the cast of Celebs Go Dating , and that Chyna Ellis had signed up for Ibiza Weekender . Sam Gowland also joined Geordie Shore from the sixteenth series . In August 2018 , Gabby Allen took part in the twenty - second series of Celebrity Big Brother . Contents 1 Production 2 Islanders 3 Coupling 3.1 Notes 4 Casa Amor 5 Weekly summary 6 Ratings 7 References Production ( edit ) On Valentine 's Day , 14 February 2017 , it was confirmed that Love Island would return for a third series due to air later in the year , The first trailer for the new series began airing on 28 April 2017 . On 24 May 2017 it was confirmed that the series would begin on 5 June 2017 . Pictures of the brand new villa were unveiled on 2 June 2017 . The villa is located in Mallorca . Islanders ( edit ) The Islanders for the third series were revealed on 29 May 2017 , just a week before the launch . However , throughout the series , more Islanders entered the villa to find love . Some Islanders were dumped from the island for either failing to couple up , some were voted off by their fellow Islanders , and others for receiving the fewest votes in public eliminations . The series was won by Amber and Kem on 24 July 2017 . Islander Age Hometown Entered Status Ref Amber Davies 20 North Wales Day 1 Winner ( Day 52 ) Kem Cetinay 21 Essex Day 1 Winner ( Day 52 ) Camilla Thurlow 27 Dumfries Day 1 Runner - up ( Day 52 ) Jamie Jewitt 27 Essex Day 32 Runner - up ( Day 52 ) Chris Hughes 24 Cheltenham Day 4 Third place ( Day 52 ) Olivia Attwood 26 Guildford Day 1 Third place ( Day 52 ) Gabby Allen 25 Liverpool Day 7 Fourth place ( Day 52 ) Marcel Somerville 31 London Day 1 Fourth place ( Day 52 ) Alex Beattie 22 Newcastle Day 26 Dumped ( Day 50 ) Montana Brown 21 Hertfordshire Day 1 Dumped ( Day 50 ) Georgia Harrison 22 Essex Day 34 Dumped ( Day 46 ) Sam Gowland 21 Middlesbrough Day 1 Dumped ( Day 23 ) Day 39 Re-dumped ( Day 46 ) Mike Thalassitis 24 North London Day 12 Dumped ( Day 17 ) Day 39 Re-dumped ( Day 44 ) Tyla Carr 23 Surrey Day 19 Dumped ( Day 44 ) Theo Campbell 25 Bath Day 32 Dumped ( Day 41 ) Jonny Mitchell 26 Essex Day 4 Dumped ( Day 38 ) Craig Lawson 27 London Day 26 Dumped ( Day 31 ) Nathan Joseph 25 Essex Day 26 Dumped ( Day 31 ) Danielle Sellers 22 Hastings Day 26 Dumped ( Day 31 ) Chyna Ellis 22 Essex Day 26 Dumped ( Day 31 ) Amelia Peters 18 London Day 26 Dumped ( Day 28 ) Dom Lever 26 Manchester Day 1 Dumped ( Day 28 ) Ellisha - Jade White 22 Southampton Day 26 Dumped ( Day 28 ) Marino Katsouris 22 Brighton Day 26 Dumped ( Day 28 ) Rob Lipsett 25 Dublin Day 26 Dumped ( Day 28 ) Shannen McGrath 23 Dublin Day 26 Dumped ( Day 28 ) Steve Ball 25 Wiltshire Day 26 Dumped ( Day 28 ) Simon Searles 28 Leeds Day 19 Dumped ( Day 25 ) Chloë Crowhurst 22 Essex Day 1 Dumped ( Day 23 ) Jessica Shears 23 Devon Day 1 Dumped ( Day 17 ) Tyne - Lexy Clarson 20 Birmingham Day 7 Dumped ( Day 14 ) Harley Judge 22 Norwich Day 1 Dumped ( Day 6 ) ^ Note 1 : Dumped Islanders Mike and Sam both re-entered the villa after being voted back in by the public . Coupling ( edit ) The couples were chosen shortly after the contestants entered the villa . After all of the girls entered , the boys were asked to choose a girl to pair up with . Marcel was paired with Olivia , Dom with Montana , Sam and Camilla paired up , Amber and Harley coupled up , whilst Chloë paired up with Kem , and Jessica remained single and was told she would be stealing one of the boys the following day . However , throughout the series the couples swapped and changed . Day 1 Day 6 Day 14 Day 20 Day 24 Day 28 Day 34 Day 41 Final Amber Harley Kem Kem Kem Kem Nathan Jonny Kem Winner ( Day 52 ) Kem Chloë Amber Amber Amber Amber Chyna Georgia Amber Winner ( Day 52 ) Camilla Sam Jonny Jonny Jonny Jonny Craig Jamie Jamie Runner - up ( Day 52 ) Jamie Not in Villa Camilla Camilla Runner - up ( Day 52 ) Chris Not in Villa Chloë Chloë Olivia Olivia Olivia Olivia Olivia Third place ( Day 52 ) Olivia Marcel Sam Mike Chris Chris Chris Chris Chris Third place ( Day 52 ) Gabby Not in Villa Marcel Marcel Marcel Marcel Marcel Marcel Fourth place ( Day 52 ) Marcel Olivia Montana Gabby Gabby Gabby Gabby Gabby Gabby Fourth place ( Day 52 ) Alex Not in Villa Montana Montana Montana Dumped ( Day 50 ) Montana Dom Marcel Sam Simon Dom Alex Alex Alex Dumped ( Day 50 ) Georgia Not in Villa Kem Sam Dumped ( Day 46 ) Sam Camilla Olivia Montana Chloë Dumped ( Day 23 ) Georgia Re-dumped ( Day 46 ) Mike Not in Villa Olivia Dumped ( Day 17 ) Tyla Re-dumped ( Day 44 ) Tyla Not in Villa Dom Simon N / A Theo Mike Dumped ( Day 44 ) Theo Not in Villa Tyla Dumped ( Day 41 ) Jonny Not in Villa Camilla Camilla Camilla Camilla Danielle Amber Dumped ( Day 38 ) Craig Not in Villa Camilla Dumped ( Day 31 ) Danielle Not in Villa Jonny Dumped ( Day 31 ) Nathan Not in Villa Amber Dumped ( Day 31 ) Chyna Not in Villa Kem Dumped ( Day 31 ) Dom Montana Jessica Jessica Tyla Montana Dumped ( Day 28 ) Marino Not in Villa Dumped ( Day 28 ) Rob Not in Villa Dumped Day 28 ) Steve Not in Villa Dumped ( Day 28 ) Amelia Not in Villa Dumped ( Day 28 ) Ellisha - Jade Not in Villa Dumped ( Day 28 ) Shannen Not in Villa Dumped ( Day 28 ) Simon Not in Villa Montana Tyla Dumped ( Day 25 ) Chloë Kem Chris Chris Sam Dumped ( Day 23 ) Jessica N / A Dom Dom Dumped ( Day 17 ) Tyne - Lexy Not in Villa Dumped ( Day 14 ) Harley Amber Dumped ( Day 6 ) Notes none none none Notes ( edit ) ^ Note 1 : Jessica arrived after the coupling on Day 1 , but was told she would be able to steal a boy for herself on Day 2 . She chose Dom . ^ Note 2 : As Jessica already coupled up with Dom earlier in the week , they were automatically coupled up during this re-coupling . ^ Note 3 : As new Islanders , Simon and Tyla could not couple up during this re-coupling . ^ Note 4 : Original Islanders were only given the option to remain in their current couple , or re-couple with one of the new Islanders . As the only single original , Tyla was not given an option and remained single . Casa Amor ( edit ) On 28 June 2017 , it was confirmed that a second villa would be introduced to the show for the first time ever in a twist designed to put the couples to the ultimate test . Eleven new Islanders were introduced during this twist . The villa was called `` Casa Amor '' which translates to Love House , and is located not far from the main villa . The new Islanders for the twist included five girls ; Amelia , Chyna , Danielle , Ellisha - Jade and Shannen , as well as six boys ; Alex , Craig , Marino , Nathan , Rob and Steve . On Day 26 , the boys in the villa ( Chris , Dom , Jonny , Kem and Marcel ) were told that they would be briefly leaving the villa for a day out . They were then sent to Casa Amor where they discovered they would be staying there for the next few days . Back in the main villa , the girls ( Amber , Camilla , Gabby , Montana , Olivia and Tyla ) had to pack the boy 's belongings before they were joined by Caroline Flack who revealed the twist to them . Shortly afterwards the girls were joined by the new male Islanders , and the boys in Casa Amor were welcomed by the new female Islanders . That night the Islanders from each villa went head - to - head with each other in a game of sexy charades . On Day 27 , the Islanders in the main villa and Casa Amor once again went head - to - head with each other once again in another challenge . This time each team had to complete and number of challenges in the fastest time possible . The team who completed it the quickest earned a point , and at the end of the round the villa with the most points were rewarded with a party . On Day 28 , the original Islanders were told that they would be re-coupling . They were only given the option to remain in their current couple or to choose one of the new Islanders . However , as the boys and the girls were living in separate villas , they were n't aware of what the other one chose . If one decided to re-couple and the other did not , then the one that did not would be dumped from the island . If both re-coupled then they would both remain in the villa with their new partner , or if they both remained then any remaining single Islanders would be eliminated . Olivia and Chris , and Gabby and Marcel both stayed loyal , whereas Amber and Kem both decided to re-couple with Nathan and Chyna respectively . Camilla and Jonny also decided to re-couple , choosing Craig and Danielle . Elsewhere Montana decided to re-couple with Alex , but Dom stayed loyal and therefore was dumped from the Island . As new Islanders Amelia , Ellisha - Jade , Marino , Rob , Shannen and Steve stayed single , they were eliminated . Weekly summary ( edit ) The main events in the Love Island villa are summarised in the table below . Week 1 Entrances On Day 1 , Amber , Camilla , Chloë , Dom , Harley , Jessica , Kem , Marcel , Montana , Olivia and Sam entered the villa . On Day 4 , Chris and Jonny entered the villa . Coupling On Day 1 , the Islanders coupled up for the first time . After all of the girls entered , the boys were asked to choose a girl to pair up with . Marcel was paired with Olivia , Dom with Montana , Sam and Camilla paired up , Amber and Harley coupled up , whilst Chloë paired up with Kem , and Jessica remained single , however was told she would be stealing one of the boys the following day . On Day 2 , Jessica chose to couple up with Dom , leaving Montana single . On Day 6 , the Islanders re-coupled . This time it was the girls who had to pick a boy to pair up with . As Jessica already coupled up with Dom , they were automatically coupled up during this re-coupling . Montana chose to be with Marcel , Chloë picked Chris , Olivia coupled up with Sam , whilst Amber went with Kem . Camilla also decided to be with Jonny leaving Harley single , and therefore dumping him from the island . Challenges On Day 2 , the Islanders took part in `` A Lot Of Bottle '' , where the girls were selected at random to answer a question , with one of the boys being the answer . To answer the question the girls had to kiss the chosen boy . The roles then reversed with the boys answering questions about the girls . On Day 4 , the girls hosted a welcome party to introduce the new boys Chris and Jonny . On Day 5 , through touch alone , the girls had to decide which of the boys had the best body . However , as there was a wall between them and the boys they did not know which body belonged to who . In the end Chris was chosen as the winner . On Day 6 , the Islanders took part in a relay lilo race . The winning team received ice lollies . Dates On Day 2 , as the newest couple , Dom and Jessica left the villa to go on a date . On Day 4 , the public voted for which girls to send on a date with new Islanders Chris and Jonny . Camilla was sent on a date with Jonny , whilst Montana was chosen to date Chris . On Day 5 , as a reward for winning the challenge , Chris was given the opportunity to date a girl of his choice . He chose Chloë . On Day 5 , despite losing the challenge , Sam was given the opportunity to make up for it by going on a date . He chose to date Olivia . Exits On Day 6 , Harley was eliminated after failing to couple up . Week 2 Entrances On Day 7 , Gabby and Tyne - Lexy entered the villa . On Day 12 , Mike entered the villa . Challenges On Day 7 , the Islanders had to do dares that they randomly picked from a cup . On Day 9 , the Islanders took part in a `` Kissing Contest '' where the girls had to individually kiss each of the boys , then wait for them to rate it . Gabby , Montana and Tyne - Lexy all won the contest in joint first . On Day 10 , the Islanders took part in `` Love Island Sports Day '' . On Day 12 , the girls were given the option to take part in `` Battle of the Bootie '' , with the reward for the winner being a date with a new Islander . The Islanders that decided to take part were Camilla , Chloë , Gabby , Montana and Tyne - Lexy . Tyne - Lexy was the winner of the challenge . Dates On Day 8 , as a new Islanders , Gabby and Tyne - Lexy were given the opportunity to date two boys . Gabby chose Chris and Marcel , whilst Tyne - Lexy dated Chris and Dom . On Day 9 , Amber and Kem left the villa to go on a date . On Day 9 , Dom and Jessica were chosen by the other Islanders to spend the night in the Hideaway . On Day 12 , after winning a challenge , Tyne - Lexy was rewarded with a date with new Islander Mike . On Day 13 , new Islander Mike was asked to choose three girls to take on a date . He chose Jessica , Montana and Olivia . Week 3 Entrances On Day 19 , Simon and Tyla entered the villa . Coupling On Day 14 , the Islanders re-coupled once again . This time it was the boys who had to pick a girl to pair up with . Amber and Kem , Camilla and Jonny , Chloë and Chris , and Jessica and Dom remained together , whilst Sam chose to couple up with Montana , Mike picked Olivia , and Gabby paired with Marcel . As Tyne - Lexy remained single , she was dumped from the island . On Day 20 , the Islanders re-coupled again . As new Islanders , Simon and Tyla were able to pick first . Simon chose Montana , whilst Tyla picked Dom . This time it was the girls who had to pick a boy to pair up with . Amber and Kem , Camilla and Jonny , and Gabby and Marcel remained together , whilst Chloe chose to couple up with Sam , and Olivia went with Chris . Challenges On Day 15 , the Islanders took part in a quiz about their other half . The Islanders wrote down the answers to the questions , and if it matched their partner 's then they would score a point . Gabby and Marcel won the challenge with the most points . On Day 16 , the couples made smoothies with a twist . One half of the pair had to pass pieces of fruit to the other pair using their mouth alone , who then blended the fruit to make a smoothie . They then had to pass the smoothie back to their partner using their mouth who then deposited it into a glass . Chris and Chloë won this challenge . On Day 16 , Camilla and Jonny hosted a sex positions quiz for the Islanders , where they read out a number of sex positions , and the first couple who acted them out correctly earned a point . Dates On Day 15 , after winning a challenge , Gabby and Marcel were rewarded with a hot tub date . On Day 18 , Jonny and Camilla left the villa to go on a date . On Day 20 , new Islanders Simon and Tyla were asked to choose three other Islanders to take on dates . Tyla chose Jonny , Dom and Chris , whilst Simon chose Amber , Montana and Camilla . Exits On Day 14 , Tyne - Lexy was eliminated after failing to couple up . On Day 18 , after receiving the fewest public votes , Chloë and Chris , Dom and Jessica , and Mike and Olivia were in danger of leaving . The remaining Islanders had to choose one boy and one girl to dump from the island . The boys chose Jessica , whilst the girls chose Mike . Week 4 Entrances On Day 26 , Alex , Craig , Marino , Nathan , Rob and Steve entered the villa . On Day 26 , Amelia , Chyna , Danielle , Ellisha - Jade and Shannen entered Casa Amor . Coupling On Day 24 , the Islanders re-coupled once again . This time it was the boys who had to pick a girl to pair up with . Amber and Kem , Camilla and Jonny , Gabby and Marcel , and Olivia and Chris remained together , whilst Simon coupled up with Tyla , and Dom was paired with Montana again . Challenges On Day 21 , the couples took part in the `` Sexiest Pub Quiz '' where all the questions were about sex . Marcel and Gabby were the winners of the challenge and were rewarded with video messages from home . On Day 23 , Amber and Kem hosted as the couples took part in `` Brits Abroad '' where they played a number of British themed games . Simon and Montana were the overall winners . On Day 25 , the Islanders were given quotes which had been said about them in the villa . The Islanders had to throw a drink over the Islander they thought said the quote . On Day 26 , the Islanders in the main villa took on the Islanders in Casa Amor in a game of sexy charades . On Day 27 , the Islanders in the main villa went head - to - head again with the Islanders in Casa Amor , where they took part in a number of challenges . For every challenge won they would earn a point , where the villa with the most points at the end would receive a party . Dates On Day 24 , Olivia and Chris left the villa to go on a shopping date to buy ingredients which they later cooked for the fellow Islanders . Exits On Day 23 , the couples voted anonymously for who they thought was the least compatible couple . As Chloë and Sam received the most votes , they were dumped from the island and eliminated . On Day 25 , the public voted for who they thought were the most compatible couple . As Simon and Tyla received the fewest votes , their time in the villa was put at risk . The couples then had to vote for either Simon or Tyla to dump from the island . They chose to eliminate Simon . On Day 26 , Chris , Dom , Jonny , Kem and Marcel moved out of the villa and moved into Casa Amor . They returned to the main villa on Day 28 . Week 5 Entrances On Day 32 , Jamie and Theo entered the villa . On Day 34 , Georgia entered the villa . Coupling On Day 28 , the original Islanders were told that they would be re-coupling . They were only given the option to remain in their current couple or to choose one of the new Islanders . However , as the boys and the girls were living in separate villas , they were not aware of what the other one chose . If one decided to re-couple and the other did not , then the one that did not would be dumped from the island . If both re-coupled then they would both remain in the villa with their new partner , or if they both remained then any remaining single Islanders would be eliminated . Olivia and Chris , and Gabby and Marcel both stayed loyal , whereas Amber and Kem both decided to re-couple with Nathan and Chyna respectively . Camilla and Jonny also decided to re-couple , choosing Craig and Danielle . Elsewhere Montana decided to re-couple with Alex , but Dom stayed loyal and therefore was dumped from the Island . As new Islanders Amelia , Ellisha - Jade , Marino , Rob , Shannen and Steve stayed single , they were eliminated . On Day 34 , the Islanders re-coupled once again , this time it was the boys choosing which girl they wanted to couple up with . However new Islander Georgia was given the first choice . She chose to couple up with Kem . Alex and Montana , Chris and Olivia , Gabby and Marcel all decided to remain together , whilst Jamie picked Camilla , Theo chose Tyla , and Jonny was left blinking severely as he called Theo a `` gigantic bellend '' with Amber . Challenges On Day 30 , the Islanders were split into two teams and were each asked questions based on what the public voted in an online poll . The Islanders had to do a poll dance before revealing their answer . On Day 32 , the Islanders took part in a game of `` Sexy Beer pong '' , where as well as drinking a drink , the Islander also had to perform a dare written on the bottom of the cup . On Day 33 , the boys took part in an assault course , however they had to go through trying to look as sexy as possible . During their performances the girls were distracting them by spraying them with paint . The girls then chose Jamie as the winner . Dates On Day 29 , Alex and Montana were sent to the Hideaway to go on a date . On Day 32 , Amber , Olivia and Tyla were sent on a date with new Islander Theo , whilst Amber , Camilla and Tyla were sent on a date to meet Jamie , another new Islander . On Day 33 , after winning a challenge , Jamie was rewarded with a date with Camilla . Exits On Day 28 , Amelia , Dom , Ellisha - Jade , Marino , Rob , Shannen and Steve were eliminated after failing to couple up . On Day 31 , the public voted for their favourite boy and girl . As Nathan and Chyna received the fewest votes , they were eliminated . Following this , Marcel was told that he was the boy who received the most votes , and therefore had to choose to dump one more out of Danielle and Tyla , the girls who received the second and third least . He chose Danielle . Montana was then told she was the girl who received the most votes , and was told to choose one of Craig and Jonny to dump , as they also received the second and third least . She chose to dump Craig . Week 6 Entrances On Day 39 , Mike and Sam re-entered the villa . Coupling On Day 41 , the Islanders re-coupled once again . This time it was the girls who chose which boy they wanted to re-couple with . Alex and Montana , Camilla and Jamie , Gabby and Marcel , and Olivia and Chris all remained together , whilst Amber chose Kem got back together with Kem , Tyla picked Mike , and Georgia chose Sam . As Theo remained single he was dumped from the island . Challenges On Day 38 , the couples took part in a number of sausage themed games . Camilla and Jamie were the overall winners . On Day 40 , the boys had to compete to get the girl 's heart racing the most in any way possible . Kem was the winner of this challenge . Dates On Day 37 , Camilla and Jamie spent the night in the Hideaway . On Day 39 , Alex and Montana left the villa to go on a date . Exits On Day 38 , the public voted for their favourite Islanders . Jonny and Tyla received the fewest votes and were therefore in danger of being dumped . It was then up to those two to decide which of them should leave . Jonny decided to sacrifice himself . On Day 41 , after failing to couple up , Theo was dumped from the island . Week 7 Challenges On Day 42 , the couples took part in a quiz about each other , where their answers simply had to match each other 's . If the answers did not match , the boys would get dunked . Alex and Montana , and Mike and Tyla were joint winners of this challenge . On Day 44 , the Islanders were split into two teams and were given some tweets from viewers about the Islanders but with the names removed . In order to score points , the teams had to burst a balloon and then correctly identify the name of the Islander on the tweet . On Day 45 , the girls took a lie detector test with the boys asking the questions . On Day 46 , the couples had their parenting skills tested by looking after dolls . On Day 47 , the Islanders took part in a talent contest . On Day 48 , the girls each had to complete an undercover assignment without the boys knowing . Dates On Day 47 , Chris and Olivia , Kem and Amber , and Camilla and Jamie all left the villa to go on their final Love Island date . On Day 48 , Gabby and Marcel , and Alex and Montana left the villa to go on their final Love Island date . Exits On Day 44 , after receiving the fewest public votes , Mike and Tyla were dumped from the island . On Day 46 , after receiving the fewest public votes , Georgia and Sam were dumped from the island . Week 8 Challenges On Day 49 , the couples took part in a number of Love Island themed challenges based on popular quotes from the series such as `` 100 % my type on paper '' and `` Putting all my eggs in one basket '' . Exits On Day 50 , having received the most votes to be dumped from their fellow Islanders , Alex and Montana , Camilla and Jamie , and Gabby and Marcel were at risk of being eliminated . The decision then went down to the public , who chose not to save Alex and Montana - and therefore dumped them from the island . Ratings ( edit ) Official ratings are taken from BARB and include ITV2 + 1 . Because the Saturday episodes are weekly catch - up episodes rather than nightly highlights , these are not included in the overall averages . Viewers ( millions ) Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Sunday 2.08 2.21 2.41 2.76 2.83 2.84 2.88 Monday 1.94 2.04 2.18 2.44 2.65 2.85 2.89 3.06 Tuesday 1.78 2.28 2.18 2.34 2.75 2.77 3.00 Wednesday 1.97 2.33 2.09 2.39 2.65 2.73 2.81 Thursday 2.07 2.24 2.11 2.57 2.80 2.80 2.87 Friday 2.03 2.13 2.21 2.73 2.92 2.74 2.84 Weekly average 1.96 2.18 2.16 2.48 2.76 2.79 2.88 2.97 Running average 1.96 2.07 2.10 2.20 2.31 2.39 2.46 2.52 Series average 2.52 Weekly Hotlist N / A 0.64 0.69 0.77 0.64 N / A N / A Aftersun 0.66 0.75 1.14 1.04 1.17 1.26 1.09 The reunion episode that aired on 30 July 2017 had 2.12 m viewers . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Love Island 's return date is confirmed by ITV2 '' . Digital Spy. 24 May 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Caroline Flack WILL be back for Love Island series 3 '' . Digital Spy. 14 February 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Love Island 2017 final date has been revealed '' . Digital Spy. 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Caroline Flack fronts new - look Love Island '' . Digital Spy. 15 April 2015 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 's gets spin - off show called Aftersun '' . Digital Spy. 13 May 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2017 reunion show confirmed for next Sunday night '' . TellyMix. 23 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love Island reveals ' biggest twist EVER ' with a SECOND villa '' . TellyMix. 28 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Caroline Flack drops huge Love Island bombshell -- the show will never be the same '' . Digital Spy. 29 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love Island 2017 : Mike Thalassitis and Sam Gowland return to the villa '' . TellyMix. 12 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` We now know the winners of Love Island 2017 '' . Digital Spy. 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly top 10 programmes - BARB '' . www.barb.co.uk . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.thesun.co.uk/tvandshowbiz/3679360/kem-cetinay-dancing-on-ice-2018-love-island/ Jump up ^ https://www.thesun.co.uk/tvandshowbiz/5287280/celebrity-big-brothers-jonny-mitchell-john-barnes-dapper-laughs-and-andrew-brady-are-put-to-the-test-as-they-endure-a-labour-simulator/ Jump up ^ https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/who-celebs-go-dating-full-11559222 Jump up ^ https://www.ok.co.uk/tv/1257923/chyna-ellis-ibiza-weekender-2018-jordan-davies-romance-love-island-dating-replacing-imogen-townley Jump up ^ `` Get ready for the heatwave ... '' Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island finally has an air date : When is it back ? '' . 18 May 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PICS : Take a tour of our brand new villa ... '' Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2017 : First look at the new villa '' . 1 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love Island : Here are your 2017 islanders '' . 29 May 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Metro.co.uk , Rebecca Lewis for ( 29 May 2017 ) . `` Meet the 2017 Love Island cast : 20 - year - old dancer Amber Davies '' . Jump up ^ Metro.co.uk , Rebecca Lewis for ( 29 May 2017 ) . `` Meet the 2017 Love Island cast : Essex hairdresser Kem Cetinay '' . Jump up ^ Metro.co.uk , Rebecca Lewis for ( 29 May 2017 ) . `` 2017 Love Island cast : Explosive ordnance disposal specialist Camilla Thurlow '' . ^ Jump up to : Metro.co.uk , Sarah Deen for ( 4 July 2017 ) . `` New Love Island single athlete Theo Campbell parties with Usain Bolt '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Love Island 2017 adds TWO new boys into the mix '' . 6 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Metro.co.uk , Rebecca Lewis for ( 29 May 2017 ) . `` Meet the 2017 Love Island cast : Motorsport grid girl Olivia Attwood '' . ^ Jump up to : Metro.co.uk , Caroline Westbrook for ( 10 June 2017 ) . `` Love Island is set to welcome two new girls '' . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Metro.co.uk , Rebecca Lewis for ( 29 May 2017 ) . `` Meet the 2017 Love Island cast : Former Blazin ' Squad singer Marcel Somerville '' . Jump up ^ `` Who is Alex Beattie ? The new Love Island contestant has a major crush on `` gorgeous '' Montana `` . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Metro.co.uk , Rebecca Lewis for ( 29 May 2017 ) . `` Meet the 2017 Love Island cast : Economics student Montana Brown '' . Jump up ^ `` Meet Love Island 's newest contestant Georgia '' . 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Metro.co.uk , Rebecca Lewis for ( 29 May 2017 ) . `` Meet the 2017 Love Island cast : Oil rig worker Sam Gowland '' . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2017 reveals new guy Mike Thalassitis set to enter the villa '' . 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Tyla Carr ? The Love Island contestant appeared on First Dates , owns 38 bikinis and has her eye on Chris '' . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Craig Lawson ? The Love Island contestant is best mates with Blue 's Simon Webbe and has his eye on Camilla '' . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Nathan Joseph ? The Love Island contestant once partied with Tulisa and reckons he 's best suited to Montana '' . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Danielle Sellers ? The Love Island contestant has her eye on Chris and Kem but reckons she 'll clash with Olivia '' . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Chyna Ellis ? The Love Island contestant is after a clean man -- and once partied with Anthony Joshua '' . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Amelia Peters ? The model and Love Island contestant wo n't go near Chris -- because she 's scared of Olivia ! '' . RadioTimes . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Metro.co.uk , Rebecca Lewis for ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) . `` Meet the 2017 Love Island cast : Careers advisor Dominic Lever '' . Metro . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Ellisha - Jade White ? Jess had better watch out as this new Love Island contestant is going after Dom '' . RadioTimes . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Marino Katsouris ? The Love Island contestant has his eye on Montana and just wants an `` agg free '' life `` . RadioTimes . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Rob Lipsett ? The Irish Love Island contestant is already a YouTube and Instagram star and has his eye on Tyla '' . RadioTimes . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Shannen Reilly McGrath ? The Love Island contestant wants Chris and is willing to fight Olivia for him '' . RadioTimes . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Steve Ball ? The Love Island contestant and plumber reckons his `` teeth and body make him stand out '' `` . RadioTimes . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Simon Searles ? The Love Island contestant is a reformed cheat , Asos model and soap extra who has his eye on Montana and Amber '' . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Metro.co.uk , Rebecca Lewis for ( 29 May 2017 ) . `` Meet the 2017 Love Island cast : Executive Assistant Chloe Crowhurst '' . Jump up ^ Metro.co.uk , Rebecca Lewis for ( 29 May 2017 ) . `` Meet the 2017 Love Island cast : Glamour model Jessica Shears '' . Jump up ^ Metro.co.uk , Rebecca Lewis for ( 29 May 2017 ) . `` Meet the 2017 Love Island cast : 22 - year - old groundsworker Harley Judge '' . ^ Jump up to : `` So who are the Love Island couples this series ? '' . 5 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 11 new sexy singles heading into Love Island '' . 29 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PICTURES ! Love Island 2017 's new contestants as biggest twist ever kicks off '' . 29 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2017 boys move into a second villa and the girls are worried '' . 29 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2017 's two villas go head to head in sexy new challenge '' . 30 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2017 contestants get naked in raunchy new challenge '' . 30 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love Island recoupling leads to Dom leaving for home '' . 2 July 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dumped Islanders reveal Love Island 's true gameplayers '' . 3 July 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIRST LOOK : Jessica prepares for date night with Dom ... '' Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Love Island 's first eliminee ? '' . 9 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island is introducing two new girls to the villa '' . 10 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the new hunk entering Love Island TONIGHT '' . 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island girls engage in the Battle of the Booties '' . 15 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island sends in two newbies '' . 21 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2017 couples revealed ! See who 's together after latest recoupling '' . 18 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island couples : Here 's who 's together in the villa right now '' . 25 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island : Suspire recoupling announced and the newbies have the power '' . 23 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's the Smoothiest Operators ? '' . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Speedy positions ! '' . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2017 : Gabby Allen and Marcel Somerville kiss on hot tub date '' . 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2017 results ! Who left ? One girl is kicked out of the villa ... '' 18 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island viewers shocked as Mike and Jess are dumped '' . 21 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here come the boys ... '' Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here come the girls ... '' Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2017 couples ! Who 's together after tonight 's recoupling ? '' . 27 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2017 : Camilla Thurlow cringes as Islanders play a sexy pub quiz game '' . 25 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island : Jonny gives Camilla a banger in the mouth in wacky new challenge '' . 26 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Licence to Swill '' . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` We love a game of Sexy Charades '' . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Time for a Raunchy Race ... '' Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chris and Olivia shop ' til they pop ! '' . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2017 results ! Who left ? One couple dumped in shock twist '' . 26 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's next to be dumped from the Island ? '' . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2017 results ! Who left ? One more Islander is given the boot '' . 28 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2017 : New Islanders arrive after the boys and girls are split up '' . 29 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Love Island contestants ! Meet Jamie Jewitt and Theo Campbell '' . 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2017 : Watch new girl Georgia Harrison make her entrance '' . 7 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2017 couples ! Who 's together after the recoupling ? '' . 7 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2017 contestants react to the public vote results '' . 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island boys take on the girls in assault course challenge '' . 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2017 : Alex and Montana enjoy night in the hideaway '' . 3 July 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2017 : Jamie and Camilla get closer on champagne date '' . 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2017 results ! Who left ? SEVEN contestants axed ! '' . 2 July 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2017 results ! Who left ? Four contestants get the boot '' . 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2017 couples : Who 's together after latest recoupling ? '' . 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 's Camilla & Jamie get it ON in the hideaway '' . 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island spoilers : Alex Beattie and Montana Brown make it official '' . 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2017 results ! Who left ? One contestant voted out in SHOCK twist '' . 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2017 results ! Who left ? One guy gets dumped after recoupling '' . 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island villa rocked by a lie detector test '' . 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 's Chris is basically Dad of the Year '' . 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2017 contestants take part in an end of series ' talent ' show '' . 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2017 girls go undercover to complete secret missions '' . 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 's Camilla and Jamie dance under the stars on romantic date '' . 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2017 : Kem Cetinay and Amber Davies talk marriage on their final date '' . 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2017 : Chris Hughes and Olivia Attwood get loved up on a super yacht '' . 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2017 : ' Ice Queen ' Montana Brown melts for Alex Beattie '' . 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2017 : Gabby Allen cries on sky high date with Marcel Somerville '' . 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2017 results ! Who left ? One couple dumped after public vote '' . 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island dumps yet another couple '' . 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island POLL ! Three couples face axe - who do you want to SAVE ? '' . 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Love Island 2017 results ! Who left ? One couple dumped a day before the final '' . 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BARB - Weekly Top 30 Programmes : ITV2 Total '' . Retrieved 28 December 2012 . Love Island Series Contestants Olivia Buckland Kem Cetinay Rachel Christie Jon Clark Dani Dyer Sophie Gradon Georgia Harrison Zara Holland Rykard Jenkins Adam Maxted Max Morley Josh Ritchie Marcel Somerville Mike Thalassitis Related articles Love Island ( 2005 TV series ) Love Island Australia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Island_(series_3)&oldid=855520171 '' Categories : ITV reality television programmes 2017 British television seasons Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 August 2018 , at 22 : 34 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what episode of love island does georgia come in | [
"\n\n\nIslander\n\nAge\n\nHometown\n\nEntered\n\nStatus\n\nRef\n\n\nAmber Davies\n\n20\n\nNorth Wales\n\nDay 1\n\nWinner (Day 52)\n\n[21]\n\n\nKem Cetinay\n\n21\n\nEssex\n\nDay 1\n\nWinner (Day 52)\n\n[22]\n\n\nCamilla Thurlow\n\n27\n\nDumfries\n\nDay 1\n\nRunner-up (Day 52)\n\n[23]\n\n\nJamie Jewitt\n\n27\n\nEssex\n\nDay 32\n\nRunner-up (Day 52)\n\n[24]\n\n\nChris Hughes\n\n24\n\nCheltenham\n\nDay 4\n\nThird place (Day 52)\n\n[25]\n\n\nOlivia Attwood\n\n26\n\nGuildford\n\nDay 1\n\nThird place (Day 52)\n\n[26]\n\n\nGabby Allen\n\n25\n\nLiverpool\n\nDay 7\n\nFourth place (Day 52)\n\n[27]\n\n\nMarcel Somerville\n\n31\n\nLondon\n\nDay 1\n\nFourth place (Day 52)\n\n[28]\n\n\nAlex Beattie\n\n22\n\nNewcastle\n\nDay 26\n\nDumped (Day 50)\n\n[29]\n\n\nMontana Brown\n\n21\n\nHertfordshire\n\nDay 1\n\nDumped (Day 50)\n\n[30]\n\n\nGeorgia Harrison\n\n22\n\nEssex\n\nDay 34\n\nDumped (Day 46)\n\n[31]\n\n\nSam Gowland\n\n21\n\nMiddlesbrough\n\nDay 1\n\nDumped (Day 23)\n\n[32]\n\n\nDay 391\n\nRe-dumped (Day 46)\n\n\nMike Thalassitis\n\n24\n\nNorth London\n\nDay 12\n\nDumped (Day 17)\n\n[33]\n\n\nDay 391\n\nRe-dumped (Day 44)\n\n\nTyla Carr\n\n23\n\nSurrey\n\nDay 19\n\nDumped (Day 44)\n\n[34]\n\n\nTheo Campbell\n\n25\n\nBath\n\nDay 32\n\nDumped (Day 41)\n\n[24]\n\n\nJonny Mitchell\n\n26\n\nEssex\n\nDay 4\n\nDumped (Day 38)\n\n[25]\n\n\nCraig Lawson\n\n27\n\nLondon\n\nDay 26\n\nDumped (Day 31)\n\n[35]\n\n\nNathan Joseph\n\n25\n\nEssex\n\nDay 26\n\nDumped (Day 31)\n\n[36]\n\n\nDanielle Sellers\n\n22\n\nHastings\n\nDay 26\n\nDumped (Day 31)\n\n[37]\n\n\nChyna Ellis\n\n22\n\nEssex\n\nDay 26\n\nDumped (Day 31)\n\n[38]\n\n\nAmelia Peters\n\n18\n\nLondon\n\nDay 26\n\nDumped (Day 28)\n\n[39]\n\n\nDom Lever\n\n26\n\nManchester\n\nDay 1\n\nDumped (Day 28)\n\n[40]\n\n\nEllisha-Jade White\n\n22\n\nSouthampton\n\nDay 26\n\nDumped (Day 28)\n\n[41]\n\n\nMarino Katsouris\n\n22\n\nBrighton\n\nDay 26\n\nDumped (Day 28)\n\n[42]\n\n\nRob Lipsett\n\n25\n\nDublin\n\nDay 26\n\nDumped (Day 28)\n\n[43]\n\n\nShannen McGrath\n\n23\n\nDublin\n\nDay 26\n\nDumped (Day 28)\n\n[44]\n\n\nSteve Ball\n\n25\n\nWiltshire\n\nDay 26\n\nDumped (Day 28)\n\n[45]\n\n\nSimon Searles\n\n28\n\nLeeds\n\nDay 19\n\nDumped (Day 25)\n\n[46]\n\n\nChloë Crowhurst\n\n22\n\nEssex\n\nDay 1\n\nDumped (Day 23)\n\n[47]\n\n\nJessica Shears\n\n23\n\nDevon\n\nDay 1\n\nDumped (Day 17)\n\n[48]\n\n\nTyne-Lexy Clarson\n\n20\n\nBirmingham\n\nDay 7\n\nDumped (Day 14)\n\n[27]\n\n\nHarley Judge\n\n22\n\nNorwich\n\nDay 1\n\nDumped (Day 6)\n\n[49]\n\n"
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"Day 34"
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-1815492465485707659 | Hatfields & McCoys (miniseries) | Hatfields & McCoys ( miniseries ) - wikipedia Hatfields & McCoys ( miniseries ) Jump to : navigation , search Hatfields & McCoys Poster Genre Docudrama Screenplay by Ted Mann Ronald Parker Story by Bill Kerby Ted Mann Directed by Kevin Reynolds Starring Kevin Costner Bill Paxton Tom Berenger Powers Boothe Theme music composer John Debney Tony Morales Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes Production Producer ( s ) Kevin Costner Darrell Fetty Herb Nanas Cinematography Arthur Reinhart Editor ( s ) Don Cassidy Running time 290 minutes Production company ( s ) History ThinkFactory Media Sony Pictures Television Release Original network History Original release May 28 ( 2012 - 05 - 28 ) -- May 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 30 ) External links Website Hatfields & McCoys is a 2012 American three - part television miniseries based on the Hatfield -- McCoy feud produced by History channel . Each episode aired for two hours on May 28 , 29 , and 30 , 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 2 Production 2.1 Music 3 Reception 3.1 Critical reception 3.2 Accolades 3.3 Ratings 4 Effect on tourism 5 International broadcast 6 Home video release 7 References 8 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Bill Paxton as Randolph `` Randall '' McCoy Kevin Costner as William Anderson `` Devil Anse '' Hatfield Tom Berenger as Jim Vance Powers Boothe as Judge Valentine `` Wall '' Hatfield Mare Winningham as Sally McCoy Jena Malone as Nancy McCoy Boyd Holbrook as William `` Cap '' Hatfield Lindsay Pulsipher as Roseanna McCoy Matt Barr as Johnson `` Johnse '' Hatfield Ronan Vibert as Perry Cline Noel Fisher as Ellison `` Cotton Top '' Mounts Sam Reid as Tolbert McCoy Andrew Howard as `` Bad '' Frank Phillips Jilon VanOver as Ransom Bray Sarah Parish as Levicy Hatfield Joe Absolom as Selkirk McCoy Tom McKay as Jim McCoy Michael Jibson as Phamer McCoy Greg Patmore as Elias `` Good ' Lias '' Hatfield Damian O'Hare as Ellison Hatfield Nick Dunning as Reverend Garrett Production ( edit ) The miniseries was History 's first aired scripted drama ( the network had previously produced a scripted miniseries in 2011 , The Kennedys , but decided against airing it in the US ) . Although the story is set in the Appalachians in West Virginia and Kentucky , the miniseries was shot in Romania , just outside Brașov with the Carpathians standing in for the Appalachians . Music ( edit ) The score for the series was composed by John Debney and Tony Morales , with additional music by Kevin Costner and Modern West . The soundtrack features vocals performed by Lisbeth Scott on The Long Road Down . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The miniseries met with favorable reviews from US critics . Based on 20 reviews from mainstream critics , it received an average score of 68 / 100 at Metacritic , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Linda Stasi of the New York Post commented : `` When I first heard about it , my thought was : Why ? But that was before I sat through all six hours of this intense saga . Most miniseries this long tend to lose steam somewhere between the beginning of Night 1 and the middle of Night 2 . Not this one ... The miniseries is full of stand - out performances from great actors ... But it 's the guys you may not know who will blow you away . '' Entertainment Weekly 's Ken Tucker gave the series a B+ , stating : `` In stretching the tale over three nights , the pacing sags at times , and recriminations can get repetitive . It also does n't help that Reynolds shot the miniseries in that perpetual sepia tone that gives everything a faux - antique look . But overall , Hatfields & McCoys is engrossing , and enlightening about a feud that proves to be a lot more than the bumpkin brawl of pop legend . '' Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times stated : `` Although deftly nailed into its time and place with sets and costumes so vivid you can smell the blue wood smoke and the stink of moonshine sweat , Hatfields & McCoys transcends the confines of its age by revealing the feud 's posturing , resentments and callous violence that mirror the dynamics of modern urban gangs ... It is n't a perfect piece -- when faced with a choice between historic detail and story , Hatfields & McCoys errs on the side of detail , which is both the series ' greatest strength and weakness . '' Among the negative critics was Verne Gay of Newsday who called the series `` violent and dull '' , adding : `` What 's not to like about Hatfields & McCoys ? Simple : the story . It 's an uninteresting one , peopled with almost criminally bland characters . In fact , as portrayed here -- quite possibly accurately -- they 're a bunch of bibulous knuckleheads who shoot at each other year after year -- or on TV , hour after hour -- and have no real idea why . It 's an interminable eye - for - eye , tooth - for - tooth narrative . '' Washington Post 's Hank Stuever also gave a negative review : `` The point of the entire saga , it seems , is to make you lose track of what the feudin ' was about , and how it managed to burn out of control . It will always be tempting to view their story through any modern analogy of one 's choosing -- such as partisan political stalemates or the red - blue socioeconomic divide . But maybe the story of the Hatfields and McCoys does n't amount to anything at all . Maybe , since it also does n't make much of miniseries , it was meant to be a footnote and nothing more . '' Accolades ( edit ) Hatfields & McCoys received 16 nominations at the 64th Primetime Emmy Awards , the most since the History Channel began operations . The series was nominated for Outstanding Miniseries or Movie . Kevin Costner and Bill Paxton were both nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Movie , with Costner winning the award . Tom Berenger won Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie and Mare Winningham was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie . Director Kevin Reynolds was nominated for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries , Movie , or Dramatic Special . Ted Mann , Ronald Parker , and Bill Kerby were nominated for Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries , Movie , or Dramatic Special for the second part of the miniseries . The series won three of its nine technical nominations . Award Nominee Result 2nd Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Movie / Miniseries Actor Kevin Costner Nominated 17th Satellite Awards Best Miniseries or Television Film Won Best Actor in a Miniseries or Television Film Kevin Costner Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Series , Miniseries , or Television Film Mare Winningham Nominated 19th Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Kevin Costner Won Bill Paxton Nominated 28th TCA Awards Outstanding Achievement in Movies , Miniseries , and Specials Nominated 64th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Miniseries or Movie Barry M. Berg , Kevin Costner , Herb Nanas , Vlad Paunescu , Nancy Dubuc , Dirk Hoogstra , Leslie Greif , and Darrell Fetty Nominated Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Kevin Costner Won Bill Paxton Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Tom Berenger Won Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Mare Winningham Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries , Movie , or Dramatic Special Kevin Reynolds Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries , Movie , or Dramatic Special Bill Kerby Ted Mann Ronald Parker for `` Part 2 '' Nominated 64th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Art Direction for a Miniseries or Movie Serban Porupca , Derek R. Hill , John B. Vertrees , and Sally Black Nominated Outstanding Casting for a Miniseries , Movie , or Special Fern Champion and Amy Hubbard Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Miniseries , Movie , or Special Karri Hutchinson and Adina Bucur Nominated Outstanding Hairstyling for a Miniseries or Movie Gabriele Gregorini , Peter Nicastro , and Giorgio Gregorini Nominated Outstanding Make - up for a Miniseries or Movie ( Non-Prosthetic ) Francesca Tampieri and Mario Michisanti Won Outstanding Music Composition for a Miniseries , Movie , or Special ( Original Dramatic Score ) John Debney and Tony Morales for `` Part 1 '' Nominated Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Miniseries or Movie Don Cassidy for `` Part 2 '' Won Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries , Movie , or Special Tom Bjelic , John Laing , Darrell Hall , Steve Baine , Michael Mancuso , Dermain Finlayson , Dan Kiener , Kevin Banks , Emilie Boucek , Mark Dejczak , Alex Bullick , John Douglas Smith and Nathan Robitaille for `` Part 1 '' Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Miniseries or Movie Christian T. Cooke , Brad Zoern , Stanomir Dragos , and for `` Part 1 '' Won 70th Golden Globe Awards Best Miniseries or Television Film Nominated Best Actor -- Miniseries or Television Film Kevin Costner Won Ratings ( edit ) Part one drew the largest ever ratings for a History program and one of the biggest in cable TV history . 13.9 million viewers tuned into the first of three parts , making it the most - watched single broadcast on ad - supported cable ever , excluding sports . Demographic numbers were high as well , with 4.8 million viewers in the adults 18 - 49 demographic and 5.8 million viewers among adults 24 - 54 . Part two was watched by 13.13 million viewers with an adult 18 - 49 rating of 3.7 , the highest rated programming on cable of the night . Part three was watched by 14.29 million viewers with an adult 18 - 49 rating of 4.0 , making it the number - one program of the night . Effect on tourism ( edit ) According to WYMT - TV in Hazard , Kentucky , the series has generated an increase in tourism to the area from people wanting to know about the feud . Pike County Tourism Vice Chair Reed Potter stated : `` It 's been beyond our expectations . We 've been getting requests for brochures that tell about the feud sites and places people can visit at a rate today last I checked of about two per minute . '' International broadcast ( edit ) Home video Release ( edit ) The series was released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc formats on July 31 , 2012 . The bonus material includes a music video of `` I Know These Hills '' from Kevin Costner and Modern West from their album Famous for Killing Each Other : Music From and Inspired By Hatfields & McCoys . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Hatfields & McCoys '' . History . May 24 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2012 . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Memmott , Carol ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` History comes out shooting with ' Hatfields & McCoys ' '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2012 . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Belloni , Matthew ( January 7 , 2010 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : History Channel Pulls ' The Kennedys ' ; Says Controversial Miniseries ' Not a Fit ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 8 January 2011 . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hatfields & McCoys : Romania Becomes Appalachia '' . History Channel . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2012 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Kevin Costner on the set of ' Hatfields & McCoys ' in Romania '' . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hatfields & McCoys '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Stasi , Linda ( May 27 , 2012 ) . `` Loathe thy neighbor . ' Hatfields & McCoys ' no hillbilly joke '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2012 . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` TV Review -- Hatfields & Mccoys ( 2012 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( May 28 , 2012 ) . `` Review : ' Hatfields & McCoys ' has vivid detail , fine acting '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gay , Verne ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` '' Hatfields and McCoys `` : It 's a bland feud '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` '' Hatfields & McCoys `` : Brawlers in the holler '' . Washington Post . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Braxton , Greg ( July 19 , 2012 ) . `` Emmys : ' Hatfields & McCoys ' feud draws 16 nominations '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2012 . Retrieved July 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hatfields & McCoys -- Emmys '' . emmys.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved July 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Games of Thrones ' top creative arts Emmy winner '' . The Denver Post . Associated Press . September 15 , 2012 . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( 29 May 2012 ) . `` Hatfields & McCoys makes ratings history for History Channel '' . Zap2it.com . Archived from the original on 30 May 2012 . Retrieved 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Hatfields & McCoys ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Workaholics ' , ' Real Housewives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2012 . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Hatfields & McCoys ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Hardcore History ' , ' Restaurant Impossible ' , ' Melissa & Joey ' ' Daily Show ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Burks , Whitney ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` Tourism increases after Hatfield - McCoy mini-series '' . WYMT - TV . Retrieved June 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` Channel 5 Acquires UK Rights To Mini-Series ' Hatfields & McCoys ' '' . TVWise . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2012 . Retrieved July 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minissérie premiada `` Hatfields & McCoys '' estreia nesta segunda - feira no Space `` . Uol ( in Portuguese ) . January 14 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ tv1.ir Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` Hatfields and McCoys ( mini-series ) -- Sony 's Official Press Release for the Just - Aired History Channel Series '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 8 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Story of the McCoys Barry McCoy Author , Hatfield McCoy Feud Historian and Official Spokesperson for the McCoy Family . The Story of the McCoys ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 67030 - 0 Hatfields & McCoys on IMDb TV series on Hatfield - McCoy feud aims for accuracy Films directed by Kevin Reynolds Fandango ( 1985 ) The Beast ( 1988 ) Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( 1991 ) Rapa - Nui ( 1994 ) Waterworld ( 1995 ) One Eight Seven ( 1997 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 2002 ) Tristan & Isolde ( 2006 ) Hatfields & McCoys ( 2012 ) Risen ( 2016 ) History channel original programming Current , future and returning series Alone American Pickers American Restoration Ancient Aliens Big Easy Motors Blue Book Counting Cars The Curse of Oak Island Forged in Fire Hunting Hitler Ice Road Truckers Knightfall Lost in Transmission Mountain Men Ozzy & Jack 's World Detour Pawn Stars Six Swamp People ThingamaBob Vikings Past , canceled and series on hiatus 20th Century with Mike Wallace Appalachian Outlaws Alaska Off - Road Warriors America Unearthed American Eats American Ripper Ancient Discoveries Ancients Behaving Badly Around the World in 80 Ways Ax Men Barbarians Battle 360 ° Battlefield Detectives Battles BC Big Rig Bounty Hunters Big Shrimpin ' Boneyard Brad Meltzer 's Decoded Breaking Vegas Cajun Pawn Stars Cities of the Underworld Clash of the Gods The Conquerors Conquest The Crusades : Crescent and the Cross Decisive Battles Declassified Decoding the Past Deep Sea Detectives Digging for the Truth Dogfights Down East Dickering Engineering an Empire Evolve Expedition Africa Extreme Trains Food Tech Full Metal Jousting Gangland Gangland Undercover Great Minds with Dan Harmon Greatest Tank Battles God , Guns & Automobiles Hairy Bikers Haunted History The History of Sex History 's Business History 's Lost & Found History 's Mysteries How the Earth Was Made How the States Got Their Shapes Human Weapon Ice Pilots NWT Join or Die with Craig Ferguson Jurassic Fight Club Last Stand of the 300 Life After People The Lost Evidence Lost Worlds MadHouse Mail Call Man , Moment , Machine Mega Disasters Mega Movers Military Blunders Modern Marvels ( episodes ) MonsterQuest Monumental Challenge The Most Mounted in Alaska MysteryQuest Nostradamus Effect Only in America with Larry the Cable Guy Patton 360 ° Pawnography Prehistoric Megastorms The Presidents Reel to Real Rome : Rise and Fall of an Empire Save Our History Shark Wranglers Sliced The States Surviving History Tactical to Practical Tales of the Gun That 's Impossible Top Gear Top Guns Top Shot Tougher In Alaska UFO Files UFO Hunters United Stats of America The Universe Warriors Weird U.S. Wild West Tech The XY Factor Documentary films and miniseries 102 Minutes That Changed America Amelia Earhart : The Lost Evidence America : The Story of Us The American Revolution Ancestors in the Attic Barbarians Rising The Bible China 's First Emperor Civil War Combat Conquest of America Countdown to Armageddon Countdown to Ground Zero Failure Is Not an Option Flying Pyramids , Soaring Stones Grounded on 9 / 11 Hatfields & McCoys Hotel Ground Zero Houdini I Missed Flight 93 Mankind : The Story of All of Us Museum Secrets The Occult History of the Third Reich Predator X Quest for King Arthur Roots Search for the Lost City of Gold Shootout ! 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France Canal+ 21 / 07 / 2013 21 : 00 Greece Mega Channel 07 / 01 / 2014 22 : 30 Iran First Channel 27 / 12 / 2014 22 : 15 Ireland TG4 04 / 09 / 2015 22 : 40 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hatfields_%26_McCoys_(miniseries)&oldid=823196552 '' Categories : 2012 television films 2010s American drama television miniseries English - language films American films History ( U.S. TV channel ) original programs Films directed by Kevin Reynolds American Civil War films Films set in Appalachia Films set in Kentucky Films set in West Virginia Films shot in Romania Films set in the 1860s Films set in the 1870s Films set in the 1880s Films set in the 1890s Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Polski Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 January 2018 , at 20 : 48 . 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"Although the story is set in the Appalachians in West Virginia and Kentucky, the miniseries was shot in Romania, just outside Brașov with the Carpathians standing in for the Appalachians.[4][5]"
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4816356288525360412 | Tubthumping | Tubthumping - wikipedia Tubthumping Jump to : navigation , search `` Tubthumping '' Artwork for UK releases , also used for French releases Single by Chumbawamba from the album Tubthumper Released Format CD single Genre Dance - rock Length 4 : 38 ( album version ) 3 : 33 ( single edit ) Label EMI ( UK ) Universal ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Chumbawamba Producer ( s ) Chumbawamba Chumbawamba singles chronology `` Just Look at Me Now '' ( 1996 ) `` Tubthumping '' ( 1997 ) `` Amnesia '' ( 1998 ) `` Just Look at Me Now '' ( 1996 ) `` Tubthumping '' ( 1997 ) `` Amnesia '' ( 1998 ) Music video `` Tubthumping '' on YouTube Alternative cover Audio sample file help `` Tubthumping '' ( also known colloquially as `` I Get Knocked Down '' , after the first line ) is a song released by British rock band Chumbawamba in 1997 . It was their most successful single , peaking at number two on the UK Singles Chart . It topped the charts in Australia , Canada , Ireland , Italy , New Zealand and peaked at number six on the US Billboard Hot 100 ( although it topped the US Modern Rock and Mainstream Top 40 charts ) . At the 1998 Brit Awards , `` Tubthumping '' was nominated for the Brit Award for Best British Single . As of April 2017 , the song had sold 880,000 copies in the UK . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Tubthumping ( Remix ) 3 Track listings and formats 4 Charts 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) Following the UK miners ' strike , Chumbawamba , inspired by Frank Zappa , began making music with political themes , while designed for mainstream listening . The term `` tubthumper '' is commonly used for someone , often a politician , seeming to `` jump on the bandwagon '' with a populist idea . The liner notes on the album Tubthumper , from which `` Tubthumping '' was the first single , put the song in a radical context , quoting a UK anti-road protester , Paris 1968 graffiti , details about the famous McLibel case and the short story `` The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner '' . `` Tubthumping '' was placed at number 12 in Rolling Stone 's list of the 20 Most Annoying Songs . Conversely , `` Tubthumping '' was voted as the second - best single of 1997 on The Village Voice 's Pazz & Jop annual critics ' poll , after Hanson 's `` MMMBop '' . The cover art for the single is based on the logo for the manufacturing company of Arm & Hammer . The song consists of lead vocals by Dunstan Bruce and Lou Watts , and features Jude Abbott on trumpet . Tubthumping ( Remix ) ( edit ) `` Tubthumping ( Remix ) '' was released in 2003 as a promotional CD by Chumbawamba on their MUTT Records label . The remixed version of the song was done by The Flaming Lips and Dave Fridmann . It is a slower version of the song , with a more minor key feeling to the music . The other two songs on the CD were taken from the album Readymades and Then Some . Track listings and formats ( edit ) 12 '' promo ( Universal , 1997 ) Side A `` Tubthumping '' ( MAWR mix Pablo / Lawrie ) -- 5 : 10 `` Tubthumping '' ( Original mix ) -- 3 : 33 Side B `` Tubthumping '' ( TimeShard mix ) -- 4 : 57 `` Tubthumping '' ( Gunshot mix ) -- 5 : 17 CD Single ( EMI , 1997 ) `` Tubthumping '' ( from the album Tubthumper ) -- 3 : 33 `` Farewell to the Crown '' ( featuring the Oysterband ) -- 2 : 57 `` Football Song '' ( `` Shit ground , no fans ... '' ) -- 2 : 26 `` Tubthumping '' ( Butthumping mix ) ( Remixed by Ism ) -- 5 : 23 `` Tubthumping '' ( Danny Boy mix ) ( Remixed by the Dr Quantize Clinic ) -- 5 : 38 CD Maxi - single ( EMI , 1997 ) `` Tubthumping '' ( from the album Tubthumper ) -- 3 : 34 `` Tubthumping '' ( Butthumping mix ) ( Remixed by Ism ) -- 5 : 24 `` Tubthumping '' ( Danny Boy mix ) -- 5 : 38 `` Tubthumping '' ( MAWR mix / Pablo & Lawrie ) -- 5 : 11 `` Tubthumping '' ( TimeShard mix ) -- 4 : 59 `` Tubthumping '' ( Gunshot mix ) -- 5 : 20 Tubthumping ( remix ) ( Koch , 2003 ) `` Tubthumping '' ( remix ) ( by The Flaming Lips and Dave Fridmann ) -- 5 : 20 `` Salt Fare , North Sea '' -- 4 : 28 `` Jacob 's Ladder ( Not in My Name ) '' -- 2 : 52 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 14 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 30 Canada Rock / Alternative ( RPM ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) France ( SNEP ) 38 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 11 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 10 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 16 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 6 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 14 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 87 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Rank Australia ( ARIA ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 61 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 24 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 69 Italy ( FIMI ) 13 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 77 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 76 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 32 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 20 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 9 US Billboard Hot 100 69 Chart ( 1998 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 35 See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1990s List of RPM number - one alternative rock singles List of number - one singles of 1997 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles from the 1990s ( New Zealand ) List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of the 1990s List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of the 1990s List of Adult Top 40 number - one songs of the 1990s References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chumbawamba Singer Recovering from Injuries '' . MTV News . 30 July 1998 . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chumbawamba -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Chumbawamba . Retrieved 15 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 1 April 2017 ) . `` 20 classic hits turning 20 years old in 2017 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ TubThumping as the subject of an episode of the Podcast Surprisingly Awesome Jump up ^ `` The 20 Most Annoying Songs '' . Archived from the original on 31 March 2014 ... Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Chumbawamba -- Tubthumping '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Chumbawamba -- Tubthumping '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Chumbawamba -- Tubthumping '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Chumbawamba -- Tubthumping '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Rock / Alternative Tracks : Issue 3388 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 7911 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Chumbawamba -- Tubthumping '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Chumbawamba -- Tubthumping '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Tubthumping '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` I singoli più venduti del 1997 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Chumbawamba - Tubthumping search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Chumbawamba -- Tubthumping '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Chumbawamba -- Tubthumping '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Chumbawamba -- Tubthumping '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Chumbawamba -- Tubthumping '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Chumbawamba -- Tubthumping '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 1997 - 08 - 17 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chumbawamba -- Chart history '' Billboard Alternative Songs for Chumbawamba . Retrieved 15 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chumbawamba -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Chumbawamba . Retrieved 15 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chumbawamba -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Chumbawamba . Retrieved 15 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 1997 '' . ARIA Charts . ARIA . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1997 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' 97 Year End ... Top 100 Hit Tracks '' . RPM . Vol. 66 no . 15 . 15 December 1997 . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ ( in German ) `` Jahrescharts -- 1997 '' . Archived from the original on 9 May 2015 ... Offiziellecharts.de . GfK Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1997 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1997 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1997 '' . Recorded Music New Zealand . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 1997 '' . Archived from the original on 29 March 2012 ... Hitlistan.se . Jump up ^ `` Chart Archive -- 1990s Singles '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits for 1997 '' . The Longbored Surfer . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits for 1998 '' . The Longbored Surfer . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) Song Review at AllMusic They Might Be Giants cover `` Tubthumping '' for A.V. Club Undercover Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Chumbawamba Boff Whalley Danbert Nobacon Lou Watts Dunstan Bruce Alice Nutter Harry Hamer Dave Dillon Paul Greco Jude Abbott Neil Ferguson Phil Moody Albums Pictures of Starving Children Sell Records ( 1986 ) Never Mind the Ballots ( 1987 ) English Rebel Songs 1381 -- 1984 ( 1988 ) Slap ! ( 1990 ) Shhh ( 1992 ) Anarchy ( 1994 ) Swingin ' with Raymond ( 1995 ) Tubthumper ( 1997 ) WYSIWYG ( 2000 ) Readymades ( 2002 ) Un ( 2004 ) A Singsong and a Scrap ( 2005 ) The Boy Bands Have Won ( 2008 ) ABCDEFG ( 2010 ) Compilations and soundtracks Uneasy Listening ( 1998 ) Shhhlap ! ( 2003 ) Revengers Tragedy ( 2003 ) Live albums Showbusiness ! ( 1995 ) Get On with It ( 2006 ) Singles and EPs `` Revolution '' ( 1985 ) `` Smash Clause 28 ! Fight the Alton Bill ! '' ( 1988 ) `` ( Someone 's Always Telling You How To ) Behave '' ( 1992 ) `` Enough is Enough '' ( 1993 ) `` Timebomb '' ( 1993 ) `` Homophobia '' ( 1994 ) `` Ugh ! Your Ugly Houses ! '' ( 1995 ) `` i - Portraits of Anarchists '' ( 1996 ) `` Just Look at Me Now '' ( 1996 ) `` Tubthumping '' ( 1997 ) `` Amnesia '' ( 1998 ) `` Drip Drip Drip '' ( 1998 ) `` Top of the World ( Olé , Olé , Olé ) '' ( 1998 ) The ABCs of Anarchism ( 1999 ) `` Tony Blair '' ( 1999 ) `` She 's Got All the Friends That Money Can Buy '' ( 2000 ) `` Enough Is Enough ( Kick It Over ) '' ( 2000 ) `` Her Majesty '' ( 2002 ) `` Jacob 's Ladder ( Not in My Name ) '' ( 2002 ) Related Discography Agit - Prop Records One Little Indian Records No Masters Records Credit to the Nation The Ex Oysterband Coope , Boyes & Simpson Noam Chomsky Negativland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tubthumping&oldid=801613980 '' Categories : Chumbawamba songs 1997 singles 1997 songs Billboard Alternative Songs number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in New Zealand RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs about alcohol EMI Records singles Universal Records singles Dance - rock songs Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles with German - language external links Use dmy dates from January 2012 Use British English from January 2012 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canadarock Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Poland Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano 日本 語 Português Suomi Svenska Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 19 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings i get knocked down but i get up again | [
"\"Tubthumping\" (also known colloquially as \"I Get Knocked Down\", after the first line) is a song released by British rock band Chumbawamba in 1997. It was their most successful single, peaking at number two on the UK Singles Chart. It topped the charts in Australia, Canada, Ireland, Italy, New Zealand and peaked at number six on the US Billboard Hot 100[2] (although it topped the US Modern Rock and Mainstream Top 40 charts). At the 1998 Brit Awards, \"Tubthumping\" was nominated for the Brit Award for Best British Single. As of April 2017, the song had sold 880,000 copies in the UK.[3]"
] | [
"Chumbawamba"
] |
-3902919537008594653 | Beauty School Dropout | Beauty school dropout - Wikipedia Beauty school dropout Jump to : navigation , search `` Beauty School Dropout '' is a song from the musical Grease In the musical , the song is the showcase piece of the Teen Angel , who makes his only appearance in the musical to sing the song . The Teen Angel is Frenchy 's guardian angel , and script notes specifically identify him as a Fabian look - alike , dressed in all - white . The Teen Angel appears to Frenchy , who has recently dropped out of beauty school out of frustration with her teachers , asks for a guardian angel in the mold of those seen in Debbie Reynolds movies . The Angel descends from the heavens , then pointedly sings to her that she lacks work ethic and suggests that she return to high school so that she might eventually qualify for a career as a stenographer later in life . Frenchy silently refuses and walks away , leading the Angel to close his number by lamenting her refusal to listen and ascending back to the heavens . ( The film version does not have Frenchy refusing the advice , and the lyrics are likewise adjusted . ) Alan Paul , later a member of The Manhattan Transfer , originated the role on Broadway . It is not uncommon for the role of the Teen Angel to be held as a dual role by one of the other characters in the cast during stage adaptations ( in Paul 's case , he also appeared as bandleader Johnny Casino ) . It was recorded by Frankie Avalon ( who , like Fabian , was a client of Bob Marcucci 's during his heyday ) for the 1978 film adaptation of Grease , a role he reprised on stage through the 1990s and early 2000s . The Wild Angels recorded an earlier version for Decca Records in 1972 . In the Noddy episode `` The Tooth Fairy '' , a parody of the song entitled `` Tooth Fairy '' is performed by Johnny Crawfish , Whiny , Whimper and the Ruby Reds , with the lyrics altered to be about Johnny 's first childhood encounter with the Tooth Fairy . In 2012 the song was featured in an episode of the TV musical series Glee and in the related extended play soundtrack in a version sung by Darren Criss . In 2017 , Sandy and Richard Riccardi performed a spoof of the song called `` Tiki Torch Nazis '' , in reference to the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville , Virginia . From 1972 through 1976 , The New Dimensions , a group from the Chicago area , performed a ' 50s show featuring `` Teen Angel '' and the music of that era . Teen Angel , played by Pat Hysell , was a ghost of the ' 50s who reminisced of his days at the malt shop with Betty Sue and their dates at the drive - in theater . The band , lead by Gordon Prigge included Hysell , Dick Gerlach and Jim Lyons performed throughout the Midwest for more than 25 years . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Grease -- Broadway Musical -- Original IBDB '' . www.ibdb.com . The Broadway League . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` T Birds and Pink Ladies together again '' . WECT . Jump up ^ `` Review : Grease at Theatre Royal , Bury St Edmunds until Saturday '' . East Anglian News . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fEMygEiSdc Grease Adaptations Grease ( film ) Grease 2 Grease : Live Songs `` Grease '' `` Summer Nights '' `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' `` Greased Lightnin ' '' `` Beauty School Dropout '' `` Sandy '' `` There Are Worse Things I Could Do '' `` You 're the One That I Want '' `` The Grease Megamix '' Soundtracks / albums Grease ( film ) soundtrack Grease 2 soundtrack 2007 Broadway cast recording TV series Grease : You 're the One That I Want ! Grease Is the Word Grease : The School Musical Miscellaneous Grease ( video game ) Grease Dance Glee : The Music Presents Glease Greased This musical theatre related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_School_Dropout&oldid=836334343 '' Categories : Songs from Grease ( film ) Songs from Grease ( musical ) Songs written by Jim Jacobs Songs written by Warren Casey Musical theatre stubs Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 03 : 47 . About Wikipedia | who sang beauty school drop out in grease | [
"Alan Paul, later a member of The Manhattan Transfer, originated the role on Broadway. It is not uncommon for the role of the Teen Angel to be held as a dual role by one of the other characters in the cast during stage adaptations (in Paul's case, he also appeared as bandleader Johnny Casino). It was recorded by Frankie Avalon (who, like Fabian, was a client of Bob Marcucci's during his heyday) for the 1978 film adaptation of Grease, a role he reprised on stage through the 1990s and early 2000s. The Wild Angels recorded an earlier version for Decca Records in 1972.[2][3]",
"Alan Paul, later a member of The Manhattan Transfer, originated the role on Broadway. It is not uncommon for the role of the Teen Angel to be held as a dual role by one of the other characters in the cast during stage adaptations (in Paul's case, he also appeared as bandleader Johnny Casino). It was recorded by Frankie Avalon (who, like Fabian, was a client of Bob Marcucci's during his heyday) for the 1978 film adaptation of Grease, a role he reprised on stage through the 1990s and early 2000s. The Wild Angels recorded an earlier version for Decca Records in 1972.[2][3]"
] | [
"Alan Paul",
"Frankie Avalon"
] |
-262963808189094743 | Char siu | Char siu - wikipedia Char siu This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cha siu A rack of cha siu pork Alternative names chasu , char siu , chashao , cha sio and char siew , barbecued meat , xa xiu Place of origin China Region or state Chinese - speaking areas , Japan , Southeast Asia Main ingredients Pork , mixture of honey , five - spice powder , fermented tofu ( red ) , dark soy sauce , hoisin sauce , and sherry or rice wine Cookbook : Cha siu Media : Cha siu Char siu `` Cha siu '' in Traditional ( top ) in Simplified ( bottom ) Chinese characters Chinese name Traditional Chinese 叉燒 Simplified Chinese 叉烧 Hanyu Pinyin chāshāo Cantonese Yale chāsīu Literal meaning `` fork roasting '' show Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin chāshāo IPA ( ʈʂhá. ʂáu ) Hakka Romanization cha - seu Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization chāsīu IPA ( tsháː. síːu ) Jyutping caa1siu1 Southern Min Hokkien POJ chha - sio Vietnamese name Vietnamese xá xíu Thai name Thai หมูแดง ( mǔː dɛ̄ːŋ ) RTGS mu daeng Japanese name Kanji 叉 焼 Kana チャーシュー show Transcriptions Romanization chāshū Indonesian name Indonesian babi panggang merah Cha siu ( Chinese : 叉燒 ; Cantonese Yale : chāsīu ) is a popular way to flavor and prepare barbecued pork in Cantonese cuisine . It is classified as a type of siu mei ( 燒 味 ) , Cantonese roasted meat . Contents 1 Meat cuts 2 Chinese cuisine 3 Hong Kong cuisine 4 Southeast Asian cuisine 5 Japanese cuisine 6 Pacific Rim cuisine 7 See also 8 References Meat cuts ( edit ) Pork cuts used for cha siu can vary , but a few main cuts are common : Pork loin Pork belly - produces juicy and fatter cha siu Pork butt ( shoulder ) - produces leaner cha siu Pork fat Pork neck end - very marbled ( jyu geng yuk ) Chinese cuisine ( edit ) A plate of cha siu rice Cha siu literally means `` fork roasted '' ( siu being burn / roast and cha being fork , both noun and verb ) after the traditional cooking method for the dish : long strips of seasoned boneless pork are skewered with long forks and placed in a covered oven or over a fire . In ancient times , wild boar and other available meats were used to make cha siu . However , in modern times , the meat is typically a shoulder cut of domestic pork , seasoned with a mixture of honey , five - spice powder , red fermented bean curd , dark soy sauce , hoisin sauce , red food colouring ( not a traditional ingredient but very common in today 's preparations and is optional ) , and sherry or rice wine ( optional ) . These seasonings turn the exterior layer of the meat dark red , similar to the `` smoke ring '' of American barbecues . Maltose may be used to give cha siu its characteristic shiny glaze . Cha siu is typically consumed with a staple , whether inside a bun ( chasiu baau , 叉燒 包 ) , with noodles ( chasiu min , 叉燒 麵 ) , or with rice ( chasiu faan , 叉燒 飯 ) in fast food establishments , or served alone as a centerpiece or main dish in traditional family dining establishments . If it is purchased outside of a restaurant , it is usually taken home and used as one ingredient in various complex entrees consumed at family meals . Hong Kong cuisine ( edit ) In Hong Kong , cha siu is usually purchased from a siu mei establishment , which specializes in meat dishes -- cha siu pork , soy sauce chicken , white cut chicken , roasted goose , roasted pork , etc . These shops usually display the merchandise by hanging them in the window . As a result , cha siu is often consumed alongside one of these other meat dishes when eaten as an independent lunch item on a per - person basis in a `` rice box '' meal . More commonly it is purchased whole or sliced and wrapped and taken home to be used in family meals either by itself or cooked into one of many vegetable or meat dishes which use cha siu pork as an ingredient . Southeast Asian cuisine ( edit ) Cha siu is often served in a noodle soup as here in Chiang Mai , Thailand In Malaysia , Singapore , Indonesia , and Thailand , cha siew rice is found in many Chinese shāolà ( 烧 腊 ) stalls along with roast duck and roast pork . The dish consists of slices of cha siu , cucumbers , white rice and is drenched in sweet gravy or drizzled with dark soy sauce . Cha siu rice is also a popular food within the Chinese community in Medan , Indonesia , where it is more called cha sio . Cha siew rice can also be found in Hainanese chicken rice stalls , where customers have a choice of having their cha siu rice served with plain white rice or chicken - flavoured rice , and choose from garlic , chilli and soy sauces . Cha siu is called mu daeng ( Thai : หมูแดง , pronounced ( mǔː dɛ̄ːŋ ) , `` red pork '' ) in Thailand . In the Philippines , it is known as Chinese Asado and usually eaten with cold cuts or served stuffed in siopao . In Flanders and Holland it 's known by the Indonesian name ' babi panggang ' . Vegetarian cha siu also exists , usually made from wheat gluten . It can be found in vegetarian restaurants and stalls in South East Asian Chinese communities . Japanese cuisine ( edit ) Chāshū ramen Japanese culture has adapted 叉燒 as chāshū ( チャーシュー ) . Unlike its Chinese variant , it is prepared by rolling the meat into a log and then braising it at a low temperature . The Japanese adaptation is typically seasoned with honey and soy sauce , without the red food colouring , sugar , or five - spice powder . It is a typical ingredient in rāmen . Pacific Rim cuisine ( edit ) As a means of exceptional flavor and preparation , cha siu applications extend far beyond pork . In Hawaii , various meats are cooked cha siu style . The term cha siu refers to meats which have been marinated in cha siu seasoning prepared either from scratch or from store - bought cha siu seasoning packages , then roasted in an oven or over a fire . Ingredients in marinades for cha siu are similar to those found in China ( honey , five - spice , wine , soy , hoisin , etc . ) , except that red food coloring is often used in place of the red bean curd for convenience . Cha siu is used to marinate and prepare a variety of meats which can either be cooked in a conventional or convection oven ( often not requiring the use of a fork or cha ( zi ) as traditional Chinese ovens do ) , on a standard barbecue , or even in an underground Hawaiian imu . In Hawaii , cha siu chicken is as common as cha siu pork , and various wild birds , mountain goat , and wild boar are also often cooked cha siu style , as are many sausages and skewers . As cha siu grows in popularity , innovative chefs from around the world , especially chefs from around the Pacific Rim , from Australia to California , are using various meats prepared cha siu style in their cuisines and culinary creations . See also ( edit ) Cookbook : Cha Shao List of pork dishes Red cooking Spare ribs Food portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Siu Mei Kung Fu '' . rthk.hk . Radio Television Hong Kong . Retrieved 1 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese BBQ pork ( cha siu ) 蜜 汁 叉燒 '' . Graceful Cuisine. 7 January 2012 . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cha siu . Cantonese cuisine Main dishes Bao yu Bird 's nest soup Buddha 's delight Cantonese seafood soup Chinese steamed eggs Congee Crispy fried chicken Dragon tiger phoenix Egg foo young Hot pot Lemon chicken Pork Knuckles and Ginger Stew Seafood birdsnest Shark fin soup Snake bite chicken Soy sauce chicken Steam minced pork Subgum Suckling pig Sweet and sour pork White boiled shrimp White cut chicken Wonton noodles Yangzhou fried rice Dim sum and yum cha Annin tofu Beef tripe Cha siu bao Chicken feet Coconut bar Har gow Jian dui Jiaozi Lo mai gai Nian gao Ox - tongue pastry Rice noodle roll Shumai Spring roll Steamed meatball Swiss wing Taro cake Taro dumpling Tendon Tofu skin roll Turnip cake Water chestnut cake Yau gok Youtiao Zhaliang Siu laap Char siu Chinese sausage Lou mei Orange cuttlefish Roast goose Siu mei Siu yuk White cut chicken Desserts and pastry Almond biscuit Biscuit roll Deuk Deuk Tong Douhua Ginger milk curd Lo mai chi Mooncake Red bean cake Red bean soup Sausage bun Tong sui White sugar sponge cake Condiments and spices Fermented bean curd Five - spice powder XO sauce Ingredients Beef ball Black bean paste Chenpi Conpoy Fermented black beans Fish ball Fish slice Frog legs Garland chrysanthemum Kai - lan Mantis shrimp Ong choy Pig blood curd Pig 's ear Prawn ball Rapeseed Saang mein Sea cucumber Shahe fen Shrimp roe noodles Spare ribs Suan cai Tofu skin Wonton Yi mein Youmian Zha cai Others Chinese herb tea Dried shredded squid Cantonese restaurant Beijing cuisine Shanghai cuisine Hong Kong cuisine Macanese cuisine Chinese cuisine History of Chinese cuisine Malaysian cuisine by ethnicity Common dishes Malay Ambuyat Ayam bakar Ayam goreng Ayam masak kicap Ayam masak merah Asam pedas Porridge Bubur asyura Bubur kacang hijau Bubur lambuk Bubur pedas Bubur pulut hitam Gulai Ikan bakar Ikan goreng Kangkung belacan Ketupat Laksa Lemang Lontong Mee bandung Muar Nasi ambeng Nasi campur Nasi dagang Nasi goreng Nasi goreng pattaya Nasi kerabu Nasi lemak Nasi tumpang Nasi ulam Otak - otak Pulot tartal Roti Jala Rendang Rojak Sata Satay Satay celup Sup kambing Ulam Chinese Bakkwa Bak kut teh Banmian Bean sprouts chicken Chai tow kway Char kway teow Char siu Chee cheong fun Chwee Claypot chicken rice Duck soup noodles Economy rice / Mixed rice Fish ball Hae mee Hainanese chicken rice Heong peng Hokkien mee Kaya toast Kolo mee Loh bak Lor mee Mee pok Oyster omelette Pan mee Pao Popiah Tong sui Wonton mee Yong tau foo You char kway Yusheng Peranakan Asam laksa / Laksa lemak Bubur cha cha Cap cai Curry Mee Mee siam Nyonya Bak Chang Indian Banana leaf rice Dalcha Puliyodarai Curd rice Chapati Fish head curry Fish molee Dosai Idli Mee goreng Maggi goreng Mee goreng mamak Mee rebus Mamak Rojak ( Rojak Klang ) Murtabak Nasi biryani Nasi kandar Pasembur Puri Putu mayam Roti canai Roti prata Roti tissue Naan Sup kambing Appam Payasam Upma Paniyaram Pongal Vadai Adhirasam Murukku Bajji Rasam Sambar Papadum Indigenous ( Sabah and Sarawak ) Bosou Hinava Linatan Linongot Manok pansoh Midin Nasi kombos Nasi laru Nasik aruk Sinalau bakas Tonokon Tuhau Umai Other American fried rice Nasi paprik Pecal Ramly burger Soto Mee soto Tauhu goreng Snacks Cakes Ang Ku / Ku Batik cake Sarawak layer cake Keropok Amplang Lekor Rempeyek Kuih Apam balik Bahulu Bingka Borasa Cakoi Cincin Cucur Jemput - jemput Penyaram Pisang goreng Dodol Jala Jelurut Karipap Kelupis Kochi Gelang Goyang Gulung Kasturi Lapis Lidah Makmur Ondeh - ondeh Otokon Pais Pie tee Pulut inti Pulut panggang Puto Putu bambu / Putu bumbong Putu mangkuk / piring Sapit / Gulong / Kapit Seri Muka Tat / Tae Desserts Lamban Punjung Roti john Tapai Wajid Drinks Non-alcoholic ABC Bandung Cendol Cincau Chrysanthemum tea Ginger tea Ipoh white coffee Janda pulang Milo Milo Dinosaur Sarsi Soy milk Teh tarik Tenom coffee Alcoholic Bahar Jaz Lihing Montoku Sikat Talak Tapai Tuak Condiments Acar Kaya Sambal Belacan Budu Cincalok Tempoyak Taucu Tuhau See also : List of Malaysian dishes Thai cuisine Individual dishes American fried rice Chok Hoi thot Khao khluk kapi Khao man kai Khao na ped Khao mok Kuaitiao khua kai Kuaitiao ruea Kuaitiao Sukhothai Mi krop Pad kee mao Pad thai Phat mi Khorat Phat si - io Rat na Thai fried rice Yentafo Shared dishes Ho mok Green curry Kaeng pa Kaeng som Khai yat sai Massaman curry Nam kaeng hua chai thao Nuea phat phrik Phanaeng curry Phat kaphrao Phat khing Phat phrik khing Red curry Tom kha kai Tom khlong Tom yum Yam khai dao Yellow curry Isan dishes Chim chum Kai yang Koi Larb Nam tok Sai krok Isan Som tam Yam naem Northern Thai dishes Kaeng khae Kaeng hang le Khao kan chin Khao soi Nam ngiao Nam phrik num Nam phrik ong Sai ua Southern Thai dishes Kaeng phrik kraduk mu Kaeng tai pla Khao yam Khua kling Nasi dagang Nasi goreng Nasi lemak Snacks Hakao Hoicho Karipap Khaep mu Khao phan Khanom chip Khanom khai Khanom khai nok kratha Khanom fak bua Khanom phak kat Khanom Tokyo Khao chae Khrongkhraeng krop Koh - Kae Krop khem Kuaitiao lot Mamuang kuan Mamuang nampla wan Mango sticky rice Miang kham Mu ping Popia Roti sai mai Sakhu sai mu Salapao Satay Desserts List of Thai khanom Bua loi Cha mongkut Chaokuai Fakthong kaeng buat Foi thong Khanom babin Khanom bueang Khanom bueang Yuan Khanom chak Khanom chan Khanom khrok Khanom mo kaeng Khanom namdokmai Khanom phing Khanom piakpun Khanom sane chan Khanom sot sai Khanom tan Khanom thang taek Khanom thian Khanom thuai Khao mak Khao tom Kluai buat chi Khao lam Krayasat Lot chong Luk chup Namkhaeng sai Namtan pan O - eo Sago with coconut milk Sangkhaya fak thong Thapthim krop Thong ek Thong yip Thong yot Thua khiao tom namtan Miscellaneous Budu Fish sauce Hot dogs in Thai cuisine Jasmine rice Khan tok Khanom chin Khao chae Kiao Kun chiang Mu daeng Mu kratha Mu yo Naem Nam chim Nam phrik Nam phrik phao Nine auspicious Thai desserts Padaek Pathongko Phrik khi nu Pla ra Kapi Sriracha sauce Steamed rice Sticky rice Suki Thai curry Thai fruit carving Thai salads Beverages Cha chak Krating Daeng Mekhong whiskey Oliang Sang Som Sato Thai beers Thai tea See also List of Thai dishes List of Thai ingredients List of Thai restaurants Street food of Thailand Guangdong topics Guangzhou ( capital ) General History Politics Economy Geography Cities Metropolitan areas Chaoshan Pearl River Delta Sanyi ( Sam Yup ) Sze Yup ( Siyi ) Leizhou Peninsula Regions Pearl River Delta Yuexi Yuebei Yuedong Pearl River ( China ) East River West River Nanling Mountains Pratas Islands Shamian Island Education Guangzhou Education Shenzhen Education Shenzhen University Huizhou University Guangdong Institute of Education Guangzhou University Culture Lingnan culture Cantonese people Varieties of Chinese Yue Chinese Hailufeng Teochew Hakka Lingnan architecture Tong lau Lingnan garden Cantonese embroidery Teochew woodcarving Lingnan penjing Canton porcelain Lingnan school of painting Music Cantonese opera Nam Hoi Chiu Naamyam Guangdong music Gou Wu Cantonese poetry Hung Ga Wing Chun Lingnan Confucianism Flowermarket Cantonese lion dance Wong Tai Sin Hung Shing Cantonese merchants Red cotton flower Cantonese folktales The Legend of Five Goats Villain hitting Hakka people Teochew people Zhuang people Cuisine Cantonese cuisine White boiled shrimp Chinese steamed eggs Beef chow fun Chow mein Char siu Roasted suckling pig Bird 's nest soup Seafood birdsnest Cantonese fried rice Dim sum Yum cha Leung cha Tong sui Hakka cuisine Teochew cuisine Visitor attractions Danxia Mountain Seven Star Crags Dinghu Mountain Xinfengjiang Reservoir Zhongshan Park Guangdong Provincial Museum Humen Pearl River Bridge Zhenhai Tower Guangji Bridge Canton Tower Chime - 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Barbecue restaurant List of barbecue restaurants Churrascaria Food portal Category Commons WikiProject Food and drink Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Char_siu&oldid=856696617 '' Categories : Barbecue Pork dishes Skewered foods Cantonese cuisine Cantonese words and phrases Dim sum Hawaiian cuisine Hong Kong cuisine Japanese cuisine Malaysian cuisine Indonesian Chinese cuisine Singaporean cuisine Thai cuisine Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles containing Vietnamese - language text Articles containing Thai - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing Indonesian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Bahasa Banjar Català Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Polski Português ไทย Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 00 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which part of pork to make char siew | [
"Pork loin\nPork belly - produces juicy and fatter cha siu\nPork butt (shoulder) - produces leaner cha siu\nPork fat\nPork neck end - very marbled (jyu geng yuk)",
"Pork loin\nPork belly - produces juicy and fatter cha siu\nPork butt (shoulder) - produces leaner cha siu\nPork fat\nPork neck end - very marbled (jyu geng yuk)",
"Pork loin\nPork belly - produces juicy and fatter cha siu\nPork butt (shoulder) - produces leaner cha siu\nPork fat\nPork neck end - very marbled (jyu geng yuk)",
"Pork loin\nPork belly - produces juicy and fatter cha siu\nPork butt (shoulder) - produces leaner cha siu\nPork fat\nPork neck end - very marbled (jyu geng yuk)"
] | [
"loin",
"belly",
"butt (shoulder)",
"neck end"
] |
-4538517659743205902 | Education in South Korea | Education in South Korea - wikipedia Education in South Korea Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Education in South Korea Ministry of Education ( South Korea ) National education budget Budget $11.3 billion General details Primary languages Korean Literacy Total 99.9 % Male 99.9 % Female 99.9 % Primary 3.3 million Secondary 4.0 million Post secondary 3.6 million Attainment Secondary diploma 99.7 % Post-secondary diploma 68.0 % Education in South Korea is provided by both public schools and private schools . Both types of schools receive funding from the government , although the amount that the private schools receive is less than the amount of the state schools . In recent years , Incheon Global Campus ( with start - up support ) has kick - started , and Yonsei University opened an international college to embrace the full english teaching environment scheme . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 History 2.1 Pre-division period 2.2 Post-war years 2.3 Student activism 2.4 Reforms in the 1980s 2.5 Great recession 3 School grades 4 Kindergarten 5 Primary Education 6 Secondary Education 6.1 Middle school 6.2 High school 6.3 Vocational 7 Tertiary education 7.1 History 7.2 Entrance requirements 7.3 Higher education 7.3. 1 South Korean university rankings 7.4 Vocational 8 Government influence 8.1 Ministry of Education 8.2 Teachers ' union 8.3 Political involvement in the education system 9 English education 10 Controversy and criticism 10.1 Students ' health 10.2 Academic elitism 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Overview ( edit ) South Korea is one of the top - performing OECD countries in reading literacy , mathematics and sciences with the average student scoring 542 . The country has one of the worlds highest - educated labour forces among OECD countries . The country is well known for its obsession with education , which has come to be called `` education fever '' . The resource - poor nation is consistently ranked amongst the top for global education . In the 2014 national rankings of students ' math and science scores by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) , South Korea ranked second place worldwide , after Singapore . Higher education is an overwhelmingly serious issue in South Korea society , where it is viewed as one of the fundamental cornerstones of South Korean life . Education is regarded with a high priority for South Korean families as success in education is necessary for improving one 's socioeconomic position in South Korean society . Academic success is often a source of pride for families and within South Korean society at large . South Koreans view education as the main propeller of social mobility for themselves and their family as a gateway to the South Korean middle class . Graduating from a top university is the ultimate marker of prestige , high socioeconomic status , promising marriage prospects , and a respectable career path . An average South Korean child 's life revolves around education as pressure to succeed academically is deeply ingrained in South Korean children from an early age . Those who lack a formal university education often face social prejudice . In 2015 , the country spent 4.7 % of its GDP on all levels of education -- roughly equal to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) average . A strong investment in education , a militant drive for success as well as the passion for excellence has helped the resource poor country rapidly grow its economy over the past 60 years from a war torn wasteland . South Korea 's zeal for education and its students ' desires to get into a prestigious university is one of the highest in the world , as the entrance into a top tier higher educational institution leads to a prestigious , secure and well - paid white collar job with the government , banks , a major South Korean conglomerate such as Samsung , Hyundai or LG Electronics . With incredible pressure on high school students to secure places at the nation 's best universities , its institutional reputation and alumni networks are strong predictors of future career prospects . The top three universities in South Korea , often referred to as `` SKY '' , are Seoul National University , Korea University and Yonsei University . Intense competition and pressure to earn the highest grades is deeply ingrained in the psyche of South Korean students at a young age . Yet with only so many places at universities and even fewer places at top - tier companies , many young people remain disappointed and are often unwilling to lower their sights with the result of many feeling as underachievers . There is a major cultural taboo in South Korean society attached to those who have not achieved formal university education where those who do n't hold university degrees face social prejudice and are often looked down by others as second - class citizens resulting fewer opportunities for employment , improvement of one 's socioeconomic position and prospects for marriage . International reception on the South Korean education system has been divided . It has been praised for various reasons , including its comparatively high test results and its major role in ushering South Korea 's economic development creating one of the world 's most educated workforces . South Korea 's highly enviable academic performance has gotten British education ministers actively remodeling their own curriculum 's and exams to try to emulate Korea 's militant drive and passion for excellence and high educational achievement . U.S. President Barack Obama has also praised the country 's rigorous school system , where over 80 percent of South Korean high school graduates go on to university . The nation 's high university entrance rate has created a highly skilled workforce making South Korea among the most highly educated countries in the world with the one of the highest percentage of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree . Bachelor 's degrees are held by 68 percent of South Koreans aged 25 -- 34 , the most in the OECD . The system 's rigid and hierarchical structure has been criticized for stifling creativity and innovation ; described as intensely and `` brutally '' competitive , The system is often blamed for the high suicide rate in South Korea , particularly the growing rates among those aged 10 -- 19 . Various media outlets attribute the nations high suicide rate on the nationwide anxiety around the country 's college entrance exams , which determine the trajectory of students entire lives and careers . Former South Korean hagwon teacher Se - Woong Koo wrote that the South Korean education system amounts to child abuse and that it should be `` reformed and restructured without delay . '' The system has also been criticized for producing an excess supply of university graduates creating an overeducated and underemployed labor force ; in the first quarter of 2013 alone , nearly 3.3 million South Korean university graduates were jobless , leading many graduates overqualified for jobs requiring less education . Further criticism has been stemmed for causing labor shortages in various skilled blue collar labor and vocational occupations , where many go unfilled as the negative social stigma associated with vocational careers and not having a university degree continues to remain deep - rooted in South Korean society . History ( edit ) Pre-division period ( edit ) Main article : History of education in Korea Education has been present throughout the history of Korea ( 1945 -- present ) . Public schools and private schools have been both present . Modern reforms to education began in the late 19th century . Post-war years ( edit ) After Gwangbokjeol and the liberation from Japan , the Korean government began to study and discuss for a new philosophy of education . The new educational philosophy was created under the United States Army Military Government in Korea ( USAMGIK ) with a focus on democratic education . The new system attempted to make education available to all students equally and promote the educational administration to be more self - governing . Specific policies included : re-educating teachers , lowering functional illiteracy by educating adults , restoration of the Korean language for technical terminology , and expansion of various educational institutions . Following the Korean War , the government of Syngman Rhee reversed many of these reforms after 1948 , when only primary schools remained in most cases coeducational and , because of a lack of resources , education was compulsory only up to the sixth grade . During the years when Rhee and Park Chung Hee were in power , the control of education was gradually taken out of the hands of local school boards and concentrated in a centralized Ministry of Education . In the late 1980s , the ministry was responsible for administration of schools , allocation of resources , setting of enrollment quotas , certification of schools and teachers , curriculum development ( including the issuance of textbook guidelines ) , and other basic policy decisions . Provincial and special city boards of education still existed . Although each board was composed of seven members who were supposed to be selected by popularly elected legislative bodies , this arrangement ceased to function after 1973 . Subsequently , school board members were approved by the minister of education . Most observers agree that South Korea 's spectacular progress in modernization and economic growth since the Korean War is largely attributable to the willingness of individuals to invest a large amount of resources in education : the improvement of `` human capital . '' The traditional esteem for the educated man , now extend to scientists , technicians , and others working with specialized knowledge . Highly educated technocrats and economic planners could claim much of the credit for their country 's economic successes since the 1960s . Scientific professions were generally regarded as the most prestigious by South Koreans in the 1980s . Statistics demonstrate the success of South Korea 's national education programs . In 1945 the adult literacy rate was estimated at 22 percent ; by 1970 adult literacy was 87.6 percent and , by the late 1980s , sources estimated it at around 93 percent . Although only primary school ( grades one through six ) was compulsory , percentages of age - groups of children and young people enrolled in secondary level schools were equivalent to those found in industrialized countries , including Japan . Approximately 4.8 million students in the eligible age - group were attending primary school in 1985 . The percentage of students going on to optional middle school the same year was more than 99 percent . Approximately 34 percent , one of the world 's highest rates of secondary - school graduates attended institutions of higher education in 1987 , a rate similar to Japan 's ( about 30 percent ) and exceeding Britain 's ( 20 percent ) . Government expenditure on education has been generous . In 1975 , it was 220 billion won , the equivalent of 2.2 percent of the gross national product , or 13.9 percent of total government expenditure . By 1986 , education expenditure had reached 3.76 trillion won , or 4.5 percent of the GNP , and 27.3 percent of government budget allocations . Student activism ( edit ) Student activism has a long and honorable history in Korea . Students in Joseon secondary schools often became involved in the intense factional struggles of the scholar - official class . Students played a major role in Korea 's independence movement , particularly the March 1 , 1919 . Students protested against the regimes of Syngman Rhee and Park Chung - hee during the 1950s , 1960s , and 1970s . Observers noted , however , that while student activists in the past generally embraced liberal and democratic values , the new generation of militants in the 1980s were far more radical . Most participants adopted some version of the minjung ideology but was also animated by strong feelings of popular nationalism and xenophobia . The most militant university students , perhaps about 5 percent of the total enrollment at Seoul National University and comparable figures at other institutions in the capital during the late 1980s , were organized into small circles or cells rarely containing more than fifty members . Police estimated that there were 72 such organizations of varying orientation , having the change of curriculum and education system of South Korea people have been enriched in an imaginary way that makes them to propel in all their studies . Reforms in the 1980s ( edit ) Following the assumption of power by General Chun Doo - hwan in 1980 , the Ministry of Education implemented a number of reforms designed to make the system more fair and to increase higher education opportunities for the population at large . In a very popular move , the ministry dramatically increased enrollment at large . Social emphasis on education was not without its problems , as it tended to accentuate class differences . In the late 1980s , a college degree was considered necessary for entering the middle class ; there were no alternative pathways of social advancement , with the possible exception of a military career , outside higher education . People without a college education , including skilled workers with vocational school backgrounds , often were treated as second - class citizens by their white - collar , college - educated managers , despite the importance of their skills for economic development . Intense competition for places at the most prestigious universities -- the sole gateway into elite circles -- promoted , like the old Confucian system , a sterile emphasis on rote memorization in order to pass secondary school and college entrance examinations . Particularly after a dramatic expansion of college enrollments in the early 1980s , South Korea faced the problem of what to do about a large number of young people staying in school for a long time , usually at great sacrifice to themselves and their families , and then faced with limited job opportunities because their skills were not marketable . Great Recession ( edit ) With a slowing economy , a rigid and fast changing job market as a result of the Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 and the demise of the Industrial Age , many young South Korean high school graduates are now realizing that high entrance examination and test scores for the promise of future career success did not carry the same weight as it once did . In 2013 , 43,000 South Koreans in their twenties , and 21,000 in their thirties lost their jobs . According to a 2013 survey conducted by the Korea Research Institute for Vocational Education and Training , nearly four out of every 10 young workers in their 20s and 30s said they were overeducated . In 2013 , fewer young South Koreans chose go on to university after finishing high school as the unemployment rate for university graduates continues to soar , falling income for college graduates continues to decline and the value of a college degree has now becoming increasingly in doubt . Educational reforms initiated by the South Korean government have become more dynamic and that university is no longer the only guarantee of a career . Government measures have also been prompted to encourage young unemployed college graduates to look at other employment possibilities such starting a business or seeking employment opportunities at smaller and medium size businesses . Former President Lee Myung - Bak urged young unemployed job seekers to start looking at other employment possibilities with small and medium - sized businesses beyond large conglomerates . An oversaturated and overqualified labor market has resulted shortages of skilled blue - collar labor and a lack of qualified vocational employees for small and medium - sized businesses , young South Koreans now realize that a college degree no longer guarantees a job as it once did . With the nation 's high university entrance rate , South Korea has produced an overeducated and underemployed labor force with many being unable find employment at the level of their education qualifications . In addition , a subsequent skills surplus has led to an overall decline in labour underutilization in vocational occupations . In the country , 70.9 percent of high school graduates went on to university in 2014 , the highest college attendance rate among the Organization for Economic and Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) member countries . In the third quarter of 2016 , one out of three unemployed people in South Korea were university graduates largely attributed to the combination of a protracted South Korean economic slowdown and so - called academic inflation . Many young unemployed South Korean university graduates are now turning to vocational education such as skilled trade and technical schools and have simply opted out the national college entrance examination test in favor of entering straight into the workforce . With dire employment prospects for university graduates , enthusiasm for tertiary education has also been waning , as less than 72 % of South Korean high - school students went on to university in 2012 , a sharp drop from a high of 84.6 % in 2008 . Other factors that attribute to this include demographic change and the current economic climate as well as financial burdens -- particularly the cost of education has gone up dramatically with income growth for college graduates stagnating . According to 2012 employment trend research conducted by Statistics Korea reveals that college graduates earnings are lower than those of high school graduates . Many traditional Korean families still continue to believe that a university education is the only route to a good well paying job in spite mounting evidence to the contrary according to a McKinsey report , noting that the net present value of a university education now trails the value of a high school diploma , due to huge private education costs . The cultural norms of South Korean parents continue to pressure their children to enter university and have even disregarded the phenomenon for declining income of college graduates where the income for university graduates has fallen that below of high school graduates as well as the fact that the unemployment rate for college graduates is higher than that of high - school graduates . The country has also produced an oversupply of university graduates in South Korea where in the first quarter of 2013 alone , nearly 3.3 million South Korean university graduates were jobless , leading many graduates overqualified for jobs requiring less education . Further criticism has been stemmed for causing labor shortages in various skilled blue - collar labor vocational occupations , where many of which go unfilled . With labor shortages in many skilled labor and vocational occupations , South Korean small and medium - sized businesses complain that they struggle to find enough skilled blue - collar workers to fill potential vocational job vacancies . Despite strong criticism and research statistics pointing alternative career options such as vocational school often with good pay and greater employment prospects that rival the income and prospects of many professional jobs requiring a university degree , a number of South Korean parents still continue to pressure their children regardless of their aptitude to enter university rather than go to a vocational school . In 2012 , 93 % of South Korean parents expected their children to attend university , but as societal attitudes change and reforms in the South Korean education system reform underway , more young South Koreans are starting to believe that they have to do what they like and what they enjoy in order to be happy to achieve success . With South Korea 's bleak economic and employment prospects for its youth , President Park Geun - hye went out internationally to countries such as Germany , Switzerland , and Austria to address South Korea 's more glaring employment needs including tackling the country 's high youth employment rate and as well as reforming South Korea 's education system . In early 2015 , Park Geun - Hye traveled to Switzerland to study the European apprenticeship system . By summer , the South Korean government mandated that all students in vocational high schools must also have an opportunity to be an apprentice . The government has also mandated an `` employment first , university later '' policy to encourage vocational graduates to work in industry and put off higher education until later . Drawing inspiration from the vocational schools and apprenticeship models of Germany and Switzerland , many Meister schools have been established in South Korea to prepare students for careers earlier . The schools offer to teach students specialized industrial skills and job training to tailor the needs of respective South Korean industries such as automobile and mechanical manufacturing and shipbuilding . Dual apprentice schools have also been introduced where students can work and study at the same time . High school students can go to school for a couple of days a week or a set period of the year or study at school for the rest with a stronger emphasis gaining employment skills than rather going to college . Many young South Koreans are now choosing their jobs tailored to their interests rather than blindly accepting career choices imposed by their parents and choosing jobs outside the conventional classroom . With the changing dynamics in the global economy in the 21st century as well as the implementation of vocational education in the South Korean education system as an alternative to the traditional path of going to university , a good education from a prestigious university no longer guarantees a comfortable life , and one 's status in society is no longer necessarily guaranteed by educational background . Since the rise of Meister schools and modern reforms in the South Korean education system , many young South Koreans are now realizing that one does n't necessarily need a college degree to be successful in the workforce and enter the middle class , but instead the right skills . The establishment of Meister schools now shows South Koreans that there can be multiple pathways to socioeconomic and career success and that vocational school graduates can still be professionally and financially successful in South Korean society . Educational reform modeled from Switzerland and Germany offers career alternatives besides the traditional university route allowing South Koreans to express occupational diversity and as well as redefine what is real achievement in South Korean society is . School grades ( edit ) Note : All ages are not in Western years . In parentheses are the Korean Ages ; to find the age in the Korean age system add one to the latter ages shown here . Level / Grade Typical age Infant School Nursery School 0 - 3 ( 1 - 4 ) Kindergarten 4 - 6 ( 5 - 7 ) Primary School 1st Grade 7 ( 8 ) 2nd Grade 8 ( 9 ) 3rd Grade 9 ( 10 ) 4th Grade 10 ( 11 ) 5th Grade 11 ( 12 ) 6th Grade 12 ( 13 ) Middle School 7th grade 13 ( 14 ) 8th Grade 14 ( 15 ) 9th Grade 15 ( 16 ) High School 10th Grade 16 ( 17 ) 11th Grade 17 ( 18 ) 12th Grade 18 ( 19 ) Post-secondary education Tertiary education ( College or University ) Ages vary ( usually four years , referred to as Freshman , Sophomore , Junior and Senior years ) Membership Training in Korea Ages also vary as they do for Tertiary education Kindergarten ( edit ) The number of private kindergartens have increased as a result of more women entering the workforce , growth in the number of nuclear families where a grandparent was often unavailable to take care of children , and the feeling that kindergarten might give children an `` edge '' in later educational competition . Many students in Korea start kindergarten at the Western age of three and will therefore continue to study in kindergarten for three or four years , before starting their ' formal education ' in ' grade one ' of primary school . Many private kindergartens offer their classes in English to give students a ' head - start ' in the mandatory English education they would receive later in public school . Kindergartens often pay homage to the expectations of parents with impressive courses , graduation ceremonies , complete with diplomas and gowns . Korean kindergartens are expected to start teaching basic maths , reading and writing to children , including education on how to count , add , subtract , and read and write in Korean , and often in English and Chinese . Children in Korean kindergartens are also taught using games focused on education and coordination , such as `` playing doctor '' to teach body parts , food and nutrition , and work positions for adults . Songs , dances , and memorization are a big part of Korean kindergarten education . Primary education ( edit ) Elementary schools ( Korean : 초등학교 , chodeung hakgyo ) consists of grades one to six ( age 8 to age 13 in Korean years -- 6 to 12 in western years ) . The South Korean government changed its name to the current form from Citizens ' school ( Korean : 국민학교 , Gungmin hakgyo ) in 1996 . The former name was shortened from 황국 신민 학교 ( Hwangguk sinmin hakgyo ) , which means school of the people who are subjects of the Empire ( of Japan ) . In elementary school , students learn the following subjects . The curriculum differs from grades 1 - 2 to grades 3 - 6 . Grades 1 - 2 : We Are First Graders ( Korean : 우리들 은 1 학년 ) ( grade 1 only ) Korean ( listening , speaking , reading , writing ) Mathematics Disciplined Life ( Korean : 바른 생활 ) Sensible Life ( Korean : 슬기로운 생활 ) Enjoyable Life ( Korean : 즐거운 생활 ) Physical Education Grades 3 - 6 : Korean ( listening , speaking , reading , writing ) English Moral Education Social Studies Mathematics Science Art Music Practical Arts Physical Education Usually , the class teacher covers most of the subjects ; however , there are some specialised teachers in professions such as physical education and foreign languages , including English . Those who wish to become a primary school teacher must major in primary education , which is specially designed to cultivate primary school teachers . In Korea , most of the primary teachers are working for public primary schools . Because corporal punishment has been officially prohibited in every classroom since 2011 , many teachers and some parents raised with corporal punishment are becoming more concerned about what they see as worsening discipline problems . However , some teachers infringe the law and raise their students with corporal punishment . Secondary education ( edit ) In 1987 , there were approximately 4,895,354 students enrolled in middle schools and high schools , with approximately 150,873 teachers . About 69 percent of these teachers were male . About 98 % of Korean students finish secondary education . The secondary - school enrollment figure also reflected changing population trends -- there were 3,959,975 students in secondary schools in 1979 . Given the importance of entry into higher education , the majority of students attended general or academic high schools in 1987 : 1,397,359 students , or 60 percent of the total , attended general or academic high schools , as compared with 840,265 students in vocational secondary schools . Vocational schools specialized in a number of fields : primarily agriculture , fishery , commerce , trades , merchant marine , engineering , and the arts . Competitive entrance examinations at the middle - school level were abolished in 1968 . Although as of the late 1980s , students still had to pass noncompetitive qualifying examinations , they were assigned to secondary institutions by lottery , or else by location within the boundary of the school district . Secondary schools , formerly ranked according to the quality of their students , have been equalized , with a portion of good , mediocre , and poor students being assigned to each one . The reform , however , did not equalize secondary schools completely . In Seoul , students who performed well in qualifying examinations were allowed to attend better quality schools in a `` common '' district , while other students attended schools in one of five geographical districts . The reforms applied equally to public and private schools whose enrollments were strictly controlled by the Ministry of Education . In South Korea , the grade of a student is reset as the student progresses through elementary , middle and high school . To differentiate the grades between students , one would often state the grade based on the level of education he / she is in . For example , a student in a first year of middle school would be referred to as `` First grade in Middle School ( 중학교 1 학년 ) '' . Middle schools are called Jung hakgyo ( 중학교 ) in Korean , which literally means middle school . High schools are called Godeung hakgyo ( 고등학교 ) in Korean , literally meaning `` high school '' . Middle school ( edit ) Middle schools in South Korea consist of three grades . Most students enter at age 12 or 13 and graduate at age 15 or 16 ( western years ) . These three grades correspond roughly to grades 7 - 9 in the North American system and Years 8 - 10 in the English and Welsh system . Middle school in South Korea marks a considerable shift from primary school , with students expected to take studies and school much more seriously . At most middle schools regulation uniforms and haircuts are enforced fairly strictly , and some aspects of students ' lives are highly controlled . Like in primary school , students spend most of the day in the same homeroom classroom with the same classmates ; however , students have different teachers for each subject . Teachers move around from classroom to classroom , and few teachers apart from those who teach special subjects have their own rooms to which students come . Homeroom teachers ( 담임 교사 , RR : damim gyosa ) play a very important role in students ' lives . Most middle school students take seven lessons a day , and in addition to this usually have an early morning block that precedes regular lessons and an eighth lesson specializing in an extra subject to finish the day . Unlike with high school , middle school curricula do not vary much from school to school . Korean , Algebra , Geometry , English , social studies , and science form the core subjects , with students also receiving instruction in music , art , PE , korean history , ethics , home economics , technology , and Hanja . What subjects students study and in what amount may vary from year to year . All regular lessons are 45 minutes long . Before school , students have an extra block , 30 - or - more minutes long , that may be used for self - study , watching Educational Broadcast System ( EBS ) broadcasts , or for personal or class administration . Beginning in 2008 , students attended school from Monday to Friday , and had a half - day every 1st , 3rd , and 5th ( calendar permitting ) Saturday of the month . Saturday lessons usually included Club Activity ( CA ) lessons , where students could participate in extracurricular activities . However these classes were also not used well either . Many schools have regular classes except having extracurricular activities because schools and parents want students to study more . However , from 2012 onwards , primary and secondary schools , including middle schools , will no longer hold Saturday classes . However , still many schools have Saturday classes illegally because the parents want their children to go to school and study . In 1969 , the government abolished entrance examinations for middle school students , replacing it with a system whereby primary school students within the same district are selected for middle schools by a lottery system . This has the effect of equalizing the quality of students from school to school , though schools in areas where students come from more privileged backgrounds still tend to outperform schools in poorer areas . Until recently most middle schools have been same - sex , though in the past decade most new middle schools have been mixed , and some previously same - sex schools have converted to mixed as well . Some schools have converted to same - sex due to pressure from parents who thought that their children would study better in single - sex education . As with primary schools , students pass from grade to grade regardless of knowledge or academic achievement , the result being that classes often have students of vastly differing abilities learning the same subject material together . In the final year of middle school examination scores become very important for the top students hoping to gain entrance into the top high schools , and for those in the middle hoping to get into an academic rather than a technical or vocational high school . Otherwise , examinations and marks only matter insofar as living up to a self - enforced concept of position in the school ranking system . There are some standardized examinations for certain subjects , and teachers of academic subjects are expected to follow approved textbooks , but generally middle school teachers have more flexibility over curricula and methods than teachers at high school . More than 95 % of the middle school students also attend independent owned , after - school tutoring agencies known as hagwon , and many receive extra instruction from private tutors . The core subjects , especially the cumulative subjects of Korean , English and math , receive the most emphasis . Some hagwon specializing in just one subject , and others offer all core subjects , constituting a second round of schooling every day for their pupils . Indeed , some parents place more stress on their children 's hagwon studies than their public school studies . Additionally , many students attend academies for things such as martial arts or music . The result of all this is that many middle school students , like their high school counterparts , return from a day of schooling well after sunset . The average South Korean family spends 20 % percent of its income on after - hours cram schools , more spending per capita on private tutoring than any other country . High school ( edit ) High schools in South Korea teach students for three years , from first grade ( age 15 - 17 ) to third grade ( age 17 - 19 ) , and students commonly graduate at age 18 or 19 . High school students are commonly expected to study increasingly long hours each year moving toward graduation , to become competitive and be able to enter attractive universities , such as the top SKY ( Seoul National , Korea , and Yonsei Universities ) . Many high school students wake and leave home in the morning at 5 a.m. and return home after studying well after 10 p.m. , then return to specialty study schools often to 2 a.m. , from Monday to Friday and also they often study on weekends . It is a commonly known saying in Korea that ' If you sleep three hours a night , you may get into a top ' SKY university ; ' If you sleep four hours each night , you may get into another university ; if you sleep five or more hours each night , especially in your last year of high school , forget about getting into any university . ' Accordingly , many high school students in their final year do not have any free time for holidays , birthdays or vacations before the CATs ( National College Scholastic Aptitude Test , Korean : 수능 ) , which are university entrance exams held by the Ministry of Education . Surprisingly , some high school students are offered chances to travel with family to enjoy fun and relaxing vacations , but these offers are often refused on the first suggestion by the students themselves , and increasingly on later additional trips if any , due to peer influences and a fear of ' falling behind ' in classes . Many high school students seem to prefer staying with friends and studying , rather than taking a break . The idea of ' skipping classes ' for fun is extremely rare in Korea . Rebellious students will often stay in class and use smart phones connected to the internet to chat with friends behind the teacher 's back during classes . High schools in Korea can be divided into specialty tracks that accord with a student 's interest and career path . For example , there are science ( Science high school ) , foreign language and art specialty high schools to which students can attend by passing entrance examinations which are generally highly competitive . Other types of high schools include public high schools and private high schools , both with or without entrance examinations . These high schools do not report to specialise in a field , but are more focused on sending their students to college . For students who do not wish a college education , vocational schools specialising in fields such as technology , agriculture or finance are available , such that students are employable right after graduation . Around 20 % of high school students are in vocational high schools . On noting the schedule of many high school students , it is not unusual for them to arrive home from school at midnight or even as late as 3am after intensive `` self - study '' sessions supported by the school or parents . The Korean government has tried to crack down on such serious study habits in order to allow a more balanced system , and fined many privately run specialty study institutes ( ' hagwons ' ) for running classes as late ( or as early ) as 2am . Some such institutes ( ' hagwons ' ) also offer early morning classes for students to attend before going to school in the morning . The normal government school curriculum is often noted as rigorous , with as many as 16 or so subjects . Most students choose to also attend privately run profit - making institutes known as hagwon ( 學院 , Korean : 학원 ) to boost their academic performance . Core subjects include Korean , English and mathematics , with adequate emphasis on social and physical science subjects . Students do not typically ask questions in the classroom , but prefer to memorise details . It is critical to note that the type and level of subjects may differ from school to school , depending on the degree of selectivity and specialisation of the school . Specialty , optional , expensive , study schools help students memorise questions and answers from previous years ' CAT tests ( since August 1993 ) and universities ' interview questions . High school is not mandatory , unlike middle school education in Korea . However , according to a 2005 study of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) member countries , some 97 % of South Korea 's young adults do complete high school . This was the highest percentage recorded in any country . However , this is mainly due to the fact that there is no such thing as a failing grade in Korea , and most graduate as long as they attend school a certain number of days . As it stands , the Korean secondary system of education is highly successful in preparing students for teacher - centered education such as that often used to teach mathematics since the transfer of information is mostly one way , from teacher to student . However , this does not hold true for classroom environments where students are expected to take on self - reliant roles wherein , for the most part , active and creative personalities seem to lead to success . It is becoming ever more evident that active student use of the English language in Korean high schools is increasingly necessary for the purposes of helping the students enter top universities in Korea as well as abroad . Vocational ( edit ) South Korea once had a strong vocational education system that it rebuilt its shattered economy after the Korean war . As the university degree grew in prominence to employers during the 1970s and 1980s , the shift to a more knowledge - based rather than an industrial economy resulted vocational education shifting in favor towards university degree for many young South Koreans and their parents . In the 1970s and 1980s , vocational education in South Korea was less than socially acceptable , yet it was the another pathway to succeed in obtaining a steady job with a decent income as well as elevate their socioeconomic status yet many vocational graduates were scorned and stigmatized by their college educated managers despite the importance of their skills for economic development . With South Korea 's high university entrance rate , the perception of vocational educational still remains in doubt in the minds of many South Koreans . In 2013 , only 18 percent of students were enrolled in vocational education programs as it was due to the prestige of university -- affluent families that were able to afford the tutoring that is now required for students to pass the notorious difficult college entrance exam and be able to attend university . With the pervasive bias against vocational education , vocational students are labeled as `` underachievers '' , lack a formal higher educational background , and are often looked down upon as vocational jobs are known in Korea as the `` 3Ds '' dirty , demeaning , and dangerous . In response , the South Korean government increased the number of spots in universities and the rate of university enrollment was 68.2 percent , an increase of 15 percent over 2014 . As a result , to boost the positive image of vocational training , the South Korean government has been collaborating with countries such as Germany , Switzerland , and Austria to examine the innovative solutions that are being implemented to improve vocational education , training , and career options for young South Koreans as alternative to the traditional path of going to university . According to a 2012 research report from The McKinsey Global Institute reckons that the lifetime value of a college graduate 's improved earnings no longer justifies the expense required to obtain the degree and have called on the need for more vocational education to counteract the human cost of performance pressure and the high unemployment rate among the country 's university - educated youth . The South Korean government , schools , and industry with assistance from the Swiss government and industry are now revamping and modernizing the country 's once strong vocational education sector with a network of vocational schools called `` Meister Schools '' . The purpose of the Meister schools is to reduce the country 's shortage of vocational occupations such as auto mechanics , plumbers , welders , boilermakers , electricians , carpenters , millwrights , machinists and machine operators as many of the positions go unfilled . In spite of the country 's high unemployment rate during the Great Recession , secondary vocational school graduates have been successful in navigating the workforce as they possess relevant skill sets that are in high demand in the South Korean economy . Negative perception and stigmatization of vocational education continues to be the largest challenge in South Korea . The government is encouraging younger students to visit and see the programs for themselves firsthand to change their perception . Those in doubt on the quality of vocational education are encouraged to spend time working in industry during school vacations so they are up - to - date on current industry practices . Meister schools are continuing to be proving to be a good influence in changing the opinion of vocational education yet only 15,213 ( 5 percent ) of high school students are enrolled in Meister schools with a lack of places unable to meet the demand despite a 100 percent employment rate . Meister students are now using these schools as an alternative path besides going to university ; if a student works in industry for three years after graduating from a Meister , they are exempt from the extremely difficult university entrance exam . Nonetheless , the perception of vocational education is changing and slowly increasing in popularity as participating students are working in adult jobs and learning real skills that are highly valued in the current marketplace as vocational school graduates have been swamped with job offers in an otherwise slow economy . The initiative of Meister schools has even helped youth secure jobs at conglomerates such as Samsung over their peers who graduated from elite universities . South Korea has also streamlined its small and medium - sized business sector along German lines to ease dependence on the large conglomerates ever since it began introducing Meister schools into its education system . Tertiary education ( edit ) Main articles : List of universities and colleges in South Korea and Category : Vocational education in South Korea History ( edit ) Some form of higher education has existed continuously in South Korea since the 4th century . The development of higher education was influenced since ancient times . During the era of King So - Su - Rim in the kingdom of Goguryeo , Tae - Hak , the national university , taught the study of Confucianism , literature and martial arts . In 551 , Silla which was one of three kingdoms including Goguryeo founded Guk - Hak and taught cheirospasm . It also founded vocational education that taught astronomy and medicine . Goryeo continued Silla 's program of study . Seong - gyun - gwan in the Chosun Dynasty period was a higher education institute of Confucianism and for government officials . Today there are colleges and universities whose courses of study extend from 4 to 6 years . In addition , there are vocational colleges , industrial universities , open universities and universities of technology . There are day and evening classes , classes during vacation and remote education classes . The number of institutes of higher education varied consistently from 419 in 2005 , to 405 in 2008 , to 411 in 2010 . Private universities account for 87.3 % of total higher educational institutions . Industrial universities account for 63.6 % and vocational universities account for 93.8 % . These are much higher than the percentage of public institutes . Entrance requirements ( edit ) Students have the option of participating in either 수시 ( su - shi , early decision plans for college ) or 정시 ( jeong - shi , regular admissions ) . Students will have to take the College Scholastic Ability Test ( colloquially known as 수능 Su - neung ) . The Korean College Scholastic Ability Test has five sections : Language Ability , Mathematical Ability , First Foreign Language Ability ( English ) , various `` elective '' subjects in the social and physical sciences , and ' Second Foreign Languages or Chinese Characters and Classics ' . Unlike the American SAT , this test can only be taken once a year and requires intensive studying . Students who perform below their expectations on the test and choose to defer college entrance for one year in order to try and achieve a higher score on another attempt are called jaesuseng . For Korean university admissions , college scholastic ability tests , student 's grade books and university regulated examinations are evaluated . The student 's grade book contains an overall record of their high school activity , including voluntary work . College scholastic ability tests include language , mathematics , English , social and natural sciences , job research and a second foreign language . The job research section applies only to students of vocational schools . The second foreign language requirement applies only to students who pursued a liberal arts curriculum as opposed to natural sciences . Because college entrance depends upon ranking high in objectively graded examinations , high school students face an `` examination hell '' , a harsh regimen of endless cramming and rote memorization of facts that is incomparably severe . Korean students study 16 hours more each week than the OECD ( Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ) average . Unlike the Confucian civil service examinations of the Choson Dynasty , their modern reincarnation is a matter of importance not for an elite , but for the substantial portion of the population with middle - class aspirations . In the late 1980s , over one - third of college - age men and women ( 35.2 percent in 1989 ) succeeded in entering and attending institutions of higher education ; those who failed faced dramatically reduced prospects for social and economic advancement . Tests given in high school ( twice in each semester ) were almost as important in determining college entrance as the final entrance examinations . Students had no opportunity to relax from the study routine . The emphasis on memorization has been criticized . Much of the family 's social life concerns their student 's education . Examinations are very serious times of the year and they change the whole pattern of society . Businesses often open at 10 AM to accommodate parents who have helped their children study late into the night . On the evenings before exams , recreational facilities such as tennis clubs close early to facilitate study for these exams . The costs of the `` examination hell '' have been evident not only in a grim and joyless adolescence for many , if not most , young South Koreans , but also in the number of suicides caused by the constant pressure of tests . Often , those who committed suicide have been top achievers who suffered from despair after experiencing a slump in test performance . Roughly 53.4 % of South Korean youths who consider suicide cite excessive competition as the reason . The multiple choice format of periodic high school tests and university entrance examinations has left students little opportunity to develop their creative talents . A `` facts only '' orientation has promoted a cramped view of the world that has tended to spill over into other areas of life . The prospects for basic change in the system -- a de-emphasis on tests -- were unlikely in the late 1980s . The great virtue of facts - based testing is its objectivity . Though harsh , the system is believed to be fair and impartial . The use of nonobjective criteria such as essays , personal recommendations , and the recognition of success in extracurricular activities or personal recommendations from teachers and others could open up many opportunities for corruption . In a society where social connections are extremely important , connections rather than merit might determine entry into a good university . Students who survive the numbing regimen of examinations under the modern system are at least universally acknowledged to have deserved their educational success . Top graduates who have assumed positions of responsibility in government and business have lent , through their talents , legitimacy to the whole system . Though there have been reforms on promoting individuality and creativity , yet many Korean students still face an incredible amount of pressure from school as well as their parents who enforce long hours of study to ensure strong results on the national university examinations which can determine their chances of future career success . The ' examination by university ' is an assessment test that the university carries out autonomously ; most universities implement an essay exam . Some implement an oral exam , interview and aptitude test . Recently , the ' admission officer system ' is on the increase . Higher education ( edit ) Most students enrolled in high school apply to colleges at the end of the year . College entrance depends upon ranking high in objectively graded examinations . In the late 1980s , over one - third of college - age men and women ( 35.2 percent in 1989 ) succeeded in entering and attending institutions of higher education ; those who failed faced dramatically reduced prospects for social and economic advancement . The number of students in higher education had risen from 100,000 in 1960 to 1.3 million in 1987 , and the proportion of college - age students in higher - education institutions was second only to the United States . The institutions of higher education included regular four - year colleges and universities , two - year junior vocational colleges , four - year teachers ' colleges , and graduate schools . The main drawback was that college graduates wanted careers that would bring them positions of leadership in society , but there simply were not enough positions to accommodate all graduates each year and many graduates were forced to accept lesser positions . Ambitious women especially were frustrated by traditional barriers of sex discrimination as well as the lack of positions . The curriculum of most schools is structured around the content of the entrance examination . South Korean university rankings ( edit ) With incredible pressure on high school students to secure places at the country 's best universities , its institutional reputation and alumni networks are strong predictors of future job and career prospects . The top three universities in South Korea often referred to as ' SKY '' -- include Seoul National University , Korea University and Yonsei University . According to the influential Joongang Ilbo University Rankings , the top 10 universities in 2012 in South Korea were Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , Pohang University of Science and Technology , Yonsei University , Seoul National University , Sungkyunkwan University , Korea University , Sogang University , Kyung Hee University , Hanyang University , and Chung - Ang University . The South Korean Ministry of Education also recognizes seven different types of institution at the higher education level of which include : Colleges and universities Industrial universities Universities of education Junior colleges Broadcast and correspondence universities Technical colleges Other miscellaneous institutions The South Korean government and universities desire to improve the international rankings of the domestic universities . Attempts by the South Korean government are being made to improve the situation . Another solution may be as simple as making it fundamentally more attractive for highly qualified foreign professors and researchers to come to work and more importantly to stay in South Korea . All in all , the South Korean Ministry of Education hopes to remedy the problem via the ' National Project Toward Building World Class Universities ' . The project is designed to attract highly qualified foreign professors and researchers to South Korean universities to improve their international rankings . South Korean university education often continues traditions remaining from the medieval Korean civil service examinations which entitled ambitious young men to join a clerical aristocracy . Until fairly recently many South Korean university students perceived the difficult and unpleasant entrance examination to be an end in itself , with the four years after treated as a reward . Thus South Korean universities were largely lacking in rigor with many students spending their time socializing , drinking , and dating after years of such activities being discouraged . In the past decade , however , due to South Korea 's increasing globalization and inflows of foreign faculty , work expectations are more closely resembling western universities and plagiarism , once openly tolerated , is becoming stigmatized . Rural and lower - tier universities , however , still in many cases function as degree factories . Vocational ( edit ) A network of Meister Schools has been developed to revamp South Korea 's vocational education system that is specifically designed to prepare youths to work in high - skilled manufacturing jobs and other fields . The schools are based on the German - style Meister schools , to teach bright youngsters to become masters of a technical trade . Meister schools were set up to tackle the nations high youth unemployment rate as millions of young South Korean university graduates remain idle instead of taking up a trade while managers of small and medium businesses complain of skilled trade shortages . Many of these Meister schools offer a wide range of trades and technical disciplines that offer near guarantee of employment to graduates with an industry - supported curriculum design , with focus on developing skills required by various trades . The government of South Korea has taken initiatives to improve the perception of vocational training and combat the negative stigma attached to manual and technical work . In addition , vocational streams have been integrated with academic streams to allow a seamless transition to universities in order to allow further advancement if a young South Korean chooses to pursue higher education . Meister schools offer apprenticeship based training as an alternative beyond the traditional university takes place at vocational high schools , community and polytechnic colleges . Meister schools also offer employment supportive systems for specialized Meister high school students . The South Korean government has established an `` Employment First , College Later '' philosophy whereas after graduation students are encouraged to seek employment first before making plans for university . With changing demands in the Information Age workforce , global forecasts show that by 2030 , the demand for vocational skills will increase in contrast to the declining demand for unskilled labor largely due to technological advances . In 2010 , the Meister schools chose a total of 3,600 students for technical education and apprenticeships so that they can develop expertise in fields such as shipbuilding , mechanical engineering , semiconductor manufacturing and medical equipment . Graduates of Meister high schools have been successful in the job market and are flooded with full salary job offers from companies . Boosting employment for young people through high quality vocational education has become a top priority for the Park administration , since youth unemployment is roughly three times higher than the national average . Graduates from vocational high schools have been successful in navigating through South Korea 's highly competitive and sluggish job market . Many graduates both quantitatively and qualitatively found more employment opportunities in a number of industry sectors across the South Korean economy . Despite promising employment prospects and good pay offered by vocational education that rival the income of many university graduates , negative social attitudes and prejudice towards technicians and vocational high school students are stigmatized , treated unfairly and are still looked down upon . There were also concerns about discrimination against people with lower educational backgrounds , a long - standing tendency of South Korean employers . The negative social stigma associated with vocational careers and not having a university degree also continues to remain deep rooted in South Korean society . Government influence ( edit ) Ministry of Education ( edit ) The Ministry of Education has been responsible for South Korean education since 25 February 2013 . Its name was The Ministry of Education , Science and Technology ( often abbreviated into `` the Ministry of Education '' ) since 25 February 2008 to 24 February 2013 . The former body , the Ministry of Education and Human Resources Development , was named by the former Minister of Education , who enhanced its function in 2001 because the administration of Kim Dae - jung considered education and human resources development as a matter of the highest priority . As a result of the reform , it began to cover the whole field of human resource development and the minister of education was appointed to the Vice Prime Minister . In 2008 , the name was changed into the present one after the Lee Myeong Bak administration annexed the former Ministry of Science and Technology to the Education ministry . Like other ministers , the Minister of Education , Science and Technology is appointed by the president . They are mainly chosen from candidates who have an academic background and often resign in a fairly short term ( around one year ) . ( Ministry of Education has no more work on science and technology because President Park restorated the Ministry works for science and technology ) Teachers ' union ( edit ) Although primary - and secondary - school teachers traditionally enjoyed high status , they often were overworked and underpaid during the late 1980s . Salaries were less than those for many other white - collar professions and even some blue - collar jobs . High school teachers , particularly those in the cities , however , received sizable gifts from parents seeking attention for their children , but teaching hours were long and classes crowded ( the average class contained around fifty to sixty students ) . In May 1989 , teachers established an independent union , the Korean Teachers Union ( KTU -- 전국 교원 노동 조합 ( 전교조 ) , Jeongyojo ) . Their aims included improving working conditions and reforming a school system that they regarded as overly controlled by the Ministry of Education . Although the government promised large increases in allocations for teachers ' salaries and facilities , it refused to give the union legal status . Because teachers were civil servants , the government claimed they did not have the right to strike and , even if they did have the right to strike , unionization would undermine the status of teachers as `` role models '' for young Koreans . The government also accused the union of spreading subversive , leftist propaganda that was sympathetic to the communist regime in North Korea . According to a report in The Wall Street Journal Asia , the union claimed support from 82 percent of all teachers . The controversy was viewed as representing a major crisis for South Korean education because a large number of teachers ( 1,500 by November 1989 ) had been dismissed , violence among union supporters , opponents , and police had occurred at several locations , and class disruptions had caused anxieties for families of students preparing for the college entrance examinations . The union 's challenge to the Ministry of Education 's control of the system and the charges of subversion had made compromise seem a very remote possibility at the start 1990 . Political involvement in the education system ( edit ) South Korea still has issues with North Korea after the Korean War . This contributed South Korea 's confrontational stance against North Korea in the education field . For instance , on July 7 , 2011 , the National Intelligence Service was criticized for the search and seizure of a civilian think tank , Korea Higher Education Research Institution ( 한국 대학 교육 연구소 ) . This incident was carried out through a warrant to investigate an alleged South Korean spy who followed an instruction from North Korea with a purpose of instigating university student rallies to stop the ongoing tuition hike in South Korea . English education ( edit ) English is taught as a required subject from the third year of elementary school up to high school , as well as in most universities , with the goal of performing well on the TOEIC and TOEFL , which are tests of reading , listening and grammar - based English . For students who achieve high scores , there is also a speaking evaluation . Because of large class sizes and other factors in public schools , many parents pay to send their children to private English - language schools in the afternoon or evening . Usually different private English - language schools specialize in teaching elementary school students or in middle and high school students . The most ambitious parents send their children to kindergartens that utilize English exclusively in the classroom . Many children also live abroad for anywhere from a few months to several years to learn English . Sometimes , a Korean mother and her children will move to an English - speaking country for an extended period of time to enhance the children 's English ability . In these cases , the father left in Korea is known as a gireogi appa ( Korean : 기러기 아빠 ) , literally a `` goose dad '' who must migrate to see his family . There are more than 100,000 Korean students in the U.S. The increase of 10 percent every year helped Korea remain the top student - sending country in the U.S. for a second year , ahead of India and China . Korean students at Harvard University are the third most after Canadian and Chinese . In 2012 , 154,000 South Korean students were pursuing degrees at overseas universities , with countries such as Japan , Canada , the United States , and Australia as top destinations . Korean English classes focus on vocabulary , grammar , and reading . Academies tend to include conversation , and some offer debate and presentation . Due to recent curriculum changes , the education system in Korea is now placing a greater emphasis on English verbal abilities rather than grammatical skills . Universities require all first year students to take an English conversation class in their first year and some universities require students to take conversational English classes throughout the entirety of their university life . According to a 2003 survey conducted by the Hong Kong - based Political and Economic Risk Consultancy , despite being one of the countries in Asia that spends the most money on English - language education , South Korea ranks the lowest among 12 Asian countries in English ability . English as a subject discipline , that is , the study of linguistics , literature , composition / rhetoric , or pedagogy is uncommon except in top - tier or graduate programs in Korea . As a result , despite efforts to recruit foreign faculty in Korean universities , opportunities for tenure are fewer and professorial privileges and salaries are lower than for foreigners contracted to teach major disciplinary courses in English ( content - based instruction ) . Controversy and criticism ( edit ) Students ' health ( edit ) South Korea 's scarcity of natural resources is often cited as a reason for the rigorousness and fierce competition of its school systems ; the academic pressure on its students is arguably the largest in the world . In an article entitled `` An Assault Upon Our Children , '' Se - Woong Koo wrote that `` the system 's dark side casts a long shadow . Dominated by tiger moms , cram schools and highly authoritarian teachers , South Korean education produces ranks of overachieving students who pay a stiff price in health and happiness . The entire program amounts to child abuse . It should be reformed and restructured without delay . '' In a response to the article , educator Diane Ravitch warned against modeling an educational system in which children `` exist either to glorify the family or to build the national economy . '' She argued furthermore that the happiness of South Korean children has been sacrificed , and likened the country 's students to `` cogs in a national economic machine '' . A 2014 poll found that over half of South Korean teenagers have suicidal thoughts , with over 40 % of respondents reporting that school pressure and future uncertainty dismayed them the most . Furthermore , suicide is currently the leading cause of death among South Korean youth . Lee Ju - ho , the Minister representing the Ministry of Education & Science Technology , announced a plan on February 8 , 2011 to dispatch un-hired reserve teachers overseas for extra training despite the opposition from the Korean Teachers Union and other public workers in the city - level and the provincial level . South Korean schools have a strong tendency to neglect physical education due to the over-emphasis of classroom - based education . 81 % of middle and high schools forbid relationships among students . A citizen group under the Unification Church gives out sexual virginity awards under an uncertain standard . The low emphasis on vocational education and stigmatization in Korea with regards to skilled trade or vocational careers ( often dismissed as DDD jobs , ' dirty , dangerous , and demeaning ' with low social standing ) . It has been additionally been criticized for producing an oversupply of university graduates in the country which means that university graduates often have difficulty in finding jobs while many vocational occupational positions sometimes go unfilled . According to Jasper Kim , a visiting scholar of East Asian studies at Harvard University , `` There are a lot of highly educated , arguably over-educated people , but on the flip side , the demand side , they all want to work for a narrow bandwidth of companies , namely the LGs and Samsungs of the world '' . Kim also states that many highly educated South Koreans who do n't get selected often become second - class citizens , with fewer opportunities for employment and even marriage . There are concerns of overload of schoolworks and exam preparations that could threaten the students ' health and emotions . The South Korean education system does not allow any leeways for students ' rights . The Superintendent of Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education Kwak No Hyun made a remark how `` it is very embarrassing to discuss verbosely about the poor development of students ' rights within the South Korean society '' during his seminar on March 3 , 2011 . There are concerns about the severe lack of community spirit among South Korean students that comes from examinations as the main educational direction and from an analysis according to Dr. Lee Mi - na from SNU Sociology : `` harsh competition - oriented and success - oriented parenting among the parents '' . The Korean Federation of Teachers ' Associations ( 한국 교원 단체 총연합회 ) announced that 40 % of teachers are not satisfied with the loss of teachers ' powers in classroom due to the new Teachers ' Evaluation System . The Ministry of Education and Science , the Ministry of National Defense , and the Korean Federation of Teachers ' Association signed an MOU on May 25 , 2011 to a verbose national security education to younger kids , in which it potentially violates the UN Children 's Rights protocol . OECD ranked South Korean elementary , middle , and high school students the lowest in terms of happiness compared to other OECD countries . This survey also echoes similar results to students in Seoul according to SMOE . Dr. Seo Yu - hyeon , a brain expert from Seoul National University Faculty of Medicines criticized South Korea 's private educations among toddlers due to the forceful nature of these educational pursuits that could deteriorate creativity and block any healthy brain development . The Korean Educational Development Institute reports that the majority of university students lacks the ability to ask questions to instructors mainly due to the education system that promotes examinations and instructors having too many students to handle . A survey from the Korean Federation of Teachers ' Associations found out that 79.5 % of the schoolteachers are not satisfied with their careers ; a growing trend that has been for three years straight . The accounts of sexual abuses in school are increasing . Academic elitism ( edit ) The South Korean political system has a strong academic elitism . Conservative politician Jeon Yeo - ok openly opposed the nomination of the former president Roh Moo - hyun who did not graduate from a higher level institution , but passed the state - run judicial examinations . See also ( edit ) South Korea portal Education portal Education in North Korea Gifted education # Republic of Korea Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education Student and university culture in South Korea References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Korea ( Republic of ) '' . United Nations Development Programme . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved December 4 , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Nick ; Park , Hanna ( 1 June 2013 ) . `` Education in South Korea '' . World Education News & Reviews . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` OECD. Stat Education and Training > Education at a Glance > Educational attainment and labor - force status > Educational attainment of 25 - 64 year - olds '' . OECD . 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Retrieved 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Song Jung - a ( 5 November 2013 ) . `` Education in South Korea : system must change to satisfy country 's and pupils ' needs '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seeing the shared traits '' . The Slovak Spectator . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ In - Jin Yoon ( 1997 ) . On My Own : Korean Businesses and Race Relations in America . University of Chicago Press . p. 78 . Jump up ^ `` Korean parents spending most of income on children 's education '' . Arirang News . 7 May 2013 . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Kuczera , Małgorzata ; Kis , Viktória ; Wurzburg , Greg ( May 2009 ) . OECD review of vocational education and training in Korea ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development . Jump up ^ `` South Korea 's education success '' . BBC News . 13 September 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Jambor , Zoltan Paul ( 26 November 2009 ) . Favourable Teaching Approaches in the South Korean Post Secondary Classroom ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Education Resources Information Center , United States Department of Education . Jump up ^ Jambor , Paul Z . ( January 2012 ) . English Language Necessity : What It means for Korea and Non-English Speaking Countries ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Education Resources Information Center , United States Department of Education . ^ Jump up to : Singmaster , Heather ( 2016 ) . `` How Vocational Education Can Be an Economic Driver '' . Education Week . Jump up ^ `` South Korea 's Graduate Glut '' . June 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Generation jobless '' . April 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Park , Young - bum ( August 29 , 2012 ) . `` ' Work First - School Later ' Policy Needs to Take Root '' . KRIVET . Jump up ^ Wooldridge , Adrian ( 2015 ) . The Great Disruption : How business is coping with turbulent times . The Economist . ISBN 978 - 1610395076 . Jump up ^ `` Tech - centered vocational school opens in Daejeon '' . Korea Jooang Daily . 14 March 2015 . Retrieved 15 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea : Role model Germany '' . DW News . Jump up ^ `` 한국 의 대학 '' . Naver Encyclopedia . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 대학 '' . Korean Council for University Education . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exams in South Korea : The one - shot society '' . The Economist. 17 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 청소년 사망 원인 1 위 는 ' 자살 ' '' ( Youth No. 1 cause of death is suicide ) . Women 's Newspaper ( in Korean ) . 20 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Exam Pressure Making S. Korean Students Contemplate Suicide '' . Medindia . Jump up ^ ko : 대한민국 의 대학 입시 제도 Jump up ^ Jambor , Paul Z . ( Summer 2009 ) . `` Why South Korean Universities Have Low International Rankings - Part II : The Student Side of the Equation '' . Academic Leadership. 7 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Jambor , Paul Z . ( Winter 2009 ) . `` Why South Korean Universities Have Low International Rankings '' . Academic Leadership. 7 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` German Lessons '' . The Economist. 2014 12 July . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Murisa , Tendai ( 2015 ) . Beyond the crises : Zimbabwe 's prospects for transformation . Weaver Press . p. 332 . ISBN 9781779222855 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ji - Yeon ( September 26 , 2014 ) . `` Vocational Education and Training in Korea : Achieving the Enhancement of National Competitiveness '' ( PDF ) . KRIVET . KRIVET . Jump up ^ `` Over 90 pct of public firms adopt wage peak system '' . The Korea Observer. 4 November 2015 . Retrieved 15 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ji - Yeon ( September 26 , 2014 ) . `` Vocational Education and Training in Korea : Achieving the Enhancement of National Competitiveness '' ( PDF ) . KRIVET . KRIVET . Jump up ^ Kwon ( 권 ) , O - seong ( 오성 ) ( 2011 - 07 - 09 ) . 국정원 , ' 반값 등록금 ' 민간 연구 기관 압수 수색 . The Hankyeoreh ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Onishi , Norimitsu ( 8 June 2008 ) . `` For English Studies , Koreans Say Goodbye to Dad '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` South Korean student mobility takes a dip '' . ICEF . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Koo , Se - Woong ( 1 August 2014 ) . `` An Assault Upon Our Children '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Ravitch , Diane ( August 3 , 2014 ) . `` Why We Should Not Copy Education in South Korea '' . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kang , Yewon ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Poll Shows Half of Korean Teenagers Have Suicidal Thoughts '' . The Wall - Street Journal . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Suicide No. 1 cause of death for S. Korean teens , youths '' . Yonhap News . April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . `` A recent survey shows that just over half of South Korean teenagers have had suicidal thoughts this year , while nearly one in three said they had felt very depressed . '' Jump up ^ 김 ( Kim ) , 경수 ( Gyeong - su ) ( 2011 - 02 - 08 ) . 교사 1 만명 해외 파견 ... ' 실효성 ' 논란 . Financial Times ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Song ( 송 ) , Ju - hui ( 주희 ) ( 2011 - 02 - 20 ) . `` ( 이슈 인사이드 ) 빨간불 켜진 청소년 건강 '' . Hankook Ilbo ( in Korean ) . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Lim ( 임 ) , Ji - seon ( 지선 ) ( 2010 - 11 - 16 ) . 이성교 제 3 번 걸리면 퇴학 ... `` 사랑 은 19 금 이 아니 랍니다 ! '' . The Hankyeoreh ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Kim ( 김 ) , Min - gyeong ( 민경 ) ( 2011 - 02 - 16 ) . 학생들 에 웬 순결 선행상 ? . The Hankyeoreh ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` College Grads Turn to Saunas in Tough Job Market '' . Chosun . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Jason Strother ( November 18 , 2011 ) . `` South Koreans Consider The Trades Over University Education '' . PRI . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Shim ( 심 ) , Hye - ri ( 혜리 ) ; Lee Seo - hwa ( 이서 화 ) ( 2011 - 03 - 06 ) . `` ( 아직도 먼 학생 인권 ) `` 우리 는 공부 기계 ... 아플 수도 없어요 '' `` . Kyunghyang Shinmun ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Shim ( 심 ) , Hye - ri ( 혜리 ) ; Kim Jeong - geun ( 김정근 ) ( 2011 - 03 - 15 ) . 곽노현 서울시 교육감 `` 한국 사회 학생 인권 운운 하는 것 창피 하다 '' . Kyeonghyang ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Hwang ( 황 ) , Cheol - hwan ( 철환 ) ( 2011 - 03 - 27 ) . 한국 청소년 ' 공동체 의식 희박 ' 원인 은 . Yonhap News ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Lee ( 이 ) , Yeong - jun ( 영준 ) ( 2011 - 05 - 14 ) . 교사 40 % `` 교권 상실 '' ... ' 벼랑 끝 교단 ' . Yonhap News ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Lee ( 이 ) , Gyu - hong ( 규홍 ) ( 2011 - 06 - 03 ) . 초등학생 들의 총 쏘기 체험 , 꼭 이래야 하나 . OhMyNews ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` S. Korean children unhappiest among OECD countries : survey '' . Yonhap News . 2011 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Lee ( 이 ) , Hui - jin ( 희진 ) ( 2011 - 05 - 29 ) . 학교 ᆞ 학년 올라 갈수록 불행한 우리 아이들 . Nocut News ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Lee ( 이 ) , Hui - jin ( 희진 ) ( 2011 - 05 - 25 ) . 과잉 조기 교육 아이 뇌 망친다 . Nocut News ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Yang ( 양 ) , Hong - ju ( 홍주 ) ; Park Cheol - hyeon ( 박철현 ) ( 2011 - 04 - 14 ) . `` ( 질문 이 사라진 교실 ) 입시 위주 교육 이 호기심 을 지웠다 '' . Hankook Ilbo ( in Korean ) . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Hwang ( 황 ) , Cheol - hwan ( 철환 ) ( 2011 - 05 - 12 ) . 교총 `` 교사 직업 만족도 3 년 연속 감소 '' . Yonhap News ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Kim ( 김 ) , Hye - yeong ( 혜영 ) ( 2011 - 05 - 09 ) . `` ( 진화 하는 학교 폭력 ) 초등학생 간 性 폭력 도 다반사 '' . Hankook Ilbo ( in Korean ) . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ 다음 대통령 , 대학 나온 사람 이 돼야 . Hankook Ilbo ( in Korean ) . 2005 - 06 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 08 . Further reading ( edit ) Csizmazia Roland A. , Jambor , Paul Z . `` Korean Higher Education on the Rise : Time to Learn From the Success - Comparative Research at the Tertiary Education Level '' , Human Resource Management Academic Research Society : International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development , Volume 3 , Issue 2 ( March , 2014 ) Jambor , Paul Z . `` The ' Foreign English Teacher ' A Necessary ' Danger ' in South Korea '' , United States of America ; Department of Education - Education Resources Information Center , 2010 Jambor , Paul Z , ' Sexism , Ageism and Racism Prevalent Throughout the South Korean System of Education ' Department of Education - The United States of America : Educational Resources Information Center , 2009 ( Accessed in 2009 ) Jambor , Paul Z , ' Protectionism in South Korean Universities ' Academic Leadership , Volume 8 , Issue 2 Jambor , Paul Z , ' LEARNER ATTITUDES TOWARD LEARNER CENTERED EDUCATION AND ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE IN THE KOREAN UNIVERSITY CLASSROOM ' The University of Birmingham : CELS , March 2007 ( Accessed in 2007 ) Jambor , Paul Z , ' Slide and prejudice ' , Times Higher Education , December 10 , 2009 Jambor , Paul Z , ' The Reluctance of Korean Education in the Face of Change ' Academic Leadership , May 25 , 2010 Jambor Paul Z , ' Lingua Frankly ' Times Higher Education , February 11 , 2010 Jambor Paul Z . `` English Language Necessity : What It means for Korea and Non-English Speaking Countries '' , United States of America ; Department of Education - Education Resources Information Center , 2012 Johnsrud , Linda K. `` Korean academic women : Multiple roles , multiple challenges . '' Higher Education 30 , no . 1 ( 1995 ) : 17 - 35 . Kim , Terri . `` Internationalisation of higher education in South Korea : Reality , rhetoric , and disparity in academic culture and identities . '' Australian Journal of Education 49 , no . 1 ( 2005 ) : 89 - 103 . Card , James . `` Appetite for language costs S Korea dear '' . The Guardian Weekly , 15 December 2006 . Accessed 4 July 2009 . Lee , Brian . `` Korea 's endless grapple with English '' . JoongAng Daily , February 14 , 2008 . Accessed 4 July 2009 . Lee , Jeong - Kyu . Korean Higher Education : A Confucian Perspective ( 2002 ) . ISBN 0 - 9705481 - 5 - X Lee , Jeong - Kyu . Historic Factors Influencing Korean Higher Education ( 2000 ) . ISBN 0 - 9705481 - 1 - 7 Lee , Jeong - Kyu . Korean Higher Education : Perspectives of Religion and Culture ( Korean ) ( 2010 ) . ISBN 978 - 89 - 268 - 0999 - 0 Lee , Jeong - Kyu . Higher Education in Korea : The Perspectives of Globalization and Happiness ( 2012 ) . ISBN 978 - 89 - 268 - 3670 - 5 Lee , Sungho H. `` The academic profession in Korea . '' The international academic profession : Portraits from fourteen countries ( 1996 ) : 97 - 148 . Park , Hyunjoon . `` South Korea : Educational expansion and inequality of opportunity in higher education . '' ( 2007 ) . Tang , Hei - hang . Scholarship reconsidered in an era of entrepreneurialism : academic professions in Hong Kong and South Korea . Thesis ( Ph . D . ) -- University of Hong Kong , 2013 . Yang , Eunjoo , Sang Min Lee , and Sung - Sik Ahn . `` Career centers in higher education in South Korea : Past , present , and future . '' Asian Journal of Counselling 19 , no . 1 ( 2012 ) : 2 - 53 . External links ( edit ) Ministry of Education , Science , and Technology Kuhn , Anthony . `` Korean School Preps Students For Ivy League '' . All Things Considered , July 2 , 2009 . Teacher , Leave Those Kids Alone , Time Magazine , Amanda Ripley , September . 25 , 2011 . On the problem of the hagwon cram schools . Information on education in Korea , OECD - Contains indicators and information about Korea and how it compares to other OECD and non-OECD countries Diagram of Korean education system , OECD - Using 1997 ISCED classification of programmes and typical ages . Also in country language Korea topics South Korea North Korea History General Timeline Monarchs Military Chronology Gojoseon Wiman Joseon / Jin Proto -- Three Kingdoms Buyeo / Okjeo / Dongye / Samhan / Chinese Commanderies Three Kingdoms Goguryeo / Baekje / Silla / Gaya North -- South States Period Unified Silla / Balhae Later Three Kingdoms Taebong / Later Baekje / Silla Goryeo Joseon Korean Empire Japanese rule Provisional Government Division of Korea USAMGIK / SCA / Korean War South Korea / North Korea Geography General Demilitarized Zone ( DMZ ) Islands Korean Peninsula Lakes Mountains Provinces Regions Special cities Rivers North Korea Administrative divisions Cities South Korea Administrative divisions Cities Environment Politics North Korea Constitution Foreign relations Government President Premier Human rights Juche Military National Defence Commission Nuclear program Politics Elections Political parties Workers ' Party of Korea Supreme People 's Assembly South Korea Constitution Foreign relations Government President Prime Minister Human rights Military National Assembly Politics Elections Political parties Economy North Korea Agriculture Automotive industry Energy Famine Informal economy Mining Special economic zone Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Won ( currency ) South Korea Car industry Chaebol Energy Financial services Fishing `` Miracle on the Han River '' Real estate Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transportation Won ( currency ) 1997 financial crisis Demographics Koreans list Koreatown Language Hangul Hanja Names North Korea South Korea adoptees Culture General Cinema Cuisine Martial arts Mythology Philosophy Religion Ssireum ( wrestling ) Swords Tea ceremony Arts Architecture Calligraphy Drama Literature Music Painting Pottery North Korea Arirang Festival Education Juche Propaganda Religion Smoking Sports South Korea Education K - pop Korean Wave Marriage Religion Sexuality Smoking Sports Education in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_South_Korea&oldid=802392748 '' Categories : Education in South Korea Hidden categories : CS1 uses Korean - language script ( ko ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Pages with URL errors CS1 errors : dates CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles needing additional references from July 2010 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Korean - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2008 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Қазақша 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ភាសា ខ្មែរ Português Русский Slovenčina Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 21 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what age do you start school in south korea | [
"\n\nLevel/Grade\nTypical age\n\n\nInfant School\n\n\nNursery School\n0-3 (1-4)\n\n\nKindergarten\n4-6 (5-7)\n\n\nPrimary School\n\n\n1st Grade\n7 (8)\n\n\n2nd Grade\n8 (9)\n\n\n3rd Grade\n9 (10)\n\n\n4th Grade\n10 (11)\n\n\n5th Grade\n11 (12)\n\n\n6th Grade\n12 (13)\n\n\nMiddle School\n\n\n7th grade\n13 (14)\n\n\n8th Grade\n14 (15)\n\n\n9th Grade\n15 (16)\n\n\nHigh School\n\n\n10th Grade\n16 (17)\n\n\n11th Grade\n17 (18)\n\n\n12th Grade\n18 (19)\n\n\nPost-secondary education\n\n\nTertiary education (College or University)\nAges vary (usually four years,\nreferred to as Freshman,\nSophomore, Junior and\nSenior years)\n\n\nMembership Training in Korea\nAges also vary as they do for Tertiary education\n\n"
] | [
"1-4"
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-6722600341974192522 | Lunar distance (astronomy) | Lunar distance ( Astronomy ) - wikipedia Lunar distance ( Astronomy ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the average distance from the Earth to the Moon . For its other use in navigation , see Lunar distance ( navigation ) . A lunar distance , 384,402 km , is the Moon 's average distance to Earth . The actual distance varies over the course of its orbit . The image compares the Moon 's apparent size when it is closest and farthest from Earth . Lunar distance ( LD or Δ ⊕ L ( \ textstyle \ Delta _ ( \ oplus L ) ) ) , also called Earth -- Moon distance , Earth -- Moon characteristic distance , or distance to the Moon , is a unit of measure in astronomy . It is the average distance from the center of Earth to the center of the Moon . More technically , it is the mean semi-major axis of the geocentric lunar orbit . It may also refer to the time - averaged distance between the centers of the Earth and the Moon , or less commonly , the instantaneous Earth -- Moon distance . The lunar distance is approximately a quarter of a million miles . The mean semi-major axis has a value of 384,402 km ( 238,856 mi ) . The time - averaged distance between Earth and Moon centers is 385,000.6 km ( 239,228.3 mi ) . The actual distance varies over the course of the orbit of the Moon , from 356,500 km ( 221,500 mi ) at the perigee to 406,700 km ( 252,700 mi ) at apogee , resulting in a differential range of 50,200 km ( 31,200 mi ) . Lunar distance is commonly used to express the distance to near - Earth object encounters . Lunar distance is also an important astronomical datum ; the precision of this measurement to a few parts in a trillion has useful implications for testing gravitational theories such as general relativity , and for refining other astronomical values such as Earth mass , Earth radius , and Earth 's rotation . The measurement is also useful in characterizing the lunar radius , the mass of the Sun and the distance to the Sun . Millimeter - precision measurements of the lunar distance are made by measuring the time taken for light to travel between LIDAR stations on the Earth and retroreflectors placed on the Moon . The Moon is spiraling away from the Earth at an average rate of 3.8 cm ( 1.5 in ) per year , as detected by the Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment . By coincidence , the diameter of corner cubes in retroreflectors on the Moon is also 6998380000000000000 ♠ 3.8 cm . Distance between the Earth and Moon - sizes and distance to scale . Contents ( hide ) 1 Value 2 Variation 2.1 Perturbations and eccentricity 2.2 Tidal dissipation 2.3 Orbital history 3 History of measurement 3.1 Parallax 3.1. 1 Lunar eclipse 3.1. 2 Meridian crossing 3.1. 3 Occultations 3.2 Radar 3.3 Laser ranging 3.4 Amateur astronomers and citizen scientists 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References Value ( edit ) Lunar distance expressed in selected units Unit Mean value Uncertainty Ref meter 7008384402000000000 ♠ 3.844 02 × 10 6997110000000000000 ♠ 1.1 mm kilometer 7005384402000000000 ♠ 384 402 6997110000000000000 ♠ 1.1 mm mile 238,856 0.043 in Earth radius 60.32 AU 1 / 388.6 = 6997256999999999999 ♠ 0.002 57 light - second 7000128200000000000 ♠ 1.282 s 6989375000000000000 ♠ 37.5 ps Variation ( edit ) The instantaneous lunar distance is constantly changing . In fact the true distance between the Moon and Earth can change by as much as 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75 m / s , or more than 1,000 kilometers in just 6 hours , due to its non-circular orbit . There are other effects that also influence the lunar distance . Some factors are described in this section . Perturbations and eccentricity ( edit ) The distance to the Moon can be measured to an accuracy of 6997200000000000000 ♠ 2 mm over a 1 - hour sampling period , which results in an overall uncertainty of 6998200000000000000 ♠ 2 -- 3 cm for the average distance . However , due to its elliptical orbit with varying eccentricity , the instantaneous distance varies with monthly periodicity . Furthermore , the distance is perturbed by the gravitational effects of various astronomical bodies - most significantly the Sun and less so by Jupiter . Other forces responsible for minuscule perturbations are other planets in the solar system , asteroids , tidal forces , and relativistic effects . The effect of radiation pressure from the sun contributes an amount of ± 6997360000000000000 ♠ 3.6 mm to the lunar distance . Although the instantaneous uncertainty is sub-millimeter , the measured lunar distance can change by more than 7007210000000000000 ♠ 21 000 km from the mean value throughout a typical month . These perturbations are well understood and the lunar distance can be accurately modeled over thousands of years . The Moon 's distance from the Earth and moon phases in 2014 . Moon phases : 0 ( 1 ) - new moon , 0.25 - first quarter , 0.5 - full moon , 0.75 - last quarter . Variation of the distance between the centers of the Moon and the Earth over 700 days . Tidal dissipation ( edit ) Through the action of tidal forces , angular momentum is slowly being transferred from Earth 's rotation to the Moon 's orbit . The result is that Earth 's rate of spin is imperceptibly decreasing ( at a rate of 7000229999999999999 ♠ 2.3 milliseconds / century ) , and the lunar orbit is gradually expanding . The current rate of recession is 7000380500000000000 ♠ 3.805 ± 0.004 cm per year . However , it is believed that this rate has recently increased , as a rate of 6991120417206325883 ♠ 3.8 cm / year would imply that the Moon is only 1.5 billion years old , whereas scientific consensus assumes an age of ~ 4 billion years . It is also believed that this anomalously high rate of recession may continue to accelerate . It is predicted that the lunar distance will continue to increase until the Earth and Moon become tidally locked . This would occur when the duration of the lunar orbital period equals the rotational period of Earth . The two bodies will then be at equilibrium , and no further rotational energy will be exchanged . Models predict that 50 billion years would be required to achieve this configuration , which is significantly longer than the expected lifetime of the solar system . Orbital history ( edit ) The average lunar distance is increasing , which implies that the Moon was closer in the past . There is geological evidence that the average lunar distance was about 52 R during the Precambrian Era ; 2,500 million years BP . The giant impact hypothesis , a widely accepted theory , states that the Moon was created as a result of a catastrophic impact between another planet and Earth , resulting in a re-accumulation of fragments at an initial distance of 3.8 R. In this theory , the initial impact is assumed to have occurred 4.5 billion years ago . History of measurement ( edit ) Until the late 1950s all measurements of lunar distance were based on optical angular measurements . The space age marked a turning point which greatly advanced the precision and accuracy of our knowledge of this value . During the 1950s and 1960s , experiments were conducted that utilized radar , lasers , spacecraft , and computer modeling . This section is intended to illustrate some of the historically significant or otherwise interesting methods of determining the lunar distance , and is not intended to be an exhaustive or all - encompassing list . Parallax ( edit ) The oldest method of determining the lunar distance involves measuring the angle between the Moon and a chosen reference point from multiple locations , simultaneously . The synchronization can be coordinated by making measurements at a pre-determined time , or during an event which is observable to all parties . Before accurate mechanical chronometers , the synchronization event was typically a lunar eclipse , or the moment when the moon crossed the meridian ( if the observers shared the same longitude ) . This measurement technique is known as lunar parallax . For increased accuracy , certain systematic errors must be accounted for , such as adjusting the measured angle to account for refraction and distortion of light through the atmosphere . Lunar eclipse ( edit ) Early attempts to measure the distance to the Moon exploited observations of a lunar eclipse combined with knowledge of Earth 's radius and an understanding that the Sun is much further than the Moon . By observing the geometry of a lunar eclipse , the lunar distance can be calculated using trigonometry . The earliest account of an attempt to measure the distance to the Moon using this technique was by the 4th - century - BC Greek astronomer and mathematician Aristarchus of Samos and later by Hipparchus , whose calculations produced a result of 59 - 67 R . This method later found its way into the work of Ptolemy , who produced a result of 64 1 / 6 R at its farthest point . Meridian crossing ( edit ) An expedition by French astronomer A.C.D Crommelin observed lunar transits through the meridian ( the moment when the Moon crosses an imaginary great circle that passes directly overhead and through the celestial poles ) on the same night from two different locations . Careful measurements from 1905 through 1910 measured the angle of elevation at the moment when a specific lunar crater ( Mösting A ) crossed the meridian , from stations at Greenwich and at Cape of Good Hope , which share nearly the same longitude . A distance was calculated with an uncertainty of ± 30 km , and remained the definitive lunar distance value for the next half century . Occultations ( edit ) By recording the instant when the Moon occults a background star , ( or similarly , measuring the angle between the moon and a background star at a predetermined moment ) the lunar distance can be determined , as long as the measurements are taken from multiple locations of known separation . Astronomers O'Keefe and Anderson calculated the lunar distance by observing 4 occultations from 9 locations in 1952 . They calculated a mean distance of 7008384407600000000 ♠ 384 407. 6 ± 4.7 km , however the value was refined by in 1962 by Irene Fischer , who incorporated updated geodetic data to produce a value of 7008384403700000000 ♠ 384 403. 7 ± 2 km . Radar ( edit ) An experiment was conducted in 1957 at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory that used the echo from radar signals to determine the Earth - Moon distance . Radar pulses lasting 6994200000000000000 ♠ 2 μs were broadcast from a 7001152400000000000 ♠ 50 ft diameter radio dish . After the radio waves echoed off the surface of the Moon , the return signal was detected and the delay time measured . From that measurement , the distance could be calculated . In practice , however , the signal - to - noise ratio was so low that an accurate measurement could not be reliably produced . The experiment was repeated in 1958 at the Royal Radar Establishment , in England . Radar pulses lasting 6994499999999999999 ♠ 5 μs were transmitted with a peak power of 2 megawatts , at a repetition rate of 260 pulses per second . After the radio waves echoed off the surface of the Moon , the return signal was detected and the delay time measured . Multiple signals were added together to obtain a reliable signal by superimposing oscilloscope traces onto photographic film . From the measurements , the distance was calculated with an uncertainty of 7003125000000000000 ♠ 1.25 km . These initial experiments were intended to be proof - of - concept experiments and only lasted one day . Follow - on experiments lasting one month produced a mean value of 7008384402000000000 ♠ 384 402 ± 1.2 km , which was the most accurate measurement of the lunar distance at the time . Laser Ranging ( edit ) An experiment which measured the round - trip time of flight of laser pulses reflected directly off the surface of the Moon was performed in 1962 , by a team from Massachusetts Institute of Technology , and a Soviet team at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory . During the Apollo missions in 1969 , astronauts placed retroreflectors on the surface of the Moon for the purpose of refining the accuracy of this technique . The measurements are ongoing and involve multiple laser facilities . The instantaneous accuracy of the Lunar Laser Ranging experiments can exceed sub-millimeter resolution , and is the most reliable method of determining the lunar distance , to date . Amateur astronomers and citizen scientists ( edit ) Due to the modern accessibility to accurate timing devices , high resolution digital cameras , GPS receivers , powerful computers and near instantaneous communication , it has become possible for amateur astronomers to make high accuracy measurements of the lunar distance . On May 23 , 2007 digital photographs of the Moon during a near - occultation of Regulus were taken from two locations , in Greece and England . By measuring the parallax between the moon and the chosen background star , the lunar distance was calculated . A more ambitious project called the `` Aristarchus Campaign '' was conducted during the lunar eclipse of 15 April 2014 . During this event , participants were invited to record a series of 5 digital photographs from moonrise through culmination - the point of greatest altitude . The method took advantage of the fact that the Moon is actually closest to an observer when it is at its highest point in the sky , compared to when it is on the horizon . Although it appears that the Moon is biggest when it is near the horizon , the opposite is true . This phenomenon is known as the moon illusion . The reason for the change in distance results from the fact that the distance from the center of the Moon to the center of Earth is nearly constant throughout the night , but an observer on the surface of Earth is actually 1 Earth radius from the center of Earth . This offset brings them closest to the Moon when it is overhead . Modern cameras have now reached the resolution level capable of capturing the Moon with a precision enough to perceive and more importantly to measure this tiny variation in apparent size . The results of this experiment were calculated as LD = 7001605100000000000 ♠ 60.51 + 3.91 − 4.19 R . The accepted value for that night was 60.61 , which implied a 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 % accuracy . The benefit of this method is that the only measuring equipment needed is a modern digital camera ( equipped with an accurate clock , and GPS receiver ) . Other experimental methods of measuring the lunar distance that can be performed by amateur astronomers involve : Taking pictures of the Moon before it enters into the penumbra and after it is completely eclipsed . Measuring , as precise as possible , the time of the eclipse contacts . Taking good pictures of the partial eclipse when the shape and size of the Earth shadow is clearly visible . Taking a picture of the Moon including in the same field of view , Spica and Mars - from various locations . In popular culture ( edit ) An experiment was depicted in the television comedy `` The Big Bang Theory '' , which portrayed the measurement of the lunar distance using lasers. ( 1 ) See also ( edit ) Astronomical unit Ephemeris Jet Propulsion Laboratory Development Ephemeris Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment Lunar theory On the Sizes and Distances ( Aristarchus ) Orbit of the Moon The Prutenic Tables of Erasmus Reinhold Supermoon References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Groten , Erwin ( 1 April 2004 ) . `` Fundamental Parameters and Current ( 2004 ) Best Estimates of the Parameters of Common Relevance to Astronomy , Geodesy , and Geodynamics by Erwin Groten , IPGD , Darmstadt '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geodesy. 77 ( 10 -- 11 ) : 724 -- 797 . Bibcode : 2004JGeod ... 77 ... 724 ... doi : 10.1007 / s00190 - 003 - 0373 - y . Retrieved 2 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Battat , J.B.R. ; Murphy , T.W. ; Adelberger , E.G. ( January 2009 ) . `` The Apache Point Observatory Lunar Laser - ranging Operation ( APOLLO ) : Two Years of Millimeter - Precision Measurements of the Earth - Moon Range '' . Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 121 ( 875 ) : 29 -- 40 . Bibcode : 2009PASP ... 121 ... 29B . JSTOR 10.1086 / 596748 . doi : 10.1086 / 596748 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , TW ( 1 July 2013 ) . `` Lunar laser ranging : the millimeter challenge '' ( PDF ) . Reports on Progress in Physics. 76 ( 7 ) : 2 . Bibcode : 2013RPPh ... 76g6901M . arXiv : 1309.6294 ( gr - qc ) . doi : 10.1088 / 0034 - 4885 / 76 / 7 / 076901 . Jump up ^ `` NEO Earth Close Approaches '' . Neo.jpl.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Williams , J.G. ; Newhall , X.X. ; Dickey , J.O. ( 15 June 1996 ) . `` Relativity parameters determined from lunar laser ranging '' ( PDF ) . Physical Review D. 53 ( 12 ) : 6730 -- 6739 . Bibcode : 1996PhRvD ... 53.6730 W . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevD. 53.6730 . Jump up ^ Shuch , H. Paul ( July 1991 ) . `` Measuring the mass of the earth : the ultimate moonbounce experiment '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings , 25th Conference of the Central States VHF Society . American Radio Relay League : 25 -- 30 . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fischer , Irene ( August 1962 ) . `` Parallax of the moon in terms of a world geodetic system '' ( PDF ) . The Astronomical Journal . 67 : 373 . Bibcode : 1962AJ ... 67 ... 373F . doi : 10.1086 / 108742 . Jump up ^ Dickey , J.O. ; Bender , P.L. ; et al. ( 22 July 1994 ) . `` Lunar Laser Ranging : A Continuing Legacy of the Apollo Program '' ( PDF ) . Science . 265 ( 5171 ) : 482 -- 490 . Bibcode : 1994Sci ... 265 ... 482D . PMID 17781305 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 265.5171. 482 . Jump up ^ `` Is the Moon moving away from the Earth ? When was this discovered ? ( Intermediate ) - Curious About Astronomy ? Ask an Astronomer '' . Curious.astro.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ C.D. Murray & S.F. Dermott ( 1999 ) . Solar System Dynamics . Cambridge University Press . p. 184 . Jump up ^ Dickinson , Terence ( 1993 ) . From the Big Bang to Planet X . Camden East , Ontario : Camden House . pp. 79 -- 81 . ISBN 0 - 921820 - 71 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` NASA - Accuracy of Eclipse Predictions '' . Eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Lunar Retroreflectors '' . Physics.ucsd.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Lasater , A. Brian ( 2007 ) . The dream of the West : the ancient heritage and the European achievement in map - making , navigation and science , 1487 - 1727 . Morrisville : Lulu Enterprises . p. 185 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4303 - 1382 - 3 . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Leslie , William T. Fox ; illustrated by Clare Walker ( 1983 ) . At the sea 's edge : an introduction to coastal oceanography for the amateur naturalist . Englewood Cliffs , N.J. : Prentice - Hall . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 0130497833 . Jump up ^ Williams , Dr. David R. ( 18 November 2015 ) . `` Planetary Fact Sheet - Ratio to Earth Values '' . NASA Goddard Space Flight Center . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zuluaga , Jorge I. ; Figueroa , Juan C. ; Ferrin , Ignacio ( 19 May 2014 ) . `` The simplest method to measure the geocentric lunar distance : a case of citizen science '' : ( page needed ) . Bibcode : 2014arXiv1405. 4580Z . arXiv : 1405.4580 . ^ Jump up to : Reasenberg , R.D. ; Chandler , J.F. ; et al. `` Modeling and Analysis of the APOLLO Lunar Laser Ranging Data '' . arXiv : 1608.04758 ( astro-ph.IM ) . ^ Jump up to : Vitagliano , Aldo ( 1997 ) . `` Numerical integration for the real time production of fundamental ephemerides over a wide time span '' ( PDF ) . Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy . 66 ( 3 ) : 293 -- 308 . Bibcode : 1996CeMDA ... 66 ... 293V . doi : 10.1007 / BF00049383 . ^ Jump up to : Folkner , W.M. ; Williams , J.G. ; et al. ( February 2014 ) . `` The Planetary and Lunar Ephemerides DE430 and DE431 '' ( PDF ) . The Interplanetary Network Progress Report . 42 - 169 . Jump up ^ Choi , Charles Q. ( 19 November 2014 ) . `` Moon Facts : Fun Information About the Earth 's Moon '' . Space.com . TechMediaNetworks , Inc . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , James C.G. ; Zahnle , Kevin J. ( 17 April 1986 ) . `` Lunar nodal tide and distance to the Moon during the Precambrian '' . Nature . 320 ( 6063 ) : 600 -- 602 . Bibcode : 1986Natur. 320 ... 600W . doi : 10.1038 / 320600a0 . Jump up ^ Bills , B.G. & Ray , R.D. ( 1999 ) , `` Lunar Orbital Evolution : A Synthesis of Recent Results '' , Geophysical Research Letters , 26 ( 19 ) : 3045 -- 3048 , Bibcode : 1999GeoRL ... 26.3045 B , doi : 10.1029 / 1999GL008348 Jump up ^ Cain , Fraser . `` WHEN WILL EARTH LOCK TO THE MOON ? '' . Universe Today . Universe Today . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Canup , R.M. ( 17 October 2012 ) . `` Forming a Moon with an Earth - like Composition via a Giant Impact '' . Science . 338 ( 6110 ) : 1052 -- 1055 . Bibcode : 2012Sci ... 338.1052 C. PMID 23076098 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1226073 . Jump up ^ `` The Theia Hypothesis : New Evidence Emerges that Earth and Moon Were Once the Same '' . The Daily Galaxy . 2007 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Newhall , X.X ; Standish , E.M ; Williams , J.G. ( Aug 1983 ) . `` DE 102 - A numerically integrated ephemeris of the moon and planets spanning forty - four centuries '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 125 ( 1 ) : 150 -- 167 . Bibcode : 1983A&A ... 125 ... 150N . ISSN 0004 - 6361 . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Gutzwiller , Martin C. ( 1998 ) . `` Moon -- Earth -- Sun : The oldest three - body problem '' . Reviews of Modern Physics. 70 ( 2 ) : 589 -- 639 . Bibcode : 1998RvMP ... 70 ... 589G . doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 70.589 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , William ; Westfall , John ( 2004 ) . The transits of Venus . Amherst , N.Y. : Prometheus Books . pp. 27 -- 28 . ISBN 1 - 59102 - 175 - 8 . Retrieved 27 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Webb , Stephen ( 1999 ) , `` 3.2 Aristarchus , Hipparchus , and Ptolemy '' , Measuring the Universe : The Cosmological Distance Ladder , Springer , pp. 27 -- 35 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85233 - 106 - 1 . See in particular p. 33 : `` Almost everything we know about Hipparchus comes down to us by way of Ptolemy . '' Jump up ^ Helden , Albert van ( 1986 ) . Measuring the universe : cosmic dimensions from Aristarchus to Halley ( Repr . ed . ) . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . p. 16 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 84882 - 5 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Irène ( 7 November 2008 ) . `` The distance of the moon '' . Bulletin géodésique. 71 ( 1 ) : 37 -- 63 . Bibcode : 1964BGeod ... 38 ... 37F . doi : 10.1007 / BF02526081 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , J.A. ; Anderson , J.P. ( 1952 ) . `` The earth 's equatorial radius and the distance of the moon '' ( PDF ) . Astronomical Journal . 57 : 108 -- 121 . Bibcode : 1952AJ ... 57 ... 108O . doi : 10.1086 / 106720 . Jump up ^ Yaplee , B.S. ; Roman , N.G. ; Scanlan , T.F. ; Craig , K.J. ( 30 July -- 6 August 1958 ) . `` A lunar radar study at 10 - cm wavelength '' ( PDF ) . Paris Symposium on Radio Astronomy . IAU Symposium no . 9 . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Hey , J.S. ; Hughes , V.A. ( 30 July -- 6 August 1958 ) . `` Radar observation of the moon at 10 - cm wavelength '' ( PDF ) . Paris Symposium on Radio Astronomy . Jump up ^ Yaplee , B.S. ; Knowles , S.H. ; et al. ( January 1965 ) . `` The mean distance to the Moon as determined by radar '' ( PDF ) . Symposium - International Astronomical Union . 21 : 2 . doi : 10.1017 / S0074180900104826 . Jump up ^ Bender , P.L. ; Currie , D.G. ; Dicke , R.H. ; et al. ( October 19 , 1973 ) . `` The Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment '' ( PDF ) . Science . 182 ( 4109 ) : 229 -- 238 . Bibcode : 1973Sci ... 182 ... 229B . PMID 17749298 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 182.4109. 229 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wright , Ernie . `` Overhead view of the Earth - Moon system , to scale Lunar Parallax : Estimating the Moon 's Distance '' . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lunar_distance_(astronomy)&oldid=806032118 '' Categories : Orbit of the Moon Units of measurement in astronomy Units of length Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Македонски 日本 語 Polski Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 06 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the distance from the earth to the moon | [
"The mean semi-major axis has a value of 384,402 km (238,856 mi).[2] The time-averaged distance between Earth and Moon centers is 385,000.6 km (239,228.3 mi). The actual distance varies over the course of the orbit of the Moon, from 356,500 km (221,500 mi) at the perigee to 406,700 km (252,700 mi) at apogee, resulting in a differential range of 50,200 km (31,200 mi).[3]"
] | [
"385,000.6 km (239,228.3 mi)"
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8707516271437443315 | Panchayati raj (India) | Panchayati Raj ( India ) - Wikipedia Panchayati Raj ( India ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Panchayat ( disambiguation ) See also : Local self - government in India Republic of India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Union Government ( show ) Constitution of India Fundamental rights Executive : President Vice President Prime Minister Union Council of Ministers Cabinet Secretary of India Civil Services of India Parliament : Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha The Chairman The Speaker Judiciary : Supreme Court of India Chief Justice of India High Courts District Courts Elections ( show ) Election Commission : Chief Election Commissioner Political parties ( show ) National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) State Govt. and Local Govt. ( show ) Governor Chief Minister Chief Secretary State Level : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad Local governments : Divisional commissioner District magistrate Sub-divisional magistrate Rural bodies Zilla panchayats Mandal Or Taluka Panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies Municipal Corporations Municipal councils Nagar Panchayats Other countries Atlas Muhamma Panchayat Office , Kerala , India In India , the Panchayati Raj generally refers to the system introduced by constitutional amendment in 1992 , although it is based upon the traditional panchayat system of South Asia . The modern Panchayati Raj and its Gram Panchayats are not to be confused with the extra-constitutional Khap Panchayats ( or Caste Panchayats ) found in northern India . The Panchayati Raj system was formalized in 1992 , following a study conducted by a number of Indian committees on various ways of implementing more decentralized administration . Open Panchayat near Narsingarh , Madhya Pradesh , India Mahatma Gandhi advocated Panchayati Raj as the foundation of India 's political system , as a decentralized form of government in which each village would be responsible for its own affairs . The term for such a vision was Gram Swaraj ( `` village self - governance '' ) . Instead , India developed a highly centralized form of government . However , this has been moderated by the delegation of several administrative functions to the local level , empowering elected gram panchayats . There are significant differences between the traditional Panchayati Raj system , that was envisioned by Gandhi , and the system formalized in India in 1992 . In India , the Panchayati Raj now functions as a system of governance in which gram panchayats are the basic units of local administration . The system has three levels : Gram Panchayat ( village level ) , Mandal Parishad or Block Samiti or Panchayat Samiti ( block level ) , and Zila Parishad ( district level ) . It was formalized in 1992 by the 73rd amendment to the Indian Constitution . Various committees on Panchayati Raj : Balwant Rai Mehta : established 1957 V.T. Krishnammachari : 1960 Takhatmal Jain Study Group : 1966 Ashok Mehta Committee : 1978 G.V.K. Rao Committee : 1985 Dr. L.M. Singhvi Committee : 1986 Contents ( hide ) 1 Recommendations of Balwant Rai Mehta Committee 2 Block level panchayat 2.1 Constituency 2.2 Departments 2.3 Functions 3 District level panchayat 3.1 Composition 3.2 Functions 3.3 Sources of income 4 Village level panchayat 5 Reservation for women in PRIs in India 6 See also 7 Notes and references 7.1 Further reading 7.2 External links Recommendations of Balwant Rai Mehta Committee ( edit ) The Balwant Rai Mehta Committee , headed by MP Balwantrai Mehta , was a committee appointed by the Government of India in January 1957 to examine the work of the Community Development Programme ( 1952 ) and the National Extension Service ( 1953 ) , to suggest measures to improve their work . The committee 's recommendation of the committee by NDC in January 1958 , and this set the stage for the launching of Panchayati Raj Institutions throughout the country . The committee recommended the establishment of the scheme of ' democratic decentralisation ' , which finally came to be known as Panchayati Raj . This led to the establishment of a three - tier Panchayati Raj system : Gram Panchayat at the village level , Panchayat Samiti at the block level , and Zila Parishad at the district level . The Panchayat Raj system was first adopted by the state of Rajasthan in Nagaur district on 2nd Oct 1959 . The second state was Andhra Pradesh , while Maharashtra was the Ninth state . State governments during the 1950s and 60s adopted this system as laws were passed to establish panchayats in various states . It also founded backing in the Indian Constitution , with the 73rd amendment in 1992 to accommodate the idea . The Amendment Act of 1992 contains provision for devolution of powers and responsibilities to the panchayats , both for the preparation of economic development plans and social justice , as well as for implementation in relation to 29 subjects listed in the eleventh schedule of the constitution , and the ability to levy and collect appropriate taxes , duties , tolls and fees . The Act aims to provide a three - tier systems of Panchayati Raj for all states having a population of over 2 million , to hold Panchayat elections regularly every five years , to provide seats reserved for scheduled castes , scheduled tribes and women ; to appoint a State Finance Commission to make recommendations regarding the financial powers of the Panchayats and to constitute a District Planning Committee , to prepare a development plan draft for the district . The Panchayats receive funds from three sources : Local body grants , as recommended by the Central Finance Commission Funds for implementation of centrally sponsored schemes Funds released by the state governments on the recommendations of the State Finance Commissions In the history of Panchayati Raj , in India , on 24 April 1993 , the Constitutional ( 73rd Amendment ) Act 1992 came into force to provide constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj institutions . This act was extended to Panchayats in the tribal areas of eight states , namely : Andhra Pradesh , Gujarat , Himachal Pradesh , Maharashtra , Madhya Pradesh , Odisha , and Rajasthan beginning on 24 December 1996 . Currently , the Panchayati Raj system exists in all states except Nagaland , Meghalaya , and Mizoram , and in all Union Territories except Delhi . Block level Panchayat ( edit ) Main article : Panchayat Samiti ( Block ) Newly elected panchayat in Punjab , India A Panchayat Samiti ( block panchayat ) is a local government body at the tehsil level . This body works for the villages of the tehsil that together are called a `` development block '' . The Panchayat Samiti is the link between the Gram Panchayat and the district administration . Just as the tehsil goes by other names in various parts of India , notably mandal and taluka , there are a number of variations in nomenclature for the block panchayat . For example , it is known as Mandal Praja Parishad in Andhra Pradesh , Taluka Panchayat in Gujarat and Karnataka , and Panchayat Samiti in Maharashtra . In general , the block panchayat has the same form as the gram panchayat but at a higher level . Constituency ( edit ) Membership in the block panchayat is mostly ex-official ; it is composed of : all of the Sarpanchas ( gram panchayat chairmen ) in the Panchayat Samiti area , the MPs and MLAs of the area , the sub-district officer ( SDO ) of the subdivision , co-opt members ( representatives of the SC / ST and women ) , associate members ( a farmer from the area , a representative of the cooperative societies and one from marketing services ) , and some elected members . The Panchayat Samiti is elected for a term of five years and is headed by a chairman and a deputy chairman . Departments ( edit ) The common departments in the Samiti are as follows : General Administration Finance Public Works Agriculture Health Education Social Welfare Information Technology Water Supply Department Animal Husbandry and others There is an officer for every department . A government - appointed Block Development Officer ( BDO ) is the executive officer to the Samiti and the chief of its administration , and is responsible for his work to the CEO of ZP . Functions ( edit ) Implementation of schemes for the development of agriculture and infrastructure Establishment of primary health centres and primary schools Supply of drinking water , drainage and construction / repair of roads Development of a cottage and small - scale industries , and the opening of cooperative societies Establishment of youth organisations District level Panchayat ( edit ) Main article : District Councils of India The governing of the advance system at the district level in Panchayat Raj is also popularly known as Zila Parishad . The chief of administration is an officer of the IAS cadre. and chief officer of the Panchayat raj for the district level Composition ( edit ) The membership varies from 40 to 60 and usually comprises - Deputy Commissioner of the District . Presidents of all Panchayat Samitis in the district , and heads of all Government Departments in the district ; members of Parliament and Members of Legislative Assemblies in the district ; a representative of each cooperative society ; some women and Scheduled Caste members if not adequately represented ; and co-opted members having extraordinary experience and achievements in public service . Functions ( edit ) Provide essential services and facilities to the rural population Supply improved seeds to farmers and inform them of new farming techniques Set up and run schools and libraries in rural areas Start primary health centers and hospitals in villages ; start vaccination drives against epidemics Execute plans for the development of the scheduled castes and tribes ; run ashram shalas for Adivasi children ; set up free hostels for them Encourage entrepreneurs to start small - scale industries and implement rural employment schemes Construct bridges , roads and other public facilities and their maintenance Provide employment Sources of income ( edit ) Taxes collected locally such as on water , place of pilgrimage , local mandirs ( temples ) , and markets A fixed grant from the State Government in proportion to the land revenue and money for works and schemes assigned to the Parishes Village level Panchayat ( edit ) Main article : Gram panchayat A gram panchayat is a village level administrative body , with a Sarpanch as its elected head . The members of the gram panchayat are elected for a period of five years by the members of Gram Sabha . Reservation for women in PRIs in India ( edit ) On August 27 , 2009 , the Union Cabinet of the Government of India approved 50 % reservation for women in PRIs ( Panchayati Raj Institutions ) . The Indian states Andhra Pradesh , Bihar , Chhattisgarh , Himachal Pradesh , Jharkhand , Kerala , Karnataka , Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra , Odisha , Rajasthan , Sikkim , Tamil Nadu , Tripura and Uttarakhand have implemented 50 % reservation for women in PRIs . The majority of candidates in these Panchayats are women . Currently 100 % of elected members in Kodassery Panchayat in Kerala are women . See also ( edit ) National Panchayati Raj Day Local self - government in India Patwari Lambardar Zaildar Notes and references ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Mullick , Rohit & Raaj , Neelam ( 9 September 2007 ) . `` Panchayats turn into kangaroo courts '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Sisodia , R.S. ( 1971 ) . `` Gandhiji 's Vision of Panchayati Raj '' . Panchayat Aur Insan. 3 ( 2 ) : 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Manohar Lal ( 1987 ) . Gandhi and Democratic Decentralization in India . New Delhi : Deep and Deep Publications . OCLC 17678104 . Hathi Trust copy , search only Jump up ^ Hardgrave , Robert L. & Kochanek , Stanley A. ( 2008 ) . India : Government and Politics in a Developing Nation ( seventh ed . ) . Boston , Massachusetts : Thomson / Wadsworth . p. 157 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 00749 - 4 . Jump up ^ Singh , Vijandra ( 2003 ) . `` Chapter 5 : Panchayate Raj and Gandhi '' . Panchayati Raj and Village Development : Volume 3 , Perspectives on Panchayati Raj Administration . Studies in public administration . New Delhi : Sarup & Sons . pp. 84 -- 90 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7625 - 392 - 5 . Jump up ^ Nath , Akshaya ( 24 April 2015 ) . `` National Panchayati Raj Day : Here are few things that you need to know about Panchayati Raj '' . SaddaHaq . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution ( Seventy - third Amendment ) Act , 1992 '' . Government of India . Archived from the original on 5 May 2003 . ^ Jump up to : India 2007 , p. 696 , Publications Division , Ministry of Information and Broadcasting , Government of India Jump up ^ panchayat.nic.in Jump up ^ Sapra , Ipsita ( February 2013 ) . `` Living in the villages '' . Rural Democracy . D + C Development and Cooperation . Retrieved 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ 50 % reservation for women in panchayats - Oneindia News . News.oneindia.in ( 2009 - 08 - 27 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ 50 % reservation for women in AP , Bihar Panchayats . Sify.com ( 2011 - 11 - 25 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ http://www.mathrubhumi.com/women/features/mayor-malayalam-news-1.696624 Jump up ^ http://www.mathrubhumi.com/women/news/lsgd-womans-malayalam-news-1.694513 Sources Nepal glossary , United States Library of Congress Article 333357 , zeenews.com Article India994 - 07 , hrw.org Panchayati raj Recruitment , Exambuzzer.com Further reading ( edit ) Mitra , Subrata K. ; Singh , V.B. ( 1999 ) . Democracy and Social Change in India : A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the National Electorate . New Delhi : Sage Publications . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7036 - 809 - 0 ( India HB ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 9344 - 5 ( U.S. HB ) . Mitra , Subrata K ... ( 2001 ) . `` Making Local Government Work : Local elites , Panchayati raj and governance in India '' , in Kohli , Atul ( ed . ) . The Success of India 's Democracy . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 80144 - 7 Mitra , Subrata K ... ( 2003 ) . `` Chapter 17 : Politics in India '' , in Almond , Gabriel A. et al. ( eds . ) , Comparative Politics Today . 8th edition . New York : Addison - Wesley - Longman , pp. 634 -- 684 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 15896 - 3 ( also reprinted in the 9th ( 2007 ) , 10th ( 2012 ) and 11th ( 2015 ) editions ) Palanithurai , Ganapathi ( ed . ) ( 2002 -- 2010 ) Dynamics of New Panchayati Raj System in India . New Delhi : Concept Publishing Company . in seven volumes , volume 1 ( 2002 ) `` Select States '' ISBN 978 - 81 - 7022 - 911 - 7 ; volume 2 ( 2002 ) `` Select States '' ISBN 978 - 81 - 7022 - 912 - 4 ; volume 3 ( 2004 ) `` Select States '' ISBN 978 - 81 - 8069 - 129 - 4 ; volume 4 ( 2004 ) `` Empowering Women '' ISBN 978 - 81 - 8069 - 130 - 0 ; volume 5 ( 2005 ) `` Panchayati Raj and Multi-Level Planning '' ISBN 978 - 81 - 8069 - 244 - 4 ; volume 6 ( 2008 ) `` Capacity Building '' ISBN 978 - 81 - 8069 - 506 - 3 ; volume 7 ( 2010 ) `` Financial Status of Panchayats '' ISBN 978 - 81 - 8069 - 672 - 5 . Shourie , Arun ( 1990 ) . Individuals , Institutions , Processes : How one may strengthen the other in India today . New Delhi , India : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 83787 - 8 . Sivaramakrishnan , Kallidaikurichi Chidambarakrishnan ( 2000 ) Power to the People : The politics and progress of decentralisation . Delhi : Konark Publishers . ISBN 978 - 81 - 220 - 0584 - 4 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Panchayati Raj . Ministry of Panchayati Raj , Government of India `` Home page '' . Department of Rural Development , Ministry of Rural Development , Government of India . `` Panchayat ( article 440944 ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 29 January 2012 . about the caste panchayats The Hunger Project . `` Two Million Women Leaders and Counting : Indian Women Participate in Their Local Government '' . International Museum of Women . Archived from the original on 30 June 2015 . National Agriculture Education Institution Image Panchayat Raj Symbol ( hide ) Local government in India Urban Municipal Corporation Nagar Palika ( Municipal Council ) Intermediate Town Panchayat ( Nagar panchayat ) Rural District Panchayat ( Zila Parishad ) Block Panchayat / Taluk Panchayat / Panchayat Samiti / Panchayat Union Gram Panchayat Sarpanch Observance National Panchayati Raj Day Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panchayati_raj_(India)&oldid=813836895 '' Categories : Constitution of India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2015 Use Indian English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Deutsch Español Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Simple English Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 December 2017 , at 14 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did panchayati raj in india first introduced in 1959 | [
"The Panchayat Raj system was first adopted by the state of Rajasthan in Nagaur district on 2nd Oct 1959. The second state was Andhra Pradesh, while Maharashtra was the Ninth state. State governments during the 1950s and 60s adopted this system as laws were passed to establish panchayats in various states. It also founded backing in the Indian Constitution, with the 73rd amendment in 1992 to accommodate the idea. The Amendment Act of 1992 contains provision for devolution of powers and responsibilities to the panchayats, both for the preparation of economic development plans and social justice, as well as for implementation in relation to 29 subjects listed in the eleventh schedule of the constitution, and the ability to levy and collect appropriate taxes, duties, tolls and fees.[8]"
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"Nagaur district"
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-5376928997127526680 | Indirect rule | Indirect rule - wikipedia Indirect rule Jump to : navigation , search A 20th century Yoruba ( Nigerian ) depiction of a British District Officer on tour of indirect rulers Indirect rule is a system of government used by the British and French to control parts of their colonial empires , particularly in Africa and Asia , through pre-existing local power structures . These dependencies were often called `` protectorates '' or `` trucial states '' . By this system , the day - to - day government and administration of areas both small and large was left in the hands of traditional rulers , who gained prestige and the stability and protection afforded by the Pax Britannica , at the cost of losing control of their external affairs , and often of taxation , communications , and other matters , usually with a small number of European `` advisors '' effectively overseeing the government of large numbers of people spread over extensive areas . Contents ( hide ) 1 British Empire 1.1 In Africa 1.2 In India 2 Practical implementation of indirect rule 3 Interpretations 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources and references 6.1 Period writings British Empire ( edit ) 1895 cartoon of Frederick Lugard , considered the pioneer of indirect rule in colonial Africa Some British colonies were ruled directly by the Colonial Office in London , while others were ruled indirectly through local rulers who are supervised behind the scenes by British advisors . In 1890 Zanzibar became a protectorate ( not a colony ) of Britain . Prime minister Salisbury explained his position : The condition of a protected dependency is more acceptable to the half civilized races , and more suitable for them than direct dominion . It is cheaper , simpler , less wounding to their self - esteem , gives them more career as public officials , and spares of unnecessary contact with white men . The Princely States of India were ruled indirectly . So too was much of the West African holdings . In Africa ( edit ) The ideological underpinnings , as well as the practical application , of indirect rule in Kenya and Nigeria is usually traced to the work of Frederick Lugard , the High Commissioner of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria from 1899 to 1906 . In the lands of the Sokoto Caliphate , conquered by the British Empire at the turn of the century , Lugard instituted a system whereby external , military , and tax control was operated by the British , while most every other aspect of life was left to local pre-British aristocracies who may have sided with the British during or after their conquest . The theory behind this solution to a very practical problem of domination by a tiny group of foreigners of huge populations is laid out in Lugard 's influential work , The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa . In India ( edit ) The largest application of Indirect rule was in British Asia , in hundreds of pre-colonial states , first seen at work under the East India Company 's system of subsidiary alliances in the Indian subcontinent . The areas thus brought into the British sphere of influence became known as the Indian Princely States . Subsequently , the same principle was applied in strategic regions on the sea routes to India , especially in the Persian Gulf protected states . In the British colonies , the laws were typically made by a British Governor and legislative council , but in the protectorates and princely states local rulers retained their traditional administrative authority and ability to legislate , subject to British control of certain areas . Indirect rule was particularly effective in enabling the British to exploit natural resources and raw materials of vast subordinate nations . The establishment of naval and military bases in strategic points around the globe maintained the necessary power to underpin such control . Practical implementation of indirect rule ( edit ) Indirect rule was cheaper and easier for the European powers , and in particular it required fewer administrators , but it did have a number of problems . In many cases , European authorities empowered local traditional leaders , as in the case of the monarchy of Uganda , but if no suitable leader could be found ( in the traditional Western sense of the term ) , the Europeans would simply choose local rulers to suit them . This was the case in Kenya and Southern Nigeria , and the new leaders , often called `` warrant chiefs '' , were not always supported by the local population . The European ruling classes also often chose local leaders with similar traits to their own , despite these traits not being suited to native leadership . Many were conservative elders , and thus indirect rule fostered a conservative outlook among the indigenous population and marginalised the young intelligentsia . Written laws , which replaced oral laws , were less flexible to the changing social nature , old customs of retribution and justice were removed or banned , and the removal of more violent punishments in some areas led to an increase in crime . Furthermore , leaders empowered by the governments of European powers were often not familiar with their new tasks , such as recruitment and tax . Interpretations ( edit ) From the early 20th century , French and British writers helped establish a dichotomy between British Indirect rule , exemplified by the Indian princely states and by Lord Lugard 's writings on the administration of northern Nigeria , and French colonial direct rule . As with British theorists , French colonial officials like Félix Eboué or Robert Delavignette wrote and argued throughout the first half of the 20th century for a distinct French style of rule that was centralized , uniform , and aimed at assimilating colonial subjects into the French polity . French rule , sometimes labeled Jacobin , was said in these writings to be based on the twin ideologies of the centralized unitary French government of the Metropole , with the French colonial ideology of Assimilation . Colonial Assimilation argued that French law and citizenship was based on universal values that came from the French Revolution . Mirroring French domestic citizenship law , French colonial law allowed for anyone who could prove themselves culturally French ( the `` Évolués '' ) to become equal French citizens . In French West Africa , only parts of the Senegalese `` Four Communes '' ever extended French citizenship outside a few educated African elite . This was contrasted with British Indirect Rule , which never foresaw subject Protectorates becoming legally assimilated into `` the home nations '' . While making more subtle distinctions , this model of direct versus indirect rule was dominant in academia from the 1930s until the 1970s . Academics since the 1970s have problematised the Direct versus Indirect Rule dichotomy , arguing the systems were in practice intermingled in both British and French colonial governance , and that the perception of indirect rule was sometimes promoted to justify quite direct rule structures . Mahmood Mamdani and other academics have discussed extensively how both Direct and Indirect rule were attempts to implement identical goals of foreign rule , but how the `` Indirect '' strategy helped to create ethnic and racial cleavages within ruled societies which persist in hostile communal relations and dysfunctional strategies of government . Mamdani himself famously described indirect rule as `` decentralised despotism '' . Some political scientists have even expanded the debate on how direct versus indirect rule experiences continue to effect contemporary governance into how governments which have never experienced colonialism rule . See also ( edit ) British Empire portal Politics portal Bussa revolt - a 1915 uprising against indirect rule in Northern Nigeria Direct colonial rule Impact of Western European colonialism and colonisation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The American Historical Association . `` ENGLAND 'S INDIRECT RULE IN ITS AFRICAN COLONIES '' in THROUGH THE LENS OF HISTORY : BIAFRA , NIGERIA , THE WEST AND THE WORLD . AHA teaching guide , historians.org , n.d. Accessed 2012 - 09 - 20 http://www.historians.org/tl/lessonplans/nc/trask/indirect.htm Jump up ^ Andrew Roberts , Salisbury : Victorian Titan ( 1999 ) p 529 Jump up ^ Lakshmi Iyer , `` Direct versus indirect colonial rule in India : Long - term consequences . '' The Review of Economics and Statistics ( 2010 ) 92 # 4 pp : 693 - 713 online Archived 2014 - 09 - 03 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Adiele Eberechukwu Afigbo , The Warrant Chiefs : indirect rule in southeastern Nigeria , 1891 - 1929 ( London : Longman , 1972 ) Jump up ^ Eric J. Hobsbawm , Terence O. Ranger , ' The Invention of Tradition ' ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ Collins and Burns , pp. 297 - 308 Jump up ^ Robert Louis Delavignette . Freedom and Authority in French West Africa . originally published as Les vrais chefs de l'empire : 1939 . Oxford University : 1946 . Jump up ^ Georges Hardy , Histoire sociale de la colonisation française . ( Paris , 1953 ) Jump up ^ Raymond F. Betts , Assimilation and Association in French Colonial Theory , 1890 - 1914 ( New York , 1961 ) Jump up ^ Martin D. Lewis , `` One Hundred Million Frenchmen : The Assimilationist Theory in French Colonial Policy , '' Comparative Studies in Society and History IV ( January 1962 ) , 129 - 153 . Jump up ^ Erik Bleich , ' The legacies of history ? Colonization and immigrant integration in Britain and France . Theory and Society , Volume 34 , Number 2 , April 2005 . Jump up ^ Michael Crowder ' in Senegal : A Study in French Assimilation Policy ( London : Oxford University Press , 1962 ) Jump up ^ Mamadou Diouf , ' The French Colonial Policy of Assimilation and the Civility of the Originaires of the Four Communes ( Senegal ) : A Nineteenth Century Globalization Project ' in Development and Change , Volume 29 , Number 4 , October 1998 , pp. 671 -- 696 ( 26 ) Jump up ^ M.M. Knight , ' French Colonial Policy -- the Decline of `` Association '' ' in The Journal of Modern History , Vol. 5 , No. 2 ( Jun. , 1933 ) , pp. 208 -- 224 Jump up ^ Michael Lambert , ' From Citizenship to Negritude : Making a difference in elite ideologies of colonized Francophone West Africa ' in Comparative Studies in Society and History , Vol. 35 , No. 2 . ( Apr. , 1993 ) , pp. 239 -- 262 Jump up ^ G. Wesley Johnson , Jr. , The Emergence of Black Politics in Senegal : The Struggle for Power in the Four Communes , 1900 -- 1920 ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ James F. Searing , ' Senegal : Colonial Period : Four Communes : Dakar , Saint - Louis , Gorée , and Rufisque ' , in Kevin Shillington ( editor ) , Encyclopedia of African History ( New York , 2005 ) : 3 Volumes , 3 , 1334 -- 35 Jump up ^ Ralph J. Bunche , ' French and British Imperialism in West Africa ' in The Journal of Negro History , Vol. 21 , No. 1 . ( Jan. , 1936 ) , pp. 31 -- 46 Jump up ^ Michael Crowder , ' Indirect Rule : French and British Style ' in Africa : Journal of the International African Institute , Vol. 34 , No. 3 . ( Jul. , 1964 ) , pp. 197 -- 205 Jump up ^ Alec G. Hargreaves , ed . Memory , Empire , and Postcolonialism : Legacies of French Colonialism ( Lanham : Lexington Books , 2005 ; ISBN 9780739108215 ) Jump up ^ Ann Laura Stoler ( 1989 ) , ' Rethinking Colonial Categories : European Communities and the Boundaries of Rule ' in Comparative Studies in Society and History , 31 , pp 134 - 161 doi : 10.1017 / S0010417500015693 Jump up ^ Jonathan Derrick , ' The ' Native Clerk ' in Colonial West Africa ' in African Affairs , Vol. 82 , No. 326 . ( Jan. , 1983 ) , pp. 61 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Emily Lynn Osborn ( 2003 ) . ' CIRCLE OF IRON ' : AFRICAN COLONIAL EMPLOYEES AND THE INTERPRETATION OF COLONIAL RULE IN FRENCH WEST AFRICA . The Journal of African History , 44 , pp 29 - 50 doi : 10.1017 / S0021853702008307 Jump up ^ Anthony I. Nwabughuogu . The Role of Propaganda in the Development of Indirect Rule in Nigeria , 1890 - 1929 . The International Journal of African Historical Studies Vol. 14 , No. 1 ( 1981 ) , pp. 65 - 92 Jump up ^ Paul Rich . The Origins of Apartheid Ideology : The Case of Ernest Stubbs and Transvaal Native Administration , c. 1902 - 1932 . African Affairs , Vol. 79 , No. 315 . ( Apr. , 1980 ) , pp. 171 -- 194 . Jump up ^ Lakshmi Iyer ( 2010 ) . Direct versus Indirect Colonial Rule in India : Long - Term Consequences . The Review of Economics and Statistics . November 2010 , Vol. 92 , No. 4 , Pages 693 - 713 Jump up ^ Mahmood Mamdani . Indirect Rule , Civil Society , and Ethnicity : The African Dilemma . Social Justice Vol. 23 , No. 1 / 2 ( 63 - 64 ) , The World Today ( Spring - Summer 1996 ) , pp. 145 - 150 Jump up ^ Mahmood Mamdani . Historicizing power and responses to power : indirect rule and its reform . Social Research Vol. 66 , No. 3 , PROSPECTS FOR DEMOCRACY ( FALL 1999 ) , pp. 859 - 886 Jump up ^ Mahmood Mamdani , Citizen and Subject : Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism ( 1996 ) , p. 37 . Jump up ^ John Gerring , Daniel Ziblatt , Johan Van Gorp and Julián Arévalo ( 2011 ) . An Institutional Theory of Direct and Indirect Rule . World Politics , 63 , pp 377 - 433 doi : 10.1017 / S0043887111000104 This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sources and references ( edit ) Michael Crowder . Indirect Rule : French and British Style . Africa : Journal of the International African Institute , Vol. 34 , No. 3 . ( Jul. , 1964 ) , pp. 197 -- 205 . Paul Rich . The Origins of Apartheid Ideology : The Case of Ernest Stubbs and Transvaal Native Administration , c. 1902 - 1932 . African Affairs , Vol. 79 , No. 315 . ( Apr. , 1980 ) , pp. 171 -- 194 . Omipidan Teslim Indirect Rule in Nigeria OldNaija H.F. Morris . A History of the Adoption of Codes of Criminal Law and Procedure in British Colonial Africa , 1876 - 1935 . Journal of African Law , Vol. 18 , No. 1 , Criminal Law and Criminology . ( Spring , 1974 ) , pp. 6 -- 23 . Jonathan Derrick . The ' Native Clerk ' in Colonial West Africa . African Affairs , Vol. 82 , No. 326 . ( Jan. , 1983 ) , pp. 61 -- 74 . Diana Wylie . Confrontation over Kenya : The Colonial Office and Its Critics 1918 - 1940 . The Journal of African History , Vol. 18 , No. 3 . ( 1977 ) , pp. 427 -- 447 . P.A. Brunt . Empires : Reflections on British and Roman Imperialism . Comparative Studies in Society and History , Vol. 7 , No. 3 . ( Apr. , 1965 ) , pp. 267 -- 288 . R.O. Collins and J.M. Burns . A History of Sub-Saharan Africa , Cambridge , 2007 . Harrington , Jack ( 2010 ) , Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India , Chs. 4 & 5. , New York : Palgrave Macmillan. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 10885 - 1 Period writings ( edit ) Harold Nicolson . The Colonial Problem . International Affairs ( Royal Institute of International Affairs 1931 - 1939 ) , Vol. 17 , No. 1 . ( Jan . - Feb. , 1938 ) , pp. 32 -- 50 . W.E. Rappard . The Practical Working of the Mandates System . Journal of the British Institute of International Affairs , Vol. 4 , No. 5 . ( Sep. , 1925 ) , pp. 205 -- 226 . Jan Smuts . Native Policy in Africa . Journal of the Royal African Society , Vol. 29 , No. 115 . ( Apr. , 1930 ) , pp. 248 -- 268 . Ralph J. Bunche . French and British Imperialism in West Africa . The Journal of Negro History , Vol. 21 , No. 1 . ( Jan. , 1936 ) , pp. 31 -- 46 . ( hide ) Colonial empires American Austro - Hungarian Belgian British Couronian Danish Dutch English French German Italian Japanese Sovereign Military Order of Malta Ottoman Portuguese Russian Soviet Spanish Swedish Colonies in antiquity Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indirect_rule&oldid=813989211 '' Categories : Governance of the British Empire History of European colonialism French colonels Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles lacking in - text citations from September 2012 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 08 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the concept of indirect rule in nigeria is usually associated with | [
"The ideological underpinnings, as well as the practical application, of indirect rule in Kenya and Nigeria is usually traced to the work of Frederick Lugard, the High Commissioner of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria from 1899 to 1906. In the lands of the Sokoto Caliphate, conquered by the British Empire at the turn of the century, Lugard instituted a system whereby external, military, and tax control was operated by the British, while most every other aspect of life was left to local pre-British aristocracies who may have sided with the British during or after their conquest. The theory behind this solution to a very practical problem of domination by a tiny group of foreigners of huge populations is laid out in Lugard's influential work, The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa."
] | [
"Frederick Lugard, the High Commissioner of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria from 1899 to 1906"
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-5673870810838957717 | Alaska Federation of Natives | Alaska Federation of Natives - wikipedia Alaska Federation of Natives hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Alaska Federation of Natives Founded October 1966 Tax ID no . 92 - 0034863 Legal status 501 ( c ) ( 4 ) social welfare organization Headquarters Anchorage , Alaska Coordinates 61 ° 12 ′ 23 '' N 149 ° 53 ′ 12 '' W / 61.2064351 ° N 149.8867904 ° W / 61.2064351 ; - 149.8867904 Coordinates : 61 ° 12 ′ 23 '' N 149 ° 53 ′ 12 '' W / 61.2064351 ° N 149.8867904 ° W / 61.2064351 ; - 149.8867904 President Julie Kitka Vice president Maude Blair Vice president Benjamin Mallott Affiliations AFN Education Fund Revenue ( 2014 ) $2,892,013 Expenses ( 2014 ) $2,535,557 Employees ( 2014 ) 11 Website www.nativefederation.org The Alaska Federation of Natives ( AFN ) is the largest statewide Native organization in Alaska . Its membership includes 178 villages ( both federally recognized tribes and village corporations ) , thirteen regional native corporations , and twelve regional nonprofit and tribal consortiums that contract and run federal and state programs . AFN is governed by a 37 - member board , which is elected by its membership at the annual convention held each October . The mission of AFN is to enhance and promote the cultural , economic and political voice of the entire Alaska native community . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Mission 3 Annual convention 3.1 Quyana Alaska 3.2 Denali Awards 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) The Alaska Federation of Natives was formed in October 1966 , when more than 400 Alaska Natives representing 17 Native organizations gathered for a three - day conference to address Alaska Native aboriginal land rights . The 1968 discovery of oil prompted Native leaders to push for a land claims settlement with unprecedented urgency . It was officially incorporated on January 8 , 1970 . From 1966 to 1971 , AFN worked primarily to achieve passage of a just and fair land settlement . On December 18 , 1971 , the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act ( ANCSA ) was signed into law . In the early - and mid-1970s , AFN provided technical assistance to help Alaska Natives implement ANCSA and set up the corporations mandated by the Act . Since then , AFN has evolved to meet the changing needs of Alaska Natives and respond to new challenges as they emerge , working to address and protect Native interests at the state and federal levels . AFN was instrumental in the development and passage of federal laws including the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980 , and the 1987 Amendments to ANCSA ( the `` 1991 legislation '' ) . At the state level , AFN plays an active role in the legislative process , promoting laws , policies and programs in areas such as health , education , resource development , labor and government . In the late 1980s , AFN turned its attention to social , tribal and economic issues . Mission ( edit ) Alaska Native people began as members of full sovereign nations and continue to enjoy a unique political relationship with the federal government . We will survive and prosper as distinct ethnic and cultural groups and will participate fully as members of the overall society . The mission of AFN is to enhance and promote the cultural , economic and political voice of the entire Alaska Native community . AFN 's major goals are to : Advocate for Alaska Native people , their governments and organizations , with respect to federal , state and local laws ; Foster and encourage preservation of Alaska Native cultures ; Promote understanding of the economic needs of Alaska Natives and encourage development consistent with those needs ; Protect , retain and enhance all lands owned by Alaska Natives and their organizations ; and Promote and advocate for programs and systems which instill pride and confidence in individual Alaska Natives . Annual convention ( edit ) AFN 's convention is the largest representative annual gathering in the United States of any Native peoples . Delegates are elected on a population formula of one representative per twenty - five Native residents in the area and delegate participation rates at the annual convention typically exceed 95 % . 3,000 to 4,000 people attend each year , including 1,000 voting delegates from across the state and the proceedings are broadcast live via television , radio and webcast reaching Alaska Natives and non-Natives alike from Barrow to Ketchikan , and from the Aleutian Chain to the Canada -- US border . During the convention , the entire state of Alaska is blanketed with discussion on current events and issues . International observers are present at most meetings , both exchanging information and learning from the Alaska Native experience . Each year the convention adopts a theme . Quyana Alaska ( edit ) Their traditional dances remain the lifeblood of their culture and their communities : they sustain them and connect them with their rich cultural history . Passed from generation to generation , their dances ensure that the many distinct Native cultures across Alaska remain connected to their origins . For over 20 years , Alaska Natives have come together in dance to celebrate Quyana Alaska during AFN 's Annual Convention . First introduced at the 1982 Convention , Quyana Alaska was designed to restore the traditional dances and ensure that they were passed on to the future generations . To date , over 200 different dance groups have performed at Native gatherings across the state . The cultural revival has certainly exploded across rural Alaska , and Quyana Alaska is now a treasured highlight of each and every Convention . Denali awards ( edit ) The AFN 's highest honor for people of non-native ancestry is named after the state 's ( and continent 's ) highest mountain . Recipients have included Tony Knowles and Ann Fienup - Riordan . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Form 990 : Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax '' . Alaska Federation of Natives . Guidestar . December 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Staff '' . Alaska Federation of Natives . Accessed on May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About AFN '' . Alaska Federation of Natives . Accessed on May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Alaska Federation of Natives . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alaska Federation of Natives , Inc . '' Corporations , Business & Professional Licensing Division . Alaska Department of Commerce , Community , and Economic Development . Accessed on May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Robert . Alaska Native Land Claims . Anchorage : The Alaska Native Foundation , 1976 . Jump up ^ `` Options to follow Alaska Federation of Natives convention '' . Alaska Dispatch News . October 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Quyana Alaska '' . Alaska Federation of Natives. 2012 . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alaska_Federation_of_Natives&oldid=741466335 '' Categories : 1966 establishments in Alaska 501 ( c ) ( 4 ) nonprofit organizations Alaska Native culture in Anchorage Alaska Native organizations Native American rights organizations Non-profit organizations based in Anchorage , Alaska Organizations based in Alaska Organizations established in 1966 Charities based in Alaska Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2010 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing style editing from March 2015 All articles needing style editing Articles with multiple maintenance issues Coordinates not on Wikidata Pages using infobox organization with unsupported parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 September 2016 , at 17 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sponsored the first state-wide alaska native gathering | [
"The Alaska Federation of Natives was formed in October 1966, when more than 400 Alaska Natives representing 17 Native organizations gathered for a three-day conference to address Alaska Native aboriginal land rights. The 1968 discovery of oil prompted Native leaders to push for a land claims settlement with unprecedented urgency.[4] It was officially incorporated on January 8, 1970.[5] From 1966 to 1971, AFN worked primarily to achieve passage of a just and fair land settlement. On December 18, 1971, the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) was signed into law."
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"The Alaska Federation of Natives"
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406310845131321203 | Aviation fuel | Aviation fuel - wikipedia Aviation fuel An aviation fuel truck At some airports , underground fuel pipes allow refueling without the need for tank trucks . Trucks carry the necessary hoses and pressure apparatus , but no fuel . Aviation fuel is a specialized type of petroleum - based fuel used to power aircraft . It is generally of a higher quality than fuels used in less critical applications , such as heating or road transport , and often contains additives to reduce the risk of icing or explosion due to high temperature , among other properties . Most current commercial airlines and military aircraft use jet fuel for maximum fuel efficiency and lowest cost . These aircraft account for the vast majority of aviation fuel refined today , which is also used in diesel aircraft engines . Other aviation fuels available for aircraft are kinds of petroleum spirit used in engines with spark plugs ( e.g. , piston and Wankel rotary engines ) . Specific energy is the important criterion in selecting an appropriate fuel to power an aircraft . Much of the weight of an aircraft goes into fuel storage to provide the range , and more weight means more fuel consumption . Aircraft have a high peak power and thus fuel demand during take - off and landing . This has so far prevented electric aircraft using electric batteries as the main propulsion energy store becoming widely commercially viable . Contents 1 Types of aviation fuel 1.1 Conventional aviation fuels 1.1. 1 Jet fuel 1.1. 2 Avgas 1.2 Emerging aviation fuels 1.2. 1 Biofuels 1.2. 2 Compressed natural gas and liquified natural gas 2 Production of aviation fuel 3 Energy content 4 Density 5 Chemical composition 6 Tax 7 Certification 8 In use 8.1 Overwing 8.2 Underwing 8.3 Misfueling 9 Safety precautions 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Types of aviation fuel ( edit ) Conventional aviation fuels ( edit ) Jet fuel ( edit ) Ground fueling of a MIG - 29 from a URAL tanker ( 2011 ) . Main article : Jet fuel Jet fuel is a clear to straw - colored fuel , based on either an unleaded kerosene ( Jet A-1 ) , or a naphtha - kerosene blend ( Jet B) . Similar to diesel fuel , it can be used in either compression ignition engines or turbine engines . Jet - A powers modern commercial airliners and is a mix of pure kerosene and burns at temperatures at or above 49 ° C ( 120 ° F ) . Kerosene - based fuel has a much higher flash point than gasoline - based fuel , meaning that it requires significantly higher temperature to ignite . It is a high - quality fuel ; if it fails the purity and other quality tests for use on jet aircraft , it is sold to other ground - based users with less demanding requirements , such as railroad engines . Avgas ( edit ) Main article : Avgas Avgas ( aviation gasoline ) is used in spark - ignited internal - combustion engines in aircraft . Its formulation is distinct from mogas ( motor gasoline , a / k / a petrol ) used in cars and many military vehicles , such as the `` Deuce and a Half '' . Formulated for stability , safety , and predictable performance under a wide range of environments , avgas is typically used in aircraft which use reciprocating or Wankel engines . Emerging aviation fuels ( edit ) Biofuels ( edit ) Alternatives to conventional fossil - based aviation fuels , new fuels made via the biomass to liquid method ( like sustainable aviation fuel ) and certain straight vegetable oils can also be used . Fuels such as sustainable aviation fuel have the advantage that few or no modifications are necessary on the aircraft itself , provided that the fuel characteristics meet specifications for lubricity and density as well as adequately swelling elastomer seals in current aircraft fuel systems . Sustainable aviation fuel and blends of fossil and sustainably - sourced alternative fuels yield lower emissions of particles and GHGs . They are , however , not being used heavily , because they still face political , technological , and economic barriers , such as currently being more expensive than conventionally produced aviation fuels by a wide margin . Compressed natural gas and liquified natural gas ( edit ) Main article : Natural_gas § Transportation Compressed natural gas ( CNG ) and liquified natural gas ( LNG ) are fuel feedstocks that aircraft could switch to , other than conventional fossil - oil . Turbofans for instance can be operated on a number of different fuels , and some have been made optimized for use with natural gas . Some aircraft , such as the Tupolev Tu - 155 , as well as the `` SUGAR Freeze '' aircraft under NASA 's N + 4 Advanced Concept Development program ( made by Boeing 's Subsonic Ultra Green Aircraft Research ( SUGAR ) team ) , were designed to run on LNG . The low specific energy of natural gas even in liquid form compared to conventional fuels gives it a distinct disadvantage for flight applications . Production of aviation fuel ( edit ) The production of aviation fuel falls into two categories : fuel suitable for turbine engines and fuel suitable for internal combustion engines . There are international specifications for each . Jet fuel is used in both turboprop and jet aircraft , and must maintain a low viscosity at low temperature , meet definite limits in terms of density and calorific value , burn cleanly , and remain chemically stable when heated to high temperature . Aviation gasoline , often referred to as `` avgas '' or 100 - LL ( low - lead ) , is a highly refined form of gasoline for aircraft , with an emphasis on purity , anti-knock characteristics and minimization of spark plug fouling . Avgas must meet performance guidelines for both the rich mixture condition required for take - off power settings and the leaner mixtures used during cruise to reduce fuel consumption . Avgas is sold in much lower volume than jet fuel , but to many more individual aircraft operators ; whereas jet fuel is sold in high volume to large aircraft operators , such as airlines and military . Energy content ( edit ) The net energy content for aviation fuels depends on their composition . Some typical values are : BP Avgas 80 , 44.65 MJ / kg , density at 15 ° C is 690 kg / m . Kerosene type BP Jet A-1 , 43.15 MJ / kg , density at 15 ° C is 804 kg / m . Kerosene type BP Jet TS - 1 ( for lower temperatures ) , 43.2 MJ / kg , density at 15 ° C is 787 kg / m . Density ( edit ) In performance calculations , airliner manufacturers use a density of jet fuel around 6.7 lb / USgal or 0.8 kg / l . Specific cases are : Bombardier Aerospace : The Challenger Multi-role Aircraft is a special mission variant of the Bombardier Challenger 650 business jet platform . Bombardier bases performance on the use of fuel with an average lower heating value of 18,550 BTU / lb ( 43.147 MJ / kg ) and a density of 0.809 kg / l ( 6.75 lb / US gal ) . Embraer : In its airport planning manual for the E195 uses an adopted fuel density of 0.811 kg / l ( 6.77 lb / US gal ) . Chemical composition ( edit ) Aviation fuels consist of blends of over two thousand chemicals , primarily hydrocarbons ( paraffins , olefins , naphthenes , and aromatics ) , additives such as antioxidants and metal deactivators , biocides , static reducers , icing inhibitors , corrosion inhibitors , and impurities . Principal components include n - heptane and isooctane . Like other fuels , aviation fuel for spark - ignited piston engines are described by their octane rating . Alcohol , alcohol mixtures , and other alternative fuels may be used experimentally , but alcohol is not permitted in any certified aviation fuel specification . In Brazil , the Embraer Ipanema EMB - 202A is a version of the Ipanema agricultural aircraft with a modified Lycoming IO - 540 - K1J5 engine so as to be able to run on ethanol . Other aircraft engines that were modified to run on 100 % ethanol were several other types of Lycoming engines ( including the Lycoming 235N2C , and Lycoming IO - 320 ) and certain Rotax engines . Tax ( edit ) The Convention on International Civil Aviation ( ICAO ) ( Chicago 1944 , Article 24 ) exempts air fuels already loaded onto an aircraft on landing ( and which remain on the aircraft ) from import taxes . Bi-lateral air services agreements govern the tax exemption of aviation fuels . In the course of an EU initiative , many of these agreements have been modified to allow taxation . Also , the motion for a European parliament resolution on a European Strategy for Low - emission Mobility has stated that `` the possibilities for harmonised international measures for kerosene taxation for aviation '' needs to be explored . Australia and the United States oppose a worldwide levy on aviation fuel , but a number of other countries have expressed interest . During a debate in the UK Parliament , the forgone tax income due to the exemption of tax on aviation fuel was estimated at £ 10 billion annually . Furthermore , the planned inclusion of international aviation into the European Union Emission Trading Scheme in 2014 has been called an ' illegal tax ' by countries including the US and China , which cite the Chicago Convention . Certification ( edit ) Fuels have to conform to a specification in order to be approved for use in type certificated aircraft . The American Society for Testing and Materials ( ASTM ) developed specifications for automobile gasoline as well as aviation gasoline . These specifications are ASTM D910 and ASTM D6227 for aviation gasoline and ASTM D439 or ASTM D4814 ( latest revision ) for automobile gasoline . In use ( edit ) Aviation fuel storage tanks at George Bush Intercontinental Airport , Houston , Texas Aviation fuel generally arrives at the airport via pipeline systems , such as the CEPS . It is then pumped over and dispensed from a tanker or bowser . The fuel is then driven up to parked aircraft and helicopters . Some airports have pumps similar to filling stations to which aircraft must taxi . Some airports have permanent piping to parking areas for large aircraft . Aviation fuel is transferred to an aircraft via one of two methods : overwing or underwing . Overwing ( edit ) Overwing fueling is used on smaller planes , helicopters , and all piston - engine aircraft . Overwing fueling is similar to car fueling -- one or more fuel ports are opened and fuel is pumped in with a conventional pump . Underwing ( edit ) Most widebody aircraft use a double single - point Underwing fueling , also called single - point refueling or pressure refueling where not dependent on gravity , is used on larger aircraft and for jet fuel exclusively . For pressure refueling , a high - pressure hose is attached and fuel is pumped in at 275 kilopascals ( 40 psi ) and a maximum of 310 kilopascals ( 45 psi ) for most commercial aircraft . Pressure for military aircraft , especially fighters , ranges up to 415 kilopascals ( 60 psi ) . Air being displaced in the tanks is usually vented overboard through a single vent on the aircraft . Because there is only one attachment point , fuel distribution between tanks is either automated or it is controlled from a control panel at the fueling point or in the cockpit . An early use of pressure refueling was on the de Havilland Comet and Sud Aviation Caravelle . Larger aircraft allow for two or more attachment points ; however , this is still referred to as single - point refueling , as either attachment point can refuel all of the tanks . Multiple attachments allow for faster fuel flows . Misfueling ( edit ) Because of the danger of confusing the fuel types , precautions are taken to distinguish between avgas and jet fuel beyond clearly marking all containers , vehicles , and piping . The aperture on fuel tanks of aircraft requiring avgas can not be greater than 60 millimetres in diameter . Avgas is often dyed and is dispensed from nozzles with a diameter of 40 mm ( 49 mm in the United States ) . Jet fuel is clear to straw - colored , and is dispensed from a special nozzle called a J spout or duckbill that has a rectangular opening larger than 60 mm diagonally , so as not to fit into avgas ports . However , some jet and turbine aircraft , such as some models of the Astar helicopter , have a fueling port too small for the J spout , and thus require a smaller nozzle . Safety precautions ( edit ) British Airways Airbus A321 being refueled Any fueling operation can be very dangerous , and aviation operations have characteristics which must be accommodated . As an aircraft flies through the air , it can accumulate static electricity . If this is not dissipated before fueling , an electric arc could occur and ignite fuel vapors . To prevent this , aircraft are electrically bonded to the fueling apparatus before fueling begins , and are not disconnected until after fueling is complete . Some regions require the aircraft and / or fuel truck to be grounded too . Pressure fueling systems incorporate a dead man 's switch to preclude unmonitored operation . Aviation fuel can cause severe environmental damage ; all fueling vehicles must carry equipment to control fuel spills . Fire extinguishers must be present at any fueling operation . Airport firefighting forces are specially trained and equipped to handle aviation fuel fires and spills . Aviation fuel must be checked daily and before every flight for contaminants such as water or dirt . Many airlines now require safety belts be left unfastened should passengers be aboard during refueling . A Carson Helicopters S - 61N Fire King being refueled during firefighting operations in Southern River , Western Australia See also ( edit ) Avgas Aviation biofuel Sustainable Aviation Fuel Environmental impact of aviation Jet fuel Kerosene JP - 1 JP - 4 JP - 5 JP - 6 JP - 7 JP - 8 JPTS Rocket fuel Swift fuel References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Aviation Fuel '' . Archived from the original on 23 June 2012 . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . Jump up ^ U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission . `` Aviation Fuel '' . Archived from the original on 20 April 2012 . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Corporan , Edwin ; et al. ( 2011 ) . `` Chemical , Thermal Stability , Seal Swell , and Emissions Studies of Alternative Jet Fuels '' . Energy & Fuels. 25 ( 3 ) : 955 -- 966 . doi : 10.1021 / ef101520v . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Moore , R.H. ; et al. ( 2017 ) . `` Biofuel blending reduces particle emissions from aircraft engines at cruise conditions '' . Nature . 543 ( 7645 ) : 411 -- 415 . doi : 10.1038 / nature21420 . PMID 28300096 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 12 - 02 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ `` RREB report '' ( PDF ) . kic-innoenergy.com . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 14 September 2016 . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . Jump up ^ IATA 2014 Report on Alternative Fuels Jump up ^ `` Bringing biojet fuels to the market '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Aircraft Design - MIT Laboratory for Aviation and the Environment '' . Archived from the original on 30 December 2016 . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ EnergyWire . `` Could natural gas fuel commercial flights of the future ? '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Air BP . `` Avgas vs Jet Fuel '' . Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Sergeant Oil & Gas Co Inc . `` Aviation gasoline '' . Archived from the original on 28 May 2012 . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Air BP . BP Products handbook Archived 2011 - 06 - 08 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 13 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ FAA , . `` FAA Ethanol Safety Document '' . Archived from the original on 12 January 2012 . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Team - Vanguard Squadron '' . Archived from the original on 16 October 2016 . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lycoming engines for ethanol use '' ( PDF ) . caddet-re.org . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 17 May 2017 . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Rotax engines on ethanol / conventional fuel blend Archived September 21 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ House of Commons Library . `` Taxing aviation fuel . Standard Note SN00523 ( 2012 ) '' ( PDF ) . p. 3 , note 11 . Retrieved 4 Nov 2016 . Jump up ^ `` REPORT on a European Strategy for Low - Emission Mobility - A8 - 0356 / 2017 '' . www.europarl.europa.eu . Archived from the original on 6 December 2017 . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Caroline . `` Does the government subsidise airlines by £ 10 billion ? '' . 2012 . Factcheck . Archived from the original on 17 August 2013 . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Malina , Robert ( 2012 ) . `` The Impact of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme on US Aviation '' . Journal of Air Transport Management . 19 . Archived from the original on 15 February 2015 . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` REFUELLING THE COMET '' . Archived from the original on 17 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ CSGNetwork.com . `` Aviation Fuel - AvGas Information Aviation Gasoline '' . Archived from the original on 25 May 2012 . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Shell.com . `` AvGas Grades and Specifications '' . Archived from the original on 28 May 2012 . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 22 . External links ( edit ) History of jet fuels ( by AirBP ) Aviation Fuels Technical Review ( by Chevron Global Aviation ) `` Shauck and his wife flew a single - engine airplane across the Atlantic Ocean in 1989 using 100 % ethanol '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 27 . Air NZ sees biofuel salvation in jatropha . Messerschmitt Bf 109 site - transcribed document on World War II German aviation fuel World Jet Fuel Specifications 2008 handbook Shell Aviation Fuels Handbook Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aviation_fuel&oldid=855462717 '' Categories : Aviation fuels Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2018 , at 13 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is name of fuel used in aeroplane | [
"Most current commercial airlines and military aircraft use jet fuel for maximum fuel efficiency and lowest cost. These aircraft account for the vast majority of aviation fuel refined today, which is also used in diesel aircraft engines. Other aviation fuels available for aircraft are kinds of petroleum spirit used in engines with spark plugs (e.g., piston and Wankel rotary engines).[citation needed]\n",
"Most current commercial airlines and military aircraft use jet fuel for maximum fuel efficiency and lowest cost. These aircraft account for the vast majority of aviation fuel refined today, which is also used in diesel aircraft engines. Other aviation fuels available for aircraft are kinds of petroleum spirit used in engines with spark plugs (e.g., piston and Wankel rotary engines).[citation needed]\n"
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"jet fuel",
"aviation fuel"
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7612956434991082768 | Protein biosynthesis | Protein biosynthesis - wikipedia Protein biosynthesis Jump to : navigation , search RNA is transcribed in the nucleus ; once completely processed , it is transported to the cytoplasm and translated by the ribosome ( shown in very pale grey behind the tRNA ) . Protein synthesis is the process whereby biological cells generate new proteins ; it is balanced by the loss of cellular proteins via degradation or export . Translation , the assembly of amino acids by ribosomes , is an essential part of the biosynthetic pathway , along with generation of messenger RNA ( mRNA ) , aminoacylation of transfer RNA ( tRNA ) , co-translational transport , and post-translational modification . Protein biosynthesis is strictly regulated at multiple steps . They are principally during transcription ( phenomena of RNA synthesis from DNA template ) and translation ( phenomena of amino acid assembly from RNA ) . The cistron DNA is transcribed into the first of a series of RNA intermediates . The last version is used as a template in synthesis of a polypeptide chain . Protein will often be synthesized directly from genes by translating mRNA . However , when a protein must be available on short notice or in large quantities , a protein precursor is produced . A proprotein is an inactive protein containing one or more inhibitory peptides that can be activated when the inhibitory sequence is removed by proteolysis during posttranslational modification . A preprotein is a form that contains a signal sequence ( an N - terminal signal peptide ) that specifies its insertion into or through membranes , i.e. , targets them for secretion . The signal peptide is cleaved off in the endoplasmic reticulum . Preproproteins have both sequences ( inhibitory and signal ) still present . In protein synthesis , a succession of tRNA molecules charged with appropriate amino acids are brought together with an mRNA molecule and matched up by base - pairing through the anti-codons of the tRNA with successive codons of the mRNA . The amino acids are then linked together to extend the growing protein chain , and the tRNAs , no longer carrying amino acids , are released . This whole complex of processes is carried out by the ribosome , formed of two main chains of RNA , called ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) , and more than 50 different proteins . The ribosome latches onto the end of an mRNA molecule and moves along it , capturing loaded tRNA molecules and joining together their amino acids to form a new protein chain . Protein biosynthesis , although very similar , is different for prokaryotes and eukaryotes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Transcription 2 Translation 3 Events during or following protein translation 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Transcription ( edit ) Main article : Transcription ( genetics ) Diagram showing the process of transcription Phenomena of RNA synthesis from DNA template In transcription an mRNA chain is generated , with one strand of the DNA double helix in the genome as a template . This strand is called the template strand . Transcription can be divided into 3 stages : initiation , elongation , and termination , each regulated by a large number of proteins such as transcription factors and coactivators that ensure that the correct gene is transcribed . Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus , where the DNA is held . The DNA structure of the cell is made up of two helixes made up of sugar and phosphate held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases of opposite strands . The sugar and the phosphate in each strand are joined together by stronger phosphodiester covalent bonds . The DNA is `` unzipped '' ( disruption of hydrogen bonds between different single strands ) by the enzyme helicase , leaving the single nucleotide chain open to be copied . RNA polymerase reads the DNA strand from the 3 - prime ( 3 ' ) end to the 5 - prime ( 5 ' ) end , while it synthesizes a single strand of messenger RNA in the 5 ' - to - 3 ' direction . The general RNA structure is very similar to the DNA structure , but in RNA the nucleotide uracil takes the place that thymine occupies in DNA . The single strand of mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores , and migrates into the cytoplasm . The first product of transcription differs in prokaryotic cells from that of eukaryotic cells , as in prokaryotic cells the product is mRNA , which needs no post-transcriptional modification , whereas , in eukaryotic cells , the first product is called primary transcript , that needs post-transcriptional modification ( capping with 7 - methyl - guanosine , tailing with a poly A tail ) to give hnRNA ( heterogeneous nuclear RNA ) . hnRNA then undergoes splicing of introns ( noncoding parts of the gene ) via spliceosomes to produce the final mRNA . Translation ( edit ) Main article : Translation ( biology ) Diagram showing the process of translation Diagram showing the translation of mRNA and the synthesis of proteins by a ribosome Phenomena of amino acid assembly from RNA . The synthesis of proteins from RNA is known as translation . In eukaryotes , translation occurs in the cytoplasm , where the ribosomes are located . Ribosomes are made of a small and large subunit that surround the mRNA . In translation , messenger RNA ( mRNA ) is decoded to produce a specific polypeptide according to the rules specified by the trinucleotide genetic code . This uses an mRNA sequence as a template to guide the synthesis of a chain of amino acids that form a protein . Translation proceeds in four phases : activation , initiation , elongation , no and termination ( all describing the growth of the amino acid chain , or polypeptide that is the product of translation ) . In activation , the correct amino acid ( AA ) is joined to the correct transfer RNA ( tRNA ) . While this is not , in the technical sense , a step in translation , it is required for translation to proceed . The AA is joined by its carboxyl group to the 3 ' OH of the tRNA by an ester bond . When the tRNA has an amino acid linked to it , it is termed `` charged '' . Initiation involves the small subunit of the ribosome binding to 5 ' end of mRNA with the help of initiation factors ( IF ) , other proteins that assist the process . Elongation occurs when the next aminoacyl - tRNA ( charged tRNA ) in line binds to the ribosome along with GTP and an elongation factor . Termination of the polypeptide happens when the A site of the ribosome faces a stop codon ( UAA , UAG , or UGA ) . When this happens , no tRNA can recognize it , but releasing factor can recognize nonsense codons and causes the release of the polypeptide chain . The capacity of disabling or inhibiting translation in protein biosynthesis is used by some antibiotics such as anisomycin , cycloheximide , chloramphenicol , tetracycline , streptomycin , erythromycin , puromycin , etc . Events during or following protein translation ( edit ) Main articles : Proteolysis , Posttranslational modification , and Protein folding Events that occur during or following biosynthesis include proteolysis , post-translational modification and protein folding . Proteolysis may remove N - terminal , C - terminal or internal amino - acid residues or peptides from the polypeptide . The termini and side - chains of the polypeptide may be subjected to post-translational modification . These modifications may be required for correct cellular localisation or the natural function of the protein . During and after synthesis , polypeptide chains often fold to assume , so called , native secondary and tertiary structures . This is known as protein folding and is typically required for the natural function of the protein . See also ( edit ) Central dogma of molecular biology Cistron Gene expression Genetic code Operon Peptide synthesis Protein production References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kafri M , Metzl - Raz E , Jona G , Barkai N. 2016 . The Cost of Protein Production . Cell Rep 14 : 22 -- 31 . https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.015 ^ Jump up to : Alberts , Bruce ( 2002 ) . Molecular biology of the cell . New York : Garland Science . p. 760 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 . Jump up ^ Alberts , Bruce . Molecular Biology of the Cell , 5e . New York : Garland Science , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Interactive Java simulation of transcription initiation . From Center for Models of Life at the Niels Bohr Institute . A website focused primarily on Protein Synthesis . Protein primary structure and posttranslational modifications General Peptide bond Protein biosynthesis Proteolysis Racemization N-O acyl shift N terminus Acetylation Carbamylation Formylation Glycation Methylation Myristoylation ( Gly ) C terminus Amidation Glycosyl phosphatidylinositol ( GPI ) O - methylation Detyrosination Single specific AAs Serine / Threonine Phosphorylation Dephosphorylation Glycosylation Methylidene - imidazolone ( MIO ) formation Tyrosine Phosphorylation Dephosphorylation Sulfation Porphyrin ring linkage Adenylylation Flavin linkage Topaquinone ( TPQ ) formation Detyrosination Cysteine Palmitoylation Prenylation Aspartate Succinimide formation Glutamate Carboxylation Methylation Polyglutamylation Polyglycylation Asparagine Deamidation Glycosylation Glutamine Transglutamination Lysine Methylation Acetylation Acylation Adenylylation Hydroxylation Ubiquitination Sumoylation ADP - ribosylation Deamination Oxidative deamination to aldehyde O - glycosylation Imine formation Glycation Carbamylation Succinylation Arginine Citrullination Methylation ADP - ribosylation Proline Hydroxylation Histidine Diphthamide formation Adenylylation Tryptophan C - mannosylation Crosslinks between two AAs Cysteine - Cysteine Disulfide bond Methionine - Hydroxylysine Sulfilimine bond Lysine - Tyrosylquinone Lysine tyrosylquinone ( LTQ ) formation Tryptophan - Tryptophylquinone Tryptophan tryptophylquinone ( TTQ ) formation Three consecutive AAs ( chromophore formation ) Serine -- Tyrosine -- Glycine p - Hydroxybenzylidene - imidazolinone formation Histidine -- Tyrosine -- Glycine 4 - ( p - hydroxybenzylidene ) - 5 - imidazolinone formation Crosslinks between four AAs Allysine - Allysine - Allysine - Lysine Desmosine Gene expression Introduction to genetics Genetic code Central dogma DNA → RNA → Protein Special transfers RNA → RNA RNA → DNA Protein → Protein Transcription Types Bacterial Eukaryotic Key elements Transcription factor RNA polymerase Promoter Post-transcription Precursor mRNA ( pre-mRNA / hnRNA ) 5 ' capping Splicing Polyadenylation Histone acetylation and deacetylation Translation Types Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Key elements Ribosome Transfer RNA ( tRNA ) Ribosome - nascent chain complex ( RNC ) Post-translational modification ( functional groups peptides structural changes ) Regulation Epigenetic imprinting Transcriptional Gene regulatory network cis - regulatory element lac operon Post-transcriptional sequestration ( P - bodies ) alternative splicing microRNA Translational Post-translational reversible irreversible Influential people François Jacob Jacques Monod Proteins Processes Protein biosynthesis Post-translational modification Protein folding Protein targeting Proteome Protein methods Structures Protein structure Protein structural domains Proteasome Types List of types of proteins List of proteins Membrane protein Globular protein Globulin Albumin Fibrous protein Proteins : key methods of study Experimental Protein purification Green fluorescent protein Western blot Protein immunostaining Protein sequencing Gel electrophoresis / Protein electrophoresis Protein immunoprecipitation Peptide mass fingerprinting / Protein mass spectrometry Dual - polarization interferometry Microscale thermophoresis Chromatin immunoprecipitation Surface plasmon resonance Isothermal titration calorimetry X-ray crystallography Protein NMR Cryo - electron microscopy Freeze - fracture electron microscopy Bioinformatics Protein structure prediction Protein -- protein docking Protein structural alignment Protein ontology Protein -- protein interaction prediction Assay Enzyme assay Protein assay Secretion assay Display techniques Bacterial display mRNA display Phage display Ribosome display Yeast display Super-resolution microscopy Photoactivated localization microscopy Vertico SMI Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein_biosynthesis&oldid=815575099 '' Categories : Gene expression Proteins Biosynthesis Metabolism Protein biosynthesis Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans تۆرکجه Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 17 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | during the process of translation what is produced | [
"Protein synthesis is the process whereby biological cells generate new proteins; it is balanced by the loss of cellular proteins via degradation or export. Translation, the assembly of amino acids by ribosomes, is an essential part of the biosynthetic pathway, along with generation of messenger RNA (mRNA), aminoacylation of transfer RNA (tRNA), co-translational transport, and post-translational modification. Protein biosynthesis is strictly regulated at multiple steps.[1] They are principally during transcription (phenomena of RNA synthesis from DNA template) and translation (phenomena of amino acid assembly from RNA)."
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-6063519529186659044 | Chuck Schumer | Chuck Schumer - wikipedia Chuck Schumer Jump to : navigation , search Charles Schumer Senate Minority Leader Incumbent Assumed office January 3 , 2017 Deputy Dick Durbin Preceded by Harry Reid United States Senator from New York Incumbent Assumed office January 3 , 1999 Serving with Kirsten Gillibrand Preceded by Al D'Amato Chair of the Senate Democratic Policy Committee In office January 3 , 2011 -- January 3 , 2017 Leader Harry Reid Preceded by Byron Dorgan Succeeded by Debbie Stabenow Vice Chair of the Senate Democratic Caucus In office January 3 , 2007 -- January 3 , 2017 Leader Harry Reid Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Mark Warner Elizabeth Warren Chair of the Senate Rules Committee In office January 3 , 2009 -- January 3 , 2015 Preceded by Dianne Feinstein Succeeded by Roy Blunt Chair of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee In office January 3 , 2005 -- January 3 , 2009 Leader Harry Reid Preceded by Jon Corzine Succeeded by Robert Menendez Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York In office January 3 , 1981 -- January 3 , 1999 Preceded by Elizabeth Holtzman ( 16th ) Mario Biaggi ( 10th ) Thomas J. Manton ( 9th ) Succeeded by Charles Rangel ( 16th ) Edolphus Towns ( 10th ) Anthony Weiner ( 9th ) Constituency 16th district ( 1981 -- 83 ) 10th district ( 1983 -- 93 ) 9th district ( 1993 -- 99 ) Member of the New York State Assembly from the 45th district In office January 1 , 1975 -- December 31 , 1980 Preceded by Stephen J. Solarz Succeeded by Daniel Feldman Personal details Charles Ellis Schumer ( 1950 - 11 - 23 ) November 23 , 1950 ( age 67 ) New York City , New York , U.S. Nationality American Political party Democratic Spouse ( s ) Iris Weinshall ( m . 1980 ) Children Education Harvard College ( B.A. ) Harvard Law School ( J.D. ) Website Senate website Charles Ellis Schumer ( / ˈʃuːmər / ; born November 23 , 1950 ) is an American politician of the Democratic Party serving as the senior United States Senator from New York , a seat he was first elected to in 1998 . Since 2017 he also is the Senate Minority Leader . He first defeated three - term Republican incumbent Al D'Amato 55 % to 44 % before being reelected in 2004 with 71 % of the vote , in 2010 with 66 % of the vote , and in 2016 with 70 % of the vote . Before his election to the Senate , Schumer served in the House of Representatives from 1981 to 1999 , first representing New York 's 16th congressional district before being redistricted to the 10th congressional district in 1983 and 9th congressional district in 1993 . A native of Brooklyn and graduate of Harvard College and Harvard Law School , he was a three - term member of the New York State Assembly from 1975 to 1980 . Schumer was chairman of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee from 2005 to 2009 , during which time he oversaw 14 Democratic gains in the Senate in the 2006 and 2008 elections . He was the third - ranking Democrat in the Senate , behind Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid and Minority Whip Dick Durbin . He was elected Vice Chairman of the Democratic Caucus in the Senate in 2006 . In November 2010 , he was also chosen to hold the additional role of chairman of the Senate Democratic Policy Committee . Schumer won his fourth term in the Senate in 2016 and was then unanimously elected Minority Leader to succeed the retiring Reid . Contents ( hide ) 1 Family and early life 2 State assembly and Congressional tenure 3 United States senator 3.1 Political style 3.2 Local issues 3.3 Committee assignments 4 Political positions 4.1 Iran nuclear deal 4.2 Health care reform 4.3 Gun laws 4.4 Abortion 4.5 Consumer issues 4.6 Homeland security 4.7 Foreign policy 4.8 Same - sex marriage 4.9 Immigration 4.10 Clinton impeachment 4.11 U.S. Attorney firings 4.12 Mukasey nomination 4.13 Subprime mortgage and foreclosure crisis 4.14 IndyMac Bank controversy 4.15 Financial industry regulation 4.16 Taxes on high incomes 4.17 Technology and the Internet 4.18 Support for areas declared disasters 4.19 Equal pay 5 Controversy and criticism 5.1 Gaza statements 5.2 Immigration 5.3 Bicycle safety 6 Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee 7 Senate minority leader 8 Book 9 Personal life 10 Electoral history 11 Honorary degrees 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Family and early Life ( edit ) Schumer was born in Brooklyn , the son of Selma ( née Rosen ) and Abraham Schumer . His father ran an exterminating business , and his mother was a homemaker . His family is Jewish , and he is a second cousin , once removed , of actress Amy Schumer . His ancestors originated from the town of Chortkiv , Galicia , in what is now western Ukraine . He attended public schools in Brooklyn , scoring a perfect 1600 on the SAT , and graduated as class valedictorian from James Madison High School , in 1967 . Schumer competed for Madison High on the It 's Academic television quiz show . He attended Harvard College , where he became interested in politics and campaigned for Eugene McCarthy , in 1968 . After completing his undergraduate degree , he continued to Harvard Law School , earning his Juris Doctor with honors , in 1974 . Schumer passed the New York state bar in early 1975 . However , he never practiced law , choosing instead a career in politics . State Assembly and congressional tenure ( edit ) Schumer 's official congressional portrait , 1987 In 1974 , Schumer ran for and was elected to the New York State Assembly , filling a seat previously held by Schumer 's mentor Steve Solarz . Schumer served three terms , from 1975 to 1981 , sitting in the 181st , 182nd and 183rd New York State Legislatures . He has never lost an election . In 1980 , 16th District Congresswoman Elizabeth Holtzman won the Democratic nomination for the Senate seat of Republican Jacob Javits . Schumer ran for Holtzman 's vacated House seat and won . He was re-elected eight times from the Brooklyn and Queens - based district , which changed numbers twice in his tenure ( it was numbered the 16th from 1981 to 1983 , the 10th from 1983 to 1993 and the 9th from 1993 ) . In 1982 , as a result of redistricting , Schumer faced a potential matchup with veteran Brooklyn congressman Steve Solarz , although the matchup did not actually materialize . In preparation , Schumer `` set about making friends on Wall Street , tapping the city 's top law firms and securities houses for campaign donations . ' I told them I looked like I had a very difficult reapportionment fight . If I were to stand a chance of being re-elected , I needed some help , ' he would later tell the Associated Press . '' As a member of the House Judiciary Committee , Schumer was one of four congressional members who oversaw the House investigation ( leading the Democratic defense of the Clinton administration ) , of the Waco siege hearings in 1995 . United States senator ( edit ) Schumer 's Senate portrait In 1998 , Schumer ran for the Senate . He won the Democratic Senate primary with 51 % of the votes against Geraldine Ferraro ( 21 % ) and Mark Green ( 19 % ) . He then received 54 % of the vote in the general election , defeating three - term incumbent Republican Al D'Amato ( 44 % ) . In 2004 , Schumer won re-election against Republican Assemblyman Howard Mills of Middletown and conservative Marilyn F. O'Grady . Many New York Republicans were dismayed by the selection of Mills over the conservative Michael Benjamin , who held significant advantages over Mills in both fundraising and organization . Benjamin publicly accused GOP chairman Sandy Treadwell and governor George Pataki of trying to muscle him out of the Senate race and undermine the democratic process . Schumer defeated Mills , the second - place finisher , by 2.8 million votes and won reelection with 71 % of the vote . Schumer won every county in the state except one , Hamilton County in the Adirondacks , the least populated and most Republican county in the state . Mills conceded defeat minutes after the polls closed , before returns had come in . A SurveyUSA poll from April 2009 placed Schumer 's approval rating at 62 % , with 31 % disapproving . Notable former aides to Schumer include former US congressman Anthony Weiner ; and current New York state senator Daniel Squadron and New York State assembly members Phil Goldfeder and Victor M. Pichardo . Political style ( edit ) Schumer and President Barack Obama in October 2013 Schumer 's propensity for publicity is the subject of a running joke among many commentators . He has been described as an `` incorrigible publicity hound '' . Bob Dole once quipped that `` the most dangerous place in Washington is between Charles Schumer and a television camera '' , while Barack Obama joked that Schumer brought along the press to a banquet as his `` loved ones '' . Schumer frequently schedules media appearances on Sundays on both legislative and non-legislative matters . His use of media has been cited by some as a successful way to raise a politician 's profile nationally and among his constituents . Schumer has appeared as a guest on The Daily Show seven times . In Washington , he has been the lead consensus - builder on the difficult issues of health care , immigration , and financial regulation . In his role as chairman of the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies for the Second inauguration of Barack Obama , Schumer played a key role in organizing the event , gave the opening speech and served as the master of ceremonies . A photograph of a smiling Schumer peering from behind Malia Obama as Barack Obama took the oath of office went viral and became a meme . Although it was described as a `` photobomb '' , it was not technically one as he was standing in the correct place . The Huffington Post quipped that , `` clearly , inauguration day belonged to Chuck Schumer . '' Local issues ( edit ) Schumer at the Binghamton St. Patrick 's Day Parade on March 5 , 2016 Schumer prides himself on visiting every one of New York 's 62 counties each year and has successfully done so in each of the 16 years he has served in the United States Senate , the only New York senator to have done so . He has a reputation for focusing on local issues that are important to average New Yorkers not normally associated with United States senators , ranging from tourism , to local taxes , to job creation . When it was revealed that Adidas planned to end its contract for the manufacture of NBA jerseys with American Classic Outfitters , an upstate New York apparel company , and outsource production overseas , Schumer blasted the company , citing the risk to 100 workers at the plant . When it was revealed that Canon Inc. was considering relocating from its corporate headquarters in Long Island because of a dispute over road infrastructure funding , Schumer stepped in to advocate New York state redirect federal stimulus dollars to make the road improvements and keep the company and its jobs on Long Island . Along with his House and Senate colleagues , Schumer successfully worked to kill a Bush - era privatization plan for custodial and utility workers at the United States Military Academy at West Point . The plan would have called for turning over custodial and utility work to a Georgia company . Committee Assignments ( edit ) Schumer serves on the following Senate committees in the 115th United States Congress : Committee on Rules and Administration Select Committee on Intelligence ( Ex officio ) Political positions ( edit ) Iran nuclear deal ( edit ) On August 6 , 2015 , Schumer announced his opposition to the nuclear deal with Iran . Schumer planned to tell the White House , then his Senate colleagues , and then the public , but the White House leaked the news during the Republican debate in what CBS News described as an `` apparent attempt to limit coverage '' . Arms control expert Jeffrey Lewis derided Schumer 's decision , noting that Schumer was making factually incorrect claims about the amount of time in which the treaty would allow inspection of Iranian nuclear facilities . In what The Guardian described as a `` shot across Schumer 's bow , '' White House Press Secretary Josh Earnest said that fellow Democrats might remember Schumer 's decision when deciding whom to elect as their next majority leader . Health Care reform ( edit ) Schumer supported President Barack Obama 's health reform legislation ; he voted for the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in December 2009 , and he voted for the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 . In 2009 , Schumer also proposed that any new government - run health insurance programs follow all the standards applicable to private insurance . He did this to `` address fears that a public program would drive private insurers from the market . '' Schumer commented , saying he wanted `` a level playing field for competition '' . Gun laws ( edit ) While serving in the House of Representatives , Schumer , along with California senator Dianne Feinstein , authored the 1994 Assault Weapons Ban which expired in 2004 . The National Rifle Association and other gun groups ( see gun politics ) have criticized him for allegedly not knowing much about guns , alluding to various errors regarding the subject . Supporters of gun control legislation , however , give him much of the credit for passage of both the Assault Weapons Ban and the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act . The Assault Weapons Ban , which banned semi-automatic rifles , shotguns , and handguns with certain features , expired in September 2004 despite attempts by Schumer to extend it . He was one of 16 senators to vote against the Vitter Amendment , which prohibited the confiscation of legally owned firearms during a disaster . While a target of gun rights organizations , Schumer has supported hunters , sponsoring legislation to provide millions in outdoor recreation grants to landowners who allow hunting and fishing on their private property . For these efforts , Field and Stream magazine honored Schumer in their `` Hero Awards '' in 2008 . Schumer is also a supporter of providing hunters with tax deductions for donating venison and other game to feeding programs . In response to a question in a debate during his 2010 reelection campaign , Schumer has denied having a handgun or a permit for one and has produced a letter from NYPD stating that neither he nor his wife ( Iris Weinshall ) has a handgun license from NYC . In a statement from Brian Fallon , a Schumer aide , he `` insisted that except for winning an NRA marksmanship award at age 14 , the senator does not own a gun or have a license to carry one '' . Abortion ( edit ) Schumer is pro-choice , and has been given a 100 % rating by NARAL Pro-Choice America , though he received some criticism for attending a gala in 2007 hosted by Efrat -- an organization that seeks to reduce abortion among Israeli Jews . Consumer issues ( edit ) Schumer has given legislative attention to consumer issues . Schumer passed legislation that required uniform disclosure information on the back of credit card applications , notifying prospective cardholders of annual fees and interest rates . This standardized information is now referred to as the `` Schumer box '' . The senator has also aggressively pushed to end the practice whereby customers can be charged two ATM fees , once by their own bank and once by the bank who owns the ATM , if the ATM is outside their personal bank 's network . With Congresswoman Nita Lowey , Schumer has been working to ban the chemical bisphenol A , or BPA , often found in baby bottles and plastic children 's food containers . The Canadian government has already banned the chemical in baby bottles and children 's products . Schumer is also seeking a ban on the use of cadmium , a carcinogen known to impair brain development in children , in toys and children 's jewelry . When companies began selling gloves , pills , inhalers , diuretics , shampoos and other products during the Swine Flu scare , Schumer urged the Federal Trade Commission ( FTC ) to open an investigation . In the end , the FTC put ten companies on notice and identified a total of 140 scams . Schumer has been a champion of college tuition tax credits , calling for and passing a $4,000 tuition tax credit for students as part of a host of tax credits and cuts passed to stimulate the economy in the 2009 American Reinvestment and Recovery Act ( ARRA ) . He received an `` A '' on the most recent ( 2008 ) Drum Major Institute 's Congressional Scorecard on middle - class issues . Homeland security ( edit ) As a senator from New York , Schumer has worked to secure homeland security funds for New York State and City and provide resources to its first responders . He delivered over $20 billion to support the state 's security and recovery efforts after the 9 / 11 terrorist attacks on New York City and worked to deliver $200 million in Homeland Security funds to protect New York City mass transit . Schumer has been a leader in the fight to continue fully funding the FIRE Grant program administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) . The program allows fire departments and first responders nationwide to apply for grant funding for major purchases that localities have difficulty providing , namely apparatus and emergency vehicles . When the Bush administration pushed a plan to reduce the program from $1 billion to just under $300 million , Schumer helped lead an effort with local firefighters to block the cuts . In 2006 , Schumer led a bipartisan effort , with the help of Republicans like Congressman Peter T. King ( NY ) , to stop a deal approved by the Bush administration to transfer control of six United States ports to a corporation owned by the government of United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) , Dubai Ports World ( see Dubai Ports World controversy ) . The 9 / 11 Commission reported that , despite recent alliances with the U.S. , the UAE had strong ties to Osama bin Laden and Al Qaeda prior to the 9 / 11 attacks . The measure in the House was H.R 4807 , and in the Senate , S. 2333 ; these were introduced to require a 45 - day review of this transfer of ownership . On March 9 , 2006 , Dubai Ports World withdrew its application to operate the ports . In 1995 , Schumer sponsored the Omnibus Counterterrorism Act of 1995 ( H.R. 896 ) in the U.S. House of Representatives . Foreign Policy ( edit ) Schumer was a supporter of the Iraq War Resolution , and a strident pro-Israel member of Congress , although he was very critical of President George W. Bush 's strategy in the Iraq War ; he suggested that a commission of ex-generals be appointed to review it . Nat Hentoff of the Village Voice , however , wrote in November 2006 that `` the loquacious Schumer has been indifferent to the administration 's war on the Constitution and on our laws and treaties '' , particularly on the issue of torture . The senator also is involved with legislation to address the Darfur genocide . In 2009 , he co-sponsored two bills calling for peace in Darfur . Both bills , S. 455 and S. 684 , passed in the Senate . He also voted in favor of measures to help increase the efficiency of peace keepers serving in Darfur . Schumer , along with Republican senator Lindsey Graham of South Carolina , has been highly critical of the trade imbalance between the United States and China , and its alleged cause of Chinese currency intervention . They have asked the White House , under both the Bush and Obama administrations , to find China `` guilty of currency manipulation '' under a 1988 law . Schumer and Graham have introduced legislation in three successive Congresses to apply tariffs onto Chinese goods for the purpose of raising the value of the Chinese yuan . In a June 3 , 2008 , op - ed in The Wall Street Journal , Schumer wrote that cooperative economic sanctions from the U.S. , Britain , France , Germany , Russia and China could topple Iran 's theocratic government . In discussing the importance of Russia 's cooperation , Schumer stated that `` Mr. Putin is an old - fashioned nationalist who seeks to regain the power and greatness Russia had before the fall of the Soviet Union . '' He followed it up by noting that `` The anti-missile system strengthens the relationship between Eastern Europe and NATO , with real troops and equipment on the ground . It mocks Mr. Putin 's dream of eventually restoring Russian hegemony over Eastern Europe . '' The East European Coalition sent Schumer a letter regarding the article on June 10 , 2008 , writing that `` As a supporter of democracy for the nations of Eastern Europe , which suffered greatly under ' Russian hegemony over Eastern Europe , ' your suggestion that these nations be used as bargaining chips in order to appease Russia is troubling , inexplicable and unacceptable . '' In 2009 , Schumer criticized Scotland 's release of convicted Pan Am Flight 103 bomber Abdelbaset al - Megrahi , and called for the United States to impose economic sanctions on the United Kingdom if Megrahi 's release was tied to a massive oil deal between the United Kingdom and Libya . In August 2013 , after Russia granted asylum to Edward Snowden , Schumer said Putin was behaving like a `` school - yard bully '' and added , `` The relationship between the United States and Russia is more poisonous than any time since the Cold War because of all of this . '' In December 2016 , Schumer demanded a congressional inquiry into Russian meddling of U.S. affairs . In January 2017 he said `` Let me tell you , you take on the intelligence community , they have six ways from Sunday at getting back at you , '' in response to those questioning the U.S. intelligence community over its assessments . Later that month he introduced legislation to limit executive action on Russian sanctions . Same - sex Marriage ( edit ) Schumer at New York City 's gay pride parade in 2007 Schumer voted for the Defense of Marriage Act ( DOMA ) in 1996 . He opposed the Federal Marriage Amendment , saying in 2004 that DOMA made it obsolete . In March 2009 , Schumer announced his support for same - sex marriage , noting that it `` was time '' . Schumer previously supported civil unions . At a private dinner with gay leaders at the Gramercy Tavern on March 22 , 2009 , Schumer said he not only now supports same - sex marriage , but also backs a full reversal of DOMA . When the New York State Senate took up a bill to legalize gay marriage in December 2009 , Schumer , along with other statewide officials , aggressively lobbied wavering senators to support the legislation . Immigration ( edit ) Schumer was one of the Gang of Eight , a bipartisan group of four Democratic and four Republican senators who wrote and sponsored a 2013 comprehensive immigration reform bill . At the time , Schumer was the chairman of the Immigration , Refugees , and Border Security subcommittee of the Senate Judiciary Committee . In June 2013 , the immigration bill passed the Senate with a strong majority -- 68 - 32 , with 14 Republicans joining all Democrats -- but the House of Representatives under Speaker John Boehner refused to take up the bill , and the legislation died . In April 2012 , he introduced a bill that would kill Arizona 's anti-immigration law , SB 1070 and ones like it if the Supreme Court were to rule in favor of the states . He backed his position , saying : `` States like Arizona and Alabama will no longer be able to get away with saying they are simply ' helping the federal government ' to enforce the law when they are really writing their own laws and knowingly deploying untrained officers with a mission of arresting anyone and everyone who might fit the preconceived profile of an illegal immigrant . '' Clinton impeachment ( edit ) Schumer voted on the impeachment charges of President Bill Clinton in both houses of Congress . Schumer was a member of the House of Representatives ( and Judiciary Committee member ) during a December 1998 lame - duck session of Congress , voting `` no '' on all counts in committee and on the floor of the House . In January 1999 , Schumer , as a newly elected member of the Senate , also voted `` not guilty '' on the two impeachment charges . U.S. attorney firings ( edit ) See also : Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy As chair of the Subcommittee on Administrative Oversight and the Courts , Schumer took a lead role in the investigation of the dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy . Although he was at one point criticized for being a lead investigator of the affair while also chairing the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee , such criticism was not sustained after the full dimensions of the controversy became apparent . On March 11 , 2007 , Schumer became the first lawmaker in either chamber to call for Attorney General Alberto Gonzales to resign for the firing of eight United States Attorneys . In an interview on CBS News ' Face the Nation , Schumer said that Gonzales `` does n't accept or does n't understand that he is no longer just the president 's lawyer . '' When Gonzales ' chief of staff , Kyle Sampson , resigned on March 13 , Schumer said during a press conference that Gonzales was `` carrying out the political wishes of the president '' and declared that Sampson would `` not be the next Scooter Libby , '' meaning that he did not accept that Sampson had sole responsibility for the attorney 's controversy . Schumer , like other members of the Senate Judiciary Committee from both parties , was angered during Gonzales ' testimony on April 19 , 2007 ; Gonzales answered many times that he did n't know or could n't recall details about the controversy . When Schumer 's turn came to ask his last round of questions , he instead repeated his call for Gonzales to resign , saying that there was no point to further questioning since Gonzales had `` answered , ' I do n't know ' or ' I ca n't recall ' to close to a hundred questions '' concerning the firings ( most press reports counted 71 instances ) and did n't seem to know about the inner workings of his own department . Gonzales responded that the onus was on the committee to prove whether anything improper occurred . Schumer replied that Gonzales faced a higher standard , and that under this standard he had to give `` a full , complete and convincing explanation '' for why the eight attorneys were fired . Mukasey nomination ( edit ) In 2007 , after Bush nominated former federal judge Michael Mukasey to become attorney general of the United States ( replacing Gonzales , who was resigned ) , Schumer expressed support for Mukasey . Despite appearing troubled by Mukasey 's refusal to declare in public that waterboarding was illegal torture , Schumer announced on November 2 that he would vote to confirm Mukasey . Schumer said that Mukasey assured him in a private meeting that he would enforce any law declaring waterboarding illegal . Schumer also said that Mukasey told him Bush would have `` no legal authority '' to ignore such a law . The votes of Schumer and fellow Democratic senator Dianne Feinstein , to recommend Mukasey for confirmation allowed the confirmation to move on to the full Senate . Subprime mortgage and foreclosure crisis ( edit ) See also : United States housing bubble In September 2007 , Schumer proposed that the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight ( OFHEO ) raise Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac 's conforming loan ( `` affordable '' ) limits from $417,000 to $625,000 , thereby allowing these government - sponsored enterprises ( GSEs ) to back mortgages on homes priced up to $780,000 with a 20 % down payment . Following the meltdown of the subprime mortgage industry in March 2007 , Schumer proposed a federal government bailout of subprime borrowers in order to save homeowners from losing their residences and to shore up communities that were seeing neighborhoods destabilized due to foreclosures and the resulting decreases in neighboring home values . As part of a package of regulatory reforms that Schumer has pushed in response to the subprime foreclosure crisis , he called for the creation of mortgage industry regulators to protect borrowers from deceptive lending practices and called for the Securities and Exchange Commission to relocate from Washington to New York so that it was in closer proximity to the industry it was charged with overseeing . Schumer 's top nine campaign contributors are all financial institutions that have contributed over $2.5 million to the senator . IndyMac bank controversy ( edit ) On June 26 , 2008 , Schumer took the extraordinary step of publicly releasing letters he had written to regulators regarding IndyMac Bank , the seventh largest savings and loan association and the ninth largest originator of mortgage loans in the United States , which he considered to be a severely troubled institution . Schumer wrote he was `` concerned that IndyMac 's financial deterioration poses significant risks to both taxpayers and borrowers and that the regulatory community may not be prepared to take measures that would help prevent the collapse of IndyMac . '' Many depositors at IndyMac panicked or from another perspective justifably acted and withdrew funds in the 11 days before IndyMac failed . An audit by the Treasury Department 's Inspector General would find that the primary causes of IndyMac 's failure were associated with its business strategy of originating and securitizing Alt - A loans on a large scale . When home prices declined in the latter half of 2007 and the secondary mortgage market collapsed , IndyMac was forced to hold $10.7 billion of loans it could not sell in the secondary market . IndyMac 's reduced liquidity was further exacerbated when account holders withdrew $1.55 billion in deposits in a `` run '' on the thrift following the public release of the letter . While the run was a contributing factor in the timing of IndyMac 's demise , the underlying cause of the failure was the unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated . Director of the Office of Thrift Supervision ( OTS ) John Reich immediately blamed IndyMac 's failure on the release of the letter . Reich said Schumer gave the bank a `` heart attack '' and opined , `` Would the institution have failed without the deposit run ? We 'll never know the answer to that question . '' Reich and top deputies later resigned or were removed amidst a Treasury Department audit and investigation revealing that Indymac had been allowed to backdate its financial reports . Schumer conceded his actions may have caused some depositors to withdraw their money prematurely , but suggested that `` if OTS had done its job as regulator and not let IndyMac 's poor and loose lending practices continue , we would n't be where we are today . Instead of pointing false fingers of blame , OTS should start doing its job to prevent future IndyMacs . '' He pointed out that `` IndyMac was one of the most poorly run and reckless of all the banks , '' saying , `` It was a spinoff from the old Countrywide , and like Countrywide , it did all kinds of profligate activities that it never should have . Both IndyMac and Countrywide helped cause the housing crisis we 're now in . '' Despite IndyMac 's condition before the failure , the financial media criticized the senator sharply . CNBC financial analyst Jerry Bowyer charged that Schumer was responsible for the `` second largest bank failure in US history . '' While opining that IndyMac 's failure was only a matter of time , banking consultant Bert Ely termed Schumer 's actions `` wrong and irresponsible '' . On October 18 , 2008 , The Wall Street Journal published an article suggesting that Schumer 's letter may have been prompted by an investment company 's interest in IndyMac . His reported close ties to the founders of OneWest Bank have long been an interest to many action groups . On December 22 , 2008 , the Washington Post reported that OTS regional director in charge had been removed from his position for allowing IndyMac to falsify its financial reporting . That same day , conservative commentator Rush Limbaugh not only continued to blame the senator , but recast IndyMac 's July bankruptcy as an `` October Surprise '' planned by Democrats to help win the 2008 election . Financial industry regulation ( edit ) In 1987 then - congressman Schumer wrote a New York Times op - ed opposing the repeal of the Glass -- Steagall Act of 1933 , which was entitled `` Do n't Let Banks Become Casinos '' . In 1999 , Schumer commented in support of Congress 's repeal of the Glass -- Steagall Act of 1933 : `` There are many reasons for this bill , but first and foremost is to ensure that U.S. financial firms remain competitive . '' Since 2010 , the securities and investment industry has been the largest donor to Schumer 's senatorial campaigns . On December 14 , 2008 , a New York Times article on Schumer 's role in the Wall Street meltdown stated that he embraced the industry 's free - market , deregulatory agenda more than any other Democrat in Congress , backing measures blamed for contributing to the financial crisis . A review of his record showed that he took steps to protect the industry from government oversight and tougher rules . Over the years , he helped save financial institutions billions of dollars in higher taxes or fees . The article charged that Schumer succeeded in limiting efforts to reform and regulate credit - rating agencies reforms proposed by the George W. Bush Administration and the Cox SEC . The Charles Schumer - Rob Portman Senate bill of 2015 plans to tax the $2.2 trillion multinational corporations are holding outside the country in tax - haven subsidiaries , on which 35 percent is already owed , as a one - time tax `` at a rate significantly lower than the statutory corporate rate '' . In his book released in March 2010 , No One Would Listen , Madoff whistleblower Harry Markopolos passed along an unsourced claim that Schumer called the SEC for information about the Madoff investigation . Taxes on High incomes ( edit ) Schumer had been a staunch defender of low taxes on hedge fund and private equity managers in the past , arguing that this was necessary to protect the industry . Serving on both the Senate Banking and Finance Committees , Schumer was in a position to block attempts to tax their financial gains at the rate other taxpayers pay for income . In 2010 , however , Schumer suggested that a hedge - fund tax would be acceptable and not hurt the industry . In February 2012 , Schumer said that he disagreed with the Obama administration 's call to raise taxes on those making more than $250,000 a year , calling for a million - dollar level instead . According to Schumer , `` there are a lot of people who make above 250 who are n't rich . '' Technology and the internet ( edit ) In June 2011 , the senator and colleague Joe Manchin ( D - WV ) sought a crackdown on Bitcoin currency , saying it facilitated illegal drug trade transactions . `` The transactions leave no traditional ( bank transfer ) money trail for investigators to follow , and leave it hard to prove a package recipient knew in advance what was in a shipment , '' which used an anonymizing network known as Tor . One opinion website said the senators wanted `` to disrupt ( the ) Silk Road drug website . '' Schumer is a sponsor of S. 968 , the controversial PROTECT IP Act which would restrict access to web sites judged to be infringing copyrights . On January 18 , 2012 , the NY Tech Meetup and other cybertech organizations held a demonstration with 2,000 protesters in front of the offices of Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand , New York 's other U.S. senator who also supported the bill . Some demonstrators complained that the bill had originated with wealthy campaign contributors who would reward legislators for passing the bill . In March 2012 , Schumer and Connecticut senator Richard Blumenthal gained national attention after they called upon Attorney General Eric Holder and the Department of Justice to investigate practices by employers to require Facebook passwords for employee applicants and workers . Support for areas declared disasters ( edit ) In 2014 , Schumer was recognized for helping to achieve the award of $700,000 in compensation monies from the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) for Gowanda , New York as a result of the devastating flood that occurred there in 2009 . In 2009 , a flash flood devastated the village , causing two deaths . Four feet of flood waters swept through the village , and caused much damage . The village was declared both a state and federal disaster site . Of the anticipated disbursement of FEMA monies to Gowanda , New York due to the 2009 flood damage experienced there , Schumer is quoted , stating in the January 31 , 2014 edition of Jamestown 's The Post-Journal : FEMA and the state were sitting on Gowanda 's money for way too long . It 's about time that they made the village of Gowanda whole for the damage done in this flood . I 've been advocating for this for months and months and months ; I 'm glad everyone came together and finally did the right thing . Equal pay ( edit ) In April 2014 , the United States Senate debated the Paycheck Fairness Act ( S. 2199 ; 113th Congress ) . It was a bill that `` punishes employers for retaliating against workers who share wage information , puts the justification burden on employers as to why someone is paid less and allows workers to sue for punitive damages of wage discrimination . '' Democrats said they intended to use the votes on this bill and the issue of equal pay as political issues in the 2014 midterm elections . Senator Charles Schumer ( D - NY ) told reporters that `` pay equity , that 's women , that 's 53 percent of the vote . '' Controversy and criticism ( edit ) Gaza statements ( edit ) Schumer , speaking at an Orthodox Union event in Washington D.C , in June 2010 , made comments regarding Israel 's blockade of the Gaza Strip that were later criticized . He called on Israel to `` strangle them economically until they see that 's not the way to go '' . He explained that the current Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip is justified not only because it keeps weapons out of the Palestinian territory , but also because it shows the Palestinians living there that `` when there 's some moderation and cooperation , they can have an economic advancement . '' He also said , `` The Palestinian people still do n't believe in a Jewish state , in a two state solution ... They do n't believe in the Torah . They do n't believe in King David . So , they do n't think it 's our land ... '' Immigration ( edit ) While discussing an immigration bill on the Senate floor in 2010 , Schumer likened Indian tech giant Infosys Technologies to a `` chop shop . '' When his statement set off a wave of outrage in India , the senator acknowledged his characterization was incorrect . The remark was also criticized as `` outrageous '' by Ron Somers , head of the U.S. - India Business Council . Bicycle safety ( edit ) Schumer is noted for his love of cycling in New York City , especially around his home in Brooklyn . In 2011 he was reported to have joined a group of neighbors who live on his street in Park Slope , near Prospect Park . They attempted to remove a new `` protected '' bicycle path on their street , which ran adjacent to the curb with a protection buffer provided by parallel - parked cars next to the bike lane . While Schumer has not taken a public position on the traffic - calming project , whose most prominent feature is a two - way protected bike path , his wife Iris Weinshall is a prominent advocate against the project , and the New York Post reported that Schumer himself has lobbied behind the scenes against the bike path . In addition , a major Schumer campaign contributor has fought a controversial pro bono legal battle against the safety project , drawing criticism . Democratic Senatorial campaign Committee ( edit ) Schumer was the chairman of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee , part of the Democratic senate leadership , with primary responsibility for raising funds and recruiting Democratic candidates in the 2006 Senate election . When he took this post , he announced that he would not run for Governor of New York in 2006 , as many had speculated he would . This step avoided a potentially divisive gubernatorial primary election in 2006 between Schumer and Eliot Spitzer , then New York 's attorney general . While chairman in 2006 , staffers of the committee obtained a copy of Maryland 's 2006 Republican senate candidate Michael Steele 's credit report . A staff researcher used Steele 's social security number to obtain his credit report from TransUnion . The report was paid for with the DSCC credit card issued to the researcher 's supervisor . After an internal investigation , the Maryland Democratic Party determined the credit report was obtained illegally and reported the incident to the U.S. Attorney . The staffer resigned and pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor charge of computer fraud and was sentenced to 150 hours of community service . The supervisor resigned from the DSCC . Under Schumer , in the 2006 elections , the Democratic Party gained six seats in the senate , defeating incumbents in each of those races and regaining control of the senate for the first time since 2002 . Of the closely contested races in the Senate in 2006 , the Democratic Party lost only Tennessee . The incoming Senate Majority Leader , Harry Reid , persuaded Schumer to continue to serve another term as DSCC chair . In 2009 , for the 111th Congress , Schumer was succeeded as the DSCC chair by senator Bob Menendez of New Jersey . Senate Minority leader ( edit ) Donald Trump and Mike Pence meeting with members of the Senate leadership in the Oval Office , 24 January 2017 The Senate Democratic caucus elected Schumer minority leader in November 2016 . Schumer was widely expected to lead Senate Democrats following the retirement announcement of his predecessor , Harry Reid . Schumer is the first New Yorker , as well as the first Jewish person , to serve as a Senate leader . Book ( edit ) In January 2007 , he published a book called Positively American : Winning Back the Middle - Class Majority One Family at a Time , outlining strategies with which Democrats could court middle - class voters . One of his aides at the time Daniel Squadron helped to write it , and they drew from the senator 's experience helping his party win in the 2006 midterm elections . Personal Life ( edit ) Schumer and his wife , Iris Weinshall , were married September 21 , 1980 . The ceremony took place at Windows on the World at the top of the north tower of the World Trade Center . Weinshall was New York City 's commissioner of transportation , from 2000 to 2007 . The Schumers have two children , Jessica and Alison , both graduates of their father 's alma mater , Harvard College . The older daughter , Jessica , served as chief of staff and general counsel of the Council of Economic Advisers from May 2013 to August 2015 . Electoral history ( edit ) United States Senate election in New York , 1998 Party Candidate Votes % ± Democratic Chuck Schumer 2,386,314 Independence Chuck Schumer 109,027 Liberal Chuck Schumer 55,724 total Chuck Schumer 2,551,065 54.62 % Republican Al D'Amato 1,680,203 Conservative ( N.Y. ) Al D'Amato 274,220 Right to Life Al D'Amato 104,565 total Al D'Amato ( Incumbent ) 2,058,988 44.08 % Marijuana Reform Party Corinne Kurtz 34,281 0.73 % Green Joel Kovel 14,735 0.32 % Libertarian William McMillen 8,223 0.18 % Socialist Workers Rose Ana Berbeo 3,513 0.08 % Majority Turnout Democratic gain from Republican United States Senate election in New York , 2004 Party Candidate Votes % ± Democratic Chuck Schumer 4,384,907 Independence Chuck Schumer 216,198 Working Families Chuck Schumer 168,719 total Chuck Schumer ( Incumbent ) 4,769,824 71.2 % Republican Howard Mills 1,625,069 24.2 % Conservative ( N.Y. ) Marilyn O'Grady 220,960 3.3 % Green David McReynolds 36,942 0.3 % Libertarian Don Silberger 19,073 0.3 % Builders Party Abe Hirschfeld 16,196 0.2 % Socialist Workers Martin Koppel 14,811 0.2 % Majority 3,144,755 46.92 % Turnout 6,702,875 Democratic hold Swing United States Senate election in New York , 2010 Party Candidate Votes % ± Democratic Chuck Schumer 2,710,735 65.4 % Republican Jay Townsend 1,365,439 33.0 % Green Colia Clark 39,815 1.0 % Libertarian Randy Credico 25,975 0.6 % Total votes 4,141,964 100.0 % Democratic hold Swing United States Senate election in New York , 2016 Party Candidate Votes % ± Democratic Chuck Schumer 4,775,604 61.34 % N / A Working Families Chuck Schumer 241,381 3.10 % N / A Independence Chuck Schumer 150,457 1.93 % N / A Women 's Equality Chuck Schumer 45,297 0.58 % N / A Total Chuck Schumer 5,212,739 70.61 % + 2.97 % Republican Wendy Long 1,720,492 22.10 % N / A Conservative ( N.Y. ) Wendy Long 267,186 3.43 % N / A Reform Wendy Long 17,781 0.23 % N / A Total Wendy Long 2,005,459 27.16 % - 0.58 % Green Robin Laverne Wilson 113,179 1.45 % + 0.45 % Libertarian Alex Merced 48,036 0.62 % + 0.02 % None Blank / Void / Scattering 406,189 5.22 % N / A Total votes 7,785,602 100.00 % Democratic hold Swing Honorary degrees ( edit ) Schumer has been awarded several honorary degrees in recognition of his political career . These include : Location Date Institution Degree New York 21 May 2000 Adelphi University Doctor of Humane Letters ( DHL ) New York 2 June 2002 New York Law School Doctor of Laws ( LL. D ) New York May 2004 Pace University Doctor of Humane Letters ( DHL ) New York 2007 Touro Law Center Juris Doctor ( JD ) New York 2015 Brooklyn Law School Doctor of Laws ( LL. D ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . See also ( edit ) List of Jewish members of the United States Congress References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Leadership - Senate Democrats '' . senate.gov . March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Democrats , Republicans reelect Senate leaders -- Scott Wong . Politico.Com . Retrieved on August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chuck Schumer Wins 4th Term in Senate Vivian Yee . New York Times . November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schumer is next top Senate Democrat , adds Sanders to leadership ranks Ed O'Keefe and Mike DeBonis . Washington Post . November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` schumer '' . Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McAuliff , Michael ( September 5 , 2012 ) . `` Chuck Schumer Casts Mitt Romney As Middle Class Exterminator At 2012 Democratic Convention '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wong , Queenie ( July 14 , 2009 ) . `` 10 Things You Did n't Know About Chuck Schumer '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved December 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Zinoman , Jason ( April 18 , 2013 ) . `` Amy Schumer , Funny Girl '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 ... Ms. Schumer , who said she is second cousin to Senator Charles E. Schumer of New York . Jump up ^ Molyneaux , Libby ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` MAKE US LAUGH , FUNNY GIRL ! AMY SCHUMER '' . LA Weekly . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . He is not my uncle , he is my dad 's cousin , I do n't even think they are first cousins . Jump up ^ `` Sen. Schumer enlists famous cousin Amy to pitch guns bill '' . Jump up ^ Kornbluh , Jacob ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Schumer Promises to Protect Jewish Way of Life '' . Jewish Insider . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sam Roberts , The New York Times , For Schumer , a Chance to Relive a 1960s Quiz Show , March 5 , 2007 . Retrieved March 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` College and Law School ( 1968 -- 1974 ) '' . United States Senate . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2008 . Retrieved July 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bruni , Frank ( October 26 , 1998 ) . `` For Schumer , a Decades - Long Drive Toward a Quest for the Senate '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 18 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Times , Richard L. Berke , Special To The New York ( April 7 , 1991 ) . `` Washington at Work ; Side by Side by Solarz and Schumer : A Rivalry '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chuck Schumer '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2008 . Retrieved April 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Schumer , Charlie Ellis ( Chuck ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved April 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` About Chuck : Timeline '' . Senator Chuck Schumer . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2008 . Retrieved April 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Steve Solarz ( 1940 -- 2010 ) and the Making of Senator Schumer , Politico ( November 30 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ Neil A. Lewis ( August 3 , 1995 ) . `` In Waco Hearings , Parties Undergo a Role Reversal '' . nytimes.com . Jump up ^ `` House Investigators Visit Texas To Prepare for Waco Hearings '' . nytimes.com . June 28 , 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Elections 98 : U.S. Senate Results by State '' . Fec.gov . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Senate hopeful claims GOP bosses snubbed him '' . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2004 . Retrieved 2004 - 08 - 07 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Albany Times - Union , February 25 , 2004 . ^ Jump up to : `` Major Parties to Anoint their Senate Combatants '' . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2004 . Retrieved 2004 - 10 - 27 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Humbert , Mark . Associated Press , May 15 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Survey USA '' . Survey USA . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Two Former Aides Run For Office , One Gets a Schumer Endorsement '' . Jump up ^ Paybarah , Azi ( July 6 , 2011 ) . `` Queens Backs Simanowitz and Goldfeder for Assembly Races '' . The New York Observer Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pareene , Alex ( March 29 , 2011 ) Chuck Schumer inadvertently reveals spin Archived April 1 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Salon.com Jump up ^ Harnden , Toby ( January 14 , 2010 ) The most influential US liberals : 40 - 21 , The Daily Telegraph Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved October 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McCain , Obama , the complete Al Smith dinner transcripts . `` McCain , Obama , the complete Al Smith dinner transcripts KansasCity.com Prime Buzz '' . Primebuzz.kcstar.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Obama Al Smith Transcript - Baarack Obama Comedy Speech Transcript - About.com '' . Politicalhumor.about.com . October 16 , 2008 . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mom , Drunk . `` Obama , McCain comedy riffs ; Obama middle name really `` Steve '' Transcripts -- Lynn Sweet `` . Blogs.suntimes.com . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2010 . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schumer routs Senate foes Archived July 16 , 2012 , at Archive.is , news.neilrogers.com Archived January 21 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Hardest Job In New York Goes To ... Jump up ^ `` Videos about schumer - The Daily Show with Jon Stewart - Comedy Central '' . cc.com . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chuck 's wagon rolls -- Crain 's New York Business '' . Crainsnewyork.com . November 22 , 2009 . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Today in Washington : The chatter about Sen. Chuck Schumer '' . Syracuse.com . January 22 , 2013 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Evolution of the Chuck Schumer Inauguration Photobomb Meme '' . TheAtlanticWire.com . January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Let 's all toast the comedic star of the inauguration : Chuck Schumer '' . msn.com . January 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sen. Charles Schumer is seen and heard throughout the Inauguration of President Barack Obama '' . New York : NYDailyNews.com . January 22 , 2013 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Evolution of the Chuck Schumer Inauguration Photobomb Meme '' . yahoo.com . January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hartsell , Carol ( January 21 , 2013 ) . `` Chuck Schumer Photobombs The Oath Of Office ( PHOTO ) '' . HuffingtonPost.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Schumer completes tour of state 's 62 counties : City of Buffalo '' . The Buffalo News . December 30 , 2009 . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Schumer sharing success '' . Archive.recordonline.com . February 20 , 2006 . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Schumer vows to fight Aqua New York 's proposed rate hike '' . Newsday.com . November 23 , 2009 . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Colvin , Jill ( November 30 , 2009 ) . `` Sen. Schumer rips Adidas for outsourcing of NBA jerseys '' . New York : Nydailynews.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Schumer Story Page '' . Usatoday.Com . June 16 , 2009 . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rhett , Joshua ( November 24 , 2009 ) . `` Adidas Might Slam Dunk Nearly 100 American Workers in NBA Uniform Change '' . FOXNews.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Schumer : Shift stimulus money for roads near Canon '' . Newsday.com . July 20 , 2009 . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Doyle Murphy . `` West Point union jobs saved '' . recordonline.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Committee Assignments of the 115th Congress '' . www.senate.gov . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Steinhauer ; Jonathan Weissman ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Chuck Schumer Opposes Iran Nuclear Deal , Shaking Democratic Firewall '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Haskell , Peter ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Sources : White House May Be Out To Injure Sen. Schumer For Iran Nuke Pact Stance '' . CBS New York . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Max ( August 19 , 2015 ) . `` Iran deal opponents now have their `` death panels '' lie , and it 's a whopper `` . Jump up ^ Roberts , Dan . `` White House warns Chuck Schumer : disapprove of Iran deal at your own peril '' . Jump up ^ U.S. Senate : Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote . Senate.gov . Retrieved on August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote '' . Senate.gov . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pear , Robert ( May 5 , 2009 ) . `` Schumer Offers Middle Ground on Health Care '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Governator Reprises His Role as a Villain , which he is , Wins Top Honors Field & Stream '' . Fieldandstream.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Anonymous ( November 30 , 2009 ) . `` Schumer proposes hunter tax break -- Utica , NY -- The Observer - Dispatch '' . Uticaod.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chuck Schumer says he 's not armed ( updated ) -- Monday , October 25 , 2010 -- Albany Times Union , Capitol Confidential '' . federalobserver.com . Jump up ^ `` OnTheIssuesLogo Charles Schumer on Abortion '' . OnTheIssues . Jump up ^ Deger , Allison . `` ' Pro-Life ? Pro-Israel ? ' : Israeli anti-abortion organization reaches out for US support to fight demographic war in the Jewish state '' . Mondo Weiss . Jump up ^ Egbert , Bill ( December 7 , 2009 ) . `` Sen. Schumer rips banks ' ' double - dipping ' on ATM fees '' . New York : Nydailynews.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Schumer to introduce BPA bill '' . Abclocal.go.com. April 18 , 2008 . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Layton , Lyndsey ; Lee , Christopher ( April 19 , 2008 ) . `` Canada Bans BPA From Baby Bottles '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Press release -- Charles E. Schumer Senate webpage '' . Sen. Charles E. Schumer . January 13 , 2010 . Retrieved August 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Schumer : Feds to crack down on phony flu products News from The Post-Standard '' . Syracuse.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dick Blume / The Post-Standard . `` Schumer pushes for new college tuition tax credit while visiting Syracuse University News from The Post-Standard '' . Syracuse.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` themiddleclass.org '' . drummajorinstitute.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Charles E. Schumer ( D-N. Y . ) Chairman , Democratic Policy Committee ( since January 1999 ) '' . WhoRunsGov . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Tom ( April 8 , 2009 ) . `` NY City transit , ports to get $200 mln in security funds '' . Reuters . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` News -- Schumer : New York to Get $18 M in Security Funding '' . WNYC . January 22 , 2010 . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Schumer , Boehlert , vow to fight Bush 's FIRE grant restrictions '' . AuburnPub.com . February 10 , 2005 . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ John Doherty . `` Schumer lobbies for Maybrook FD '' . recordonline.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ NEIL A. LEWIS ( April 21 , 1995 ) . `` TERROR IN OKLAHOMA : IN CONGRESS ; Anti-Terrorism Bill : Blast Turns a Snail Into a Race Horse '' . NY Times . Retrieved May 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2006 . Retrieved January 4 , 2006 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Hentoff , Nat ( November 26 , 2006 ) . `` What the Democrats Must Do '' . The Village Voice . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2008 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese Currency Stirs Debate in U.S. Congress '' . NPR. April 17 , 2006 . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schumer , Chuck ( June 3 , 2008 ) . `` Russia Can Be Part of the Answer on Iran '' . Wall Street Journal . pp. A19 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Central and East European Coalition . `` Dear Senator Schumer '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 10 , 2008 . Retrieved August 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New York Post '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ Wong , Scott . `` Schumer calls Putin a ' school - yard bully ' '' . POLITICO . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Schumer demands congressional inquiry on Russian meddling '' , Burgess Everett , Seung Min Kim . Politico . December 10 , 2016 . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Schumer : Trump ' really dumb ' for attacking intelligence agencies '' , Mallory Shelbourne . January 3 , 2017 . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Schumer to introduce legislation aimed at checking Trump on Russia sanctions '' , Sean Sullivan . Washington Post . January 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 Jump up ^ http://clerk.house.gov/evs/1996/roll316.xml Jump up ^ `` Charles Schumer on Civil Rights '' . On The Issues . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Schumer Declares His Support for Same - Sex Marriages '' . The New York Times . March 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Katz , Celeste ( March 23 , 2009 ) . `` Schumer Comes Out For Gay Marriage ( Updated ) '' . New York : Nydailynews.com . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Peters , Jeremy W. ( December 4 , 2009 ) . `` Paterson Sidelined in Push for Same - Sex Marriage '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rachel Weiner , Immigration 's Gang of 8 : Who are they ? , Washington Post ( January 28 , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ David Nakamura & Ed O'Keefe , Timeline : The rise and fall of immigration reform , Washington Post ( June 26 , 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Foley , Elise ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` Chuck Schumer Plans To Kill Arizona Immigration Law If Supreme Court Backs SB 1070 '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` How the senators voted on impeachment '' . CNN . February 12 , 1999 . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MTP Transcript for Mar. 18 , 2007 '' . MSNBC.com . March 18 , 2007 . Retrieved April 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript : Pennsylvania Senator Arlen Specter on ' FNS ' '' . Fox News . March 19 , 2007 . Retrieved April 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript : Newt Gingrich , Senator Charles Schumer on ' FNS ' '' . Fox News . April 8 , 2007 . Retrieved April 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Zachary . `` March 11 : Schumer calls on Gonzales to resign -- The Talk '' . Blog.washingtonpost.com . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2011 . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 13 maart 2007 ( March 13 , 2007 ) . `` YouTube -- Schumer Calls For Gonzales ' Resignation '' . Youtube.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube -- Schumer 4 '' . Youtube.com. April 19 , 2007 . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bush attorney general nominee gets key Democratic support '' . CNN . November 2 , 2007 . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ A Vote for Justice -- New York Times Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2008 . Retrieved September 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Poirier , John ( March 19 , 2007 ) . `` Top five US subprime lenders asked to testify - Dodd '' . Reuters . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Schumer Offers Bill To Regulate Mortgage Brokers '' . Consumeraffairs.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sen. Charles E Schumer '' . opensecrets.org . Jump up ^ `` US bank IndyMac seized amid intensifying crisis '' . AFP . July 13 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2008 . Retrieved July 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Word - Final Report - IndyMac MLR _2 - 26 - 2009_. doc '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 19 , 2009 . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Damian Paletta ; David Enrich ( July 12 , 2008 ) . `` Crisis Deepens as Big Bank Fails '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Treasury 's Watchdog Reviewing Backdating of Capital at Thrifts '' . Bloomberg.com . March 27 , 2009 . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sarah Lueck ( July 14 , 2008 ) . `` Schumer Deflects Blame to IndyMac , Regulator '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Schumer : Do n't blame me for IndyMac failure '' . CNN.com . July 13 , 2008 . Retrieved July 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jerry Bowyer ( July 12 , 2008 ) . `` How Chuck Schumer Caused the Second Largest Bank Failure in US History '' . CNBC.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` IndyMac bank crisis signals new takeover era '' . The Seattle Times . July 14 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2008 . Retrieved July 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Susan ( October 18 , 2008 ) . `` Schumer Ripped IndyMac as Democratic Donors Probed Books '' . Online.wsj.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Appelbaum , Binyamin ; Nakashima , Ellen ( December 23 , 2008 ) . `` Regulator Let IndyMac Bank Falsify Report '' . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Irregularity Uncovered at IndyMac Jump up ^ `` Rush Limbaugh Program Transcript , Dec. 22 , 2008 '' . Rushlimbaugh.com . December 22 , 2008 . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chuck Schumer , Do n't Let Banks Become Casinos . New York Times , August 26 , 1987 , p . A23 . quote : `` Citing the pressures of rigorous worldwide competition in financial services , large American banks are pleading for the repeal of the Glass -- Steagall Act , a law that keeps banks out of the more volatile and risky world of securities transactions . Their entreaties should be resisted ... '' Jump up ^ New York Times , November 1 , 1999 , p 1 . Jump up ^ `` Charles E Schumer : Campaign Finance / Money -- Summary -- Senator 2010 '' . Center for Responsive Politics . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ERIC LIPTON and RAYMOND HERNANDEZ , A Champion of Wall Street Reaps Benefits , NY Times , December 13 , 2008 Jump up ^ Jonathan Weisman ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Plan to Curb U.S. Taxation of Overseas Profit Finds Bipartisan Support '' . NY Times . Retrieved August 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dave Johnson ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` Next Big One : Repatriation Tax Holiday Giveaway to Corporations '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved August 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Raymond Hernandez ; Stephen Labaton ( July 30 , 2007 ) . `` In Opposing Tax Plan , Schumer Breaks With Party '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Michael McAuliff ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` Schumer : Hedge Fund Tax Wo n't Hurt NYC '' . NYDailyNews.com . New York . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2012 . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The President 's Budget for Fiscal Year 2013 at 02 : 03 : 20 United States Senate Committee on Finance February 14 , 2012 Jump up ^ Wolf , Brett , `` Senators seek crackdown on ' Bitcoin ' currency '' , Reuters , June 8 , 2011 11 : 17am EDT . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Senators Charles Schumer , Joe Manchin discuss targeting bitcoin ... '' Archived May 13 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , hammeroftruth.com , June 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bill Summary & Status 112th Congress ( 2011 -- 2012 ) , `` S. 968 Cosponsors , '' Bill Summary & Status Jump up ^ Protesters take anti-SOPA campaign to Manhattan offices of Schumer and Gillibrand ; ' The future of the NY tech community is in jeopardy , ' the group states By Rolando Pujol , New York Daily News , January 18 , 2012 Jump up ^ Geeks Converge on NYC to Protest Anti-Piracy Bills ; Thousands ditched their computers to protest anti-piracy bills outside the offices of New York senators Wednesday . Brian Ries reports on the fight for the future of the Internet . By Brian Ries , The Daily Beast , January 18 , 2012 Jump up ^ Manhattan SOPA / PIPA Protest Blankets Block Fronting NY Senators ' Offices Archived January 20 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Carole Ditosti , Technorati , January 18 , 2012 Jump up ^ AP ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` Senators push for Facebook password request probe '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gowanda to receive $700 K in FEMA funding , The Post-Journal , Jamestown , NY : The Post Journal , January 31 , 2014 , Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Over $700 K going to Gowanda , The Observer , Dunkirk , NY , January 31 , 2014 , Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ramsey Cox ; Alexander Bolton ( April 9 , 2014 ) . `` Senate GOP blocks paycheck bill '' . The Hill . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schumer Says It ' Makes Sense ' To ' Strangle ( Gaza ) Economically ' Until It Votes The Way Israel Wants . ThinkProgress ( June 11 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Huffington Post , http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/06/11/chuck-schumer-on-gaza-str_n_609594.html Jump up ^ Think Progress , http://thinkprogress.org/2010/06/11/schumer-strangle-gaza-economically/ Jump up ^ Senator Schumer speaks to the Orthodox Union . YouTube . June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tripti Lahiri ( August 13 , 2010 ) . `` Sorry , Infosys Is a ' Body Shop ' '' . Wall Street Journal . ^ Jump up to : Narayan Lakshman ( August 11 , 2010 ) . `` ' Chop - shop ' remark causes outrage '' . Chennai , India : The Hindu . Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Exploring New York By Bike '' . The Huffington Post . June 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` What Happens When Senator Chuck Schumer Does n't Like the New Bike Lane ? '' . Streetsblog . February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ NYC DOT -- Prospect Park West Bicycle Path . Nyc.gov . Retrieved on August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seifman , David ( February 6 , 2011 ) . `` Not in Chuck 's back yard ! '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ O&Apos , Natalie ( February 15 , 2011 ) . `` Here it comes -- the inevitable Prospect Park West bike lane lawsuit ! '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ `` In Anti-Bike Lane Case , Gibson Dunn Strays From Pro Bono Standards - Streetsblog New York City '' . streetsblog.org . Jump up ^ Cella , Matthew ( September 21 , 2005 ) . `` Democrats got Steele 's credit report '' . Washington Times . Retrieved September 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Wagner , John ( March 25 , 2006 ) . `` Democrat Pleads Guilty in Steele Case '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagner , John ( March 16 , 2006 ) . `` Researcher Will Face Charges in Steele Case '' . Washington Post . pp. B04 . Retrieved September 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Ed ; DeBonis , Mike ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` Chuck Schumer elected to succeed Harry Reid as Senate minority leader - The Boston Globe '' . BostonGlobe.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PositivelyAmericanBook.com '' . Jump up ^ Photo from Senate bio . Retrieved January 26 , 2007 . Archived December 27 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2006 . Retrieved October 9 , 2005 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Staff The White House '' . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2015 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 2 , 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Clerk.house.gov . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New York Election Results '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` New York State Official Election Night Results '' ( PDF ) . New York Board of Elections . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://commencement.adelphi.edu/honorary-degrees/ Jump up ^ http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/senator-charles-schumer-to-address-graduates-at-new-york-law-schools-110th-commencement-june-2-77684262.html Jump up ^ https://www.pace.edu/sites/default/files/files/HDR-listings-1954-2015.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.touro.edu/news/archive/touro-law-center-celebrates-building-dedication.php Jump up ^ https://www.brooklaw.edu/newsandevents/news/2015/04-30-2015?cat= Further reading ( edit ) Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Profile at Project Vote Smart Financial information ( federal office ) at the Federal Election Commission Legislation sponsored at the Library of Congress External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Chuck Schumer Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charles Schumer . Wikisource has original works written by or about : Charles Ellis Schumer Senator Charles E. Schumer official U.S. Senate site Chuck Schumer for Senate Chuck Schumer at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Articles Senator Chuck Schumer interview from Fresh Air from WHYY at NPR , January 30 , 2007 Sound of one man voting : Chuck 's ' voice ' OKs border bill , Richard Sisk , New York Daily News August 12 , 2010 New York Assembly Preceded by Stephen J. Solarz Member of the New York Assembly from the 45th district 1975 -- 1980 Succeeded by Daniel L. Feldman U.S. House of Representatives Preceded by Elizabeth Holtzman Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York 's 16th congressional district 1981 -- 1983 Succeeded by Charlie Rangel Preceded by Mario Biaggi Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York 's 10th congressional district 1983 -- 1993 Succeeded by Edolphus Towns Preceded by Thomas Manton Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York 's 9th congressional district 1993 -- 1999 Succeeded by Anthony Weiner Party political offices Preceded by Robert Abrams Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from New York ( Class 3 ) 1998 , 2004 , 2010 , 2016 Most recent Preceded by Jon Corzine Chair of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee 2005 -- 2009 Succeeded by Bob Menendez New office Vice Chair of the Senate Democratic Conference 2007 -- 2017 Succeeded by Mark Warner Succeeded by Elizabeth Warren Preceded by Byron Dorgan Chair of the Senate Democratic Policy Committee 2011 -- 2017 Succeeded by Debbie Stabenow Preceded by Harry Reid Senate Democratic Leader ( Chair of the Senate Democratic Conference ) 2017 -- present Incumbent U.S. Senate Preceded by Al D'Amato United States Senator ( Class 3 ) from New York 1999 -- present Served alongside : Pat Moynihan , Hillary Clinton , Kirsten Gillibrand Incumbent Preceded by Jim Saxton Chair of the Joint Economic Committee 2007 -- 2009 Succeeded by Carolyn Maloney Preceded by Dianne Feinstein Chair of the Senate Rules Committee 2009 -- 2015 Succeeded by Roy Blunt Preceded by Bob Brady Chair of the Joint Printing Committee 2009 -- 2015 Succeeded by Gregg Harper Chair of the Joint Library Committee 2011 -- 2013 Preceded by Dianne Feinstein Chair of the Joint Inaugural Ceremonies Committee 2012 -- 2013 Succeeded by Roy Blunt Preceded by Pat Roberts Ranking Member of the Senate Rules Committee 2015 -- 2017 Succeeded by Amy Klobuchar Preceded by Harry Reid Senate Minority Leader 2017 -- present Incumbent Current U.S. order of precedence ( ceremonial ) Preceded by Mike Enzi United States Senators by seniority 16th Succeeded by Mike Crapo Links to related articles New York 's current delegation to the United States Congress Senators Charles E. 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"Charles Ellis Schumer (/ˈʃuːmər/; born November 23, 1950) is an American politician of the Democratic Party serving as the senior United States Senator from New York, a seat he was first elected to in 1998. Since 2017 he also is the Senate Minority Leader. He first defeated three-term Republican incumbent Al D'Amato 55% to 44% before being reelected in 2004 with 71% of the vote, in 2010 with 66% of the vote, and in 2016 with 70% of the vote."
] | [
"Charles Ellis Schumer"
] |
2646381048015168373 | Civil rights movement | Civil rights movement - Wikipedia Civil rights movement This article is about the movement for equal rights for African - Americans in the United States between 1954 and 1964 . For other uses , see Civil rights movement ( disambiguation ) . Civil rights movement The March on Washington participants and leaders marching from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial Date 1954 -- 1968 Location United States Resulted in Rulings by federal judiciary : `` Separate but equal '' doctrine overturned by Brown v. Board of Education ( 1954 ) Bus segregation ruled unconstitutional by Browder v. Gayle ( 1956 ) Interracial marriages legalized by Loving v. Virginia ( 1967 ) Passage of federal laws : Civil Rights Act of 1957 Civil Rights Act of 1960 Civil Rights Act of 1964 Voting Rights Act of 1965 Civil Rights Act of 1968 ( Fair Housing Act ) Ratification of a federal constitutional amendment : 24th Amendment ( 1964 ) Formation of federal agencies : Civil Rights Division within US Department of Justice ( 1957 ) US Commission on Civil Rights ( 1957 ) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( 1965 ) Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity within US Department of Housing and Urban Development ( 1968 ) The civil rights movement ( also known as the African - American civil rights movement , American civil rights movement and other terms ) was a decades - long movement with the goal of securing legal rights for African Americans that other Americans already held . With roots starting in the Reconstruction era during the late 19th century , the movement resulted in the largest legislative impacts after the direct actions and grassroots protests organized from the mid-1950s until 1968 . Encompassing strategies , various groups , and organized social movements to accomplish the goals of ending legalized racial segregation and discrimination in the United States , the movement , using major nonviolent campaigns , eventually secured new recognition in federal law and federal protection of all Americans . After the American Civil War and the abolition of slavery in the 1860s , the Reconstruction Amendments to the United States Constitution sought to secure the rights of African Americans . While for a short time , African Americans voted and held political office , they were soon deprived of civil rights , often under Jim Crow laws , and subjected to discrimination and sustained violence . Over the following century , various efforts were made by African Americans to secure their legal rights . Between 1955 and 1968 , acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations and productive dialogues between activists and government authorities . Federal , state , and local governments , businesses , and communities often had to respond immediately to these situations , which highlighted the inequities faced by African Americans . The lynching of Emmett Till and the visceral response to his mother 's decision to have an open - casket funeral mobilized the African - American community nationwide . Forms of protest and / or civil disobedience included boycotts such as the successful Montgomery Bus Boycott ( 1955 -- 56 ) in Alabama ; `` sit - ins '' such as the influential Greensboro sit - ins ( 1960 ) in North Carolina and successful Nashville sit - ins in Tennessee ; marches , such as the 1963 Birmingham Children 's Crusade and 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches ( 1965 ) in Alabama ; and a wide range of other nonviolent activities . Moderates in the movement worked with Congress to achieve the passage of several significant pieces of federal legislation overturning discriminatory practices . The Civil Rights Act of 1964 expressly banned discrimination based on race , color , religion , sex , or national origin in employment practices ; ended unequal application of voter registration requirements ; and prohibited racial segregation in schools , at the workplace , and in public accommodations . The Voting Rights Act of 1965 restored and protected voting rights for minorities by authorizing federal oversight of registration and elections in areas with a historic under - representation of minorities as voters . The Fair Housing Act of 1968 banned discrimination in the sale or rental of housing . African Americans re-entered politics in the South , and across the country young people were inspired to take action . From 1964 through 1970 , a wave of inner - city riots in black communities undercut support from the white middle class , but increased support from private foundations . The emergence of the Black Power movement , which lasted from about 1965 to 1975 , challenged the established black leadership for its cooperative attitude and its practice of nonviolence , and instead demanding that , in addition to the new laws gained through the nonviolent movement , political and economic self - sufficiency be built in the black community . Many popular representations of the movement are centered on the charismatic leadership and philosophy of Martin Luther King Jr. , who won the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize for his role in the movement . However , some scholars note that the movement was too diverse to be credited to any one person , organization , or strategy . Contents 1 Background 2 The beginnings of direct action ( 1950s ) 3 History 3.1 Brown v. Board of Education , 1954 3.2 Emmett Till 's murder , 1955 3.3 Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott , 1955 -- 1956 3.4 Desegregating Little Rock Central High School , 1957 3.5 The method of Nonviolence and Nonviolence Training 3.6 Robert F. Williams and the debate on nonviolence , 1959 -- 1964 3.7 Sit - ins , 1958 -- 1960 3.8 Freedom Rides , 1961 3.9 Voter registration organizing 3.10 Integration of Mississippi universities , 1956 -- 1965 3.11 Albany Movement , 1961 -- 62 3.12 Birmingham campaign , 1963 3.13 `` Rising tide of discontent '' and Kennedy 's response , 1963 3.14 March on Washington , 1963 3.15 Malcolm X joins the movement , 1964 -- 1965 3.16 St. Augustine , Florida , 1963 -- 64 3.17 Freedom Summer , 1964 3.18 Civil Rights Act of 1964 3.19 Harlem riot of 1964 3.20 Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party , 1964 3.21 Selma Voting Rights Movement 3.22 Voting Rights Act , 1965 3.23 Watts riot of 1965 3.24 Fair housing movements , 1966 -- 1968 3.25 Nationwide riots of 1967 3.26 Memphis , King assassination and the Poor People 's March 1968 3.27 Civil Rights Act of 1968 4 Movements , politics , and white reactions 4.1 Grassroots leadership 4.2 Black power ( 1966 -- 1968 ) 4.3 Black conservatism 4.4 Avoiding the `` Communist '' label 4.5 Kennedy administration , 1961 -- 1963 4.6 American Jewish community and the civil rights movement 4.6. 1 Profile 4.7 White backlash 4.8 African - American women in the movement 4.8. 1 Discrimination 5 Johnson administration : 1963 -- 1968 6 Prison reform 6.1 Gates v. Collier 7 Cold War 8 In popular culture 9 Activist organizations 10 Individual activists 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 Further reading 15.1 Historiography and memory 15.2 Autobiographies and memoirs 16 External links Background ( edit ) Further information : Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era , Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , and Jim Crow laws Before the American Civil War , almost four million blacks were enslaved in the South , only white men of property could vote , and the Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U.S. citizenship to whites only . Following the Civil War , three constitutional amendments were passed , including the 13th Amendment ( 1865 ) that ended slavery ; the 14th Amendment ( 1868 ) that gave African - Americans citizenship , adding their total population of four million to the official population of southern states for Congressional apportionment ; and the 15th Amendment ( 1870 ) that gave African - American males the right to vote ( only males could vote in the U.S. at the time ) . From 1865 to 1877 , the United States underwent a turbulent Reconstruction Era trying to establish free labor and civil rights of freedmen in the South after the end of slavery . Many whites resisted the social changes , leading to insurgent movements such as the Ku Klux Klan , whose members attacked black and white Republicans to maintain white supremacy . In 1871 , President Ulysses S. Grant , the U.S. Army , and U.S. Attorney General Amos T. Akerman , initiated a campaign to repress the KKK under the Enforcement Acts . Some states were reluctant to enforce the federal measures of the act ; by the early 1870s , other white supremacist and paramilitary groups arose that violently opposed African - American legal equality and suffrage . However , if the states failed to implement the acts , the laws allowed the Federal Government to get involved . Many Republican governors were afraid of sending black militia troops to fight the Klan for fear of war . After the disputed election of 1876 resulted in the end of Reconstruction and federal troops were withdrawn , whites in the South regained political control of the region 's state legislatures by the end of the century , after having intimidated and violently attacked blacks before and during elections . From 1890 to 1908 , southern states passed new constitutions and laws to disenfranchise African Americans and many poor whites by creating barriers to voter registration ; voting rolls were dramatically reduced as blacks and poor whites were forced out of electoral politics . After the landmark court case of Smith v. Allwright progress was made in increasing black political participation in the Rim South and Acadiana -- although almost entirely in urban areas and a few rural localities where most blacks worked outside plantations . The status quo ante of excluding African Americans from the political system lasted in the remainder of the South , especially North Louisiana , Mississippi and Alabama , until national civil rights legislation was passed in the mid-1960s to provide federal enforcement of constitutional voting rights . For more than sixty years , blacks in the South were not able to elect anyone to represent their interests in Congress or local government . Since they could not vote , they could not serve on local juries . The mob - style lynching of Will James , Cairo , Illinois , 1909 During this period , the white - dominated Democratic Party maintained political control of the South . With whites controlling all the seats representing the total population of the South , they had a powerful voting block in Congress . The Republican Party -- the `` party of Lincoln '' and the party to which most blacks had belonged -- shrank to insignificance as black voter registration was suppressed except in remote Unionist areas of Appalachia and the Ozarks . Until 1965 , the `` Solid South '' was a one - party system under the Democrats , and excepting previously - noted historic Unionist strongholds the Democratic Party nomination was tantamount to election for state and local office . In 1901 , President Theodore Roosevelt invited Booker T. Washington to dine at the White House , making him the first African American to attend an official dinner there . `` The invitation was roundly criticized by southern politicians and newspapers . '' Washington persuaded the president to appoint more blacks to federal posts in the South and to try to boost African - American leadership in state Republican organizations . However , this was resisted by both white Democrats and white Republicans as an unwanted federal intrusion into state politics . Lynching victim Will Brown who was mutilated and burned during the Omaha , Nebraska race riot of 1919 . Postcards and photographs of lynchings were popular souvenirs in the U.S. During the same time as African Americans were being disenfranchised , white southerners imposed racial segregation by law . Violence against blacks increased , with numerous lynchings through the turn of the century . The system of de jure state - sanctioned racial discrimination and oppression that emerged from the post-Reconstruction South became known as the `` Jim Crow '' system . The United States Supreme Court , made up almost entirely of Northerners , upheld the constitutionality of those state laws that required racial segregation in public facilities in its 1896 decision Plessy v. Ferguson , legitimizing them through the `` separate but equal '' doctrine . Segregation , which began with slavery , continued with Jim Crow laws , with signs used to show blacks where they could legally walk , talk , drink , rest , or eat . For those places that were racially mixed , non-whites had to wait until all white customers were dealt with . Elected in 1912 , President Woodrow Wilson ordered segregation throughout the federal government . Segregation remained intact into the mid-1950s when many states began to gradually integrate their schools following the unanimous Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson . The early 20th century is a period often referred to as the `` nadir of American race relations '' . While tensions and civil rights violations were most intense in the South , social discrimination affected African Americans in other regions as well . At the national level , the Southern bloc controlled important committees in Congress , defeated passage of laws against lynching , and exercised considerable power beyond the number of whites in the South . Characteristics of the post-Reconstruction period : Racial segregation . By law , public facilities and government services such as education were divided into separate `` white '' and `` colored '' domains . Characteristically , those for colored were underfunded and of inferior quality . Disenfranchisement . When white Democrats regained power , they passed laws that made voter registration more restrictive , essentially forcing black voters off the voting rolls . The number of African - American voters dropped dramatically , and they were no longer able to elect representatives . From 1890 to 1908 , Southern states of the former Confederacy created constitutions with provisions that disfranchised tens of thousands of African Americans , and U.S. states such as Alabama disenfranchised poor whites as well . Exploitation . Increased economic oppression of blacks through the convict lease system , Latinos , and Asians , denial of economic opportunities , and widespread employment discrimination . Violence . Individual , police , paramilitary , organizational , and mob racial violence against blacks ( and Latinos in the Southwest and Asians in California ) . KKK night rally in Chicago , c. 1920 African Americans and other ethnic minorities rejected this regime . They resisted it in numerous ways and sought better opportunities through lawsuits , new organizations , political redress , and labor organizing ( see the African - American civil rights movement ( 1896 -- 1954 ) ) . The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) was founded in 1909 . It fought to end race discrimination through litigation , education , and lobbying efforts . Its crowning achievement was its legal victory in the Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 when the Court rejected separate white and colored school systems and , by implication , overturned the `` separate but equal '' doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson of 1896 . The integration of Southern public libraries involved many of the same characteristics seen in the larger civil rights movement . This includes sit - ins , beatings , and white resistance . For example , in 1963 in the city of Anniston , Alabama , two black ministers were brutally beaten for attempting to integrate the public library . Though there was resistance and violence , the integration of libraries was generally quicker than the integration of other public institutions . Colored Sailors room in World War I The situation for blacks outside the South was somewhat better ( in most states they could vote and have their children educated , though they still faced discrimination in housing and jobs ) . From 1910 to 1970 , African Americans sought better lives by migrating north and west out of the South . Nearly seven million blacks left the South in what was known as the Great Migration . So many people migrated that the demographics of some previously black - majority states changed to white majority ( in combination with other developments ) . The rapid influx of blacks disturbed the racial balance within Northern cities , exacerbating hostility between both black and white Northerners . The Red Summer of 1919 was marked by hundreds of deaths and higher casualties across the U.S. as a result of race riots that occurred in more than three dozen cities , such as the Chicago race riot of 1919 and the Omaha race riot of 1919 . Stereotypic schemas of Southern blacks were used to attribute issues in urban areas , such as crime and disease , to the presence of African - Americans . Overall , African Americans in Northern cities experienced systemic discrimination in a plethora of aspects of life . Within employment , economic opportunities for blacks were routed to the lowest - status and restrictive in potential mobility . Within the housing market , stronger discriminatory measures were used in correlation to the influx , resulting in a mix of `` targeted violence , restrictive covenants , redlining and racial steering '' . The increased urbanism brought about by the great migration also began to lead to a realignment among African American 's from Republican to Democrat , which was later sealed by the New Deal during the Great Depression in the 1930 's . Substantially , under pressure from African American supporters who began the March on Washington Movement , President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued the first federal order banning discrimination and created the Fair Employment Practice Committee . Black veterans of the military after both World Wars pressed for full civil rights and often led activist movements . In 1948 , they gained integration in the military under President Harry Truman , who issued Executive Order 9981 to accomplish it . White tenants seeking to prevent blacks from moving into the housing project erected this sign , Detroit , 1942 . Housing segregation was a nationwide problem , persistent well outside the South . Although the federal government had become increasingly involved in mortgage lending and development in the 1930s and 1940s , it did not reject the use of race - restrictive covenants until 1950 . Suburbanization was already connected with white flight by this time , a situation perpetuated by real estate agents ' continuing discrimination . In particular , from the 1930s to the 1960s the National Association of Real Estate Boards ( NAREB ) issued guidelines that specified that a realtor `` should never be instrumental in introducing to a neighborhood a character or property or occupancy , members of any race or nationality , or any individual whose presence will be clearly detrimental to property values in a neighborhood . '' The result was the creation of all - black ghettos in the North as well as South . Invigorated by the victory of Brown and frustrated by the lack of immediate practical effect , private citizens increasingly rejected gradualist , legalistic approaches as the primary tool to bring about desegregation . They were faced with `` massive resistance '' in the South by proponents of racial segregation and voter suppression . In defiance , African - American activists adopted a combined strategy of direct action , nonviolence , nonviolent resistance , and many events described as civil disobedience , giving rise to the civil rights movement of 1954 to 1968 . The beginnings of direct action ( 1950s ) ( edit ) The strategy of public education , legislative lobbying , and litigation that had typified the civil rights movement during the first half of the 20th century broadened after Brown to a strategy that emphasized `` direct action '' : boycotts , sit - ins , Freedom Rides , marches or walks , and similar tactics that relied on mass mobilization , nonviolent resistance , standing in line , and , at times , civil disobedience . Churches , local grassroots organizations , fraternal societies , and black - owned businesses mobilized volunteers to participate in broad - based actions . This was a more direct and potentially more rapid means of creating change than the traditional approach of mounting court challenges used by the NAACP and others . In 1952 , the Regional Council of Negro Leadership ( RCNL ) , led by T.R.M. Howard , a black surgeon , entrepreneur , and planter , organized a successful boycott of gas stations in Mississippi that refused to provide restrooms for blacks . Through the RCNL , Howard led campaigns to expose brutality by the Mississippi state highway patrol and to encourage blacks to make deposits in the black - owned Tri-State Bank of Nashville which , in turn , gave loans to civil rights activists who were victims of a `` credit squeeze '' by the White Citizens ' Councils . Although considered and rejected after Claudette Colvin 's arrest for not giving up her seat on a Montgomery , Alabama , bus in March 1955 , after Rosa Parks ' arrest in December Jo Ann Gibson - Robinson of the Montgomery Women 's Political Council put a long - considered Bus Boycott protest in motion . Late that night , she , John Cannon ( chairman of the Business Department at Alabama State University ) and others mimeographed and distributed thousands of leaflets calling for a boycott . The eventual success of the boycott made its spokesman Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. a nationally known figure . It also inspired other bus boycotts , such as the successful Tallahassee , Florida , boycott of 1956 -- 57 . In 1957 , Dr. King and Rev. Ralph Abernathy , the leaders of the Montgomery Improvement Association , joined with other church leaders who had led similar boycott efforts , such as Rev. C.K. Steele of Tallahassee and Rev. T.J. Jemison of Baton Rouge ; and other activists such as Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth , Ella Baker , A. Philip Randolph , Bayard Rustin and Stanley Levison , to form the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) . The SCLC , with its headquarters in Atlanta , Georgia , did not attempt to create a network of chapters as the NAACP did . It offered training and leadership assistance for local efforts to fight segregation . The headquarters organization raised funds , mostly from Northern sources , to support such campaigns . It made nonviolence both its central tenet and its primary method of confronting racism . In 1959 , Septima Clarke , Bernice Robinson , and Esau Jenkins , with the help of Myles Horton 's Highlander Folk School in Tennessee , began the first Citizenship Schools in South Carolina 's Sea Islands . They taught literacy to enable blacks to pass voting tests . The program was an enormous success and tripled the number of black voters on Johns Island . SCLC took over the program and duplicated its results elsewhere . History ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of the African - American civil rights movement Brown v. Board of Education , 1954 ( edit ) Main article : Brown v. Board of Education In the spring of 1951 , black students in Virginia protested their unequal status in the state 's segregated educational system . Students at Moton High School protested the overcrowded conditions and failing facility . Some local leaders of the NAACP had tried to persuade the students to back down from their protest against the Jim Crow laws of school segregation . When the students did not budge , the NAACP joined their battle against school segregation . The NAACP proceeded with five cases challenging the school systems ; these were later combined under what is known today as Brown v. Board of Education . On May 17 , 1954 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled unanimously in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , Kansas , that mandating , or even permitting , public schools to be segregated by race was unconstitutional . The Court stated that the segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children . The impact is greater when it has the sanction of the law ; for the policy of separating the races is usually interpreted as denoting the inferiority of the Negro group . The lawyers from the NAACP had to gather plausible evidence in order to win the case of Brown vs. Board of Education . Their method of addressing the issue of school segregation was to enumerate several arguments . One pertained to having exposure to interracial contact in a school environment . It was argued that interracial contact would , in turn , help prepare children to live with the pressures that society exerts in regards to race and thereby afford them a better chance of living in a democracy . In addition , another argument emphasized how `` ' education ' comprehends the entire process of developing and training the mental , physical and moral powers and capabilities of human beings '' . Risa Goluboff wrote that the NAACP 's intention was to show the Courts that African American children were the victims of school segregation and their futures were at risk . The Court ruled that both Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) , which had established the `` separate but equal '' standard in general , and Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education ( 1899 ) , which had applied that standard to schools , were unconstitutional . The federal government filed a friend of the court brief in the case urging the justices to consider the effect that segregation had on America 's image in the Cold War . Secretary of State Dean Acheson was quoted in the brief stating that `` The United States is under constant attack in the foreign press , over the foreign radio , and in such international bodies as the United Nations because of various practices of discrimination in this country . '' The following year , in the case known as Brown II , the Court ordered segregation to be phased out over time , `` with all deliberate speed '' . Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , Kansas ( 1954 ) did not overturn Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) . Plessy v. Ferguson was segregation in transportation modes . Brown v. Board of Education dealt with segregation in education . Brown v. Board of Education did set in motion the future overturning of ' separate but equal ' . School integration , Barnard School , Washington , D.C. , 1955 On May 18 , 1954 , Greensboro , North Carolina , became the first city in the South to publicly announce that it would abide by the Supreme Court 's Brown v. Board of Education ruling . `` It is unthinkable , ' remarked School Board Superintendent Benjamin Smith , ' that we will try to ( override ) the laws of the United States . '' This positive reception for Brown , together with the appointment of African American Dr. David Jones to the school board in 1953 , convinced numerous white and black citizens that Greensboro was heading in a progressive direction . Integration in Greensboro occurred rather peacefully compared to the process in Southern states such as Alabama , Arkansas , and Virginia where `` massive resistance '' was practiced by top officials and throughout the states . In Virginia , some counties closed their public schools rather than integrate , and many white Christian private schools were founded to accommodate students who used to go to public schools . Even in Greensboro , much local resistance to desegregation continued , and in 1969 , the federal government found the city was not in compliance with the 1964 Civil Rights Act . Transition to a fully integrated school system did not begin until 1971 . Many Northern cities also had de facto segregation policies , which resulted in a vast gulf in educational resources between black and white communities . In Harlem , New York , for example , neither a single new school was built since the turn of the century , nor did a single nursery school exist -- even as the Second Great Migration was causing overcrowding . Existing schools tended to be dilapidated and staffed with inexperienced teachers . Brown helped stimulate activism among New York City parents like Mae Mallory who , with the support of the NAACP , initiated a successful lawsuit against the city and state on Brown 's principles . Mallory and thousands of other parents bolstered the pressure of the lawsuit with a school boycott in 1959 . During the boycott , some of the first freedom schools of the period were established . The city responded to the campaign by permitting more open transfers to high - quality , historically - white schools . ( New York 's African - American community , and Northern desegregation activists generally , now found themselves contending with the problem of white flight , however . ) Emmett Till 's murder , 1955 ( edit ) Main article : Emmett Till Emmett Till before and after the lynching on August 28 , 1955 . He was a fourteen - year - old boy in Chicago who went to spend the summer together with his uncle Moses Wright in Money , Mississippi , and was massacred by white men for allegedly whistling at Carolyn Bryant . Emmett Till , a 14 - year old African American from Chicago , visited his relatives in Money , Mississippi , for the summer . He allegedly had an interaction with a white woman , Carolyn Bryant , in a small grocery store that violated the norms of Mississippi culture , and Bryant 's husband Roy and his half - brother J.W. Milam brutally murdered young Emmett Till . They beat and mutilated him before shooting him in the head and sinking his body in the Tallahatchie River . Three days later , Till 's body was discovered and retrieved from the river . Mamie Till , Emmett 's Mother , `` brought him home to Chicago and insisted on an open casket . Tens of thousands filed past Till 's remains , but it was the publication of the searing funeral image in Jet , with a stoic Mamie gazing at her murdered child 's ravaged body , that forced the world to reckon with the brutality of American racism . '' Vann R. Newkirk wrote : `` The trial of his killers became a pageant illuminating the tyranny of white supremacy '' . The state of Mississippi tried two defendants , but they were speedily acquitted by an all - white jury . `` Emmett 's murder , '' historian Tim Tyson writes , `` would never have become a watershed historical moment without Mamie finding the strength to make her private grief a public matter . '' The visceral response to his mother 's decision to have an open - casket funeral mobilized the black community throughout the U.S. `` Young black people such as Julian Bond , Joyce Ladner and others who were born around the same time as Till were galvanized into action by the murder and trial . '' They often see themselves as the `` Emmett Till Generation . '' One hundred days after Emmett Till 's murder , Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on the bus in Alabama -- indeed , Parks told Mamie Till that `` the photograph of Emmett 's disfigured face in the casket was set in her mind when she refused to give up her seat on the Montgomery bus . '' Decades later , Bryant disclosed that she had fabricated her story in 1955 . Rosa Parks and the Montgomery bus boycott , 1955 -- 1956 ( edit ) Main articles : Rosa Parks and Montgomery Bus Boycott Rosa Parks being fingerprinted by Deputy Sheriff D.H. Lackey after being arrested for not giving up her seat on a bus to a white person On December 1 , 1955 , nine months after a 15 - year - old high school student , Claudette Colvin , refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a public bus in Montgomery , Alabama , and was arrested , Rosa Parks did the same thing . Parks soon became the symbol of the resulting Montgomery Bus Boycott and received national publicity . She was later hailed as the `` mother of the civil rights movement '' . Parks was secretary of the Montgomery NAACP chapter and had recently returned from a meeting at the Highlander Folk School in Tennessee where nonviolence as a strategy was taught by Myles Horton and others . After Parks ' arrest , African Americans gathered and organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott to demand a bus system in which passengers would be treated equally . The organization was led by Jo Ann Robinson , a member of the Women 's Political Council who had been waiting for the opportunity to boycott the bus system . Following Rosa Park 's arrest , Jo Ann Robinson mimeographed 52,500 leaflets calling for a boycott . They were distributed around the city and helped gather the attention of civil rights leaders . After the city rejected many of their suggested reforms , the NAACP , led by E.D. Nixon , pushed for full desegregation of public buses . With the support of most of Montgomery 's 50,000 African Americans , the boycott lasted for 381 days , until the local ordinance segregating African Americans and whites on public buses was repealed . Ninety percent of African Americans in Montgomery partook in the boycotts , which reduced bus revenue significantly , as they comprised the majority of the riders . In November 1956 , the United State Supreme Court upheld a district court ruling in the case of Browder v. Gayle and ordered Montgomery 's buses desegregated , ending the boycott . Local leaders established the Montgomery Improvement Association to focus their efforts . Martin Luther King Jr. was elected President of this organization . The lengthy protest attracted national attention for him and the city . His eloquent appeals to Christian brotherhood and American idealism created a positive impression on people both inside and outside the South . Desegregating Little Rock Central high school , 1957 ( edit ) Main article : Little Rock Nine Troops from the 327th Regiment , 101st Airborne escorting the Little Rock Nine African - American students up the steps of Central High A crisis erupted in Little Rock , Arkansas , when Governor of Arkansas Orval Faubus called out the National Guard on September 4 to prevent entry to the nine African - American students who had sued for the right to attend an integrated school , Little Rock Central High School . Under the guidance of Daisy Bates , the nine students had been chosen to attend Central High because of their excellent grades . On the first day of school , 15 - year - old Elizabeth Eckford was the only one of the nine students who showed up because she did not receive the phone call about the danger of going to school . A photo was taken of Eckford being harassed by white protesters outside the school , and the police had to take her away in a patrol car for her protection . Afterwards , the nine students had to carpool to school and be escorted by military personnel in jeeps . White parents rally against integrating Little Rock 's schools Faubus was not a proclaimed segregationist . The Arkansas Democratic Party , which then controlled politics in the state , put significant pressure on Faubus after he had indicated he would investigate bringing Arkansas into compliance with the Brown decision . Faubus then took his stand against integration and against the Federal court ruling . Faubus ' resistance received the attention of President Dwight D. Eisenhower , who was determined to enforce the orders of the Federal courts . Critics had charged he was lukewarm , at best , on the goal of desegregation of public schools . But , Eisenhower federalized the National Guard in Arkansas and ordered them to return to their barracks . Eisenhower deployed elements of the 101st Airborne Division to Little Rock to protect the students . The students attended high school under harsh conditions . They had to pass through a gauntlet of spitting , jeering whites to arrive at school on their first day , and to put up with harassment from other students for the rest of the year . Although federal troops escorted the students between classes , the students were teased and even attacked by white students when the soldiers were not around . One of the Little Rock Nine , Minnijean Brown , was suspended for spilling a bowl of chilli on the head of a white student who was harassing her in the school lunch line . Later , she was expelled for verbally abusing a white female student . Only Ernest Green of the Little Rock Nine graduated from Central High School . After the 1957 -- 58 school year was over , Little Rock closed its public school system completely rather than continue to integrate . Other school systems across the South followed suit . The method of nonviolence and nonviolence training ( edit ) During the time period considered to be the `` African - American civil rights '' era , the predominant use of protest was nonviolent , or peaceful . Often referred to as pacifism , the method of nonviolence is considered to be an attempt to impact society positively . Although acts of racial discrimination have occurred historically throughout the United States , perhaps the most violent regions have been in the former Confederate states . During the 1950s and 1960s , the nonviolent protesting of the civil rights movement caused definite tension , which gained national attention . In order to prepare for protests physically and psychologically , demonstrators received training in nonviolence . According to former civil rights activist Bruce Hartford , there are two main branches of nonviolence training . There is the philosophical method , which involves understanding the method of nonviolence and why it is considered useful , and there is the tactical method , which ultimately teaches demonstrators `` how to be a protestor -- how to sit - in , how to picket , how to defend yourself against attack , giving training on how to remain cool when people are screaming racist insults into your face and pouring stuff on you and hitting you '' ( Civil Rights Movement Veterans ) . The philosophical method of nonviolence , in the American civil rights movement , was largely inspired by Mahatma Gandhi 's `` non-cooperation '' with the British colonists in India , which was intended to gain attention so that the public would either `` intervene in advance , '' or `` provide public pressure in support of the action to be taken '' ( Erikson , 415 ) . As Hartford explains it , philosophical nonviolence training aims to `` shape the individual person 's attitude and mental response to crises and violence '' ( Civil Rights Movement Veterans ) . Hartford and activists like him , who trained in tactical nonviolence , considered it necessary in order to ensure physical safety , instill discipline , teach demonstrators how to demonstrate , and form mutual confidence among demonstrators ( Civil Rights Movement Veterans ) . For many , the concept of nonviolent protest was a way of life , a culture . However , not everyone agreed with this notion . James Forman , former SNCC ( and later Black Panther ) member and nonviolence trainer , was among those who did not . In his autobiography , The Making of Black Revolutionaries , Forman revealed his perspective on the method of nonviolence as `` strictly a tactic , not a way of life without limitations . '' Similarly , Robert Moses , who was also an active member of SNCC , felt that the method of nonviolence was practical . When interviewed by author Robert Penn Warren , Moses said `` There 's no question that he ( Martin Luther King Jr . ) had a great deal of influence with the masses . But I do n't think it 's in the direction of love . It 's in a practical direction ... '' ( Who Speaks for the Negro ? Warren ) . Robert F. Williams and the debate on nonviolence , 1959 -- 1964 ( edit ) The Jim Crow system employed `` terror as a means of social control , '' with the most organized manifestations being the Ku Klux Klan and their collaborators in local police departments . This violence played a key role in blocking the progress of the civil rights movement in the late 1950s . Some black organizations in the South began practicing armed self - defense . The first to do so openly was the Monroe , North Carolina , chapter of the NAACP led by Robert F. Williams . Williams had rebuilt the chapter after its membership was terrorized out of public life by the Klan . He did so by encouraging a new , more working - class membership to arm itself thoroughly and defend against attack . When Klan nightriders attacked the home of NAACP member Dr. Albert Perry in October 1957 , Williams ' militia exchanged gunfire with the stunned Klansmen , who quickly retreated . The following day , the city council held an emergency session and passed an ordinance banning KKK motorcades . One year later , Lumbee Indians in North Carolina would have a similarly successful armed stand - off with the Klan ( known as the Battle of Hayes Pond ) which resulted in KKK leader James W. `` Catfish '' Cole being convicted of incitement to riot . After the acquittal of several white men charged with sexually assaulting black women in Monroe , Williams announced to United Press International reporters that he would `` meet violence with violence '' as a policy . Williams ' declaration was quoted on the front page of The New York Times , and The Carolina Times considered it `` the biggest civil rights story of 1959 . '' NAACP National chairman Roy Wilkins immediately suspended Williams from his position , but the Monroe organizer won support from numerous NAACP chapters across the country . Ultimately , Wilkins resorted to bribing influential organizer Daisy Bates to campaign against Williams at the NAACP national convention and the suspension was upheld . The convention nonetheless passed a resolution which stated : `` We do not deny , but reaffirm the right of individual and collective self - defense against unlawful assaults . '' Martin Luther King Jr. argued for Williams ' removal , but Ella Baker and WEB Dubois both publicly praised the Monroe leader 's position . Williams -- along with his wife , Mabel Williams -- continued to play a leadership role in the Monroe movement , and to some degree , in the national movement . The Williamses published The Crusader , a nationally circulated newsletter , beginning in 1960 , and the influential book Negroes With Guns in 1962 . Williams did not call for full militarization in this period , but `` flexibility in the freedom struggle . '' Williams was well - versed in legal tactics and publicity , which he had used successfully in the internationally known `` Kissing Case '' of 1958 , as well as nonviolent methods , which he used at lunch counter sit - ins in Monroe -- all with armed self - defense as a complementary tactic . Williams led the Monroe movement in another armed stand - off with white supremacists during an August 1961 Freedom Ride ; he had been invited to participate in the campaign by Ella Baker and James Forman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) . The incident ( along with his campaigns for peace with Cuba ) resulted in him being targeted by the FBI and prosecuted for kidnapping ; he was cleared of all charges in 1976 . Meanwhile , armed self - defense continued discreetly in the Southern movement with such figures as SNCC 's Amzie Moore , Hartman Turnbow , and Fannie Lou Hamer all willing to use arms to defend their lives from nightrides . Taking refuge from the FBI in Cuba , the Willamses broadcast the radio show `` Radio Free Dixie '' throughout the eastern United States via Radio Progresso beginning in 1962 . In this period , Williams advocated guerilla warfare against racist institutions , and saw the large ghetto riots of the era as a manifestation of his strategy . University of North Carolina historian Walter Rucker has written that `` the emergence of Robert F Williams contributed to the marked decline in anti-black racial violence in the U.S. ... After centuries of anti-black violence , African Americans across the country began to defend their communities aggressively -- employing overt force when necessary . This in turn evoked in whites real fear of black vengeance ... '' This opened up space for African Americans to use nonviolent demonstration with less fear of deadly reprisal . Of the many civil rights activists who share this view , the most prominent was Rosa Parks . Parks gave the eulogy at Williams ' funeral in 1996 , praising him for `` his courage and for his commitment to freedom , '' and concluding that `` The sacrifices he made , and what he did , should go down in history and never be forgotten . '' Sit - ins , 1958 -- 1960 ( edit ) See also : Greensboro sit - ins , Nashville sit - ins , and Sit - in movement In July 1958 , the NAACP Youth Council sponsored sit - ins at the lunch counter of a Dockum Drug Store in downtown Wichita , Kansas . After three weeks , the movement successfully got the store to change its policy of segregated seating , and soon afterwards all Dockum stores in Kansas were desegregated . This movement was quickly followed in the same year by a student sit - in at a Katz Drug Store in Oklahoma City led by Clara Luper , which also was successful . Mostly black students from area colleges led a sit - in at a Woolworth 's store in Greensboro , North Carolina . On February 1 , 1960 , four students , Ezell A. Blair Jr. , David Richmond , Joseph McNeil , and Franklin McCain from North Carolina Agricultural & Technical College , an all - black college , sat down at the segregated lunch counter to protest Woolworth 's policy of excluding African Americans from being served food there . The four students purchased small items in other parts of the store and kept their receipts , then sat down at the lunch counter and asked to be served . After being denied service , they produced their receipts and asked why their money was good everywhere else at the store , but not at the lunch counter . The protesters had been encouraged to dress professionally , to sit quietly , and to occupy every other stool so that potential white sympathizers could join in . The Greensboro sit - in was quickly followed by other sit - ins in Richmond , Virginia ; Nashville , Tennessee ; and Atlanta , Georgia . The most immediately effective of these was in Nashville , where hundreds of well organized and highly disciplined college students conducted sit - ins in coordination with a boycott campaign . As students across the south began to `` sit - in '' at the lunch counters of local stores , police and other officials sometimes used brutal force to physically escort the demonstrators from the lunch facilities . The `` sit - in '' technique was not new -- as far back as 1939 , African - American attorney Samuel Wilbert Tucker organized a sit - in at the then - segregated Alexandria , Virginia , library . In 1960 the technique succeeded in bringing national attention to the movement . On March 9 , 1960 , an Atlanta University Center group of students released An Appeal for Human Rights as a full page advertisement in newspapers , including the Atlanta Constitution , Atlanta Journal , and Atlanta Daily World . Known as the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights ( COAHR ) , the group initiated the Atlanta Student Movement and began to lead sit - ins starting on March 15 , 1960 . By the end of 1960 , the process of sit - ins had spread to every southern and border state , and even to facilities in Nevada , Illinois , and Ohio that discriminated against blacks . Demonstrators focused not only on lunch counters but also on parks , beaches , libraries , theaters , museums , and other public facilities . In April 1960 activists who had led these sit - ins were invited by SCLC activist Ella Baker to hold a conference at Shaw University , a historically black university in Raleigh , North Carolina . This conference led to the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) . SNCC took these tactics of nonviolent confrontation further , and organized the freedom rides . As the constitution protected interstate commerce , they decided to challenge segregation on interstate buses and in public bus facilities by putting interracial teams on them , to travel from the North through the segregated South . Freedom Rides , 1961 ( edit ) Main article : Freedom Rider Freedom Rides were journeys by civil rights activists on interstate buses into the segregated southern United States to test the United States Supreme Court decision Boynton v. Virginia , ( 1960 ) 364 U.S. , which ruled that segregation was unconstitutional for passengers engaged in interstate travel . Organized by CORE , the first Freedom Ride of the 1960s left Washington D.C. on May 4 , 1961 , and was scheduled to arrive in New Orleans on May 17 . During the first and subsequent Freedom Rides , activists travelled through the Deep South to integrate seating patterns on buses and desegregate bus terminals , including restrooms and water fountains . That proved to be a dangerous mission . In Anniston , Alabama , one bus was firebombed , forcing its passengers to flee for their lives . A mob beats Freedom Riders in Birmingham . This picture was reclaimed by the FBI from a local journalist who also was beaten and whose camera was smashed . In Birmingham , Alabama , an FBI informant reported that Public Safety Commissioner Eugene `` Bull '' Connor gave Ku Klux Klan members fifteen minutes to attack an incoming group of freedom riders before having police `` protect '' them . The riders were severely beaten `` until it looked like a bulldog had got a hold of them . '' James Peck , a white activist , was beaten so badly that he required fifty stitches to his head . In a similar occurrence in Montgomery , Alabama , the Freedom Riders followed in the footsteps of Rosa Parks and rode an integrated Greyhound bus from Birmingham . Although they were protesting interstate bus segregation in peace , they were met with violence in Montgomery as a large , white mob attacked them for their activism . They caused an enormous , 2 - hour long riot which resulted in 22 injuries , five of whom were hospitalized . Mob violence in Anniston and Birmingham temporarily halted the rides . SNCC activists from Nashville brought in new riders to continue the journey from Birmingham to New Orleans . In Montgomery , Alabama , at the Greyhound Bus Station , a mob charged another bus load of riders , knocking John Lewis unconscious with a crate and smashing Life photographer Don Urbrock in the face with his own camera . A dozen men surrounded James Zwerg , a white student from Fisk University , and beat him in the face with a suitcase , knocking out his teeth . On May 24 , 1961 , the freedom riders continued their rides into Jackson , Mississippi , where they were arrested for `` breaching the peace '' by using `` white only '' facilities . New Freedom Rides were organized by many different organizations and continued to flow into the South . As riders arrived in Jackson , they were arrested . By the end of summer , more than 300 had been jailed in Mississippi . ... When the weary Riders arrive in Jackson and attempt to use `` white only '' restrooms and lunch counters they are immediately arrested for Breach of Peace and Refusal to Obey an Officer . Says Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett in defense of segregation : `` The Negro is different because God made him different to punish him . '' From lockup , the Riders announce `` Jail No Bail '' -- they will not pay fines for unconstitutional arrests and illegal convictions -- and by staying in jail they keep the issue alive . Each prisoner will remain in jail for 39 days , the maximum time they can serve without loosing ( sic ) their right to appeal the unconstitutionality of their arrests , trials , and convictions . After 39 days , they file an appeal and post bond ... The jailed freedom riders were treated harshly , crammed into tiny , filthy cells and sporadically beaten . In Jackson , some male prisoners were forced to do hard labor in 100 ° F heat . Others were transferred to the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman , where they were treated to harsh conditions . Sometimes the men were suspended by `` wrist breakers '' from the walls . Typically , the windows of their cells were shut tight on hot days , making it hard for them to breathe . Public sympathy and support for the freedom riders led John F. Kennedy 's administration to order the Interstate Commerce Commission ( ICC ) to issue a new desegregation order . When the new ICC rule took effect on November 1 , 1961 , passengers were permitted to sit wherever they chose on the bus ; `` white '' and `` colored '' signs came down in the terminals ; separate drinking fountains , toilets , and waiting rooms were consolidated ; and lunch counters began serving people regardless of skin color . The student movement involved such celebrated figures as John Lewis , a single - minded activist ; James Lawson , the revered `` guru '' of nonviolent theory and tactics ; Diane Nash , an articulate and intrepid public champion of justice ; Bob Moses , pioneer of voting registration in Mississippi ; and James Bevel , a fiery preacher and charismatic organizer , strategist , and facilitator . Other prominent student activists included Charles McDew , Bernard Lafayette , Charles Jones , Lonnie King , Julian Bond , Hosea Williams , and Stokely Carmichael . Voter registration organizing ( edit ) After the Freedom Rides , local black leaders in Mississippi such as Amzie Moore , Aaron Henry , Medgar Evers , and others asked SNCC to help register black voters and to build community organizations that could win a share of political power in the state . Since Mississippi ratified its new constitution in 1890 with provisions such as poll taxes , residency requirements , and literacy tests , it made registration more complicated and stripped blacks from voter rolls and voting . In addition , violence at the time of elections had earlier suppressed black voting . By the mid-20th century , preventing blacks from voting had become an essential part of the culture of white supremacy . In June and July of 1959 , members of the black community in Fayette County , TN formed the Fayette County Civic and Welfare League to spur voting . At the time , there were 16,927 blacks in the county , yet only 17 of them had voted in the previous seven years . Within a year , some 1,400 blacks had registered , and the white community responded with harsh economic reprisals . Using registration rolls , the White Citizens Council circulated a blacklist of all registered black voters , allowing banks , local stores and gas stations to conspire to deny registered black voters basic services . What 's more , sharecropping blacks who registered to vote were summarily evicted from their homes . All in all , the number of evictions came to 257 families , many of whom were forced to live in a makeshift Tent City for well over a year . Finally , in December 1960 , the Justice Department invoked its powers authorized by the Civil Rights Act of 1957 to file a suit against seventy parties accused of violating the civil rights of black Fayette County citizens . In the following year the first voter registration project in McComb and the surrounding counties in the Southwest corner of the state . Their efforts were met with violent repression from state and local lawmen , the White Citizens ' Council , and the Ku Klux Klan . Activists were beaten , there were hundreds of arrests of local citizens , and the voting activist Herbert Lee was murdered . White opposition to black voter registration was so intense in Mississippi that Freedom Movement activists concluded that all of the state 's civil rights organizations had to unite in a coordinated effort to have any chance of success . In February 1962 , representatives of SNCC , CORE , and the NAACP formed the Council of Federated Organizations ( COFO ) . At a subsequent meeting in August , SCLC became part of COFO . In the Spring of 1962 , with funds from the Voter Education Project , SNCC / COFO began voter registration organizing in the Mississippi Delta area around Greenwood , and the areas surrounding Hattiesburg , Laurel , and Holly Springs . As in McComb , their efforts were met with fierce opposition -- arrests , beatings , shootings , arson , and murder . Registrars used the literacy test to keep blacks off the voting roles by creating standards that even highly educated people could not meet . In addition , employers fired blacks who tried to register , and landlords evicted them from their rental homes . Despite these actions , over the following years , the black voter registration campaign spread across the state . Similar voter registration campaigns -- with similar responses -- were begun by SNCC , CORE , and SCLC in Louisiana , Alabama , southwest Georgia , and South Carolina . By 1963 , voter registration campaigns in the South were as integral to the Freedom Movement as desegregation efforts . After the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , protecting and facilitating voter registration despite state barriers became the main effort of the movement . It resulted in passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , which had provisions to enforce the constitutional right to vote for all citizens . Integration of Mississippi universities , 1956 -- 1965 ( edit ) This section contains weasel words : vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information . Such statements should be clarified or removed . ( May 2010 ) Beginning in 1956 , Clyde Kennard , a black Korean War - veteran , wanted to enroll at Mississippi Southern College ( now the University of Southern Mississippi ) under the G.I. Bill at Hattiesburg . Dr. William David McCain , the college president , used the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission , in order to prevent his enrollment by appealing to local black leaders and the segregationist state political establishment . The state - funded organization tried to counter the civil rights movement by positively portraying segregationist policies . More significantly , it collected data on activists , harassed them legally , and used economic boycotts against them by threatening their jobs ( or causing them to lose their jobs ) to try to suppress their work . Kennard was twice arrested on trumped - up charges , and eventually convicted and sentenced to seven years in the state prison . After three years at hard labor , Kennard was paroled by Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett . Journalists had investigated his case and publicized the state 's mistreatment of his colon cancer . McCain 's role in Kennard 's arrests and convictions is unknown . While trying to prevent Kennard 's enrollment , McCain made a speech in Chicago , with his travel sponsored by the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission . He described the blacks ' seeking to desegregate Southern schools as `` imports '' from the North . ( Kennard was a native and resident of Hattiesburg . ) McCain said : We insist that educationally and socially , we maintain a segregated society ... In all fairness , I admit that we are not encouraging Negro voting ... The Negroes prefer that control of the government remain in the white man 's hands . Note : Mississippi had passed a new constitution in 1890 that effectively disfranchised most blacks by changing electoral and voter registration requirements ; although it deprived them of constitutional rights authorized under post-Civil War amendments , it survived U.S. Supreme Court challenges at the time . It was not until after passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act that most blacks in Mississippi and other southern states gained federal protection to enforce the constitutional right of citizens to vote . James Meredith walking to class accompanied by U.S. marshals In September 1962 , James Meredith won a lawsuit to secure admission to the previously segregated University of Mississippi . He attempted to enter campus on September 20 , on September 25 , and again on September 26 . He was blocked by Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett , who said , `` ( N ) o school will be integrated in Mississippi while I am your Governor . '' The Fifth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals held Barnett and Lieutenant Governor Paul B. Johnson Jr. in contempt , ordering them arrested and fined more than $10,000 for each day they refused to allow Meredith to enroll . U.S. Army trucks loaded with U.S. Marshals on the University of Mississippi campus Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent in a force of U.S. Marshals . On September 30 , 1962 , Meredith entered the campus under their escort . Students and other whites began rioting that evening , throwing rocks and firing on the U.S. Marshals guarding Meredith at Lyceum Hall . Two people , including a French journalist , were killed ; 28 marshals suffered gunshot wounds , and 160 others were injured . President John F. Kennedy sent regular U.S. Army forces to the campus to quell the riot . Meredith began classes the day after the troops arrived . Kennard and other activists continued to work on public university desegregation . In 1965 Raylawni Branch and Gwendolyn Elaine Armstrong became the first African - American students to attend the University of Southern Mississippi . By that time , McCain helped ensure they had a peaceful entry . In 2006 , Judge Robert Helfrich ruled that Kennard was factually innocent of all charges for which he had been convicted in the 1950s . Albany movement , 1961 -- 62 ( edit ) Main article : Albany Movement The SCLC , which had been criticized by some student activists for its failure to participate more fully in the freedom rides , committed much of its prestige and resources to a desegregation campaign in Albany , Georgia , in November 1961 . King , who had been criticized personally by some SNCC activists for his distance from the dangers that local organizers faced -- and given the derisive nickname `` De Lawd '' as a result -- intervened personally to assist the campaign led by both SNCC organizers and local leaders . The campaign was a failure because of the canny tactics of Laurie Pritchett , the local police chief , and divisions within the black community . The goals may not have been specific enough . Pritchett contained the marchers without violent attacks on demonstrators that inflamed national opinion . He also arranged for arrested demonstrators to be taken to jails in surrounding communities , allowing plenty of room to remain in his jail . Prichett also foresaw King 's presence as a danger and forced his release to avoid King 's rallying the black community . King left in 1962 without having achieved any dramatic victories . The local movement , however , continued the struggle , and it obtained significant gains in the next few years . Birmingham campaign , 1963 ( edit ) Main article : Birmingham campaign The Albany movement was shown to be an important education for the SCLC , however , when it undertook the Birmingham campaign in 1963 . Executive Director Wyatt Tee Walker carefully planned the early strategy and tactics for the campaign . It focused on one goal -- the desegregation of Birmingham 's downtown merchants , rather than total desegregation , as in Albany . The movement 's efforts were helped by the brutal response of local authorities , in particular Eugene `` Bull '' Connor , the Commissioner of Public Safety . He had long held much political power but had lost a recent election for mayor to a less rabidly segregationist candidate . Refusing to accept the new mayor 's authority , Connor intended to stay in office . The campaign used a variety of nonviolent methods of confrontation , including sit - ins , kneel - ins at local churches , and a march to the county building to mark the beginning of a drive to register voters . The city , however , obtained an injunction barring all such protests . Convinced that the order was unconstitutional , the campaign defied it and prepared for mass arrests of its supporters . King elected to be among those arrested on April 12 , 1963 . While in jail , King wrote his famous `` Letter from Birmingham Jail '' on the margins of a newspaper , since he had not been allowed any writing paper while held in solitary confinement . Supporters appealed to the Kennedy administration , which intervened to obtain King 's release . King was allowed to call his wife , who was recuperating at home after the birth of their fourth child and was released early on April 19 . The campaign , however , faltered as it ran out of demonstrators willing to risk arrest . James Bevel , SCLC 's Director of Direct Action and Director of Nonviolent Education , then came up with a bold and controversial alternative : to train high school students to take part in the demonstrations . As a result , in what would be called the Children 's Crusade , more than one thousand students skipped school on May 2 to meet at the 16th Street Baptist Church to join the demonstrations . More than six hundred marched out of the church fifty at a time in an attempt to walk to City Hall to speak to Birmingham 's mayor about segregation . They were arrested and put into jail . In this first encounter , the police acted with restraint . On the next day , however , another one thousand students gathered at the church . When Bevel started them marching fifty at a time , Bull Connor finally unleashed police dogs on them and then turned the city 's fire hoses water streams on the children . National television networks broadcast the scenes of the dogs attacking demonstrators and the water from the fire hoses knocking down the schoolchildren . Widespread public outrage led the Kennedy administration to intervene more forcefully in negotiations between the white business community and the SCLC . On May 10 , the parties announced an agreement to desegregate the lunch counters and other public accommodations downtown , to create a committee to eliminate discriminatory hiring practices , to arrange for the release of jailed protesters , and to establish regular means of communication between black and white leaders . Not everyone in the black community approved of the agreement -- the Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth was particularly critical , since he was sceptical about the good faith of Birmingham 's power structure from his experience in dealing with them . Parts of the white community reacted violently . They bombed the Gaston Motel , which housed the SCLC 's unofficial headquarters , and the home of King 's brother , the Reverend A.D. King . In response , thousands of blacks rioted , burning numerous buildings and one of them stabbed and wounded a police officer . Congress of Racial Equality march in Washington D.C. on September 22 , 1963 , in memory of the children killed in the Birmingham bombings Kennedy prepared to federalize the Alabama National Guard if the need arose . Four months later , on September 15 , a conspiracy of Ku Klux Klan members bombed the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham , killing four young girls . `` Rising tide of discontent '' and Kennedy 's response , 1963 ( edit ) Main articles : Gloria Richardson , Stand in the Schoolhouse Door , and Civil Rights Address Birmingham was only one of over a hundred cities rocked by the chaotic protest that spring and summer , some of them in the North . During the March on Washington , Martin Luther King would refer to such protests as `` the whirlwinds of revolt . '' In Chicago , blacks rioted through the South Side in late May after a white police officer shot a fourteen - year - old black boy who was fleeing the scene of a robbery . Violent clashes between black activists and white workers took place in both Philadelphia and Harlem in successful efforts to integrate state construction projects . On June 6 , over a thousand whites attacked a sit - in in Lexington , North Carolina ; blacks fought back and one white man was killed . Edwin C. Berry of the National Urban League warned of a complete breakdown in race relations : `` My message from the beer gardens and the barbershops all indicate the fact that the Negro is ready for war . '' In Cambridge , Maryland , a working ‐ class city on the Eastern Shore , Gloria Richardson of SNCC led a movement that pressed for desegregation but also demanded low ‐ rent public housing , job ‐ training , public and private jobs , and an end to police brutality . On June 11 , struggles between blacks and whites escalated into violent rioting , leading Maryland Governor J. Millard Tawes to declare martial law . When negotiations between Richardson and Maryland officials faltered , Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy directly intervened to negotiate a desegregation agreement . Richardson felt that the increasing participation of poor and working - class blacks was expanding both the power and parameters of the movement , asserting that `` the people as a whole really do have more intelligence than a few of their leaders. ʺ In their deliberations during this wave of protests , the Kennedy administration privately felt that militant demonstrations were ʺbad for the countryʺ and that `` Negroes are going to push this thing too far . '' On May 24 , Robert Kennedy had a meeting with prominent black intellectuals to discuss the racial situation . The blacks criticized Kennedy harshly for vacillating on civil rights , and said that the African - American community 's thoughts were increasingly turning to violence . The meeting ended with ill will on all sides . Nonetheless , the Kennedys ultimately decided that new legislation for equal public accommodations was essential to drive activists `` into the courts and out of the streets . '' Alabama governor George Wallace stands against desegregation at the University of Alabama and is confronted by U.S. Deputy Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach in 1963 On June 11 , 1963 , George Wallace , Governor of Alabama , tried to block the integration of the University of Alabama . President John F. Kennedy sent a military force to make Governor Wallace step aside , allowing the enrollment of Vivian Malone Jones and James Hood . That evening , President Kennedy addressed the nation on TV and radio with his historic civil rights speech , where he lamented `` a rising tide of discontent that threatens the public safety . '' He called on Congress to pass new civil rights legislation , and urged the country to embrace civil rights as `` a moral issue ... in our daily lives . '' In the early hours of June 12 , Medgar Evers , field secretary of the Mississippi NAACP , was assassinated by a member of the Klan . The next week , as promised , on June 19 , 1963 , President Kennedy submitted his Civil Rights bill to Congress . March on Washington , 1963 ( edit ) Main article : March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom Bayard Rustin ( left ) and Cleveland Robinson ( right ) , organizers of the March , on August 7 , 1963 The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom at the National Mall A. Philip Randolph had planned a march on Washington , D.C. , in 1941 to support demands for elimination of employment discrimination in defense industries ; he called off the march when the Roosevelt administration met the demand by issuing Executive Order 8802 barring racial discrimination and creating an agency to oversee compliance with the order . Randolph and Bayard Rustin were the chief planners of the second march , which they proposed in 1962 . In 1963 , the Kennedy administration initially opposed the march out of concern it would negatively impact the drive for passage of civil rights legislation . However , Randolph and King were firm that the march would proceed . With the march going forward , the Kennedys decided it was important to work to ensure its success . Concerned about the turnout , President Kennedy enlisted the aid of white church leaders and Walter Reuther , president of the UAW , to help mobilize white supporters for the march . The march was held on August 28 , 1963 . Unlike the planned 1941 march , for which Randolph included only black - led organizations in the planning , the 1963 march was a collaborative effort of all of the major civil rights organizations , the more progressive wing of the labor movement , and other liberal organizations . The march had six official goals : meaningful civil rights laws a massive federal works program full and fair employment decent housing the right to vote adequate integrated education . Of these , the march 's major focus was on passage of the civil rights law that the Kennedy administration had proposed after the upheavals in Birmingham . Martin Luther King Jr. at a Civil Rights March on Washington , D.C. National media attention also greatly contributed to the march 's national exposure and probable impact . In his section `` The March on Washington and Television News , '' William Thomas notes : `` Over five hundred cameramen , technicians , and correspondents from the major networks were set to cover the event . More cameras would be set up than had filmed the last presidential inauguration . One camera was positioned high in the Washington Monument , to give dramatic vistas of the marchers '' . By carrying the organizers ' speeches and offering their own commentary , television stations framed the way their local audiences saw and understood the event . `` I Have a Dream '' 30 - second sample from `` I Have a Dream '' speech by Martin Luther King Jr. at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28 , 1963 Problems playing this file ? See media help . The march was a success , although not without controversy . An estimated 200,000 to 300,000 demonstrators gathered in front of the Lincoln Memorial , where King delivered his famous `` I Have a Dream '' speech . While many speakers applauded the Kennedy administration for the efforts it had made toward obtaining new , more effective civil rights legislation protecting the right to vote and outlawing segregation , John Lewis of SNCC took the administration to task for not doing more to protect southern blacks and civil rights workers under attack in the Deep South . After the march , King and other civil rights leaders met with President Kennedy at the White House . While the Kennedy administration appeared sincerely committed to passing the bill , it was not clear that it had the votes in Congress to do it . However when President Kennedy was assassinated on November 22 , 1963 , the new President Lyndon Johnson decided to use his influence in Congress to bring about much of Kennedy 's legislative agenda . Malcolm X joins the movement , 1964 -- 1965 ( edit ) Main articles : Malcolm X , Black Nationalism , and The Ballot or the Bullet In March 1964 , Malcolm X ( el - Hajj Malik el - Shabazz ) , national representative of the Nation of Islam , formally broke with that organization , and made a public offer to collaborate with any civil rights organization that accepted the right to self - defense and the philosophy of Black nationalism ( which Malcolm said no longer required Black separatism ) . Gloria Richardson -- head of the Cambridge , Maryland , chapter of SNCC , leader of the Cambridge rebellion and an honored guest at The March on Washington -- immediately embraced Malcolm 's offer . Mrs. Richardson , `` the nation 's most prominent woman ( civil rights ) leader , '' told The Baltimore Afro - American that `` Malcolm is being very practical ... The federal government has moved into conflict situations only when matters approach the level of insurrection . Self - defense may force Washington to intervene sooner . '' Earlier , in May 1963 , James Baldwin had stated publicly that `` the Black Muslim movement is the only one in the country we can call grassroots , I hate to say it ... Malcolm articulates for Negroes , their suffering ... he corroborates their reality ... '' On the local level , Malcolm and the NOI had been allied with the Harlem chapter of the Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) since at least 1962 . Malcolm X meets with Martin Luther King Jr. , March 26 , 1964 On March 26 , 1964 , as the Civil Rights Act was facing stiff opposition in Congress , Malcolm had a public meeting with Martin Luther King Jr. at the Capitol building . Malcolm had attempted to begin a dialog with Dr. King as early as 1957 , but King had rebuffed him . Malcolm had responded by calling King an `` Uncle Tom '' who turned his back on black militancy in order to appease the white power structure . However , the two men were on good terms at their face - to - face meeting . There is evidence that King was preparing to support Malcolm 's plan to formally bring the U.S. government before the United Nations on charges of human rights violations against African Americans . Malcolm now encouraged Black nationalists to get involved in voter registration drives and other forms of community organizing to redefine and expand the movement . Civil rights activists became increasingly combative in the 1963 to 1964 period , owing to events such as the thwarting of the Albany campaign , police repression and Ku Klux Klan terrorism in Birmingham , and the assassination of Medgar Evers . Mississippi NAACP Field Director Charles Evers -- Medgar Evers ' brother -- told a public NAACP conference on February 15 , 1964 , that `` non-violence wo n't work in Mississippi ... we made up our minds ... that if a white man shoots at a Negro in Mississippi , we will shoot back . '' The repression of sit - ins in Jacksonville , Florida , provoked a riot that saw black youth throwing Molotov cocktails at police on March 24 , 1964 . Malcolm X gave extensive speeches in this period warning that such militant activity would escalate further if African Americans ' rights were not fully recognized . In his landmark April 1964 speech `` The Ballot or the Bullet '' , Malcolm presented an ultimatum to white America : `` There 's new strategy coming in . It 'll be Molotov cocktails this month , hand grenades next month , and something else next month . It 'll be ballots , or it 'll be bullets . '' As noted in Eyes on the Prize , `` Malcolm X had a far reaching effect on the civil rights movement . In the South , there had been a long tradition of self reliance . Malcolm X 's ideas now touched that tradition '' . Self - reliance was becoming paramount in light of the 1964 Democratic National Convention 's decision to refuse seating to the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party ( MFDP ) and to seat the state delegation elected in violation of the party 's rules through Jim Crow law instead . SNCC moved in an increasingly militant direction and worked with Malcolm X on two Harlem MFDP fundraisers in December 1964 . When Fannie Lou Hamer spoke to Harlemites about the Jim Crow violence that she 'd suffered in Mississippi , she linked it directly to the Northern police brutality against blacks that Malcolm protested against ; When Malcolm asserted that African Americans should emulate the Mau Mau army of Kenya in efforts to gain their independence , many in SNCC applauded . During the Selma campaign for voting rights in 1965 , Malcolm made it known that he 'd heard reports of increased threats of lynching around Selma , and responded in late January with an open telegram to George Lincoln Rockwell , the head of the American Nazi Party , stating : `` if your present racist agitation against our people there in Alabama causes physical harm to Reverend King or any other black Americans ... you and your KKK friends will be met with maximum physical retaliation from those of us who are not handcuffed by the disarming philosophy of nonviolence . '' The following month , the Selma chapter of SNCC invited Malcolm to speak to a mass meeting there . On the day of Malcolm 's appearance , President Johnson made his first public statement in support of the Selma campaign . Paul Ryan Haygood , a co-director of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund , credits Malcolm with a role in stimulating the responsiveness of the federal government . Haygood noted that `` shortly after Malcolm 's visit to Selma , a federal judge , responding to a suit brought by the Department of Justice , required Dallas County , Alabama , registrars to process at least 100 Black applications each day their offices were open . '' St. Augustine , Florida , 1963 -- 64 ( edit ) Main article : St. Augustine movement `` We Cater to White Trade Only '' sign on a restaurant window in Lancaster , Ohio , in 1938 . In 1964 , Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested and spent a night in jail for attempting to eat at a white - only restaurant in St. Augustine , Florida . St. Augustine was famous as the `` Nation 's Oldest City '' , founded by the Spanish in 1565 . It became the stage for a great drama leading up to the passage of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 . A local movement , led by Dr. Robert B. Hayling , a black dentist and Air Force veteran , and affiliated with the NAACP , had been picketing segregated local institutions since 1963 , as a result of which Dr. Hayling and three companions were brutally beaten at a Ku Klux Klan rally in the fall of that year . Nightriders shot into black homes , and teenagers Audrey Nell Edwards , JoeAnn Anderson , Samuel White , and Willie Carl Singleton ( who came to be known as `` The St. Augustine Four '' ) spent six months in jail and reform school after sitting in at the local Woolworth 's lunch counter . It took a special act of the governor and cabinet of Florida to release them after national protests by the Pittsburgh Courier , Jackie Robinson , and others . In response to the repression , the St. Augustine movement practiced armed self - defense in addition to nonviolent direct action . In June 1963 , Dr. Hayling publicly stated that `` I and the others have armed . We will shoot first and answer questions later . We are not going to die like Medgar Evers . '' The comment made national headlines . When Klan nightriders terrorized black neighborhoods in St. Augustine , Hayling 's NAACP members often drove them off with gunfire , and in October , a Klansman was killed . In 1964 , Dr. Hayling and other activists urged the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to come to St. Augustine . Four prominent Massachusetts women -- Mrs. Mary Parkman Peabody , Mrs. Esther Burgess , Mrs. Hester Campbell ( all of whose husbands were Episcopal bishops ) , and Mrs. Florence Rowe ( whose husband was vice president of John Hancock Insurance Company ) came to lend their support . The arrest of Mrs. Peabody , the 72 - year - old mother of the governor of Massachusetts , for attempting to eat at the segregated Ponce de Leon Motor Lodge in an integrated group , made front - page news across the country and brought the movement in St. Augustine to the attention of the world . Widely publicized activities continued in the ensuing months . When Dr. King was arrested , he sent a `` Letter from the St. Augustine Jail '' to a northern supporter , Rabbi Israel Dresner . This resulted , a week later , in the largest mass arrest of rabbis in American history -- while conducting a pray - in at the Monson . A well - known photograph taken in St. Augustine shows the manager of the Monson Motel pouring muriatic acid in the swimming pool while blacks and whites are swimming in it . The horrifying photograph was run on the front page of the Washington newspaper the day the Senate went to vote on passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . Freedom Summer , 1964 ( edit ) Main article : Freedom Summer In the summer of 1964 , COFO brought nearly 1,000 activists to Mississippi -- most of them white college students -- to join with local black activists to register voters , teach in `` Freedom Schools , '' and organize the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party ( MFDP ) . Many of Mississippi 's white residents deeply resented the outsiders and attempts to change their society . State and local governments , police , the White Citizens ' Council and the Ku Klux Klan used arrests , beatings , arson , murder , spying , firing , evictions , and other forms of intimidation and harassment to oppose the project and prevent blacks from registering to vote or achieving social equality . Missing persons poster created by the FBI in 1964 , shows the photographs of Andrew Goodman , James Chaney , and Michael Schwerner On June 21 , 1964 , three civil rights workers disappeared : James Chaney , a young black Mississippian and plasterer 's apprentice ; and two Jewish activists , Andrew Goodman , a Queens College anthropology student ; and Michael Schwerner , a CORE organizer from Manhattan 's Lower East Side , were found weeks later , murdered by conspirators who turned out to be local members of the Klan , some of them members of the Neshoba County sheriff 's department . This outraged the public , leading the U.S. Justice Department along with the FBI ( the latter which had previously avoided dealing with the issue of segregation and persecution of blacks ) to take action . The outrage over these murders helped lead to the passage of the Civil Rights Act . From June to August , Freedom Summer activists worked in 38 local projects scattered across the state , with the largest number concentrated in the Mississippi Delta region . At least 30 Freedom Schools , with close to 3,500 students were established , and 28 community centers set up . Over the course of the Summer Project , some 17,000 Mississippi blacks attempted to become registered voters in defiance of the red tape and forces of white supremacy arrayed against them -- only 1,600 ( less than 10 % ) succeeded . But more than 80,000 joined the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party ( MFDP ) , founded as an alternative political organization , showing their desire to vote and participate in politics . Though Freedom Summer failed to register many voters , it had a significant effect on the course of the civil rights movement . It helped break down the decades of people 's isolation and repression that were the foundation of the Jim Crow system . Before Freedom Summer , the national news media had paid little attention to the persecution of black voters in the Deep South and the dangers endured by black civil rights workers . The progression of events throughout the South increased media attention to Mississippi . The deaths of affluent northern white students and threats to other northerners attracted the full attention of the media spotlight to the state . Many black activists became embittered , believing the media valued lives of whites and blacks differently . Perhaps the most significant effect of Freedom Summer was on the volunteers , almost all of whom -- black and white -- still consider it to have been one of the defining periods of their lives . Civil rights Act of 1964 ( edit ) Main article : Civil Rights Act of 1964 Although President Kennedy had proposed civil rights legislation and it had support from Northern Congressmen and Senators of both parties , Southern Senators blocked the bill by threatening filibusters . After considerable parliamentary manoeuvring and 54 days of filibuster on the floor of the United States Senate , President Johnson got a bill through the Congress . Lyndon B. Johnson signs the historic Civil Rights Act of 1964 On July 2 , 1964 , Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , that banned discrimination based on `` race , color , religion , sex or national origin '' in employment practices and public accommodations . The bill authorized the Attorney General to file lawsuits to enforce the new law . The law also nullified state and local laws that required such discrimination . Harlem riot of 1964 ( edit ) Main article : Harlem riot of 1964 When police shot an unarmed black teenager in Harlem in July 1964 , tensions escalated out of control . Residents were frustrated with racial inequalities . Rioting broke out , and Bedford - Stuyvesant , a major black neighborhood in Brooklyn erupted next . That summer , rioting also broke out in Philadelphia , for similar reasons . The riots were on a much smaller scale than what would occur in 1965 and later . Washington responded with a pilot program called Project Uplift . Thousands of young people in Harlem were given jobs during the summer of 1965 . The project was inspired by a report generated by HARYOU called Youth in the Ghetto . HARYOU was given a major role in organizing the project , together with the National Urban League and nearly 100 smaller community organizations . Permanent jobs at living wages were still out of reach of many young black men . Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party , 1964 ( edit ) Main article : Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party Blacks in Mississippi had been disfranchised by statutory and constitutional changes since the late 19th century . In 1963 COFO held a Freedom Vote in Mississippi to demonstrate the desire of black Mississippians to vote . More than 80,000 people registered and voted in the mock election , which pitted an integrated slate of candidates from the `` Freedom Party '' against the official state Democratic Party candidates . President Lyndon B. Johnson ( center ) meets with civil rights leaders Martin Luther King Jr. , Whitney Young , and James Farmer , January 1964 In 1964 , organizers launched the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party ( MFDP ) to challenge the all - white official party . When Mississippi voting registrars refused to recognize their candidates , they held their own primary . They selected Fannie Lou Hamer , Annie Devine , and Victoria Gray to run for Congress , and a slate of delegates to represent Mississippi at the 1964 Democratic National Convention . The presence of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party in Atlantic City , New Jersey , was inconvenient , however , for the convention organizers . They had planned a triumphant celebration of the Johnson administration 's achievements in civil rights , rather than a fight over racism within the Democratic Party . All - white delegations from other Southern states threatened to walk out if the official slate from Mississippi was not seated . Johnson was worried about the inroads that Republican Barry Goldwater 's campaign was making in what previously had been the white Democratic stronghold of the `` Solid South '' , as well as support that George Wallace had received in the North during the Democratic primaries . Johnson could not , however , prevent the MFDP from taking its case to the Credentials Committee . There Fannie Lou Hamer testified eloquently about the beatings that she and others endured and the threats they faced for trying to register to vote . Turning to the television cameras , Hamer asked , `` Is this America ? '' Johnson offered the MFDP a `` compromise '' under which it would receive two non-voting , at - large seats , while the white delegation sent by the official Democratic Party would retain its seats . The MFDP angrily rejected the `` compromise . '' The MFDP kept up its agitation at the convention after it was denied official recognition . When all but three of the `` regular '' Mississippi delegates left because they refused to pledge allegiance to the party , the MFDP delegates borrowed passes from sympathetic delegates and took the seats vacated by the official Mississippi delegates . National party organizers removed them . When they returned the next day , they found convention organizers had removed the empty seats that had been there the day before . They stayed and sang `` freedom songs '' . The 1964 Democratic Party convention disillusioned many within the MFDP and the civil rights movement , but it did not destroy the MFDP . The MFDP became more radical after Atlantic City . It invited Malcolm X to speak at one of its conventions and opposed the war in Vietnam . Selma voting rights movement ( edit ) Main articles : Selma to Montgomery marches and Voting Rights Act President Johnson , Martin Luther King Jr. at the signing of the Voting Rights Act on August 6 , 1965 `` Remarks on the Signing of the Voting Rights Act '' Play media Statement before the United States Congress by Johnson on August 6 , 1965 , about the Voting Rights Act `` Remarks on the Signing of the Voting Rights Act '' audio only Problems playing these files ? See media help . SNCC had undertaken an ambitious voter registration program in Selma , Alabama , in 1963 , but by 1965 had made little headway in the face of opposition from Selma 's sheriff , Jim Clark . After local residents asked the SCLC for assistance , King came to Selma to lead several marches , at which he was arrested along with 250 other demonstrators . The marchers continued to meet violent resistance from police . Jimmie Lee Jackson , a resident of nearby Marion , was killed by police at a later march in February 17 , 1965 . Jackson 's death prompted James Bevel , director of the Selma Movement , to initiate and organize a plan to march from Selma to Montgomery , the state capital . On March 7 , 1965 , acting on Bevel 's plan , Hosea Williams of the SCLC and John Lewis of SNCC led a march of 600 people to walk the 54 miles ( 87 km ) from Selma to the state capital in Montgomery . Only six blocks into the march , at the Edmund Pettus Bridge , state troopers and local law enforcement , some mounted on horseback , attacked the peaceful demonstrators with billy clubs , tear gas , rubber tubes wrapped in barbed wire , and bull whips . They drove the marchers back into Selma . Lewis was knocked unconscious and dragged to safety . At least 16 other marchers were hospitalized . Among those gassed and beaten was Amelia Boynton Robinson , who was at the center of civil rights activity at the time . The national broadcast of the news footage of lawmen attacking unresisting marchers ' seeking to exercise their constitutional right to vote provoked a national response , and hundreds of people from all over the country came for a second march . These marchers were turned around by Dr. King at the last minute so as not to violate a federal injunction . With the support of James Forman and other SNCC leaders , activists throughout the country committed civil disobedience for Selma , particularly in Montgomery and at the White House . The marchers were able to lift the injunction and obtain protection from federal troops , permitting them to make the march across Alabama without incident two weeks later . Police attack non-violent marchers on `` Bloody Sunday '' , the first day of the Selma to Montgomery marches The evening of a second march on March 9 to the site of Bloody Sunday , local whites attacked Rev. James Reeb , a voting rights supporter . He died of his injuries in a Birmingham hospital March 11 . On March 25 , four Klansmen shot and killed Detroit homemaker Viola Liuzzo as she drove marchers back to Selma at night after the successfully completed march to Montgomery . Voting rights Act , 1965 ( edit ) Eight days after the first march , but before the final march , President Johnson delivered a televised address to support the voting rights bill he had sent to Congress . In it he stated : Their cause must be our cause too . Because it is not just Negroes , but really it is all of us , who must overcome the crippling legacy of bigotry and injustice . And we shall overcome . Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 on August 6 . The 1965 act suspended literacy tests and other subjective voter registration tests . It authorized Federal supervision of voter registration in states and individual voting districts where such tests were being used . African Americans who had been barred from registering to vote finally had an alternative to taking suits to local or state courts , which had seldom prosecuted their cases to success . If discrimination in voter registration occurred , the 1965 act authorized the Attorney General of the United States to send Federal examiners to replace local registrars . Within months of its passage , 250,000 new black voters had been registered , one - third of them by federal examiners . Within four years , voter registration in the South had more than doubled . In 1965 , Mississippi had the highest black voter turnout at 74 % and led the nation in the number of black public officials elected . In 1969 , Tennessee had a 92.1 % turnout among black voters ; Arkansas , 77.9 % ; and Texas , 73.1 % . Several whites who had opposed the Voting Rights Act paid a quick price . In 1966 Sheriff Jim Clark of Alabama , infamous for using cattle prods against civil rights marchers , was up for reelection . Although he took off the notorious `` Never '' pin on his uniform , he was defeated . At the election , Clark lost as blacks voted to get him out of office . Blacks ' regaining the power to vote changed the political landscape of the South . When Congress passed the Voting Rights Act , only about 100 African Americans held elective office , all in northern states . By 1989 , there were more than 7,200 African Americans in office , including more than 4,800 in the South . Nearly every Black Belt county ( where populations were majority black ) in Alabama had a black sheriff . Southern blacks held top positions in city , county , and state governments . Atlanta elected a black mayor , Andrew Young , as did Jackson , Mississippi , with Harvey Johnson Jr. , and New Orleans , with Ernest Morial . Black politicians on the national level included Barbara Jordan , elected as a Representative from Texas in Congress , and President Jimmy Carter appointed Andrew Young as United States Ambassador to the United Nations . Julian Bond was elected to the Georgia State Legislature in 1965 , although political reaction to his public Opposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War prevented him from taking his seat until 1967 . John Lewis represents Georgia 's 5th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives , where he has served since 1987 . Watts riot of 1965 ( edit ) Main article : Watts Riots Police arrest a man during the Watts Riots , August 1965 The new Voting Rights Act of 1965 had no immediate effect on living conditions for poor blacks . A few days after the act became law , a riot broke out in the South Central Los Angeles neighborhood of Watts . Like Harlem , Watts was an impoverished neighborhood with very high unemployment . Its residents confronted a largely white police department that had a history of abuse against blacks . While arresting a young man for drunk driving , police officers argued with the suspect 's mother before onlookers . The spark triggered a massive destruction of property through six days of rioting . Thirty - four people were killed and property valued at about $30 million was destroyed , making the Watts Riots among the most expensive in American history . With black militancy on the rise , ghetto residents directed acts of anger at the police . Black residents growing tired of police brutality continued to riot . Some young people joined groups such as the Black Panthers , whose popularity was based in part on their reputation for confronting police officers . Riots among blacks occurred in 1966 and 1967 in cities such as Atlanta , San Francisco , Oakland , Baltimore , Seattle , Tacoma , Cleveland , Cincinnati , Columbus , Newark , Chicago , New York City ( specifically in Brooklyn , Harlem and the Bronx ) , and worst of all in Detroit . Fair housing movements , 1966 -- 1968 ( edit ) The first major blow against housing segregation in the era , the Rumford Fair Housing Act , was passed in California in 1963 . It was overturned by white California voters and real estate lobbyists the following year with Proposition 14 , a move which helped precipitate the Watts Riots . In 1966 , the California Supreme Court invalidated Proposition 14 and reinstated the Fair Housing Act . Working and organizing for fair housing laws became a major project of the movement over the next two years , with Martin Luther King Jr. , James Bevel , and Al Raby leading the Chicago Freedom Movement around the issue in 1966 . In the following year , Father James Groppi and the NAACP Youth Council also attracted national attention with a fair housing campaign in Milwaukee . Both movements faced violent resistance from white homeowners and legal opposition from conservative politicians . The Fair Housing Bill was the most contentious civil rights legislation of the era . Senator Walter Mondale , who advocated for the bill , noted that over successive years , it was the most filibustered legislation in U.S. history . It was opposed by most Northern and Southern senators , as well as the National Association of Real Estate Boards . A proposed `` Civil Rights Act of 1966 '' had collapsed completely because of its fair housing provision . Mondale commented that : A lot of civil rights ( legislation ) was about making the South behave and taking the teeth from George Wallace , ( but ) this came right to the neighborhoods across the country . This was civil rights getting personal . Nationwide riots of 1967 ( edit ) Main articles : Detroit Riot of 1967 , 1967 Newark riots , 1967 Plainfield riots , and Long Hot Summer of 1967 Over 100 U.S. cities experienced riots in 1967 , including Detroit , Newark , Cincinnati , Cleveland , and Washington D.C. The largest of these was the 1967 Detroit riot . In Detroit , a large black middle class had begun to develop among those African Americans who worked at unionized jobs in the automotive industry ; these workers still complained of racist practices , concerns which the United Auto Workers channelled into bureaucratic and ineffective grievance procedures . Violent white mobs enforced the segregation of housing up through the 1960s ; . Blacks who were not upwardly mobile were living in substandard conditions , subject to the same problems as African Americans in Watts and Harlem . When white Detroit Police Department ( DPD ) officers shut down an illegal bar and arrested a large group of patrons during the hot summer , furious black residents rioted . Rioters looted and destroyed property while snipers engaged in firefights from rooftops and windows , undermining the DPD 's ability in curtailing the disorder . In response , the Michigan Army National Guard and U.S. Army paratroopers were deployed to reinforce the DPD and protect Detroit Fire Department ( DFD ) firefighters from attacks while putting out fires . Residents reported that police officers and National Guardsmen shot at black civilians and suspects indiscriminately . After five days , 43 people had been killed , hundreds injured , and thousands left homeless . $40 to $45 million worth of damage was caused . State and local governments responded to the riot with a dramatic increase in minority hiring . In the aftermath of the turmoil , the Greater Detroit Board of Commerce also launched a campaign to find jobs for ten thousand `` previously unemployable '' persons , a preponderant number of whom were black . Governor George Romney immediately responded to the riot of 1967 with a special session of the Michigan legislature where he forwarded sweeping housing proposals that included not only fair housing , but `` important relocation , tenants ' rights and code enforcement legislation . '' Romney had supported such proposals in 1965 , but abandoned them in the face of organized opposition . The laws passed both houses of the legislature . Historian Sidney Fine wrote that : The Michigan Fair Housing Act , which took effect on November 15 , 1968 , was stronger than the federal fair housing law ... It is probably more than a coincidence that the state that had experienced the most severe racial disorder of the 1960s also adopted one of the strongest state fair housing acts . President Johnson created the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders in response to nationwide wave of riots . The commission 's final report called for major reforms in employment and public policy in black communities . It warned that the United States was moving toward separate white and black societies . Memphis , King assassination and the poor people 's March 1968 ( edit ) Main articles : Poor People 's Campaign and Assassination of Martin Luther King , Jr . `` I 've Been to the Mountaintop '' Final 30 seconds of `` I 've Been to the Mountaintop '' speech by Martin Luther King Jr . These are the final words from his final public speech . Problems playing this file ? See media help . A 3,000 - person shantytown called Resurrection City was established on the National Mall . Rev. James Lawson invited King to Memphis , Tennessee , in March 1968 to support a sanitation workers ' strike . These workers launched a campaign for union representation after two workers were accidentally killed on the job , and King considered their struggle to be a vital part of the Poor People 's Campaign he was planning . A day after delivering his stirring `` I 've Been to the Mountaintop '' sermon , which has become famous for his vision of American society , King was assassinated on April 4 , 1968 . Riots broke out in black neighborhoods in more than 110 cities across the United States in the days that followed , notably in Chicago , Baltimore , and in Washington , D.C. The day before King 's funeral , April 8 , Coretta Scott King and three of the King children led 20,000 marchers through the streets of Memphis , holding signs that read , `` Honor King : End Racism '' and `` Union Justice Now '' . Armed National Guardsmen lined the streets , sitting on M - 48 tanks , to protect the marchers , and helicopters circled overhead . On April 9 , Mrs. King led another 150,000 people in a funeral procession through the streets of Atlanta . Her dignity revived courage and hope in many of the Movement 's members , cementing her place as the new leader in the struggle for racial equality . Coretta Scott King said , ( Martin Luther King Jr . ) gave his life for the poor of the world , the garbage workers of Memphis and the peasants of Vietnam . The day that Negro people and others in bondage are truly free , on the day want is abolished , on the day wars are no more , on that day I know my husband will rest in a long - deserved peace . Rev. Ralph Abernathy succeeded King as the head of the SCLC and attempted to carry forth King 's plan for a Poor People 's March . It was to unite blacks and whites to campaign for fundamental changes in American society and economic structure . The march went forward under Abernathy 's plainspoken leadership but did not achieve its goals . See also : Orangeburg massacre Civil rights Act of 1968 ( edit ) Main article : Civil Rights Act of 1968 As 1968 began , the fair housing bill was being filibustered once again , but two developments revived it . The Kerner Commission report on the 1967 ghetto riots was delivered to Congress on March 1 , and it strongly recommended `` a comprehensive and enforceable federal open housing law '' as a remedy to the civil disturbances . The Senate was moved to end their filibuster that week . As the House of Representatives deliberated the bill in April , Dr. King was assassinated , and the largest wave of unrest since the Civil War swept the country . Senator Charles Mathias wrote that : some Senators and Representatives publicly stated they would not be intimidated or rushed into legislating because of the disturbances . Nevertheless , the news coverage of the riots and the underlying disparities in income , jobs , housing , and education , between White and Black Americans helped educate citizens and Congress about the stark reality of an enormous social problem . Members of Congress knew they had to act to redress these imbalances in American life to fulfil the dream that King had so eloquently preached . The House passed the legislation on April 10 , and President Johnson signed it the next day . The Civil Rights Act of 1968 prohibited discrimination concerning the sale , rental , and financing of housing based on race , religion , and national origin . It also made it a federal crime to `` by force or by threat of force , injure , intimidate , or interfere with anyone ... by reason of their race , color , religion , or national origin . '' Movements , Politics , and white reactions ( edit ) Grassroots leadership ( edit ) Fannie Lou Hamer of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party ( and other Mississippi - based organizations ) is an example of local grassroots leadership in the movement . While most popular representations of the movement are centered on the leadership and philosophy of Martin Luther King Jr. , some scholars note that the movement was too diverse to be credited to one person , organization , or strategy . Sociologist Doug McAdam has stated that , `` in King 's case , it would be inaccurate to say that he was the leader of the modern civil rights movement ... but more importantly , there was no singular civil rights movement . The movement was , in fact , a coalition of thousands of local efforts nationwide , spanning several decades , hundreds of discrete groups , and all manner of strategies and tactics -- legal , illegal , institutional , non-institutional , violent , non-violent . Without discounting King 's importance , it would be sheer fiction to call him the leader of what was fundamentally an amorphous , fluid , dispersed movement . '' Decentralized grassroots leadership has been a major focus of movement scholarship in recent decades through the work of historians John Dittmer , Charles Payne , Barbara Ransby , and others . Black Power ( 1966 -- 1968 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Black Power and Black Power movement During the Freedom Summer campaign of 1964 , numerous tensions within the civil rights movement came to the forefront . Many blacks in SNCC developed concerns that white activists from the North were taking over the movement . The massive presence of white students was also not reducing the amount of violence that SNCC suffered , but seemed to be increasing it . Additionally , there was profound disillusionment at Lyndon Johnson 's denial of voting status for the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party . Meanwhile , during CORE 's work in Louisiana that summer , that group found the federal government would not respond to requests to enforce the provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , or to protect the lives of activists who challenged segregation . For the Louisiana campaign to survive it had to rely on a local African - American militia called the Deacons for Defense and Justice , who used arms to repel white supremacist violence and police repression . CORE 's collaboration with the Deacons was effective against breaking Jim Crow in numerous Louisiana areas . In 1965 , SNCC helped organize an independent political party , the Lowndes County Freedom Organization ( LCFO ) , in the heart of Alabama Klan territory , and permitted its black leaders to openly promote the use of armed self - defense . Meanwhile , the Deacons for Defense and Justice expanded into Mississippi and assisted Charles Evers ' NAACP chapter with a successful campaign in Natchez . The same year , the Watts Rebellion took place in Los Angeles , and seemed to show that many black youth were now committed to the use of violence to protest inequality and oppression . During the March Against Fear in 1966 , SNCC and CORE fully embraced the slogan of `` black power '' to describe these trends towards militancy and self - reliance . In Mississippi , Stokely Carmichael declared , `` I 'm not going to beg the white man for anything that I deserve , I 'm going to take it . We need power . '' Several people engaging in the Black Power movement started to gain more of a sense in black pride and identity as well . In gaining more of a sense of a cultural identity , several blacks demanded that whites no longer refer to them as `` Negroes '' but as `` Afro - Americans . '' Up until the mid-1960s , blacks had dressed similarly to whites and straightened their hair . As a part of gaining a unique identity , blacks started to wear loosely fit dashikis and had started to grow their hair out as a natural afro . The afro , sometimes nicknamed the `` ' fro , '' remained a popular black hairstyle until the late 1970s . Black Power was made most public , however , by the Black Panther Party ( BPP ) , which was founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in Oakland , California , in 1966 . The group began following the revolutionary pan-Africanism of late - period Malcolm X , using a `` by - any - means necessary '' approach to stopping inequality . They sought to rid African American neighborhoods of police brutality and establish socialist community control in the ghettos . Their tactics varied from armed confrontation with police to setting up free breakfast and healthcare programs for children . Between 1968 and 1971 , the BPP was one of the most important black organizations in the country and had support from the NAACP , SCLC , Peace and Freedom Party , and others . Black Power was taken to another level inside prison walls . In 1966 , George Jackson formed the Black Guerrilla Family in the California San Quentin State Prison . The goal of this group was to overthrow the white - run government in America and the prison system . In 1970 , this group displayed their dedication after a white prison guard was found not guilty of shooting and killing three black prisoners from the prison tower . They retaliated by killing a white prison guard . `` Say It Loud -- I 'm Black and I 'm Proud '' James Brown 's `` Say It Loud -- I 'm Black and I 'm Proud '' from Say It Loud -- I 'm Black and I 'm Proud Problems playing this file ? See media help . Gold medalist Tommie Smith ( center ) and bronze medalist John Carlos ( right ) showing the raised fist on the podium after the 200 m race at the 1968 Summer Olympics ; both wear Olympic Project for Human Rights badges . Peter Norman ( silver medalist , left ) from Australia also wears an OPHR badge in solidarity with Smith and Carlos . Numerous popular cultural expressions associated with black power appeared at this time . Released in August 1968 , the number one Rhythm & Blues single for the Billboard Year - End list was James Brown 's `` Say It Loud -- I 'm Black and I 'm Proud '' . In October 1968 , Tommie Smith and John Carlos , while being awarded the gold and bronze medals , respectively , at the 1968 Summer Olympics , donned human rights badges and each raised a black - gloved Black Power salute during their podium ceremony . King was not comfortable with the `` Black Power '' slogan , which sounded too much like black nationalism to him . When King was murdered in 1968 , Stokely Carmichael stated that whites murdered the one person who would prevent rampant rioting and that blacks would burn every major city to the ground . Black conservatism ( edit ) Despite the common notion that the ideas of Martin Luther King Jr. , Malcolm X and Black Power only conflicted with each other and were the only ideologies of the civil rights movement , there were other sentiments felt by many blacks . Fearing the events during the movement were occurring too quickly , there were some blacks who felt that leaders should take their activism at a slower pace . Others had reservations on how focused blacks were on the movement and felt that such attention was better spent on reforming issues within the black community . Those who blatantly rejected integration had various rationales for doing so , such as fearing a change in the status quo they had been used to for so long or fearing for their safety if they found themselves in environments where whites were much more present . Some defended segregation for the sake of keeping ties with the white power structure from which many relied on for social and economic mobility above other blacks . Based on her interpretation of a 1966 study made by Donald Matthews and James Prothro detailing the relative percentage of blacks for integration , against it or feeling something else , Lauren Winner asserts that : Black defenders of segregation look , at first blush , very much like black nationalists , especially in their preference for all - black institutions ; but black defenders of segregation differ from nationalists in two key ways . First , while both groups criticize NAACP - style integration , nationalists articulate a third alternative to integration and Jim Crow , while segregationists preferred to stick with the status quo . Second , absent from black defenders of segregation 's political vocabulary was the demand for self - determination . They called for all - black institutions , but not autonomous all - black institutions ; indeed , some defenders of segregation asserted that black people needed white paternalism and oversight in order to thrive . Oftentimes , African - American community leaders would be staunch defenders of segregation . Church ministers , businessmen and educators were among those who wished to keep segregation and segregationist ideals in order to retain the privileges they gained from patronage from whites , such as monetary gains . In addition , they relied on segregation to keep their jobs and economies in their communities thriving . It was feared that if integration became widespread in the South , black - owned businesses and other establishments would lose a large chunk of their customer base to white - owned businesses , and many blacks would lose opportunities for jobs that were presently exclusive to their interests . On the other hand , there were the everyday , average black people who criticized integration as well . For them , they took issue with different parts of the civil rights movement and the potential for blacks to exercise consumerism and economic liberty without hindrance from whites . For Martin Luther King Jr. , Malcolm X and other leading activists and groups during the movement , these opposing viewpoints acted as an obstacle against their ideas . These different views made such leaders ' work much harder to accomplish , but they were nonetheless important in the overall scope of the movement . For the most part , the black individuals who had reservations on various aspects of the movement and ideologies of the activists were not able to make a game - changing dent in their efforts , but the existence of these alternate ideas gave some blacks an outlet to express their concerns about the changing social structure . Avoiding the `` Communist '' label ( edit ) See also : The Communist Party and African - Americans On December 17 , 1951 , the Communist Party -- affiliated Civil Rights Congress delivered the petition We Charge Genocide : `` The Crime of Government Against the Negro People '' , often shortened to We Charge Genocide , to the United Nations in 1951 , arguing that the U.S. federal government , by its failure to act against lynching in the United States , was guilty of genocide under Article II of the UN Genocide Convention . The petition was presented to the United Nations at two separate venues : Paul Robeson , concert singer and activist , to a UN official in New York City , while William L. Patterson , executive director of the CRC , delivered copies of the drafted petition to a UN delegation in Paris . Patterson , the editor of the petition , was a leader in the Communist Party USA and head of the International Labor Defense , a group that offered legal representation to communists , trade unionists , and African Americans in cases involving issues of political or racial persecution . The ILD was known for leading the defense of the Scottsboro boys in Alabama in 1931 , where the Communist Party had considerable influence among African Americans in the 1930s . This had largely declined by the late 1950s , although they could command international attention . As earlier civil rights figures such as Robeson , Du Bois and Patterson became more politically radical ( and therefore targets of Cold War anti-Communism by the U.S. Government ) , they lost favor with both mainstream Black America and the NAACP . In order to secure a place in the mainstream and gain the broadest base , the new generation of civil rights activists believed they had to openly distance themselves from anything and anyone associated with the Communist party . According to Ella Baker , the Southern Christian Leadership Conference adopted `` Christian '' into its name to deter charges of Communism . The FBI under J. Edgar Hoover had been concerned about communism since the early 20th century , and continued to label as `` Communist '' or `` subversive '' some of the civil rights activists , whom it kept under close surveillance . In the early 1960s , the practice of distancing the civil rights movement from `` Reds '' was challenged by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee who adopted a policy of accepting assistance and participation by anyone , regardless of political affiliation , who supported the SNCC program and was willing to `` put their body on the line . '' At times this political openness put SNCC at odds with the NAACP . Kennedy administration , 1961 -- 1963 ( edit ) Attorney General Robert Kennedy speaking before a hostile Civil Rights crowd protesting low minority hiring in his Justice Department June 14 , 1963 For the first two years of the Kennedy administration , civil rights activists had mixed opinions of both the president and attorney general , Robert F. Kennedy . A well of historical skepticism toward liberal politics had left African Americans with a sense of uneasy disdain for any white politician who claimed to share their concerns for freedom , particularly ones connected to the historically pro-segregationist Democratic Party . Still , many were encouraged by the discreet support Kennedy gave to Dr. King , and the administration 's willingness , after dramatic pressure from civil disobedience , to bring forth racially progressive initiatives . Many of the initiatives resulted from Robert Kennedy 's passion . The younger Kennedy gained a rapid education in the realities of racism through events such as the Baldwin - Kennedy meeting . The president came to share his brother 's sense of urgency on the matter , resulting in the landmark Civil Rights Address of June 1963 and the introduction of the first major civil rights act of the decade . Robert Kennedy first became concerned with civil rights in mid-May 1961 during the Freedom Rides , when photographs of the burning bus and savage beatings in Anniston and Birmingham were broadcast around the world . They came at an especially embarrassing time , as President Kennedy was about to have a summit with the Soviet premier in Vienna . The White House was concerned with its image among the populations of newly independent nations in Africa and Asia , and Robert Kennedy responded with an address for Voice of America stating that great progress had been made on the issue of race relations . Meanwhile , behind the scenes , the administration worked to resolve the crisis with a minimum of violence and prevent the Freedom Riders from generating a fresh crop of headlines that might divert attention from the President 's international agenda . The Freedom Riders documentary notes that , `` The back burner issue of civil rights had collided with the urgent demands of Cold War realpolitik . '' On May 21 , when a white mob attacked and burned the First Baptist Church in Montgomery , Alabama , where King was holding out with protesters , Robert Kennedy telephoned King to ask him to stay in the building until the U.S. Marshals and National Guard could secure the area . King proceeded to berate Kennedy for `` allowing the situation to continue '' . King later publicly thanked Kennedy for deploying the force to break up an attack which might otherwise have ended King 's life . With a very small majority in Congress , the president 's ability to press ahead with legislation relied considerably on a balancing game with the Senators and Congressmen of the South . Without the support of Vice-President Johnson , a former Senator who had years of experience in Congress and longstanding relations there , many of the Attorney - General 's programs would not have progressed . By late 1962 , frustration at the slow pace of political change was balanced by the movement 's strong support for legislative initiatives , including administrative representation across all U.S. Government departments and greater access to the ballot box . From squaring off against Governor George Wallace , to `` tearing into '' Vice-President Johnson ( for failing to desegregate areas of the administration ) , to threatening corrupt white Southern judges with disbarment , to desegregating interstate transport , Robert Kennedy came to be consumed by the civil rights movement . He continued to work on these social justice issues in his bid for the presidency in 1968 . On the night of Governor Wallace 's capitulation to African - American enrollment at the University of Alabama , President Kennedy gave an address to the nation , which marked the changing tide , an address that was to become a landmark for the ensuing change in political policy as to civil rights . In 1966 , Robert Kennedy visited South Africa and voiced his objections to apartheid , the first time a major US politician had done so : At the University of Natal in Durban , I was told the church to which most of the white population belongs teaches apartheid as a moral necessity . A questioner declared that few churches allow black Africans to pray with the white because the Bible says that is the way it should be , because God created Negroes to serve . `` But suppose God is black '' , I replied . `` What if we go to Heaven and we , all our lives , have treated the Negro as an inferior , and God is there , and we look up and He is not white ? What then is our response ? '' There was no answer . Only silence . -- LOOK Magazine Robert Kennedy 's relationship with the movement was not always positive . As attorney general , he was called to account by activists -- who booed him at a June 1963 speech -- for the Justice Department 's own poor record of hiring blacks . He also presided over FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover and his COINTELPRO program . This program ordered FBI agents to `` expose , disrupt , misdirect , discredit , or otherwise neutralize '' the activities of Communist front groups , a category in which the paranoid Hoover included most civil rights organizations . Kennedy personally authorized some of the programs . According to Tim Weiner , `` RFK knew much more about this surveillance than he ever admitted . '' Although Kennedy only gave approval for limited wiretapping of Dr. King 's phones `` on a trial basis , for a month or so . '' Hoover extended the clearance so his men were `` unshackled '' to look for evidence in any areas of the black leader 's life they deemed important ; they then used this information to harass King . Kennedy directly ordered surveillance on James Baldwin after their antagonistic racial summit in 1963 . American Jewish community and the civil rights movement ( edit ) See also : African American -- Jewish relations ; New York City teachers ' strike of 1968 ; and Brownsville , Brooklyn Jewish civil rights activist Joseph L. Rauh Jr. marching with Martin Luther King in 1963 Many in the Jewish community supported the civil rights movement . In fact , statistically Jews were one of the most actively involved non-black groups in the Movement . Many Jewish students worked in concert with African Americans for CORE , SCLC , and SNCC as full - time organizers and summer volunteers during the Civil Rights era . Jews made up roughly half of the white northern volunteers involved in the 1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer project and approximately half of the civil rights attorneys active in the South during the 1960s . Jewish leaders were arrested while heeding a call from Martin Luther King Jr. in St. Augustine , Florida , in June 1964 , where the largest mass arrest of rabbis in American history took place at the Monson Motor Lodge -- a nationally important civil rights landmark that was demolished in 2003 so that a Hilton Hotel could be built on the site . Abraham Joshua Heschel , a writer , rabbi , and professor of theology at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America in New York , was outspoken on the subject of civil rights . He marched arm - in - arm with Dr. King in the 1965 Selma to Montgomery march . In the 1964 murders of Chaney , Goodman , and Schwerner , the two white activists killed , Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner , were both Jewish . Brandeis University , the only nonsectarian Jewish - sponsored college university in the world , created the Transitional Year Program ( TYP ) in 1968 , in part response to Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King 's assassination . The faculty created it to renew the university 's commitment to social justice . Recognizing Brandeis as a university with a commitment to academic excellence , these faculty members created a chance to disadvantaged students to participate in an empowering educational experience . The American Jewish Committee , American Jewish Congress , and Anti-Defamation League ( ADL ) actively promoted civil rights . While Jews were very active in the civil rights movement in the South , in the North , many had experienced a more strained relationship with African Americans . In communities experiencing white flight , racial rioting , and urban decay , Jewish Americans were more often the last remaining whites in the communities most affected . It has been argued that with Black militancy and the Black Power movements on the rise , `` Black Anti-Semitism '' increased leading to strained relations between Blacks and Jews in Northern communities . In New York City , most notably , there was a major socio - economic class difference in the perception of African Americans by Jews . Jews from better educated Upper Middle Class backgrounds were often very supportive of African American civil rights activities while the Jews in poorer urban communities that became increasingly minority were often less supportive largely in part due to more negative and violent interactions between the two groups . According to political scientist Michael Rogin , Jewish - Black hostility was a two - way street extending to earlier decades . In the post-World War II era , Jews were granted white privilege and most moved into the middle - class while Blacks were left behind in the ghetto . Urban Jews engaged in the same sort of conflicts with Blacks -- over integration busing , local control of schools , housing , crime , communal identity , and class divides -- that other white ethnics did , leading to Jews participating in white flight . The culmination of this was the 1968 New York City teachers ' strike , pitting largely Jewish schoolteachers against predominantly Black parents in Brownsville , New York . Profile ( edit ) Many Jewish individuals in the Southern states who supported civil rights for African Americans tended to keep a low profile on `` the race issue '' , in order to avoid attracting the attention of the anti-Black and antisemitic Ku Klux Klan . However , Klan groups exploited the issue of African - American integration and Jewish involvement in the struggle to launch acts of violent antisemitism . As an example of this hatred , in one year alone , from November 1957 to October 1958 , temples and other Jewish communal gatherings were bombed and desecrated in Atlanta , Nashville , Jacksonville , and Miami , and dynamite was found under synagogues in Birmingham , Charlotte , and Gastonia , North Carolina . Some rabbis received death threats , but there were no injuries following these outbursts of violence . White backlash ( edit ) King reached the height of popular acclaim during his life in 1964 , when he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . His career after that point was filled with frustrating challenges . The liberal coalition that had gained passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 began to fray . King was becoming more estranged from the Johnson administration . In 1965 he broke with it by calling for peace negotiations and a halt to the bombing of Vietnam . He moved further left in the following years , speaking of the need for economic justice and thoroughgoing changes in American society . He believed change was needed beyond the civil rights gained by the movement . King 's attempts to broaden the scope of the civil rights movement were halting and largely unsuccessful , however . King made several efforts in 1965 to take the Movement north to address housing discrimination . SCLC 's campaign in Chicago publicly failed , as Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley marginalized SCLC 's campaign by promising to `` study '' the city 's problems . In 1966 , white demonstrators holding `` white power '' signs in notoriously racist Cicero , a suburb of Chicago , threw stones at marchers demonstrating against housing segregation . Politicians and journalists quickly blamed this white backlash on the movement 's shift towards Black Power in the mid-1960s ; today most scholars view backlash as a phenomenon that was already developing in the mid-1950s , embodied in the `` massive resistance '' movement of the South where even the few moderate white leaders ( including George Wallace , who had once been endorsed by the NAACP ) shifted to openly racist positions . Northern racists opposed the southerners on a regional and cultural basis , but also held segregationist attitudes which became more pronounced as the civil rights movement headed North . For instance , prior to the Watts riot , California whites had already mobilized to repeal the state 's 1963 fair housing law . Even so , the backlash was not sufficient at the time to roll back major civil rights victories or swing the country into reaction . Social historians Matthew Lassiter and Barbara Ehrenreich note that backlash 's primary constituency was suburban and middle - class , but not working - class whites : `` among the white electorate , one half of blue - collar voters ... cast their ballot for ( the liberal presidential candidate ) Hubert Humphrey in 1968 ... only in the South did George Wallace draw substantially more blue - collar than white - collar support . '' African - American Women in the movement ( edit ) Women often acted as leaders in the civil rights movement and led organizations that contributed to the cause of civil rights . African - American women stepped into the roles that men had previously held . Women were members of the NAACP because they believed it could help them contribute to the cause of civil rights . Women involved with the Black Panthers would lead meetings , edit the Black Panther newspaper , and advocated for childcare and sexual freedom . Women involved with SNCC helped to organize sit - ins and the Freedom Rides , as well as keeping the organization together . Women also formed church groups , bridge clubs , and professional organizations , such as the National Council of Negro Women , to help achieve freedom for themselves and their race . Some women who participated in these organizations lost their jobs because of their involvement . Discrimination ( edit ) Many women in the movement experienced gender discrimination and sexual harassment within the movement . In the SCLC , Ella Baker 's input was discouraged in spite of her being the oldest and most experienced person on the staff . Within the ministers ' patriarchal hierarchy , age and experience were actually considered detriments for a woman . Her role as an executive was only assigned as a placeholder for a male leader . Women that worked under SNCC did the clerical work and were not consistently given leadership positions . Women who worked in multiple civil rights organizations noted that males tended to become the leaders and women `` faded into the background '' and the men of the movement did not acknowledge the gender discrimination present in the organization . Much of the reasoning for the lesser role that women took in the movement was that it was time for black men to take on a role as a leader now that they had the opportunity . Women got very little recognition for their roles in the civil rights movement despite the fact that they were heavily involved with the participation and planning . Johnson administration : 1963 -- 1968 ( edit ) Further information : Civil Rights Act of 1964 , War on Poverty , and Lyndon B. Johnson Lyndon Johnson made civil rights one of his highest priorities , coupling it with a whites war on poverty . However in creasing the shrill opposition to the War in Vietnam , coupled with the cost of the war , undercut support for his domestic programs . Under Kennedy , major civil rights legislation had been stalled in Congress his assassination changed everything . On one hand president Lyndon Johnson was a much more skillful negotiator than Kennedy but he had behind him a powerful national momentum demanding immediate action on moral and emotional grounds . Demands for immediate action originated from unexpected directions , especially white Protestant church groups . The Justice Department , led by Robert Kennedy , moved from a posture of defending Kennedy from the quagmire minefield of racial politics to acting to fulfill his legacy . The violent death and public reaction dramatically moved the moderate Republicans , led by Senator Everett McKinley Dirksen , whose support was the margin of victory for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . The act immediately ended de jure ( legal ) segregation and the era of Jim Crow . With the civil rights movement at full blast , Lyndon Johnson coupled black entrepreneurship with his war on poverty , setting up special program in the Small Business Administration , the Office of Economic Opportunity , and other agencies . This time there was money for loans designed to boost minority business ownership . Richard Nixon greatly expanded the program , setting up the Office of Minority Business Enterprise ( OMBE ) in the expectation that black entrepreneurs would help defuse racial tensions and possibly support his reelection . Prison reform ( edit ) Gates v. Collier ( edit ) Mississippi State Penitentiary Conditions at the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman , then known as Parchman Farm , became part of the public discussion of civil rights after activists were imprisoned there . In the spring of 1961 , Freedom Riders came to the South to test the desegregation of public facilities . By the end of June 1963 , Freedom Riders had been convicted in Jackson , Mississippi . Many were jailed in Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman . Mississippi employed the trusty system , a hierarchical order of inmates that used some inmates to control and enforce punishment of other inmates . In 1970 the civil rights lawyer Roy Haber began taking statements from inmates . He collected 50 pages of details of murders , rapes , beatings and other abuses suffered by the inmates from 1969 to 1971 at Mississippi State Penitentiary . In a landmark case known as Gates v. Collier ( 1972 ) , four inmates represented by Haber sued the superintendent of Parchman Farm for violating their rights under the United States Constitution . Federal Judge William C. Keady found in favor of the inmates , writing that Parchman Farm violated the civil rights of the inmates by inflicting cruel and unusual punishment . He ordered an immediate end to all unconstitutional conditions and practices . Racial segregation of inmates was abolished , as was the trusty system , which allowed certain inmates to have power and control over others . The prison was renovated in 1972 after the scathing ruling by Judge Keady , who wrote that the prison was an affront to `` modern standards of decency . '' Among other reforms , the accommodations were made fit for human habitation . The system of trusties was abolished . ( The prison had armed lifers with rifles and given them authority to oversee and guard other inmates , which led to many abuses and murders . ) In integrated correctional facilities in northern and western states , blacks represented a disproportionate number of the prisoners , in excess of their proportion of the general population . They were often treated as second - class citizens by white correctional officers . Blacks also represented a disproportionately high number of death row inmates . Eldridge Cleaver 's book Soul on Ice was written from his experiences in the California correctional system ; it contributed to black militancy . Cold War ( edit ) There was an international context for the actions of the U.S. federal government during these years . Soviet media frequently covered racial discrimination in the U.S. Deeming American criticism of Soviet Union human rights abuses as hypocritical the Soviets would respond with `` And you are lynching Negroes '' . In his 1934 book Russia Today : What Can We Learn from It ? , Sherwood Eddy wrote : `` In the most remote villages of Russia today Americans are frequently asked what they are going to do to the Scottsboro Negro boys and why they lynch Negroes . '' In Cold War Civil Rights : Race and the Image of American Democracy , the historian Mary L. Dudziak wrote that Communists critical of the United States accused the nation for its hypocrisy in portraying itself as the `` leader of the free world , '' when so many of its citizens were subjected to severe racial discrimination and violence ; she argued that this was a major factor in moving the government to support civil rights legislation . In popular culture ( edit ) Main article : African - American civil rights movement ( 1954 -- 1968 ) in popular culture The 1954 to 1968 civil rights movement contributed strong cultural threads to American and international theater , song , film , television , and folk art . Activist organizations ( edit ) National / regional civil rights organizations Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Deacons for Defense and Justice Leadership Conference on Civil Rights ( LCCR ) Medical Committee for Human Rights ( MCHR ) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) National Council of Negro Women ( NCNW ) Organization of Afro - American Unity Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) Southern Conference Educational Fund ( SCEF ) Southern Student Organizing Committee ( SSOC ) National economic empowerment organizations Operation Breadbasket Urban League Local civil rights organizations Albany Movement ( Albany , GA ) Council of Federated Organizations ( Mississippi ) Montgomery Improvement Association ( Montgomery , AL ) Regional Council of Negro Leadership ( Mississippi ) Women 's Political Council ( Montgomery , AL ) Individual activists ( edit ) Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Muhammad Ali Maya Angelou Louis Austin Ella Baker James Baldwin Marion Barry Daisy Bates Fay Bellamy Powell James Bevel Claude Black Unita Blackwell Julian Bond Amelia Boynton Anne Braden Carl Braden Mary Fair Burks Stokely Carmichael Septima Clark Albert Cleage Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Jonathan Daniels Annie Devine Doris Derby Marian Wright Edelman Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams James L. Farmer Jr . Karl Fleming Sarah Mae Flemming James Forman Frankie Muse Freeman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer Lorraine Hansberry Robert Hayling Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Libby Holman Myles Horton T.R.M. Howard Winson Hudson Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Esau Jenkins Gloria Johnson - Powell Clyde Kennard Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Bernard Lafayette W.W. Law James Lawson John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Joseph Lowery Autherine Lucy Clara Luper Thurgood Marshall James Meredith Loren Miller Jack Minnis Anne Moody Harry T. Moore E. Frederic Morrow Robert Parris Moses Bill Moyer Diane Nash Denise Nicholas E.D. Nixon David Nolan James Orange Nan Grogan Orrock Rosa Parks Rutledge Pearson A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson Amelia Boynton Robinson Jackie Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Bayard Rustin Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Nina Simone Charles Kenzie Steele Dempsey Travis C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hosea Williams Robert F. Williams Malcolm X Andrew Young Whitney Young See also ( edit ) Civil rights movement portal African American portal Social movements portal 1950s portal 1960s portal List of civil rights leaders List of Kentucky women in the civil rights era Photographers of the American civil rights movement `` We Shall Overcome '' , unofficial movement anthem History preservation : Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Read 's Drug Store ( Baltimore ) , site of a 1955 desegregation sit - in Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project Television News of the Civil Rights Era 1950 -- 1970 Post -- civil rights movement : Black Lives Matter Post -- civil rights era in African - American history Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Various other dates have been proposed as the date on which the civil rights movement began or ended . Jump up ^ The social movement has also been called the Second Reconstruction , modern civil rights movement , civil rights revolution , black revolution , Negro movement , black civil rights movement , U.S. civil rights movement , 1960s civil rights movement , Negro revolution , Negro American revolution , Negro revolt , Southern freedom movement , black rights movement , United States civil rights movement , American freedom movement , and Negro freedom movement . The term civil rights struggle can denote this or other social movements that occurred during the same period in the United States . The span of time of the social movement is called the civil rights era . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : II , Vann R. Newkirk . `` How ' The Blood of Emmett Till ' Still Stains America Today '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- CRA -- Title VII -- Equal Employment Opportunities -- 42 US Code Chapter 21 -- findUSlaw '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Haines , Herbert H. ( 1995 ) . Black Radicals and the Civil Rights Mainstream , 1954 -- 1970 . Univ. of Tennessee Press . pp. 98 -- 118 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57233 - 260 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Timothy B. Tyson , `` Robert F. Williams , ' Black Power , ' and the Roots of the African American Freedom Struggle , '' Journal of American History 85 , No. 2 ( September 1998 ) : 540 -- 570 Jump up ^ `` How the end of slavery led to starvation and death for millions of black Americans '' . The Guardian . August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schultz , Jeffrey D. ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics : African Americans and Asian Americans . p. 284 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57356 - 148 - 8 . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Leland T. Saito ( 1998 ) . Race and Politics : Asian Americans , Latinos , and Whites in a Los Angeles Suburb . p. 154 . University of Illinois Press Jump up ^ Smith , Jean Edward ( 2001 ) . Grant . Simon and Schuster . pp. 244 -- 247 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 1701 - 9 . Jump up ^ Wormser , Richard . `` The Enforcement Acts ( 1870 -- 71 ) '' . PBS : Jim Crow Stories . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Black - American Representatives and Senators by Congress , 1870 -- Present Archived January 1 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. -- U.S. House of Representatives Jump up ^ Klarman , Michael J. ; ' The White Primary Rulings : A Case Study in the Consequences of Supreme Court Decisionmaking ' ; Florida State University Law Review , vol. 29 , issue 55 , pp. 55 - 107 Jump up ^ Walton , Hanes ( junior ) ; Puckett , Sherman and Deskins Donald R. ( junior ) ; The African American Electorate : A Statistical History , p. 539 ISBN 0872895084 Jump up ^ Otis H Stephens , Jr ; John M Scheb , II ( 2007 ) . American Constitutional Law : Civil Rights and Liberties . Cengage Learning . p. 528 . ISBN 0 - 495 - 09705 - 5 . Jump up ^ Paul Finkelman , ed. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of African American History . Oxford University Press . pp. 199 -- 200 of vol 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516779 - 5 . Jump up ^ Moyers , Bill . `` Legacy of Lynching '' Archived August 29 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine ... PBS . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 Jump up ^ Rayford Logan , The Betrayal of the Negro from Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson , pp. 97 -- 98 . New York : Da Capo Press , 1997 . ^ Jump up to : Leon Litwack , Jim Crow Blues , Magazine of History ( OAH Publications , 2004 ) Jump up ^ Michael Kazin , Rebecca Edwards , Adam Rothman ( 2009 ) . `` The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History '' . p. 245 . Princeton University Press Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward , The Strange Career of Jim Crow , 3rd rev . ed . ( Oxford University Press , 1974 ) , pp. 67 -- 109 . Jump up ^ Birmingham Segregation Laws Archived February 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans ^ Jump up to : Fultz , M. ( 2006 ) . Black Public Libraries in the South in the Era of De Jure Segregation . Libraries & The Cultural Record , 41 ( 3 ) , 338 -- 346 . Jump up ^ Tolnay , Stewart ( 2003 ) . `` The African American ' Great Migration ' and Beyond '' . Annual Review of Sociology. 29 : 218 -- 221 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. soc. 29.010202. 100009 . JSTOR 30036966 . Jump up ^ `` Party Realignment And The New Deal '' . US House of Representatives : History , Art & Archives . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2018 . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hannah - Jones , Nikole ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` Living Apart : How the Government Betrayed a Landmark Civil Rights Law '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Future of Fair Housing : How We Got Here '' . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ David T. Beito and Linda Royster Beito , Black Maverick : T.R.M. Howard 's Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Power , Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 2009 , pp. 81 , 99 -- 100 . Jump up ^ `` Robinson , Jo Ann Gibson ( 1912 -- 1992 ) '' . The Martin Luther King Jr . Research and Education Institute . Stanford University . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Jo Ann & Garrow , David J. ( forward by Coretta Scott King ) The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It ( 1986 ) ISBN 0 - 394 - 75623 - 1 Knoxville , University of Tennessee Press Jump up ^ `` The Tallahassee Bus Boycott -- Fifty Years Later , '' The Tallahassee Democrat , May 21 , 2006 Archived December 10 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Klarman , Michael J. , Brown v. Board of Education and the Civil Rights Movement ( electronic resource ) : abridged edition of From Jim Crow to Civil Rights : The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality , Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press , 2007 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ `` Brown v. Board of Education ( Kansas ) '' . The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2016 . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Risa L. Goluboff , The Lost Promise of Civil Rights , Harvard University Press , MA : Cambridge , 2007 , pp. 249 -- 251 Jump up ^ Antonly Lester , `` Brown v. Board of Education Overseas '' PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY VOL. 148 , NO . 4 , DECEMBER 2004 Archived May 1 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mary L Dudziak `` Brown as a Cold War Case '' Journal of American History , June 2004 Archived December 7 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Brown v Board of Education Decision Archived June 5 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans ^ Jump up to : `` Civil Rights Greensboro '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weiner , Melissa F. ( 2010 ) . Power , Protest , and the Public Schools : Jewish and African American Struggles in New York City . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 4772 - 5 . Jump up ^ Adina Back `` Exposing the Whole Segregation Myth : The Harlem Nine and New York City Schools '' in Freedom north : Black freedom struggles outside the South , 1940 -- 1980 , Jeanne Theoharis , Komozi Woodard , eds. ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2003 ) pp. 65 -- 91 Jump up ^ `` How The Horrific Photograph Of Emmett Till Helped Energize The Civil Rights Movement '' . 100 Photographs The Most Influential Images of All Time . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitfield , Stephen ( 1991 ) . A Death in the Delta : The story of Emmett Till . pp 41 -- 42 . JHU Press . ^ Jump up to : `` ' The Blood of Emmett Till ' remembers a horrific crime '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haas , Jeffrey ( 2011 ) . The Assassination of Fred Hampton . Chicago : Chicago Review Press . p. 17 . ISBN 1 - 56976 - 709 - 2 . Jump up ^ Weller , Sheila ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` How Author Timothy Tyson Found the Woman at the Center of the Emmett Till Case '' . Vanity Fair . Jump up ^ Tyson , Timothy B. ( 2017 ) . The Blood of Emmett Till . New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 221 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4767 - 1486 - 8 . Carolyn Bryant Donham , interview with the author , Raleigh , NC , September 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Chafe , William Henry ( 2003 ) . The Unfinished Journey : America since World War II . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515049 - 0 . Jump up ^ The Little Rock Nine Archived May 4 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Minnijean Brown Trickey , America.gov Archived November 28 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Erikson , Erik ( 1969 ) . Gandhi 's Truth : On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence . New York City : Norton . p. 415 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31034 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights Movement Veterans '' . Civil Rights Movement Veterans . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Hartford ( full interview ) '' . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 -- via Vimeo . Jump up ^ Forman , James ( 1972 ) . The Making of Black Revolutionaries . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 940880 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Francis Fox Piven and Richard Cloward , Poor People 's Movements : How They Succeed , How They Fail ( Random House , 1977 ) , 182 Jump up ^ Timothy B. Tyson , Radio Free Dixie : Robert F. Williams and the Roots of `` Black Power '' ( University of North Carolina Press , 1999 ) , 79 -- 80 Jump up ^ Tyson , Radio Free Dixie , 88 -- 89 Jump up ^ Nicholas Graham , `` January 1958 : The Lumbees face the Klan '' Archived February 6 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine. , This Month in North Carolina History Jump up ^ Tyson , Radio Free Dixie , 149 Jump up ^ Tyson , Radio Free Dixie , 159 -- 164 Jump up ^ `` Williams , Robert Franklin ( 1925 -- 1996 ) '' . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barbara Ransby , Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement : A Radical Democratic Vision ( University of North Carolina Press , 2003 ) , 213 -- 216 Jump up ^ `` The Black Power Movement , Part 2 : The Papers of Robert F. Williams '' A Guide to the Microfilm Editions of the Black Studies Research Sources ( University Publications of America ) Archived January 8 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Tyson , Journal of American History ( September 1998 ) Jump up ^ Taylor Branch , Parting the Waters : America in the King Years 1954 -- 1963 ( Simon and Schuster , 1988 ) , 781 Jump up ^ Simon Wendt , The Spirit and the Shotgun : Armed Resistance and the Struggle for Civil Rights ( University of Florida Press , 2007 ) , 121 -- 122 ; Mike Marqusee , `` By Any Means Necessary '' The Nation , September 24 , 2004 -- http://www.thenation.com/article/any-means-necessary# Archived February 24 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Walter Rucker , `` Crusader in Exile : Robert F. Williams and the International Struggle for Black Freedom in America '' The Black Scholar 36 , No. 2 -- 3 ( Summer -- Fall 2006 ) : 19 -- 33 . URL Archived July 27 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Timothy B. Tyson , `` Robert Franklin Williams : A Warrior For Freedom , 1925 -- 1996 '' Archived July 8 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , Southern Exposure , Winter 1996 , Investigating U.S. History ( City University of New York ) Jump up ^ `` Kansas Sit - In Gets Its Due at Last '' Archived April 21 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine. ; NPR ; October 21 , 2006 Jump up ^ First Southern Sit - in , Greensboro NC Archived March 6 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Chafe , William Henry ( 1980 ) . Civilities and civil rights : Greensboro , North Carolina , and the Black struggle for freedom . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 81 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 502625 - X . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights Greensboro '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ I , Stations , Community ( January 1 , 2008 ) . `` Rising Up '' . Southern Spaces. 2008 . doi : 10.18737 / M7HP4M . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Atlanta Sit - ins Archived March 6 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . -- Civil Rights Veterans ^ Jump up to : `` Atlanta Sit - Ins '' Archived January 17 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , The New Georgia Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Houston , Benjamin ( 2012 ) . The Nashville Way : Racial Etiquette and the Struggle for Social Justice in a Southern City . Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 4326 - 9 . Jump up ^ Nashville Student Movement Archived March 6 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ `` America 's First Sit - Down Strike : The 1939 Alexandria Library Sit - In '' . City of Alexandria . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Davis , Townsend ( 1998 ) . Weary Feet , Rested Souls : A Guided History of the Civil Rights Movement . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 311 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04592 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Sit - ins '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Students Begin to Lead Archived January 13 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . -- The New Georgia Encyclopedia -- Atlanta Sit - Ins Jump up ^ Carson , Clayborne ( 1981 ) . In Struggle : SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . p. 311 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 44727 - 1 . Jump up ^ Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Founded Archived March 6 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans ^ Jump up to : Freedom Rides Archived July 7 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans ^ Jump up to : Arsenault , Raymond ( 2006 ) . Freedom Riders : 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice . Oxford Press . Jump up ^ Black Protest ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Hartford , Bruce Hartford . `` Arrests in Jackson MS '' . The Civil Rights Movement Veterans website . Westwind Writers Inc . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Our Portion of Hell : Fayette County , Tennessee , an Oral History of the Struggle For Civil Rights by Robert Hamburger ( New York ; Links Books , 1973 Jump up ^ Voter Registration & Direct - action in McComb MS Archived July 7 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Council of Federated Organizations Formed in Mississippi Archived October 4 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Mississippi Voter Registration -- Greenwood Archived October 4 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ handeyside , Hugh . `` What Have We Learned from the Spies of Mississippi ? '' . American Civil Liberty Union . ACLU National Security Project . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carrying the burden : the story of Clyde Kennard '' Archived October 9 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , District 125 , Mississippi . Retrieved November 5 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : William H. Tucker , The Funding of Scientific Racism : Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund , University of Illinois Press ( May 30 , 2007 ) , pp 165 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Neo-Confederacy : A Critical Introduction , Edited by Euan Hague , Heidi Beirich , Edward H. Sebesta , University of Texas Press ( 2008 ) pp. 284 -- 85 ^ Jump up to : `` A House Divided `` . Southern Poverty Law Center . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jennie Brown , Medgar Evers , Holloway House Publishing , 1994 , pp. 128 -- 132 Jump up ^ United States v. Barnett , 376 U.S. 681 ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ `` James Meredith Integrates Ole Miss '' Archived October 4 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , University of Southern Mississippi Library Archived September 17 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Albany GA , Movement Archived July 7 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ The Birmingham Campaign Archived June 15 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Letter from a Birmingham Jail Archived April 7 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ~ King Research & Education Institute at Stanford Univ . Jump up ^ Bass , S. Jonathan ( 2001 ) Blessed Are The Peacemakers : Martin Luther King Jr. , Eight White Religious Leaders , and the `` Letter from Birmingham Jail '' . Baton Rouge : LSU Press . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2655 - 1 Jump up ^ Freedom - Now '' Time , May 17 , 1963 Archived March 9 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. ; Glenn T. Eskew , But for Birmingham : The Local and National Struggles in the Civil Rights Movement ( University of North Carolina Press , 1997 ) , 301 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholas Andrew Bryant , The Bystander : John F. Kennedy And the Struggle for Black Equality ( Basic Books , 2006 ) , pg. 2 Jump up ^ Thomas J Sugrue , `` Affirmative Action from Below : Civil Rights , Building Trades , and the Politics of Racial Equality in the Urban North , 1945 -- 1969 '' The Journal of American History , Vol. 91 , Issue 1 Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission website , `` The Civil Rights Movement '' `` . Jump up ^ T he Daily Capital News ( Missouri ) June 14 , 1963 , pg. 4 Archived September 25 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Dispatch -- Google News Archive Search '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Thomas F. ( July 17 , 2013 ) . From Civil Rights to Human Rights . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 167 . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 0000 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Teaching American History in Maryland -- Documents for the Classroom -- Maryland State Archives '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas F. Jackson , `` Jobs and Freedom : The Black Revolt of 1963 and the Contested Meanings of the March on Washginton '' Virginia Foundation for the Humanities April 2 , 2008 , pg. 10 -- 14 Jump up ^ Ortega , Tony ( May 4 , 2009 ) . `` Miss Lorraine Hansberry & Bobby Kennedy '' . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hilty , James ( April 1 , 2000 ) . Robert Kennedy : Brother Protector . Temple University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4399 - 0519 - 7 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Robert Kennedy and His Times ( 1978 ) , pp. 332 -- 333 . Jump up ^ `` Book Reviews - The Bystander by Nicholas A. Bryant '' The Journal of American History ( 2007 ) 93 ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Standing In the Schoolhouse Door Archived June 15 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ `` Radio and Television Report to the American People on Civil Rights , '' June 11 , 1963 , transcript from the JFK library . Archived February 5 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Medgar Evers Archived November 7 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine. , a worthwhile article , on The Mississippi Writers Page , a website of the University of Mississippi English Department . Jump up ^ Medgar Evers Assassination Archived June 15 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans ^ Jump up to : Civil Rights bill submitted , and date of JFK murder , plus graphic events of the March on Washington . Archived October 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . This is an Abbeville Press website , a large informative article apparently from the book The Civil Rights Movement ( ISBN 0 - 7892 - 0123 - 2 ) . Jump up ^ Clawson , Laura . `` A. Philip Randolph , the union leader who led the March on Washington '' . Daily Kos . Daily Kos Group . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Jonathan ; Karabell , Zachary ( 2003 ) . Kennedy , Johnson , and the Quest for Justice : The Civil Rights Tapes . WW Norton & Co. p. 130 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05122 - 6 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger Jr. , Arthur M. ( 2002 ) ( 1978 ) . Robert Kennedy and His Times . Houghton Mifflin Books . pp. 350 , 351 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 21928 - 5 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Krissah ( August 25 , 2013 ) . `` In March on Washington , white activists were largely overlooked but strategically essential '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Television News and the Civil Rights Struggle : The Views in Virginia and Mississippi '' . Southern Spaces . November 3 , 2004 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cambridge , Maryland , activists campaign for desegregation , USA , 1962 -- 1963 '' . Global Nonviolent Action Database . Swarthmore College . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Afro - American -- Google News Archive Search '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Negro and the American Promise , '' Archived December 25 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . produced by Boston public television station WGBH in 1963 Jump up ^ Harlem CORE , `` Film clip of Harlem CORE chairman Gladys Harrington speaking on Malcolm X '' Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Malcolm X '' The King Encyclopedia , eds . Tenisha Armstrong , et al , Martin Luther King Jr . Research and Education Institute website Archived October 5 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , Jump up ^ Manning Marable , Malcolm X : A Life of Reinvention ( Penguin Books , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Media , American Public . `` Say it Plain , Say it Loud -- American RadioWorks '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Akinyele Umoja , We Will Shoot Back : Armed Resistance in the Mississippi Freedom Movement ( NYU Press , 2013 ) , p. 126 Jump up ^ Francis Fox Piven and Richard Cloward , Regulating the Poor ( Random House 1971 ) , p. 238 ; Abel A. Bartley , Keeping the Faith : Race , Politics and Social Development in Jacksonville , 1940 -- 1970 ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 2000 ) , 111 Jump up ^ `` The Ballot or the Bullet '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blackside Productions , Eyes on the Prize : America 's Civil Rights Movement 1954 -- 1985 , `` Archived April 23 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Time Has Come '' Public Broadcasting System Jump up ^ Lewis , John ( 1998 ) . Walking With the Wind . Simon & Schuster . Jump up ^ Fannie Lou Hamer , Speech Delivered with Malcolm X at the Williams Institutional CME Church , Harlem , New York , December 20 , 1964 Archived January 14 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ George Breitman , ed . Malcolm X Speaks : Selected Speeches and Statements ( Grove Press , 1965 ) , pp. 106 -- 109 Jump up ^ Christopher Strain , Pure Fire : Self - Defense as Activism in the Civil Rights Era ( University of Georgia Press , 2005 ) , pp. 92 -- 93 Jump up ^ Juan Williams , et al , Eyes on the Prize : America 's Civil Rights Years 1954 -- 1965 ( Penguin Group , 1988 ) , p. 262 Jump up ^ Paul Ryan Haygood , `` Malcolm 's Contribution to Black Voting Rights '' Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Black Commentator Jump up ^ Civil Rights Movement Veterans . `` St. Augustine FL , Movement -- 1963 '' Archived August 16 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ; `` Hayling , Robert B. ( 1929 -- ) '' , Martin Luther King Jr . Research and Education Institute , Stanford University ; `` Black History : Dr. Robert B. Hayling '' Archived January 22 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Augustine.com ; David J. Garrow , Bearing the Cross : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( Harper Collins , 1987 ) p 316 -- 318 Jump up ^ Civil Rights Movement Veterans . `` St. Augustine FL , Movement -- 1963 '' Archived August 16 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. ; David J. Garrow , Bearing the Cross : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( Harper Collins , 1987 ) p 317 ; ^ Jump up to : The Mississippi Movement & the MFDP Archived April 24 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Mississippi : Subversion of the Right to Vote Archived May 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ McAdam , Doug ( 1988 ) . Freedom Summer . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504367 - 7 . Jump up ^ Carson , Clayborne ( 1981 ) . In Struggle : SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s . Harvard University Press . ^ Jump up to : Veterans Roll Call Archived April 23 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Reeves 1993 , pp. 521 -- 524 . Jump up ^ Youth in the Ghetto : A Study of the Consequences of Powerlessness , Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited , Inc. , 1964 Jump up ^ Poverty and Politics in Harlem , Alphnso Pinkney and Roger Woock , College & University Press Services , Inc. , 1970 Jump up ^ Freedom Ballot in MS Archived August 16 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Spencer Crump , Black riot in Los Angeles : the story of the Watts tragedy ( 1966 ) . Jump up ^ Self , Robert O. ( August 8 , 2005 ) . American Babylon : Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 4417 - 3 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Reitman , Valerie ; Landsberg , Mitchell ( August 11 , 2005 ) . `` Watts Riots , 40 Years Later '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No on Proposition 14 : California Fair Housing Initiative Collection '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Black Thursday '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Folkart , Burt A. ( November 5 , 1985 ) . `` James Groppi , Ex-Priest , Civil Rights Activist , Dies '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Darren Miles `` Everett Dirksen 's Role in Civil Rights Legislation '' Western Illinois Historical Review , Vol . I Spring 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` A Walk Through Newark . History . The Riots -- Thirteen / WNET '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Karen ( October 1 , 1999 ) . `` Review of Georgakas , Dan ; Surkin , Marvin , Detroit , I Do Mind Dying : A Study in Urban Revolution '' . ^ Jump up to : `` American Experience. Eyes on the Prize. Profiles -- PBS '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hubert G. Locke , The Detroit riot of 1967 ( Wayne State University Press , 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Sidney Fine , Expanding the Frontier of Civil Rights : Michigan , 1948 -- 1968 ( Wayne State University Press , 2000 ) p. 325 Jump up ^ Sidney Fine , Expanding the Frontier of Civil Rights : Michigan , 1948 -- 1968 ( Wayne State University Press , 2000 ) , p. 326 Jump up ^ Sidney Fine , `` Michigan and Housing Discrimination 1949 -- 1969 '' Michigan Historical Review , Fall 1997 Archived May 4 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Coretta Scott King '' . Spartacus Educational Publishers . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gregg , Khyree . A Concise Chronicle History of the African - American People Experience in America . Henry Epps . p. 284 . ^ Jump up to : `` Honorable Charles Mathias Jr . `` Fair Housing Legislation : Not an Easy Row To Hoe '' US Department of Housing and Urban Development , Office of Policy Development and Research '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Peter B. Levy , `` The Dream Deferred : The Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. , and the Holy Week Uprisings of 1968 '' in Baltimore ' 68 : Riots and Rebirth in an American city ( Temple University Press , 2011 ) , p. 6 Jump up ^ `` Public Law 90 - 284 , Government Printing Office '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Doug McAdam `` Occupy the Future : What Should a Sustained Movement Look Like ? '' Boston Review , June 26 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` SNCC , the Federal Government & the Road to Black Power '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Allen J. Matusow `` From Civil Rights to Black Power : The Case of SNCC '' in Twentieth Century America : Recent Interpretations ( Harcourt Press , 1972 ) , pp. 367 -- 378 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` By Any Means Necessary '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 -- via The Nation . Jump up ^ Douglas Martin , `` Robert Hicks , Leader in Armed Rights Group , Dies at 81 '' The New York Times , April 24 , 2010 Jump up ^ Lance Hill , The Deacons for Defense : Armed Resistance and the Civil Rights Movement ( University of North Carolina Press , 2006 ) pp. 200 -- 204 Jump up ^ `` Watts Rebellion goes out of control '' . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Experience. Eyes on the Prize. Transcript -- PBS '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rickford , Russell ( January 14 , 2016 ) . We Are an African People : Independent Education , Black Power , and the Radical Imagination . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 986148 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Joshua ; Martin , Waldo E. ( October 25 , 2016 ) . Black Against Empire : The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party . Univ of California Press . pp. 223 -- 236 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 29328 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Year End Charts -- Year - end Singles -- Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2007 . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Winner , Lauren F. `` Doubtless Sincere : New Characters in the Civil Rights Cast . '' In The Role of Ideas in the Civil Rights South , edited by Ted Ownby. Jackson : University Press of Mississippi , 2002 , pp. 158 -- 159 . Jump up ^ Winner , Doubtless Sincere , 164 -- 165 . Jump up ^ Winner , Doubtless Sincere , 166 -- 167 . Jump up ^ We Charge Genocide Archived April 2 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans ^ Jump up to : Carson , Clayborne ( 1981 ) . In Struggle : SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s . Harvard University Press . Jump up ^ interviewee , Baker , Ella , . `` Oral History Interview with Ella Baker , September 4 , 1974 . Interview G - 0007 . Southern Oral History Program Collection ( # 4007 ) : Electronic Edition . Ella Baker Describes Her Role in the Formation of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee '' . ^ Jump up to : Risen , Clay ( 2014 ) . The Bill of the Century : The Epic Battle for the Civil Rights Act . Bloomsbury Publishing USA . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60819 - 824 - 5 . Jump up ^ James Hilty , Robert Kennedy : Brother Protector ( Temple University Press , 2000 ) , p. 350 - 361 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Arthur Jr , Robert Kennedy And His Times ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ `` Freedom Riders - The Cold War '' Freedom Riders , American Experience , PBS website Jump up ^ Ripple of Hope in the Land of Apartheid : Robert Kennedy in South Africa , June 1966 Archived March 13 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` COINTELPRO Revisited -- Spying & Disruption -- In Black and White : The F.B.I. Papers '' . What Really Happened . Jump up ^ `` A Huey P. Newton Story -- Actions -- COINTELPRO '' . PBS . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Weiner , Tim ( 2012 ) . Enemies : A History of the FBI ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6748 - 0 . OCLC 1001918388 Jump up ^ Hersh , Burton ( 2007 ) . Bobby and J. Edgar : The Historic Face - Off Between the Kennedys and J. Edgar Hoover That Transformed America . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7867 - 1982 - 2 . OCLC 493616276 Jump up ^ James Campbell , `` James Baldwin and the FBI '' , The Threepenny Review 77 , Spring 1999 ; accessed via JStor Archived October 3 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Talia Whyte , `` Baldwin : A literary standard Archived April 2 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . '' , Black History 43 ( 27 ) , February 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ From Swastika to Jim Crow Archived July 22 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. -- PBS Documentary Jump up ^ Cannato , Vincent `` The Ungovernable City : John Lindsay and his struggle to save New York '' Better Books , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 00843 - 7 Jump up ^ Karen Brodkin ( 2000 ) . How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says About Race in America . Rutgers University Press . Jump up ^ Rogin , Michael ( May 29 , 1998 ) . Blackface , White Noise : Jewish Immigrants in the Hollywood Melting Pot . University of California Press . pp. 262 -- 267 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 21380 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Sachar , Howard ( November 2 , 1993 ) . A History of Jews in America . myjewishlearning.com . Vintage Books . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Zelizer , Julian E. ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Chapter Seven '' . The Fierce Urgency of Now : Lyndon Johnson , Congress , and the Battle for the Great Society . Penguin . 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JSTOR 2784888 . ^ Jump up to : Greene , Christina ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Women in the Civil Rights and Black Power Movements '' . doi : 10.1093 / acrefore / 9780199329175.001. 0001 / acrefore - 9780199329175 - e-212 # acrefore - 9780199329175 - e-212 - div1 - 6 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2018 . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ URBAN , DENNIS J. ( 2002 ) . `` THE WOMEN OF SNCC : STRUGGLE , SEXISM , AND THE EMERGENCE OF FEMINIST CONSCIOUSNESS , 1960 -- 66 '' . International Social Science Review . 77 ( 3 / 4 ) : 185 -- 190 . JSTOR 41887103 . Jump up ^ `` Women in the Civil Rights Movement -- Civil Rights History Project '' . The Library of Congress . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2018 . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` On MLK Day , Honor the Mother of the Civil Rights Movement '' . Time . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ URBAN , DENNIS J. ( 2002 ) . `` THE WOMEN OF SNCC : STRUGGLE , SEXISM , AND THE EMERGENCE OF FEMINIST CONSCIOUSNESS , 1960 -- 66 '' . International Social Science Review . 77 ( 3 / 4 ) : 185 -- 190 . JSTOR 41887103 . Jump up ^ Blumberg , Rhoda Lois ( 1990 ) . `` WOMEN IN THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT : REFORM OR REVOLUTION ? '' . Dialectical Anthropology. 15 ( 2 / 3 ) : 133 -- 139 . JSTOR 29790343 . Jump up ^ David Zarefsky , President Johnson 's war on poverty : Rhetoric and history ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Peter J. Ling , `` What a difference a death makes : JFK , LBJ , and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . '' The Sixties 8 # 2 ( 2015 ) : 121 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Robert E. Weems Jr. , Business in Black and White : American Presidents and Black Entrepreneurs ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Douglas Schoen ( 2015 ) . The Nixon Effect : How His Presidency Has Changed American Politics . Encounter Books . pp. 34 -- 35 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59403 - 800 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Riding On '' . Time . July 7 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ACLU Parchman Prison '' . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2008 . Retrieved November 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice '' . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2006 . Retrieved August 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Robert M. Goldman ( April 1997 ) . `` '' Worse Than Slavery `` : Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice -- book review '' . Hnet - online . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2006 . Retrieved August 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Cleaver , Eldridge ( 1967 ) . Soul on Ice . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ Quinn , Allison ( November 27 , 2014 ) , `` Soviet Propaganda Back in Play With Ferguson Coverage '' , The Moscow Times , retrieved December 17 , 2016 Jump up ^ Volodzko , David ( May 12 , 2015 ) , `` The History Behind China 's Response to the Baltimore Riots '' , The Diplomat , archived from the original on April 28 , 2016 , retrieved December 17 , 2016 , Soon Americans who criticized the Soviet Union for its human rights violations were answered with the famous tu quoque argument : ' A u vas negrov linchuyut ' ( and you are lynching Negroes ) . Jump up ^ Eddy , Sherwood ( 1934 ) , Russia Today : What Can We Learn from It ? , New York : Farrar & Rinehar , pp. 73 , 151 , OCLC 1617454 Jump up ^ Dudziak , M.L. : Cold War Civil Rights : Race and the Image of American Democracy Bibliography ( edit ) Arsenault , Raymond ( 2006 ) . Freedom Riders : 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice . Oxford Press . Back , Adina `` Exposing the Whole Segregation Myth : The Harlem Nine and New York City Schools '' in Freedom north : Black freedom struggles outside the South , 1940 -- 1980 , Jeanne Theoharis , Komozi Woodard , eds. ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2003 ) . Bartley , Abel A. Keeping the Faith : Race , Politics and Social Development in Jacksonville , 1940 -- 1970 ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 2000 ) Bass , S. Jonathan ( 2001 ) Blessed Are The Peacemakers : Martin Luther King Jr. , Eight White Religious Leaders , and the `` Letter from Birmingham Jail '' . Baton Rouge : LSU Press . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2655 - 1 Beito , David T. and Beito , Linda Royster , Black Maverick : T.R.M. Howard 's Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Power , University of Illinois Press , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 03420 - 6 Branch , Taylor . Parting the waters : America in the King years , 1954 -- 1963 . New York : Simon & Schuster , 1988 Breitman , George ed . Malcolm X Speaks : Selected Speeches and Statements ( Grove Press , 1965 ) Brown , Jennie Medgar Evers , Holloway House Publishing , 1994 Bryant , Nicholas Andrew The Bystander : John F. Kennedy And the Struggle for Black Equality ( Basic Books , 2006 ) Cannato , Vincent `` The Ungovernable City : John Lindsay and his struggle to save New York '' Better Books , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 00843 - 7 Carson , Clayborne ( 1981 ) . In Struggle : SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 44727 - 1 . Chafe , William Henry ( 1980 ) . Civilities and civil rights : Greensboro , North Carolina , and the Black struggle for freedom . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 502625 - X . Chafe , William Henry ( 2003 ) . The Unfinished Journey : America since World War II . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515049 - 0 . Cleaver , Eldridge ( 1967 ) . Soul on Ice . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . Crump , Spencer Black riot in Los Angeles : the story of the Watts tragedy ( 1966 ) Davis , Townsend ( 1998 ) . Weary Feet , Rested Souls : A Guided History of the Civil Rights Movement . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04592 - 7 . Dudziak , M.L. : Cold War Civil Rights : Race and the Image of American Democracy Erikson , Erik ( 1969 ) . Gandhi 's Truth : On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence . New York City : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31034 - 5 . Eskew , Glenn T . But for Birmingham : The Local and National Struggles in the Civil Rights Movement ( University of North Carolina Press , 1997 ) Fine , Sidney Expanding the Frontier of Civil Rights : Michigan , 1948 -- 1968 ( Wayne State University Press , 2000 ) Finkelman , Paul , ed. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of African American History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516779 - 5 . Forman , James ( 1972 ) . The Making of Black Revolutionaries . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 940880 - 10 - 5 . Garrow , David J. Bearing the Cross : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( Harper Collins , 1987 ) Gershenhorn , Jerry ( 2018 ) . Louis Austin and The Carolina Times : A Life in the Long Black Freedom Struggle . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . Goluboff , Risa L. The Lost Promise of Civil Rights , Harvard University Press , MA : Cambridge , 2007 . Gregg , Khyree . A Concise Chronicle History of the African - American People Experience in America . Henry Epps . Hague , Euan ; Sebesta , Edward H. ; Beirich , Heidi ( 2008 ) . Neo-Confederacy : A Critical Introduction . University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 71837 - 1 . Hill , Lance The Deacons for Defense : Armed Resistance and the Civil Rights Movement ( University of North Carolina Press , 2006 ) Hilty , James ( 2000 ) . Robert Kennedy : Brother Protector . Temple University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4399 - 0519 - 7 . Hoose , Phillip ( 2009 ) . Claudette Colvin : Twice Toward Justice . New York : Melanie Kroupa Books / Farrar Straus Giroux . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 66105 - 2 . Houston , Benjamin ( 2012 ) . The Nashville Way : Racial Etiquette and the Struggle for Social Justice in a Southern City . Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 4326 - 9 . Jackson , Thomas F. ( July 17 , 2013 ) . From Civil Rights to Human Rights . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 0000 - 4 . Klarman , Michael J. , Brown v. Board of Education and the Civil Rights Movement ( electronic resource ) : abridged edition of From Jim Crow to Civil Rights : The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality , Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press , 2007 . Levy , Peter B . `` The Dream Deferred : The Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. , and the Holy Week Uprisings of 1968 '' in Baltimore ' 68 : Riots and Rebirth in an American city ( Temple University Press , 2011 ) Lewis , John ( 1998 ) . Walking With the Wind . Simon & Schuster . Locke , Hubert G . The Detroit riot of 1967 ( Wayne State University Press , 1969 ) Logan , Rayford , The Betrayal of the Negro from Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson . New York : Da Capo Press , 1997 . McAdam , Doug ( 1988 ) . Freedom Summer . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504367 - 7 . Marable , Manning Malcolm X : A Life of Reinvention ( Penguin Books , 2011 ) Matusow , Allen J. `` From Civil Rights to Black Power : The Case of SNCC '' in Twentieth Century America : Recent Interpretations ( Harcourt Press , 1972 ) Pinkney , Alphnso and Woock , Roger Poverty and Politics in Harlem , College & University Press Services , Inc. , 1970 Piven , Francis Fox and Cloward , Richard Regulating the Poor ( Random House 1971 ) Piven , Francis Fox and Cloward , Richard Poor People 's Movements : How They Succeed , How They Fail ( Random House , 1977 ) Ransby , Barbara Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement : A Radical Democratic Vision ( University of North Carolina Press , 2003 ) . Reeves , Richard ( 1993 ) . President Kennedy : Profile of Power . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 64879 - 4 . Robinson , Jo Ann & Garrow , David J. ( forward by Coretta Scott King ) The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It ( 1986 ) ISBN 0 - 394 - 75623 - 1 Knoxville , University of Tennessee Press . Rosenberg , Jonathan ; Karabell , Zachary ( 2003 ) . Kennedy , Johnson , and the Quest for Justice : The Civil Rights Tapes . WW Norton & Co . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05122 - 6 . Saito , Leland T. ( 1998 ) . Race and Politics : Asian Americans , Latinos , and Whites in a Los Angeles Suburb . University of Illinois Press . Schultz , Jeffrey D. ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics : African Americans and Asian Americans . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57356 - 148 - 8 . Schlesinger Jr. , Arthur M. ( 2002 ) ( 1978 ) . Robert Kennedy and His Times . Houghton Mifflin Books . ISBN 0 - 618 - 21928 - 5 . Schoen , Douglas ( 2015 ) . The Nixon Effect : How His Presidency Has Changed American Politics . Encounter Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59403 - 800 - 6 . Self , Robert O. ( 2005 ) . American Babylon : Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 4417 - 3 . Smith , Jean Edward ( 2001 ) . Grant . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 1701 - 9 . Stephens , Otis H. Jr. ; Scheb , John M. II ( 2007 ) . American Constitutional Law : Civil Rights and Liberties . Cengage Learning . ISBN 0 - 495 - 09705 - 5 . Strain , Christopher Pure Fire : Self - Defense as Activism in the Civil Rights Era ( University of Georgia Press , 2005 ) Tucker , William H. The Funding of Scientific Racism : Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund , University of Illinois Press ( May 30 , 2007 ) Tyson , Timothy B. Radio Free Dixie : Robert F. Williams and the Roots of `` Black Power '' ( University of North Carolina Press , 1999 ) Umoja , Akinyele We Will Shoot Back : Armed Resistance in the Mississippi Freedom Movement ( NYU Press , 2013 ) Weems , Robert E. Jr. , Business in Black and White : American Presidents and Black Entrepreneurs ( 2009 ) Weiner , Melissa F. ( 2010 ) . Power , Protest , and the Public Schools : Jewish and African American Struggles in New York City . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 4772 - 5 . Wendt , Simon The Spirit and the Shotgun : Armed Resistance and the Struggle for Civil Rights ( University of Florida Press , 2007 ) . Williams , Juan . Eyes on the Prize : America 's Civil Rights Years , 1954 -- 1965 . Penguin Books , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 009653 - 1 . Winner , Lauren F. `` Doubtless Sincere : New Characters in the Civil Rights Cast . '' In The Role of Ideas in the Civil Rights South , edited by Ted Ownby. Jackson : University Press of Mississippi , 2002 Woodward , C. Vann The Strange Career of Jim Crow , 3rd rev . ed . ( Oxford University Press , 1974 ) . Young , Coleman Hard Stuff : The Autobiography of Mayor Coleman Young ( 1994 ) Zarefsky , David President Johnson 's war on poverty : Rhetoric and history ( 2005 ) Further reading ( edit ) Abel , Elizabeth . Signs of the Times : The Visual Politics of Jim Crow . ( U of California Press , 2010 ) . Barnes , Catherine A. Journey from Jim Crow : The Desegregation of Southern Transit ( Columbia UP , 1983 ) . Berger , Martin A. Seeing through Race : A Reinterpretation of Civil Rights Photography . Berkeley : University of California Press , 2011 . Berger , Maurice . For All the World to See : Visual Culture and the Struggle for Civil Rights . New Haven and London : Yale University Press , 2010 . Branch , Taylor . Pillar of fire : America in the King years , 1963 -- 1965 . ( 1998 ) Branch , Taylor . At Canaan 's Edge : America In the King Years , 1965 -- 1968 . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 85712 - X Chandra , Siddharth and Angela Williams - Foster . `` The ' Revolution of Rising Expectations , ' Relative Deprivation , and the Urban Social Disorders of the 1960s : Evidence from State - Level Data . '' Social Science History , ( 2005 ) 29 # 2 pp : 299 -- 332 , in JSTOR Cox , Julian . Road to Freedom : Photographs of the Civil Rights Movement , 1956 -- 1968 , Atlanta : High Museum of Art , 2008 . Ellis , Sylvia . Freedom 's Pragmatist : Lyndon Johnson and Civil Rights ( U Press of Florida , 2013 ) . Fairclough , Adam . To Redeem the Soul of America : The Southern Christian Leadership Conference & Martin Luther King . The University of Georgia Press , 1987 . Garrow , David J. The FBI and Martin Luther King . New York : W.W. Norton . 1981 . Viking Press Reprint edition . 1983 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 006486 - 9 . Yale University Press ; Revised and Expanded edition . 2006 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 08731 - 4 . Greene , Christina . Our Separate Ways : Women and the Black Freedom Movement in Durham . North Carolina . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2005 . Hine , Darlene Clark , ed . Black Women in America ( 3 Vol . 2nd ed. 2005 ; several multivolume editions ) . Short biographies by scholars . Horne , Gerald . The Fire This Time : The Watts Uprising and the 1960s . Charlottesville : University Press of Virginia . 1995 . Da Capo Press ; 1st Da Capo Press ed edition . October 1 , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80792 - 0 Jones , Jacqueline . Labor of love , labor of sorrow : Black women , work , and the family , from slavery to the present ( 2009 ) . Kasher , Steven . The Civil Rights Movement : A Photographic History , New York : Abbeville Press , 1996 . Keppel , Ben . Brown v. Board and the Transformation of American Culture ( LSU Press , 2016 ) . xiv , 225 pp . Kirk , John A. Redefining the Color Line : Black Activism in Little Rock , Arkansas , 1940 -- 1970 . Gainesville : University of Florida Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 2496 - X Kirk , John A. Martin Luther King Jr . London : Longman , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 41431 - 8 . Kousser , J. Morgan , `` The Supreme Court And The Undoing of the Second Reconstruction , '' National Forum , ( Spring 2000 ) . Kryn , Randall L. `` James L. Bevel , The Strategist of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement '' , 1984 paper with 1988 addendum , printed in We Shall Overcome , Volume II edited by David Garrow , New York : Carlson Publishing Co. , 1989 . Lowery , Charles D. Encyclopedia of African - American civil rights : from emancipation to the present ( Greenwood , 1992 ) . online Marable , Manning . Race , Reform and Rebellion : The Second Reconstruction in Black America , 1945 -- 1982 . 249 pages . University Press of Mississippi , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 87805 - 225 - 9 . McAdam , Doug . Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency , 1930 -- 1970 , Chicago : University of Chicago Press . 1982 . McAdam , Doug , ' The US Civil Rights Movement : Power from Below and Above , 1945 -- 70 ' , in Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash ( eds . ) , Civil Resistance and Power Politics : The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present . Oxford & New York : Oxford University Press , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 955201 - 6 . Minchin , Timothy J. Hiring the Black Worker : The Racial Integration of the Southern Textile Industry , 1960 -- 1980 . University of North Carolina Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2470 - 4 . Morris , Aldon D . The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement : Black Communities Organizing for Change . New York : The Free Press , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 922130 - 7 Ogletree , Charles J. Jr. ( 2004 ) . All Deliberate Speed : Reflections on the First Half Century of Brown v. Board of Education . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 05897 - 0 . Payne , Charles M. I 've Got the Light of Freedom : The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle . U of California Press , 1995 . Patterson , James T. Brown v. Board of Education , a Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy . Oxford University Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515632 - 3 . Raiford , Leigh . Imprisoned in a Luminous Glare : Photography and the African American Freedom Struggle . ( U of North Carolina Press , 2011 ) . Richardson , Christopher M. ; Ralph E. Luker , eds. ( 2014 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Civil Rights Movement ( 2nd ed . ) . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 8037 - 5 . Sitkoff , Howard . The Struggle for Black Equality ( 2nd ed. 2008 ) Smith , Jessie Carney , ed . Encyclopedia of African American Business ( 2 vol . Greenwood 2006 ) . excerpt Sokol , Jason . There Goes My Everything : White Southerners in the Age of Civil Rights , 1945 -- 1975 . ( Knopf , 2006 ) . Tsesis , Alexander . We Shall Overcome : A History of Civil Rights and the Law . ( Yale University Press , 2008 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11837 - 7 Tuck , Stephen . We Ai n't What We Ought to Be : The Black Freedom Struggle from Emancipation to Obama ( 2011 ) . Historiography and memory ( edit ) Armstrong , Julie Buckner , ed. ( 2015 ) . The Cambridge Companion to American Civil Rights Literature . Cambridge University Press . pp. xxiv , 209 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 316 - 24038 - 0 . Catsam , Derek ( January 2008 ) . `` The Civil Rights Movement and the Presidency in the Hot Years of the Cold War : A Historical and Historiographical Assessment '' . History Compass. 6 ( 1 ) : 314 -- 344 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1478 - 0542.2007. 00486. x . Cha - Jua , Sundiata Keita ; Lang , Clarence ( Spring 2007 ) . `` The ' Long Movement ' as Vampire : Temporal and Spatial Fallacies in Recent Black Freedom Studies '' . The Journal of African American History . 92 ( 2 ) : 265 -- 288 . Eagles , Charles W. ( November 2000 ) . `` Toward New Histories of the Civil Rights Era '' . The Journal of Southern History . 66 ( 4 ) : 815 -- 848 . doi : 10.2307 / 2588012 . JSTOR 2588012 . Fairclough , Adam ( December 1990 ) . `` Historians and the Civil Rights Movement '' . Journal of American Studies . 24 ( 3 ) : 387 -- 398 . Frost , Jennifer ( May 2012 ) . `` Using ' Master Narratives ' to Teach History : The Case of the Civil Rights Movement '' ( PDF ) . History Teacher. 45 ( 3 ) : 437 -- 446 . Hall , Jacquelyn Dowd ( March 2005 ) . `` The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Political Uses of the Past '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of American History . 91 ( 4 ) : 1233 -- 1263 . doi : 10.2307 / 3660172 . JSTOR 3660172 . Lawson , Steven F. ( April 1991 ) . `` Freedom Then , Freedom Now : The Historiography of the Civil Rights Movement '' . The American Historical Review . 96 ( 2 ) : 456 -- 471 . doi : 10.2307 / 2163219 . JSTOR 2163219 . Lawson , Steven F. ; Payne , Charles M. ( 1998 ) . Debating the Civil Rights Movement , 1945 -- 1968 . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 9053 - 4 . Lawson , Steven F. ( 2003 ) . Civil Rights Crossroads : Nation , Community , and the Black Freedom Struggle . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 2693 - 7 . Payne , Charles M. ( 2007 ) . `` Bibliographic Essay : The Social Construction of History '' . I 've Got the Light of Freedom : The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle . University of California Press . pp. 413 -- 442 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25176 - 2 . Robinson , Armstead L. ; Sullivan , Patricia , eds. ( 1991 ) . New Directions in Civil Rights Studies . University of Virginia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 1319 - 3 . Sandage , Scott A. ( June 1993 ) . `` A Marble House Divided : The Lincoln Memorial , the Civil Rights Movement , and the Politics of Memory , 1939 -- 1963 '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of American History . 80 ( 1 ) : 135 -- 167 . doi : 10.2307 / 2079700 . JSTOR 2079700 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Strickland , Arvarh E. ; Weems , Robert E. , eds. ( 2001 ) . The African American Experience : An Historiographical and Bibliographical Guide . Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29838 - 7 . Zamalin , Alex ( 2015 ) . African American Political Thought and American Culture : The Nation 's Struggle for Racial Justice . Springer . pp. xii , 192 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 52810 - 0 . Autobiographies and memoirs ( edit ) Carson , Clayborne ; Garrow , David J. ; Kovach , Bill ; Polsgrove , Carol , eds . Reporting Civil Rights : American Journalism 1941 -- 1963 and Reporting Civil Rights : American Journalism 1963 -- 1973 . New York : Library of America , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 931082 - 28 - 6 and ISBN 1 - 931082 - 29 - 4 . Dann , Jim . Challenging the Mississippi Firebombers , Memories of Mississippi 1964 -- 65 . Baraka Books , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 926824 - 87 - 1 . Holsaert , Faith et al. Hands on the Freedom Plow Personal Accounts by Women in SNCC . University of Illinois Press , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 03557 - 9 . Malcolm X ( with the assistance of Alex Haley ) . The Autobiography of Malcolm X . New York : Random House , 1965 . Paperback ISBN 0 - 345 - 35068 - 5 . Hardcover ISBN 0 - 345 - 37975 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of civil rights in the United States . Civil Rights Digital Library -- Provided by the Digital Library of Georgia . Civil Rights Movement Veterans ~ Provides movement history , personal stories , documents , and photos . Hosted by Tougaloo College . Civil Rights in America -- Provided by The National Archives of the United Kingdom . Television News of the Civil Rights Era 1950 -- 1970 -- Provided by the University of Virginia . Provided by the Library of Congress : The Civil Rights Era -- Part of The African American Odyssey : A Quest for Full Citizenship presentation . Voices of Civil Rights -- A project with the collaboration of AARP and the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights ( LCCR ) . We Shall Overcome : Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement -- Provided by the National Park Service . Provided by Southern Poverty Law Center : `` Teaching the Movement : The State Standards We Deserve '' -- Part of `` Teaching Tolerance '' project published on September 19 , 2011 . `` Teaching Tolerance Publishes Guide for Teaching the Civil Rights Movement '' -- Part of `` Teaching Tolerance '' project published on March 26 , 2014 . `` Teaching the Movement 2014 : The State of Civil Rights Education in the United States '' -- Part of `` Teaching Tolerance '' project published in 2014 . Civil Rights Teaching -- Provided by Teaching for Change , a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) organization . hide Civil rights movement ( 1950s and 1960s ) Notable events ( timeline ) Prior to 1954 Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton White America , Inc . Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. 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( 1967 ) Movements and protests Montgomery bus boycott ( 1955 -- 1956 ) Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom ( 1957 ) Albany Movement ( 1961 -- 1962 ) Birmingham campaign ( 1963 ) March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom ( 1963 ) St. Augustine movement ( 1963 -- 1964 ) Selma to Montgomery marches ( 1965 ) Chicago Freedom Movement ( 1966 ) Mississippi March Against Fear ( 1966 ) Anti-Vietnam War movement ( 1967 ) Memphis sanitation strike ( 1968 ) Poor People 's Campaign ( 1968 ) People Family Coretta Scott King ( wife ) Yolanda King ( daughter ) Martin Luther King III ( son ) Dexter Scott King ( son ) Bernice King ( daughter ) Martin Luther King Sr. ( father ) Alberta Williams King ( mother ) Christine King Farris ( sister ) A.D. 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-8554307187157013943 | Deposition (geology) | Deposition ( geology ) - wikipedia Deposition ( geology ) Jump to : navigation , search For a broader coverage related to this topic , see Sediment transport . Map of Cape Cod showing shores undergoing erosion ( cliffed sections ) in yellow , and shores characterized by marine deposition ( barriers ) in blue . Deposition is the geological process in which sediments , soil and rocks are added to a landform or land mass . Wind , ice , water , and gravity transport previously weathered surface material , which , at the loss of enough kinetic energy in the fluid , is deposited , building up layers of sediment . Deposition occurs when the forces responsible for sediment transportation are no longer sufficient to overcome the forces of gravity and friction , creating a resistance to motion , this is known as the null - point hypothesis . Deposition can also refer to the buildup of sediment from organically derived matter or chemical processes . For example , chalk is made up partly of the microscopic calcium carbonate skeletons of marine plankton , the deposition of which has induced chemical processes ( diagenesis ) to deposit further calcium carbonate . Similarly , the formation of coal begins with deposition of organic material , mainly from plants , in anaerobic conditions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Null - point hypothesis 1.1 Deposition of non-cohesive sediments 1.2 Deposition of cohesive sediments 1.3 The occurrence of null point theory 1.4 Applications for coastal planning and management 2 See also 3 References Null - point hypothesis ( edit ) The null - point hypothesis explains how sediment is deposited throughout a shore profile according to its grain size . This is due to the influence of hydraulic energy , resulting in a seaward - fining of sediment particle size , or where fluid forcing equals gravity for each grain size . The concept can also be explained as `` sediment of a particular size may move across the profile to a position where it is in equilibrium with the wave and flows acting on that sediment grain '' . This sorting mechanism combines the influence of the down - slope gravitational force of the profile and forces due to flow asymmetry , the position where there is zero net transport is known as the null point and was first proposed by Cornaglia in 1889 . Figure 1 illustrates this relationship between sediment grain size and the depth of the marine environment . Figure 1 . Illustrates the sediment size distribution over a shoreline profile , where finer sediments are transported away from high energy environments and settle out of suspension , or deposit in calmer environments . Coarse sediments are maintained in the upper shoreline profile and are sorted by the wave - generated hydraulic regime The first principle underlying the null point theory is due to the gravitational force ; finer sediments remain in the water column for longer durations allowing transportation outside the surf zone to deposit under calmer conditions . The gravitational effect , or settling velocity determines the location of deposition for finer sediments , whereas a grain 's internal angle of friction determines the deposition of larger grains on a shore profile . The secondary principle to the creation of seaward sediment fining is known as the hypothesis of asymmetrical thresholds under waves ; this describes the interaction between the oscillatory flow of waves and tides flowing over the wave ripple bedforms in an asymmetric pattern . `` The relatively strong onshore stroke of the wave forms an eddy or vortex on the lee side of the ripple , provided the onshore flow persists , this eddy remains trapped in the lee of the ripple . When the flow reverses , the eddy is thrown upwards off the bottom and a small cloud of suspended sediment generated by the eddy is ejected into the water column above the ripple , the sediment cloud is then moved seaward by the offshore stroke of the wave . '' Where there is symmetry in ripple shape the vortex is neutralised , the eddy and its associated sediment cloud develops on both sides of the ripple . This creates a cloudy water column which travels under tidal influence as the wave orbital motion is in equilibrium . The Null - point hypothesis has been quantitatively proven in Akaroa Harbour , New Zealand , The Wash , U.K. , Bohai Bay and West Huang Sera , Mainland China , and in numerous other studies ; Ippen and Eagleson ( 1955 ) , Eagleson and Dean ( 1959 , 1961 ) and Miller and Zeigler ( 1958 , 1964 ) . Deposition of non-cohesive sediments ( edit ) Large grain sediments transported by either bed load or suspended load will come to rest when there is insufficient bed shear stress and fluid turbulence to keep the sediment moving , with the suspended load this can be some distance as the particles need to fall through the water column . This is determined by the grains downward acting weight force being matched by a combined buoyancy and fluid drag force and can be expressed by : 4 3 π R 3 ρ s g = 4 3 π R 3 ρ g + 1 2 C d ρ π R 2 w s 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 3 ) ) \ pi R ^ ( 3 ) \ rho _ ( s ) g = ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 3 ) ) \ pi R ^ ( 3 ) \ rho g+ ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ mathbb ( C ) _ ( d ) \ rho \ pi R ^ ( 2 ) w_ ( s ) ^ ( 2 ) \ , ) Downward acting weight force = Upward - acting buoyancy force + Upward - acting fluid drag force where : π is the ratio of a circle 's circumference to its diameter . R is the radius of the spherical object ( in m ) , ρ is the mass density of the fluid ( kg / m ) , g is the gravitational acceleration ( m / s ) , C is the drag coefficient , and w is the particle 's settling velocity ( in m / s ) . In order to calculate the drag coefficient , the grain 's Reynolds number needs to be discovered , which is based on the type of fluid through which the sediment particle is flowing ; laminar flow , turbulent flow or a hybrid of both . When the fluid becomes more viscous due to smaller grain sizes or larger settling velocities , prediction is less straight forward and it is applicable to incorporate Stokes Law ( also known as the frictional force , or drag force ) of settling . Deposition of cohesive sediments ( edit ) Cohesion of sediment occurs with the small grain sizes associated with silts and clays , or particles smaller than 4φ on the phi scale . If these fine particles remain dispersed in the water column , Stokes law applies to the settling velocity of the individual grains , although due to sea water being a strong electrolyte bonding agent , flocculation occurs where individual particles create an electrical bond adhering each other together to form flocs . `` The face of a clay platelet has a slight negative charge where the edge has a slight positive charge , when two platelets come into close proximity with each other the face of one particle and the edge of the other are electrostatically attracted . '' Flocs then have a higher combined mass which leads to quicker deposition through a higher fall velocity , and deposition in a more shoreward direction than they would have as the individual fine grains of clay or silt . The occurrence of null point theory ( edit ) Akaroa Harbour is located on Banks Peninsula , Canterbury , New Zealand , 43 ° 48 ′ S 172 ° 56 ′ E / 43.800 ° S 172.933 ° E / - 43.800 ; 172.933 . The formation of this harbour has occurred due to active erosional processes on an extinct shield volcano , whereby the sea has flooded the caldera creating an inlet 16 km in length , with an average width of 2 km and a depth of - 13 m relative to mean sea level at the 9 km point down the transect of the central axis . The predominant storm wave energy has unlimited fetch for the outer harbour from a southerly direction , with a calmer environment within the inner harbour , though localised harbour breezes create surface currents and chop influencing the marine sedimentation processes . Deposits of loess from subsequent glacial periods have in filled volcanic fissures over millennia , resulting in volcanic basalt and loess as the main sediment types available for deposition in Akaroa Harbour Figure 2 . Map of Akaroa Harbour showing a fining of sediments with increased bathymetry toward the central axis of the harbour . Taken from Hart et al. ( 2009 ) and the University of Canterbury under contract of Environment Canterbury . Hart et al. ( 2009 ) discovered through bathymetric survey , sieve and pipette analysis of subtidal sediments , that sediment textures were related to three main factors : depth ; distance from shoreline ; and distance along the central axis of the harbour . Resulting in the fining of sediment textures with increasing depth and towards the central axis of the harbour , or if classified into grain class sizes , `` the plotted transect for the central axis goes from silty sands in the intertidal zone , to sandy silts in the inner nearshore , to silts in the outer reaches of the bays to mud at depths of 6 m or more '' . See figure 2 for detail . Other studies have shown this process of the winnowing of sediment grain size from the effect of hydrodynamic forcing ; Wang , Collins and Zhu ( 1988 ) qualitatively correlated increasing intensity of fluid forcing with increasing grain size . `` This correlation was demonstrated at the low energy clayey tidal flats of Bohai Bay ( China ) , the moderate environment of the Jiangsu coast ( China ) where the bottom material is silty , and the sandy flats of the high energy coast of The Wash ( U.K. ) . '' This research shows conclusive evidence for the null point theory existing on tidal flats with differing hydrodynamic energy levels and also on flats that are both erosional and accretional . Kirby R. ( 2002 ) takes this concept further explaining that the fines are suspended and reworked aerially offshore leaving behind lag deposits of mainly bivalve and gastropod shells separated out from the finer substrate beneath , waves and currents then heap these deposits to form chenier ridges throughout the tidal zone which tend to be forced up the foreshore profile but also along the foreshore . Cheniers can be found at any level on the foreshore and predominantly characterise an erosion - dominated regime . Applications for Coastal planning and management ( edit ) The null point theory has been controversial in its acceptance into mainstream coastal science as the theory operates in dynamic equilibrium or unstable equilibrium , and many field and laboratory observations have failed to replicate the state of a null point at each grain size throughout the profile . The interaction of variables and processes over time within the environmental context causes issues ; `` the large number of variables , the complexity of the processes , and the difficulty in observation , all place serious obstacles in the way of systematisation , therefore in certain narrow fields the basic physical theory may be sound and reliable but the gaps are large '' Geomorphologists , engineers , governments and planners should be aware of the processes and outcomes involved with the null point hypothesis when performing tasks such as beach nourishment , issuing building consents or building coastal defence structures . This is because sediment grain size analysis throughout a profile allows inference into the erosion or accretion rates possible if shore dynamics are modified . Planners and managers should also be aware that the coastal environment is dynamic and contextual science should be evaluated before implementation of any shore profile modification . Thus theoretical studies , laboratory experiments , numerical and hydraulic modelling seek to answer questions pertaining to littoral drift and sediment deposition , the results should not be viewed in isolation and a substantial body of purely qualitative observational data should supplement any planning or management decision . See also ( edit ) Cementation ( geology ) Cross-bedding Drift ( geology ) Flocculation Longshore drift Overbank Sedimentary rock Sedimentary structures Settling Shields parameter Stokes ' law Superficial deposits References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oldale , Robert N. ( 1999 ) . `` Coastal Erosion on Cape Cod : Some Questions and Answers '' . Cape Naturalist , the journal of the Cape Cod Museum of Natural History . U.S. Geological Survey . 25 : 70 -- 76 . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jolliffe , I.P. ( 1978 ) . `` Littoral and offshore sediment transport '' . Progress in Physical Geography. 2 ( 2 ) : 264 -- 308 . doi : 10.1177 / 030913337800200204 . ISSN 0309 - 1333 . ^ Jump up to : Horn , Diane P ( 1992 ) . `` A review and experimental assessment of equilibrium grain size and the ideal wave - graded profile '' . Marine Geology. 108 ( 2 ) : 161 -- 174 . doi : 10.1016 / 0025 - 3227 ( 92 ) 90170 - M. ISSN 0025 - 3227 . ^ Jump up to : Masselink , Gerd ; Hughes , Michael ; Knight , Jasper ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter Five -- Sediments , boundary layers and transport : Coastal processes and geomorphology '' . Introduction to Coastal Processes and Geomorphology ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Hodder Education . pp. 105 -- 147 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4441 - 2241 - 1 . OCLC 795119869 . ^ Jump up to : Hart , Deirdre E ; Todd , Derek J ; Nation , Thomas E ; McWilliams , Zara A ( 2009 ) . University of Canterbury and DTec Consulting Ltd. , eds . Upper Akaroa Harbour Seabed Bathymetry and Soft Sediments : A Baseline Mapping Study ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Coastal Research Report 1 . Environment Canterbury . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86937 - 976 - 6 . ECan Report 09 / 44 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Heuff , Darlene N. ; Spigel , Robert H. ; Ross , Alex H. ( 2005 ) . `` Evidence of a significant wind ‐ driven circulation in Akaroa Harbour . Part 1 : Data obtained during the September ‐ November , 1998 field survey '' . New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research . 39 ( 5 ) : 1097 -- 1109 . doi : 10.1080 / 00288330.2005. 9517378 . ISSN 0028 - 8330 . Jump up ^ Raeside , J.D. ( 1964 ) . `` Loess Deposits of the South Island , New Zealand , and Soils Formed on them '' . New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 7 ( 4 ) : 811 -- 838 . doi : 10.1080 / 00288306.1964. 10428132 . ISSN 0028 - 8306 . Jump up ^ Wang , Y. ; Collins , M.B. ; Zhu , D. ( 1988 ) . `` A comparative study of open coast tidal flats : The Wash ( U.K. ) , Bohai Bay and West Huang Sera ( Mainland China ) '' . Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Coastal Zone . Beijing : China Ocean Press . pp. 120 -- 134 . ^ Jump up to : Kirby , R. ( 2002 ) . `` Distinguishing accretion from erosion - dominated muddy coasts '' . In Healy , T. ; Wang , Y. ; Healy , J. - A. Muddy Coasts of the World : Processes , Deposits and Function . Elsevier . pp. 61 -- 81 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 053707 - 8 . Jump up ^ Russell , R.C.H. ( 1960 ) . `` Coast Erosion and Defence : Nine Questions and Answers '' . Hydraulics Research Paper . Hydraulics Research Station ( Great Britain ) . 3 . ( hide ) River morphology Large - scale features Drainage basin Drainage system ( geomorphology ) Estuary Strahler number ( stream order ) River valley River delta River sinuosity Alluvial rivers Anabranch Avulsion ( river ) Bar ( river morphology ) Braided river Channel pattern Cut bank Floodplain Meander Meander cutoff Mouth bar Oxbow lake Point bar Riffle Rapids Riparian zone River bifurcation River channel migration River mouth Slip - off slope Stream pool Thalweg Bedrock river Canyon Knickpoint Plunge pool Bedforms Ait Antidune Dune Current ripple Regional processes Aggradation Base level Degradation ( geology ) Erosion and tectonics River rejuvenation Mechanics Deposition ( geology ) Water erosion Exner equation Hack 's law Helicoidal flow Playfair 's law Sediment transport Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deposition_(geology)&oldid=820868894 '' Categories : Deposition ( geology ) Sedimentology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Nederlands Português Română Русский Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018 , at 02 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | name the agents responsible for the deposition of sediments | [
"Cohesion of sediment occurs with the small grain sizes associated with silts and clays, or particles smaller than 4ϕ on the phi scale.[4] If these fine particles remain dispersed in the water column, Stokes law applies to the settling velocity of the individual grains,[4] although due to sea water being a strong electrolyte bonding agent, flocculation occurs where individual particles create an electrical bond adhering each other together to form flocs.[4] \"The face of a clay platelet has a slight negative charge where the edge has a slight positive charge, when two platelets come into close proximity with each other the face of one particle and the edge of the other are electrostatically attracted.\"[4] Flocs then have a higher combined mass which leads to quicker deposition through a higher fall velocity, and deposition in a more shoreward direction than they would have as the individual fine grains of clay or silt."
] | [
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] |
-865726135355139883 | Les Misérables (musical) | Les Misérables ( musical ) - wikipedia Les Misérables ( musical ) This article is about the musical theatre production . For other uses , see Les Misérables ( disambiguation ) . Les Misérables Music Claude - Michel Schönberg Lyrics Alain Boublil ( French lyrics ) Jean - Marc Natel ( French lyrics ) Herbert Kretzmer ( English lyrics ) James Fenton ( English additional lyrics ) Book Claude - Michel Schönberg ( French book ) Alain Boublil ( French book ) Trevor Nunn ( English adaptation ) John Caird ( English adaptation ) Basis Les Misérables by Victor Hugo Premiere 24 September 1980 : Palais des Sports , Paris Productions Multiple productions worldwide Awards Tony Award for Best Musical Tony Award for Best Book Tony Award for Best Score Laurence Oliver Award for Most Popular Show ( x2 ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Music Helpmann Award for Best Musical Les Misérables ( / leɪ ˌmɪzəˈrɑːb ( lə ) / ; French pronunciation : ( le mizeʁabl ( ə ) ) ) , colloquially known in English - speaking countries as Les Mis or Les Miz ( / leɪ ˈmɪz / ) , is a sung - through musical based on the novel Les Misérables by French poet and novelist Victor Hugo . Premiering in Paris in 1980 , it has music by Claude - Michel Schönberg and original French - language lyrics by Alain Boublil and Jean - Marc Natel , alongside an English - language libretto with accompanying English - language lyrics by Herbert Kretzmer . The London production has run continuously since October 1985 , making it the longest - running musical in the West End and the second longest - running musical in the world after the original Off - Broadway run of The Fantasticks . Set in early 19th - century France , it is the story of Jean Valjean , a French peasant , and his quest for redemption after serving nineteen years in jail for having stolen a loaf of bread for his sister 's starving child . Valjean decides to break his parole and start his life anew after a kindly bishop inspires him by a tremendous act of mercy , but he is relentlessly tracked down by a police inspector named Javert . Along the way , Valjean and a slew of characters are swept into a revolutionary period in France , where a group of young idealists make their last stand at a street barricade . Contents 1 Background 2 Reception 3 Emblem 4 Synopsis 4.1 Act I 4.2 Act II 5 Musical numbers 6 Instrumentation 7 Characters 7.1 Casts 7.1. 1 Original casts 7.1. 2 Anniversary Concerts casts 8 Productions 8.1 Sit down productions 8.1. 1 Original French production 8.1. 2 Original West End production 8.1. 3 Original Broadway production 8.1. 4 2006 Broadway revival 8.1. 5 2013 Toronto revival 8.1. 6 2014 Broadway revival 8.2 Touring productions 8.2. 1 US national tours 8.2. 2 UK and Ireland tours 8.2. 3 25th Anniversary Tour 8.2. 4 2014 Australian tour 8.2. 5 2016 international tour 9 Concert productions 9.1 10th Anniversary Concert 9.2 25th Anniversary Concert 9.3 Other concert performances 10 International productions 11 Regional productions 11.1 School edition 12 Film adaptation 13 Cast recordings 13.1 English 13.1. 1 Original London Cast recording 13.1. 2 Original Broadway Cast recording 13.1. 3 Complete Symphonic Recording 13.1. 4 10th Anniversary Concert 13.1. 5 Manchester Highlights 13.1. 6 25th Anniversary UK Tour Cast 13.1. 7 25th Anniversary Concert 13.2 Other languages 14 Awards and nominations 14.1 Original West End production 14.2 Original Broadway production 14.3 2013 Toronto revival 14.4 2014 Broadway revival 14.5 2014 Australian revival 15 See also 16 References 17 External links Background ( edit ) Originally released as a French - language concept album , the first musical - stage adaptation of Les Misérables was presented at the Palais des Sports in 1980 . However , the production closed after three months when the booking contract expired . In 1983 , about six months after producer Cameron Mackintosh had opened Cats on Broadway , he received a copy of the French concept album from director Peter Farago . Farago had been impressed by the work and asked Mackintosh to produce an English - language version of the show . Initially reluctant , Mackintosh eventually agreed . Mackintosh , in conjunction with the Royal Shakespeare Company , assembled a production team to adapt the French musical for a British audience . After two years in development , the English - language version opened in London on 8 October 1985 , by the Royal Shakespeare Company at the Barbican Centre , then the London home of the RSC . The success of the West End musical led to a Broadway production . Reception ( edit ) See also : Long - running musical theatre productions At the opening of the London production , critical reviews were negative . The Sunday Telegraph 's Francis King described the show as `` a lurid Victorian melodrama produced with Victorian lavishness '' and Michael Ratcliffe in The Observer dubbed the show `` a witless and synthetic entertainment '' , while literary scholars condemned the project for converting classic literature into a musical . Public opinion differed : the box office received record orders . The three - month engagement sold out , and reviews improved . The London production has run continuously since October 1985 : the second longest - running musical in the world after The Fantasticks , the second longest - running West End show after The Mousetrap , and the longest - running musical in the West End ( followed by The Phantom of the Opera ) . In 2010 , it played its ten - thousandth performance in London , at Queen 's Theatre . On 3 October 2010 , the show celebrated its 25th anniversary with three productions running in London : the original production at the Queen 's Theatre ; the 25th Anniversary touring production at its 1985 try - out venue , the Barbican Centre ; and the 25th Anniversary concert at London 's O2 Arena . The Broadway production opened 12 March 1987 and ran until 18 May 2003 , closing after 6,680 performances . It is the fifth longest - running Broadway show in history and was the second - longest at the time . The show was nominated for 12 Tony Awards and won eight , including Best Musical and Best Original Score . Subsequently , numerous tours and international and regional productions have been staged , as well as concert and broadcast productions . Several recordings have also been made . A Broadway revival opened in 2006 at the Broadhurst Theatre and closed in 2008 , and a second Broadway revival opened in 2014 at the Imperial Theatre and closed in September 2016 . The show was placed first in a BBC Radio 2 listener poll of Britain 's `` Number One Essential Musicals '' in 2005 , receiving more than forty percent of the votes . A film version directed by Tom Hooper was released at the end of 2012 to generally positive reviews as well as numerous awards nominations , winning three Academy Awards , three Golden Globe Awards and four British Academy Film Awards ( BAFTA ) . Emblem ( edit ) The drawing by Émile Bayard that served as the model for the musical 's emblem . The musical 's emblem is a picture of the waif Cosette sweeping the Thénardiers ' inn ( which occurs in the musical during `` Castle on a Cloud '' ) , usually shown cropped to a head - and - shoulders portrait superimposed on the French flag . The image is based on an etching by Gustave Brion based on the drawing by Émile Bayard . It appeared in several of the novel 's earliest French - language editions . Synopsis ( edit ) Act I ( edit ) In 1815 France , prisoners work at hard labour ( `` Work Song '' ) . After 19 years in prison ( five for stealing bread for his starving sister 's son and her family , and the rest for trying to escape ) , Jean Valjean , `` prisoner 24601 '' , is released on parole by the policeman Javert . By law , Valjean must display a yellow ticket - of - leave , which identifies him as an ex-convict ( `` On Parole '' ) . As a convict , Valjean is shunned wherever he goes and can not find regular work with decent wages or lodging , but the Bishop of Digne offers him food and shelter . Desperate and embittered , Valjean steals the Bishop 's silver and flees . He is captured by the police , but rather than turn him in , the Bishop lies and tells the police that the silver was a gift , giving Valjean a pair of silver candlesticks in addition . The Bishop tells Valjean that he must use the silver `` to become an honest man '' and that he has `` bought ( Valjean 's ) soul for God '' ( `` Valjean Arrested , Valjean Forgiven '' ) . Ashamed and humbled by the Bishop 's kindness , Valjean resolves to redeem his sins ( `` Valjean 's Soliloquy '' / `` What Have I Done ? '' ) . He tears up his yellow ticket , breaking his parole but giving himself a chance to start a new life free from the stigma of his criminal past . Eight years later , in 1823 , Valjean has assumed a new identity as Monsieur Madeleine , a wealthy factory owner and mayor of Montreuil - sur - Mer . Fantine is a single mother working in his factory , trying to support her daughter Cosette , who is being raised by an innkeeper and his wife while Fantine labors in the city . Unbeknownst to Valjean , the factory foreman lusts after Fantine , and when she rejects his advances , he takes it out on the other workers , who resent her for it . One day , a coworker steals a letter about Cosette from Fantine , revealing to the other workers that Fantine has a child . A fight breaks out , and the foreman and other workers uses the incident as a pretense to fire Fantine ( `` At the End of the Day '' ) . Fantine reflects on her broken dreams and about Cosette 's father , who abandoned them both ( `` I Dreamed a Dream '' ) . Desperate for money , she sells her locket and hair , finally becoming a prostitute ( `` Lovely Ladies '' ) . When she fights back against an abusive customer , Bamatabois , Javert , now a police inspector stationed in Montreuil - sur - Mer , arrives to arrest her . But Valjean , passing by the scene , pities Fantine , and when he realizes she once worked for him and that she blames him for her misfortune , he is guilt - stricken . He orders Javert to release her and take her to a hospital ( `` Fantine 's Arrest '' ) . Soon afterwards , Valjean rescues a man , Fauchelevent , who is pinned by a runaway cart ( `` The Runaway Cart '' ) . Javert , who has up until now not recognized Valjean , though he has pursued him as a fugitive all these years , witnesses the incident and becomes suspicious , remembering the incredible strength Valjean displayed in the work camp . But it turns out another man has been arrested , and is about to go to trial for breaking parole . The real Valjean realizes that this case of mistaken identity could free him forever , but he is not willing to see an innocent man go to prison in his place and so confesses his identity to the court ( `` Who Am I ? -- The Trial '' ) . At the hospital , a delirious Fantine dreams of Cosette . Valjean promises to find Cosette and protect her ( `` Come to Me '' / `` Fantine 's Death '' ) . Relieved , Fantine succumbs to her illness and dies . Javert arrives to take Valjean back into custody , but Valjean asks Javert for time to fetch Cosette . Javert refuses , insisting that a criminal like Valjean can never change or do good . They struggle , but Valjean overpowers Javert and escapes ( `` The Confrontation '' ) . In Montfermeil , the duplicitous innkeepers , the Thénardiers , use Cosette as a servant and treat her cruelly while extorting money from Fantine by claiming that Cosette is regularly and seriously ill , as well as demanding money to feed and clothe Cosette , all the while indulging their own daughter , Éponine . Cosette dreams of a life with a mother where she is not forced to work and is treated lovingly ( `` Castle on a Cloud '' ) . The Thénardiers cheat their customers , stealing their possessions and setting high prices for low - quality service , and live a life of criminal depravity ( `` Master of the House '' ) . Valjean meets Cosette while she 's on an errand drawing water and offers the Thénardiers payment to adopt her ( `` The Bargain '' ) . The Thénardiers feign concern for Cosette , claiming that they love her like a daughter and that she is in fragile health , and bargain with Valjean , who pays them 1,500 francs in the end . Valjean and Cosette leave for Paris ( `` The Waltz of Treachery '' ) . Nine years later , in 1832 , Paris is in upheaval because of the impending death of General Lamarque , the only man in the government who shows mercy to the poor . Among those mingling in the streets are the student revolutionaries Marius Pontmercy and Enjolras , who contemplate the effect Lamarque 's death will have on the poor and desperate in Paris ; the Thénardiers , who have since lost their inn and now run a street gang which consists of thugs Brujon , Babet , Claquesous , and Montparnasse ; the Thenadier 's daughter Éponine , who is now grown and has fallen in love with Marius ( who is oblivious to her affections ) ; and the streetwise young urchin Gavroche , who knows everything that happens in the slums ( `` Look Down '' ) . The Thénardiers prepare to con some charitable visitors , who turn out to be Valjean and Cosette , who has grown into a beautiful young woman . While the gang bamboozles her father , Cosette runs into Marius , and the pair fall in love at first sight . Thénardier suddenly recognizes Valjean , but before they can finish the robbery , Javert , now an inspector stationed here in Paris , comes to the rescue ( `` The Robbery '' ) . Valjean and Cosette escape , and only later ( when Thénardier tips him off ) does Javert suspect who they were . Javert makes a vow to the stars -- which represent his belief in a just and ordered universe where suffering is a punishment for sin -- that he will find Valjean and recapture him ( `` Stars '' ) . Meanwhile , Marius persuades Éponine to help him find Cosette ( `` Éponine 's Errand '' ) . At a small café , Enjolras exhorts a group of idealistic students to prepare for revolution . Marius interrupts the serious atmosphere by fantasizing about his new - found love , much to the amusement of his compatriots , particularly the wine - loving Grantaire ( `` The ABC Café -- Red and Black '' ) . When Gavroche brings the news of General Lamarque 's death , the students realize that they can use the public 's dismay to incite their revolution and that their time has come ( `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? '' ) . At Valjean 's house , in the garden , Cosette thinks about her chance meeting with Marius and later confronts Valjean about the secrets he keeps about his and her own past ( `` Rue Plumet -- In My Life '' ) . Éponine leads Marius to Valjean 's house . He and Cosette meet again and confess their mutual love , while a heartbroken Éponine watches them through the garden gate and laments that Marius has fallen in love with another ( `` A Heart Full of Love '' ) . Thénardier and his gang arrive , intending to rob Valjean 's house , but Éponine stops them , risking her life , by screaming a warning ( `` The Attack on Rue Plumet '' ) . The scream alerts Valjean , who believes that the intruder was Javert . He tells Cosette that it 's time once again for them to go on the run , and starts planning for them to flee France altogether . On the eve of the 1832 Paris Uprising , Valjean prepares to go into exile ; Cosette and Marius part in despair ; Enjolras encourages all of Paris to join the revolution as he and the other students prepare for battle ; Éponine acknowledges despairingly that Marius will never love her ; Marius is conflicted whether to follow Cosette or join the uprising ; Javert reveals his plans to spy on the students ; and the Thénardiers scheme to profit off the coming violence . Marius decides to stand with his friends , and all anticipate what the dawn will bring ( `` One Day More '' ) . Act ii ( edit ) John Owen - Jones as Jean Valjean As the students build a barricade to serve as their rally point , Javert , disguised as a rebel , volunteers to `` spy '' on the government troops . Marius discovers that Éponine has disguised herself as a boy to join the rebels and sends her to deliver a farewell letter to Cosette . ( `` Building the Barricade -- Upon These Stones '' ) Valjean intercepts the letter and learns about Marius and Cosette 's romance . Éponine walks the streets of Paris alone , imagining that Marius is there with her , but laments that her love for Marius will never be reciprocated ( `` On My Own '' ) . The French army arrives at the barricade and demands that the students surrender ( `` At the Barricade -- Upon These Stones '' ) . Though Javert tells the students that the government will not attack that night ( `` Javert 's Arrival '' ) , Gavroche recognises him and quickly exposes him as a spy , and the students detain Javert ( `` Little People '' ) . Their plan is to spark a general uprising with their act of defiance , hoping that all the people of Paris will side with them and overwhelm the army . Éponine returns to find Marius but is shot by the soldiers crossing the barricade . As Marius holds her , she assures him that she feels no pain and reveals her love for him before dying in his arms ( `` A Little Fall of Rain '' ) . The students mourn this first loss of life at the barricades and resolve to fight in her name , and they carry her body away while Enjolras attempts to comfort Marius , who is heartbroken over Éponine 's death . Valjean arrives at the barricade , crossing the government lines , disguised as a soldier ( `` Night of Anguish '' ) , hoping that he might somehow protect Marius in the coming battle for Cosette 's sake . The rebels are suspicious of him at first , but when the army attacks , Valjean saves Enjolras by shooting at a sniper and scaring him off , and they accept him as one of them . In return , he asks Enjolras to be the one to execute the imprisoned Javert , which Enjolras grants . But as soon as Valjean and Javert are alone , Valjean frees Javert . Javert warns Valjean that he will not give up his pursuit and rejects what he perceives as a bargain for Valjean 's freedom . Valjean says there are no conditions to his release , and holds no ill - will toward Javert for doing his duty . ( `` The First Attack '' ) . The students settle down for the night and reminisce about the past while also expressing anxiety about the battle to come . Enjolras tells the other students to stay awake in case the enemy strikes unexpectedly in the night , but he tells Marius to get some sleep , knowing Marius is still much too devastated over losing Éponine to stay awake . Grantaire gets angry and asks the students if they fear to die as Marius wonders if Cosette will remember him if he dies . ( `` Drink with Me '' ) . As Marius sleeps , Valjean prays to God to protect Marius , even if the cost for Marius ' safety is his own life ( `` Bring Him Home '' ) . As dawn approaches , Enjolras realizes that the people of Paris have not risen up with them , but resolves to fight on in spite of the impossible odds ( `` Dawn of Anguish '' ) . Their resolve is fired even further when the army kills Gavroche , who snuck out to collect ammunition from bodies on the other side of the barricade ( `` The Second Attack / Death of Gavroche '' ) . The army gives a final warning , but the rebels fight to the last man with Enjolras exhorting `` Let others rise to take our place , until the Earth is free ! '' . Everyone at the barricade is killed except Valjean and a gravely wounded Marius , who escape into the sewers ( `` The Final Battle '' ) . Javert returns to the barricade , searching for Valjean amongst the bodies , and finds the open sewer grating . Valjean carries Marius through the sewers but collapses in exhaustion . While he is unconscious , Thénardier , who has been looting bodies ( `` Dog Eats Dog '' ) , comes upon them and takes a ring from the unconscious Marius , but flees when Valjean ( whom he again recognizes ) regains consciousness . When Valjean carries Marius to the sewer 's exit , he finds Javert waiting for him . Valjean begs Javert for one hour to bring Marius to a doctor , and Javert reluctantly agrees . Javert finds himself unable to reconcile Valjean 's merciful acts with his conception of Valjean as an irredeemable criminal . Refusing to compromise his principles but no longer able to hold them sacred , he finds himself torn between his beliefs about God and his desire to adhere to the law and commits suicide by throwing himself into the Seine ( `` Soliloquy / Javert 's Suicide '' ) . In the wake of the failed revolution , women mourn the deaths of the students ( `` Turning '' ) and Marius , wounded but alive , despairs at the sacrifice of so many lives and at the death of his friends while he survives ( `` Empty Chairs at Empty Tables '' ) . As he wonders who saved his own life , Cosette comforts him , and they reaffirm their blossoming romance . Valjean realises that Cosette will not need him as a caretaker once she 's married and gives them his blessing ( `` Every Day '' ) . Valjean confesses to Marius that he is an escaped convict and must go away because his presence endangers Cosette ( `` Valjean 's Confession '' ) , making Marius promise never to tell Cosette . A few months later , Marius and Cosette marry ( `` Wedding Chorale '' ) . The Thénardiers crash the reception disguised as nobility and attempt to blackmail Marius , telling him that Valjean is a murderer and that Thénardier saw him carrying a corpse in the sewers after the barricades fell . When Thénardier shows him the ring as proof , Marius realizes that it was Valjean who saved his life . The newlyweds leave to find Valjean ( in some productions , Marius pauses to give Thénardier a punch in the face ) . The Thénardiers are not discouraged , instead gloating that their craven practicality has saved their lives time and time again ( `` Beggars at the Feast '' ) . At a convent , Valjean awaits his death , having nothing left to live for . The spirit of Fantine appears to him and tells him that he has been forgiven and will soon be with God . Cosette and Marius arrive to find Valjean near death . Valjean thanks God for letting him live long enough to see Cosette again , and Marius thanks him for saving his life . ( `` Epilogue -- Valjean 's Death '' ) . Valjean gives Cosette a letter confessing his troubled past and the truth about her mother . As he dies , the spirits of Fantine and Éponine guide him to Heaven reminding him that `` to love another person is to see the face of God . '' They are joined by the spirits of those who died at the barricades , who sing that in the next world , God lays low all tyranny and frees all oppressed people from their shackles ( `` Do You Hear The People Sing ? ( Reprise ) '' ) . Musical numbers ( edit ) Main article : Songs from Les Misérables Act I Song Performer ( s ) `` Prologue : Work Song '' Chain Gang , Javert and Valjean `` Prologue : On Parole '' Valjean , Farmer , Labourer , Innkeeper 's Wife , Innkeeper and Bishop of Digne `` Prologue : Valjean Arrested , Valjean Forgiven '' Bishop of Digne , Jean Valjean , Constables `` Prologue : What Have I Done ? '' Valjean 5 `` At the End of the Day '' Fantine , Foreman , Factory Girl , Jean Valjean , Factory Workers , Compan 6 `` I Dreamed a Dream '' Fantine 7 `` Lovely Ladies '' Fantine , Sailors , Whores , Old Woman , Crone , Pimp , Company 8 `` Fantine 's Arrest '' Fantine , Bamatabois , Javert and Valjean 9 `` ' The Runaway Cart '' Valjean , Javert , Fauchevelant , Onlookers 10 `` Who Am I ? / The Trial '' Valjean 11 `` Fantine 's Death : Come to Me '' Fantine and Valjean 12 `` The Confrontation '' Javert and Valjean 13 `` Castle on a Cloud '' Young Cosette 14 `` Master of the House '' Thénardier , Madame Thénardier , Company 15 `` The Well Scene '' Valjean and Young Cosette 16 `` The Bargain / The Thénardier Waltz of Treachery '' Thénardier , Valjean , Madame Thénardier 17 `` Look Down '' Gavroche , Old Woman , Prostitute , Pimp , Enjolras , Marius , Company 18 `` The Robbery '' Thénardier , Madame Thénardier , Marius , Éponine and Valjean 19 `` Javert 's Intervention '' Javert and Thénardier 20 `` Stars '' Javert 21 `` Éponine 's Errand '' Éponine and Marius 22 `` ABC Café / Red and Black '' Enjolras , Marius , Grantaire , Combeferre , Feuilly , Courfeyrac , Joly , Legsles , Prouvaire , Gavroche 23 `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? '' Enjolras , Combeferre , Courfeyrac , Feuilly , Company 24 `` Rue Plumet -- In My Life '' Cosette , Valjean , Marius and Éponine 25 `` A Heart Full of Love '' Marius , Cosette and Éponine 26 `` The Attack on the Rue Plumet '' Thénardier , Brujon , Babet , Claquesous , Montparnasse , Éponine , Marius , Valjean and Cosette 27 `` One Day More '' Valjean , Marius , Cosette , Éponine , Enjolras , Javert , Thénardier , Madame Thénardier and Company Act II Song Performer ( s ) 28 `` Building the Barricade ( Upon These Stones ) '' Enjolras , Javert , Prouvaire , Grantaire , Legsles , Marius , Éponine 29 `` On My Own '' Éponine 30 `` At the Barricade ( Upon These Stones ) '' Enjolras , Marius , Grantaire , Combeferre , Courfeyrac , Feuilly , Students , and Army Officer 31 `` Javert 's Arrival '' Javert and Enjolras 32 `` Little People '' Gavroche 33 `` A Little Fall of Rain '' ( Éponine 's Death ) Éponine and Marius 34 `` Night of Anguish '' Enjolras and Students 35 `` The First Attack '' Enjolras , Valjean , Javert , Students 36 `` Drink with Me '' Feuilly , Prouvaire , Joly , Grantaire , Marius , Company 37 `` Bring Him Home '' Valjean 38 `` Dawn of Anguish '' Enjolras 39 `` The Second Attack ( Death of Gavroche ) '' Enjolras , Marius , Gavroche , Students 40 `` The Final Battle '' Army Officer , Enjolras , Company 41 `` Dog Eats Dog ( The Sewers ) '' Thénardier 42 `` Soliloquy ( Javert 's Suicide ) '' Javert 43 `` Turning '' Women of Paris 44 `` Empty Chairs at Empty Tables '' Marius 45 `` Every Day '' Cosette , Marius and Valjean 46 `` Valjean 's Confession '' Marius and Valjean 47 `` Wedding Chorale '' / Beggars at the Feast Marius , Cosette , Thendadier , Madame Thenadier , Company 48 `` Valjean 's Death '' Valjean , Fantine , Cosette , Marius and Éponine 49 `` Do You Hear The People Sing ? ( Reprise ) / ( Finale ) '' Full Company Instrumentation ( edit ) The standard orchestration for the 2009 U.K. tour of Les Misérables consisted of : Bass Cello Horn 1 Horn 2 Keyboard 1 Keyboard 2 Percussion Reed 1 ( Alto Flute , Alto Recorder , Flute , Piccolo ) Reed 2 ( Cor Anglais , Oboe ) Reed 3 ( Bb Clarinet , Bass Clarinet , Eb Clarinet , Tenor Recorder ) Trombone / Tuba Trumpet / Flugelhorn Viola Violin Characters ( edit ) Characters in order of appearance Character Voice Description Jean Valjean dramatic tenor / original production : dramatic baritone Ab2 - B4 Prisoner 24601 . After being released from imprisonment for serving nineteen years ( five for stealing a loaf of bread and fourteen for multiple escape attempts ) , he breaks parole and , after receiving mercy from Bishop Myriel , turns his life around to live for God , showing the effects of God 's grace that bring a corrupt man into virtuous and selfless living . He changes his identity , becoming the wealthy mayor of a small town . He later adopts Cosette , the only daughter of Fantine . At the end , he eventually dies and the spirit of Fantine thanks him for raising her child . Inspector Javert baritone F2 - F # 4 Respects the law above all else and relentlessly pursues Valjean , hoping to bring the escaped convict to justice . He firmly believes in the justice of the law , and has no room for mercy . In the end he commits suicide , broken by the mercy he experiences from Valjean . The Bishop of Digne baritone A2 - E4 Shelters Valjean after his release from jail and gives him gifts of silver and absolution . His acts of kindness move Valjean to surrender his ways to God , escaping the label of `` criminal '' and living in a new identity . The Factory Foreman baritone or tenor D3 - D4 Foreman of Valjean 's ( Valjean has assumed the name Madeleine ) jet bead factory in Montreuil - sur - Mer which employs Fantine and other workers . The Foreman fires Fantine from the factory when she persists in resisting his overt sexual advances and because it is discovered that she is the mother of an illegitimate child ( Cosette ) living elsewhere . The Factory Girl soprano F4 - Eb5 Mistress to the Factory Foreman . She intercepts a letter that the Thénardiers have sent to Fantine which exposes her as the mother of an illegitimate child , and the Factory Girl shows it to the Foreman , goading him into firing her . Fantine lyric mezzo - soprano D3 - Eb5 An impoverished factory worker who loses her job and , as a result , turns to prostitution in order to continue paying the Thénardiers to care for her illegitimate daughter , Cosette . As Fantine dies of consumption , she asks Valjean to look after her child . Ultimately she appears as a spirit and escorts the dying Valjean to Heaven . Old Woman contralto E4 - D5 Affectionately called `` The Hair Hag '' in many of the original US companies , the Old Woman is the character who talks Fantine into selling her hair before Fantine becomes a prostitute . Crone soprano Also called `` The Locket Crone '' , this character is the woman who talks Fantine into selling her precious locket for much less than it is worth . Bamatabois tenor An upper - class `` fop '' who tries to buy Fantine 's services . He treats her abusively so she refuses him . When Javert enters the scene , Bamatabois tries to cover the fact that he was soliciting a prostitute by having her arrested for attacking him unprovoked . Fauchelevent baritone or tenor In a role reduced from the novel , he appears only in the Cart Crash scene , where he is trapped under the cart and rescued by Valjean . He is an elderly man who has fallen upon hard times . Champmathieu silent A man who is arrested and on trial because he is believed to be Jean Valjean . Valjean , still under the name Madeleine , confesses his true identity at the trial in order to save the man . Young Cosette treble The eight - year - old daughter of Fantine . Cosette is in the care of the Thénardiers who are paid by Fantine to take care of her child . Unknown to Fantine , the Thénardiers force Cosette to work , and they use Fantine 's money for their own needs . Madame Thénardier contralto G # 3 - D5 Thénardier 's unscrupulous wife , who abuses Cosette but dotes on her own daughter , Éponine . She is fully complicit in most of her husband 's crimes and schemes . Young Éponine silent The pampered daughter of the Thénardiers . She grows up with Cosette and is unkind to her . Thénardier comic baritone G # 2 - G4 A second - rate thief , Thénardier runs a small inn where he continually bilks his customers . He and his family later travel to Paris , where he sets up as the leader of a gang of street thugs and con men . An eternal survivor , Thénardier is above nothing and below everything . Gavroche boy soprano A2 - G4 ( OR A3 - G5 ) A streetwise urchin who knows everyone and everything that happens in the slums of Paris . He joins up with the revolutionaries , and later dies on the barricade attempting to recover ammunition from fallen soldiers . Enjolras baritone or tenor A2 - B4 Enjolras is the leader of the student revolutionaries and a friend of Marius . He is Idealistic and charismatic , although his plan is doomed to failure . Marius Pontmercy tenor A2 - Ab4 A student revolutionary , is friends with Éponine , but falls in love with Cosette , and she with him . He is later rescued from the barricades by Valjean , who ultimately gives Marius and Cosette his blessing , allowing them to be married . Éponine mezzo - soprano F3 - E5 Daughter of the Thénardiers , Éponine , now a ragged street waif and a thief like her father , secretly loves Marius . Although it causes her great anguish , she helps him locate Cosette and later delivers a message he sends her from the barricade . She is killed while returning to the barricades to see Marius . In the end she appears as a spirit alongside Fantine and they guide the dying Valjean to Heaven . Brujon baritone or tenor A brutish and cowardly , but dissatisfied , member of Thénardier 's Gang . Brujon 's role in the musical expands to cover Gueulemer . Babet baritone or tenor A foreboding member of Thénardier 's Gang . Claquesous baritone or tenor A member of Thénardier 's Gang Quiet and masked , expert at evading the police , Claquesous might in fact be working for the law . Montparnasse baritone or tenor A young member of Thénardier 's Gang , Montparnasse is a handsome man who appears to be close to Éponine . He is usually portrayed as well - dressed , as he is in the book . Cosette soprano Bb3 - C6 Cosette , the daughter of Fantine , has grown up to become a beautiful young woman of culture and privilege under Valjean 's adoptive and loving fatherly care and protection . She falls in love with Marius , and he returns her equally strong and pure romantic feelings . She marries him at the end of the musical . Friends of the ABC baritones and tenors A2 - G4 Student revolutionaries who lead a revolution and die in the process , the Friends of the ABC become martyrs for the rights of citizens . ( See Members listed below ) Combeferre Baritone or tenor A2 - G4 Combeferre is the philosopher of the ABC group . Enjolras ' second - in - command . He is described as the guide of the Friends of the ABC . Feuilly tenor A2 - A4 Feuilly is the only member of the Friends of the ABC who is not a student ; he is a workingman . An optimist who stands as a sort of ambassador for the `` outside '' , while the rest of the men stand for France . He loves Poland very much . Courfeyrac tenor A2 - G4 Friendly and open , Courfeyrac introduces Marius to the ABC society in the novel . He always has many mistresses , and is described as the centre of the Friends of the ABC , always giving off warmth . Joly tenor or baritone A2 - G4 A medical student and a hypochondriac ; best friends with Lesgles . Grantaire baritone A2 - G4 Grantaire is a member of the Friends of the ABC . Though he admires Enjolras , Grantaire often opposes Enjolras ' fierce determination and occasionally acts as a voice of reason . In many performances , Grantaire is very close to Gavroche and attempts to act as his protector . Grantaire is a drunkard and is often tipsy throughout the musical , carrying a bottle of wine wherever he goes . He has no interest in the revolution , and is there because his friends are . He asks of them before the final battle whether they believe their deaths will accomplish anything . Jean Prouvaire baritone or tenor A2 - G4 Prouvaire , a poet , is the youngest student member of the Friends . Jean Prouvaire has the honor of waving the giant red flag during `` One Day More '' at the end of Act One . Lesgles baritone or tenor A2 - G4 Best friends with Joly . A very unlucky man , but also a very happy one . Army Officer / Loud Hailer tenor C4 - G4 A voice from offstage , he demands the surrender of the student revolutionaries before the army attacks , telling them that the people of Paris have not answered their call for help . Casts ( edit ) Original casts ( edit ) Character Original French Stage Cast 1980 Original London Cast 1985 Original Broadway Cast First Broadway Revival 2006 Second Broadway Revival 2014 Jean Valjean Maurice Barrier Colm Wilkinson Alexander Gemignani Ramin Karimloo Javert Jean Vallée Roger Allam Terrence Mann Norm Lewis Will Swenson Fantine Rose Laurens Patti LuPone Randy Graff Daphne Rubin - Vega Caissie Levy Cosette Fabienne Guyon Rebecca Caine Judy Kuhn Ali Ewoldt Samantha Hill Marius Gilles Buhlmann Michael Ball David Bryant Adam Jacobs Andy Mientus Enjolras Christian Ratellin David Burt Michael Maguire Aaron Lazar Kyle Scatliffe Éponine Marianne Mille Frances Ruffelle Celia Keenan - Bolger Nikki M. James Thénardier Yvan Dautin Alun Armstrong Leo Burmester Gary Beach Cliff Saunders Madame Thénardier Marie - France Roussel Susan Jane Tanner Jennifer Butt Jenny Galloway Keala Settle Gavroche Florence Davis Cyrille Dupont Fabrice Ploquin Ian Tucker Oliver Spencer Liza Hayden Braden Danner RD Robb Brian D'Addario Jacob Levine Austyn Myers Joshua Colley Gaten Matarazzo Anniversary Concerts casts ( edit ) Character 10th Anniversary Concert Cast 1995 25th Anniversary Concert Cast Jean Valjean Colm Wilkinson Alfie Boe Javert Philip Quast Norm Lewis Fantine Ruthie Henshall Lea Salonga Éponine Lea Salonga Samantha Barks Thénardier Alun Armstrong Matt Lucas Madame Thénardier Jenny Galloway Marius Michael Ball Nick Jonas Cosette Judy Kuhn Katie Hall Enjolras Michael Maguire Ramin Karimloo Gavroche Adam Searles Robert Madge Productions ( edit ) Sit down productions ( edit ) Original French production ( edit ) The Palais des Sports in Paris where the musical was first performed . French songwriter Alain Boublil had the idea to adapt Victor Hugo 's novel into a musical while at a performance of the musical Oliver ! in London : As soon as the Artful Dodger came onstage , Gavroche came to mind . It was like a blow to the solar plexus . I started seeing all the characters of Victor Hugo 's Les Misérables -- Valjean , Javert , Gavroche , Cosette , Marius , and Éponine -- in my mind 's eye , laughing , crying , and singing onstage . He pitched the idea to French composer Claude - Michel Schönberg , and the two developed a rough synopsis . They worked up an analysis of each character 's mental and emotional state , as well as that of an audience . Schönberg then began to write the music , while Boublil began work on the text . According to Boublil , `` ... I could begin work on the words . This I did -- after myself deciding on the subject and title of every song -- in collaboration with my friend , poet Jean - Marc Natel . '' Two years later , a two - hour demo tape with Schönberg accompanying himself on the piano and singing every role was completed . An album of this collaboration was recorded at CTS Studios in Wembley and was released in 1980 , selling 260,000 copies . The concept album includes Maurice Barrier as Jean Valjean , Jacques Mercier as Javert , Rose Laurens as Fantine , Yvan Dautin as Thénardier , Marie - France Roussel as Mme . Thénardier , Richard Dewitte as Marius , Fabienne Guyon as Cosette , Marie - France Dufour as Éponine , Michel Sardou as Enjolras , Fabrice Bernard as Gavroche , Maryse Cédolin as Young Cosette , Claude - Michel Schönberg as Courfeyrac , Salvatore Adamo as Combeferre , Michel Delpech as Feuilly , Dominique Tirmont as M. Gillenormand , and Mireille as the hair buyer . That year , in September 1980 , a stage version directed by veteran French film director Robert Hossein was produced at the Palais des Sports in Paris . The show was a success , with 100 performances seen by over 500,000 people . Most of the cast from the concept album performed in the production . The cast included Maurice Barrier as Valjean , Jean Vallée as Javert , Rose Laurens as Fantine , Maryse Cédolin and Sylvie Camacho and Priscilla Patron as Young Cosette , Marie - France Roussel as Mme . Thénardier , Yvan Dautin as M. Thénardier , Florence Davis and Fabrice Ploquin and Cyrille Dupont as Gavroche , Marianne Mille as Éponine , Gilles Buhlmann as Marius , Christian Ratellin as Enjolras , Fabienne Guyon as Cosette , René - Louis Baron as Combeferre , Dominique Tirmont as M. Gillenormand , Anne Forrez as Mlle . Gillenormand , and Claude Reva as the storyteller . Original West End production ( edit ) Les Misérables at Queen 's Theatre in London The English - language version , with lyrics by Herbert Kretzmer and additional material by James Fenton , was substantially expanded and reworked from a literal translation by Siobhan Bracke of the original Paris version , in particular adding a prologue to tell Jean Valjean 's backstory . Kretzmer 's work is not a direct `` translation '' of the French , a term that Kretzmer refused to use . A third of the English lyrics were a `` rough '' translation , another third were adapted from the French lyrics and the final third consisted of new material . The majority is performed in recitative style ; the vocalists use natural speech delivery , not musical metrics . The first production in English , produced by Cameron Mackintosh and adapted and directed by Trevor Nunn and John Caird , opened on 8 October 1985 ( five years after the original production ) at the Barbican Arts Centre , London . It was billed in the RSC Barbican Theatre programme as `` The Royal Shakespeare Company presentation of the RSC / Cameron Mackintosh production '' , and played to preview performances beginning on 28 September 1985 . The set was designed by John Napier , costumes by Andreane Neofitou and lighting by David Hersey . Musical supervision and orchestrations were by John Cameron , who had been involved with the show since Boublil and Schönberg hired him to orchestrate the original French concept album . Musical staging was by Kate Flatt with musical direction by Martin Koch . The original London cast included Colm Wilkinson as Jean Valjean , Roger Allam as Javert , Ken Caswell as the Bishop of Digne , Patti LuPone as Fantine , Zoë Hart , Justine McIntyre , Jayne O'Mahony and Joanne Woodcock as Young Cosette , Danielle Akers , Gillian Brander and Juliette Caton as Young Éponine , Susan Jane Tanner as Madame Thénardier , Alun Armstrong as Thénardier , Frances Ruffelle as Éponine , Rebecca Caine as Cosette , Michael Ball as Marius , David Burt as Enjolras , with Ian Tucker , Oliver Spencer and Liza Hayden sharing the role of Gavroche . On 4 December 1985 , the show transferred to the Palace Theatre , London and moved again on 3 April 2004 , to the smaller Queen 's Theatre , with some revisions of staging and where , as of August 2018 , it is still playing . It celebrated its ten - thousandth performance on 5 January 2010 . In October 2015 , the West End production celebrated its 30th anniversary . The co-production has generated valuable income for the Royal Shakespeare Company . Original Broadway production ( edit ) The musical opened as a pre-Broadway tryout at the Kennedy Center 's Opera House in Washington , D.C. on 27 December 1986 . It ran for eight weeks through 14 February 1987 . The musical then premiered on Broadway on 12 March 1987 at The Broadway Theatre . Colm Wilkinson and Frances Ruffelle reprised their roles from the London production . The $4.5 million production had a more than $4 million advance sale prior to its New York opening . The show underwent further tightening , namely with improved sewer lighting and the incorporation of the Javert suicide scene effect . Boublil explained : `` The transfer from London to the United States has prompted further modifications . ' We are taking this opportunity to rethink and perfect , to rewrite some details which probably no one else will see , but which for us are still long nights of work , ' Mr. Boublil says . ' There are things that nobody had time to do in London , and here we have a wonderful opportunity to fix a few things . No one will notice , perhaps , but for us , it will make us so happy if we can better this show . We would like this to be the final version . ' '' Two songs were deleted -- the complete version of Gavroche 's song `` Little People '' and the adult Cosette 's `` I Saw Him Once '' . A short section at the beginning of `` In My Life '' replaced `` I Saw Him Once '' . The lyrics in Javert 's `` Stars '' were changed . It now ended with the line , `` This I swear by the stars ! '' , while the London production and cast recording ended with the repeated line , `` Keeping watch in the night '' . The original Broadway cast included Colm Wilkinson as Jean Valjean , David Bryant as Marius , Judy Kuhn as Cosette , Michael Maguire as Enjolras , Frances Ruffelle as Éponine , Braden Danner as Gavroche , Donna Vivino as Young Cosette , Jennifer Butt as Madame Thénardier , Leo Burmester as Thénardier , Randy Graff as Fantine , Terrence Mann as Javert , and Chrissie McDonald as Young Éponine . Other members of the original Broadway cast included Kevin Marcum ( Brujon ) , Paul Harman ( Combeferre / Foreman ) , Anthony Crivello ( Grantaire / Bambatosis ) , John Dewar ( Joly ) , Joseph Kolinski ( Feuilly ) , Alex Santoriello ( Montparnasse / Labourer ) , Jesse Corti ( Courfeyrac / Farmer ) , Susan Goodman ( Old Woman / Innkeeper 's Wife ) , John Norman ( Prouvaire / Pimp ) , Norman Large ( Bishop / Lesgles ) , Marcus Lovett ( Babet / Constable ) , Steve Shocket ( Claquesous / Fauchevelant / Constable / Pimp ) , Cindy Benson ( Old Woman ) , Marcie Shaw , Jane Bodle , Joanna Glushak , Ann Crumb ( Factory Girl ) , Kelli James , and Gretchen Kingsley - Weihe . Michael Hinton was the original drummer and credited on the cast album . The musical ran at the Broadway Theatre through 10 October 1990 , when it moved to the Imperial Theatre . It was scheduled to close on 15 March 2003 , but the closing was postponed by a surge in public interest . According to an article in The Scotsman , `` Sales picked up last October , when Sir Cameron made the announcement that the show would be closing on March 15th ... its closure postponed to May 18th because of an unexpected increase in business . '' After 6,680 performances in sixteen years , when it closed on 18 May 2003 , it was the second - longest - running Broadway musical after Cats . It was surpassed by The Phantom of the Opera in 2006 . This Broadway production of Les Misérables and its advertising in New York City is a reoccurring theme in American Psycho . The reviewer for the Financial Times wrote that Les Misérables is `` the book 's hilarious main cultural compass - point '' . 2006 Broadway revival ( edit ) Only three years after the original run closed , Les Misérables began a return to Broadway on 9 November 2006 at the Broadhurst Theatre for a limited run that was subsequently made open - ended . Using the set , costumes , performers , and other resources from the recently closed third US national touring production , the production was only slightly altered . Minor changes included colourful projections blended into its existing lighting design , and a proscenium that extended out into the first two boxes on either side of the stage . Some cuts made to the show 's prologue during its original Broadway run were restored , lyrics for Gavroche 's death scene ( known in the revival as `` Ten Little Bullets '' ) cut during the development of the original London production were restored , and much of the show was re-orchestrated by Christopher Jahnke , introducing a snare and timpani - heavy sound played by a 14 - member band , a reduction of about 8 musicians from the original production 's 22 musician orchestration . The original 2006 Broadway revival cast included Alexander Gemignani as Jean Valjean , Norm Lewis as Javert , Daphne Rubin - Vega as Fantine , Celia Keenan - Bolger as Éponine , Aaron Lazar as Enjolras , Adam Jacobs as Marius , Ali Ewoldt as Cosette , Gary Beach as Thénardier , Jenny Galloway as Madame Thénardier , Brian D'Addario and Jacob Levine and Skye Rainforth and Austyn Myers as Gavroche , and Tess Adams and Kylie Liya Goldstein and Carly Rose Sonenclar as Young Cosette / Young Éponine . The ensemble consisted of Becca Ayers , Daniel Bogart ( Combeferre / Bambatosis ) , Justin Bohon ( Joly / Major Domo ) , Kate Chapman , Nikki Renee Daniels , Karen Elliott ( Old Woman / Innkeeper 's Wife ) , Blake Ginther ( Feuilly ) , J.D. Goldblatt ( Montparnasse / Pimp / Labourer ) , Marya Grandy ( Crone ) , Victor Hawks ( Brujon ) , Robert Hunt ( Courfeyrac / Foreman ) , Nehal Joshi ( Lesgles / Constable ) , Jeff Kready ( Babet / Constable / Fauchevelant ) , Doug Kreeger ( Jean Prouvaire / Farmer ) , James Chip Leanord ( Bishop / Claquesous ) , Megan McGinnis , Drew Sarich ( Grantaire / Innkeeper ) , Haviland Stillwell ( Factory Girl ) , and Idara Victor . Lea Salonga , who previously played the role of Éponine in the 10th Anniversary concert , replaced Rubin - Vega as Fantine beginning on 2 March 2007 . Zach Rand replaced Jacob Levine as Gavroche on 15 March 2007 . Ann Harada replaced Jenny Galloway as Mme . Thénardier on 24 April 2007 . Ben Davis joined playing Javert , and Max von Essen playing Enjolras . Ben Crawford and Mandy Bruno joined the cast that day too , playing Brujon and Éponine respectively . On 23 July 2007 , Sarich took over the role of Valjean , following Gemignani 's departure . On 5 September 2007 , it was announced that John Owen - Jones ( who was playing Valjean in London ) was to join the Broadway cast . In return , Sarich would join the London cast in Owen - Jones ' place . Judy Kuhn , who originated the role of Cosette , returned to the show after twenty years as Fantine , succeeding Salonga . The revival closed on 6 January 2008 . 2013 Toronto revival ( edit ) A sit down production played at the Princess of Wales Theatre in Toronto , Canada based on the 25th Anniversary touring production . Previews began on 27 September 2013 with the opening night on 9 October . The production closed on 2 February 2014 . Co-directed by Lawrence Connor and James Powell , Laurence Olivier Award nominee , Ramin Karimloo , starred as Jean Valjean . He was joined by fellow West End star , Earl Carpenter , who reprised the role of Inspector Javert . Other cast members included Genevieve Leclerc as Fantine , Samantha Hill as Cosette , Melissa O'Neil as Éponine , Cliff Saunders as Monsieur Thenardier , Lisa Horner as Madame Thenardier , and Mark Uhre as Enjolras . The roles of young Cosette and young Éponine were shared by Ella Ballentine , Saara Chaudry and Madison Oldroyd . Gavroche was shared by David Gregory Black and Aiden GlennRead . 2014 Broadway revival ( edit ) The show returned to Broadway in March 2014 at the Imperial Theatre with previews beginning 1 March 2014 and had an official opening on 23 March 2014 . The creative team includes the direction of Laurence Connor and James Powell , the set design by Matt Kinley , costumes by Andreane Neofitou and Christine Rowlands , lighting by Paule Constable , sound by Mick Potter and projections by Fifty - Nine Productions . Cameron Mackintosh once again produced the show . On 22 October 2013 , it was announced that Ramin Karimloo , Will Swenson , Caissie Levy , and Nikki M. James would be headlining the revival cast as Jean Valjean , Javert , Fantine , and Éponine respectively . Andy Mientus and Samantha Hill also star as Marius and Cosette respectively . Angeli Negron and McKayla Twiggs share the role of Young Cosette . On 30 August 2015 , Karimloo ended his run of the show as was replaced by Alfie Boe . After Boe 's final performance on 28 February , the role of Valjean was played by John Owen - Jones beginning 1 March 2016 until the production closed on 4 September 2016 , after 1,026 performances over two - and - a-half years . The revival recouped its entire initial investment and grossed $109 million . The 2014 Broadway revival was nominated for 3 Tony Awards : Best Revival of a Musical , Best Leading Actor in a Musical for Karimloo , and Best Sound Design for Potter . Touring productions ( edit ) US National tours ( edit ) The show had three national touring companies of the original Broadway production in the US , all of which shared the Broadway producer and manager , creative teams , as well nearly identical sets , costumes , and lighting . While the touring production and the New York production were running simultaneously , the staff , cast members , crew , and musicians of the two productions interchanged often , which contributed to keeping both companies of the show in form . When the New York production closed in 2003 , the Third National Tour continued for another three years , and enjoyed the influx of many members from the original and subsequent New York companies . The First National Tour opened at Boston 's Shubert Theatre on 12 December 1987 , and continued to play major cities until late 1991 . The Second National Tour ( called `` The Fantine Company '' ) opened at Los Angeles ' Shubert Theatre on 1 June 1988 . The production played for fourteen months then transferred to San Francisco 's Curran Theatre where it enjoyed a similar run . The Third National Tour of Les Misérables ( called `` The Marius Company '' ) was one of the longest running American touring musical productions . Opening on 28 November 1988 , at the Tampa Bay Performing Arts Center in Florida , and closing on 23 July 2006 , at the Fox Theatre in St. Louis , Missouri , the tour ran for seventeen years and 7,061 performances . The tour played in 145 cities in 43 states . The same touring company also frequently performed in Canada , made a 1994 diversion to Singapore , and another diversion in 2002 to be the first Western musical production to visit China , opening in Shanghai 's Grand Theatre for a three - week engagement . All US productions ( including Broadway and its revival ) were visually identical in scale and design but the third national tour was notable for its portability without sacrificing the Broadway - caliber experience . Thanks to innovative touring techniques borrowed from the pop / rock concert industry , the 4.5 million dollar production was adaptable to smaller and larger venues and traveled complete in all of 8 semi tractor trailers . It was set up and ready to go in less than 24 hours and broken down and packed up in about 16 hours . This allowed it to reach many cities and venues in its acclaimed , original Broadway form . The final company of the Third National Tour included Randal Keith as Valjean ( Keith also played Valjean in the final company of the original Broadway engagement ) , Robert Hunt as Javert , Joan Almedilla as Fantine , Daniel Bogart as Marius , Norman Large ( from Original Broadway Cast ) as Monsieur Thénardier , Jennifer Butt ( from Original Broadway Cast ) as Madame Thénardier , Melissa Lyons as Éponine , Ali Ewoldt as Cosette , Victor Wallace as Enjolras , Meg Guzulescu and Rachel Schier alternating as Young Cosette and Young Éponine , and Austyn Myers and Anthony Skillman alternating as Gavroche . A new national tour began on September 21 , 2017 at the Providence Performing Arts Centre ( PPAC ) . It stars Nick Cartell as Valjean . It uses much of the staging and technical work of the 2014 Broadway revival . UK and Ireland tours ( edit ) The first tour of the UK and Ireland opened at the Palace Theatre , Manchester 14 April 1992 with Jeff Leyton ( Jean Valjean ) , Philip Quast ( Javert , later replaced by Michael McCarthy ) Ria Jones ( Fantine ) , Meredith Braun ( Éponine ) , Mike Sterling ( Marius , later replaced by Richard Burman ) , Tony Timberlake ( Thénardier ) , Louise Plowright ( Mdme Thénardier ) , Sarah Ryan ( Cosette ) and Daniel Coll ( Enjolras ) . The production then moved on to the Point Theatre , Dublin , Ireland , opening 30 June 1993 , and then to Playhouse , Edinburgh , Scotland , opening 23 September 1993 . In 1997 a second tour began at the Theatre Royal , Plymouth , running from 6 May until 14 June , the cast featured : Stig Rossen ( Jean Valjean ) , Michael McCarthy ( Javert ) , Julia Worsley ( Fantine ) , Gemma Sandy ( Éponine ) , Norman Bowman ( Marius ) , Cameron Blakely ( Thénardier ) , Cathy Breeze ( Mdme Thénardier ) , Rebecca Vere ( Cosette ) and Mark O'Malley ( Enjolras ) . The tour then continued as detailed in the table below : show Venue Date Cast details Birmingham Hippodrome 19 June 1997 to 4 October 1997 The cast remained unchanged from the Plymouth run of the show Opera House , Manchester 9 October 1997 to 20 December 1997 Peter Corry replaced Michael McCarthy as Javert Bristol Hippodrome 29 December 1997 to 28 March 1998 Mayflower Theatre , Southampton 1 April 1998 to 6 June 1998 Alhambra Theatre , Bradford 25 June 1998 to 5 September 1998 John Owen - Jones ( Jean Valjean ) left the cast two weeks before the end of the show 's run at the Alhambra Edinburgh Playhouse 16 September 1998 to 12 December 1998 Jeff Leyton ( Jean Valjean ) , Peter Corry ( Javert ) , Carmen Cusack ( Fantine ) and Alex Sharpe ( Éponine ) Liverpool Empire Theatre 16 December 1998 to 20 February 1999 Point Theatre , Dublin 25 February 1999 to 29 May 1999 Colm Wilkinson ( Jean Valjean ) , Michael McCarthy ( Javert ) , Carmen Cusack ( Fantine ) , Alex Sharpe ( Éponine ) , Matt Rawle ( Marius ) , John Kavanagh ( Thénardier ) , Anita Reeves ( Mdme Thénardier ) , Poppy Tierney ( Cosette ) and David Bardsley ( Enjolras ) Sheffield Arena 21 May 1999 to 19 June 1999 Alexandra Theatre , Birmingham 2 July 1999 to 9 October 1999 Telewask Arena , Newcastle 15 October 1999 to 13 November 1999 Jeff Leyton ( Jean Valjean ) , Martin Fisher ( Javert ) , Ria Jones ( Fantine ) , Alex Sharpe ( Éponine ) , Adrian Lewis - Morgan ( Marius ) , Jimmy Johnson ( Thénardier ) , Cathy Breeze ( Madame Thénardier ) , Amanda Leigh - Smith ( Cosette ) and Loren Greeting ( Enjolras ) Bristol Hippodrome 17 November 1999 to 29 January 2000 Palace Theatre , Manchester 2 February 2000 to 25 March 2000 A new UK and Ireland tour ( similar to the 25th Anniversary production ) will begin at Curve , Leciester from 3 to 24 November 2018 , before touring to the Bord Gáis Energy Theatre , Dublin ( 5 December to 12 January 2019 ) , Edinburgh Playhouse ( 22 January to 16 February ) and Palace Theatre , Manchester ( 19 February to 30 March ) . Further tour venues and cast are to be confirmed . 25th Anniversary tour ( edit ) A tour to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the show began performances on 12 December 2009 , at the Wales Millennium Centre in Cardiff . Differences from the original production included a new set , new costumes , new direction and alterations to the original orchestrations . The tour also did not use a revolving stage and the scenery was inspired by the paintings of Victor Hugo . Locations have included Manchester , Norwich , Birmingham , Edinburgh , Bristol , Salford , and Southampton . The tour also played a special engagement in Paris . From September through October , the show returned to the Barbican Centre , London , site of the original 1985 production . The tour cast featured John Owen - Jones as Valjean , Earl Carpenter as Javert , Gareth Gates as Marius , Ashley Artus as Thénardier , Lynne Wilmot as Madame Thénardier , Madalena Alberto as Fantine , Rosalind James as Éponine , Jon Robyns as Enjolras , Katie Hall as Cosette ( with Eliza Jones as Young Cosette ) , and David Lawrence as the Bishop of Digne . The tour ended 2 October 2010 , at the Barbican . In the fall of 2010 , The tour moved to the US with a new company presented by Broadway Across America to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the show opening on Broadway . The tour had its opening on 19 November 2010 at the Paper Mill Playhouse in Millburn , New Jersey , running until 19 December 2010 . This tour originally starred Lawrence Clayton as Valjean , Andrew Varela as Javert , Betsy Morgan as Fantine , Jenny Latimer as Cosette , Justin Scott Brown as Marius , Chasten Harmon as Éponine , Michael Kostroff as Thénardier , Shawna Hamic as Madame Thénardier , Jeremy Hays as Enjolras , Josh Caggiano and Ethan Paul Khusidman as Gavroche , Maya Jade Frank and Juliana Simone alternating as Young Cosette and Young Éponine . J. Mark McVey 's daughter , Kylie McVey was the understudy for Young Cosette and Young Éponine . Clayton left the tour in April 2011 . Ron Sharpe later took over as Valjean until June 2011 . J. Mark McVey was then Valjean ( McVey previously played the role on Broadway ) , but McVey and his daughter left the tour on 1 April 2012 . Peter Lockyer replaces him as Valjean . Betsy Morgan left the tour on 2 December 2012 . She was replaced by Genevieve Leclerc . The tour ran until 11 August 2013 , closing at the Smith Center for the Performing Arts in Las Vegas . The tour 's final cast included Peter Lockyer as Valjean , Andrew Varela as Javert , Genevieve Leclerc as Fantine , Lauren Wiley as Cosette , Devin Ilaw as Marius , Briana Carlson - Goodman as Éponine , Timothy Gulan as Thénardier , Shawna Hamic as Madame Thénardier , Jason Forbach as Enjolras , Ava Della Pietra and Erin Cearlock alternating as Little Cosette and Young Eponine , with Mia Sinclair Jenness as Little Girl , In 2011 it was reported that the tour is one of six US national Broadway tours that are grossing over $1,000,000 per week . 2014 Australian tour ( edit ) In mid 2013 , a brand new Australian tour was announced , with Simon Gleeson as Valjean , Hayden Tee as Javert , Patrice Tipoki as Fantine , Trevor Ashley and Lara Mulcahy as the Thénardiers , Kerrie Anne Greenland as Éponine , Emily Langridge as Cosette , Euan Doidge as Marius and Chris Durling as Enjolras and Nicholas Cradock as Gavroche . The production premiered on 4 July at Her Majesty 's Theatre , Melbourne . Additional stops for the Australian tour included the Crown Theatre in Perth , the Capitol Theatre in Sydney , and the Lyric Theatre QPAC in Brisbane . The Australian revival production transferred to Manila , Philippines at in March 2016 , becoming an international tour . 2016 international tour ( edit ) On 16 September 2015 , it was announced that the Australian tour would launch its international tour in Manila , Philippines at the Theatre at Solaire from March 2016 , and proceeded to the Esplanade Theatre in Singapore from May 2016 . It then had its GCC premiere at the Dubai Opera in Dubai , United Arab Emirates from November 2016 . The Manila and Singapore productions featured Simon Gleeson as Valjean , Earl Carpenter as Javert , Helen Walsh as Madame Thénardier , Cameron Blakely as Thénardier , Kerrie Anne Greenland as Éponine , Emily Langridge as Cosette , Chris Durling as Enjolras , and Paul Wilkins as Marius . Rachelle Ann Go played the role of Fantine in the Manila production , and Patrice Tipoki returned the role in the Singapore production after her stint in the original London production . The Dubai production features John Owen - Jones as Valjean , Hayden Tee as Javert , Patrice Tipoki as Fantine , Peter Polycarpou as Thénardier , Jodie Prenger as Madame Thénardier , Carrie Hope Fletcher as Éponine , Alistair Brammer as Enjolras , Emily Langridge as Cosette , and Paul Wilkins as Marius . Concert productions ( edit ) 10th Anniversary concert ( edit ) Main article : Les Misérables : The Dream Cast in Concert On 8 October 1995 , the show celebrated the tenth anniversary of the West End production with a concert at the Royal Albert Hall . This 10th Anniversary Concert was nearly `` complete '' , missing only a handful of scenes , including `` The Death of Gavroche '' , `` The Robbery '' and the confrontation between Marius and the Thénardiers at the wedding feast . Sir Cameron Mackintosh hand - selected the cast , which became known as the Les Misérables Dream Cast , assembled from around the world , and engaged the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra . The concert concluded with seventeen Valjeans from various international productions singing , `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? '' in their native languages . The concert cast included Colm Wilkinson as Jean Valjean , Philip Quast as Javert , Paul Monaghan as the Bishop of Digne , Ruthie Henshall as Fantine , Hannah Chick as Young Cosette , Jenny Galloway as Madame Thénardier , Alun Armstrong as Thénardier , Adam Searles as Gavroche , Michael Maguire as Enjolras , Michael Ball as Marius , Judy Kuhn as Cosette , Lea Salonga as Éponine , and Anthony Crivello as Grantaire . The concert was staged by Ken Caswell and conducted by David Charles Abell . 25th Anniversary concert ( edit ) Main article : Les Misérables : 25th Anniversary Concert The 25th Anniversary Concert of the West End production was held at The O2 in North Greenwich , South East London , United Kingdom , on Sunday , 3 October 2010 at 1 : 30 pm and 7 : 00 pm . It featured Alfie Boe as Jean Valjean , Norm Lewis as Javert , Lea Salonga as Fantine , Nick Jonas as Marius , Katie Hall as Cosette ( in place of Camilla Kerslake , who was unable to attend ) , Jenny Galloway as Madame Thénardier , Ramin Karimloo as Enjolras , Samantha Barks as Éponine , Matt Lucas as Thénardier , Mia Jenkins as Young Cosette , Robert Madge as Gavroche and Earl Carpenter as the Bishop of Digne . Casts of the current London , international tour , original 1985 London , and several school productions took part , comprising an ensemble of three hundred performers and musicians . The concert was directed by Laurence Connor & James Powell and conducted by David Charles Abell . Other concert performances ( edit ) The musical has also been performed in concert at Cardiff Castle and several venues in southern England , produced by Earl Carpenter Concerts . A concert version starring Jeff Leyton was also performed at the Odyssey Arena , Belfast . In 1989 , a one - night concert performance was performed at SkyDome , Toronto , and the largest concert production attracted an audience of approximately 125,000 as part of the Australia Day celebrations in Sydney 's Domain Park . The Scandinavian concert tour , produced by Cameron Mackintosh in association with Noble Art , starred Danish musical icon Stig Rossen in the leading role and commemorated author Victor Hugo 's 200th birthday . Venues on the tour included the Stockholm Globe Arena , Oslo Spektrum , the Helsinki Hartwell Areena , and the Gothenburg Scandinavium , with audiences totalling over 150,000 for the complete tour . In November 2004 , to celebrate the centennial of the Entente Cordiale , the Queen invited the cast of Les Misérables in the West End to perform for French President Jacques Chirac at Windsor Castle . It was the first time the cast of a West End musical had performed at a Royal residence . The cast was the same as in the West End , supplemented by several guest singers and a choir of former performers . The part of Jean Valjean was played by Michael Ball -- the original 1985 London and 1995 Dream Cast Marius -- and the part of Javert was played by Michael McCarthy . In February 2008 , Les Misérables was performed at the Bournemouth International Centre , England with a cast of West End stars accompanied by the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra . In August 2008 , a concert version , directed by Richard Jay - Alexander , was performed at the Hollywood Bowl . The cast included veteran Les Misérables star J. Mark McVey as Valjean , The Office star Melora Hardin as Fantine , Broadway star and Bowl veteran Brian Stokes Mitchell as Javert , Spring Awakening and Glee star Lea Michele as Éponine , Tony - winning Jersey Boys star John Lloyd Young as Marius , West End star Tom Lowe as Enjolras , Michael McCormick as Thénardier , Ruth Williamson as Madame Thénardier , Michele Maika as Cosette , Maddie Levy as Young Cosette , and Sage Ryan as Gavroche . In September 2008 , it was performed at the St John Loveridge Hall in Guernsey with a cast of West End performers -- the first time that it had been professionally performed on the Island where Victor Hugo wrote the novel . Former London Valjean Phil Cavill reprised his role alongside Les Misérables veteran Michael McCarthy as Javert . In March 2009 , the Guernsey production was remounted at Fort Regent in Jersey ; and in July 2009 , the musical was performed in concert at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight . International productions ( edit ) The show has been produced in forty - two countries and translated into twenty - one languages : English , French ( original and re-translated ) , German ( Austria and Germany ) , Spanish ( five versions : two from Spain , two from Mexico , and one from Argentina ) , Japanese , Hebrew , Hungarian , Icelandic , Norwegian ( Bokmål and Nynorsk ) , Polish , Swedish ( in Sweden and in Finland ) , Dutch ( Netherlands and Belgium ) , Danish , Finnish , Brazilian Portuguese , Estonian , Czech , Mauritian Creole , Basque , Catalan and Korean . Including singles and promos , there have been over seventy official recordings from worldwide productions . The first full West End / Broadway production in Europe ( mainland ) was set up in Oslo , Norway at Det Norske Teatret and opened on 17 March 1988 . The production was in Norwegian and starred Norwegian singer / actor Øystein Wiik as Jean Valjean , Paul Åge Johannessen as Javert , Øivind Blunck as Thénardier , Kari Gjærum as Fantine , Amund Enger as Enjolras and Guri Schanke as Éponine . The first Oslo production was hugely successful and some 10 % of Norway 's entire population saw the show in the first 6 months . Øystein Wiik went on to also star as Jean Valjean in the productions in Vienna and London in 1989 -- 1990 . The stage show , which had changed so significantly since its Parisian conception as a stadium concert in 1980 , was only finally translated back into the language of Victor Hugo for its French World Première in Montreal , Quebec , Canada , in 1991 . This production , which in fact boasted a cast that presented five shows a week in French and three a week in English , was a great success . It gave the producers a clear indication that Les Misérables was finally ready to go `` home '' , to Paris , later that same year . Regional productions ( edit ) This section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article 's subject matter . Please help improve this section by clarifying or removing superfluous information . If importance can not be established , the section is likely to be moved to another article , pseudo-redirected , or removed . Find sources : `` Les Misérables '' musical -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In September 2008 , a mini-tour produced by Atlanta 's Theater of the Stars played Eisenhower Hall at the United States Military Academy , in West Point , New York ; the Filene Center at the Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts in Vienna , Virginia ; Kansas City Starlight Theatre ; and the Fox Theater in Atlanta . The show featured a new set of original pictures painted by Victor Hugo himself . Robert Evan played Valjean , returning to the role he played in the mid-nineties on Broadway . Also featured were Nikki Rene Daniels as Fantine and Robert Hunt as Javert , both reprising their roles from the Broadway revival . Fred Hanson directed the production . The creative team included Matt Kinley as Scenic Designer , Ken Billington as Lighting Designer , Peter Fitzgerald and Erich Bechtel as Sound Designers , Zachary Borovay as Projection Designer , and Dan Riddle as Musical Director and Conductor . In 2008 , the Signature Theatre in Arlington , Virginia staged a small venue `` black box '' version of the play . Signature received Mackintosh 's special permission for the production : `` One of the great pleasures of being involved with the creation of Les Misérables is seeing this marvelous musical being done in a completely different and original way . Having seen many shows brilliantly reimagined at Signature I have no doubt that Eric and his team will come up with a revolutionary new take on Les Miz unlike anything anyone has seen before . Viva la différence ! '' The production officially opened on 14 December 2008 ( after previews from 2 December ) , and ran through 22 February 2009 ( extended from 25 January 2009 ) . A 2014 production at the Dallas Theater Center modernized the staging in a way rarely attempted in productions of this play , set visually in the modern - day United States rather than 1830s France . The concept was thought to be refreshing as a change from typical production styles and effective as a commentary on modern inequality . Though , much controversy surrounded their unauthorized depart from the authors ' libretto and score . In Panama , Les Misérables was staged in 2014 in Spanish at the famed National Theatre of Panama for a short , sold out run , directed by Aaron Zebede . School edition ( edit ) The school edition cuts a considerable amount of material from the original show . It is divided into thirty scenes and , although no critical scenes or songs have been removed , it runs 25 -- 30 minutes shorter than the official version making the total running time about 2 ⁄ hours . A few subtle changes of vocal pitch have been made : `` What Have I Done ? '' , Valjean 's Soliloquy , `` Stars '' by Javert , `` A Little Fall of Rain '' by Éponine and Marius , `` Turning '' , and `` Castle on a Cloud '' lose a verse each . During `` Fantine 's Arrest '' Bamatabois loses two verses . The song `` Fantine 's Death / Confrontation '' is edited , and the counterpoint duel between Javert and Valjean is lost , as well as a verse by Fantine . `` Dog Eats Dog '' by Thénardier is heavily truncated . `` Beggars at the Feast '' , is shortened , with Thénardier losing a verse , and the song before it , `` Wedding Chorale '' , is excluded entirely although the rest of the wedding remains in place . Also , the drinker 's introduction to `` Master of the House '' is cut completely . Film adaptation ( edit ) For the most recent film adaptation , see Les Misérables ( 2012 film ) . Although numerous films of the Les Misérables story have been made , no film adaptation of the stage musical was produced for many years . A film adaptation was in development at several times since the late 1980s . Alan Parker was reported to be connected to an adaptation at an early stage . In 1992 Mackintosh announced planning for a film to be directed by Bruce Beresford and co-produced by TriStar Pictures , but the project was later abandoned . The 2010 DVD / Blu - ray release of Les Misérables : 25th Anniversary Concert included an announcement of revised plans for a film adaptation which was later confirmed by Mackintosh . Tom Hooper signed on in March 2011 to direct the Mackintosh - produced film from a screenplay by William Nicholson . In June 2011 , Working Title Films and Mackintosh announced that the film would begin principal photography in early 2012 for a tentative December release date . The film was given its general US release on Christmas Day 2012 . Principal cast members include Hugh Jackman as Jean Valjean , Russell Crowe as Javert , Anne Hathaway as Fantine , Amanda Seyfried as Cosette , Eddie Redmayne as Marius Pontmercy , Samantha Barks as Éponine , Aaron Tveit as Enjolras , and Sacha Baron Cohen and Helena Bonham Carter as the Thénardiers . Other notable actors who played roles in the film include Bertie Carvel as Bamatabois , Colm Wilkinson as the Bishop of Digne and Frances Ruffelle as a prostitute . Cast recordings ( edit ) English ( edit ) The following recordings of Les Misérables are available in English : the Original London Cast , the Original Broadway Cast , the Complete Symphonic Recording , the 10th Anniversary London Concert , The 25th Anniversary UK Tour Cast and The 25th Anniversary London Concert . Original London cast recording ( edit ) The Original London Cast recording was the first English language album of the musical . Recorded in 1985 , when the show premiered , it is closest to the original French concept album . For example , `` Stars '' appears before `` Look Down '' and shortly after , the original version of `` Little People '' plays , which was later incorporated into the revealing of Javert . It also features a song entitled `` I Saw Him Once '' , sung by Cosette , which was later incorporated into the first part of `` In My Life '' . The album has sold 887,000 copies in the US . The cast includes Colm Wilkinson as Valjean , Roger Allam as Javert , Patti LuPone as Fantine , Alun Armstrong as Thénardier , Susan Jane Tanner as Mme . Thénardier , Frances Ruffelle as Éponine , Ian Tucker as Gavroche , Michael Ball as Marius , David Burt as Enjolras , and Rebecca Caine as Cosette . Original Broadway cast recording ( edit ) The Original Broadway Cast recording was produced in 1987 . It included several changes to the songs that are still evident in today 's performances . As with its predecessor , it is incomplete , and leaves out songs or parts that are more important narratively than musically ( e.g. , `` Fantine 's Arrest '' , `` The Runaway Cart '' , `` The Final Battle '' ) . The album has sold 1,596,000 copies in the US . The cast includes Colm Wilkinson as Valjean , Terrence Mann as Javert , Randy Graff as Fantine , Leo Burmester as Thénardier , Jennifer Butt as Madame Thénardier , Frances Ruffelle as Éponine , Braden Danner as Gavroche , David Bryant as Marius , Judy Kuhn as Cosette , Michael Maguire as Enjolras , and Donna Vivino as Young Cosette . Complete Symphonic recording ( edit ) Recorded in 1988 and released in 1989 , the Complete Symphonic Recording features the entire score . ( The Czech Revival Recording is the only other album , in any language , to feature the entire score ; on the other hand , the four 2003 Japanese recordings feature the entire score after the cuts first made on Broadway at the end of 2000 . ) Cameron Mackintosh 's original plan was to use the Australian cast , but the scope was expanded to create an international cast featuring performers from the major performances of the musical . The cast was recorded in three different places . The album , produced by David Caddick and conducted by Martin Koch , won the Best Musical Cast Show Album Grammy Award in 1991 . The cast includes Gary Morris as Valjean , Philip Quast as Javert , Debra Byrne as Fantine , Gay Soper as Mme . Thénardier , Barry James as Thénardier , Kaho Shimada as Éponine , Michael Ball as Marius , Anthony Warlow as Enjolras , and Tracy Shayne as Cosette . 10th Anniversary concert ( edit ) Main article : Les Misérables : The Dream Cast in Concert The 10th Anniversary recording was of a concert version of Les Misérables , performed at the Royal Albert Hall in October 1995 , featuring full orchestra and choir . All the parts were sung live , giving the performance a different mood from other recordings . The score was recorded consecutively without pauses or multiple recordings . The concert 's encores are also included . As with the original recordings , however , they differed from the stage versions by excluding some songs ( e.g. , those vital to plot such as `` Fantine 's Arrest '' and `` The Runaway Cart '' were kept , while unnecessary or complex songs , such as `` At the Barricade '' , were left out ) . The cast includes Colm Wilkinson as Valjean , Philip Quast as Javert , Ruthie Henshall as Fantine , Alun Armstrong as Thénardier , Jenny Galloway as Mme . Thénardier , Lea Salonga as Éponine , Adam Searles as Gavroche , Hannah Chick as Young Cosette , Michael Ball as Marius , Michael Maguire as Enjolras , Judy Kuhn as Cosette and Anthony Crivello as Grantaire . Manchester highlights ( edit ) A five - track album featuring members of the UK national tour was released in 1992 and includes `` I Dreamed a Dream '' ( Ria Jones ) ; `` Stars '' ( Philip Quast ) ; `` On My Own '' ( Meredith Braun ) ; `` Bring Him Home '' ( Jeff Leyton ) ; and `` Empty Chairs at Empty Tables '' ( Mike Sterling ) . The version of `` Stars '' is the same as that on the Complete Symphonic Recording . 25th Anniversary UK tour cast ( edit ) Recorded live at the Palace Theatre in Manchester , this recording was released to commemorate 25 years of Les Misérables in English . This recording featured new arrangements and reinspired orchestrations , and included John Owen - Jones as Valjean , Earl Carpenter as Javert , Madalena Alberto as Fantine , Ashley Artus as M. Thénardier , Lynne Wilmot as Mme . Thénardier , Gareth Gates as Marius , Katie Hall as Cosette , Jon Robyns as Enjolras , and Rosalind James as Éponine . 25th Anniversary concert ( edit ) Main article : Les Misérables : 25th Anniversary Concert The 25th Anniversary Concert was recorded live at The O2 ( London ) on 3 October 2010 and is available on DVD in the UK while the Blu - ray was released worldwide . It was shown in select US theaters via NCM Fathom Events . The release for the DVD and Blu - ray in the United States was 22 February 2011 to promote the film adaptation . A CD single of the ' Valjean Quartet ' singing `` Bring Him Home '' was also recorded and released , with proceeds going to the charity `` Tickets For Troops '' . The cast included Alfie Boe as Jean Valjean , Norm Lewis as Javert , Nick Jonas as Marius , Samantha Barks as Éponine , Katie Hall as Cosette , Ramin Karimloo as Enjolras , Hadley Fraser as Grantaire , Lea Salonga as Fantine , Matt Lucas as Monsieur Thénardier and Jenny Galloway as Madame Thénardier . Other languages ( edit ) There are also various non-English language cast albums of the musical . 1980 Original French concept album 1987 Original Israeli cast 1988 Original Hungarian cast 1988 Original Vienna cast 1990 Original Swedish cast 1991 Original Dutch cast 1991 Paris Revival cast 1992 Original Danish cast 1992 Original Czech cast 1993 Original Spanish cast 1994 Japanese `` blue '' cast 1994 Japanese `` red '' cast 1996 Original Duisburg cast 1996 Swedish Värmland cast 1998 Original Antwerp cast 2003 Japanese `` orange '' cast 2003 Japanese `` green '' cast 2003 Japanese `` light blue '' cast 2003 Japanese `` violet '' cast 2003 Czech revival cast 2008 Dutch revival cast 2008 Le Capitole de Québec cast 2010 Polish Revival cast 2010 Spanish 25th anniversary production cast 2011 Czech cast Awards and nominations ( edit ) Original West End production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 1985 Laurence Olivier Award Best New Musical Nominated Best Actor in a Musical Colm Wilkinson Nominated Alun Armstrong Nominated Best Actress in a Musical Patti LuPone Won 2012 Laurence Olivier Award Audience Award for Most Popular Show Won 2014 Laurence Olivier Award Audience Award for Most Popular Show Won Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result Tony Award Best Musical Won Best Book of a Musical Alain Boublil and Claude - Michel Schönberg Won Best Original Score Claude - Michel Schönberg ( music ) and Herbert Kretzmer & Alain Boublil ( lyrics ) Won Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical Colm Wilkinson Nominated Terrence Mann Nominated Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical Michael Maguire Won Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical Frances Ruffelle Won Judy Kuhn Nominated Best Direction of a Musical Trevor Nunn and John Caird Won Best Scenic Design John Napier Won Best Costume Design Andreane Neofitou Nominated Best Lighting Design David Hersey Won Drama Desk Award Outstanding Musical Won Outstanding Actor in a Musical Colm Wilkinson Nominated Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Michael Maguire Won Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Judy Kuhn Nominated Outstanding Orchestrations John Cameron Won Outstanding Music Claude - Michel Schönberg Won Outstanding Set Design John Napier Won 2013 Toronto revival ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 2014 Dora Award Outstanding Production Nominated Outstanding Male Performance Ramin Karimloo Nominated Mark Uhre Nominated Aiden Glenn Nominated Outstanding Female Performance Melissa O'Neil Won Outstanding Direction Laurence Connor and James Powell Nominated Outstanding Scenic Design Matt Kinley Nominated Outstanding Costume Design Andreane Neofitou and Christine Rowland Won Outstanding Lighting Design Paule Constable Nominated Outstanding Choreography James Dodgson Nominated Outstanding Ensemble Entire ensemble Nominated 2014 Broadway revival ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 2014 Tony Award Best Revival of a Musical Nominated Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical Ramin Karimloo Nominated Best Sound Design of a Musical Mick Potter Nominated Drama Desk Award Outstanding Revival of a Musical Nominated 2014 Australian revival ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 2014 Green Room Awards Production Nominated Actor in a Leading Role Simon Gleeson Nominated Hayden Tee Won Direction James Powell and Laurence Connor Nominated Musical Direction Geoffrey Castles Nominated Design ( Lighting ) Paule Constable Nominated Design ( Sound ) Mick Potter Nominated Design ( Set and Costume ) Matt Kinley ( Set and Image Design ) Nominated 2015 Helpmann Awards Best Musical Won Best Male Actor in a Musical Simon Gleeson Won Hayden Tee Nominated Best Male Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical Trevor Ashley Nominated Chris Durling Nominated Best Female Actor in a Musical Patrice Tipoki Nominated Best Female Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical Kerrie Anne Greenland Won Best Direction of a Musical Laurence Connor and James Powell Nominated Best Choreography in a Musical Michael Ashcroft and Geoffrey Garratt Nominated Best Lighting Design Paule Constable Won Best Scenic Design Matt Kinley Nominated Best Sound Design Mick Potter Won See also ( edit ) Musical Theatre portal Lists of musicals References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Behr , Edward ( 1993 ) . The Complete Book of Les Miserables . New York : Arcade Publishing . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55970 - 156 - 3 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Billington , Michael ( 21 September 2010 ) . `` Twenty - five years on , they ask me if I was wrong about Les Misérables ... '' London : The Guardian Newspaper Online . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Kehe , Jason . `` Theater Review : `` Les Misérables '' At The Ahmanson `` . USC Annenberg . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Fantasticks website '' . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Craig , Zoe ( 13 April 2011 ) . `` Top 10 Longest - Running London Theatre Shows '' . londonist.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Masters , Tim ( 1 October 2010 ) . `` Bon Anniversaire ! 25 Facts About Les Mis '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables on Broadway '' . Lesmis.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Elaine Page on Sunday -- 1300 -- 1500 '' . BBC Radio 2 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ https://www.mtishows.com/les-miserables Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables '' . Stage Agent . Archived from the original on 22 February 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Kayes , Gillyanne ; Fisher , Jeremy ( 2002 ) . Successful Singing Auditions . Psychology Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87830 - 163 - 8 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Behr , Edward ( 1989 ) . The Complete Book of Les Misérables . Arcade Publishing . p. 50 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Title unknown ( piano / vocal selections ) . Alain Boublil Music Ltd . ^ Jump up to : Vermette , Margaret ( 2006 ) . The Musical World of Boublil & Schönberg -- The Creators of Les Misérables , Miss Saigon , Martin Guerre , and The Pirate Queen . Hal Leonard Corporation . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55783 - 715 - 8 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables Show History '' . Archived from the original on 23 April 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Walnut Street Theatre -- Les Misérables : Creation of the Musical '' . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dans l'attente des Misérables du Châtelet , souvenons nous de la création en 1980 '' ( in French ) . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables - The first one in PARIS ( 1980 ) - MES : Robert HOSSEIN - ( ABC_Arc : RLBaron ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Waifs and urchins around the world : Paris '' . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables -- NOW Magazine '' . nowtoronto.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Roger Allam Fan Site '' . Archived from the original on 26 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables '' . johncaird.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` London Theatre Guide , Show Listing : Les Misérables '' . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables 10,000 th Performance in West End '' . London Theatre Guide . 5 January 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ http://www.officiallondontheatre.co.uk/london-shows/show/item76782/les-miserables/ Jump up ^ The Committee Office , House of Commons . `` House of Commons -- Culture , Media and Sport -- Minutes of Evidence '' . publications.parliament.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Richards , David ( 29 December 1986 ) . `` Les Misérables ; The Musical : Heavy on the Spectacular ; Beneath the Dazzle , Few Insights '' . The Washington Post . p . D1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Les Misérables '' . Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Bennetts , Leslie ( 6 December 1986 ) . `` ' Les Misérables ' Ready For Its American Debut '' . The New York Times . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Behr , Edward ( 1993 ) . The Complete Book of Les Misérables . Arcade Publishing . p. 144 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55970 - 156 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kwiatkowski , Jane ( 23 March 2003 ) . `` Musical Chairs '' . The Buffalo News . p . F1 . ^ Jump up to : Cox , David ( 20 May 2003 ) . `` Broadway Curtain Closes On Les Mis '' . The Scotsman . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Kuchwara , Michael ( 19 May 2003 ) . `` Broadway Says Au Revoir to ' Les Miz ' '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Long Runs on Broadway '' . Playbill. 22 December 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Andress , Nigel ( 20 April 2000 ) . `` The Arts : Bloodless ' American Psycho ' on the Loose '' . Financial Times . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( 10 November 2006 ) . `` Did n't We Just See This Revolution ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables Sets 1 / 6 Closing Date '' . broadway.com. 29 October 2007 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/brand-new-les - misérables - coming - to - toronto - stage - 1.1385592 Jump up ^ Brand new Les Misérables coming to Toronto stage Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ LES MISERABLES , ONCE , ALADDIN & More Set for Mirvish 's 50th Season Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Toronto 's New Les Misérables , Starring Ramin Karimloo , Will Begin in September ; Complete Casting Announced Archived 6 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Playbill , Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Toronto Production of Les Misérables , Starring Ramin Karimloo , Ends 2 Feb . Archived 19 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Playbill , Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/stage/2013/10/09/les_miserable_review.html Jump up ^ BWW Exclusive Interview : Ramin Karimloo on His Toronto Homecoming in LES MISERABLES in Fall of 2013 Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Earl Carpenter joining Ramin Karimloo in LesMis Toronto Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto 's New Les Miz Will Star Ramin Karimloo , Genevieve Leclerc , Samantha Hill , Lisa Horner , Cliff Saunders '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Rehearsals Begin for Ramin Karimloo - Led LES MISERABLES in Toronto ; Full Cast Announced Broadway World , Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Les Misérables Will Return to Broadway 's Imperial Theatre ; Re-Imagined Revival Sets 2014 Dates Archived 8 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables to Storm the Barricade on Broadway Again in 2014 '' . Broadway.com . Jump up ^ Ramin Karimloo ( making his Broadway debut ) , Will Swenson , Caissie Levy and Nikki M. James Will Star in Broadway Return of Les Misérables Archived 23 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Playbill , Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Andy Mientus and Charlotte Maltby Will Make Broadway Debuts in 2014 Revival of Les Misérables Archived 11 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Playbill , Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Breaking News : Samantha Hill to Take Over as Cosette for Broadway 's New LES MISERABLES broadwayworld.com , retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Filipponi , Pietro ( 27 January 2014 ) , Young Cosette , Eponine & Gavroche Roles Cast in the New Broadway Production of LES MISÉRABLES , Gotham News , archived from the original on 6 July 2014 , retrieved 27 July 2014 Jump up ^ `` Bring Down the Barricades : Broadway 's Les Miserables Announces Date of Final Performance '' . Broadway.com . Broadway.com . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Andrew Gans . `` Bring Down the Barricades : Broadway 's Les Miserables Announces Date of Final Performance '' . Playbill.com . Playbill.com . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miz Tour 's Final Stop Announced ; Meet It In St. Louis '' . Playbill. 10 March 2006 . Archived from the original on 22 November 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables - US Tour Schedule '' . BroadwayWorld.com . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What Happened on April 14th , 1992 '' . onthisday.com . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Manchester cast : Jeff Leyton ( Jean Valjean ) , Michael McCarthy ( Javert ) , Richard Burman ( Marius ) , Sarah Ryan ( Cosette ) , Meredith Braun ( Éponine ) , Daniel Coll ( Enjolras ) , Tony Timberlake ( Thénardier ) , Louise Plowright ( Mdme Thénardier ) ( 20 November 1992 ) . BBC Children in Need ( regional : North West ) ( One Day More ) ( Television ) . Manchester : Richard Burman : YouTube . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Michael ( 18 April 1992 ) . `` Les Miserables - review '' . Daily Telegraph . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Leyton , Jeff ( Jean Valjean ) ; Quast , Philip ( Javert ) ; Sterling , Mike ( Marius ) ; Braun , Meredith ( Éponine ) ; Jones , Ria ( Fantine ) ( 1992 ) . Highlights from Les Misérables , Manchester Company ( Media notes ) . First Night Records . ASIN B000026YOI . Barcode : 5014636503427 . Jump up ^ `` What Happened on April 14th , 1992 '' . onthisday.com . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What Happened on September 23rd , 1993 '' . onthisday.com . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables : Theatre Royal , Plymouth '' . uktw.co.uk . UK Theatre Web . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Les Misérables programme : Plymouth . John Good Holbrook Ltd. 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables : Birmingham Hippodrome '' . uktw.co.uk . UK Theatre Web . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham Hippodrome Theatre -- Les Miserables -- 1997 + Flyer '' . theatrememorabilia.co.uk . Theatre Memorabilia . co.uk . Archived from the original on 11 August 2016 . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables : Opera House , Manchester '' . uktw.co.uk . UK Theatre Web . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Les Misérables programme : Manchester . John Good Holbrook Ltd. 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables : Bristol Hippodrome '' . uktw.co.uk . UK Theatre Web . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables : Mayflower Theatre , Southampton '' . uktw.co.uk . UK Theatre Web . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( 18 September 1998 ) . `` It 's the business ! '' . Telegraph & Argus . Newsquest Media Group . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Greenhalf , Jim ( 10 August 1998 ) . `` Les Mis star summoned to the Palace '' . Telegraph & Argus . Newsquest Media Group . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables : Playhouse , Edinburgh '' . uktw.co.uk . UK Theatre Web . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( 24 September 1998 ) . `` Les Miserables , Playhouse , Edinburgh '' . Herald Scotland . Newsquest . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables : Liverpool Empire Theatre '' . uktw.co.uk . UK Theatre Web . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Paller , Rebecca ( 18 February 1998 ) . `` Wilkinson returns to Les Mis in Dublin , 1999 '' . Playbill . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth . `` Les Misérables : Les Misérables - May 15th , 1999 Dublin '' . whoisthatface.weebly.com . Whose Is That Face in the Shadows ? . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables : Sheffield Motorpoint Arena '' . uktw.co.uk . UK Theatre Web . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables : Sheffield Motorpoint Arena '' . uktw.co.uk . UK Theatre Web . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables '' . metroradioarena.co.uk . Metro Radio Arena . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lost LESMIS audios ... help please - musical exchange '' . musicalexchange . Musical Exchange . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables : Bristol Hippodrome '' . uktw.co.uk . UK Theatre Web . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables : Opera House , Manchester '' . uktw.co.uk . UK Theatre Web . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Desk , BWW News . `` LES MISERABLES UK And Ireland Tour Announced '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Tour Dates and Venues '' . lesmis.com . Archived from the original on 25 October 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` ' LesMiserables ' tour '' . broadwayacrossamerica.com . Archived from the original on 24 December 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Voris , Robert ( 25 June 2011 ) . `` ' Six boost road grosses '' . Variety . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Cast -- Les Misérables '' . lesmis.com.au . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables review ( Her Majesty 's Theatre , Melbourne ) Daily Review : film , stage and music reviews , interviews and more '' . dailyreview.crikey.com.au . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables Opens Tonight in Perth ! '' . www.lesmis.com.au . Cameron Mackintosh Overseas Limited . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables arrives in Sydney '' . www.lesmis.com.au . Cameron Mackintosh Overseas Limited . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Tongue , Cassie . `` Les Misérables is heading to Brisbane ! '' . aussietheatre.com . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Les Misérables Asian Tour Confirmed to Open in Manila in March 2016 '' . michaelcassel.com . Michael Cassel Group . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables Confirmed To Open in Singapore in May 2016 ! '' . www.michaelcasselgroup.com . Michael Cassel Group Pty Limited . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Musical Phenomenon Les Miserables To Have GCC Premiere at Dubai Opera ( Press Release ) '' ( PDF ) . 2016 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 -- via dubaiopera.com . Jump up ^ `` Cast Announced for Manila Production of LES MISÉRABLES '' . Les Misérables . Cameron Mackintosh ( Overseas ) Limited . 28 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2016 . Retrieved 29 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cameron Mackintosh and Dubai Opera Announce Full Cast For The Legendary Production of `` Les Misérables '' at Dubai Opera From 10 November to 2 December 2016 ( Press Release ) '' ( PDF ) . 2016 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 -- via dubaiopera.com . Jump up ^ `` Facts and Figures from LesMis.com '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Stage by Stage : Les Misérables ( 1988 ) - IMDb '' . imdb.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Eisenhower Hall Theatre 09 - 10 '' . Ikehall.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Theater of the Stars Announces Full ' Les Misérables ' Casting '' . broadwayworld.com. 11 August 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth ( 14 September 2008 ) . `` Signature 's `` Black Box '' Les Miz Will Put Audience in Middle of the Action ; Cast Announced `` . Playbill . Archived from the original on 16 October 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth ( 14 December 2008 ) . `` Another Day , Another Destiny : ' Intimate ' Les Miz Opens in VA Dec. 14 '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 26 February 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth ( 18 December 2008 ) . `` Intimate Les Miz Gets Good Reviews in DC and Extends '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 17 April 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Mark ( 10 July 2014 ) . `` Theater review : ' Les Miserables ' '' . DFW.com . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Churnin , Nancy ( 6 July 2014 ) . `` In Dallas and Hong Kong : `` Do you hear the people sing ? '' `` . Dallas Morning News . Jump up ^ `` Aplausos a la puesta de ' Los miserables ' '' . La Prensa . Retrieved 23 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables School Edition '' . Music Theatre International . Archived from the original on 19 December 2010 . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Music Theatre International : Licensing Musical Theater Theatrical Performance Rights and Materials to Schools , Community and Professional Theatres since 1952 '' . mtishows.com . Archived from the original on 19 December 2010 . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Stephen ( 18 October 1991 ) . `` Musical Chairs '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Cameron Mackintosh 's Production of Les Misérables Celebrates Its 2,000 th Performance on Thursday , March 5 and Its Fifth Anniversary '' ( Press release ) . lesmis.com. 12 February 1992 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables Hits Hollywood '' . contactmusic.com. 2 October 2005 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Les Misérables in Concert : The 25th Anniversary ( Blu - Ray ) . London , England : Universal Pictures . 29 November 2010 . Coming Soon -- Universal Pictures proudly announce the musical motion picture of Les Misérables : A Working Title - Cameron Mackintosh Film Jump up ^ `` Hooper to direct ' Les Miserables ' '' . The Times Of India . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Bamigboye , Baz ( 16 June 2011 ) . `` Miss Daisy hits the West End '' . The Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth ( 9 September 2011 ) . `` Hugh Jackman Is Russell Crowe 's Quarry in Les Misérables Film '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Cameron Mackintosh Confirms Anne Hathaway for Les MIsérables Film '' . Broadway World . 17 October 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina Adly ( 3 January 2012 ) . `` Taylor Swift , Amanda Seyfried get ' Les Misérables ' gigs over Lea Michele '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on 5 August 2012 . Retrieved 16 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( 1 November 2011 ) . `` Eddie Redmayne lands ' Les Misérables ' role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Dunn , Carrie ( 31 January 2012 ) . `` Breaking News : Samantha Barks To Play Eponine In Les Misérables Movie '' . Broadway World . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth ( 9 February 2012 ) . `` Mistress of the House : Helena Bonham Carter Will Be Madame Thénardier in Les Miz Movie '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 13 November 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth ( 16 March 2012 ) . `` Sacha Baron Cohen , Daniel Evans , Linzi Hateley and More Confirmed for `` Les Miz '' Film `` . Playbill . Archived from the original on 3 January 2013 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Miz Film : It 's official ! Aaron Tveit is confirmed to join the cast ... '' lesmis.com . Archived from the original on 21 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Grein ( 9 January 2012 ) . `` Week Ending Jan. 6 , 2013 . Albums : Les Miz Takes Broadway To The Top '' . Yahoo Music ( Chart Watch ) . Jump up ^ `` Complete Symphonic Recording '' . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables ( Relativity Complete Symphonic Recording ) '' . Answers.com . 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Shenton , Mark ( 15 April 2012 ) . `` Matilda -- the Musical Sweeps Olivier Awards ; Benedict Cumberbatch , Jonny Lee Miller Are Also Winners '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 3 January 2013 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` OLIVIERS 2014 : The Full List Of Winners And Nominees ! '' . Broadway World . 13 April 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Alan Henry ( 2 June 2014 ) . `` Ramin Karimloo Receives Toronto Dora Award Nomination ; LES MISERABLES Earns a Total of 11 Nominations '' . Broadway World . Jump up ^ Dora Awards 2014 : A List Of All The Winners ! broadwayworld , retrieved 2014 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Cuthberson , Debbie ; Rugendyke , Louise . `` Helpmann Awards 2015 nominations : Opera Australia dominates as Les Miserables leads charge for musicals '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Nominees '' . Helpmann Awards . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Les Miserables Reviews Box Office Theatre Ltd . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Les Misérables ( musical ) . Official website Les Misérables at the Internet Broadway Database An Archive of Performers from the Original Broadway Run of Les Misérables An Archive of Performers from the London Run of Les Misérables Les Misérables by Victor Hugo Characters Jean Valjean Javert Fantine Cosette Marius Éponine Enjolras Grantaire Gavroche Thénardiers Bishop Myriel Patron - Minette Friends of the ABC Film adaptations 1909 1917 1925 1934 1935 1948 1952 1958 1978 1982 1995 1998 2012 Concerts 1995 Other adaptations Musical Radio Les Misérables : Shōjo Cosette Jean Val Jean Beedala Patlu ( 1950 ) Ezhai Padum Padu ( 1950 ) Kundan ( 1955 ) Duppathuge Dukka ( 1956 ) Beedala Patlu ( 1972 ) Gnana Oli ( 1972 ) Television adaptations 1974 telenovela 2000 miniseries 2014 telenovela Songs and soundtracks Songs from Les Misérables `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? '' `` I Dreamed a Dream '' `` On My Own '' `` One Day More '' `` Suddenly '' Les Misérables : Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack Related Fantine ( 1886 painting ) Musicals by Boublil and Schönberg La Révolution Française ( 1973 ) Les Misérables ( 1980 ) Miss Saigon ( 1989 ) Martin Guerre ( 1996 ) The Pirate Queen ( 2006 ) Marguerite ( 2008 ) Awards for Les Misérables Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical The Wiz ( 1975 ) A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) Annie ( 1977 ) Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd ( 1979 ) Evita ( 1980 ) The Pirates of Penzance ( 1981 ) Nine ( 1982 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1983 ) Sunday in the Park with George ( 1984 ) The Mystery of Edwin Drood ( 1986 ) Les Miserables ( 1987 ) Into the Woods ( 1988 ) Jerome Robbins ' Broadway ( 1989 ) City of Angels ( 1990 ) The Secret Garden ( 1991 ) Crazy for You ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman ( 1993 ) Passion ( 1994 ) Show Boat ( 1995 ) Rent ( 1996 ) The Life ( 1997 ) Ragtime ( 1998 ) Parade ( 1999 ) Contact ( 2000 ) The Producers ( 2001 ) Thoroughly Modern Millie ( 2002 ) Hairspray ( 2003 ) Wicked ( 2004 ) Spamalot ( 2005 ) The Drowsy Chaperone ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening ( 2007 ) Passing Strange ( 2008 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2009 ) Memphis ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2011 ) Once ( 2012 ) Matilda the Musical ( 2013 ) A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder ( 2014 ) Hamilton ( 2015 ) Shuffle Along ( 2016 ) Come from Away ( 2017 ) SpongeBob SquarePants ( 2018 ) Helpmann Award for Best Musical The Boy from Oz ( 2001 ) Mamma Mia ! ( 2002 ) Cabaret ( 2003 ) The Lion King ( 2004 ) The Producers ( 2005 ) The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee ( 2006 ) Keating ! ( 2007 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2008 ) Wicked ( 2009 ) Jersey Boys ( 2010 ) Mary Poppins ( 2011 ) A Chorus Line ( 2012 ) Legally Blonde ( 2013 ) The King and I ( 2014 ) Les Misérables ( 2015 ) Matilda the Musical ( 2016 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2017 ) Laurence Olivier Audience Award for Most Popular Show The Phantom of the Opera ( 2002 ) Wicked ( 2010 ) We Will Rock You ( 2011 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2013 ) Les Misérables ( 2014 ) Wicked ( 2015 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 2016 ) Tony Award for Best Musical 1949 - 1975 Kiss Me , Kate ( 1949 ) South Pacific ( 1950 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1951 ) The King and I ( 1952 ) Wonderful Town ( 1953 ) Kismet ( 1954 ) The Pajama Game ( 1955 ) Damn Yankees ( 1956 ) My Fair Lady ( 1957 ) The Music Man ( 1958 ) Redhead ( 1959 ) The Sound of Music / Fiorello ! ( 1960 ) Bye Bye Birdie ( 1961 ) How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying ( 1962 ) A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum ( 1963 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 1964 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1965 ) Man of La Mancha ( 1966 ) Cabaret ( 1967 ) Hallelujah , Baby ! ( 1968 ) 1776 ( 1969 ) Applause ( 1970 ) Company ( 1971 ) Two Gentlemen of Verona ( 1972 ) A Little Night Music ( 1973 ) Raisin ( 1974 ) The Wiz ( 1975 ) 1976 - 2000 A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) Annie ( 1977 ) Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 1979 ) Evita ( 1980 ) 42nd Street ( 1981 ) Nine ( 1982 ) Cats ( 1983 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 1984 ) Big River ( 1985 ) Drood ( 1986 ) Les Misérables ( 1987 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1988 ) Jerome Robbins ' Broadway ( 1989 ) City of Angels ( 1990 ) The Will Rogers Follies ( 1991 ) Crazy for You ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman ( 1993 ) Passion ( 1994 ) Sunset Boulevard ( 1995 ) Rent ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Lion King ( 1998 ) Fosse ( 1999 ) Contact ( 2000 ) 2001 - present The Producers ( 2001 ) Thoroughly Modern Millie ( 2002 ) Hairspray ( 2003 ) Avenue Q ( 2004 ) Monty Python 's Spamalot ( 2005 ) Jersey Boys ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening ( 2007 ) In the Heights ( 2008 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2009 ) Memphis ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2011 ) Once ( 2012 ) Kinky Boots ( 2013 ) A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder ( 2014 ) Fun Home ( 2015 ) Hamilton ( 2016 ) Dear Evan Hansen ( 2017 ) The Band 's Visit ( 2018 ) Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical 1950 -- 1975 South Pacific by Oscar Hammerstein II and Joshua Logan ( 1950 ) Hello , Dolly ! by Michael Stewart ( 1964 ) Fiddler on the Roof by Joseph Stein ( 1965 ) Company by George Furth ( 1971 ) Two Gentlemen of Verona by John Guare and Mel Shapiro ( 1972 ) A Little Night Music by Hugh Wheeler ( 1973 ) Candide by Hugh Wheeler ( 1974 ) Shenandoah by James Lee Barrett , Peter Udell and Philip Rose ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 A Chorus Line by James Kirkwood Jr. and Nicholas Dante ( 1976 ) Annie by Thomas Meehan ( 1977 ) On the Twentieth Century by Betty Comden and Adolph Green ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd by Hugh Wheeler ( 1979 ) Evita by Tim Rice ( 1980 ) Woman of the Year by Peter Stone ( 1981 ) Dreamgirls by Tom Eyen ( 1982 ) Cats by T.S. Eliot ( 1983 ) La Cage aux Folles by Harvey Fierstein ( 1984 ) Big River by William Hauptman ( 1985 ) Drood by Rupert Holmes ( 1986 ) Les Misérables by Alain Boublil and Claude - Michel Schönberg ( 1987 ) Into the Woods by James Lapine ( 1988 ) No Award ( 1989 ) City of Angels by Larry Gelbart ( 1990 ) The Secret Garden by Marsha Norman ( 1991 ) Falsettos by William Finn and James Lapine ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman by Terrence McNally ( 1993 ) Passion by James Lapine ( 1994 ) Sunset Boulevard by Don Black and Christopher Hampton ( 1995 ) Rent by Jonathan Larson ( 1996 ) Titanic by Peter Stone ( 1997 ) Ragtime by Terrence McNally ( 1998 ) Parade by Alfred Uhry ( 1999 ) James Joyce 's The Dead by Richard Nelson ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present The Producers by Mel Brooks and Thomas Meehan ( 2001 ) Urinetown by Greg Kotis ( 2002 ) Hairspray by Thomas Meehan and Mark O'Donnell ( 2003 ) Avenue Q by Jeff Whitty ( 2004 ) The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee by Rachel Sheinkin ( 2005 ) The Drowsy Chaperone by Bob Martin and Don McKellar ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening by Steven Sater ( 2007 ) Passing Strange by Stew ( 2008 ) Billy Elliot the Musical by Lee Hall ( 2009 ) Memphis by Joe DiPietro ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon by Trey Parker , Robert Lopez and Matt Stone ( 2011 ) Once by Enda Walsh ( 2012 ) Matilda the Musical by Dennis Kelly ( 2013 ) A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder by Robert L. Freedman ( 2014 ) Fun Home by Lisa Kron ( 2015 ) Hamilton by Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2016 ) Dear Evan Hansen by Steven Levenson ( 2017 ) The Band 's Visit by Itamar Moses ( 2018 ) Tony Award for Best Original Score 1947 - 1975 Street Scene by Kurt Weill ( 1947 ) Kiss Me , Kate by Cole Porter ( 1949 ) South Pacific by Richard Rodgers ( 1950 ) Call Me Madam by Irving Berlin ( 1951 ) No Strings by Richard Rodgers ( 1962 ) Oliver ! by Lionel Bart ( 1963 ) Hello , Dolly ! by Jerry Herman ( 1964 ) Fiddler on the Roof by Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick ( 1965 ) Man of La Mancha by Mitch Leigh and Joe Darion ( 1966 ) Cabaret by John Kander and Fred Ebb ( 1967 ) Hallelujah , Baby ! by Jule Styne , Betty Comden , and Adolph Green ( 1968 ) Company by Stephen Sondheim ( 1971 ) Follies by Stephen Sondheim ( 1972 ) A Little Night Music by Stephen Sondheim ( 1973 ) Gigi by Frederick Loewe and Alan Jay Lerner ( 1974 ) The Wiz by Charlie Smalls ( 1975 ) 1976 - 2000 A Chorus Line by Marvin Hamlisch and Edward Kleban ( 1976 ) Annie by Charles Strouse and Martin Charnin ( 1977 ) On the Twentieth Century by Cy Coleman , Betty Comden , and Adolph Green ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd by Stephen Sondheim ( 1979 ) Evita by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice ( 1980 ) Woman of the Year by John Kander and Fred Ebb ( 1981 ) Nine by Maury Yeston ( 1982 ) Cats by Andrew Lloyd Webber and T.S. Eliot ( 1983 ) La Cage aux Folles by Jerry Herman ( 1984 ) Big River by Roger Miller ( 1985 ) Drood by Rupert Holmes ( 1986 ) Les Misérables by Claude - Michel Schönberg , Herbert Kretzmer , and Alain Boublil ( 1987 ) Into the Woods by Stephen Sondheim ( 1988 ) City of Angels by Cy Coleman and David Zippel ( 1990 ) The Will Rogers Follies by Cy Coleman , Betty Comden , and Adolph Green ( 1991 ) Falsettos by William Finn ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman by John Kander and Fred Ebb / The Who 's Tommy by Pete Townshend ( 1993 ) Passion by Stephen Sondheim ( 1994 ) Sunset Boulevard by Andrew Lloyd Webber , Don Black , and Christopher Hampton ( 1995 ) Rent by Jonathan Larson ( 1996 ) Titanic by Maury Yeston ( 1997 ) Ragtime by Stephen Flaherty and Lynn Ahrens ( 1998 ) Parade by Jason Robert Brown ( 1999 ) Aida by Elton John and Tim Rice ( 2000 ) 2001 - present The Producers by Mel Brooks ( 2001 ) Urinetown by Mark Hollmann and Greg Kotis ( 2002 ) Hairspray by Marc Shaiman and Scott Wittman ( 2003 ) Avenue Q by Robert Lopez and Jeff Marx ( 2004 ) The Light in the Piazza by Adam Guettel ( 2005 ) The Drowsy Chaperone by Lisa Lambert and Greg Morrison ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening by Duncan Sheik and Steven Sater ( 2007 ) In the Heights by Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2008 ) Next to Normal by Tom Kitt and Brian Yorkey ( 2009 ) Memphis by David Bryan and Joe DiPietro ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon by Trey Parker , Robert Lopez and Matt Stone ( 2011 ) Newsies by Alan Menken and Jack Feldman ( 2012 ) Kinky Boots by Cyndi Lauper ( 2013 ) The Bridges of Madison County by Jason Robert Brown ( 2014 ) Fun Home by Jeanine Tesori and Lisa Kron ( 2015 ) Hamilton by Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2016 ) Dear Evan Hansen by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2017 ) The Band 's Visit by David Yazbek ( 2018 ) GND : 300216564 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Les_Misérables_ ( musical ) &oldid = 856569021 '' Categories : Musicals by Claude - Michel Schönberg 1980 musicals Works based on Les Misérables Plays set in the 19th century Plays set in France Broadway musicals West End musicals Musicals based on novels Laurence Olivier Award - winning musicals Sung - through musicals Tony Award for Best Musical Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2012 Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from November 2012 Use dmy dates from November 2012 Pages with timeline metadata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 粵語 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 04 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played fantine in the original london cast | [
"\n\n\nCharacter\n\nOriginal French Stage Cast 1980\n\nOriginal London Cast 1985\n\nOriginal Broadway Cast 1987\n\nFirst Broadway Revival 2006\n\nSecond Broadway Revival 2014\n\n\nJean Valjean\n\nMaurice Barrier\n\nColm Wilkinson\n\nAlexander Gemignani\n\nRamin Karimloo\n\n\nJavert\n\nJean Vallée\n\nRoger Allam\n\nTerrence Mann\n\nNorm Lewis\n\nWill Swenson\n\n\nFantine\n\nRose Laurens\n\nPatti LuPone\n\nRandy Graff\n\nDaphne Rubin-Vega\n\nCaissie Levy\n\n\nCosette\n\nFabienne Guyon\n\nRebecca Caine\n\nJudy Kuhn\n\nAli Ewoldt\n\nSamantha Hill\n\n\nMarius\n\nGilles Buhlmann\n\nMichael Ball\n\nDavid Bryant\n\nAdam Jacobs\n\nAndy Mientus\n\n\nEnjolras\n\nChristian Ratellin\n\nDavid Burt\n\nMichael Maguire\n\nAaron Lazar\n\nKyle Scatliffe\n\n\nÉponine\n\nMarianne Mille\n\nFrances Ruffelle\n\nCelia Keenan-Bolger\n\nNikki M. James\n\n\nThénardier\n\nYvan Dautin\n\nAlun Armstrong\n\nLeo Burmester\n\nGary Beach\n\nCliff Saunders\n\n\nMadame Thénardier\n\nMarie-France Roussel\n\nSusan Jane Tanner\n\nJennifer Butt\n\nJenny Galloway\n\nKeala Settle\n\n\nGavroche\n\nFlorence DavisCyrille DupontFabrice Ploquin\n\nIan TuckerOliver SpencerLiza Hayden\n\nBraden DannerRD Robb\n\nBrian D'AddarioJacob LevineAustyn Myers\n\nJoshua ColleyGaten Matarazzo\n"
] | [
"Patti LuPone"
] |
4341089847468336485 | Apollo 13 (film) | Apollo 13 ( film ) - wikipedia Apollo 13 ( film ) Apollo 13 Theatrical release poster Directed by Ron Howard Produced by Brian Grazer Screenplay by William Broyles Jr . Al Reinert Based on Lost Moon by Jim Lovell Jeffrey Kluger Starring Tom Hanks Kevin Bacon Bill Paxton Gary Sinise Ed Harris Kathleen Quinlan Music by James Horner Cinematography Dean Cundey Edited by Daniel P. Hanley Mike Hill Production company Imagine Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date June 30 , 1995 ( 1995 - 06 - 30 ) ( United States ) Running time 140 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $52 million Box office $355.2 million Apollo 13 is a 1995 American space docudrama film directed by Ron Howard and starring Tom Hanks , Kevin Bacon , Bill Paxton , Gary Sinise , and Ed Harris . The screenplay by William Broyles , Jr. , and Al Reinert dramatizes the aborted 1970 Apollo 13 lunar mission and is an adaptation of the book Lost Moon : The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13 by astronaut Jim Lovell and Jeffrey Kluger . The film depicts astronauts Lovell , Jack Swigert , and Fred Haise aboard Apollo 13 for America 's third Moon landing mission . En route , an on - board explosion deprives their spacecraft of most of its oxygen supply and electric power , forcing NASA 's flight controllers to abort the Moon landing , and turning the mission into a struggle to get the three men home safely . Howard went to great lengths to create a technically accurate movie , employing NASA 's technical assistance in astronaut and flight controller training for his cast , and obtaining permission to film scenes aboard a reduced gravity aircraft for realistic depiction of the `` weightlessness '' experienced by the astronauts in space . Released to cinemas in the United States on June 30 , 1995 , Apollo 13 was nominated for nine Academy Awards , including Best Picture ( winning for Best Film Editing and Best Sound ) . In total , the film grossed over $355 million worldwide during its theatrical releases . The film was very positively received by critics . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Preproduction and props 3.2 Cast training and filming 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Box - office performance 5.2 Reception 5.3 Home media 6 Accolades 7 Technical and historical accuracy 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In July 1969 , astronaut Jim Lovell hosts a house party where guests watch Neil Armstrong 's televised first human steps on the Moon . Afterwards Lovell , who had orbited the Moon on Apollo 8 , tells his wife Marilyn that he intends to return to the Moon to walk on its surface . Three months later , as Lovell conducts a VIP tour of NASA 's Vertical Assembly Building , his boss Deke Slayton informs him that because of problems with Alan Shepard 's crew , his crew will fly Apollo 13 instead of 14 . Lovell , Ken Mattingly , and Fred Haise train for their new mission . A few days before launch , Mattingly is exposed to the measles , and the flight surgeon demands his replacement with Mattingly 's backup , Jack Swigert . Lovell resists breaking up his team , but relents when Slayton threatens to bump his crew to a later mission . As the launch date approaches , Marilyn has a nightmare about her husband getting killed in space , but goes to the Kennedy Space Center the night before launch to see him off . On April 11 , 1970 , Flight Director Gene Kranz gives the go - ahead from Houston 's Mission Control Center for the Apollo 13 launch . As the Saturn V rocket climbs through the atmosphere , a second stage engine cuts off prematurely , but the craft reaches its Earth parking orbit . After the third stage fires to send Apollo 13 to the Moon , Swigert performs the maneuver to connect the Command / Service Module Odyssey to the Lunar Module Aquarius and pull it away from the spent rocket . Three days into the mission , the crew makes a television transmission , which the networks decline to broadcast live . After Swigert turns on the liquid oxygen tank stirring fans as requested , one of the tanks explodes , emptying its contents into space and sending the craft tumbling . The other tank is soon found to be leaking . They attempt to stop the leak by shutting off fuel cells # 1 and # 3 , but to no avail . With the fuel cells closed , the Moon landing must be aborted , and Lovell and Haise must hurriedly power up Aquarius to use as a `` lifeboat '' for the return home , as Swigert shuts down Odyssey before its battery power runs out . In Houston , Kranz rallies his team to come up with a plan to bring the astronauts home safely , declaring `` failure is not an option '' . Controller John Aaron recruits Mattingly to help him invent a procedure to restart Odyssey for the landing on Earth . As Swigert and Haise watch the Moon pass beneath them , Lovell laments his lost chance of walking on its surface , then turns their attention to the business of getting home . With Aquarius running on minimal electrical power , the crew suffers freezing conditions , and Haise contracts a urinary infection and a fever . Swigert suspects Mission Control is withholding their inability to get them home ; Haise angrily blames Swigert 's inexperience for the accident ; and Lovell quickly squelches the argument . When carbon dioxide approaches dangerous levels , ground control must quickly invent a way to make the Command Module 's square filters work in the Lunar Module 's round receptacles . With the guidance systems on Aquarius shut down , the crew must make a difficult but vital course correction by manually igniting the Lunar Module 's engine . Mattingly and Aaron struggle to find a way to turn on the Command Module systems without drawing too much power , and finally transmit the procedure to Swigert , who restarts Odyssey by transferring extra power from Aquarius . When the crew jettisons the Service Module , they are surprised to see the extent of the damage . As they release Aquarius and re-enter the Earth 's atmosphere , no one is sure that Odyssey 's heat shield is intact . The tense period of radio silence due to ionization blackout is longer than normal , but the astronauts report all is well and splash down in the Pacific Ocean . As helicopters bring the three men aboard the recovery ship USS Iwo Jima for a hero 's welcome , Lovell 's voice - over describes the subsequent investigation into the explosion , and the careers of Haise , Swigert , Mattingly , and Kranz . He wonders if and when mankind will return to the Moon . Cast ( edit ) Top to bottom : Hanks , Bacon and Paxton , who portray astronauts Lovell , Swigert , and Haise , respectively Tom Hanks as Apollo 13 Commander Jim Lovell : Jim Lovell stated that before his book Lost Moon was even written , the movie rights were being shopped to potential buyers and that his first reaction was that Kevin Costner would be a good choice to play him . However , by the time Howard acquired the director 's position , Costner 's name never came up in serious discussion , and Hanks had already been interested in doing a film based on Apollo 13 . When Hanks ' representative informed him that a script was being passed around , he had the script sent to him . John Travolta was initially offered the role of Lovell , but declined . Kevin Bacon as Apollo 13 backup Command Module Pilot Jack Swigert Bill Paxton as Apollo 13 Lunar Module Pilot Fred Haise Gary Sinise as Apollo 13 prime Command Module Pilot Ken Mattingly : Sinise was invited by Howard to read for any of the characters , and chose Mattingly . Ed Harris as White Team Flight Director Gene Kranz : Harris described the film as `` cramming for a final exam . '' Harris described Gene Kranz as `` corny and like a dinosaur '' , but respected by the crew . Apollo 13 would be Harris ' second space travel - themed movie ; he had starred as pioneering astronaut John Glenn in 1983 's The Right Stuff . Kathleen Quinlan as Marilyn Gerlach Lovell , Jim 's wife Chris Ellis as Director of Flight Crew Operations Deke Slayton Joe Spano as `` NASA Director '' , a composite character loosely based on Chris Kraft Marc McClure as Black Team Flight Director Glynn Lunney Clint Howard as White Team Electrical , Environmental and Consumables Manager ( EECOM ) Sy Liebergot Ray McKinnon as White Team Flight Dynamics Officer Jerry Bostick Todd Louiso as White Team Flight Activities Officer Loren Dean as EECOM John Aaron Xander Berkeley as `` Henry Hurt '' , a fictional NASA Office of Public Affairs staff member David Andrews as Apollo 12 Commander Pete Conrad Christian Clemenson as Flight Surgeon Dr. Charles Berry Ben Marley as Apollo 13 backup Commander John Young Brett Cullen as Capsule Communicator ( CAPCOM ) 1 Ned Vaughn as CAPCOM 2 Tracy Reiner as Haise 's wife Mary Mark Wheeler as Neil Armstrong Apollo 11 Commander Larry Williams as Buzz Aldrin Apollo 11 Lunar Module Pilot Mary Kate Schellhardt as Lovell 's older daughter Barbara Max Elliott Slade as Lovell 's older son James ( Jay ) , who attended military school at the time of the flight Emily Ann Lloyd as Lovell 's younger daughter Susan Miko Hughes as Lovell 's younger son Jeffrey The real Jim Lovell appears as captain of the recovery ship USS Iwo Jima ; Howard had intended to make him an admiral , but Lovell himself , having retired as a captain , chose to appear in his actual rank . Horror film director Roger Corman , a mentor of Howard , appears as a congressman being given a VIP tour by Lovell of the Vehicle Assembly Building , as it had become something of a tradition for Corman to make a cameo appearance in his protégés ' films . The real Marilyn Lovell appeared among the spectators during the launch sequence . CBS News anchor Walter Cronkite appears in archive news footage and can be heard in newly recorded announcements , some of which he edited himself to sound more authentic . In addition to his brother , Clint Howard , several other members of Ron Howard 's family appear in the movie : Rance Howard ( his father ) appears as the Lovell family minister . Jean Speegle Howard ( his mother ) appears as Lovell 's mother Blanch . Cheryl Howard ( his wife ) and Bryce Dallas Howard ( his daughter ) appear as uncredited background performers in the scene where the astronauts wave goodbye to their families . Brad Pitt was offered a role in the film , but turned it down to star in Se7en . Reportedly , the real Pete Conrad expressed interest in appearing in the film . Jeffrey Kluger appears as a television reporter . Production ( edit ) Preproduction and props ( edit ) The screenplay by William Broyles , Jr. and Al Reinert was rewritten by John Sayles after Hanks had been cast and construction of the spacecraft sets had begun . While planning the film , director Ron Howard decided that every shot of the film would be original and that no mission footage would be used . The spacecraft interiors were constructed by the Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center 's Space Works , which also restored the Apollo 13 Command Module . Two individual Lunar Modules and two Command Modules were constructed for filming . While each was a replica , composed of some of the original Apollo materials , they were built so that different sections were removable , which enabled filming to take place inside the capsules . Space Works also built modified Command and Lunar Modules for filming inside a Boeing KC - 135 reduced - gravity aircraft , and the pressure suits worn by the actors , which are exact reproductions of those worn by the Apollo astronauts , right down to the detail of being airtight . When the actors put the suits on with their helmets locked in place , air was pumped into the suits to cool them down and allow them to breathe , exactly as in launch preparations for the real Apollo missions . The real Mission Control Center consisted of two control rooms located on the second and third floors of Building 30 at the Johnson Space Center in Houston , Texas . NASA offered the use of the control room for filming , but Howard declined , opting instead to make his own replica from scratch . Production designer Michael Corenblith and set decorator Merideth Boswell were in charge of the construction of the Mission Control set at Universal Studios . The set was equipped with giant rear - screen projection capabilities and a complex set of computers with individual video feeds to all the flight controller stations . The actors playing the flight controllers were able to communicate with each other on a private audio loop . The Mission Control room built for the film was on the ground floor . One NASA employee , who was a consultant for the film , said that the set was so realistic that he would leave at the end of the day and look for the elevator before remembering he was not in Mission Control . By the time the film was made , the USS Iwo Jima had been scrapped , so her sister ship , the USS New Orleans , was used as the recovery ship instead . For actors , being able to actually shoot in zero gravity as opposed to being in incredibly painful and uncomfortable harnesses for special effects shots was all the difference between what would have been a horrible moviemaking experience as opposed to the completely glorious one that it actually was . -- Tom Hanks Howard anticipated difficulty in portraying weightlessness in a realistic manner . He discussed this with Steven Spielberg , who suggested using a KC - 135 airplane , which can be flown in such a way as to create about 23 seconds of weightlessness , a method NASA has always used to train its astronauts for space flight . Howard obtained NASA 's permission and assistance in filming in the realistic conditions aboard multiple KC - 135 flights . Cast training and filming ( edit ) In Los Angeles , Ed Harris and all the actors portraying flight controllers enrolled in a Flight Controller School led by Gerry Griffin , an Apollo 13 flight director , and flight controller Jerry Bostick . The actors studied audiotapes from the mission , reviewed hundreds of pages of NASA transcripts , and attended a crash course in physics . Astronaut Dave Scott was impressed with their efforts , stating that each actor was determined to make every scene technically correct , word for word . Soundtrack ( edit ) Apollo 13 : Music From The Motion Picture Soundtrack album by James Horner Released June 27 , 1995 Genre Soundtrack Length 77 : 41 Label MCA Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Filmtracks.com SoundtrackNet Tracksounds The score to Apollo 13 was composed and conducted by James Horner . The soundtrack was released in 1995 by MCA Records and has seven tracks of score , eight period songs used in the film , and seven tracks of dialogue by the actors at a running time of nearly seventy - eight minutes . The music also features solos by vocalist Annie Lennox and Tim Morrison on the trumpet . The score was a critical success and garnered Horner an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score . All music composed by James Horner , except where noted . Apollo 13 : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack No . Title Length 1 . `` Main Title '' 1 : 32 2 . `` One Small Step '' 0 : 42 3 . `` Night Train '' ( performed by James Brown ) 3 : 27 4 . `` Groovin ' '' ( performed by The Young Rascals ) 2 : 26 5 . `` Somebody to Love '' ( performed by Jefferson Airplane ) 2 : 55 6 . `` I Can See for Miles '' ( performed by The Who ) 4 : 09 7 . `` Purple Haze '' ( performed by The Jimi Hendrix Experience ) 2 : 48 8 . `` Launch Control '' 3 : 28 9 . `` All Systems Go / The Launch '' 6 : 39 10 . `` Welcome to Apollo 13 '' 0 : 38 11 . `` Spirit in the Sky '' ( performed by Norman Greenbaum ) 3 : 50 12 . `` House Cleaning / Houston , We Have a Problem '' 1 : 34 13 . `` Master Alarm '' 2 : 54 14 . `` What 's Going On ? '' 0 : 34 15 . `` Into the L.E.M. '' 3 : 43 16 . `` Out of Time / Shut Her Down '' 2 : 20 17 . `` The Darkside of the Moon '' ( performed by Annie Lennox ) 5 : 09 18 . `` Failure is Not an Option '' 1 : 18 19 . `` Honky Tonkin ' '' ( performed by Hank Williams ) 2 : 42 20 . `` Blue Moon '' ( performed by The Mavericks ) 4 : 09 21 . `` Waiting for Disaster / A Privilege '' 0 : 43 22 . `` Re-Entry & Splashdown '' 9 : 05 23 . `` End Titles '' ( performed by Annie Lennox ) 5 : 34 Release ( edit ) The film was released on June 30 , 1995 in North America and on September 22 , 1995 in the UK . In September 2002 the film was re-released in IMAX . It was the first film to be digitally remastered using IMAX DMR technology . Box - Office performance ( edit ) The film was a box - office success , bringing in $355,237,933 worldwide . The film 's widest release was 2,347 theaters . The film 's opening weekend and the following two weeks placed it at # 1 with a US gross of $25,353,380 , which made up 14.7 % of the total US gross . Apollo 13 box office revenue Source Gross ( US $ ) % Total All - time rank ( unadjusted ) North America $173,837,933 48.9 % 229 Foreign $181,400,000 51.1 % N / A Worldwide $355,237,933 100.0 % 282 Reception ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that the film has an overall approval rating of 95 % , based on 85 reviews , with a weighted average rating of 8.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` In recreating the troubled space mission , Apollo 13 pulls no punches : it 's a masterfully told drama from director Ron Howard , bolstered by an ensemble of solid performances . '' Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews from mainstream critics , gave the film an average score of 77 out of 100 , based on 22 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times praised the film in his review saying : `` A powerful story , one of the year 's best films , told with great clarity and remarkable technical detail , and acted without pumped - up histrionics . '' Richard Corliss from Time highly praised the film , saying : `` From lift - off to splashdown , Apollo 13 gives one hell of a ride . '' Edward Guthmann of San Francisco Chronicle gave a mixed review and wrote : `` I just wish that Apollo 13 worked better as a movie , and that Howard 's threshold for corn , mush and twinkly sentiment were n't so darn wide . '' Peter Travers from Rolling Stone praised the film and wrote : `` Howard lays off the manipulation to tell the true story of the near - fatal 1970 Apollo 13 mission in painstaking and lively detail . It 's easily Howard 's best film . '' Janet Maslin made the film an NYT Critics ' Pick , calling it an `` absolutely thrilling '' film that `` unfolds with perfect immediacy , drawing viewers into the nail - biting suspense of a spellbinding true story . '' According to Maslin , `` like Quiz Show , Apollo 13 beautifully evokes recent history in ways that resonate strongly today . Cleverly nostalgic in its visual style ( Rita Ryack 's costumes are especially right ) , it harks back to movie making without phony heroics and to the strong spirit of community that enveloped the astronauts and their families . Amazingly , this film manages to seem refreshingly honest while still conforming to the three - act dramatic format of a standard Hollywood hit . It is far and away the best thing Mr. Howard has done ( and Far and Away was one of the other kind ) . '' The academic critic Raymond Malewitz focuses on the DIY aspects of the `` mailbox '' filtration system to illustrate the emergence of an unlikely hero in late 20th - century American culture -- `` the creative , improvisational , but restrained thinker -- who replaces the older prodigal cowboy heroes of American mythology and provides the country a better , more frugal example of an appropriate ' husband ' . '' Ron Howard stated that , after the first test preview of the film , one of the comment cards indicated `` total disdain '' ; the audience member had written that it was a `` typical Hollywood '' ending and that the crew would never have survived . Marilyn Lovell praised Quinlan 's portrayal of her , stating she felt she could feel what Quinlan 's character was going through , and remembered how she felt in her mind . Home media ( edit ) A 10th - anniversary DVD of the film was released in 2005 ; it included both the theatrical version and the IMAX version , along with several extras . The IMAX version has a 1.66 : 1 aspect ratio . In 2006 , Apollo 13 was released on HD DVD and on April 13 , 2010 it was released on Blu - ray disc as the 15th - anniversary edition on the 40th anniversary of the Apollo 13 accident . The Film was released on 4K UHD Blu - Ray on October 17 , 2017 . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Recipient Result Ref . Academy Awards ( 1996 ) Best Film Editing Mike Hill and Daniel Hanley Won Best Sound Rick Dior , Steve Pederson , Scott Millan , and David MacMillan Won Best Actor in a Supporting Role Ed Harris ( lost to Kevin Spacey in The Usual Suspects ) Nominated Best Actress in a Supporting Role Kathleen Quinlan ( lost to Mira Sorvino in Mighty Aphrodite ) Nominated Best Art Direction Art Direction : Michael Corenblith ; Set Decoration : Merideth Boswell ( lost to Restoration ) Nominated Best Original Dramatic Score James Horner ( lost to Il Postino ) Nominated Best Picture Brian Grazer ( lost to Braveheart ) Nominated Best Visual Effects Robert Legato , Michael Kanfer , Leslie Ekker , and Matt Sweeney ( lost to Babe ) Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay William Broyles Jr. and Al Reinert ( lost to Sense and Sensibility ) Nominated American Cinema Editors ( Eddies ) Best Edited Feature Film Mike Hill , Daniel P. Hanley Nominated American Society of Cinematographers Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Theatrical Releases Dean Cundey Nominated BAFTA Film Awards Best Production Design Michael Corenblith Won Outstanding Achievement in Special Visual Effects Robert Legato , Michael Kanfer , Matt Sweeney , Leslie Ekker Won Best Cinematography Dean Cundey Nominated Best Editing Mike Hill , Daniel Hanley Nominated Best Sound David MacMillan , Rick Dior , Scott Millan , Steve Pederson Nominated Casting Society of America ( Artios ) Best Casting for Feature Film , Drama Jane Jenkins , Janet Hirshenson Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association Awards Best Picture Apollo 13 Won Directors Guild of America Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Ron Howard , Carl Clifford , Aldric La'Auli Porter , Jane Paul Won Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Ed Harris as Gene Kranz Nominated Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Kathleen Quinlan as Marilyn Lovell Nominated Best Director -- Motion Picture Ron Howard Nominated Best Motion Picture -- Drama Apollo 13 Nominated Heartland Film Festival Studio Crystal Heart Award Jeffrey Kluger Won Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation Apollo 13 Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Male Performance Tom Hanks as Jim Lovell Nominated Best Movie Apollo 13 Nominated PGA Awards Motion Picture Producer of the Year Award Brian Grazer , Todd Hallowell Won Saturn Awards Best Action / Adventure / Thriller Film Apollo 13 Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role Ed Harris as Gene Kranz Won Outstanding Performance by a Cast Kevin Bacon , Tom Hanks , Ed Harris , Bill Paxton , Kathleen Quinlan , and Gary Sinise Won Space Foundation 's Douglas S. Morrow Public Outreach Award Best Family Feature -- Drama Apollo 13 Won Writers Guild of America Awards Best Screenplay Adapted from Another Medium William Broyles Jr. , Al Reinert Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Family Feature -- Drama Apollo 13 Nominated 2005 American Film Institute AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes `` Houston , we have a problem . '' ( # 50 ) Won 2006 American Film Institute AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers Apollo 13 ( # 12 ) Won Technical and historical accuracy ( edit ) Apollo 13 space capsule prop from the film The film depicts the crew hearing a bang quickly after Swigert followed directions from mission control to stir the oxygen and hydrogen tanks . In reality , the crew heard the bang 93 seconds later . The film portrays the Saturn V launch vehicle being rolled out to the launch pad two days before launch . In reality , the launch vehicle was rolled out on the mobile launch platform using the crawler - transporter weeks before the launch date . The movie depicts Swigert and Haise arguing about who was at fault . The show The Real Story : Apollo 13 broadcast on the Smithsonian Channel includes Haise stating that no such argument took place and that there was no way anyone could have foreseen that stirring the tank would cause problems . The dialogue between ground control and the astronauts was taken nearly verbatim from transcripts and recordings , with the exception of one of the taglines of the film , `` Houston , we have a problem . '' ( This quote was voted # 50 on the list `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes '' . ) According to the mission transcript , the actual words uttered by Jack Swigert were `` Hey , we 've got a problem here '' ( talking over Haise , who had started `` Okay , Houston '' ) . Ground control responded by saying `` This is Houston , say again please . '' Jim Lovell then repeated , `` Houston , we 've had a problem . '' One other incorrect dialogue is after the re-entry blackout . In the movie , Tom Hanks ( as Lovell ) says `` Hello Houston ... this is Odyssey ... it 's good to see you again . '' In the actual re-entry , the Command Module 's transmission was finally acquired by a Sikorsky SH - 3D Sea King recovery aircraft which then relayed communications to Mission Control . CAPCOM and fellow astronaut Joe Kerwin ( not Mattingly , who serves as CAPCOM in this scene in the movie ) then made a call to the spacecraft `` Odyssey , Houston standing by . Over . '' Jack Swigert , not Lovell , replied `` Okay , Joe , '' and unlike in the movie , this was well before the parachutes deployed ; the celebrations depicted at Mission Control were triggered by visual confirmation of their deployment . The tagline `` Failure is not an option '' , stated in the film by Gene Kranz , also became very popular , but was not taken from the historical transcripts . The following story relates the origin of the phrase , from an e-mail by Apollo 13 Flight Dynamics Officer Jerry Bostick : As far as the expression `` Failure is not an option , '' you are correct that Kranz never used that term . In preparation for the movie , the script writers , Al Reinart and Bill Broyles , came down to Clear Lake to interview me on `` What are the people in Mission Control really like ? '' One of their questions was `` Were n't there times when everybody , or at least a few people , just panicked ? '' My answer was `` No , when bad things happened , we just calmly laid out all the options , and failure was not one of them . We never panicked , and we never gave up on finding a solution . '' I immediately sensed that Bill Broyles wanted to leave and assumed that he was bored with the interview . Only months later did I learn that when they got in their car to leave , he started screaming , `` That 's it ! That 's the tag line for the whole movie , Failure is not an option . Now we just have to figure out who to have say it . '' Of course , they gave it to the Kranz character , and the rest is history . In the film , Flight Director Gene Kranz and his White Team are portrayed as managing all of the essential parts of the flight , from liftoff to landing . Consequently , the actual role of the other flight directors and teams , especially Glynn Lunney and his Black Team , were neglected . In fact , it was Flight Director Lunney and his Black Team who got Apollo 13 through its most critical period in the hours immediately after the explosion , including the mid-course correction that sent Apollo 13 on a `` free return '' trajectory around the Moon and back to the Earth . Astronaut Ken Mattingly , who was replaced as Apollo 13 Command Module Pilot at the last minute by Jack Swigert , later said : If there was a hero , Glynn Lunney was , by himself , a hero , because when he walked in the room , I guarantee you , nobody knew what the hell was going on . Glynn walked in , took over this mess , and he just brought calm to the situation . I 've never seen such an extraordinary example of leadership in my entire career . Absolutely magnificent . No general or admiral in wartime could ever be more magnificent than Glynn was that night . He and he alone brought all of the scared people together . And you 've got to remember that the flight controllers in those days were -- they were kids in their thirties . They were good , but very few of them had ever run into these kinds of choices in life , and they were n't used to that . All of a sudden , their confidence had been shaken . They were faced with things that they did n't understand , and Glynn walked in there , and he just kind of took charge . A DVD commentary track , recorded by Jim and Marilyn Lovell and included with both DVD versions , mentions several inaccuracies included in the film , all done for reasons of artistic license : We were working and watching the controls during that time . Because we came in shallow , it took us longer coming through the atmosphere where we had ionization . And the other thing was that we were just slow in answering . -- Jim Lovell , on the real reason for the delay in replying after Apollo 13 's four - minute re-entry into Earth 's atmosphere In the film , Mattingly plays a key role in solving a power consumption problem that Apollo 13 was faced with as it approached re-entry . Lovell points out in his commentary that Mattingly was a composite of several astronauts and engineers -- including Charles Duke ( whose rubella led to Mattingly 's grounding ) -- all of whom played a role in solving that problem . When Jack Swigert is getting ready to dock with the LM , a concerned NASA technician says : `` If Swigert ca n't dock this thing , we do n't have a mission . '' Lovell and Haise also seem worried . In his DVD commentary , the real Jim Lovell says that if Swigert had been unable to dock with the LM , he or Haise could have done it . He also says that Swigert was a well - trained Command Module Pilot and that no one was really worried about whether he was up to the job , but he admitted that it made a nice subplot for the film . What the astronauts were really worried about , Lovell says , was the expected rendezvous between the Lunar Module and the Command Module after Lovell and Haise left the surface of the Moon . A scene set the night before the launch , showing the astronauts ' family members saying their goodbyes while separated by a road , to reduce the possibility of any last - minute transmission of disease , depicted a tradition not begun until the Space Shuttle program . The film depicts Marilyn Lovell dropping her wedding ring down a shower drain . According to Jim Lovell , this did occur , but the drain trap caught the ring and his wife was able to retrieve it . Lovell has also confirmed that the scene in which his wife had a nightmare about him being `` sucked through an open door of a spacecraft into outer space '' also occurred , though he believes the nightmare was prompted by her seeing a scene in Marooned , a 1969 film they saw three months before Apollo 13 launched . See also ( edit ) From the Earth to the Moon , a docudrama mini-series based around the Apollo missions Gravity , a 2013 film about astronauts stranded in Earth orbit Marooned , a 1969 film directed by John Sturges , about astronauts marooned in an Apollo Command / Service Module Other survival films References ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Jump up ^ `` CNN Showbiz News : Apollo 13 '' . CNN . Retrieved 9 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 13 '' . Box Office Mojo. 30 June 1995 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Academy Awards , USA : 1996 '' . awardsdatabase.oscars.org . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2008 . Retrieved 8 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lost Moon : The Triumph of Apollo 13 '' . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Apollo 13 : 2 - Disc Anniversary Edition ( Disc 1 ) , Special Features : Commentary track by Jim and Marilyn Lovell ( DVD ) . Universal Studios . 19 April 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Film Casting that Might Have Been for John Travolta and Richard Gere '' . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The character in the film is a composite of protocol officer Bob McMurrey , who relayed the request for permission to erect a TV tower to Marilyn Lovell , and an unnamed OPA staffer who made the request on the phone , to whom she personally denied it as Quinlan did to `` Henry '' in the film . `` Henry '' is also seen performing other OPA functions , such as conducting a press conference . Kluger , Jeffrey ; Jim Lovell ( July 1995 ) . Lost Moon : The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13 ( First Pocket Books printing ed . ) . New York : Pocket Books . pp. 118 , 209 -- 210 , 387 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 53464 - 5 . 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Jump up ^ Apollo 13 at AllMusic Jump up ^ Filmtracks review Jump up ^ Soundtrack.Net review Archived June 5 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Tracksounds review Archived April 1 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Apollo 13 soundtrack review at Filmtracks . Retrieved 24 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History of IMAX '' . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 13 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2010 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 13 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 13 : Roger Ebert '' . Chicago Sun - Times . June 30 , 1995 . Retrieved April 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 13 : Review '' . Time . July 3 , 1995 . Retrieved April 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Guthmann , Edward ( June 30 , 1995 ) . `` Apollo 13 Review : Story heroic , but it just does n't fly '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 13 Review : Rolling Stone '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( June 30 , 1995 ) . `` Apollo 13 , a Movie for the Fourth of July '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Malewitz , Raymond ( September 5 , 2014 ) . `` getting Rugged With Thing Theory '' . Stanford UP . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Howard , Ron ( December 8 , 2008 ) . `` A conversation about the film `` Frost / Nixon '' `` . Charlie Rose . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2008 . Retrieved December 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apollo 13 Blu - Ray Release '' . Universal Studios . Retrieved September 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 13 ( DVD - 2005 ) '' . Lethbridge Public Library . Retrieved December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 13 - 4K Ultra HD Blu - ray Ultra HD Review High Def Digest '' . ultrahd.highdefdigest.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Symposium Awards '' . National Space Symposium . Archived from the original on 3 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFI 's 100 years ... 100 quotes '' ( PDF ) . AFI . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 26 March 2009 . Retrieved 13 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Apollo 13 Timeline , Apollo by the Numbers : A Statistical Reference , NASA History Series , Office of Policy and Plans , Richard W. Orloff , Sept. 2004 . See `` Oxygen tank # 2 fans on . Stabilization control system electrical disturbance indicated a power transient. 055 : 53 : 20 . '' Jump up ^ The Real Story : Apollo 13 , Season 4 , Episode 3 , 2012 . See this section beginning at 15 : 18 . Jump up ^ `` Page 231 of Apollo 13 's transcript at NASA Johnson Space Center '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 13 's re-entry transcript on Spacelog '' . Jump up ^ `` Origin of Apollo 13 Quote : `` Failure Is Not an Option . '' `` . SPACEACTS.COM . Retrieved 4 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Ken Mattingly , quoted in Go , Flight ! The Unsung Heroes of Mission Control , 1965 - 1992 , Rick Houston and Milt Heflin , 2015 , University of Nebraska Press , p. 221 ^ Jump up to : William , Lena ( 19 July 1995 ) . `` In Space , No Room For Fear '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 September 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apollo 13 ( film ) . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | astronaut played by tom hanks in apollo 13 | [
"Tom Hanks as Apollo 13 Commander Jim Lovell: Jim Lovell stated that before his book Lost Moon was even written, the movie rights were being shopped to potential buyers[5] and that his first reaction was that Kevin Costner would be a good choice to play him.[5][6] However, by the time Howard acquired the director's position, Costner's name never came up in serious discussion, and Hanks had already been interested in doing a film based on Apollo 13. When Hanks' representative informed him that a script was being passed around, he had the script sent to him.[5] John Travolta was initially offered the role of Lovell, but declined.[7]\nKevin Bacon as Apollo 13 backup Command Module Pilot Jack Swigert\nBill Paxton as Apollo 13 Lunar Module Pilot Fred Haise\nGary Sinise as Apollo 13 prime Command Module Pilot Ken Mattingly: Sinise was invited by Howard to read for any of the characters, and chose Mattingly.[5]\nEd Harris as White Team Flight Director Gene Kranz: Harris described the film as \"cramming for a final exam.\" Harris described Gene Kranz as \"corny and like a dinosaur\", but respected by the crew.[5] Apollo 13 would be Harris' second space travel-themed movie; he had starred as pioneering astronaut John Glenn in 1983's The Right Stuff.\nKathleen Quinlan as Marilyn Gerlach Lovell, Jim's wife\nChris Ellis as Director of Flight Crew Operations Deke Slayton\nJoe Spano as \"NASA Director\", a composite character loosely based on Chris Kraft\nMarc McClure as Black Team Flight Director Glynn Lunney\nClint Howard as White Team Electrical, Environmental and Consumables Manager (EECOM) Sy Liebergot\nRay McKinnon as White Team Flight Dynamics Officer Jerry Bostick\nTodd Louiso as White Team Flight Activities Officer\nLoren Dean as EECOM John Aaron\nXander Berkeley as \"Henry Hurt\", a fictional NASA Office of Public Affairs staff member[8]\nDavid Andrews as Apollo 12 Commander Pete Conrad\nChristian Clemenson as Flight Surgeon Dr. Charles Berry\nBen Marley as Apollo 13 backup Commander John Young\nBrett Cullen as Capsule Communicator (CAPCOM) 1\nNed Vaughn as CAPCOM 2\nTracy Reiner as Haise's wife Mary\nMark Wheeler as Neil Armstrong Apollo 11 Commander\nLarry Williams as Buzz Aldrin Apollo 11 Lunar Module Pilot\nMary Kate Schellhardt as Lovell's older daughter Barbara\nMax Elliott Slade as Lovell's older son James (Jay), who attended military school at the time of the flight\nEmily Ann Lloyd as Lovell's younger daughter Susan\nMiko Hughes as Lovell's younger son Jeffrey"
] | [
"Apollo 13 Commander Jim Lovell"
] |
6740547505845806381 | It (2017 film) | It ( 2017 film ) - Wikipedia It ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search It Theatrical release poster Directed by Andy Muschietti Produced by Roy Lee Dan Lin Seth Grahame - Smith David Katzenberg Barbara Muschietti Screenplay by Chase Palmer Cary Fukunaga Gary Dauberman Based on It by Stephen King Starring Jaeden Lieberher Bill Skarsgård Music by Benjamin Wallfisch Cinematography Chung - hoon Chung Edited by Jason Ballantine Production companies New Line Cinema Ratpac - Dune Entertainment Vertigo Entertainment Lin Pictures KatzSmith Productions Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date September 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) ( TCL Chinese Theatre ) September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) ( United States ) Running time 135 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $35 million Box office $666.6 million It : Chapter One , commonly known as It , is a 2017 American supernatural horror film directed by Andy Muschietti , based on the 1986 novel of the same name by Stephen King . The screenplay is written by Chase Palmer , Cary Fukunaga and Gary Dauberman . The first of a planned duology , the film tells the story of seven children in Derry , Maine , who are terrorized by the eponymous being , only to face their own personal demons in the process . The novel was previously adapted into a 1990 miniseries . The film stars Jaeden Lieberher and Bill Skarsgård as Bill Denbrough and Pennywise the Dancing Clown , respectively , with Jeremy Ray Taylor , Sophia Lillis , Finn Wolfhard , Wyatt Oleff , Chosen Jacobs , Jack Dylan Grazer , Nicholas Hamilton , and Jackson Robert Scott in supporting roles . Principal photography began in the Riverdale neighborhood of Toronto on June 27 , 2016 , and ended on September 21 , 2016 . Other Ontario locations included Port Hope and Oshawa . It premiered in Los Angeles on September 5 , 2017 , and was theatrically released in the United States on September 8 , 2017 . Upon release , the film set numerous box office records and has grossed over $666 million worldwide . Unadjusted for inflation , it is the highest - grossing R - rated horror film of all - time , the highest - grossing horror film internationally , the second highest - grossing horror film overall after The Sixth Sense and the second highest - grossing R - rated film of all time ( after Deadpool ) . It is also the highest - grossing horror film of 2017 , the highest - grossing R - rated film of 2017 and the 9th highest - grossing film overall of 2017 . It received positive reviews , with critics praising the performances , direction , cinematography and musical score , and many calling it one of the best Stephen King adaptations . A sequel , It : Chapter Two , is scheduled to be released on September 6 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Kajganich project ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 3.2 Fukunaga project ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 3.3 Muschietti project ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 3.4 Filming 3.5 Design 3.5. 1 Costume design 3.5. 2 Creature design 3.6 Visual effects 4 Themes 5 Music 6 Release 6.1 Marketing 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 8 Accolades 9 Sequel 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Plot In October 1988 , stuttering teenager Bill Denbrough gives his seven - year - old brother , Georgie , a paper sailboat . Georgie sails the boat along the rainy streets of small town Derry , and is disappointed when it falls down a storm drain . As he attempts to retrieve it Georgie sees a clown in the sewer , who introduces himself as `` Pennywise the Dancing Clown '' . The clown entices Georgie to come closer , then severs his arm and drags him into the sewer . The following summer , Bill and his friends ( loudmouth Richie Tozier , hypochondriac Eddie Kaspbrak , and timid Stan Uris ) run afoul of bully Henry Bowers and his gang . Bill , still haunted by Georgie 's disappearance and the resulting neglect from his grief - stricken parents , discovers that his brother 's body may have washed up in a marshy wasteland called the Barrens . He recruits his friends to check it out , believing his brother may still be alive . `` New kid '' Ben Hanscom learns that the town has been plagued by unexplained tragedies and child disappearances for centuries . He is targeted by Bowers ' gang for being fat , after which he flees into the Barrens and meets Bill 's group . They find the sneaker of a missing girl , while a member of the pursuing Bowers Gang , Patrick Hockstetter , is killed by Pennywise . Beverly Marsh , a girl ostracized over rumors of promiscuity , also joins the group ; both Bill and Ben develop feelings for her . Later , the group befriends homeschool student Mike Hanlon after defending him from Bowers . All the while each member of the group has encountered terrifying phenomena in various forms ; these include a menacing clown , a headless boy , a fountain of blood , a diseased and rotting man , a creepy painting come to life , Mike 's parents burning alive , and a phantom Georgie . Now calling themselves `` The Losers Club '' , they realize they are all being terrorized by the same entity . They determine that Pennywise ( or `` It '' ) assumes the appearance of what they fear , awakens every 27 years to feed on the children of Derry before returning to hibernation , and moves about by using sewer lines -- which all lead to a well currently under the creepy , abandoned house at 29 Neibolt Street . After an attack by Pennywise , the group ventures to the house to confront him , only to be separated and terrorized . Eddie breaks his arm , while Pennywise gloats to Bill about Georgie . As they regroup , Beverly impales Pennywise through the head , forcing the clown to retreat . However , after the encounter the group begins to splinter , with only Bill and Beverly resolute in fighting It . Weeks later , after Beverly confronts and incapacitates her sexually abusive father , she is abducted by Pennywise . The Losers Club reassembles and travels back to the Neibolt house to rescue her . Henry Bowers , who has killed his father after being compelled into madness by It , attacks the group . Mike fights back and pushes Bowers down the well to his apparent death . The Losers descend into the sewers and find It 's underground lair , which contains a mountain of decayed circus props and children 's belongings , around which the bodies of missing children float in mid-air . Beverly , now catatonic after being exposed to It 's true form , is restored to consciousness as Ben kisses her . Bill encounters Georgie , but recognizes that he is Pennywise in disguise . Pennywise attacks the group and takes Bill hostage , offering to spare the others if they let It keep Bill . The Losers reject this and reaffirm their friendship , overcoming their various fears . After a brutal battle they defeat Pennywise and he retreats , with Bill declaring that It will starve during its hibernation . Their victory is bittersweet , as Bill finally accepts his brother 's death and is comforted by his friends . As summer ends , Beverly informs the group of a vision she had while catatonic , where she saw them fighting the creature as adults . The Losers swear a blood oath that they will return to Derry as adults if It returns and destroy the creature once and for all . Stanley , Eddie , Richie , Mike , and Ben make their goodbyes as the group disperses . Beverly tells Bill she is leaving the next day to live with her aunt in Portland . Before she leaves , Bill reveals his feelings and they kiss . Cast Jaeden Lieberher as William `` Bill '' Denbrough : The stuttering leader of the Losers ' Club searching for his missing brother Georgie . Losing his brother makes the battle against It a more personal crusade for him . On the character of Denbrough , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , on top of the terror of It and the fear of heights , to which he stated , `` Bill is like a ghost in his own home : nobody sees him because his parents ca n't get over Georgie 's death . '' Ty Simpkins was considered for the role in Cary Fukunaga 's production . Bill Skarsgård as Pennywise Bill Skarsgård as It / Pennywise the Dancing Clown : An ancient , trans - dimensional evil that awakens every twenty - seven years . Will Poulter was previously cast in the role but was forced to drop out due to scheduling conflicts , with Poulter stating , `` I was when Mr. Fukunaga was directing , but the circumstances at New Line are such that a new director 's attached now . '' Poulter continued , `` I think , with all due respect to him of course , I was selected by Cary and subscribed to Cary 's vision for the movie , and so I have n't had a chance to connect with that ( new ) director . '' Mark Rylance , Ben Mendelsohn , Kirk Acevedo , Richard Armitage , Hugo Weaving , and Tilda Swinton were considered for the role , with Mendelsohn passing on the project , as New Line wanted him to take a sizable pay cut . On June 3 , 2016 , The Independent officially reported , after final negotiations took place , that Muschietti had chosen actor Bill Skarsgård to portray the character . On portraying Pennywise , Skarsgård stated , `` It 's such an extreme character . Inhumane , It 's beyond even a sociopath because he 's not even human . He 's not even a clown . I 'm playing just one of the beings It creates . '' Skarsgård described the character further , saying , `` It truly enjoys the shape of the clown Pennywise , and enjoys the game and the hunt . '' He also commented , `` What 's funny to this evil entity might not be funny to everyone else . But he thinks it 's funny . '' On Pennywise 's design , Skarsgård stated , `` It 's important that we do something fresh and original for this one . It 's purposely not going toward that weird , greasy look . '' He also commented on being compared to Tim Curry , stating that , `` ( Curry ) 's performance was truly great , but it 's important for me to do something different because of that . I 'll never be able to make a Tim Curry performance as good as Tim Curry . '' Skarsgård also elaborated on his age , stating , `` There 's a childishness to the character , because he 's so closely linked to the kids . The clown is the manifestation of children 's imaginations , so there 's something child - like about that . '' Producer Dan Lin spoke of Skarsgård 's physical attributes : `` His build is really interesting . He 's really tall and lanky , and feels a little clown like in his movement . When he came in -- we had a lot of different actors read , and when he came in he had a different spin on the character that got us really excited . '' Lin concluded by contrasting the character with that of Heath Ledger 's Joker , `` You 've had ( Ledger ) doing almost a clown joker , you 've seen obviously Tim Curry as a clown . We wanted someone who created a Pennywise character that would stand on its own and Bill came in and created this character that frankly freaked us out . '' Muschietti spoke of Skarsgård 's Pennywise as one not to lurk in the shadows , to which he remarked , `` Pennywise shows up , he 's front and center , and he does his show . He has an act ... So it 's weird all the time , and every little thing implies a further threat . '' Muschietti also spoke of wanting to make the sense of dread that grows in Derry part of the dread of Pennywise , to which he stated , `` He 's not just a character that can shape - shift , his influence is all around . The anticipation of him is almost scarier than the actual Pennywise scares . '' On selecting Skarsgård to portray Pennywise , Muschietti wanted to stay true to the essence of the character , and Skarsgård caught his attention , `` The character has a childish and sweet demeanor , but there 's something very off about him . Bill has that balance in him . He can be sweet and cute , but he can be pretty disturbing . '' Wyatt Oleff as Stanley `` Stan '' Uris : A Jewish mysophobe who is the son of a rabbi . He is studying for his bar mitzvah but is n't interested in religion , which is upsetting to his father . On the character of Uris , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , `` Long story short , there 's all sorts of difficult situations , and we had the chance to tell them in a movie that faces directly those conflicts ... the families of the young actors were very open - minded , so we could tell them about subjects that are normally very touchy . '' Jeremy Ray Taylor as Benjamin `` Ben '' Hanscom : Hanscom is the new kid at school and consequently does not have any friends . He likes reading and researching so he spends a lot of time in the library . He is also very overweight , which earns his place in the Losers ' Club , but like all of the Losers , there are underlying facets that define him far more than superficial appearances . On the character of Hanscom , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , `` ... Ben is bullied at school . '' Sophia Lillis as Beverly `` Bev '' Marsh : The only female member of the Losers ' Club , she is bullied at school , particularly concerning false rumors that she is promiscuous . Her home life is also dismal , as her violent father is sexually abusive to her . On the character of Marsh , Muschietti spoke of her knowing a situation of despair , `` Beverly 's case is of course the worst , because it 's about sexual abuse on a minor . '' In an interview with Rolling Stone , Lillis spoke of Muschietti not wanting her and her co-stars to spend too much time with Skarsgård : `` We actually were n't allowed to see him until our scenes , because we wanted the horror to be real . '' On Skarsgård 's appearance as Pennywise , she recalled , `` Everyone had different reactions , but all of us were like , ' Wow , what did we get ourselves into ? ' One look at him , and ... you know , he 's a really scary clown that wants to kill us . I was a little bit shocked . '' On her connection with her fellow co-stars , she noted that the closeness of the friendships formed allowed Lillis to connect with her own character : `` I relate to Beverly -- the way she deals with her emotions , and the way she was around the Losers . I felt that way around the actual actors . '' Finn Wolfhard as Richard `` Richie '' Tozier : The bespectacled best friend of Bill Denbrough , whose loud mouth and foul language often get him into trouble . Wolfhard , famous as Mike Wheeler in Stranger Things , shared the first image of the Losers Club on his Instagram account , with the photo captioned as `` The Losers Club take Toronto '' , showing the cast of actors who would play the protagonists . Wolfhard was the only actor cast in both this and Fukunaga 's version . On the character of Tozier , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , `` We do n't know much about Richie 's personality , because he 's the big mouth of the group . But we suppose he 's also neglected at home , and he 's the clown of the band because he needs attention . '' Jack Dylan Grazer as Edward `` Eddie '' Kaspbrak : Kaspbrak is the epitome of the hypochondriac , overly exaggerated by the immense amount of objects in his medicine cabinet ; a sickly boy who only feels truly well when he is with his friends . His overbearing mother is the true source of his hypochondria , however ; she has convinced him that he is seriously ill and must stay close to her because only she can protect him . Grazer spoke of his appreciation of films such as Lethal Weapon 2 ( 1989 ) and Batman ( 1989 ) that gave him `` ... insight on how ( he ) could ( improvise ) or reuse those things as references to the time period . '' Chosen Jacobs as Michael `` Mike '' Hanlon : An African American homeschool student and outsider . Orphaned in a fire and raised by his stern grandfather , he is reluctant to take up the family trade as a butcher . On the experience of shooting Muschietti 's piece , Jacobs spoke of the experience as `` ... my favorite summer of my 16 long years on earth ... '' Nicholas Hamilton as Henry Bowers : A young sociopath who leads the Bowers Gang , a gang of high school thugs , and terrorizes the Losers ' Club . Hamilton prepared for the role by studying Jarred Blancard 's portrayal of the character in It ( 1990 ) , and in Hamilton 's words , `` watched all the bits of my original character '' for research . Hamilton added , through the character of Bowers , that `` There 's stuff that I have to do that is really creepy and the opportunity to help share my psychotic side has been really fun . '' Additionally Hamilton stated , `` I recently did a scene where I was working with Jeremy Ray Taylor . I had to terrorize the hell out of him and get right in his face . '' Jackson Robert Scott as George `` Georgie '' Denbrough : The innocent , energetic 7 - year - old brother of Bill Denbrough . His death at the hands of Pennywise sets the stage for the next summer 's events . Additionally , Owen Teague is introduced as Patrick Hockstetter , a psychopathic bully of the Bowers Gang who encounters Pennywise ; Logan Thompson appears as Victor `` Vic '' Criss , a bully and friend of Henry Bowers who is reluctant to engage in their most sadistic acts ; Jake Sim appears as Reginald `` Belch '' Huggins , another bully and friend of Henry Bowers who is known for his ability to belch on command ; Javier Botet appears as The Leper , a diseased and rotting man that encounters Eddie Kaspbrak at the house on 29 Neibolt Street ; Tatum Lee appears as Judith , one of It 's horrifying creations ; Steven Williams appears as Leroy Hanlon , the stern grandfather of Mike Hanlon , who runs a nearby abattoir ; Stephen Bogaert appears as Alvin Marsh , the abusive father of Beverly Marsh ; Geoffrey Pounsett appears as Zack Denbrough , the father of Bill and George Denbrough ; Pip Dwyer appears as Sharon Denbrough , the mother of Bill and George Denbrough ; Ari Cohen appears as Rabbi Uris , the father of Stanley Uris ; Stuart Hughes appears as Oscar `` Butch '' Bowers , a police officer and abusive father of Henry Bowers ; Megan Charpentier appears as Greta Keene , the pharmacist 's daughter who targets Beverly for ridicule . Production The project first entered development in 2009 . The proposed film adaptation went through three phases of planning : initially a single film with screenwriter David Kajganich ; then the dual film project , first with Cary Fukunaga attached as director and co-writer , then with Andy Muschietti . Kajganich project ( 2009 -- 2010 ) On March 12 , 2009 , Variety reported that Warner Bros. would bring Stephen King 's novel to the big screen , with David Kajganich adapting the novel , and Dan Lin , Roy Lee and Doug Davison producing the piece . When Kajganich learnt of Warner Bros . ' plans to adapt King 's novel , he went after the job . Knowing that Warner Bros. was committed to adapting It as a single feature film , Kajganich began to reread the novel in an attempt to try to find a structure that would accommodate such a large number of characters in two different time periods , around 120 pages , which was one of Warner Bros . ' stipulations . Kajganich worked with Lin , Lee , and Davison on The Invasion ( 2007 ) , and he knew they would champion good storytelling , and allow him the time to work out a solid first draft of the screenplay . Kajganich spoke of the remake being set in the , `` mid-1980s and in the present ... mirroring the twenty - odd - year gap King uses in the book ... and with a great deal of care and attention paid to the backstories of all the characters '' . Kajganich also mentioned that Warner Bros. wished for the adaptation to be rated R , saying , `` ... we can really honor the book and engage with the traumas ( both the paranormal ones and those they deal with at home and school ) that these characters endure '' . He said that his dream choice for Pennywise would be Buster Keaton if he were still alive , and that the Pennywise that he scripted is `` less self - conscious of his own irony and surreality '' . As of June 29 , 2010 , Kajganich was re-writing his screenplay . Fukunaga project ( 2012 -- 2015 ) `` I am in the midst of rewriting the first script now . We 're not working on the second part yet . The first script is just about the kids . It 's more like The Goonies ( 1985 ) meets a horror film ... We 're definitely honoring the spirit of Stephen King , but the horror has to be modernized to make it relevant . That 's my job , right now , on this pass . I 'm working on making the horror more about suspense than visualization of any creatures . I just do n't think that 's scary . What could be there , and the sounds and how it interacts with things , is scarier than actual monsters . '' -- Cary Fukunaga , on the development of It On June 7 , 2012 , The Hollywood Reporter revealed that Cary Fukunaga was boarding the project as director , and would co-write the script with Chase Palmer . The producers were now Roy Lee of Vertigo Entertainment , Dan Lin of Lin Pictures , and Seth Grahame - Smith and David Katzenberg of KatzSmith Productions . On May 21 , 2014 , Warner Bros. was announced to have moved the film to its New Line Cinema division , with overseer duties conducting by New Line 's Walter Hamada and Dave Neustadter , along with Vice President of Production at Warner Bros. , Niija Kuykendall . On December 5 , 2014 , in an interview with Vulture , Dan Lin announced that the first film would be a coming - of - age story about the children tormented by It , and the second will skip ahead in time as those same characters band together to continue the fight as adults . Lin also stated that Fukunaga was then only committed to directing the first film , though was currently closing a deal to co-write the second . Lin concluded by mentioning King , to which he remarked , `` The most important thing is that ( King ) gave us his blessing . We did n't want to make this unless he felt it was the right way to go , and when we sent him the script , the response that Cary got back was , ' Go with God , please ! This is the version the studio should make . ' So that was really gratifying . '' Lin confirmed that Fukunaga was set to begin principal photography in the summer of 2016 . On February 3 , 2015 , Fukunaga was interviewed by Slate , and spoke about It , mentioning that he has someone in mind for the role of Pennywise . On March 3 , 2015 , Fukunaga noted his goal to find the `` perfect guy to play Pennywise '' . Fukunaga also revealed that he , Kajganich and Palmer had changed the names and dates in the script , adding , `` ... the spirit is similar to what he 'd like to see in cinemas '' . On May 4 , 2015 , it was officially announced that Will Poulter had been cast to play Pennywise , after Fukunaga was `` blown away '' by his audition . Ty Simpkins was then considered to play one of The Losers ' Club members . On May 25 , 2015 , it was reported that Fukunaga had dropped out as the director of It . According to TheWrap , Fukunaga clashed with the studio and did not want to compromise his artistic vision in the wake of budget cuts by New Line , which greenlit the first film at $30 million . However , Fukunaga maintained that was not the case , stating he had bigger disagreements with New Line over the direction of the story , `` I was trying to make an unconventional horror film . It did n't fit into the algorithm of what they knew they could spend and make money back on based on not offending their standard genre audience . '' He made mention that the budget was fine , as well as his desire to make Pennywise more than just the clown . Fukunaga concluded by stating , `` We invested years and so much anecdotal storytelling in it . Chase and I both put our childhood in that story . So our biggest fear was they were going to take our script and bastardize it ... So I 'm actually thankful that they are going to rewrite the script . I would n't want them to stealing our childhood memories and using that ... I was honoring King 's spirit of it , but I needed to update it . King saw an earlier draft and liked it . '' On Fukunaga 's departure , King wrote , `` The remake of IT may be dead -- or undead -- but we 'll always have Tim Curry . He 's still floating down in the sewers of Derry . '' Muschietti project ( 2015 -- 2017 ) `` The way Cary intended to execute the script is something that only he can talk about . I can say my version of It highly emphasizes Pennywise 's most terrifying virtue , which is It 's ability to materialise into your worse fear ; I want to take people in a journey into Pennywise 's world through a disturbing , surrealistic and intoxicating experience that will leave nobody at ease . '' -- Andy Muschietti , on his version of It On July 16 , 2015 , it was announced that Andy Muschietti was in negotiations to direct It , with New Line beginning a search for a new writer to tailor a script to Muschietti 's vision . The announcement also confirmed the possible participation of Muschietti 's sister , Barbara Muschietti , as a producer , and Richard Brener joining Hamada , Neustadter and Kuykendall to oversee the project . On April 22 , 2016 , it was indicated that Will Poulter , who had been cast to portray Pennywise in Fukunaga 's version , had dropped out of the film due to a scheduling conflict and that executives were meeting with actors to portray the antagonist . Also that day , New Line Cinema set the film for a release of September 8 , 2017 . On October 30 , 2015 , Muschietti was interviewed by Variety wherein he spoke about his vision of It , while mentioning Poulter was still in the mix for the role of Pennywise : `` ( Poulter ) would be a great option . For me he is at the top of my list ... '' He confirmed that next summer is the time for them to start shooting . It was decided to shoot It during the summer months to give the filmmakers time to work with the children who have the main roles in the first part of the film . Muschietti went on to say that `` King described 50s ' terror iconography '' , adding that he feels there is a whole world now to `` rediscover , to update '' . He said there would not be any mummies or werewolves and that the `` terrors are going to be a lot more surprising '' . On February 19 , 2016 , at the D.I.C.E. Summit 2016 , producer Roy Lee confirmed that Fukunaga and Chase Palmer 's original script had been rewritten , remarking , `` It will hopefully be shooting later this year . We just got the California tax credit ... ( Dauberman ) wrote the most recent draft working with ( Muscetti ) , so it 's being envisioned as two movies . '' On May 5 , 2016 , in an interview with Collider.com , David Kajganich expressed uncertainty as to whether drafts of his original screenplay would be used by Dauberman and Muschietti , with the writer stating , `` We know there 's a new director , I do n't know myself whether he 's going back to any of the previous drafts or writing from scratch . I may not know until the film comes out . I do n't know how it works ! If you find out let me know . '' On June 2 , 2016 , Jaeden Lieberher was confirmed as portraying lead protagonist Bill Denbrough , while The Hollywood Reporter reported that Bill Skarsgård was in final negotiations to star as Pennywise , with a cast also including Finn Wolfhard , Jack Dylan Grazer , Wyatt Oleff , Chosen Jacobs and Jeremy Ray Taylor . Also that day , there was a call for 100 background performers , with the background actor call going from 3 p.m. to 7 p.m. ; by 4 p.m. , more than 300 people had gone through . The casting call also asked for a marching band and period cars between 1970 and 1989 . On June 9 , 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Owen Teague was set to portray Patrick Hocksetter . On June 21 , 2016 , it was officially announced that Nicholas Hamilton had been cast to play Henry Bowers , and Bloody Disgusting reported that Javier Botet had been added to the cast shortly before filming commenced . On June 22 , 2016 , Deadline.com reported that Muschietti had chosen Sophia Lillis to portray Beverly Marsh , and on June 24 , 2016 , Moviepilot wrote that Stephen Bogaert had been added to the cast shortly before filming commenced , portraying Al Marsh , the abusive father of Beverly Marsh . On July 22 , 2016 , Barbara Muschietti was interviewed by Northumberland News ' Karen Longwell , wherein she spoke about the filming locations on It , while mentioning the beauty of Port Hope being one of the reasons as to why it was chosen . Muschietti added , `` We were looking for an idyllic town , one that would be a strong contrast to the story . Port Hope is the kind of place we all wish we had grown up in : long summers riding bicycles , walks by the lake , a lovely main street , charming homes with green lawns , warm people . '' Muschietti also mentioned that 360 extras from the area , from adults to small children , had been involved . On August 11 , 2016 , at The CW TCA presentation for the series Frequency , producer Dan Lin spoke of the piece 's comparison to Netflix 's Stranger Things , describing It being an `` homage to 80s movies '' , while remarking : `` I think a great analogy is actually Stranger Things , and we 're seeing it on Netflix right now . It 's very much an homage to ' 80s movies , whether it 's classic Stephen King or even Spielberg . Think about Stand by Me ( 1986 ) as far as the bonding amongst the kids . But there is a really scary element in Pennywise . '' Lin continued , speaking of how well the young cast had bonded in the first weeks of shooting , `` We clearly had a great dynamic amongst the kids . Really great chemistry is always a challenging thing with a movie like It because you 're casting kids who do n't have a ton of experience , but it ended up being really natural . Each kid , like a The Goonies ( 1985 ) or Stand by Me ( 1986 ) , has a very specific personality and they 're forming the loser 's club obviously ... We 've spent a few months getting the kids to bond and now they 're going to fight this evil , scary clown . '' On February 9 , 2017 , at the press day for The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) , Lin confirmed that It would be rated R by the MPAA , and stated to Collider.com 's Steve Weintraub , `` If you 're going to make a `` Rated - R movie '' , you have to fully embrace what it is , and you have to embrace the source material . It is a scary clown that 's trying to kill kids ... They do have a scary clown that 's taken over the town of Derry , so it 's going to be rated R . '' On March 11 , 2017 , Muschietti , at the SXSW festival , spoke of an element of the pre-production phase in his attempt to keep Skarsgård separated from the film 's child actors , wherein the actor was not introduced to the young cast until Pennywise 's first encounter with the children : `` It was something that we agreed on , and that 's how it happened ... The day that he showed up on the stage , they f * cking freaked out . Bill is like , seven - foot high , and I ca n't describe how scary he looks in person . He 's a wiry man , crouching , making sounds , snotting , drooling , speaking in Swedish sometimes . Terrifying . '' Muschietti stated that the story had been moved forward , with the scenes with the young Losers Club shifting from the 1950s to the 1980s , while also describing the plot as `` getting much wider '' , with new material not in the novel or the 1990 miniseries . However , Muschietti said he hoped the material would still strike the same emotional resonance that the book did for him when he first read it : `` It 's all about trying to hit the core and the heart . '' On July 12 , 2017 , Muschietti , in an interview with French magazine Mad Movies , spoke of the R rating allowing him to go into adult themes , which was championed from the people at New Line Cinema . He also stated that , `` ... if you aimed for a PG - 13 movie , you had nothing at the end . So we were very lucky that the producers did n't try to stop us . In fact it 's more our own moral compass that sometimes showed us that some things lead us in places where we did n't want to go . '' In the same interview , on July 12 , 2017 , producer Barbara Muschietti added that there was only one scene that was deemed to be too horrific to feature in the new adaptation , stating , `` ... you wo n't find the scene where a kid has his back broken and is thrown in the toilets . We thought that the visual translation of that scene had something that was really too much . '' Muschietti concluded by emphasizing that nothing was removed from the original vision , nor was the violence of any event watered down . On July 19 , 2017 , in an interview with Variety 's Brent Lang , director Muschietti commented of the monstrous forms that It will be taking , as well as noting the fact that they are very different from the incarnations present in King 's story , `` The story is the same , but there are changes in the things the kids are scared of . In the book they 're children in the ' 50s , so the incarnations of the monsters are mainly from movies , so it 's Wolf Man , the Mummy , Frankenstein , ( and ) Dracula . I had a different approach . I wanted to bring out deeper fears , based not only on movie monsters but on childhood traumas . '' While on the topic of the key to a successful horror film , Muschietti concluded by remarking that `` Stay true to what scares you . If you do n't respect that , you ca n't scare anyone . '' Muschietti explained how Skarsgård caught his attention to embody Pennywise , while pointing out that he did not want the young cast to spend too much time with the actor when not shooting , and encouraged them to `` maintain distance '' , wherein Muschietti detailed : `` We wanted to carry the impact of the encounters to when the cameras were rolling . The first scene where Bill interacted with the children , it was fun to see how the plan worked . The kids were really , really creeped out by Bill . He 's pretty intimidating because he 's six - four and has all this makeup . '' Filming Port Hope had undergone a number of changes to transform into the town of Derry . Production designer Mara LePere - Schloop went to Bangor , Maine , to scope out locations , including the Thomas Hill Standpipe , the land running alongside the Kenduskeag Stream that in It is called The Barrens , and the Waterworks on the Penobscot River . LePere - Schloop said that they were hoping to shoot some scenes in the city , and possibly take some aerial shots . On May 31 , 2016 , Third Act Productions was confirmed to have applied to film interior and exterior scenes for It in the municipality of Port Hope , with filming slated for various locations around the municipality from July 11 , 2016 to July 18 , 2016 . Principal photography begun in Toronto , with an original shooting schedule from June 27 to September 6 , 2016 . By July 8 , 2016 , Port Hope had undergone changes to transform it into Derry ; Port Hope Municipal hall was the Derry Public Library , The Port Hope Tourism Centre became the City of Derry office , Ganaraska Financial was remade as Montgomery Financial , Gould 's Shoes store front on Walton Street changed to a butcher shop , The Avanti Hair Design store front changed to Tony 's Barber Shop , an empty storefront at 36 Walton Street changed to Reliance Cleaners , Queen Street Tattoo store front changed to Derry Scoop , a statue of Paul Bunyan was erected in Memorial Park , US flags hung in place of Canadian flags downtown , and Port Hope Capitol Theatre had appeared to be showing Batman ( 1989 ) and Lethal Weapon 2 ( 1989 ) , thus confirming the film 's 1989 setting . On July 11 , 2016 , preliminary shooting took place in Port Hope Town Hall , Memorial Park cenotaph , Queen Street , between Walton and Robertson streets and the Capitol Theatre . On July 12 , 2016 , filming occurred between the intersection of Mill and Walton street , Walton Street bridge , and in front and behind 16 -- 22 Walton Street and Port Hope Town Hall . Other shooting locations included Queen Street between Walton and Roberston street , and Memorial Park , on July 13 . It was also reported , on July 14 , that filming had been set up on the alley between Gould 's Shoe 's and Avanti Hair Design , and John and Hayward streets . Filming moved to Cavan Street , between Highland Drive and Ravine Drive , and Victoria Street South , between Trafalgar Street and Sullivan Street , on July 15 . Filming in Port Hope ended on July 18 , at Watson 's Guardian Drugs . Oshawa had been chosen by producers of It as the next filming location , and on July 20 , 2016 , filming notices were sent out to homes in the area of Eulalie Avenue and James Street , near downtown Oshawa , advising residents that filming would take place in the area from August 5 to August 8 , 2016 . On July 29 , 2016 , it was announced the crew had worked on the formerly vacant lot at the dead end of James Street constructing the set , in the form of a dilapidated old house . It was also remarked that the structure is a facade built around scaffolding that would be used for exterior shots . The set was composed of pre-fabricated modules that were trucked in and put into place by IATSE carpenters . On July 18 , 2016 , production crews had arrived in Riverdale , Toronto , with filming beginning at 450 Pape Ave , which is home to a circa 1902 heritage - designated building called Cranfield House , up until August 19 , 2016 . It was reported on September 4 that filming had wrapped in Oshawa , which included the haunted house location , as well as on Court and Fisher streets . Principal photography was confirmed to have ended in Toronto on September 21 , 2016 , with an altered shooting schedule occurring from June 27 to September 21 , 2016 , and post-production initially beginning on September 14 , 2016 . Design Costume design Pennywise 's gray costume was partly inspired by the clothing style of the Renaissance . On August 16 , 2016 , in an interview with Entertainment Weekly , costume designer Janie Bryant spoke of crafting Pennywise 's form - fitting suit and the inspirations it drew from -- involving a number of eras -- among them Medieval , Renaissance , Elizabethan , and Victorian . Bryant explained that the costume incorporates all these otherworldly past lives , highlighting the point that Pennywise is a clown from a different time . In designing Pennywise 's costume , Bryant included a Fortuny pleating , which gives the costume an almost crepe - like effect , to which Bryant remarked , `` It 's a different technique than what the Elizabethans would do . It 's more organic , it 's more sheer . It has a whimsical , floppy quality to it . It 's not a direct translation of a ruff or a whisk , which were two of the collars popular during the Elizabethan period . '' Bryant played with multiple eras as a way of reflecting Pennywise 's immortality , and added a `` doll - like quality to the costume '' . She further stated , `` The pants being short , the high waistline of the jacket , and the fit of the costume is a very important element . It gives the character a child - like quality . '' Bryant spoke of the two puffs off the shoulder , sleeves and again on the bloomers , with her desire to create an `` organic , gourd or pumpkin kind of effect '' , which includes the peplum at the waist , and the flared , skirt - like fabric blossoming from below his doublet . She explains , `` It helps exaggerate certain parts of the body . The costume is very nipped in the waist and with the peplum and bloomers it has an expansive silhouette . '' The main color of his costume is a dusky gray , but with a few splashes of colour . She concludes the interview by stating , `` The pompoms are orange , and then with the trim around the cuffs and the ankles , it 's basically a ball fringe that 's a combination of orange , red , and cinnamon . It 's almost like Pennywise fades into his environment . But there are accents to pull out the definition of the gray silk . '' Creature design Judith , the woman in the portrait whose form It assumes to terrify Stan , did not appear in the novel . Muschietti based this sequence on the paintings of Amedeo Modigliani , one of which hung in his childhood home , and which he found frightening , interpreting Modigliani 's stylisation as monstrosity . The eponymous creature in Muschietti 's previous film , Mama , was also based on Modigliani 's work . Visual effects Nicholas Brooks was the overall visual effects supervisor , and visual effects company Rodeo FX worked on most of the visual effects on It . Amalgamated Dynamics worked on the special makeup effects . Themes The film has been described as a loss of innocence story , with fear , mortality and survivalist themes . Muschietti remarked of the film 's elements of coming of age and issues of mortality , adding that such themes are prevalent in King 's book , though in reality they occur in a more progressive way , `` There 's a passage ( in It ) that reads , ' Being a kid is learning how to live and being an adult is learning how to die . ' There 's a bit of a metaphor of that and it just happens in a very brutal way , of course . '' He also mentioned the characterization of Pennywise 's survivalist attitude , and a passage in the novel which inspired Muschietti was when Bill wonders if Pennywise is eating children simply because that is what people are told monsters do , `` It 's a tiny bit of information , but that sticks with you so much . Maybe it is real as long as children believe in it . And in a way , Pennywise 's character is motivated by survival . In order to be alive in the imagination of children , he has to keep killing . '' While Muschietti acknowledged It being a horror film , he felt that it is not simply that , `` It 's a story of love and friendship and a lot of other beautiful emotions . '' The graphic sexual content that was in the novel and Fukunaga 's original script was not included in the film . Music On March 23 , 2017 , Benjamin Wallfisch was announced as the composer of It 's score . The soundtrack album was released in preview on August 2017 . All tracks written by Benjamin Wallfisch . ( show ) Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Every 27 Years '' 2 : 36 2 . `` Paper Boat '' 1 : 55 3 . `` Georgie , Meet Pennywise '' 3 : 38 4 . `` Derry '' 2 : 25 5 . `` River Chase '' 2 : 09 6 . `` Egg Boy '' 2 : 44 7 . `` Beverly '' 1 : 20 8 . `` Come Join the Clowns , Eds '' 1 : 20 9 . `` You 'll Float Too '' 3 : 20 10 . `` Shape Shifter '' 1 : 42 11 . `` Hockstetter Attack '' 2 : 15 12 . `` Haircut '' 4 : 15 13 . `` Derry History '' 2 : 48 14 . `` January Embers '' 1 : 05 15 . `` Saving Mike '' 1 : 15 16 . `` This Is Not a Dream '' 2 : 08 17 . `` Slideshow '' 2 : 00 18 . `` Georgie 's Theme '' 1 : 42 19 . `` He Did n't Stutter Once '' 1 : 33 20 . `` 29 Neibolt St . '' 4 : 17 21 . `` Time to Float '' 3 : 04 22 . `` It 's What It Wants '' 1 : 19 23 . `` You 'll Die If You Try '' 4 : 38 24 . `` Return to Neibolt '' 2 : 31 25 . `` Into the Well '' 2 : 05 26 . `` Pennywise 's Tower '' 1 : 48 27 . `` Deadlights '' 2 : 04 28 . `` Searching for Stanley '' 2 : 28 29 . `` Saving Beverly '' 3 : 36 30 . `` Georgie Found '' 1 : 53 31 . `` Transformation '' 0 : 58 32 . `` Feed on Your Fear '' 2 : 34 33 . `` Welcome to the Losers Club '' 3 : 05 34 . `` Yellow Raincoat '' 1 : 43 35 . `` Blood Oath '' 3 : 11 36 . `` Kiss '' 0 : 54 37 . `` Every 27 Years ( Reprise ) '' 2 : 07 38 . `` Epilogue -- The Pennywise Dance '' 0 : 36 Release It was released in North America on September 8 , 2017 . In Europe , the film was released in Belgium on September 6 , 2017 , Denmark and the Netherlands on September 7 , 2017 , and Norway and Finland on September 8 , 2017 . On March 7 , 2017 , the alternate title of the film was announced by Stephen King as Part 1 -- The Losers ' Club . In addition to the conventional 2D format , It was also released across 615 IMAX screens globally , including 389 domestically . Marketing This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On January 31 , 2016 , Muschietti , on his Instagram , posted a sketch that was thought to be the precursor to Pennywise 's final look , to celebrate pre-production getting underway . Beginning from July 11 , 2016 , Muschietti posted a variety of missing person posters of children within the Derry area , including Betty Ripsom , Richie Tozier , Paul Greenberg , Jonathan Chan , and Tania McGowan . Muschietti shared a photo of a missing person poster featuring Richie Tozier . The poster lists all of the character 's information , as part of It 's marketing campaign . The first official image for It debuted on July 13 , 2016 , introducing the first look at Skarsgård 's Pennywise The Dancing Clown , as well as an interview with Skarsgård , conducted by Anthony Breznican . Thomas Freeman of Maxim wrote `` ... Skarsgard in full , terrifying costume , ... he 's clearly got what it takes to fill King 's most macabre , nightmare - inducing creation . '' Chris Eggertsen of HitFix responded positively , stating the image to be `` ... an appropriately macabre look that does n't deviate too radically from the aesthetic of Curry 's Pennywise ... dare I say , a more creepily seductive look to Skarsgard 's version that was absent from Curry 's interpretation . '' On July 30 , 2016 , Muschietti released three storyboard images , up until the date of August 22 , 2016 , with the first featuring Bill Denbrough making a paper boat for his younger brother George . The second storyboard features Bill leading his bike , nicknamed Silver , across a lawn with the included phrase : `` He thrusts his fists against the posts but still insists he sees the ghosts '' . The third and final storyboard features Bill asleep next to a sketch of Beverly Marsh . On August 16 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly released the full costume image of Skarsgård 's Pennywise to promote It , including an interview with costume designer Janie Bryant . JoBlo.com 's Damion Damaske was fond of the new design , though was understanding of others being dismissive of it . Damaske also stated , `` One of the chief complaints is that it looked too automatically scary , and that one of the reasons Pennywise chooses his guise is to trick and lure children . '' Dave Trumbore of Collider.com noted that `` This one 's going to divide some folks . It 's nowhere near as baggy or colorful as the one Tim Curry ... donned ... , but the new version certainly seems to have a lot more thought and intent behind its creation . '' Jonathan Barkan of Bloody Disgusting called the image one of `` ... ( drawing ) attention and curiosity '' . Barkan then stated `` I do n't know if it 's morbid curiosity or hopeful wishes but the overall response to his face and makeup seemed to be quite positive ! '' On March 9 , 2017 , Neha Aziz of SXSW announced that Muschietti would appear at a screening event titled , Face Your Fears , to share footage from It , while discussing his inspirations and influences . On March 11 , 2017 , New Line Cinema showcased its promotion of It by releasing a teaser trailer and a scene at the South by Southwest festival . Trace Thurman of Bloody Disgusting heralded the trailer : `` It was maybe 90 seconds of footage , but it was a damn impressive 90 seconds of footage ... As far as teasers go , it 's one of the best that I 've ever seen . '' Dread Central 's Jonathan Barkan praised the scene , and stated , `` The kids are clearly very adept at working off one another . There was a chemistry between the four that was wonderful to see and it 's obvious that Muschietti worked very hard to ensure they were believable . '' Eric Vespe of Ai n't It Cool News remarked that `` ... this one scene shows us the key traits of the bulk of the members of the Losers Club within one sequence . I loved it for that reason . '' On March 28 , 2017 , New Line released a 139 - second teaser trailer to promote It , following a 19 - second trailer and the official teaser poster the prior day , and for exhibitors at CinemaCon . Tom Philip of GQ heralded the trailer and its tonality by stating : `` Dark corners everywhere and a pervading sense of absolute doom , even in the scenes where the creature is n't looming . That projector scene ! Christ ! '' Michael Gold of The New York Times praised the trailer , and stated : `` There 's always tension in the sustained string chords of the soundtrack , and it imbues everything with suspense and darkness . '' Wired 's Brian Raftery spoke most highly of the trailer , to which he stated , `` The teaser 's scariest moment features no gore or gotcha - ness ; instead , it involves a misfiring slide - projector and a barely discernible clown - grin . Nothing in the It trailer feels like a cheap thrill , which is all the more thrilling . '' IndieWire 's William Earl reacted positively to the `` top - notch '' production design of Derry , Maine within the trailer . The trailer reached 197 million views in its first 24 hours , setting a new record as the trailer with the most views in one day . In addition to dethroning The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) , the trailer numbers surpassed previous records held by Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) , Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) , and Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) . On May 7 , 2017 , a second teaser trailer , this one lasting 137 seconds , was shown at the MTV Movie & TV Awards in Los Angeles , California , with the new preview showcasing a snippet of the film where the `` Losers ' Club '' search for Pennywise 's many victims . Daniel Kreps of Rolling Stone felt snippet of the film `` was initially ... similar to Stand by Me ( 1986 ) , with the Losers ' Club playfully bantering about `` gray water '' ... A series of scary images soon follow before the trailer ends on Pennywise doing unimaginable balloon tricks to lure a victim . '' Matt Goldberg of Collider.com praised the trailer , and stated : `` This new trailer really plays up the kids ' role and their fears . It 's a smart move , because if a sequel does come along , it 's going to be looking at the kids as adults , so that aspect will be lost . '' Digital Spy 's Jack Tomlin spoke of the clarity in that director Muschietti 's film will carry on down the `` creepy as hell '' vibe he gave the first trailer . On July 13 , 2017 , Entertainment Weekly released a collection of new images and concept art such as Pennywise 's lair to promote It , including commentary from director Andrés Muschietti . On July 19 , 2017 , New Line Cinema showcased its promotion of It , by releasing three reels of footage at San Diego Comic - Con , before an advanced screening of Annabelle : Creation ( 2017 ) . Reception Box Office As of October 29 , 2017 , It has grossed $323.7 million in the United States and Canada , and $342.9 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $666.6 million , against a production budget of $35 million . In North America , initial opening weekend projections had the film grossing $50 -- 60 million . By the week of its release , estimates were raised to $60 -- 70 million , with a chance to go higher if word of mouth was strong . It opened in 4,103 theaters , setting the record for most venues for an R - rated film ( beating Logan 's 4,071 from the past March ) . A few days before its release , the film became Fandango 's top horror pre-seller of all - time , eclipsing Paranormal Activity 3 ( 2011 ) , as well as setting the record as the site 's top pre-seller among September releases , beating Sully ( 2016 ) . The film made $13.5 million from Thursday night previews , setting the record for highest amount by both an R - rated ( besting Deadpool 's $12.6 million ) and a horror film . Due to the high Thursday gross , Deadline.com noted some industry trackers upped weekend projections to $90 million . It went on to have an opening day of $50.2 million ( including previews ) , increasing weekend projections to over $100 million . The film 's Friday gross not only set a record for biggest single - day amount by an R - rated film ( beating Deadpool 's $47.3 million ) but nearly eclipsed Paranormal Activity 3 's entire weekend gross of $52.6 million , which was the highest opening weekend gross for a horror film . It went on to open to $123.1 million , setting the records for largest opening weekend for both a September release and a horror film , and was the second - biggest debut for an R - rated film behind Deadpool ( $132.4 million ) . Variety and Deadline both noted that the film 's opening weekend could have been even greater if not for Hurricane Irma shutting down nearly 50 % of Florida 's theaters , a state that typically accounts for 5 % of the country 's box office grosses . During its first full week , the film made $8.8 million on Monday , $11.4 million on Tuesday , $7.9 million on Wednesday and $7.2 million on Thursday , each setting September records for their respective days . In its second weekend the film grossed $60.1 million ( a better - than - average for horror films drop of 51 % ) , making more in its second weekend than previous opening record holder Paranormal Activity 3 made in its first , and again topped the box office . It also pushed the domestic total to $218.7 million , overtaking Crocodile Dundee for highest - grossing September film ( $174.8 million in 1984 ) . In its third week the film was dethroned by newcomer Kingsman : The Golden Circle , finishing second at the box office with $29.7 million . In its fourth week , the film initially made a projected gross of $17.3 million , apparently retaking its top spot at the box office ahead of Kingsman ( $17 million ) . However the following day , actual results had the film finishing in second by a gross of $16.93 million to $16.90 million , while beating out newcomer American Made ( $16.8 million ) . The film continued to hold well in the following weeks , making $10 million and $6.1 million in its fifth and sixth weeks , finishing a respective 3rd and 4th at the box office . Critical response Bill Skarsgård 's portrayal of Pennywise the Dancing Clown received widespread praise from critics and audiences . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 84 % based on 283 reviews , with an average rating of 7.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Well - acted and fiendishly frightening with an emotionally affecting story at its core , It amplifies the horror in Stephen King 's classic story without losing touch with its heart . '' Metacritic , another review aggregator , assigned the film a weighted average score of 70 out of 100 , based on 48 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 4 out of 4 stars , saying : `` What will REALLY put a chill down your spine and raise the hairs on the back of your neck are the moments when an adolescent character is isolated from friends , all alone in the cellar or the bathroom or the alley or a dark office , and something they 've long feared springs to ' life ' in a certain fashion , confirming their worst sense of dread and doom . '' Andrew Barker of Variety praised the visuals and cast , while acknowledging the familiarities , calling the film `` a collection of alternately terrifying , hallucinatory , and ludicrous nightmare imagery ... a series of well - crafted yet decreasingly effective suspense setpieces ; and a series of well - acted coming - of - age sequences that do n't quite fully mature . '' Mark Kermode of The Guardian gave the film 4 out of 5 stars , writing that the film `` is an energetic romp with crowd - pleasing appeal that is n't afraid to bare its gory teeth '' . Christopher Orr of The Atlantic gave the film a mixed review , calling it `` a solid but relatively conventional horror movie '' and writing that it `` privileges CGI scares over dread and nuance '' . Some critics were disappointed with the film 's implementation of jump scares . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune noted the film 's `` diminishing returns of one jump scare after another '' , writing that `` nearly every scene begins and ends the same way , with a slow build ... leading up to a KAAA - WHUMMMMMM ! ! ! ! sound effect '' . Eric Kohn of IndieWire praised the film 's visuals but wrote that it `` simplifies its appeal with jump scares '' , and Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly lauded the child actors but wrote that `` the more we see of Pennywise , the less scary he becomes '' . Accolades It received a 2017 Golden Trailer Awards nomination for Best Horror , which it subsequently won . List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best Horror It Won Sequel On February 16 , 2016 , producer Roy Lee , in an interview with Collider.com , mentioned the final film of the planned It duology , remarking that : `` ( Dauberman ) wrote the most recent draft working with ( Muschietti ) , so it 's being envisioned as two movies . '' On July 19 , 2017 , Muschietti revealed that the plan is to get production underway for the sequel to It next spring , adding , `` We 'll probably have a script for the second part in January ( 2018 ) . Ideally , we would start prep in March . Part one is only about the kids . Part two is about these characters 30 years later as adults , with flashbacks to 1989 when they were kids . '' On July 21 , 2017 , Muschietti spoke of looking forward to having a dialogue in the second film that does not exist within the first , stating , `` ... it seems like we 're going to do it . It 's the second half , it 's not a sequel . It 's the second half and it 's very connected to the first one . '' Muschietti confirmed that two cut scenes from the film will hopefully be included in the second , one of which being the fire at the Black Spot from the book . On September 25 , 2017 , New Line Cinema announced that a sequel would be released on September 6 , 2019 , with co-scriptwriter Gary Dauberman returning to write the script . Notes Jump up ^ Writers Andy Muschietti , Cary Fukunaga and David Kajganich refer to Skarsgård 's character as Pennywise , in various interviews -- most notably with Collider.com . Additionally the name Pennywise the Dancing Clown is what Pennywise introduces himself as to Georgie Denbrough ; the term It is n't used in either of these cases . References Jump up ^ `` IT '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` With new adaptation of ' It , ' New Line Cinema hopes to continue horror winning streak '' . Los Angeles Times . September 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office To Wake Up From Long Summer 's Nap As ' It ' Happens With $60 Ms Opening , Possible $70 M -- Preview '' . Deadline.com . September 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` It ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.allmovie.com/movie/it-v638977 ^ Jump up to : Warner Bros Editors ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` IT -- Warner Bros '' . Warner Bros. Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ IGN Editors ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` STEPHEN KING 'S IT DIRECTOR CARY FUKUNAGA SEEKS THE `` PERFECT '' PENNYWISE FOR REMAKE `` . IGN . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Staley , Brandon ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` IT REMAKE HAS A RATING , PLANS FOR A SEQUEL '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Finds New Director '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Kristian ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' It ' Trailer Is Just As Glorious And Terrifying As You Feared '' . Bustle . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Verhoeven , Beatrice ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Casts Hollywood Legacy as Pennywise the Clown '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eggertsen , Chris ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King has an ' It ' remake update for you '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' Wraps Production with One Last Creepy Photo '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Courtney ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Mansion in Riverdale sets the scene for horror film ' It ' '' . CTV Toronto . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Northumberland News Editor ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Port Hope eyed for remake of Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Burnham , Emily ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Crew from new adaptation of Stephen King 's `` It '' in Bangor to scope out potential filming locations `` . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` IT 's first trailer introduces terrifying new version of Stephen King 's clown Pennywise '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Moreno , EJ ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' Director Andres Muschietti Talks The Film 's Hard `` R '' - Rating `` . Monkeys Fighting Robots . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : A. Lincoln , Ross ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` Sophia Lillis Joins New Line 's ' It ' Remake ; Aunjanue Ellis Sign on To Christine Crokos ' ' Pimp ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Briers , Michael ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` It Director Andy Muschietti Vows To Deliver A No Holds Barred Adaptation Of The King Classic '' . We Got This Covered . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : T. Collins , Sean ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Encounter With Pennywise , Remake Details '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's IT -- First Photo of the New Losers Club ! '' . iHorror . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ P. Sullivan , Kevin ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Will Poulter cast as Pennywise in Cary Fukunaga 's It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Will Poulter to Play the Evil Clown in ' It ' Remake ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' It ' Loses Director Cary Fukunaga '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Geier , Thom ( May 25 , 2015 ) . `` Cary Fukunaga Out as Director of Stephen King 's ' It ' at New Line ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Setoodeh , Ramin ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Cary Fukunaga Offers New Details on Why ' It ' Remake Fell Apart '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ P. Sullivan , Kevin ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` Cary Fukunaga opens up about IT departure -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ King , Stephen ( May 25 , 2015 ) . `` The remake of IT may be dead '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sky News Editors , Justin ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` It Remake ' Dead ' As Director Walks Away '' . Sky News . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2015 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Jorissen , Matt ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` IT Emphasizes Pennywise 's Most Terrifying Virtue '' . Lilja 's Library . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Finds New Director ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , James ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Mama 's Andrés Muschietti in Negotiations To Direct It '' . Empire . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. Announces Release Date for ' It ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. Sets ' CHiPs ' , ' It ' & Untitled PG - 13 Comedy For 2017 '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. Announces Release Date for ' It ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mayorga , Emilio ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Muschiettis to Produce Supernatural Thriller ' Shadows ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sewell , Annie ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Filming Starts Next Summer on Remake of Stephen King Classic ' It ' '' . Inquisitr . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Disgusting , Mr ( October 31 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' to Film Next Summer ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Mike ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's It May Start Filming in 2016 ; Two Movies Still Planned '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Page , Aubrey ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Bigger Splash ' Writer David Kajganich on His Unique Approach to the Remake and ' It ' '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Northumberland News Editor ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Hundreds turn up for Stephen King 's ' It ' background actor cast call in Port Hope '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Nicholas Hamilton in Stephen King 's ' It ' ; Monterey Media Acquires ' The Last Film Festival ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Horror Wizard Javier Botet to Haunt ' The Mummy ' and Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Creature Performer Javier Botet Joins The Mummy and Stephen King 's It '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Producer Dan Lin Confirms ' It ' Rating and Sequel Plans '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wixson , Heather ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` SXSW 2017 : Impressions of First Footage from IT & New Footage from ANNABELLE 2 '' . Daily Dead . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` The new Pennywise terrified the young cast of Stephen King 's IT reboot '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Whittaker , Richard ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` SXSW Panel : Face Your Fears '' . The Austin Chronicle . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mad Movies Editors ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ÇA BY ANDY MUSCHIETTI '' . Mad Movies . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Squires , John ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` New Pennywise Image Found On French Magazine Cover '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Andy Muschietti Talks Holding Nothing Back for `` R '' - rated ' IT ' `` . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collinson , Gary ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` It director Andy Muschietti on the film 's R rating '' . Flickering Myth . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murray , Emily ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` New IT Film Will Contain Scenes ' Too Intense ' For The Original '' . UniLad . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Naylor , Daisy ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' IT ' Movie Will Be `` R '' Rated With `` Very Adult Themes '' `` . thehooknew . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carptenter , Michael ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` IT Director Talks the Advantages of an R Rating '' . iHorror . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Michael ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` IT Director : R Rating Allows Film to Explore ' Very Adult Themes ' '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Various Monsters in ' IT ' Will Be Very Different from the Book '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sprague , Mike ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ANDY MUSCHIETTI TALKS IT PART 2 & CLASSIC MOVIE MONSTERS '' . JoBlo.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , Paul ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` There 's new terrifying details about the IT film '' . Joe . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Director on Tackling the Two R - Rated Movies and Why He Picked Bill Skarsgard for Pennywise '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Female First Editors ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Andres Muschietti confirms prep date for IT sequel '' . Female First . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ MSN Editors ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Andres Muschietti confirms prep date for IT sequel '' . MSN . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Director Explains How Bill Skarsgard Won Coveted Pennywise Role '' . Pop Culture . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` New Adaptation of Stephen King 's It Begins Filming in June '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Muschietti , Andrés ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Day one '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jorissen , Matt ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` IT Filming in Toronto This Summer '' . Lilja 's Library . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kemp , Dustin ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` STEPHEN KING 'S ' IT ' : PORT HOPE 'S TRANSFORMATION INTO DERRY AND WHAT IT REVEALS ABOUT PLOT '' . Inquisitr . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Longwell , Karen ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Ten changes to Port Hope 's downtown for the filming of Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Longwell , Karen ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` DurhamRegion : Ten changes to Port Hope 's downtown for the filming of Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Durham Region . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Longwell , Karen ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Preparation for Stephen King 's ' It ' filming started in Port Hope '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The Oshawa Express Editors ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Oshawa sewers to be haunted by literary terror '' . The Oshawa Express . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Shah , Maryam ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' movie being filmed in Oshawa '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Jef ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' That 's how you make a haunted house ' : Elaborate set for film of Stephen King 's ' It ' being built in Oshawa '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim , Peter ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Filming of Stephen King 's horror classic ' It ' becoming nightmare for some residents '' . Global News . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matteis , Stephanie ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Film crew for Stephen King movie It creates horror show for Riverdale resident '' . CBC.ca . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Honderich , Holly ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Excessive film shoots at Riverdale home irks neighbours '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lavoie , Joanna ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Lights , camera , too much action at oft - used Pape Avenue film set '' . InsideToronto . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Novakovic , Stefan ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Redevelopment Plan Re-Emerges for Storied East End Mansion '' . Urban Toronto . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ruta , Mike ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' was a hit and it 's a wrap in Oshawa '' . Durham Region . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' Wraps Filming : Pennywise Jack - in - the - Box Revealed '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Orange , Alan ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's IT Wraps Production , Pennywise Jack - in - the - Box Revealed '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Addicted to Horror Movies Editors ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Filming on Andy Muschietti 's Remake of Stephen King 's ' It ' has Wrapped '' . Addicted to Horror Movies . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ IMDb Editors ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` It ( 2017 ) -- IMDbPro '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Yahoo Movies Staff ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' First Look : A New Close - Up of Pennywise 's Creepy Costume '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` IT MOVIE : FIRST FULL LOOK AT PENNYWISE THE CLOWN '' . IGN . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ K , George ( May 19 , 2012 ) . `` What is the difference between Fortuny pleating and mushroom pleating ? '' . Tom 's Sons International Pleating . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Behold Pennywise the Clown 's eerie costume from Stephen King 's It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brucculieri , Julia ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` The First Look at Pennywise The Clown From The New ' It ' Film Is Terrifying '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` It : First full unsettling look at Pennywise the clown in Stephen King remake '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elizabethan Doublets -- Elizabethan Era Editors ( May 16 , 2012 ) . `` Elizabethan Doublets '' . Tom 's Sons International Pleating . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : Here 's `` Pennywise '' in Full Clown Costume and He 's Definitely Freaky ! `` . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Muschietti Talks Paintings that Inspired Nightmarish New ' IT ' Creature '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cinefex Editors ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` It '' . Cinefex . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rodeo FX Editors ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` IT -- In Production '' . Rodeo FX . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rodeo FX Editors ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` FILMOGRAPHY '' . Rodeo FX . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Amalgamated Dynamics Editors ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Amalgamated Dynamics -- Filmography '' . Amalgamated Dynamics . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ White , James ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` New Images Of Pennywise And The Kids From It '' . Empire . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` See a creepy / cool photo of the new Pennywise in Stephen King 's ' It ' remake '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fraser , Kevin ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` ANDRÉS MUSCHIETTI SPILLS NEW DETAILS ABOUT IT AND REVEALS NEW IMAGES '' . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Pennywise and the Losers ' Club Highlighted in New ' IT ' Images '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stefansky , Emma ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` New ' It ' Images Feature a Red Balloon and a Bunch of Terrified '' . ScreenCrush . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Pennywise disarms in secret Comic - Con footage from Stephen King 's It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Graphic Sexual Content Involving Pre-Teens Cut From New IT Movie '' . ScreenGeek . June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sprague , Mike ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` STEPHEN KING 'S IT SCORES LIGHTS OUT COMPOSER BENJAMIN WALLFISCH '' . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ IT : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack by Benjamin Wallfisch on Apple Music , 2017 - 09 - 08 , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 01 Jump up ^ Disgusting , Mr ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Who Will Play Pennywise in Stephen King 's ' It ' ? '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.kino.dk/film/i/it/it-2017 Jump up ^ https://www.cinemagnus.nl/verwacht/film/it/1169/ Jump up ^ http://www.filmweb.no/film/article1302530.ece Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King Says the New ' It ' Movie Succeeds Beyond Expectations '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King calls It remake a ' wonderful production ' '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch and Anthony D'Alessandro ( September 9 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Scares Life Into Box Office , Beats ' Deadpool ' With $13.5 M Record Preview ; $90 M+ 3 - Day Possible '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Has Pennywise 's New Look Already Been Revealed ? '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Collin ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Director of Stephen King 's It remake reveals concept art for Pennywise '' . Consequence of Sound . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Pennywise 's New Look Teased as IT Begins Shooting '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blu - ray Forum Editors ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Director of Stephen King 's It remake reveals concept art for Pennywise '' . Blu - ray . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ ThePhantomFox ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Paul Greenberg missing poster taken from the IT filming in Port Hope '' . Reddit . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dillon , Ananda ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Latest Pics From The Movie Adaptation of Stephen King 's ' IT ' Are Worthy of the King Himself '' . Moviepilot . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's IT Remake : Missing Posters Show Pennywise 's Victims '' . iHorror . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` FIRST LOOK AT PENNYWISE THE CLOWN FROM STEPHEN KING 'S IT MOVIE '' . IGN . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , James ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` First look at Bill Skarsgård as the new Pennywise from It '' . Empire . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` It : First look at Pennywise the Clown in Stephen King adaptation '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Thomas ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` THE FIRST LOOK AT PENNYWISE IN STEPHEN KING 'S ' IT ' IS THE STUFF OF NIGHTMARES '' . Maxim . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eggertsen , Chris ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' remake : Here 's your first look at the new Pennywise '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' Director Andy Muschietti Shares Images From the Set '' . / Film . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wampler , Scott ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Check Out A Bunch of Spooky New Images From The Set of IT '' . Birth. Movies. Death . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burkart , Gregory ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Dig These Cryptic and Creepy Behind - the - Scenes Images From IT ! '' . Blumhouse Productions . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roschke , Ryan ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` A Behind - the - Scenes Look at the Horror Remake of Stephen King 's It '' . PopSugar . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roschke , Ryan ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` A Behind - the - Scenes Look at the Horror Remake of Stephen King 's It -- Slideshow '' . PopSugar . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , James ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Take a full look at Bill Skarsgård as the new Pennywise from It '' . Empire . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maxim Staff ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` THE DAILY HEAT INDEX : HERE 'S THE FIRST LOOK AT PENNYWISE THE CLOWN 'S CREEPY COSTUME FOR STEPHEN KING 'S ' IT ' '' . Maxim . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Damaske , Damion ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` FIRST LOOK AT PENNYWISE 'S `` FRIENDLY '' GUISE FROM THE NEW IT REBOOT `` . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : Bill Skarsgård 's Creepy New Pennywise Costume Revealed '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : Here 's `` Pennywise '' in Full Clown Costume and He 's Definitely Freaky ! `` . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aziz , Neha ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Announcing Face Your Fears : An Exclusive First Look & Filmmaker Discussion '' . SXSW . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SXSW Editors ( March 11 , 2017 ) . `` Face Your Fears : An Exclusive First Look & Filmmaker Discussion '' . SXSW . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kennedy , Michael ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` IT Remake Teaser Trailer Description : New Pennywise Does n't Hold Back '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trendell , Andrew ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` First trailer for re-make of Stephen King 's ' It ' ' leaves audience screaming ' '' . NME . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thurman , Trace ( March 11 , 2017 ) . `` We 've Seen Footage From Stephen King 's ' It ' ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Ben ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` First footage from Stephen King 's It remake gets critics excited '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` SXSW 2017 : We Saw Footage From Stephen King 's It and Annabelle 2 '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vespe , Eric ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` The first footage from the new adaptation of Stephen King 's IT screened at SXSW and it looks really good ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , James ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` The First Teaser Trailer For It Preys On Your Fears '' . Empire . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` New ' It ' Poster and Teaser Trailer Heralds the Horrors to Come '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilyadov , Alex ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` NEW IT POSTER RELEASED , TRAILER TO BE REVEALED TOMORROW '' . IGN . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Creepy ' IT ' Poster Offers Up a Balloon ; Trailer Tomorrow ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` CinemaCon : New Line Scares up ' Annabelle : Creation ' as Sequel Title '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Creeps to Top of Social Media Charts '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philip , Tom ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` The Trailer for the New IT Remake Will Ruin Your Childhood All Over Again '' . GQ . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gold , Michael ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' It ' Trailer Is Here to Give You Nightmares '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raftery , Brian ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` With the First Trailer for It , Stephen King Reclaims the ' 80s '' . Wired . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Earl , William ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Trailer Breakdown : The 6 Best Parts That Perfectly Capture the Novel 's Brilliance '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Trailer Scares Up Worldwide Traffic Record In First 24 Hours With Near 200M , Smokes ' Fate Of The Furious ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahern , Sarah ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Trailer Sets Record for Most Online Views in Single Day '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` It trailer sets all - time viewing record for 24 - hour period '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` The It Movie Is Already Breaking Records '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Brings Horror to the MTV Movie & TV Awards With New Clip '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahern , Sarah ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' New Footage Spooks Audiences at MTV Movie & TV Awards '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` It : Watch Pennywise Show His Face , If You Dare '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hincks , Joseph ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the New Trailer for Andres Muschietti 's It '' . Time . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Eliza ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` A New It Trailer Is Here to Ruin Balloons Forever '' . Cosmopolitan . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` IT movie : New trailer for Stephen King adaptation floats online '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Terrifying New ' It ' Trailer Sees Losers ' Club Journey Into Sewers '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` New ' It ' Trailer Promises Further Trouble for the Beleaguered Clown Community '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tomlin , Jack ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the latest teaser for Stephen King 's It -- as The Losers ' Club are terrorised by Pennywise the Clown '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Losers descend into Pennywise 's nest in this new look at Stephen King 's It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' Images Show off the Losers While Concept Art Teases the Final Confrontation '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Houghton , Rianne ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` It movie 's new concept art reveals Pennywise 's terrifying lair '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` New Stephen King 's ' IT ' Concept Art Reveal Pennywise 's Lair '' . Pop Culture . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` New Line Cinema Brings Horror to the # SDCC With `` ScareDiego '' `` . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Comic - Con : New Line 's ' ScareDiego ' Event To Include Exclusive ' IT ' Footage , ' Annabelle : Creation ' Screening '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` # SDCC17 Update : New Line Cinemas Hosting ScareDiego Event With New IT Footage and Annabelle : Creation Screening '' . Dread Central . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` A Look at the ' IT ' Booth at the # SDCC '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` After Horrific Summer At Box Office , ' It ' Will Bring Life To Fall Marketplace With Potential $60 M Opening '' . Deadline.com . August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( September 3 , 2017 ) . `` After Dismal Summer , Hollywood Pins Hopes on Fall Ticket Sales '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adaptation of Stephen King 's ' It ' Targets Fall Opening Weekend Record '' . Box Office Mojo . September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fandango : ' IT ' Shatters Presales Records for Horror Movies and September Releases '' . Box Office Pro . September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' It ' Scares Up Record - Crushing $13.5 Million Thursday '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crazed Clown Cashes Smashes Sept. , Genre Records As Stephen King 's ' It ' Pulls In $123 M+ Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Stephen King 's ' It ' Smashes Records With Massive $117 Million Opening '' . Variety . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It ' Scares Up $11.4 M , Biggest Tuesday Ever For September ; Stephen King Film To Clear $200 M This Weekend '' . Deadline.com . September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony . `` ' American Assassin ' Collects $915 K In Previews ; ' It ' Still King Of The B.O. As Horror Pic Heads To $200 M + '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony . `` ' Mother ! ' Dies With ' F ' CinemaScore And $7.5 M Start As ' It ' Becomes Biggest September Release Ever With $218 M+ Cume '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony ( September 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Kingsman : The Golden Circle ' Ropes $38 M+ ; ' Ninjago ' Dulls Sword To $21 M ; ' Friend Request ' A Loner With $1.8 M '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kingsman ' Edges Out ' It ' In Fierce Three - Way B.O. Tie ; Early AM Figures Have ' American Made ' In 3rd '' . Deadline.com . October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro . `` Blumhouse Has Plenty To Smile About As ' Happy Death Day ' Scares Up $26 M+ Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` No doubt about ' IT ' : Stephen King clown puts serious scares on screen '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Andrew Barker ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mark Kermode ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` It review -- enthusiastic , cine - literate retelling of Stephen King 's horror novel '' . The Observer . The Guardian ) ) . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Christopher Orr ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` It : A Solid but Conventional Shocker '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zack Sharf ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Reviews Are Disappointed the Film Uses ' Too Many Jump Scares ' That Do n't Add Up '' . IndieWire . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Phillips ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' review : Stand by me , and we 'll deal with this clown '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eric Kohn ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Review : Stephen King 's Killer Clown Faithfully Comes to Life , But Do n't Expect Any Surprises '' . IndieWire . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Nashawaty ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` It delivers the scares , despite too much clowning around '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Trailer Awards Nominees : Warner Bros & ' Lego Batman ' Lead Pack '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Hilary ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Trailer Awards : ' Lego Batman Movie ' Leads With 11 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Wins Top Prize at Golden Trailer Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.goldentrailer.com/gta-18-nominees/ Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : ' It ' Movie Hopefully Shooting This Year ; Will Be Rated - R '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' Director Andy Muschietti Says He 's Coming Back for a Sequel '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zinski , Dan ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Second IT Movie Adaptation Aims to Start Filming Next Year '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King 's It sequel set to start filming next spring '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wax , Alyse ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` STEPHEN KING 'S IT ALREADY HAS A SEQUEL PLANNED '' . Syfy . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' Director Andy Muschietti on Reinventing Pennywise and Sequel Plans '' . Collider.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Sean ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Why The IT Movie Left The Adult Storyline Out Of The First Film '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` The ' IT ' Movie Had to Cut Two Crazy Scenes to Stay On - Budget '' . Collider.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Sequel Sets September 2019 Release Date '' . Variety.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Movie Sequel Plans Move Forward at New Line '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . External links Film in the United States portal Horror fiction portal 2010s portal Official website It on IMDb It at AllMovie It at Box Office Mojo It at Rotten Tomatoes It at Metacritic Films directed by Andy Muschietti Mama ( 2013 ) It ( 2017 ) Cary Fukunaga Films directed Sin Nombre ( 2009 ) Jane Eyre ( 2011 ) Beasts of No Nation ( 2015 ) Films written It ( 2017 ) Television series created Maniac ( TBA ) Television series directed True Detective ( 2014 ) Adaptations of works by Stephen King Films The Shining ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1983 ) The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) The Running Man ( 1987 ) Tales from the Darkside : The Movie ( 1990 ) Graveyard Shift ( 1990 ) Misery ( 1990 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) Needful Things ( 1993 ) The Dark Half ( 1993 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1995 ) Thinner ( 1996 ) The Night Flier ( 1997 ) The Green Mile ( 1999 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 2001 ) Dreamcatcher ( 2003 ) Secret Window ( 2004 ) Riding the Bullet ( 2004 ) 1408 ( 2007 ) The Mist ( 2007 ) Dolan 's Cadillac ( 2009 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Mercy ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) The Dark Tower ( 2017 ) It ( 2017 ) Gerald 's Game ( 2017 ) 1922 ( 2017 ) Carrie Carrie ( 1976 ) The Rage : Carrie 2 ( 1999 ) Carrie ( 2002 ) Carrie ( 2013 ) Creepshow Creepshow ( 1982 ) Creepshow 2 ( 1987 ) Creepshow 3 ( 2007 ) Children of the Corn Disciples of the Crow ( 1983 ) Children of the Corn ( 1984 ) The Final Sacrifice ( 1992 ) Urban Harvest ( 1995 ) The Gathering ( 1996 ) Fields of Terror ( 1998 ) Isaac 's Return ( 1999 ) Revelation ( 2001 ) Children of the Corn ( 2009 ) Genesis ( 2011 ) Different Seasons Stand by Me ( 1986 ) The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) Firestarter Firestarter ( 1984 ) Rekindled ( 2002 ) Trucks Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ) Trucks ( 1997 ) Pet Sematary Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Pet Sematary Two ( 1992 ) The Mangler The Mangler ( 1995 ) The Mangler 2 ( 2002 ) The Mangler Reborn ( 2005 ) The Lawnmower Man The Lawnmower Man ( 1992 ) Beyond Cyberspace ( 1996 ) TV films , episodes , and miniseries `` Gramma '' ( 1986 ) `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) It ( 1990 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1993 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Langoliers ( 1995 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) Quicksilver Highway ( 1997 ) `` The Revelations of Becka Paulson '' ( 1997 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Stephen King 's Desperation ( 2006 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes : From the Stories of Stephen King ( 2006 ) Bag of Bones ( 2011 ) Big Driver ( 2014 ) Salem 's Lot Salem 's Lot ( 1979 ) A Return to Salem 's Lot ( 1987 ) Salem 's Lot ( 2004 ) Sometimes They Come Back Sometimes They Come Back ( 1991 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... Again ( 1996 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... for More ( 1998 ) Rose Red Rose Red ( 2002 ) The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer ( 2003 ) TV series Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Dead Zone ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Haven ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Under the Dome ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 11.22. 63 ( 2016 ) The Mist ( 2017 ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2017 -- present ) Castle Rock ( TBA ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_(2017_film)&oldid=808011846 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films 2010s teen horror films 2010s psychological horror films Horror adventure films 2010s adventure films 2010s drama films 2010s mystery films 2010s thriller films 2017 horror films 2010s horror thriller films American horror thriller films American supernatural horror films American supernatural thriller films American psychological horror films American psychological thriller films American psychological drama films Horror drama films Horror films about clowns Films about children Films about domestic violence Films about bullying Films set in Maine Films set in 1988 Films set in 1989 Films set in fictional populated places Films based on American horror novels Films based on works by Stephen King Films produced by Dan Lin Warner Bros. films New Line Cinema films Films about shapeshifting Incest in film Maine in fiction American coming - of - age films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2017 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from October 2017 All articles needing style editing Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 10 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was stephen king's it filmed at | [
"On July 18, 2016, production crews had arrived in Riverdale, Toronto,[165][166][167] with filming beginning at 450 Pape Ave, which is home to a circa 1902 heritage-designated building called Cranfield House, up until August 19, 2016.[168][169] It was reported on September 4 that filming had wrapped in Oshawa, which included the haunted house location, as well as on Court and Fisher streets.[170] Principal photography was confirmed to have ended in Toronto on September 21, 2016,[171][172] with an altered shooting schedule occurring from June 27 to September 21, 2016, and post-production initially beginning on September 14, 2016.[173][174]",
"On July 18, 2016, production crews had arrived in Riverdale, Toronto,[165][166][167] with filming beginning at 450 Pape Ave, which is home to a circa 1902 heritage-designated building called Cranfield House, up until August 19, 2016.[168][169] It was reported on September 4 that filming had wrapped in Oshawa, which included the haunted house location, as well as on Court and Fisher streets.[170] Principal photography was confirmed to have ended in Toronto on September 21, 2016,[171][172] with an altered shooting schedule occurring from June 27 to September 21, 2016, and post-production initially beginning on September 14, 2016.[173][174]",
"On July 18, 2016, production crews had arrived in Riverdale, Toronto,[165][166][167] with filming beginning at 450 Pape Ave, which is home to a circa 1902 heritage-designated building called Cranfield House, up until August 19, 2016.[168][169] It was reported on September 4 that filming had wrapped in Oshawa, which included the haunted house location, as well as on Court and Fisher streets.[170] Principal photography was confirmed to have ended in Toronto on September 21, 2016,[171][172] with an altered shooting schedule occurring from June 27 to September 21, 2016, and post-production initially beginning on September 14, 2016.[173][174]",
"On July 18, 2016, production crews had arrived in Riverdale, Toronto,[165][166][167] with filming beginning at 450 Pape Ave, which is home to a circa 1902 heritage-designated building called Cranfield House, up until August 19, 2016.[168][169] It was reported on September 4 that filming had wrapped in Oshawa, which included the haunted house location, as well as on Court and Fisher streets.[170] Principal photography was confirmed to have ended in Toronto on September 21, 2016,[171][172] with an altered shooting schedule occurring from June 27 to September 21, 2016, and post-production initially beginning on September 14, 2016.[173][174]"
] | [
"Riverdale, Toronto",
"Oshawa",
"Court and Fisher streets",
"Toronto"
] |
3398616890936888900 | Dracula | Dracula - wikipedia Dracula This article is about the novel . For the eponymous character , see Count Dracula . For other uses , see Dracula ( disambiguation ) . The cover of the first edition Author Bram Stoker Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Horror , Gothic Publisher Archibald Constable and Company ( UK ) Publication date 26 May 1897 ( 1897 - 05 - 26TUK ) OCLC 1447002 Dracula is an 1897 Gothic horror novel by Irish author Bram Stoker . It introduced Count Dracula , and established many conventions of subsequent vampire fantasy . The novel tells the story of Dracula 's attempt to move from Transylvania to England so that he may find new blood and spread the undead curse , and of the battle between Dracula and a small group of men and a woman led by Professor Abraham Van Helsing . Dracula has been assigned to many literary genres including vampire literature , horror fiction , the gothic novel , and invasion literature . The novel has spawned numerous theatrical , film , and television interpretations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 1.1 Deleted ending 2 Characters 3 Background 4 Publication 5 Reaction and scholarly criticism 5.1 Scholarly criticism 6 Historical and geographical references 7 Sequels and prequels 7.1 `` Dracula 's Guest '' 7.2 Dracula the Un-dead 7.3 Dracul 8 Adaptations 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Stoker 's handwritten notes on the characters in the novel The story is told in epistolary format , as a series of letters , diary entries , newspaper articles , and ships ' log entries , whose narrators are the novel 's protagonists , and occasionally supplemented with newspaper clippings relating events not directly witnessed . The events portrayed in the novel take place chronologically and largely in England and Transylvania during the 1890s and all transpire within the same year between 3 May and 6 November . A short note is located at the end of the final chapter written 7 years after the events outlined in the novel . The tale begins with Jonathan Harker , a newly qualified English solicitor , visiting Count Dracula in the Carpathian Mountains on the border of Transylvania , Bukovina , and Moldavia , to provide legal support for a real estate transaction overseen by Harker 's employer , Mr Peter Hawkins of Exeter . At first enticed by Dracula 's gracious manners , Harker soon realizes that he is Dracula 's prisoner . Wandering the Count 's castle against Dracula 's admonition , Harker encounters three female vampires , called `` the sisters '' , from whom he is rescued by Dracula . Harker soon realizes that Dracula himself is also a vampire . After the preparations are made , Dracula leaves Transylvania and abandons Harker to the sisters . Harker barely escapes from the castle with his life . Dracula boards a Russian ship , the Demeter , taking along with him boxes of Transylvanian soil , which he required in order to regain his strength . Not long afterward , the ship having weighed anchor at Varna , runs aground on the shores of Whitby in the east coast of England . The captain 's log narrates the gradual disappearance of the entire crew , until the captain alone remained , himself bound to the helm to maintain course . An animal resembling `` a large dog '' is seen leaping ashore . The ship 's cargo is described as silver sand and 50 boxes of `` mould '' , or earth , from Transylvania . It is later learned that Dracula successfully purchased multiple estates under the alias ' Count De Ville ' throughout London and devised to distribute the 50 boxes to each of them utilizing transportation services as well as moving them himself . He does this to secure for himself `` lairs '' and the 50 boxes of earth would be used as his graves which would grant safety and rest during times of feeding and replenishing his strength . Harker 's fiancée , Mina Murray , is staying with her friend Lucy Westenra , who is holidaying in Whitby . Lucy receives three marriage proposals from Dr. John Seward , Quincey Morris , and Arthur Holmwood ( the son of Lord Godalming who later obtains the title himself ) . Lucy accepts Holmwood 's proposal while turning down Seward and Morris , but all remain friends . Dracula communicates with Seward 's patient , Renfield , an insane man who wishes to consume insects , spiders , birds , and rats to absorb their `` life force '' . Renfield is able to detect Dracula 's presence and supplies clues accordingly . Soon Dracula is indirectly shown to be stalking Lucy . As time passes she begins to suffer from episodes of sleepwalking and dementia , as witnessed by Mina . When Lucy begins to waste away suspiciously , Seward invites his old teacher , Abraham Van Helsing , who immediately determines the true cause of Lucy 's condition . He refuses to disclose it but diagnoses her with acute blood - loss . Van Helsing prescribes numerous blood transfusions to which he , Seward , Quincey , and Arthur all contribute over time . Van Helsing also prescribes garlic flowers to be placed throughout her room and weaves a necklace of withered garlic blossoms for her to wear . However she continues to waste away -- appearing to lose blood every night . While both doctors are absent , Lucy and her mother are attacked by a wolf and Mrs. Westenra , who has a heart condition , dies of fright . Van Helsing attempts to protect her with garlic but fate thwarts him each night , whether Lucy 's mother removes the garlic from her room , or Lucy herself does so in her restless sleep . The doctors have found two small puncture marks about her neck , which Dr. Seward is at a loss to understand . After Lucy dies , Van Helsing places a golden crucifix over her mouth , ostensibly to delay or prevent Lucy 's vampiric conversion . Fate conspires against him again when Van Helsing finds the crucifix in the possession of one of the servants who stole it off Lucy 's corpse . Following Lucy 's death and burial , the newspapers report children being stalked in the night by a `` bloofer lady '' ( i.e. , `` beautiful lady '' ) . Van Helsing , knowing Lucy has become a vampire , confides in Seward , Lord Godalming , and Morris . The suitors and Van Helsing track her down and , after a confrontation with her , stake her heart , behead her , and fill her mouth with garlic . Around the same time , Jonathan Harker arrives from Budapest , where Mina marries him after his escape , and he and Mina join the campaign against Dracula . The vampire hunters stay at Dr. Seward 's residence , holding nightly meetings and providing reports based on each of their various tasks . Mina discovers that each of their journals and letters collectively contain clues to which they can track him down . She tasks herself with collecting them , researching newspaper clippings , fitting the most relevant entries into chronological order and typing out copies to distribute to each of the party which they are to study . Jonathan Harker tracks down the shipments of boxed graves and the estates which Dracula has purchased in order to store them . Van Helsing conducts research along with Dr. Seward to analyze the behaviour of their patient Renfield who they learn is directly influenced by Dracula . They also research historical events , folklore , and superstitions from various cultures to understand Dracula 's powers and weaknesses . Van Helsing also establishes a criminal profile on Dracula in order to better understand his actions and predict his movements . Arthur Holmwood 's fortune assists in funding the entire operation and expenses . As they discover the various properties Dracula had purchased , the male protagonists team up to raid each property and are several times confronted by Dracula . As they discover each of the boxed graves scattered throughout London , they pry them open to place and seal wafers of sacramental bread within . This act renders the boxes of earth completely useless to Dracula as he is unable to open , enter or further transport them . After Dracula learns of the group 's plot against him , he attacks Mina on three occasions , and feeds Mina his own blood to control her . This curses Mina with vampirism and changes her but does not completely turn her into a vampire . Van Helsing attempts to bless Mina through prayer and by placing a wafer of sacrament against her forehead , but it burns her upon contact leaving a wretched scar . Under this curse , Mina oscillates from consciousness to a semi-trance during which she perceives Dracula 's surroundings and actions . Van Helsing is able to use hypnotism twice a day , at dawn and at sunset , to put her into this trance to further track Dracula 's movements . Mina , afraid of Dracula 's link with her , urges the team not to tell her their plans out of fear that Dracula will be listening . After the protagonists discover and sterilize 49 boxes found throughout his lairs in London , they learn that Dracula has fled with the missing 50th box back to his castle in Transylvania . They pursue him under the guidance of Mina . They split up into teams once they reach Europe ; Van Helsing and Mina team up to locate the castle of Dracula while the others attempt to ambush the boat Dracula is using to reach his home . Van Helsing raids the castle and destroys the vampire `` sisters '' . Upon discovering Dracula being transported by Gypsies , the three teams converge and attack the caravan carrying Dracula in the 50th box of Earth . After dispatching many Gypsies who were sworn to protect the Count , Harker shears Dracula through the throat with a kukri knife , while the mortally wounded Quincey stabs the Count in the heart with a Bowie knife . Dracula crumbles to dust , and Mina is freed from her curse of vampirism , as the scar on her forehead disappears . Soon after , Quincey dies from his wounds . The book closes with a note left by Jonathan Harker seven years after the events of the novel , detailing his married life with Mina and the birth of their son , whom they name after all four members of the party , but address as `` Quincey '' . Quincey is depicted sitting on the knee of Van Helsing as they recount their adventure . Seward and Arthur have each gotten married . Deleted ending ( edit ) A small section was removed from a draft of the final chapter , in which Dracula 's castle falls apart as he dies , hiding the fact that vampires were ever there . As we looked there came a terrible convulsion of the earth so that we seemed to rock to and fro and fell to our knees . At the same moment with a roar which seemed to shake the very heavens the whole castle and the rock and even the hill on which it stood seemed to rise into the air and scatter in fragments while a mighty cloud of black and yellow smoke volume on volume in rolling grandeur was shot upwards with inconceivable rapidity . Then there was a stillness in nature as the echoes of that thunderous report seemed to come as with the hollow boom of a thunder - clap -- the long reverberating roll which seems as though the floors of heaven shook . Then down in a mighty ruin falling whence they rose came the fragments that had been tossed skywards in the cataclysm . From where we stood it seemed as though the one fierce volcano burst had satisfied the need of nature and that the castle and the structure of the hill had sunk again into the void . We were so appalled with the suddenness and the grandeur that we forgot to think of ourselves . -- Deleted excerpt from the original Dracula manuscript Characters ( edit ) Jonathan Harker : A solicitor sent to do business with Count Dracula ; Mina 's fiancé and prisoner in Dracula 's castle . Count Dracula : A Transylvanian noble who has purchased a house in London . Wilhelmina `` Mina '' Harker ( née Murray ) : A schoolteacher and Jonathan Harker 's fiancée ( later his wife ) . Lucy Westenra : A 19 - year - old aristocrat ; Mina 's best friend ; Arthur 's fiancée and Dracula 's first victim . Arthur Holmwood : Lucy 's suitor and later fiancé . He inherits the title of Lord Godalming upon his father 's death . John Seward : A doctor ; one of Lucy 's suitors and a former student of Van Helsing . Abraham Van Helsing : A Dutch doctor , lawyer and professor ; John Seward 's teacher . Quincey Morris : An American cowboy and explorer ; and one of Lucy 's suitors . Renfield : A patient at Seward 's insane asylum who has come under the influence of Dracula . `` Weird Sisters '' : Three siren - like vampire women who serve Dracula . In some of the later adaptations to stage and screen , they are referred to as the Brides of Dracula . Background ( edit ) Between 1879 and 1898 , Stoker was a business manager for the Lyceum Theatre in London , where he supplemented his income by writing a large number of sensational novels , his most successful being the vampire tale Dracula published on 26 May 1897 . Parts of it are set around the town of Whitby , where he spent summer holidays . Throughout the 1880s and 1890s , authors such as H. Rider Haggard , Rudyard Kipling , Robert Louis Stevenson , Arthur Conan Doyle , and H.G. Wells wrote many tales in which fantastic creatures threatened the British Empire . Invasion literature was at a peak , and Stoker 's formula was very familiar by 1897 to readers of fantastic adventure stories , of an invasion of England by continental European influences . Victorian readers enjoyed Dracula as a good adventure story like many others , but it did not reach its legendary status until later in the 20th century when film versions began to appear . Shakespearean actor and friend of Stoker 's Sir Henry Irving was a possible real - life inspiration for the character of Dracula . The role was tailor - made to his dramatic presence , gentlemanly mannerisms , and affinity for playing villain roles . Irving , however , never agreed to play the part on stage . Before writing Dracula , Stoker spent seven years researching European folklore and stories of vampires , being most influenced by Emily Gerard 's 1885 essay `` Transylvania Superstitions '' which includes content about a vampire myth . Some historians are convinced that a historic figure , Vlad III Dracula , often called Vlad the Impaler , was the model for Stoker 's Count although there is no supporting evidence . Stoker borrowed only `` scraps of miscellaneous information '' , according to one expert , about this bloodthirsty tyrant of Wallachia and there are no comments about him in Stoker 's working notes . Dracula scholar Elizabeth Miller has remarked that aside from the name and some mention of Romanian history , the background of Stoker 's Count bears no resemblance to that of Vlad III Dracula . Later he also claimed that he had a nightmare , caused by eating too much crab meat , about a `` vampire king '' rising from his grave . Although a widely known vampire novel , Dracula was not the first . Johann Wolfgang von Goethe published The Bride of Corinth in 1797 . ( `` From my grave to wander I am forc 'd Still to seek The God 's long - sever 'd link , Still to love the bridegroom I have lost , And the life - blood of his heart to drink ; ) Later Sheridan Le Fanu 's 1871 Carmilla , about a lesbian vampire could have inspired Bram Stoker 's Dracula , or Varney the Vampire , a lengthy penny dreadful serial from the mid-Victorian period by James Malcolm Rymer . John Polidori created the image of a vampire portrayed as an aristocratic man , like the character of Dracula , in his tale `` The Vampyre '' ( 1819 ) . ( He wrote Vampyre during a summer which he spent with Frankenstein creator Mary Shelley , her husband poet Percy Bysshe Shelley , and Lord Byron in 1816 . ) The Lyceum Theatre where Stoker worked between 1878 and 1898 was headed by actor - manager Henry Irving , who was Stoker 's real - life inspiration for Dracula 's mannerisms and who Stoker hoped would play Dracula in a stage version . Irving never did agree to do a stage version , but Dracula 's dramatic sweeping gestures and gentlemanly mannerisms drew their living embodiment from Irving . The Dead Un-Dead was one of Stoker 's original titles for Dracula , and the manuscript was entitled simply The Un-Dead up until a few weeks before publication . Stoker 's notes for Dracula show that the name of the count was originally `` Count Wampyr '' , but Stoker became intrigued by the name `` Dracula '' while doing research , after reading William Wilkinson 's book An Account of the Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia with Political Observations Relative to Them ( London 1820 ) , which he found in the Whitby Library and consulted a number of times during visits to Whitby in the 1890s . The name Dracula was the patronym ( Drăculea ) of the descendants of Vlad II of Wallachia , who took the name `` Dracul '' after being invested in the Order of the Dragon in 1431 . In the Old Romanian language , the word dracul ( Romanian drac `` dragon '' + - ul `` the '' ) meant `` the dragon '' and Dracula meant `` son of the dragon '' . In the present day however , dracul means `` the devil '' . Publication ( edit ) Dracula was published in London in May 1897 by Archibald Constable and Company . Costing six shillings , the novel was bound yellow cloth and titled in red letters . It was copyrighted in the United States in 1899 with the publication by Doubleday & McClure of New York . But when Universal Studios purchased the rights , it came to light that Bram Stoker had not complied with a portion of US copyright law , placing the novel into the public domain . In the United Kingdom and other countries following the Berne Convention on copyrights , the novel was under copyright until April 1962 , fifty years after Stoker 's death . Reaction and scholarly criticism ( edit ) 1899 first American edition , Doubleday & McClure , New York . Dracula was not an immediate bestseller when it was first published , although reviewers were unstinting in their praise . The contemporary Daily Mail ranked Stoker 's powers above those of Mary Shelley and Edgar Allan Poe , as well as Emily Brontë 's Wuthering Heights . According to literary historians Nina Auerbach and David J. Skal in the Norton Critical Edition , the novel has become more significant for modern readers than it was for Victorian readers , most of whom enjoyed it just as a good adventure story . It reached its broad and iconic status only later in the 20th century when the movie versions appeared . A. Asbjørn Jøn has also noted that Dracula has had a significant impact on the image of the vampire in popular culture , folklore , and legend . It did not make much money for Stoker . In the last year of his life , he was so poor that he had to petition for a compassionate grant from the Royal Literary Fund , and his widow was forced to sell his notes and outlines of the novel at a Sotheby 's auction in 1913 , where they were purchased for a little over £ 2 . But then F.W. Murnau 's unauthorized adaptation of the story was released in theatres in 1922 in the form of Nosferatu . Stoker 's widow took affront and , during the legal battle that followed , the novel 's popularity started to grow . Nosferatu was followed by a highly successful stage adaptation , touring the UK for three years before arriving in the US where Stoker 's creation caught Hollywood 's attention and , after the American 1931 movie version was released , the book has never been out of print . However , some Victorian fans were ahead of the time , describing it as `` the sensation of the season '' and `` the most blood - curdling novel of the paralysed century '' . Sherlock Holmes author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle wrote to Stoker in a letter , `` I write to tell you how very much I have enjoyed reading Dracula . I think it is the very best story of diablerie which I have read for many years . '' The Daily Mail review of 1 June 1897 proclaimed it a classic of Gothic horror , `` In seeking a parallel to this weird , powerful , and horrorful story our mind reverts to such tales as The Mysteries of Udolpho , Frankenstein , The Fall of the House of Usher ... but Dracula is even more appalling in its gloomy fascination than any one of these . '' Similarly good reviews appeared when the book was published in the U.S. in 1899 . The first American edition was published by Doubleday & McClure in New York . Scholarly criticism ( edit ) In the last several decades , literary and cultural scholars have offered diverse analyses of Stoker 's novel and the character of Count Dracula . C.F. Bentley reads Dracula as an embodiment of the Freudian id . Carol A. Senf reads the novel as a response to the powerful New Woman , while Christopher Craft sees Dracula as embodying latent homosexuality and sees the text as an example of a ' characteristic , if hyperbolic instance of Victorian anxiety over the potential fluidity of gender roles ' . Stephen D. Arata interprets the events of the novel as anxiety over colonialism and racial mixing , and Talia Schaffer construes the novel as an indictment of Oscar Wilde . Franco Moretti reads Dracula as a figure of monopoly capitalism , though Hollis Robbins suggests that Dracula 's inability to participate in social conventions and to forge business partnerships undermines his power . Richard Noll reads Dracula within the context of 19th century alienism ( psychiatry ) and asylum medicine . D. Bruno Starrs understands the novel to be a pro-Catholic pamphlet promoting proselytization . Historical and geographical references ( edit ) Dracula is a work of fiction , but it does contain some historical references ; although it is a matter of conjecture and debate as to how much historical connection was deliberate on Stoker 's part . Attention was drawn to the supposed connections between the historical Transylvanian - born Vlad III Dracula ( also known as Vlad Tepes ) of Wallachia and Bram Stoker 's fictional Dracula , following the publication of In Search of Dracula by Radu Florescu and Raymond McNally in 1972 . During his main reign ( 1456 -- 1462 ) , `` Vlad the Impaler '' is said to have killed from 40,000 to 100,000 European civilians ( political rivals , criminals , and anyone that he considered `` useless to humanity '' ) , mainly by impaling . The sources depicting these events are records by Saxon settlers in neighbouring Transylvania who had frequent clashes with Vlad III . Vlad III is revered as a folk hero by Romanians for driving off the invading Ottoman Turks , of whom his impaled victims are said to have included as many as 100,000 . There is no solid evidence that the Count in the novel was modelled on Vlad the Impaler of Wallachia . At most , Stoker borrowed only the name Dracula and `` scraps of miscellaneous information '' about Romanian history , according to one expert , Elizabeth Miller ; as well , and there are no comments about him in the author 's working notes . Vlad the Impaler . Historically , the name `` Dracula '' is derived from a Chivalric order called the Order of the Dragon , founded by Sigismund of Luxembourg ( then king of Hungary ) to uphold Christianity and defend the Empire against the Ottoman Turks . Vlad II Dracul , father of Vlad III , was admitted to the order around 1431 , after which Vlad II wore the emblem of the order and later , as ruler of Wallachia , his coinage bore the dragon symbol , from which the name `` Dracula '' is derived since `` dracul '' in Romanian means `` the dragon '' . People of Wallachia only knew voievod ( king ) Vlad III as Vlad Țepeș ( the Impaler ) . The name `` Dracula '' became popular in Romania after publication of Stoker 's book . Contrary to popular belief , the name Dracula does not translate to `` son of the devil '' in Romanian , which would be `` pui de drac '' . Stoker came across the name Dracula in his reading on Romanian history , and chose this to replace the name ( Count Wampyr ) originally intended for his villain. Some Dracula scholars led by Elizabeth Miller argue that Stoker knew little of the historic Vlad III except for the name `` Dracula '' in addition to a few bits of Romanian history . Stoker mentions that his Dracula fought against the Turks and was later betrayed by his brother , historical facts in the novel which point to Vlad III : Who was it but one of my own race who as Voivode crossed the Danube and beat the Turk on his own ground ? This was a Dracula indeed ! Woe was it that his own unworthy brother , when he had fallen , sold his people to the Turk and brought the shame of slavery on them ! Was it not this Dracula , indeed , who inspired that other of his race who in a later age again and again brought his forces over the great river into Turkey - land ; who , when he was beaten back , came again , and again , though he had to come alone from the bloody field where his troops were being slaughtered , since he knew that he alone could ultimately triumph ! ( Chapter 3 , pp. 19 ) The Count 's identity is later speculated on by Professor Van Helsing : He must , indeed , have been that Voivode Dracula who won his name against the Turk , over the great river on the very frontier of Turkey - land . ( Chapter 18 , p. 145 ) Many of Stoker 's biographers and literary critics have found strong similarities to the earlier Irish writer Sheridan Le Fanu 's classic of the vampire genre Carmilla . In writing Dracula , Stoker may also have drawn on stories about the sídhe , some of which feature blood - drinking women . The Irish legend of Abhartach has also been suggested as a source . In 1983 , McNally additionally suggested that Stoker was influenced by the history of Hungarian Countess Elizabeth Bathory , who allegedly tortured and killed between 36 and 700 young women . It was later a commonly believed rumor that she committed these crimes to bathe in their blood , believing that this preserved her youth . In her book The Essential Dracula , Clare Haword - Maden suggested that the castle of Count Dracula was inspired by Slains Castle , at which Bram Stoker was a guest of the 19th Earl of Erroll . According to Miller , he first visited Cruden Bay in 1893 , three years after work had begun on Dracula . Haining and Tremaine maintain that , during this visit , Stoker was especially impressed by Slains Castle 's interior and the surrounding landscape . Miller and Leatherdale question the stringency of this connection . Possibly , Stoker was not inspired by a real edifice at all , but by Jules Verne 's novel The Carpathian Castle ( 1892 ) or Anne Radcliffe 's The Mysteries of Udolpho ( 1794 ) . A third possibility is that he copied information about a castle at Vécs from one of his sources on Transylvania , the book by Major E.C. Johnson . A further option is that Stoker saw an illustration of Castle Bran ( Törzburg ) in the book on Transylvania by Charles Boner , or read about it in the books by Mazuchelli or Crosse . Many of the scenes in Whitby and London are based on real places that Stoker frequently visited , although he distorts the geography for the sake of the story in some cases . One scholar has suggested that Stoker chose Whitby as the site of Dracula 's first appearance in England because of the Synod of Whitby , given the novel 's preoccupation with timekeeping and calendar disputes . Daniel Farson , Leonard Wolf , and Peter Haining have suggested that Stoker received much historical information from Ármin Vámbéry , a Hungarian professor whom he met at least twice . Miller argues , `` there is nothing to indicate that the conversation included Vlad , vampires , or even Transylvania '' , and `` furthermore , there is no record of any other correspondence between Stoker and Vámbéry , nor is Vámbéry mentioned in Stoker 's notes for Dracula . '' Sequels and prequels ( edit ) `` Dracula 's Guest '' ( edit ) Main article : Dracula 's Guest Cover of Dracula 's Guest and Other Weird Stories , a collection of short stories authored by Bram Stoker The short story `` Dracula 's Guest '' was posthumously published in 1914 , two years after Stoker 's death . It was , according to most contemporary critics , the deleted first ( or second ) chapter from the original manuscript and the one which gave the volume its name , but which the original publishers deemed unnecessary to the overall story . `` Dracula 's Guest '' follows an unnamed Englishman traveller as he wanders around Munich before leaving for Transylvania . It is Walpurgis Night and the young Englishman foolishly leaves his hotel , in spite of the coachman 's warnings , and wanders through a dense forest alone . Along the way , he feels that he is being watched by a tall and thin stranger ( possibly Count Dracula ) . The short story climaxes in an old graveyard where the Englishman , caught in a blizzard , takes refuge in the marble tomb of `` Countess Dolingen of Gratz '' . Within the tomb , he sees the Countess -- apparently asleep and healthy -- but before he can investigate further , a mysterious force throws him clear of the tomb . A lightning bolt then strikes the tomb , destroying it and incinerating the undead screaming countess . The Englishman then loses consciousness . He awakens to find a `` gigantic '' wolf lying on his chest and licking at his throat ; however , the wolf merely keeps him warm and protects him until help arrives . When the Englishman is finally taken back to his hotel , a telegram awaits him from his expectant host Dracula , with a warning about `` dangers from snow and wolves and night '' . Dracula the Un-Dead ( edit ) Main article : Dracula the Un-dead In 2009 , an official sequel was published , written by Bram Stoker 's great grand - nephew Dacre Stoker and Ian Holt . Dracul ( edit ) Dacre Stoker and J.D. Barker will write a prequel to Dracula titled Dracul . An interpretation of the missing 101 pages of the original novel , it was pieced together from Bram Stoker 's editorial notes , artifacts , and journals . Adaptations ( edit ) Further information : Dracula in popular culture Bela Lugosi as Count Dracula in the 1931 film . The story of Dracula has been the basis for numerous films and plays . Stoker himself wrote the first theatrical adaptation , which was presented at the Lyceum Theatre on 18 May 1897 under the title Dracula , or The Undead shortly before the novel 's publication and performed only once , in order to establish his own copyright for such adaptations . This adaption was first published only a century later in October 1997 . The first motion picture to feature Dracula was Dracula 's Death , produced in Hungary in 1921 . The now - lost film , however , was not an adaptation of Stoker 's novel , but featured an original story . F.W. Murnau 's unauthorised film adaptation Nosferatu was released in 1922 , and the popularity of the novel increased considerably , owing to an attempt by Stoker 's widow to have the film removed from public circulation . Prana Film , the production company , had been unable to obtain permission to adapt the story from Bram 's widow Florence Stoker , so screenwriter Henrik Galeen was told to alter numerous details to avoid legal trouble . Galeen transplanted the action of the story from 1890s England to 1830s Germany and reworked several characters , dropping some ( such as Lucy and all three of her suitors ) , and renaming others ( Dracula became Orlok , Jonathan Harker became Thomas Hutter , Mina became Ellen , and so on ) . This attempt failed to avoid a court case , however ; Florence Stoker sued Prana Film , and all copies of the film were ordered to be destroyed . However , the company was bankrupt , and Stoker only recovered her legal fees in damages . Some copies survived and found their way into theatres . Eventually , Florence Stoker gave up the fight against public displays of the film . Subsequent rereleases of the film have typically undone some of the changes , such as restoring the original character names ( a practice also followed by Werner Herzog in his 1979 remake of Murnau 's film Nosferatu the Vampyre ) . Florence Stoker licensed the story to playwright Hamilton Deane , whose 1924 stage play adaptation toured England for several years before settling down in London . In 1927 , American stage producer Horace Liveright hired John L. Balderston to revise Deane 's script in advance of its American premiere . Balderston significantly compressed the story , most notably consolidating or removing several characters . The Deane play and its Balderston revisions introduced an expanded role and history for Renfield , who now replaced Jonathan Harker as Dracula 's solicitor in the first part of the story ; combined Mina Harker and Lucy Westenra into a single character ( named Lucy ) ; and omitted both Arthur Holmwood and Quincey Morris entirely . When the play premiered in New York , it was with Bela Lugosi in the title role , and with Edward van Sloan as Abraham Van Helsing , roles which both actors ( as well as Herbert Bunston as Dr. Seward ) reprised for the English - language version of the 1931 Universal Studios film production . The 1931 film was one of the most commercially successful adaptations of the story to date ; it and the Deane / Balderston play that preceded it set the standard for film and television adaptations of the story , with the alterations to the novel becoming standard for later adaptations for decades to come . Universal Studios continued to feature the character of Dracula in many of their horror films from the 1930s and 1940s . Christopher Lee as the title character in Dracula ( 1958 ) In 1958 , British film company Hammer Film Productions followed the success of its The Curse of Frankenstein from the previous year with Dracula , released in the US as The Horror of Dracula , directed by Terence Fisher . Fisher 's production featured Christopher Lee as Dracula and Peter Cushing as Van Helsing . It was an international hit for Hammer Film , and Lee fixed the image of the fanged vampire in popular culture . Both Lee and Cushing reprised their roles multiple times over the next decade and a half , concluding with The Legend of the 7 Golden Vampires ( with Cushing but not Lee ) in 1974 . Christopher Lee also took on the role of Dracula in Count Dracula , a 1970 Spanish - Italian - German coproduction notable for its adherence to the plot of the original novel . Playing the part of Renfield in that version was Klaus Kinski , who later played Dracula himself in 1979 's Nosferatu the Vampyre . In 1977 , the BBC made Count Dracula , a 155 - minute adaptation for television starring Louis Jourdan . Later film adaptations include John Badham 's 1979 Dracula , starring Frank Langella and inspired by the 1977 Broadway revival of the Deane / Hamilton play , and Francis Ford Coppola 's 1992 Bram Stoker 's Dracula , starring Gary Oldman . The character of Count Dracula has remained popular over the years , and many films have used the character as a villain , while others have named him in their titles , including Dracula 's Daughter and The Brides of Dracula . As of 2009 , an estimated 217 films feature Dracula in a major role , a number second only to Sherlock Holmes ( 223 films ) . A large number of these appearances are not adaptations of Stoker 's novel , but merely feature the character in an unrelated story . See also ( edit ) Horror fiction portal Vampire literature Church of Saint Mary , Whitby List of contemporary epistolary novels Bloodline ( Cary novel ) The Book of Renfield : A Gospel of Dracula A diary written by Renfield Dracula sequence Stories from Dracula 's point of view Clinical vampirism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bram Stoker - Novels '' . Bramstoker.org . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 6 , Mina Murray 's Journal , 26 July . p. 105 . Mr. Holmwood , he is the Hon . Arthur Holmwood , only son of Lord Godalming Jump up ^ Leonard Wolf ( 2004 ) . The Essential Dracula , Chapter 13 , Note 31 . `` Bloofer lady '' is explained as baby - talk for `` beautiful lady '' . Jump up ^ Symon , Evan V. ( 14 January 2013 ) . `` 10 Deleted Chapters that Transformed Famous Books '' . listverse.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Elizabeth . `` Original ( deleted ) ending of Bram Stoker 's Dracula '' . dracula.cc . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Barbara Belford ( 2002 ) . Bram Stoker and the Man Who Was Dracula . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81098 - 0 . Retrieved 4 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Abraham Stoker , Jr . A Collection By and About Bram Stoker , Himself '' . Bram Stoker LLC for Bram Stoker Estate . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Nina Auerbach and David Skal , editors . Dracula . Norton Critical Edition . 1997 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 97012 - 4 . Preface , first paragraph . Jump up ^ `` The Land beyond the forest : source material for Dracula '' . The British Library . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Davison 1997 , p. 142 . ^ Jump up to : Berni , Simone ( 14 April 2016 ) . `` Dracula by Bram Stoker The Mystery of The Early Editions '' . Lulu.com . Retrieved 8 October 2017 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Jr , Jimmie E. Cain ( 4 April 2006 ) . `` Bram Stoker and Russophobia : Evidence of the British Fear of Russia in Dracula and The Lady of the Shroud '' . McFarland . Retrieved 8 October 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` FRONTLINE / WORLD . Romania - My Old Haunts . Dracula : The Metamorphosis of a Fiend . Interview with the Vampire Queen : Elizabeth Miller - PBS '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Elizabeth ( 23 March 2005 ) . `` A Dracula Handbook '' . Xlibris Corporation . Retrieved 8 October 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Davison 1997 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ aapone ( 20 October 2009 ) . `` The Bride of Corinth ( From my grave to wander ) '' . The Bride of Corinth ( From my grave to wander ) . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Fanu , Joseph Sheridan Le ( 1 November 2003 ) . `` Carmilla '' . Gutenberg.org . Retrieved 8 October 2017 -- via Project Gutenberg . Jump up ^ Rymer , James Malcolm ( 1 October 2007 ) . `` Varney the Vampire ; Or , the Feast of Blood '' . Zittaw Press . Retrieved 8 October 2017 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Lewis S Warren , Buffalo Bill Meets Dracula : William F. Cody , Bram Stoker , and the Frontiers of Racial Decay Archived 6 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , American Historical Review , Vol. 107 , No. 4 , October 2002 , paragraph 18 Jump up ^ An account of the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia -- William Wilkinson , Longman , 1820 ( Google Free eBook ) Jump up ^ Radu R. Florescu and Raymond T. McNally Dracula , Prince of Many Faces. Little Brown . 1989 . ISBN 0316286567 . pp. 229 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Raymond T. McNally and Radu R. Florescu In Search of Dracula , The History of Dracula and Vampires ( Completely Revised ) . Houghton Mifflin. 1994 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 65783 - 0 . pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Thackeray , Frank W. ; Findling , John E. ( 31 May 2012 ) . `` Events That Formed the Modern World '' . ABC - CLIO . Retrieved 8 October 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Ph. D , DavidT Pudlevitcz ; PhD , Professor David T. Pudlevitcz ( 1 November 2003 ) . `` Blood of the Dragon '' . iUniverse . Retrieved 8 October 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Davison 1997 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Wood , Margaret . `` Copyright and Dracula '' . Library of Congress . Library of Congress . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dacre Stoker ; Ian Holt ( 13 October 2009 ) . Dracula The Un-Dead . Penguin Publishing Group . pp. 312 -- 313 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 525 - 95129 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lugosi v. Universal Pictures , 70 Cal. App. 3d 552 ( 1977 ) , note 4 . Jump up ^ Cited in Paul Murray 's `` From the Shadow of Dracula : A Life of Bram Stoker '' 2004 . pp. 363 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Nina Auerbach and David Skal , editors . Dracula . Norton Critical Edition . 1997 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 97012 - 4 . Preface , first paragraph . Jump up ^ Jøn , A. Asbjørn ( 2003 ) . `` Vampire Evolution '' . mETAphor ( 3 ) : 19 -- 23 . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Jøn , A. Asbjørn ( 2001 ) . `` From Nosteratu to Von Carstein : shifts in the portrayal of vampires '' . Australian Folklore : A Yearly Journal of Folklore Studies . University of New England ( 16 ) : 97 -- 106 . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bram Stoker -- Stoker , Irving & Count Vlad '' . Today in Literature. 20 April 1912 . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bram Stoker 's `` Dracula '' by Gothic Candlelight `` . Irishphiladelphia.com. 10 June 2011 . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sympathy for the Vampire : On `` Nosferatu '' `` . College Film & Media Studies . 2014 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . `` Cult Vampires -- Extract from Dracula by Bram Stoker '' . BBC . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Richard Dalby `` Bram Stoker '' , in Jack Sullivan ( ed ) The Penguin Encyclopedia of Horror and the Supernatural , 1986 , Viking , pp. 404 -- 6 , 405 . Jump up ^ Klinger , page xxxii Jump up ^ Cited in Nina Auerbach and David Skal , editors , Dracula , Norton Critical Edition , 1997 , pp. 363 -- 4 . Jump up ^ `` Bram Stoker - Dracula '' . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ C.F. Bentley 's . The Monster in the Bedroom : Sexual Symbolism in Bram Stoker 's Dracula Jump up ^ Senf , Carol A . The Vampire in Nineteenth - Century English Literature . Bowling Green : Popular Press , Jump up ^ Christopher Craft ( 1984 ) . `` Kiss Me with Those Red Lips '' : Gender and Inversion in Bram Stoker 's Dracula Jump up ^ Arata , Stephen D . The Occidental Tourist : Dracula and the Anxiety of Reverse Colonization , Victorian Studies 33.4 ( 1990 ) . Jump up ^ Schaffer , Talia ( 1994 ) . A Wilde Desire Took Me : the Homoerotic History of Dracula Jump up ^ Franco Moretti , `` The Dialectic of Fear , '' New Left Review 136 ( 1982 ) : 67 -- 85 ^ Jump up to : `` Killing Time : Dracula and Social Discoordination '' in Economics of the Undead Eds . Glen Whitman and James Dow ( Rowman & Littlefield , 2014 ) , chapter 23 Jump up ^ Bram Stoker 's Notes for Dracula : A Facsimile Edition by Robert Eighteen - Bisang & Elizabeth Miller ( McFarland , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Noll , Richard . `` Vampires Werewolves and Demons : Twentieth Century Case Reports in the Psychiatric Literature ( 1991 ) Richard Noll '' . Academia.edu . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 16 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Radu Florescu dead : Legacy of the Romanian ' Dracula professor ' '' . Independent.co.uk. 20 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreescu , Stefan ( 1999 ) . Vlad the Impaler ( Dracula ) . The Romanian Cultural Foundation Publishing House . ISBN 978 - 9735771973 . Jump up ^ Light , Duncan ( 23 March 2016 ) . `` The Dracula Dilemma : Tourism , Identity and the State in Romania '' . Routledge . Retrieved 8 October 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Ripley , Brian ( 17 October 2013 ) . `` Dracula '' . Strategic Book Publishing . Retrieved 8 October 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Onion , Rebecca . `` Bram Stoker 's Ever - Evolving List of Characters for Dracula '' . Slate . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Curran , Bob ( Summer 2000 ) . `` Was Dracula an Irishman ? '' . History Ireland . 8 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ McNally , Raymund . Dracula was a Woman . New York : McGraw - Hill , 1983 Jump up ^ Dennis Bathory - Kitsz . `` Báthory Erzsébet -- Elizabeth Bathory : Bram Stoker , Elizabeth Bathory , and Dracula ( Elizabeth Miller ) '' . Bathory.org . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Haword - Maden , Clare . The Essential Dracula . London : Bison Books , 1992 Jump up ^ Haining , Peter and Tremayne , Peter . The Un-Dead : The Legend of Bram Stoker and Dracila . London : Constable 1997 , quoted by Miller , Elizabeth . Dracula -- Sense & Nonsense , 2nd ed . Westcliff - on - Sea , UK : Desert Island Books , 2006 , p. 19 . See also Leatherdale , Clive . Dracula Unearthed . Westcliff - on - Sea , UK : Desert Island Books , 1998 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Elizabeth Miller , Dracula : Sense & Nonsense . 2nd ed . Westcliff - on - Sea , UK : Desert Island Books , 2006 , p. 141 Jump up ^ Major E.C. Johnson , On the Track of the Crescent : Erratic Notes from the Piraeus to Pesth . London : Hurst and Blackett , 1885 . p. 256 - 257 , quoted by Marius Crișan , The Models for Castle Dracula in Stoker 's Sources on Transylvania , Journal of Dracula Studies Nr 10 ( 2008 ) ; also referred to by Miller , 2006 , p. 141 Jump up ^ Charles Boner , Transylvania : Its Products and Its People . London : Longmans , 1865 . Referred to by Marius Crișan , The Models for Castle Dracula in Stoker 's Sources on Transylvania , Journal of Dracula Studies Nr 10 ( 2008 ) . As indicated by Crişan , Crosse 's book Round About the Carpathians and Mazuchelli 's Magyarland describe Törzburg as well . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Miller , Filing for Divorce Count Dracula vs Vlad Tepes Archived 8 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Dracula : The Shade and the Shadow , ed . Elizabeth Miller ( Westcliff - on - Sea : Desert Island Books , 1998 ; cf . Miller , Elizabeth . Dracula -- Sense & Nonsense , 2nd ed . Westcliff - on - Sea , UK : Desert Island Books , 2006 , p. 25 - 27 ) Jump up ^ James Craig Holte ( 1997 ) . Dracula Film Adaptations . p. 27 . ISBN 9780313292156 . Retrieved 4 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Missing original pages of Dracula are pieced together in Dracul : See the haunting cover '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram , ( 1997 ) . Dracula : or The Undead -- A Play in Prologue and Five Acts , Ed . Sylvia Starshine , Pumpkin Books , Nottingham . ISBN 1901914046 Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . `` -- Article at the BBC Cult website '' . BBC . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Jump up ^ J Gordon Melton ( 2010 ) . `` The Vampire Book : The Encyclopedia of the Undead '' . p. 247 . Visible Ink Press Jump up ^ `` Fangs for the memories : The A-Z of vampires '' ( October 31 , 2009 ) . The Independent . Bibliography ( edit ) Davison , Carol Margaret ( 1997 ) . Bram Stoker 's Dracula : Sucking Through the Century , 1897 -- 1997 . Toronto , Ontario : Dundurn . ISBN 9781554881055 . Dalby , Richard and Hughes , William . Bram Stoker : A Bibliography ( Westcliff - on - Sea : Desert Island Books , 2005 ) Frayling , Christopher . Vampyres : Lord Byron to Count Dracula ( 1992 ) ISBN 0 - 571 - 16792 - 6 Eighteen - Bisang , Robert and Miller , Elizabeth . Bram Stoker 's Notes for Dracula : A Facsimile Edition Toronto : McFarland , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3410 - 7 Hughes , William . Beyond Dracula : Bram Stoker 's Fiction and its Cultural Contexts ( Basingstoke : Macmillan , 2000 ) McNally , Raymond T. & Florescu , Radu . In Search of Dracula . Houghton Mifflin Company , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 65783 - 0 Miller , Elizabeth . Dracula : Sense & Nonsense . 2nd ed . Desert Island Books , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 905328 - 15 - X Schaffer , Talia . A Wilde Desire Took Me : the Homoerotic History of Dracula , in : ELH -- Volume 61 , Number 2 ( 1994 ) , pp. 381 -- 425 . Senf , Carol . Science and Social Science in Bram Stoker 's Fiction ( Greenwood , 2002 ) . Senf , Carol . Dracula : Between Tradition and Modernism ( Twayne , 1998 ) . Spencer , Kathleen . Purity and Danger : Dracula , the Urban Gothic , and the Late Victorian Degeneracy Crisis , in : ELH -- Volume 59 , Number 1 ( 1992 ) , pp. 197 -- 225 . Wolf , Leonard . The Essential Dracula . ibooks , inc. , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 9803 - 8 Klinger , Leslie S . The New Annotated Dracula . W.W. Norton & Co. , 2008 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 06450 - 6 Waters , Colin Gothic Whitby . History Press , 2009 -- ISBN 0 - 7524 - 5291 - 6 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Dracula Dracula at Project Gutenberg , text version of 1897 edition . Dracula from the CELT Project , HTML version of 1897 edition . TEI / XML Dracula , New York : Grosset & Dunlap , 1897 . Scanned first edition from Internet Archive . Dracula public domain audiobook at LibriVox Bram Stoker , Dracula and Whitby BBC article The Myth of Transylvania , Romanian Website dealing with the Dracula myth and the Western perception of Romania . Journal of Dracula Studies Links between Dracula , Bram Stoker and the Yorkshire town of Whitby ' hide Bram Stoker 's Dracula Characters Original novel Count Dracula Abraham Van Helsing Jonathan Harker Mina Harker Lucy Westenra Arthur Holmwood Dr. John Seward Quincey Morris Renfield Brides Other works Adri Nital Alucard Count Alucard Count Orlok Count von Count Doctor Sun Eva Hamilton Slade Janus Postmortem Turac Historical Vlad Călugărul Vlad the Impaler Vlad II Dracul Films Universal series Dracula ( 1931 English - language ) Drácula ( 1931 Spanish - language ) Dracula 's Daughter ( 1936 ) Son of Dracula ( 1943 ) House of Frankenstein ( 1944 ) House of Dracula ( 1945 ) Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein ( 1948 ) Hammer series Dracula ( 1958 ) The Brides of Dracula ( 1960 ) Dracula : Prince of Darkness ( 1966 ) Dracula Has Risen from the Grave ( 1968 ) Taste the Blood of Dracula ( 1970 ) Scars of Dracula ( 1970 ) Dracula A.D. 1972 ( 1972 ) The Satanic Rites of Dracula ( 1973 ) The Legend of the 7 Golden Vampires ( 1974 ) Dracula 2000 Dracula 2000 ( 2000 ) Dracula II : Ascension ( 2003 ) Dracula III : Legacy ( 2005 ) Parodies Mad Monster Party ? ( 1967 ) Batman Fights Dracula ( 1967 ) Blacula ( 1972 ) Mad Mad Mad Monsters ( 1972 ) Blood for Dracula ( 1974 ) Vampira ( 1974 ) Son of Dracula ( 1974 ) Dracula in the Provinces ( 1975 ) Dracula and Son ( 1976 ) Love at First Bite ( 1979 ) The Halloween That Almost Was n't ( 1979 ) Fracchia contro Dracula ( 1985 ) The Monster Squad ( 1987 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Reluctant Werewolf ( 1988 ) Dracula : Dead and Loving It ( 1995 ) Monster Mash ( 1995 ) Monster Mash ( 2000 ) Zora the Vampire ( 2000 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) Monster Family ( 2017 ) Hotel Transylvania 3 : Summer Vacation ( 2018 ) Other Dracula 's Death ( 1921 ) Nosferatu ( 1922 ) The Return of the Vampire ( 1943 ) Drakula İstanbul'da ( 1953 ) Blood of Dracula ( 1957 ) The Return of Dracula ( 1958 ) Batman Dracula ( 1964 ) Billy the Kid Versus Dracula ( 1966 ) Dracula ( 1968 ) Blood of Dracula 's Castle ( 1969 ) Count Dracula ( 1970 ) Los Monstruos del Terror ( 1970 ) Cuadecuc , vampir ( 1971 ) Vampyros Lesbos ( 1971 ) Dracula vs. Frankenstein ( 1971 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1973 ) Count Dracula 's Great Love ( 1974 ) Count Dracula ( 1977 ) Dracula 's Dog ( 1978 ) Doctor Dracula ( 1978 ) Nosferatu the Vampyre ( 1979 ) Dracula ( 1979 ) Nocturna : Granddaughter of Dracula ( 1979 ) Dracula 's Widow ( 1988 ) To Die For ( 1989 ) Sundown : The Vampire in Retreat ( 1989 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1992 ) Nadja ( 1994 ) Shadow of the Vampire ( 2000 ) Dark Prince : The True Story of Dracula ( 2000 ) Dracula : Pages from a Virgin 's Diary ( 2002 ) Dracula ( 2002 ) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen ( 2003 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) Van Helsing : The London Assignment ( 2004 ) Dracula 3000 ( 2004 ) The Vulture 's Eye ( 2004 ) Blade : Trinity ( 2004 ) The Batman vs. Dracula ( 2005 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula 's Curse ( 2006 ) Dracula ( 2006 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula 's Guest ( 2008 ) The Librarian : Curse of the Judas Chalice ( 2008 ) House of the Wolf Man ( 2009 ) Young Dracula ( 2011 ) Dracula Reborn ( 2012 ) Dracula 3D ( 2012 ) Saint Dracula 3D ( 2012 ) Dracula 2012 ( 2013 ) Dracula : The Dark Prince ( 2013 ) Dracula Untold ( 2014 ) Television Series Monster Squad ( 1976 ) Draculas ring ( 1978 ) Cliffhangers ( 1979 ) Drak Pack ( 1980 ) Count Duckula ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Dracula : The Series ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Little Dracula ( 1991 -- 1999 ) Ace Kilroy ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Young Dracula ( 2006 -- 2014 ) characters episodes Dracula ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Penny Dreadful ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Episodes `` Treehouse of Horror IV '' ( 1993 ) `` Treehouse of Horror XXI '' ( 2010 ) `` Buffy vs. Dracula '' ( 2000 ) Other novels The Dracula Tape and sequels ( 1975 -- 2002 ) Anno Dracula series ( 1992 -- present ) Anno Dracula The Bloody Red Baron Dracula Cha Cha Cha Dracula 's Guest and Other Weird Stories ( 1914 ) The Revenge of Dracula ( 1978 ) Little Dracula ( 1986 ) Dracula the Undead ( 1997 ) The Historian ( 2005 ) The Book of Renfield ( 2005 ) Bloodline ( 2005 ) Young Dracula and Young Monsters ( 2006 ) Fangland ( 2007 ) Dracula the Un-dead ( 2009 ) Radio Dracula ( 1938 ) Dracula ( 1975 ) Plays Dracula ( 1924 ) Dracula ( 1995 ) Dracula ( 1996 ) Musicals Dracula ( Czech musical ) ( 1995 ) Dracula : A Chamber Musical ( 1997 ) Dracula , the Musical ( 2004 ) Dracula -- Entre l'amour et la mort ( 2006 ) Dracula : the Musical ( 2010 ) Dracula -- L'amour plus fort que la mort ( 2011 ) Comics The Tomb of Dracula Dracula ( Marvel Comics ) Dracula ( Dell Comics ) Dracula Lives ! Hellsing The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen Sword of Dracula Batman & Dracula : Red Rain Victorian Undead Wolves at the Gate X-Men : Apocalypse vs. Dracula Purgatori Video games The Count ( 1981 ) Ghost Manor ( 1983 ) Castlevania series 1986 -- present Dracula Dracula ( 1986 ) Dracula the Undead ( 1991 ) Dracula Hakushaku ( 1992 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1993 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( handheld ) ( 1993 ) Dracula Unleashed ( 1993 ) Dracula : Resurrection ( 2000 ) Dracula 2 : The Last Sanctuary ( 2000 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) Dracula 3 : The Path of the Dragon ( 2008 ) Dracula : Origin ( 2008 ) Vampire Season Monster Defense ( 2012 ) Dracula 4 : The Shadow of the Dragon ( 2013 ) Dracula 5 : The Blood Legacy ( 2013 ) The Incredible Adventures of Van Helsing ( 2013 ) Drac 's Night Out ( unreleased ) Pinball Dracula ( 1979 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1993 ) Monster Bash ( 1998 ) Other games The Fury of Dracula Castles Castle Dracula Bran Castle Poenari Castle Corvin Castle Albums Dracula Dracula 2000 Iubilaeum Anno Dracula 2001 Perfect Selection : Dracula Battle Transylvania Van Helsing Songs `` Love Song for a Vampire '' Audio dramas Son of the Dragon Related topics Dracula in popular culture Don Dracula Transylvanian Society of Dracula Dracula Society Dracula tourism Lugosi v. Universal Pictures `` Dracula / The Rose '' hide Works by Bram Stoker Novels The Primrose Path ( 1875 ) The Snake 's Pass ( 1890 ) The Watter 's Mou ' ( 1895 ) The Shoulder of Shasta ( 1895 ) Dracula ( 1897 ) Miss Betty ( 1898 ) The Mystery of the Sea ( 1902 ) The Jewel of Seven Stars ( 1903 ) The Man ( 1905 ) Lady Athlyne ( 1908 ) The Lady of the Shroud ( 1909 ) The Lair of the White Worm ( 1911 ) Short story collections Under the Sunset ( 1881 ) Snowbound : The Record of a Theatrical Touring Party ( 1908 ) Dracula 's Guest and Other Weird Stories ( 1914 ) Non-fiction The Duties of Clerks of Petty Sessions in Ireland ( 1879 ) A Glimpse of America ( 1886 ) Personal Reminiscences of Henry Irving ( 1906 ) Famous Impostors ( 1910 ) BNE : XX2197462 BNF : cb12312986p ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dracula&oldid=846361564 '' Categories : Dracula 1897 British novels 19th - century Irish novels British novels adapted into plays Constable & Co. books Dracula in written fiction England in fiction Epistolary novels Gothic novels Horror novels Hungary in fiction Irish novels adapted into films Mind control in fiction Novels adapted into comics Novels adapted into radio programs Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games Novels by Bram Stoker Novels set in London Novels set in Romania Shapeshifting in fiction Transylvania in fiction Vampire novels Victorian novels Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with Project Gutenberg links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 53 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 08 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did bram stoker's dracula come out | [
"Dracula is an 1897 Gothic horror novel by Irish author Bram Stoker. It introduced Count Dracula, and established many conventions of subsequent vampire fantasy.[1] The novel tells the story of Dracula's attempt to move from Transylvania to England so that he may find new blood and spread the undead curse, and of the battle between Dracula and a small group of men and a woman led by Professor Abraham Van Helsing."
] | [
"1897"
] |
5844268599304472956 | Molson Canadian | Molson Canadian - Wikipedia Molson Canadian Molson Canadian Type Canadian lager Manufacturer Molson Introduced 1959 Alcohol by volume 5.0 % Variants Molson Canadian Light ; Molson Canadian 67 ; Molson Canadian 67 Sublime ; Molson Canadian 6.0 Coldshots Website http://www.molsoncanadian.ca A Molson Canadian Dodge Grand Caravan model . Molson Canadian is a brand of 5 % abv pure beer ( 4 % in Ireland ) brewed by Belliveau Brewing , the Canadian division of Molson Coors Brewing Company . The beer was introduced in 1959 . Contents 1 Awards 2 Mega Keg 3 Molson Canadian Sub-Zero 4 Molson Canadian Red Leaf Project 5 National Hockey League 6 References 7 External links Awards ( edit ) Molson Canadian has won several beer industry awards , including : Canadian Brewing Awards - 2006 Gold Medal ' North American Style Lager ' World Beer Cup - 2002 Silver Medal Monde Selection - 6 Time Gold Medal Distinction ( 2002 , 2001 , 1997 , 1991 , 1990 , 1989 ) . Mega Keg ( edit ) The `` Molson Canadian Mega Keg '' is the world 's largest monument to a keg of Molson Canadian . The monument measures 11 metres ( 36.5 feet ) by five metres ( 16.5 feet ) , or roughly the height of a three - story building . The monument was revealed to winners of a contest themed around the Mega Keg in September 2008 . Were it a real keg , the Mega Keg monument would be large enough to hold the equivalent volume of over 500,000 cans of Molson Canadian . Molson Canadian contracted Mississauga , Ontario - based Kubik to design and construct the massive monument . Molson Canadian sub-zero ( edit ) Molson Canadian Sub Zero is Molson Canadian served at temperatures below freezing ( 0C or 32F ) . Molson Canadian Red Leaf Project ( edit ) The Molson Canadian Red Leaf Project is an environmental platform that was introduced in 2011 , which saw 100,000 trees planted in locations across Canada , in addition to park clean - up efforts in ten cities . National Hockey League ( edit ) In February 2011 Molson entered a partnership with the National Hockey League , however , a series of court rulings delayed the beginning of the partnership until the opening night of the 2011 - 12 season on October 6 . The $375 - million deal , which runs seven years , reportedly includes the following expenditures : approximately $100 - million for the rights , $100 - million in guaranteed advertising buys , and $100 - million in so - called activation , which includes costs for the events and special promotions staged by Molson to capitalize on its rights . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alcohol and Temperance in Modern ... - Google Book Search . books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://www.molsoncoorscanada.com/fr/News/International/Awards/2011/May/12/Monde%20Selection.aspx Jump up ^ `` Icefloe Announces Breakthrough In Cold Beer Technology '' . Business Wire . findarticles.com. 2005 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` How green is your beer ? '' . CTV.ca. 2011 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Molson , NHL toast win over Labatt '' . TheStar.com. 2011 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Molson.com Canadian site US site SABMiller Beer Africa South African Breweries Carling Black Label Castle Lager Castle Lite Castle Milk Stout Hansa Hansa Marzen Gold Hansa Pilsener Kgalagadi Breweries Limited St Louis Lager St Louis Export Ohlssons Lager Intafact Beverages Limited Hero Lager Eagle Lager Castle Milk Stout Grand Malt Beta Malt International Breweries plc Trophy Lager Trophy Black Lager BETAMALT Nile Breweries Limited Chairman 's Extra Strong Beer Club Pilsener Eagle Extra Lager Eagle Lager Nile Gold Crystal Malt Lager Nile Special Cervejas de Moçambique 2M Laurentina Clara Laurentina Premium Laurentina Preta Manica Raiz Tanzania Breweries Limited Kilimanjaro Safari Ndovu Special Malt Southern Sudan Beverages Limited White Bull Nile Special Club Pilsener Other Balimi Extra Lager Barons Bohlinger 's Lager Chibuku Club Premium Lager Club Shandy Golden Pilsener Lion Lager Maluti Premium Lager Mosi N'GOLA Rhino Lager Sibebe Stone Strong Lager Zambezi Lager Zambezi Lite Lager Asia and Oceania CR Snow Huadan Dry Beer Löwen New Three Star Shengquan Singo Snow Zero Foster 's Group Carlton & United Breweries Carlton Draught Crown Lager Crown Pilsner Foster 's Melbourne Bitter NT Draught Resch 's Victoria Bitter Cascade Brewery Matilda Bay Brewing Company Other Haywards 2000 Haywards 5000 Haywards Black Indus Pride Knock Out Royal Challenge Premium Lager Zorok Europe Dreher Sörgyárak Arany Ászok Dreher 24 Dreher Bak Dreher Classic Dreher Premium Kőbányai Sör Kompania Piwowarska Dębowe Mocne Gingers Ksiazece Tyskie Lech Free Lech Lite Lech Mocny Lech Pils Lech Premium Tyskie Tyskie Gronie Wojak Żubr Plzeňský Prazdroj Pilsner Urquell Gambrinus Velkopopovický Kozel Radegast Ursus Breweries Azuga Ciucaș Stejar Timișoreana Ursus Premium Other Dorada Dorada Especial Dorada Sin Essa Moya Kaluga Šariš Dark Šariš Premium Šariš Light Siroco by Tropical Smädný Mnìch Topvar Tri Bogatyrya Svetloye Tropical Tropical Premium Velkopopovický Kozel Velkopopovický Kozel Cerny Velkopopovický Kozel Premium Velkopopovický Kozel Svěltý Zolotaya Bochka Klassicheskoye Zolotaya Bochka Platinovoe Zolotaya Bochka Razlyvnoe Zolotaya Bochka Svetloye Zolotaya Bochka Vyderzhannoye Żubr North America ( MillerCoors ) Miller Brewing Company Hamm 's Beer Hamm 's Golden Draft Hamm 's Special Light Icehouse MGD 64 Mickey 's Miller Chill Miller Genuine Draft Miller Genuine Draft Light Miller High Life Miller Lite Milwaukee 's Best Milwaukee 's Best Ice Milwaukee 's Best Light Olde English 800 Red Dog SouthPaw Light Steel Reserve St. Louis Henry Weinhard 's ( Belgian Style Wheat Blonde Blue Boar Pale Ale Classic Dark Hefeweizen India Pale Ale Private Reserve ) Jacob Leinenkugel Brewing Company ( Amber Light Berry Weiss Big Butt Doppelbock Creamy Dark Lager Honey Weiss Light Oktoberfest Original Red Lager Summer Shandy ) Molson Coors Brewing Company Blue Moon Coors Coors Light Killian 's Molson Canadian Other Saint Archer Brewing Company South America Backus and Johnston Arequipeña Cristal Cusqueña Cusqueña Light Cusqueña Malta Pilsen Callao Pilsner Polar Pilsen Trujillo San Juan Bavaria Brewery Águila Aguila Light Águila Light Brava Club Colombia Costeñita Costeña Leona Pilsen Poker Cerveceria Hondureña Barena Imperial Port - Royal Salva - Vida Other Atlas Balboa Barena Club Premium Lager Conquer Dorada Golden Light Pilsener Pilsener Lite Regia Extra Suprema Non-beer Blakes & Doyle Brutal Fruit Coca - Cola Beverages Africa Crispin Hard Cider Company Fox Barrel Cider Frisco Fusion Guaraná Redd 's Cougar Bourbon San Mateo Sarita Skelter 's Straight Viva Other SAB World of Beer Flagship brands Global brands Joint venture between SABMiller ( 49 % ) and China Resources Enterprises ( 51 % ) Joint venture between SABMiller ( 58 % ) and Molson Coors Brewing Company ( 42 % ) This beer or brewery - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molson_Canadian&oldid=846474328 '' Categories : Canadian beer brands Products introduced in 1959 Molson Coors brands Beer and brewery stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hRecipes Articles with hProducts All stub articles Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 00 : 23 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what is the alcohol content of molson canadian | [
"Molson Canadian is a brand of 5% abv pure beer (4% in Ireland) brewed by Belliveau Brewing , the Canadian division of Molson Coors Brewing Company. The beer was introduced in 1959.[1]\n"
] | [
"5% abv pure beer (4% in Ireland)"
] |
-5611009568522294798 | I'm Still in Love with You (New Edition song) | I 'm Still in Love with You ( New Edition song ) - wikipedia I 'm Still in Love with You ( New Edition song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` I 'm Still in Love with You '' Single by New Edition from the album Home Again B - side `` You Do n't Have to Worry '' Released October 22 , 1996 Format CD single , 12 '' Recorded Genre R&B , pop Length 4 : 39 ( album version ) Label MCA Songwriter ( s ) James Harris III , Terry Lewis Producer ( s ) Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis New Edition singles chronology `` Hit Me Off '' ( 1996 ) `` I 'm Still in Love with You '' ( 1996 ) `` You Do n't Have to Worry '' ( 1996 ) `` Hit Me Off '' ( 1996 ) `` I 'm Still in Love with You '' ( 1996 ) `` You Do n't Have to Worry '' ( 1996 ) `` I 'm Still in Love with You '' is the second single from American R&B / pop group New Edition as a sextet from their sixth studio album Home Again ( 1996 ) . Ralph Tresvant and Ricky Bell sing lead vocals ; all six members sing background vocals throughout the song . The video for `` I 'm Still in Love with You '' was shot at Villa Vizcaya in Miami , and once again featured all six members . The song was a big success on the US Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at number seven , and was the second single to be certified gold from the Home Again project . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listings and formats 2 Charts and certifications 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Certifications 3 Credits 4 References 5 External links Track listings and formats ( edit ) 12 '' vinyl `` I 'm Still in Love with You '' ( LP Version ) `` You Do n't Have to Worry '' ( Vocal Version ) ( featuring Missy Elliott ) `` You Do n't Have to Worry '' ( Vocal Version ) ( featuring Fat Joe ) 12 '' promo `` I 'm Still In Love With You '' ( Concrete Jungle Full Version ) -- 4 : 45 `` I 'm Still In Love With You '' ( Concrete Jungle Instrumental ) -- 4 : 44 `` I 'm Still In Love With You '' ( Concrete Jungle Drumapella ) -- 4 : 45 `` I 'm Still In Love With You '' ( Unplugged Full Version ) -- 5 : 05 `` I 'm Still In Love With You '' ( Unplugged Instrumental ) -- 5 : 08 `` I 'm Still In Love With You '' ( Brooklyn Baller 's Full Version ) -- 4 : 52 `` I 'm Still In Love With You '' ( Brooklyn Baller 's Instrumental ) -- 4 : 47 CD single `` I 'm Still in Love with You '' ( Single Edit ) `` I 'm Still in Love with You '' ( Acappella ) `` I 'm Still in Love with You '' ( Intro Version ) `` You Do n't Have to Worry '' ( Vocal Version ) ( featuring Missy Elliott ) Promo CD / Maxi - Single `` I 'm Still in Love with You '' ( Single Edit ) `` I 'm Still in Love with You '' ( Single Edit Long Intro ) `` I 'm Still in Love with You '' ( Album Version ) `` I 'm Still in Love with You '' ( Instrumental ) `` I 'm Still in Love with You '' ( Suite ) `` I 'm Still in Love with You '' ( Acappella ) Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Charts ( 1996 ) Position U.S. Billboard Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales 7 U.S. Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs 7 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 7 U.S. Rhythmic Top 40 U.S. Top 40 Mainstream 16 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 600,000 sales figures based on certification alone Credits ( edit ) Ronnie DeVoe -- background vocals Bobby Brown -- background vocals Ricky Bell -- lead vocals & background vocals Michael Bivins -- background vocals Ralph Tresvant -- lead vocals & background vocals Johnny Gill -- background vocals References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New Edition - I 'm Still in Love with You / You Do n't Have To Worry ( Vinyl ) '' . Discogs . Discogs.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Edition - I 'm Still In Love With You ( Vinyl ) '' . Discogs . Discogs.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Edition - I 'm Still In Love With You / You Do n't Have To Worry ( CD ) '' . Discogs . Discogs.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Edition - I 'm Still In Love With You ( CD ) '' . Discogs . Discogs.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Home Again - New Edition > Awards '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1997 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- New Edition -- I % 27m Still in Love With You '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Records of 1996 '' . Billboard . BPI Communications Inc. 109 ( 3 ) : 61 . January 18 , 1997 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) New Edition Ricky Bell Michael Bivins Bobby Brown Ronnie DeVoe Johnny Gill Ralph Tresvant Albums Candy Girl New Edition All for Love Christmas All Over the World Under the Blue Moon Heart Break Home Again One Love Singles `` Candy Girl '' ( 1983 ) `` Is This the End '' ( 1983 ) `` Popcorn Love / Jealous Girl '' ( 1983 ) `` Cool It Now '' ( 1984 ) `` Mr. Telephone Man '' ( 1984 ) `` Lost in Love '' ( 1985 ) `` My Secret ( Didja Gitit Yet ? ) '' ( 1985 ) `` Count Me Out '' ( 1985 ) `` If It Is n't Love '' ( 1988 ) `` You 're Not My Kind of Girl '' ( 1988 ) `` Can You Stand the Rain '' ( 1988 ) `` Crucial '' ( 1989 ) `` N.E. Heart Break '' ( 1989 ) `` Hit Me Off '' ( 1996 ) `` I 'm Still in Love with You '' ( 1996 ) `` Something About You '' ( 1996 ) `` One More Day '' ( 1997 ) `` Hot 2Nite '' ( 2004 ) Related articles Discography Bell Biv DeVoe LSG Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis Maurice Starr New Kids on the Block Heads of State The New Edition Story Book : New Edition Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_Still_in_Love_with_You_(New_Edition_song)&oldid=802136970 '' Categories : 1996 singles 1996 songs Pop ballads Rhythm and blues ballads New Edition songs Songs written by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis Song recordings produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis MCA Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 06 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote i'm still in love with you | [
"\n\n\"I'm Still in Love with You\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by New Edition\n\n\nfrom the album Home Again\n\n\nB-side\n\"You Don't Have to Worry\"\n\n\nReleased\nOctober 22, 1996\n\n\nFormat\nCD single, 12\"\n\n\nRecorded\n1996\n\n\nGenre\nR&B, pop\n\n\nLength\n4:39 (album version)\n\n\nLabel\nMCA\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nJames Harris III, Terry Lewis\n\n\nProducer(s)\nJimmy Jam and Terry Lewis\n\n\nNew Edition singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Hit Me Off\"\n(1996)\n\"I'm Still in Love with You\"\n(1996)\n\"You Don't Have to Worry\"\n(1996)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Hit Me Off\"\n(1996)\n\"I'm Still in Love with You\"\n(1996)\n\"You Don't Have to Worry\"\n(1996)\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\n\"I'm Still in Love with You\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by New Edition\n\n\nfrom the album Home Again\n\n\nB-side\n\"You Don't Have to Worry\"\n\n\nReleased\nOctober 22, 1996\n\n\nFormat\nCD single, 12\"\n\n\nRecorded\n1996\n\n\nGenre\nR&B, pop\n\n\nLength\n4:39 (album version)\n\n\nLabel\nMCA\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nJames Harris III, Terry Lewis\n\n\nProducer(s)\nJimmy Jam and Terry Lewis\n\n\nNew Edition singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Hit Me Off\"\n(1996)\n\"I'm Still in Love with You\"\n(1996)\n\"You Don't Have to Worry\"\n(1996)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Hit Me Off\"\n(1996)\n\"I'm Still in Love with You\"\n(1996)\n\"You Don't Have to Worry\"\n(1996)\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"James Harris III",
"Terry Lewis"
] |
3955257835660727799 | Before I Wake (2016 film) | Before I Wake ( 2016 film ) - wikipedia Before I Wake ( 2016 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Before I Wake Theatrical release poster Directed by Mike Flanagan Produced by Sam Englebardt William D. Johnson Trevor Macy Written by Mike Flanagan Jeff Howard Starring Kate Bosworth Thomas Jane Jacob Tremblay Annabeth Gish Dash Mihok Music by Danny Elfman The Newton Brothers Cinematography Michael Fimognari Edited by Mike Flanagan Production company Intrepid Pictures Demarest Films MICA Entertainment Distributed by Netflix Release date July 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 31 ) ( Fantasia ) January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) ( Netflix ) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $3.3 million Before I Wake ( also known as Somnia ) is a 2016 American dark fantasy horror film directed and edited by Mike Flanagan and co-written by Flanagan and Jeff Howard . The film stars Kate Bosworth , Thomas Jane , Jacob Tremblay , Annabeth Gish , and Dash Mihok . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 4 Release 5 Reception 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) A frightened man with a gun enters a child 's room nervously . He looks around as if looking for something that he expects to reveal itself in the shadows , then a sudden commotion makes him pull the trigger . The gunfire awakens the child and the man breaks down in tears . Later , Jessie and Mark Hobson adopt a new foster child , eight - year - old Cody Morgan , after their young son Sean dies from accidentally drowning in the bathtub . They soon find out that Cody 's dreams become reality , but his nightmares are quite deadly . On his first night , the couple are amazed as multicolored butterflies flutter across the living room , emitting a strong glow . Mark tries to capture a blue butterfly to show to Cody , as the boy likes butterflies . However , Cody wakes up and the butterflies disappear . The following day at school , he befriends a girl and antagonizes a mean kid . At home , Cody asks Mark who the child in the picture is , and Mark replies that he is their dead son , Sean . Cody answers that his mom is dead , too . That night , the couple see their deceased child and try to hug him . When Cody wakes up , Sean disappears . Upon discovering Cody 's gift , Jessie takes advantage of it . She lets Cody watch home videos of Sean and , that night , the couple once again sees their beloved child . Days later , Mark notices the addiction that his wife has found and accuses her of abusing Cody for his gift instead of loving him . An argument ends with Mark taking down the pictures of Sean . Cody falls asleep at school , and a nightmarish creature that Cody calls `` the Canker Man '' appears before the mean kid , as the girl he 's befriended watches in horror . Meanwhile , Jessie goes to a doctor and complains that her foster child has trouble sleeping ; the doctor prescribes medication . She mixes it with his drink , unbeknownst to her husband . That night Sean once again appears before them but turns into a nightmare . Mark attempts to wake Cody up but can not . Jessie confesses that she drugged the boy . The nightmare creature devours Mark as Jessie is thrown across the room and falls unconscious . She wakes up with Cody on the phone calling 911 for help . Suspecting domestic violence and that the boy has been drugged , social services takes Cody away . Jessie steals Cody 's social worker 's files and talks to the frightened former foster parent of Cody . At the orphanage where Cody is kept , the staff have noticed that Cody has not been sleeping for the past two days . That night , the boy is given a tranquilizer , which he protests against helplessly . Jessie arrives to find the place dark and isolated . She witnesses nightmarish creatures in every room . Finally , she finds where Cody is , but before she can go near him , she is thrown across the hallway by the tall slender nightmare creature . She pulls out a pillow shaped like a blue butterfly , and hugs the creature . As she holds it , it takes the form of Cody and disappears . Before it disappears , she whispers to him and asks him to release all the people the creatures have taken . The nightmare turns into a beautiful dream , and all the people taken by `` the Canker Man '' reappear , though only as dreams themselves . Jessie takes the - still unconscious Cody home . The following day , Jessie gives Cody the journal his birth mother Andrea had kept , which shows how much she had loved him and his gift . However , she had died of pancreatic cancer when Cody was just three years old . Then she revealed to him that there is more to his recurring nightmares than meets the eye , and Cody begins to learn how to control his gift . Cast ( edit ) Kate Bosworth as Jessie Hobson Thomas Jane as Mark Hobson Jacob Tremblay as Cody Morgan Annabeth Gish as Natalie Friedman Topher Bousquet as The Canker Man Dash Mihok as Whelan Young Jay Karnes as Peter Lance E. Nichols as Detective Brown Kyla Deaver as Annie Hunter Wenzel as Tate Antonio Evan Romero as Sean Scottie Thompson as Teacher Justin Gordon as Dr. Tennant Production ( edit ) On September 7 , 2013 , it was announced that Oculus director Mike Flanagan was set to direct a horror film called Somnia he co-wrote with Jeff Howard for Intrepid Pictures , and that the producers would be Trevor Macy and William D. Johnson , with Demarest Films ' Sam Englebardt co-producing and co-financing the film with MICA Entertainment headed by Dale Armin Johnson . Focus Features International initially handled international sales of the film . On November 7 , 2013 , it was announced that Sierra / Affinity would now handle all international rights which were previously held by FFI . On April 4 , 2014 , Relativity Media acquired the US distribution rights to the film . In March 2015 , the title was changed to ' ' Before I Wake `` , apparently over Flanagan 's objections . Casting ( edit ) On November 7 , 2013 , Kate Bosworth and Thomas Jane joined the lead cast of the film as the child 's parents , and Jacob Tremblay was set to play as Cody . On November 18 , 2013 , Annabeth Gish joined the cast of the film to play Natalie , the case worker assigned to young Cody . Filming ( edit ) Filming commenced on November 11 , 2013 , in Fairhope , Alabama . On December 12 , 2013 , the crew filmed scenes at Barton Academy . Filming completed on December 16 , 2013 . The music was composed by Danny Elfman and The Newton Brothers . Release ( edit ) On April 4 , 2014 , Relativity Media acquired the US distribution rights to the film . The film was originally scheduled to be released on May 8 , 2015 , but was pushed back to September 25 , 2015 , and later pulled from the schedule due to the company 's filing for bankruptcy . The film was rescheduled to April 8 , 2016 , and then rescheduled to September 9 , 2016 . It was then pulled from the schedule . In June 2016 , it was announced that the film would screen at the Fantasia International Film Festival in July . The film had its North American premiere there on July 31 , 2016 , while still being distributed by Relativity Media . Excluding the United States , Netflix released the movie worldwide on April 28 , 2017 . In December 2017 , it was revealed that Netflix had obtained United States rights to the film from Relativity Media , thus owning worldwide rights . Netflix released the film in the U.S. on January 5 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2017 ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 61 % based on 28 reviews ; the average rating is 6.4 / 10 . On Metacritic , it has a score of 68 based on 5 reviews , indicating `` generally positive reviews . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` AMC Theatres : Before I Wake '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Before I Wake ( 2016 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( 7 September 2013 ) . `` ' Oculus ' Director Mike Flanagan Tapped For ' Somnia ' '' . variety.com . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Roxborough , Scott ( 7 November 2013 ) . `` Kate Bosworth , Thomas Jane Will Star in Horror Pic ' Somnia ' '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( 4 April 2014 ) . `` Relativity Acquiring U.S. Distribution Rights To ' Oculus ' Filmmaker Followup ' Somnia ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Flanagan on Twitter '' . twitter.com. 20 July 2016 . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Somnia ' Adds Annabeth Gish '' . deadline.com. 18 November 2013 . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : D. Anderson , Marc ( 4 December 2013 ) . `` Kate Bosworth muses on Fairhope life on Twitter while filming ' Somnia ' in town '' . al.com . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kaylor , Mike ( 22 November 2013 ) . `` ON THE SET OF ' SOMNIA ' : Executive producer Scott Lumpkin brings movie film crew to his hometown '' . gulfcoastnewstoday.com . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Extras Casting Call this weekend in Mobile , AL for ' Somnia ' , starring Katee Sackhoff '' . onlocationvacations.com. 26 October 2013 . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Philips , Rena ( 12 December 2013 ) . `` Somnia movie crew filming at historic Barton Academy '' . mcpss.com . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Schweiger , Daniel ( 8 April 2014 ) . `` Interview with The Newton Brothers '' . Film Music Magazine . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( 2015 - 04 - 09 ) . `` ' Before I Wake ' Flutters Into September Release '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Pederson , Erik ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` Relativity Dates Five Films For 2016 Including ' Kidnap ' & ' Masterminds ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rainey , James ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Post-Bankruptcy Relativity Sets ' Masterminds , ' Other Release Dates '' . Variety . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Guess What ? ' Before I Wake ' Just Got Pulled From Release '' . Bloody - Disgusting . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Jacob Tremblay horror movie ' Before I Wake ' to screen at Fantasia Film Festival '' . ew.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Before I Wake - Fantasia 2016 '' . www.fantasiafestival.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Flanagan 's ' Before I Wake ' Hitting Netflix , Except in the States - Bloody Disgusting ! '' . Bloody Disgusting ! . 2017 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's What 's Coming to Netflix in January 2018 '' . Collider. 2017 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( 2017 - 12 - 13 ) . `` Repeatedly - delayed Jacob Tremblay horror movie Before I Wake coming to Netflix '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Before I Wake ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Before I Wake Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) Before I Wake on IMDb ( hide ) Films directed by Mike Flanagan Absentia ( 2011 ) Oculus ( 2013 ) Hush ( 2016 ) Before I Wake ( 2016 ) Ouija : Origin of Evil ( 2016 ) Gerald 's Game ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Before_I_Wake_(2016_film)&oldid=840165171 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2016 horror films 2010s drama films American films American drama films American fantasy films American horror films Films scored by Danny Elfman Films directed by Mike Flanagan Films shot in Alabama Relativity Media films Intrepid Pictures films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles to be expanded from September 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Українська 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 May 2018 , at 04 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays the little boy in before i wake | [
"\nKate Bosworth as Jessie Hobson\nThomas Jane as Mark Hobson\nJacob Tremblay as Cody Morgan\nAnnabeth Gish as Natalie Friedman\nTopher Bousquet as The Canker Man\nDash Mihok as Whelan Young\nJay Karnes as Peter\nLance E. Nichols as Detective Brown\nKyla Deaver as Annie\nHunter Wenzel as Tate\nAntonio Evan Romero as Sean\nScottie Thompson as Teacher\nJustin Gordon as Dr. Tennant\n"
] | [
"Jacob Tremblay"
] |
4097135991217849862 | Deadpool 2 | Deadpool 2 - wikipedia Deadpool 2 Deadpool 2 Theatrical release poster Directed by David Leitch Produced by Simon Kinberg Ryan Reynolds Lauren Shuler Donner Written by Rhett Reese Paul Wernick Ryan Reynolds Based on Deadpool by Fabian Nicieza Rob Liefeld Starring Ryan Reynolds Josh Brolin Morena Baccarin Julian Dennison Zazie Beetz T.J. Miller Brianna Hildebrand Jack Kesy Music by Tyler Bates Cinematography Jonathan Sela Edited by Dirk Westervelt Craig Alpert Elísabet Ronaldsdóttir Production company Marvel Entertainment Kinberg Genre Maximum Effort The Donners ' Company TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) ( Leicester Square ) May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) ( United States ) Running time 119 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $110 million Box office $730.8 million Deadpool 2 is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Deadpool , distributed by 20th Century Fox . It is the eleventh installment in the X-Men film series , and a direct sequel to the 2016 film Deadpool . The film is directed by David Leitch from a script by Rhett Reese , Paul Wernick , and Ryan Reynolds , with Reynolds starring in the title role alongside Josh Brolin , Morena Baccarin , Julian Dennison , Zazie Beetz , T.J. Miller , Brianna Hildebrand , and Jack Kesy . In the film , Deadpool forms the team X-Force to protect a young mutant from the time - traveling soldier Cable . Plans for a sequel to Deadpool began before that film 's release , and were confirmed in February 2016 . Though the original creative team of Reynolds , Reese , Wernick , and director Tim Miller were quickly set to return for the second film , Miller left the project in October 2016 due to creative differences with Reynolds and was soon replaced by Leitch . An extensive casting search took place to fill the role of Cable , with Brolin ultimately cast . Filming took place in British Columbia , Canada , from June to October 2017 . During filming , stunt woman Joi `` SJ '' Harris died in a motorcycle accident ; the film is dedicated to her memory . The film 's score is the first to receive a parental advisory warning for explicit content , and the soundtrack also includes the original song `` Ashes '' by Céline Dion . Deadpool 2 was released in the United States on May 18 , 2018 . It has grossed $730 million worldwide , making it the fifth highest - grossing film of 2018 , as well as the third highest - grossing R - rated film and the third highest - grossing X-Men film . It received generally positive reviews from critics , who praised its humor , performances ( particularly Reynolds , Brolin , and Beetz ) , and action sequences , with some calling it better than the first film , although the perceived ethnic stereotyping of supporting characters and a feeling of cynicism drew some criticism . An extended cut of the film is in the works , and a sequel , Deadpool 3 , is in development . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Pre-production 3.4 Filming 3.5 Post-production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Extended edition 5.3 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot After successfully working as the mercenary Deadpool for two years , Wade Wilson fails to kill one of his targets on his anniversary with his girlfriend Vanessa . That night , after the pair decides to start a family together , the target tracks Wilson down and kills Vanessa . Wilson kills the man in revenge . He blames himself for her death and attempts to commit suicide six weeks later by blowing himself up . Wilson has a vision of Vanessa in the afterlife , but the pieces of his body remain alive and are put back together by Colossus . Wilson is left with only a Skee - Ball token , an anniversary gift , as a final memento of Vanessa . Recovering at the X-Mansion , Wilson agrees to join the X-Men as a form of healing . He , Colossus , and Negasonic Teenage Warhead respond to a standoff between authorities and the unstable young mutant Russell Collins / Firefist at an orphanage , labeled a `` Mutant Reeducation Center '' . Wilson realizes that Collins has been abused by the orphanage staff , and kills one of the staff members . Colossus stops him from killing anyone else , and both Wilson and Collins are arrested . Restrained with collars that suppress their powers , they are taken to the Ice Box , an isolated prison for mutant criminals . Meanwhile , a cybernetic soldier from the future , Cable , whose family is murdered by an older Collins , travels back in time to kill the boy before Collins ever becomes a killer . Cable breaks into the Ice Box and attacks Collins . Wilson , whose collar has broken in the melee , attempts to defend Collins . After Cable takes Vanessa 's token , Wilson forces himself and Cable out of the prison , but not before Collins overhears Wilson deny that he cares for the young mutant . Near death again , Wilson has another vision of Vanessa in which she convinces him to help Collins . Wilson organizes a team called X-Force to break Collins out of a prison - transfer convoy and defend him from Cable . The team launches its assault on the convoy by parachuting from a plane , but all of the members die during the landing except for Wilson and the lucky Domino . While they fight Cable , Collins frees fellow inmate Juggernaut , who agrees to help Collins kill the abusive orphanage headmaster . Juggernaut destroys the convoy , allowing himself and Collins to escape . Cable offers to work with Wilson and Domino to stop Collins ' first murder , and agrees to give Wilson a chance to talk Collins down . At the orphanage , they are overpowered by Juggernaut while Collins attacks the headmaster , until Colossus -- who had at first refused to help Wilson due to Wilson 's murderous ways -- arrives to distract Juggernaut . When Wilson fails to talk down Collins , Cable shoots at the young mutant . Wilson leaps in front of the bullet while wearing the Ice Box collar and dies , reuniting with Vanessa in the afterlife . Seeing this sacrifice , Collins does not kill the headmaster ; this changes the future so that Cable 's family now survives . Cable uses the last charge on his time - traveling device , which he needed for returning to his family , to go back several minutes and strap Vanessa 's token in front of Wilson 's heart . Now when Wilson takes the bullet for Collins , it is stopped by the token and both survive . Collins still has his change of heart , and afterwards , the headmaster is run over by Wilson 's taxi - driver friend Dopinder . In a mid-credits sequence , Negasonic Teenage Warhead and her girlfriend Yukio repair Cable 's time - traveling device for Wilson . He uses it to save the lives of Vanessa and X-Force member Peter , and kills both X-Men Origins : Wolverine 's version of Deadpool and actor Ryan Reynolds while he is considering starring in the film Green Lantern . Cast Reynolds at the Tokyo premiere of the film Ryan Reynolds as Wade Wilson / Deadpool : A wisecracking mercenary with accelerated healing but severe scarring over his body after undergoing an experimental regenerative mutation . He forms the X-Force , a team of mutants , after finding himself at his `` lowest point '' at the beginning of the film . The film makes several references to Deadpool 's pansexuality after the first film was criticized for ignoring it . As a co-writer on the film , Reynolds ad - libbed much of his dialogue throughout the production process . For the film 's mid-credits sequence , archive footage of Reynolds portraying Deadpool in X-Men Origins : Wolverine is used , and Reynolds also portrays himself before he acted in the film Green Lantern . Josh Brolin as Cable : A time - traveling cybernetic soldier , `` in many ways the opposite of Deadpool '' . Director David Leitch called the dynamic between Cable and Deadpool `` sort of classic buddy - cop fare '' , and compared them to the characters portrayed by Nick Nolte and Eddie Murphy , respectively , in 48 Hrs. ( 1982 ) . Leitch added that the character as written in the script was mostly just an `` action character '' , and he relied on Brolin to add nuance to the role and explore the character 's internal pain to avoid it becoming a caricature . Brolin signed a four - film deal to play the character , and described his appearance here as just the introduction for the character , with `` three more movies to reveal more '' . Morena Baccarin as Vanessa : Wilson 's fiancée . The character is killed at the beginning of the film in an example of `` fridging '' -- the killing of a female character solely to forward the development of a male character . This happens to Cable 's wife and daughter as motivation for his story arc as well . Leitch and the writers said they were unaware of the term `` fridging '' , and that they were not being `` consciously sexist '' . Earlier versions of the film simply had Vanessa breaking up with Wilson , but the writers wanted to use the opportunity to `` engender great suffering for him by having his line of work be the thing that costs Vanessa her life '' . They were also more comfortable with the deaths due to the increased number of strong female characters in the film overall , and because those deaths are all reversed by the end of the film through time travel ; screenwriter Rhett Reese stated , `` We ran with that . And maybe that 's a sexist thing . I do n't know . And maybe some women will have an issue with that . I do n't know . I do n't think that that 'll be a large concern , but it did n't even really occur to us . '' Baccarin said she trusted the storyline was necessary for the film , and emphasized the fact that Vanessa is saved at the end of the film . Julian Dennison as Russell Collins / Firefist : A young mutant with pyrokinesis who is being hunted by Cable . Reynolds insisted on casting Dennison after seeing him in Hunt for the Wilderpeople ( 2016 ) , with the character `` tailor - made '' for him , and no other actors considered for the role . The character is considered a villain for much of the film , which Leitch thought was an `` interesting take on the whole angle of the villain '' . Dennison felt the role was particularly special because , being `` chubby '' , he would watch superhero films and `` never see anyone like me . I am excited to be that for other kids who look like me . '' Sala Baker portrays an older Firefist , in Cable 's future . Zazie Beetz as Domino : A mercenary with the mutant ability to manipulate luck , who joins Deadpool 's X-Force team . Leitch described the film 's version of the character as Beetz ' own `` real fun interesting take '' , with the actress interpreting the character as an only child who forms a `` sibling sort of relationship '' with Deadpool , with `` that back - and - forth banter where she is not dealing with his '' . Beetz began `` working out everyday '' when she got the role , which required her to shoot guns and use `` full body '' physicality , and chose not to shave her armpits to match the changing perception of the practice among the general public and to prove that it is `` not something that is gross or shameful '' . T.J. Miller as Weasel : Wilson 's best friend and the owner of a bar frequented by mercenaries . Brianna Hildebrand as Negasonic Teenage Warhead : A teenage X-Man with the mutant power to detonate atomic bursts from her body , she is now a `` new level of X-Men '' after being a trainee in the first film . Hildebrand felt that `` it 's cool that she 's grown and matured and she still has so much of this essence of a punk kid '' from the first film , and added that the character would have a `` cooler '' costume in the sequel . The filmmakers intended to have Hildebrand shave her head to indicate that her abilities burned off her hair , but she was unable to do so due to a television series commitment . The film also reveals that Negasonic is in a same - sex relationship , which is the first openly LGBTQ relationship depicted in a Marvel film . When Reynolds asked Hildebrand how she felt about the potential storyline during development , the actress -- a member of the LGBTQ community herself -- responded positively with the stipulation that the film not make `` a big deal '' about the relationship . In a statement , GLAAD President and CEO Sarah Kate Ellis praised the relationship as `` a milestone in a genre that too often renders LGBTQ people invisible , and should send a message to other studios to follow this example of inclusive and smart storytelling '' . Jack Kesy as Black Tom Cassidy : A mutant inmate of the Ice Box with Deadpool and Firefist . His role was reduced from being the main antagonist , who would have acted as a `` devil on Firefist 's shoulder '' , when the writers felt there were too many antagonists and they would rather spend the money needed to portray his abilities on a character such as Juggernaut . Ryan Reynolds also provides the voice for Juggernaut , in addition to portraying Deadpool and himself . Juggernaut is credited as being voiced by `` himself '' , and was previously portrayed by Vinnie Jones in the 2006 film X-Men : The Last Stand . According to Reese , the creative team on Deadpool 2 felt that appearance did not do justice to the character . Wanting an additional villain for the film to support Firefist for the final fight with X-Force , the writers chose Juggernaut because he is `` a force of nature ( who ) was probably the coolest character never to be used ... in the right way '' . The character 's face was modeled after Leitch , who also provided on - set motion capture performance for the character , with Reynolds providing facial capture and the character 's voice . Reynolds ' voice was digitally modulated to make it deeper . Reese added that the character `` did n't have many lines , he 's a man of few words , but he 's a man of great anger and forcefulness '' . Stefan Kapičić voices Colossus , an X-Man with the mutant ability to transform his entire body into organic steel . Kapičić described Colossus as one of the most important characters in the film , requiring a more intense process for Kapičić during recording for the character . He explained that Colossus would continue to try make Deadpool a better person and potential X-Man after doing so in the first film . Unlike the first film , Kapičić also provided performance capture for the character 's face on the sequel , while Andre Tricoteux returned to stand - in for the character on set . Leslie Uggams and Karan Soni also return from the first film as Deadpool 's elderly roommate Blind Al and the taxi driver Dopinder , respectively . Additionally , Eddie Marsan plays the headmaster of the Essex Home for Mutant Rehabilitation , an orphanage ; Robert Maillet briefly appears as Sluggo , an inmate of the Ice Box who originally had a more prominent antagonistic role alongside Black Tom before both roles were reduced due to the number of villains in the film ; Hayley Sales and Islie Hirvonen respectively appear as Cable 's wife and Hope , their daughter , during a flashforward ; and Shioli Kutsuna portrays Yukio , Negasonic Teenage Warhead 's girlfriend and fellow X-Man . A version of Yukio previously appeared in the 2013 film The Wolverine , portrayed by Rila Fukushima . The film 's version of the X-Force team also includes Terry Crews as Bedlam , Lewis Tan as Shatterstar , Bill Skarsgård as Zeitgeist , Rob Delaney as Peter , and Brad Pitt as Vanisher . Pitt was considered for the role of Cable before scheduling issues prevented him from taking it ; he filmed his Vanisher cameo in two hours during post-production . Reprising their roles as the X-Men for a brief appearance are James McAvoy as Professor X , Nicholas Hoult as Beast , Evan Peters as Quicksilver , Tye Sheridan as Cyclops , Alexandra Shipp as Storm , and Kodi Smit - McPhee as Nightcrawler . Archive footage of Hugh Jackman as Wolverine from X-Men Origins : Wolverine is used in the mid-credits sequence , with Jackman 's permission . This was re-edited for the sequence , and included raw footage shot for that film . Luke Roessler , who portrays a young David Haller in the X-Men - based television series Legion , appears as a young mutant credited as `` Cereal Kid '' . When Cable travels to the present day , he comes across two `` rednecks '' discussing a toilet paper manifesto . This was inspired by a real manifesto written by Reese , which the writers wanted to be discussed in the film by a certain `` calibre '' of actor : the characters are portrayed by Alan Tudyk and a disguised Matt Damon , with the latter credited as `` Dickie Greenleaf '' ( a reference to the 1999 film The Talented Mr. Ripley in which Damon stars ) . Leitch and writers Reese and Paul Wernick respectively cameo as Ice Box inmate `` Ground Chuck Mutant '' , a news helicopter pilot , and a news cameraman . Stan Lee was unable to cameo in the sequel , as he did in the first film and the short No Good Deed , but his likeness was used for a bust in the X-Mansion and for graffiti on a wall . Additionally , Dakota Shepley potrays Arkady Rossovich / Omega Red during a sequence that was deleted from the theatrical cut of the film . It will however appear in the Super Duper $ @ % ! # & Cut , extended edition for home release . Production Development Producer Simon Kinberg revealed in September 2015 that discussions had begun regarding ideas for a sequel to Deadpool , which was set to be released in February 2016 . One idea was for the film to introduce the character Cable , who had previously been looked at to appear in the first Deadpool , and X-Men : Days of Future Past ( 2014 ) before that . Cable 's inclusion in the potential sequel was confirmed by the character Deadpool while breaking the fourth wall in the post-credit scene of the first film . Domino , a character with connections to Cable in the comics , was also believed to be featured in the sequel . By the first film 's release , 20th Century Fox had green - lit a sequel , with writers Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick returning to write the screenplay . Though director Tim Miller and producer / star Ryan Reynolds were not confirmed for the sequel at the time , Fox was `` intent on keeping the creative team together '' . Miller and Reynolds ' involvement was confirmed at the 2016 CinemaCon that April , though Miller had still not formally signed on to direct the sequel . He began work developing the script with the writers , while Reynolds had signed a new contract granting him `` casting approval and other creative controls '' . It has to tonally and stylistically be as fresh and original ( as the first film ) . That 's a big challenge especially because they had 10 years to gestate on the first movie and we do n't have that kind of time on the second movie . That 's the biggest mandate going ( into ) the second film ... we have to resist the temptation to make it bigger . -- Producer Simon Kinberg on approaching Deadpool 2 In June 2016 , Kinberg expected filming to begin at the beginning of 2017 . By August , Kyle Chandler was believed to be in the running to portray Cable . Testing of actresses for Domino had also begun by October , with the shortlist of actresses under consideration including Lizzy Caplan , Mary Elizabeth Winstead , Sienna Miller , Sofia Boutella , Stephanie Sigman , Sylvia Hoeks , Mackenzie Davis , Ruby Rose , Eve Hewson , and Kelly Rohrbach . The producers were particularly interested in casting a black or Latina actress in the role . At the end of October , Miller left the film over `` mutual creative differences '' with Reynolds , reportedly based on several factors , including Reynolds ' expanded creative control over the sequel ; Miller 's wish for a more stylized follow - up than the first film , versus Reynolds ' focus `` on the raunchy comedy style that earned the first movie its R rating '' ; and Miller 's intention to cast Chandler as Cable , which Reynolds opposed . Fox ultimately backed `` its marketable star '' over Miller , who had made his directorial debut with the first film . Miller denied this report , while Reynolds said he could only add that `` I 'm sad to see him off the film . Tim 's brilliant and nobody worked harder on Deadpool than he did . '' A week after Miller 's departure , Fox was looking at David Leitch , Drew Goddard , Magnus Martens , and Rupert Sanders as potential replacements for the director . Leitch was the `` strong frontrunner '' for the role , and signed on a month later . Reynolds , a fan of Leitch 's John Wick , said the director `` really understands those Deadpool sensibilities and where we need to take the franchise '' , and `` can make a movie on an ultra tight minimal budget look like it was shot for 10 -- 15 times what it cost '' . Writing The first completed draft from Wernick and Reese was expected around June 2016 ; multiple had been completed by January 2017 . The pair felt a responsibility to explore the team X-Force , which includes Deadpool , Cable , and Domino in the comics , but to also keep the film focused on Deadpool . By the next month , the studio was still not happy with the script , with Reynolds and the writers `` bunkered down ... trying to cross the finish line and create something everyone is excited to make '' . Goddard joined them as a consultant . Reese , Wernick , and Reynolds were credited for the script , the three having split the film 's scenes between them before passing them around to be re-written by the others . Reese felt they were able to maintain `` one voice '' because of their long history with the character during development on the first film . Deadpool 2 is set `` more or less '' when the first film ends , and focuses on `` an existential crisis and a deeply personal cause '' for Deadpool . Leitch felt that retaining these personal stakes was more compelling for audiences than trying to build the film around global stakes . The writers felt that the sequel was tonally similar to the first film , but wanted to explore a different theme by focusing on a group of individuals ( X-Force ) and their need for family , with Reynolds explaining that `` the first movie is a love story masquerading as a comic - book movie , and this one is kind of a family film masquerading as a comic - book film again . '' Deadpool spends around half of the film unmasked , which the writers wanted for exploring the more emotional scenes , though Reynolds was reluctant to do this because he found the make - up required to portray an unmasked Deadpool `` time consuming and really uncomfortable '' . An early idea was to have the film begin five years after the first and explore Deadpool being a father , but the writers quickly decided that this was `` never , ever going to work '' and reworked the idea to explore the character wanting to have a child but being unable to . Earlier versions of the script included prominent roles for the characters Black Tom Cassidy and Sluggo , but they ultimately had a supporting role and a brief appearance , respectively . The villain Mr. X was also included in early drafts , but was cut due to the number of villains already in the film . The mutant inmates of the Ice Box were going to be explored more by having Cable breaking into the prison cause their power dampening collars to malfunction . This was removed from the script due to not being feasible within the film 's budget . Leitch fought to include more aspects of Cable 's backstory in the film after the writers chose to mostly ignore it due to it being convoluted ; a painting of Cyclops which would have acknowledged that character as Cable 's father was ultimately cut , but the Techno - Organic Virus that Cable is inflicted with and his daughter Hope are depicted . The film features contradictory connections to the various films of the franchise , which Leitch acknowledged as confusing but said that the issue had not really been discussed during development since the Deadpool films are considered their own `` entity '' in a way , and the character of Deadpool allows them to be `` flexible with the timeline , per se '' . Reese and Wernick preferred to use jokes in the film that only certain members of the audience would understand , though Reynolds would not allow some to be used if he thought not enough people would enjoy them ( including a reference to golfer Davis Love III ) . Following the announcement of the proposed acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney in December 2017 , the film includes several Disney related jokes including a running gag about the Disney film Frozen ( 2013 ) . However , Fox did make the producers remove a joke from the film that directly acknowledged the deal , which Reynolds said `` was a wise decision '' . Other cut jokes included many `` bizarre '' characters interviewing to join the X-Force , such as an idea to have Chris Evans reprise his role as the Human Torch from the Fantastic Four films . Pre-production Reese and Wernick confirmed in January 2017 that Stefan Kapičić 's Colossus , Brianna Hildebrand 's Negasonic Teenage Warhead , and Karan Soni 's Dopinder would be returning from the first film to `` make at least an appearance '' . By the beginning of March 2017 , Michael Shannon had been in the running to portray Cable , but no longer could due to a scheduling conflict . David Harbour had screen - tested for the role , and Pierce Brosnan was believed to be in negotiations for a part in the film , potentially Cable . Reynolds announced shortly after that Zazie Beetz had been cast as Domino . Shannon was in the running to portray Cable again later in the month , and was considered the frontrunner ahead of a shortlist that also included Harbour . Brad Pitt was also considered for the role , but had `` moved on '' . Leitch soon addressed the potential casting of these actors , saying Shannon `` would make an incredible Cable ... If that happens , I would be through the roof '' ; and on Pitt , `` We had a great meeting with Brad , he was incredibly interested in the property . Things did n't work out schedule-wise ( but ) I think he would 've made an amazing Cable . '' At the end of March , Morena Baccarin confirmed her return from the first film as Vanessa , and expressed interest in exploring the character 's Copycat persona from the comics in the sequel . Josh Brolin emerged as a `` surprise contender '' to play Cable in April , ahead of Shannon and Harbour , and was officially cast in the role . Brolin also portrays the Marvel Comics character Thanos , in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Also in April , Leslie Uggams confirmed that she would be reprising her role of Blind Al from the first film , while Fox gave the sequel a June 1 , 2018 release date . Noting the release date , Leitch wanted to ensure that the film `` was worthy of a summer tentpole movie , and we knew we were going to be wedged in between some big films '' , specifically wanting to expand the action and make the general feeling of the film `` bigger '' than the first one . However , he wanted the film to have the same DNA as the original `` in terms of the tone , and the fun ... I love that challenge '' of combining that with the increased scope . The film uses Deadpool 's fourth wall - breaking to reference this release period , with Leitch calling these comments `` definitely fresh and timely when they come up '' . In May 2017 , Fox was reportedly looking to use a post-credits scene at the end of Deadpool 2 to introduce several other members of X-Force who would go on to star alongside Reynolds , Brolin , and Beetz in an X-Force film . Casting for the characters -- Sunspot , Feral , and Shatterstar -- would take place over the coming months , though Reese denied the accuracy of this report . Later , T.J. Miller confirmed that he would return from the first film as Weasel , and described the sequel as `` even more weaselicious '' than the first . He noted that Reynolds and the writers had `` really put the time in on the script '' to meet their own expectations for the sequel as well as those of fans . Jack Kesy also joined the cast , as Black Tom Cassidy . In June , Shioli Kutsuna was cast in a key role for the film , Negasonic Teenage Warhead 's girlfriend Yukio . The writers felt free to use the character however the film needed due to her having only a minor role in the comics . Filming Initial filming had begun by June 17 , 2017 , at Hatley Castle in Victoria , British Columbia , Canada , which is used to portray the X-Mansion in the X-Men films . Principal photography began in Vancouver , on June 26 , under the working title Love Machine . Jonathan Sela served as cinematographer for the film . At the end of June , Reynolds revealed that Julian Dennison had been cast in the film . The next month , T.J. Miller said that he found the sequel to be funnier than the first film , and that `` it 's not going to be the same movie in a different location ( like The Hangover Part II ) . It 's got different stakes , different things happen , some pretty tragic , dark shit happens in the first part of the film , in the beginning , and the rest of the film is kind of dealing with that . '' By then , Kapičić had been working with Leitch on set , and expected to continue contributing to Colossus through to April 2018 . Production on the X-Men film Dark Phoenix was taking place in Montreal concurrently with the filming of Deadpool 2 , with Kinberg directing that film . He directed a brief moment where the X-Men are seen through an open door in the X-Mansion , which was added to Deadpool 2 with the aid of green screen to allow those characters to appear in this film . Leitch worked closely with Sela , the pair having previously collaborated on Leitch 's earlier films , to acknowledge the aesthetic of the first film while expanding the look of the sequel to match the new situations and characters introduced . The pair created specific shot lists and plans for blocking out scenes before they arrived on set , and were very particular about the colors they used ; they planned the color palette of the entire film , and also produced color wheels detailing specific palettes for each set piece . These color wheels were sometimes adjusted several days into the filming of a sequence after digital intermediate work revealed a different look than Leitch and Sela had been anticipating . Elements that were carried over from the first film included the `` moodiness '' and saturation of scenes set in Deadpool 's apartment , and the contrast with blacks in action sequences , while Cable 's future had a new aesthetic unlike anything in the first film . Another example of these color wheels was the sequence in which Firefist is introduced , with Leitch taking advantage of the scene being set during day to overemphasize the lighting and create a general sepia / orange tone that represented the fire abilities the character displays . This aesthetic met the storytelling needs of the scene as well as the practicalities of the filmmaking process . Because the film was shot digitally , Sela worked with Vantage Film to develop custom lenses that created the `` texture and flavor '' he wanted for it where he otherwise would have manipulated the exposure and development of film stock to achieve the same effect . An accident during filming on location at Shaw Tower in Vancouver caused the death of stunt woman Joi Harris On August 14 , stunt woman Joi `` SJ '' Harris died in a motorcycle accident after losing control and crashing into Shaw Tower . Harris , the first African - American female professional road racer , was working on the film as a stunt performer for the first time and had only joined the production a week before . Harris was not wearing a helmet because the character she was portraying , Domino , does not wear one in the scene , and there had not been time since she joined the film to create one for her to fit underneath the Domino wig . She had two full days of rehearsing the stunt as well as five more attempts on the day of the accident . Veteran stunt double Melissa Stubbs had been available and willing to do the stunt , but the inexperienced Harris was preferred due to her skin color being a match for Beetz . This decision was criticized by multiple stunt professionals , with many noting that Harris ' experiences racing motorcycles did not necessarily qualify her as an able stunt performer . Production was shut down immediately after the incident , but resumed two days later . With this news also came reports that the film 's crew were `` enduring very long hours '' and were `` exhausted by the schedule '' , with the studio confirming that some days had increased from the scheduled 12 -- 13 hours filming to over 15 hours . The film 's credits includes a dedication to the stuntwoman that reads `` In memory of Sequana Harris '' . Earlier in August , Reynolds revealed that Rob Delaney was at the film 's set , and Eddie Marsan revealed later in the month that he was also on set for a role in the film . Filming in Vancouver was expected to last until October 6 , with production on Deadpool 2 being officially completed on October 14 . Discussing the film 's action , having previously worked as a stunt coordinator , Leitch said that all stunts are `` variations on a theme '' with the same basic elements , but Deadpool allows you to `` subvert those basics , and there 's an expectation for a classic gag , but oops , maybe you get something else '' . He also felt that introducing Domino gave the film unique opportunities for action sequences taking advantage of her luck - based abilities , as well as focusing on Deadpool 's healing abilities and trying to use those interestingly . Darrin Prescott served as second - unit director on the film , and Jonathan Eusebio was the stunt - coordinator for the film , both having worked on John Wick previously . Domino 's abilities were envisioned as a Rube Goldberg machine `` on steroids '' , while Deadpool allowing his arm to be broken during a fight was an example of his abilities being used . Unlike the first film , for which Fox was unwilling to pay for the writers to be on set , the studio did pay for Reese and Wernick to be on set for the sequel . Leitch was happy for this to happen , Reynolds wanted them to be there , and it allowed the pair to continue contributing to the script and suggest new jokes and ideas throughout the filming process . Post-production Fox revealed in November that the film was technically untitled at that point , and not officially known as Deadpool 2 as had been assumed ; the studio was temporarily referring to the film as The Untitled Deadpool Sequel . Sexual misconduct allegations against T.J. Miller surfaced a month later , and by January 2018 some commentators had called for Miller to be replaced in the film in a similar manner to how Kevin Spacey was replaced by Christopher Plummer through reshoots in All the Money in the World ( 2017 ) . Producer Lauren Shuler Donner addressed whether this would be possible , saying `` We 're in the final editing . I do n't think so . '' Miller was later arrested for calling in a false bomb threat ; Reynolds would not comment on either issue , but stated that Miller would not be appearing in the X-Force film . Also in January , the film 's release was moved up to May 18 , 2018 . In February 2018 , Terry Crews was revealed to have a role in the film , the character Shatterstar was confirmed to be appearing , and the production returned to Vancouver for six days of reshoots under a new working title , Daisy . Some reports emerged by mid-March claiming that these reshoots were due to poor audience responses during test screenings of the film , and consisted of sweeping changes . However , the film was soon confirmed to be testing better than the original did , up to 98 out of 100 over three different tests ( compared to a maximum score of 91 during tests of the first film ) . Because of this , the reshoots were adding more of the elements that audiences responded positively to , including additional material featuring Cable and Domino . Sam Hargrave joined the film as a stunt coordinator for the reshoots , trying to `` breathe some new life in a couple of sequences '' . He highlighted a car chase which combines vehicles , actors , and green screen . By the end of the month , Pitt filmed a secret cameo appearance as the X-Force team member Vanisher during two hours of filming in Los Angeles , having been asked to shoot the part by Reynolds and agreeing to be paid `` scale '' , which Reese described as the equivalent of a Starbucks coffee . This was the final photography work done for the film . The film 's first full trailer officially titled the film Deadpool 2 , and revealed that Crews was portraying Bedlam ; confirmed that Delaney would appear , portraying Peter ; and that Bill Skarsgård also had a role . The film 's final trailer , released a month later , confirmed that Lewis Tan would portray Shatterstar , joining Domino , Bedlam , and Peter as members of X-Force . The group also includes Skarsgård 's character , revealed to be Zeitgeist . One scene that was cut from the film following test screenings was a post-credits scene featuring Deadpool travelling back in time to kill a baby Adolf Hitler . It was decided that the scene made audiences too `` squeamish '' , which was not the feeling that the creative team wanted people to be leaving the film with . The film originally did not have any post - or mid - credits scenes , with the Hitler scene and the film 's other time - traveling mid-credits scenes shot during additional photography . The latter came about when someone suggested the time travel device be used to fix real - world mistakes like Reynolds role in Green Lantern which the writers felt was `` the funniest idea ever , and what a great idea to end the movie '' . Additional footage of the X-Force team was shot for the film 's marketing to hide the fact that the majority of the X-Force are immediately killed as a joke in the film . Due to Deadpool 's mask , the creative team was able to change the character 's dialogue up to the film being officially completed ; Reynolds took this opportunity to keep adding new jokes to the film as long as possible . Visual effects for the characters of Colossus and Juggernaut were provided by Framestore . The model for Colossus was altered from the first film to make him more `` chiseled and angular '' , and his movements were based on motion capture done by Andre Tricoteux on set . Tricoteux wore several metallic pieces , including a helmet and chest piece , as reference . Kapičić provided the character 's facial performance . The character 's `` iconic metal ridges '' were live textured by animators for the first film , but Framestore changed this to use a combination of shape movement and distortion so they could be more precise with the geometry of the lines . Juggernaut was represented on set by a 6 feet 8 inches ( 2.03 m ) stand - in , who wore a helmet extension to match the character 's 9 feet 6 inches ( 2.90 m ) height . A full scale replica of the character 's metal helmet was built for interacting with stunts on set , but the final version was completely digital along with the rest of the character . Framestore animators found it challenging to move the helmet in a way that the character could still move his head underneath it , and studied the movement of bodybuilders for the character . Juggernaut 's face was modeled on Leitch 's , and Reynolds provided facial capture for the character , but this was modified during the animation process . For the final fight between the two characters , two stuntmen who matched the height difference between the two were filmed on a motion capture stage for reference ; this footage was edited into a previsualization . Music Main article : Deadpool 2 ( soundtrack ) Junkie XL chose not to return for Deadpool 2 after composing the score for the first film , given that Miller was `` the driving force behind '' him working on that film in the first place . In October 2017 , it was confirmed that Tyler Bates would be writing the score for Deadpool 2 after doing the same for Leitch 's previous films . Bates approached the music with a slight rock sensibility , and used a distorted guitar run through a wah - wah pedal , microsynths to add `` unique colors '' , and a choir . The choir originally sings lyrics such as `` you ca n't stop this motherfucker '' and `` holy shit balls ! '' , which ultimately earned the score a parental advisory warning . It is the first score album to receive such a warning . Bates felt this was not `` merit-less debauchery , it was just fun . It 's very rare that we can work on something at such a high professional level that embraces the irreverence of Deadpool . '' Leitch wanted to create an original song for the film that served as an emotional through - line for all of the film 's characters ; the song `` Ashes '' was ultimately produced , as recorded by Céline Dion . Leitch directed a music video to go with the release of the song , and Reynolds both wanted to produce a music video to accompany the song ; Leitch was initially conflicted about this , as he wanted audiences to discover the song , which was filmed in The Colosseum at Caesars Palace . It features dancer Yanis Marshall performing as Deadpool in high heels while Dion sings the song . The song was released as a single with the music video on May 3 , 2018 , before Sony Classical Records released a score album on May 11 , and Columbia Records released an album featuring the songs from the film -- including `` Ashes '' -- on May 18 . Release Deadpool 2 premiered at Leicester Square in London on May 10 , 2018 . It was released in the United States on May 18 , 2018 , having been previously scheduled for release on June 1 of that year . Marketing For the Fox presentation at CineEurope 2017 in June , Reynolds made a video message featuring himself in costume as Deadpool from the film 's set . The first teaser poster , which pays homage to Norman Rockwell 's 1943 painting Freedom from Want , was released that November . Justin Carter of Comic Book Resources found it `` oddly appropriate for Deadpool 2 to co-opt ( this ) iconic work for a modern pop culture audience '' as it is `` true to Deadpool 's incredibly referential nature '' . Eric Diaz of Nerdist said , `` It strikes exactly the irreverent tone you 'd expect for the Deadpool sequel . '' The first footage from the film debuted the following week , at the end of a video where Reynolds ( in - character as Deadpool ) parodies Bob Ross and his television show The Joy of Painting . The video was described by The Hollywood Reporter 's Ryan Parker as `` completely out of left field '' and setting the tone perfectly for the film , though his colleague Graeme McMillan was less positive due to not knowing of Ross ( Deadpool co-creator Fabian Nicieza thought the fact that many in the audience would n't know of Ross made the video `` exactly the kind of quirky pop culture choice that works perfectly for Deadpool '' ) . Parker added , `` This trailer only showed a few seconds from the film , but fans will be talking about it all day '' because of the presentation , unlike `` any other trailer which would have shown so little of the product '' . Rather than pay for an expensive advertisement spot during Super Bowl LII , the film 's official Twitter account was used to `` live tweet '' the event with in - character commentary from Deadpool . A new trailer for the film was released later that week , focusing on introducing Cable . Parker felt that `` Reynolds and company have completely changed the trailer game . The formula of just showing some of the actual movie , but with a tiny story thrown in is such an incredible marketing idea . '' McMillan and their colleague Aaron Couch praised the trailer playing on the visual effects for Cable 's arm not being finished , noting it as a joke about the visual effects to remove Henry Cavill 's mustache from Justice League . The group collectively praised the overall marketing for the franchise , with McMillan suggesting that the campaign for the sequel may surpass that of the first Deadpool . A full trailer for the film , explaining its general plot , was released at the end of March . Forbes contributor Scott Mendelson called it `` pretty funny and mostly entertaining '' , but was disappointed in it being a `` conventional '' trailer compared to the more out - there videos previously released for the film . He explained that he thought the first film `` had a winning lead character and fine character - centric jokes , but a pretty generic origin story plot that eventually became the thing it was critiquing '' , and was concerned that the sequel would turn out to be `` a more standard ' superhero sequel ' sell '' . Mendelson also noted the inclusion of T.J. Miller in the trailer following the reveal of sexual misconduct allegations against the actor in late 2017 , calling it `` inevitable no matter how tarnished his reputation might be these days '' . The Hollywood Reporter group also noted the more traditional style of the trailer , but remained generally positive about the film and highlighted the supporting cast for the film as appearing in the trailer , including Brolin , Beetz , Kutsuna , and Crews . Also in March , a Twitter account was established for the character Peter and began to be regularly updated with `` tweets '' about his interests , including photos of the character beekeeping and preparing for his work as part of the X-Force team ( as seen in the film ) . A month later , Fox released the final trailer for the film , with Mendelson lamenting that it was as `` conventional '' as the previous trailer but finding it understandable that Fox not be seen to be hiding the film , and ultimately felt that the trailer indicated the film would be `` a pretty solid comic book sequel '' . The group at The Hollywood Reporter praised the final trailer as well , highlighting its references to X-Men Origins : Wolverine and the DC universe as well as its introduction of Peter . At the end of April , Leitch stated that alternate versions of jokes that had been cut from the film were included in the trailers , since `` only one can live in the movie , so we might have snuck a couple in sort of additional materials that people can discover . '' As part of a promotion for the film with beverage company Mike 's Harder , Sister Margaret 's School for Wayward Girls -- the fictional bar featured in the films -- was emulated in pop - ups at the Alligator Lounge in New York from April 26 through 28 and the Slipper Clutch in Los Angeles from May 10 through 12 . The pop - ups respectively served pizza and chimichangas , traditionally Deadpool 's favorite food , as well as Deadpool - inspired Harder drinks . The campaign also included the chance to win a trip to the film 's premiere through Harder , and the Los Angeles pop - up benefitted the nonprofit DTLA Film Festival . Extended edition Leitch 's initial cut of the film was around two hours and twelve minutes , with `` nips and tucks '' done to it to get the run time down to the final two hours . By May 2018 , Leitch was working on an official extended edition of the film with Fox wanting to `` spin that out as a special thing '' . He said it would be closer to his initial runtime and would include a cut montage of Deadpool trying to commit suicide in various ways , an extended sequence in the X-Mansion , and alternate versions of jokes that were not chosen for the film 's theatrical version . The extended cut will be screened at San Diego Comic - Con 2018 at an event titled Deadpool 2 : Uncut Screening . Home Media The film will have a Digital HD release on August 7 , 2018 , followed by a physical release on August 21 . The latter covers the 4K Ultra HD , Blu - ray , and DVD formats , and includes both the theatrical and unrated extended versions , with the latter labeled a Super Duper $ @ % ! # & Cut . The physical release includes an audio commentary for the theatrical version in 4K Ultra HD and Blu - ray formats , from Reynolds , Leitch , Reese , and Wernick . The Blu - ray format also includes a gag reel , deleted and extended scenes , alternate takes , featurettes on Easter eggs , the cast and characters , Leitch 's directing , and the action and stunts , and more . Reception Box Office As of July 15 , 2018 , Deadpool 2 has grossed $316.3 million in the United States and Canada , and $414.6 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $730.8 million , against a production budget of $110 million . On April 20 , 2018 , both Fandango and Regal Cinemas announced that Deadpool 2 was the best pre-selling R - rated film in their respective histories . The film opened in 4,332 theaters , setting the record for widest R - rated release ever ( beating the 4,103 count by It in September 2017 ) . It made $18.6 million from Thursday night previews and $53.3 million on its first day , setting records for both by an R - rated film , beating It 's $13.5 million and $50.4 million , respectively . The film went on to debut to $125.5 million , the second - best opening for an R - rated film behind the original , and became the first film to dethrone Avengers : Infinity War atop the box office . It fell 66 % in its second weekend , grossing $42.7 million and finishing second behind newcomer Solo : A Star Wars Story . The film made $23.3 million in its third weekend , remaining in second behind Solo . It dropped 39 % in both its fourth and fifth weekends , making a respective $14.1 million and $8.7 million . Worldwide , the film had a global debut of $300.4 million , including $174.9 million internationally , the largest - ever for an R - rated film or Fox release . It opened in 81 markets and finished first in all of them , including the United Kingdom ( $18 million ) , Korea ( $17 million ) , Russia ( $11.8 million ) and Australia ( $11.7 million ) . It remained number one in 27 markets in its second weekend , making $57 million and bringing its foreign total through its first full week to $279.7 million . In its third week of international release the film made $47 million , including a $5.5 million debut in Japan ( 26 % better than the first film ) , bringing its foreign total to $344 million . Critical response On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 82 % based on 294 reviews , and an average rating of 7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Though it threatens to buckle under the weight of its meta gags , Deadpool 2 is a gory , gleeful lampoon of the superhero genre buoyed by Ryan Reynolds ' undeniable charm . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score 66 out of 100 , based on 51 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale , the same score as the first film . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars , jokingly calling it the best sequel since The Godfather Part II and saying : `` Deadpool 2 is wicked , dark fun from start to finish , with some twisted and very funny special effects , cool production elements ( and ) terrific ensemble work . '' PopMatters writer J.R. Kinnard wrote : `` If you enjoyed the guilty pleasures of Deadpool , it 's an immutable law of physics that you will love Deadpool 2 . The second verse may be the same as the first , but that verse is a dirty limerick of childish goodness . '' Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and wrote , `` Deadpool 2 is just like Deadpool only more so . It 's actually a fair bit better -- funnier , more inventive than the 2016 smash ... and more consistent in its chosen tone and style : ultraviolent screwball comedy . '' Alex Hudson of Exclaim ! lauded the film , saying `` Much like in the Marvel Studios universe , Deadpool 2 serves to unite superheroes into a cohesive narrative arc , setting the stage for plenty of cross-pollination superhero boogaloos in the future . Assuming that more films follow in the series , this sets the bar high . '' Sequel By November 2016 , with development underway on Deadpool 2 , Fox was also planning Deadpool 3 , which was said to include the team X-Force . With the confirmation that Leitch would direct Deadpool 2 , it was revealed that Fox was looking for a separate filmmaker to direct Deadpool 3 . In March 2017 , Reese clarified that though Deadpool 2 sets - up the X-Force team , a future film focused on the team would be separate from Deadpool 3 , `` so I think we 'll be able to take two paths . ( X-Force ) is where we 're launching something bigger , but then ( Deadpool 3 is ) where we 're contracting and staying personal and small . '' After the proposed acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney was announced in December 2017 , Disney CEO Bob Iger said that Deadpool would be integrated with the Marvel Cinematic Universe under Disney , and that the company would be willing to make future R - rated Deadpool films `` as long as we let the audiences know what 's coming '' . In May 2018 , Reynolds stated that a third Deadpool film may not be made given the franchise 's shift of focus to X-Force , though Reese and Wernick felt a third film would `` absolutely '' be happening after Reynolds took a break from the character and X-Force was released , which they compared to the Iron Man franchise having Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) release after the crossover film The Avengers ( 2012 ) . Also , Leitch expressed interest in returning to the franchise , saying , `` I would be grateful to work on something ( starring Reynolds ' Deadpool ) again . It just depends on time and place , so we 'll see what happens '' . References Jump up ^ `` Deadpool 2 ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 5 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Deadpool 2 ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Deadpool 2 : What the critics thought '' . BBC News . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Katie Kilkenny ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' : What Critics Are Saying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Deadpool ' Sequel Already in the Works '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anderton , Ethan ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Trailer Breakdown : What the F * cksicle Is This ? '' . / Film . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2018 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Riesman , Abraham ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Deadpool 2 Writers Defend Treatment of Female Characters '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Romano , Nick ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` What Deadpool 2 gets right and wrong about Hollywood 's first LGBTQ Marvel heroes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2018 . 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The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Josh Brolin on Getting `` Beat to Shit '' in ' Deadpool 2 ' and When ' X-Force ' Might Start Filming `` . Collider . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chichizola , Corey ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` What Morena Baccarin Really Wants To See Happen in Deadpool 2 '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morena Baccarin on Vanessa 's `` Interesting '' ' Deadpool 2 ' Storyline ' Deadpool 2 ' Premiere . The Hollywood Reporter . May 15 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erao , Matthew ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Deadpool 2 Casts Hunt for the Wilderpeople Star '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2017 . 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Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Deadpool 2 ' Domino Shortlist Includes Mary Elizabeth Winstead , Ruby Rose ( UPDATED ) '' . Collider . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McMillan , Graeme ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Has Introduced a Surprise New Hero '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lovece , Frank ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` Do n't mess with the women of Deadpool 2 '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Massabrook , Nicole ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Zazie Beetz Talks ' Deadpool 2 ' Training ; Domino Actress Wants To Be in Donald Glover 's Cartoon '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` Deadpool 2 interview : Zazie Beetz on why Domino embraces armpit hair '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2018 . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Roman , Julian ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` T.J. Miller Promises More Weasel in Deadpool 2 EXCLUSIVE '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Matt ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Colossus and Negasonic Teenage Warhead Will Return in ' Deadpool 2 ' '' . Collider . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Couch , Aaron ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Ryan Reynolds `` Is Taking Performance Art to Another Level '' With ' Deadpool 2 ' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Puchko , Kristy ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Deadpool 2 : Brianna Hildebrand Teases Negasonic Teenage Warhead Return '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yee , Lawrence ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Negasonic Teenage Warhead Star Talks ' Deadpool 2 's ' LGBT Milestone , New Hairdo '' . FANDOM . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How ' Deadpool 2 ' Star Brianna Hildebrand Reacted When Ryan Reynolds Pitched LGBTQ Superhero Storyline ( Exclusive ) '' . Too Fab . May 18 , 2018 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Deadpool 2 ' features groundbreaking LGBTQ superhero storyline ( SPOILERS ) '' . GLAAD . May 15 , 2018 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Sets Jack Kesy As Villain : Could He Be Black Tom ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ching , Albert ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Deadpool 2 Writers Break Down the ( Many ) Big Surprises in the Film Page 2 '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Desowitz , Bill ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' : Creating the Colossus vs. Juggernaut Slugfest , One Mocap at a Time '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2018 . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Francisco , Eric ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Colossus Actor Reveals ' Deadpool 2 ' Trailer Secrets , Confirms New Mutants '' . Inverse . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` How Colossus Became a Secret Weapon of ' Deadpool 2 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Morales , Wilson ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Leslie Uggams To Return In Deadpool 2 '' . BlackFilm.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Marnell , Blair ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Deadpool 2 Exclusive : Dopinder is Coming Back for the Sequel ! '' . Nerdist . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Marsan , Eddie ( @ eddiemarsan ) ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` The kids visited me at work on # Deadpool2. Ryan made them feel so special . I 'm officially the coolest Dad in the world '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Cardona , Ian ( May 20 , 2018 ) . `` Deadpool 2 May Have Teased a Major X-Men Villain -- Again '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Blanch , Vanessa ( May 26 , 2018 ) . `` Actor , former wrestler Robert Maillet lands role in Deadpool 2 '' . CBC News . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2018 . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Faierman , Leo ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` Deadpool 2 Almost Had More Mutants Using A Lot More Mutant Powers '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Webber , Tim ( May 20 , 2018 ) . `` Deadpool 2 's 18 Most Surprising Cameos '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2018 . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : N'Duka , Amanda ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Sets Actress Shioli Kutsuna in a Key Role '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ching , Albert ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Deadpool 2 Writers Break Down the ( Many ) Big Surprises in the Film '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Couto , Anthony ( May 19 , 2018 ) . `` Deadpool 2 : Negasonic Warhead 's Girlfriend Is n't Who You Thought She Was '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2018 . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Shanley , Patrick ; Parker , Ryan ; Couch , Aaron ; McMillan , Graeme ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Changed the Trailer Game With Cable Reveal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sharf , Zack ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Bill Skarsgård Makes ' Deadpool 2 ' Debut : ' It ' Actor Confirmed as X-Force Mutant Zeitgeist -- First Look '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2018 . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fullerton , Huw ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Deadpool 2 's biggest and best cameos '' . Radio Times . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Brandon ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Simon Kinberg Directed That Hilarious ' Deadpool 2 ' Scene '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Liu , Naralan ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Every X-Man in Deadpool 2 ( Including the Ones You Missed ) Page 2 '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2018 . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Newby , Richard ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` The Villain Who Deserves His Close - Up After ' Deadpool 2 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2018 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dyce , Andrew ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` Deadpool 2 Has ANOTHER A-List Cameo ( You Totally Missed ) '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Couch , Aaron ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` How ' Deadpool 2 ' Writers Snuck Heart into the Raunchy Franchise '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' : David Leitch on That Superhero Cameo and the Requisite Stan Lee Appearance '' . Collider . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2018 . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.comicbookmovie.com/deadpool/deadpool_2/deadpool-2-new-gallery-of-mutants-from-the-sequel-reveal-a-first-look-at-dakoda-shepley-as-omega-red-a162136 Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Simon Kinberg on ' Deadpool ' Rough Cut , Sequel Talks , and Cable '' . Collider . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gonzales , Umberto ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Guess WHO Else Is Coming In The DeadPool Sequel ! '' . Heroic Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Confirmed With Ryan Reynolds , Director Tim Miller Returning '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gonzales , Umberto ; Maglio , Tony ( October 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Drama : Here 's What Ryan Reynolds and Director Tim Miller Clashed Over ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Ryan Reynolds on Deadpool 2 and new director David Leitch '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( June 24 , 2016 ) . Deadpool 2 Filming Early Next Year Says Simon Kinberg . Collider . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Popcorn Talk ( August 12 , 2016 ) . Ghostbusters / MIB Crossover ? , Sausage Party Reviewed and More Headlines Meet the Movie Press . YouTube . 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Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ; Galuppo , Mia ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` It 's Official : ' John Wick ' Director David Leitch to Helm ' Deadpool 2 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' eyes ' John Wick ' director David Leitch to replace Tim Miller ( Exclusive ) '' . Mashable . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Grobar , Matt ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool ' Scribes Rhett Reese & Paul Wernick on This Awards Season 's Biggest Surprise Candidate '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Writers on Laying the Foundation for ' X-Force ' '' . Collider . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Drew Goddard Is Working on the ' Deadpool 2 ' Script '' . Collider . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Buckley , Cara ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` This Story Has Already Stressed Ryan Reynolds Out '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2018 . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Mike ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` The ' Deadpool 2 ' Writers Tell Us About Cut Scenes Featuring Chris Evans And Baby Hitler '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` Deadpool 2 original script had Deadpool as a dad '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Giroux , Jack ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Director David Leitch Discusses the X-Force Gag , Adding More Cable , and Embracing the Comic Book Aesthetic ( Interview ) Page 2 '' . / Film . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2018 . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Writers Explain How They 'll Handle Cable 's Convoluted Origin '' . Collider . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Hugh ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` When is Deadpool 2 set in the X-Men timeline ? '' . Radio Times . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` Deadpool 2 : Ryan Reynolds says Fox made him cut a Disney joke '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2018 . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' : ' Stranger Things ' Star David Harbour in the Mix for Cable '' . Collider . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gonzales , Umberto ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Star David Harbour Eyed to Play Cable in ' Deadpool 2 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Popcorn Talk ( February 3 , 2016 ) . Justin Kroll Guests , Affleck No Longer Directing The Batman , & More -- Meet the Movie Press . YouTube . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' : Michael Shannon Frontrunner to Play Cable ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Brad Pitt Considered Playing Cable in ' Deadpool 2 ' '' . Collider . 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Jump up ^ Couto , Anthony ( June 17 , 2017 ) . `` Deadpool 2 Filming X-Mansion Scenes with Reynolds in Victoria , BC '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` DGC BC Production List '' ( PDF ) . dgc.ca . Directors Guild of Canada . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Deadpool 2 Working Title Revealed '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , Ryan ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Day one . Maximum Effort 2.0 '' . Facebook . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Molly ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` T.J. Miller Promises Deadpool 2 Is n't a Hangover 2 - Style Sequel '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Star Stefan Kapicic Really Wants to Tell You the Plot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Giroux , Jack ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Director David Leitch Discusses the X-Force Gag , Adding More Cable , and Embracing the Comic Book Aesthetic ( Interview ) Page 1 '' . / Film . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2018 . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Heuring , David ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` Billion Dollar Cinematographer Jonathan Sela Rises as Master Storyteller '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2018 . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ; Busch , Anita ; Robb , David ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Stunt Crash Victim ID 'd As First African - American Female Pro Road Racer ; Director & Fox ' Deeply Saddened ' -- Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ; Busch , Anita ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' To Start Production 48 Hours After Stunt Driver Killed '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Scott ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Motorcycle Death Leaves Stunt Community Asking Tough Questions '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Dedicated to Late Stuntwoman S.J. Harris '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Ryan ( @ VancityReynolds ) ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Enjoyed running into @ robdelaney at the 1956 Saskatchewan Men 's Conference . # deadpool2 '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Reese , Rhett ( @ RhettReese ) ( October 14 , 2017 ) . `` That 's a wrap ! Deadpool 2 is in the can ! '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Giardina , Carolyn ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Baby Driver ' Stunt Coordinator : ' We Tried to Do Everything in Camera ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2018 . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fil - Am stunt coordinator on working with Ryan Reynolds in ' Deadpool 2 ' '' . The Philippine Star . May 2 , 2018 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2018 . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schager , Nick ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Ryan Reynolds Ponied Up Cash to Keep His ' Deadpool ' Writers on Set '' . Yahoo !. com . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sintumuang , Kevin ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` The Deadpool 2 Writers Did n't Care if 14 - Year - Olds Do n't Know Who Bob Ross Is '' . Esquire . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2018 . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Molly ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Deadpool Sequel May Not Be Titled ' Deadpool 2 ' '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` X-Men Producer Welcomes Avengers -- X-Men Crossover , Weighs in on Hollywood Harassment '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2018 . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' to Hit Theaters Early , But ' New Mutants ' Delayed to 2019 '' . Collider . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2018 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marc , Christopher ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Heading Back To Vancouver For Reshoots Under The Working Title ' Daisy ' '' . Omega Underground . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Parker , Ryan ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Outscores Original in Test Screenings ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' : Here 's What They Added in Reshoots '' . Collider . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Jenna ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` Sam Hargrave Talks Stunts in ' Deadpool 2 ' and ' Avengers 4 ' '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2018 . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dumaraog , Ana ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Exclusive : What it Took For ( SPOILER ) to Cameo in Deadpool 2 '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ 20th Century Fox ( March 22 , 2018 ) . Deadpool 2 The Trailer . YouTube . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Deadpool 2 Writers Break Down the ( Many ) Big Surprises in the Film Page 3 '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Deadpool 2 Loses Composer Junkie XL '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Bates to Score ' Deadpool 2 ' '' . Film Music Reporter . October 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Burlingame , Jon ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Score Album Is First Ever to Receive a Parental Advisory Warning '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2018 . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Coggan , Devon ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` How Deadpool 2 recruited Céline Dion for that emotional power ballad '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2018 . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Deadpool 2 : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ' Set To Release May 18 via Columbia Records '' . Music Existence . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2018 . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ahearn , Victoria ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` Deadpool costume ' felt like a nightmare , ' says dancer Yanis Marshall '' . The Toronto Star . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2018 . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Blistein , Jon ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` Watch Celine Dion , Deadpool Unite for Powerhouse Ballad ' Ashes ' '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2018 . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . May 2 , 2018 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2018 . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Deadpool 2 : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ' Set To Release May 18 via Columbia Records '' . Music Existence . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2018 . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Reynolds and the cast of Deadpool 2 ooze movie star glamour for London premiere of Marvel film '' . DailyMail . May 11 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman , Colin Firth , ' Avatar ' and ' Deadpool 2 ' Give Firepower to Fox 's CineEurope Show '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carter , Justin ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Deadpool 2 : Wade & Cable Stuff The Bird on Sequel 's First Poster '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Diaz , Eric ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` DEADPOOL 2 Poster Gets in the Holiday Spirit '' . Nerdist . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ong , Thuy ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Deadpool paint and shoot things in the new teaser trailer '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; McMillan , Graeme ; Parker , Ryan ; Nicieza , Fabian ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Delivered Something Completely Out of Left Field '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haring , Bruce ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Skips Expensive Trailer , Live Tweets Through The Super Bowl '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` Witty ( But Generic ) ' Deadpool 2 ' Trailer Finally Spills The Beans '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2018 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; Kilkenny , Katie ; Liefeld , Rob ; Shanley , Patrick ; Parker , Ryan ; McMillan , Graeme ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` A Deep Dive into the ' Deadpool 2 ' Trailer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2018 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peter W '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Elderkin , Beth ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` Peter , the New Star of Deadpool 2 , Has a Real Twitter That 's an Absolute Delight '' . io9 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Saved The Best ' Deadpool 2 ' Trailer For Last '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; Parker , Ryan ; Perez , Lexy ; McMillan , Graeme ; Shanley , Patrick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Trailer Has One Clear Winner '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool ' Pop - Up Bar Coming to New York and L.A. '' The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` A Deadpool 2 Extended Cut Is Coming , Here 's What To Expect '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2018 . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( July 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 : Uncut ' to Screen at Comic - Con ; Saturday Schedule Revealed '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2018 . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Blu - ray Details Reveal an Extended Cut with 15 Minutes of New Footage '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2018 . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Advance Ticket Sales Records : Fandango 's Best R - Rated Preseller Ever In First 24 Hours '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Swinging in As Second - Best Opening For R - Rated Pic With $125 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 26 , 2018 ) . `` Why Is ' Solo ' Flying So Low at the B.O. ? Memorial Day Opening Now At $114 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' Hits Asteroid Wwth $29 M -- $30 M ; ' Action Point ' Condemned To $2 M+ : Post-Memorial Day Blues at the B.O. '' Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` Box office top 20 : ' Ocean 's 8 ' dethrones ' Solo ' '' . ABC News . ABC . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Incredibles 2 ' Record $183 M Beats ' Captain America : Civil War ' Opening & Lifetime Totals Of ' Cars 3 ' , ' A Bug 's Life ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Sets Fox Record With $176 M Overseas Bow ; ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Tops $1.81 B WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Stalls With $65 M Overseas Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Sets Fox Record With $176 M Overseas Bow ; ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Tops $1.81 B WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Deadpool 2 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Deadpool 2 reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' a dark , gruesome delight , from start to very funny finish '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kinnard , J.R. ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` In ' Deadpool 2 ' the Obscenity Delightfully Continues '' . PopMatters . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` Ryan Reynolds takes a comic high dive into ' Deadpool 2 ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Alex . `` Deadpool 2 directed by David Leitch '' . Exclaim ! Media . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Fox 's X-Men Issues : Jennifer Lawrence Unsigned , ' Deadpool ' Defections , ' Gambit ' on Hold '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Why Deadpool 3 And X-Force Will Be Very Different Projects '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Peter ; Hayes , Dade ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Disney - Fox Deal : Bob Iger Discusses Digital Future , James Murdoch , Hulu and $2 B Cost Savings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool ' Can Stay R - Rated at Disney , Says Bob Iger '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Starnews Korea ( May 2 , 2018 ) . Full . 데드 풀 2 내한 기자 간담회 -- 라이언 레 놀즈 ( Ryan Reynolds ) . YouTube . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaye , Don ( May 26 , 2018 ) . `` Making Deadpool 2 Bigger , Funnier , and Weirder '' . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2018 . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Deadpool 2 Official website Deadpool 2 on IMDb Deadpool 2 at Rotten Tomatoes Deadpool 2 at Metacritic Deadpool 2 at AllMovie Deadpool Fabian Nicieza Rob Liefeld Supporting characters Agent X Blind Al Bob , Agent of Hydra Sandi Brandenberg Cable Copycat Death Domino Emrys Killebrew Negasonic Teenage Warhead Outlaw Shiklah Siryn Spider - Man Weasel Wolverine X-Men Antagonists Ajax Black Box Black Swan Black Talon Black Tom Cassidy Bullseye Doctor Bong Dracula Hit - Monkey Flag - Smasher Juggernaut Madcap Sabretooth Slayback Taskmaster T - Ray Thanos Trapster Typhoid Mary Publications Cable & Deadpool Mrs. Deadpool and the Howling Commandos Wolverine and Deadpool In other media Deadpool video game Deadpool film accolades box office records soundtrack No Good Deed Deadpool 2 soundtrack `` Ashes '' Related articles 5 Ronin Deathstroke Gwenpool Mercs for Money X-Force X-Men in other media Films Main series X-Men X2 X-Men : The Last Stand soundtrack X-Men : First Class X-Men : Days of Future Past X-Men : Apocalypse Dark Phoenix Wolverine X-Men Origins : Wolverine The Wolverine Logan Deadpool Deadpool soundtrack Deadpool 2 Other films The New Mutants Development of Gambit Characters List of X-Men films cast members Television Animated Pryde of the X-Men X-Men characters episodes X-Men : Evolution characters episodes Wolverine and the X-Men episodes Marvel Anime : X-Men Live - 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Man : Homecoming Spider - Man : Far From Home Thor Thor Thor : The Dark World Thor : Ragnarok Wolverine X-Men Origins : Wolverine The Wolverine Logan X-Men X-Men X2 X-Men : The Last Stand X-Men : First Class X-Men : Days of Future Past X-Men : Apocalypse Dark Phoenix Single films Howard the Duck Man - Thing Doctor Strange Black Panther Venom Captain Marvel The New Mutants Franchises from Marvel Comics imprints Kick - Ass Kick - Ass Kick - Ass 2 Kingsman Kingsman : The Secret Service Kingsman : The Golden Circle Men in Black Men in Black Men in Black II Men in Black 3 See also Marvel Studios Marvel Cinematic Universe films Marvel One - Shots Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King No Good Deed Team Thor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deadpool_2&oldid=850567248 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films Deadpool films 20th Century Fox films American sequel films 2010s action films 2010s black comedy films 2010s superhero films American action comedy films American black comedy films American films American superhero films Film spin - offs Films about drugs Films about revenge Films directed by David Leitch Films set in Hong Kong Films set in Mississippi Films set in New York ( state ) Films set in Sicily Films set in Tokyo Films set in Westchester County , New York Films set in prison Films shot in Vancouver IMAX films Metafictional works Motion capture in film Self - reflexive films Superhero comedy films Time travel films Vigilante films X-Men films Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from May 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Comics navigational boxes purge Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 17 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays the asian girl in deadpool 2 | [
"Stefan Kapičić voices Colossus, an X-Man with the mutant ability to transform his entire body into organic steel.[29] Kapičić described Colossus as one of the most important characters in the film, requiring a more intense process for Kapičić during recording for the character. He explained that Colossus would continue to try make Deadpool a better person and potential X-Man after doing so in the first film.[38] Unlike the first film, Kapičić also provided performance capture for the character's face on the sequel, while Andre Tricoteux returned to stand-in for the character on set.[39] Leslie Uggams and Karan Soni also return from the first film as Deadpool's elderly roommate Blind Al and the taxi driver Dopinder, respectively.[40][41] Additionally, Eddie Marsan plays the headmaster of the Essex Home for Mutant Rehabilitation, an orphanage;[42][43] Robert Maillet briefly appears as Sluggo, an inmate of the Ice Box who originally had a more prominent antagonistic role alongside Black Tom before both roles were reduced due to the number of villains in the film;[44][45] Hayley Sales and Islie Hirvonen respectively appear as Cable's wife and Hope, their daughter, during a flashforward;[46] and Shioli Kutsuna portrays Yukio, Negasonic Teenage Warhead's girlfriend and fellow X-Man.[47][48] A version of Yukio previously appeared in the 2013 film The Wolverine, portrayed by Rila Fukushima.[49] The film's version of the X-Force team also includes Terry Crews as Bedlam,[50][6] Lewis Tan as Shatterstar,[24] Bill Skarsgård as Zeitgeist,[51] Rob Delaney as Peter,[6] and Brad Pitt as Vanisher. Pitt was considered for the role of Cable before scheduling issues prevented him from taking it; he filmed his Vanisher cameo in two hours during post-production.[52]\n"
] | [
"Shioli Kutsuna"
] |
-4743662075577768904 | Sarah, Plain and Tall (film) | Sarah , Plain and Tall ( film ) - wikipedia Sarah , Plain and Tall ( film ) Sarah , Plain and Tall Video release poster Genre Drama Family Romance Based on Sarah , Plain and Tall by Patricia MacLachlan Screenplay by Patricia MacLachlan Carol Sobieski Directed by Glenn Jordan Starring Glenn Close Christopher Walken Theme music composer David Shire Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Production Executive producer ( s ) Glenn Close William Self Producer ( s ) Glenn Jordan Cinematography Mike Fash Editor ( s ) John Wright Running time 98 minutes Production company ( s ) Hallmark Hall of Fame Self Productions Trillium Productions Release Original network CBS Original release February 3 , 1991 Chronology Followed by Skylark `` Sarah , Plain and Tall '' Hallmark Hall of Fame episode Episode no . Season 40 Episode 2 Production code 288 Original air date February 3 , 1991 Episode chronology ← Previous `` Decoration Day '' Next → `` Shadow of a Doubt '' Episode list Sarah , Plain and Tall is an American television film in the Hallmark Hall of Fame anthology series . It first aired in February 1991 . It is the first of three installments in the film adaptation of Patricia MacLachlan 's novel of the same name . Location shots were filmed in Grand Island , NE for the town , church , and railway scenes . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 4 Sequels 5 External links Plot ( edit ) The story is set in Kansas in 1910 . Jacob Witting , a widowed farmer who is still saddened by the death of his wife , Katherine , during childbirth around six years before , finds that the task of taking care of his farm and two children , Anna and Caleb , is too difficult to handle alone . He advertises in the newspaper for a mail - order bride . Sarah Wheaton , from Maine , responds describing herself as `` plain and tall '' , and travels out to become his wife . Upon arriving , she proves to have good sense , an interest in helping with even the most physically demanding chores , and a quiet , warm personality . But she grows homesick : miles and miles of Kansas farmland prove no substitute for Maine 's ocean vistas . She is under no obligation to marry Jacob and is free to leave if she so desires ; much of the story 's suspense depends on whether or not she will decide to stay . Cast ( edit ) Glenn Close as Sarah Wheaton Christopher Walken as Jacob Witting Lexi Randall as Anna Witting Christopher Bell as Caleb Witting Malgorzata Zajaczkowska as Maggie Grant ( as Margaret Sophie Stein ) Jon De Vries as Matthew Grant James Rebhorn as William Wheaton Woody Watson as Jess Stearns Betty Laird as Mrs. Parkley Marc Penney as Ticket Agent Kara Beth Taylor as Rose Reception ( edit ) Generally well received by the public , the film was considered `` Fresh '' at Rotten Tomatoes with 80 % approval based on five reviews . It was nominated for nine Emmys in 1991 , it won one , for `` Outstanding Editing for a Miniseries or a Special - Single Camera Production '' . It was also nominated for two Golden Globes . Sequels ( edit ) The film was followed by two sequels : Skylark ( 1993 film ) Sarah , Plain and Tall : Winter 's End ( 1999 ) External links ( edit ) Sarah , Plain and Tall on IMDb Sarah , Plain and Tall at Rotten Tomatoes Sarah , Plain and Tall at TV.com Films directed by Glenn Jordan Les Misérables ( 1977 ) One of My Wives Is Missing ( 1977 ) 33 Hours in the Life of God ( 1977 ) Son - Rise : A Miracle of Love ( 1979 ) Only When I Laugh ( 1981 ) The Princess and the Cabbie ( 1981 ) The Buddy System ( 1984 ) Heartsounds ( 1984 ) Mass Appeal ( 1984 ) Promise ( 1986 ) The Boys ( 1991 ) Sarah , Plain and Tall ( 1991 ) O Pioneers ! ( 1992 ) Barbarians at the Gate ( 1993 ) Jane 's House ( 1994 ) A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1995 ) After Jimmy ( 1996 ) Sarah , Plain and Tall : Winter 's End ( 1999 ) Lucy ( 2003 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarah,_Plain_and_Tall_(film)&oldid=833546450 '' Categories : 1991 television films American television films American films American drama films Films set in 1910 Films based on children 's books Hallmark Hall of Fame episodes Films directed by Glenn Jordan Films set in Kansas Films based on American novels Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Pages using infobox television episode with incorrectly formatted episode list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 07 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played caleb in sarah plain and tall | [
"Glenn Close as Sarah Wheaton\nChristopher Walken as Jacob Witting\nLexi Randall as Anna Witting\nChristopher Bell as Caleb Witting\nMalgorzata Zajaczkowska as Maggie Grant (as Margaret Sophie Stein)\nJon De Vries as Matthew Grant\nJames Rebhorn as William Wheaton\nWoody Watson as Jess Stearns\nBetty Laird as Mrs. Parkley\nMarc Penney as Ticket Agent\nKara Beth Taylor as Rose"
] | [
"Christopher Bell"
] |
-8750551695310369516 | Main sequence | Main sequence - wikipedia Main sequence Jump to : navigation , search For the racehorse , see Main Sequence ( horse ) . A Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram plots the actual brightness ( or absolute magnitude ) of a star against its color index ( represented as B − V ) . The main sequence is visible as a prominent diagonal band that runs from the upper left to the lower right . This plot shows 22,000 stars from the Hipparcos Catalogue together with 1,000 low - luminosity stars ( red and white dwarfs ) from the Gliese Catalogue of Nearby Stars . Star formation Object classes Interstellar medium Molecular cloud Bok globule Dark nebula Young stellar object Protostar T Tauri star Pre-main - sequence star Herbig Ae / Be star Herbig -- Haro object Theoretical concepts Initial mass function Jeans instability Kelvin -- Helmholtz mechanism Nebular hypothesis Planetary migration Star portal In astronomy , the main sequence is a continuous and distinctive band of stars that appears on plots of stellar color versus brightness . These color - magnitude plots are known as Hertzsprung -- Russell diagrams after their co-developers , Ejnar Hertzsprung and Henry Norris Russell . Stars on this band are known as main - sequence stars or `` dwarf '' stars . These are the most numerous true stars in the universe , and include the Earth 's Sun . After a star has formed , it generates thermal energy in the dense core region through nuclear fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium . During this stage of the star 's lifetime , it is located along the main sequence at a position determined primarily by its mass , but also based upon its chemical composition and other factors . All main - sequence stars are in hydrostatic equilibrium , where outward thermal pressure from the hot core is balanced by the inward pressure of gravitational collapse from the overlying layers . The strong dependence of the rate of energy generation in the core on the temperature and pressure helps to sustain this balance . Energy generated at the core makes its way to the surface and is radiated away at the photosphere . The energy is carried by either radiation or convection , with the latter occurring in regions with steeper temperature gradients , higher opacity or both . The main sequence is sometimes divided into upper and lower parts , based on the dominant process that a star uses to generate energy . Stars below about 1.5 times the mass of the Sun ( or 1.5 solar masses ( M ) ) primarily fuse hydrogen atoms together in a series of stages to form helium , a sequence called the proton -- proton chain . Above this mass , in the upper main sequence , the nuclear fusion process mainly uses atoms of carbon , nitrogen and oxygen as intermediaries in the CNO cycle that produces helium from hydrogen atoms . Main - sequence stars with more than two solar masses undergo convection in their core regions , which acts to stir up the newly created helium and maintain the proportion of fuel needed for fusion to occur . Below this mass , stars have cores that are entirely radiative with convective zones near the surface . With decreasing stellar mass , the proportion of the star forming a convective envelope steadily increases , whereas main - sequence stars below 0.4 M undergo convection throughout their mass . When core convection does not occur , a helium - rich core develops surrounded by an outer layer of hydrogen . In general , the more massive a star is , the shorter its lifespan on the main sequence . After the hydrogen fuel at the core has been consumed , the star evolves away from the main sequence on the HR diagram . The behavior of a star now depends on its mass , with stars below 0.23 M becoming white dwarfs directly , whereas stars with up to ten solar masses pass through a red giant stage . More massive stars can explode as a supernova , or collapse directly into a black hole . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Formation 3 Properties 4 Dwarf terminology 5 Parameters 5.1 Sample parameters 6 Energy generation 7 Structure 8 Luminosity - color variation 9 Lifetime 10 Evolutionary tracks 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 14.1 General 14.2 Technical History ( edit ) Hot and brilliant O - type main - sequence stars in star - forming regions . These are all regions of star formation that contain many hot young stars including several bright stars of spectral type O . In the early part of the 20th century , information about the types and distances of stars became more readily available . The spectra of stars were shown to have distinctive features , which allowed them to be categorized . Annie Jump Cannon and Edward C. Pickering at Harvard College Observatory developed a method of categorization that became known as the Harvard Classification Scheme , published in the Harvard Annals in 1901 . In Potsdam in 1906 , the Danish astronomer Ejnar Hertzsprung noticed that the reddest stars -- classified as K and M in the Harvard scheme -- could be divided into two distinct groups . These stars are either much brighter than the Sun , or much fainter . To distinguish these groups , he called them `` giant '' and `` dwarf '' stars . The following year he began studying star clusters ; large groupings of stars that are co-located at approximately the same distance . He published the first plots of color versus luminosity for these stars . These plots showed a prominent and continuous sequence of stars , which he named the Main Sequence . At Princeton University , Henry Norris Russell was following a similar course of research . He was studying the relationship between the spectral classification of stars and their actual brightness as corrected for distance -- their absolute magnitude . For this purpose he used a set of stars that had reliable parallaxes and many of which had been categorized at Harvard . When he plotted the spectral types of these stars against their absolute magnitude , he found that dwarf stars followed a distinct relationship . This allowed the real brightness of a dwarf star to be predicted with reasonable accuracy . Of the red stars observed by Hertzsprung , the dwarf stars also followed the spectra - luminosity relationship discovered by Russell . However , the giant stars are much brighter than dwarfs and so , do not follow the same relationship . Russell proposed that the `` giant stars must have low density or great surface - brightness , and the reverse is true of dwarf stars '' . The same curve also showed that there were very few faint white stars . In 1933 , Bengt Strömgren introduced the term Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram to denote a luminosity - spectral class diagram . This name reflected the parallel development of this technique by both Hertzsprung and Russell earlier in the century . As evolutionary models of stars were developed during the 1930s , it was shown that , for stars of a uniform chemical composition , a relationship exists between a star 's mass and its luminosity and radius . That is , for a given mass and composition , there is a unique solution for determining the star 's radius and luminosity . This became known as the Vogt - Russell theorem ; named after Heinrich Vogt and Henry Norris Russell . By this theorem , when a star 's chemical composition and its position on the main sequence is known , so too is the star 's mass and radius . ( However , it was subsequently discovered that the theorem breaks down somewhat for stars of non-uniform composition . ) A refined scheme for stellar classification was published in 1943 by William Wilson Morgan and Philip Childs Keenan . The MK classification assigned each star a spectral type -- based on the Harvard classification -- and a luminosity class . The Harvard classification had been developed by assigning a different letter to each star based on the strength of the hydrogen spectral line , before the relationship between spectra and temperature was known . When ordered by temperature and when duplicate classes were removed , the spectral types of stars followed , in order of decreasing temperature with colors ranging from blue to red , the sequence O , B , A , F , G , K and M. ( A popular mnemonic for memorizing this sequence of stellar classes is `` Oh Be A Fine Girl / Guy , Kiss Me '' . ) The luminosity class ranged from I to V , in order of decreasing luminosity . Stars of luminosity class V belonged to the main sequence . Formation ( edit ) Main articles : Star formation , Protostar , and Pre-main - sequence star When a protostar is formed from the collapse of a giant molecular cloud of gas and dust in the local interstellar medium , the initial composition is homogeneous throughout , consisting of about 70 % hydrogen , 28 % helium and trace amounts of other elements , by mass . The initial mass of the star depends on the local conditions within the cloud . ( The mass distribution of newly formed stars is described empirically by the initial mass function . ) During the initial collapse , this pre-main - sequence star generates energy through gravitational contraction . Upon reaching a suitable density , energy generation is begun at the core using an exothermic nuclear fusion process that converts hydrogen into helium . Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram Spectral type Brown dwarfs White dwarfs Red dwarfs Subdwarfs Main sequence ( `` dwarfs '' ) Subgiants Giants Bright giants Supergiants Hypergiants absolute magni - tude ( M ) When nuclear fusion of hydrogen becomes the dominant energy production process and the excess energy gained from gravitational contraction has been lost , the star lies along a curve on the Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram ( or HR diagram ) called the standard main sequence . Astronomers will sometimes refer to this stage as `` zero age main sequence '' , or ZAMS . The ZAMS curve can be calculated using computer models of stellar properties at the point when stars begin hydrogen fusion . From this point , the brightness and surface temperature of stars typically increase with age . A star remains near its initial position on the main sequence until a significant amount of hydrogen in the core has been consumed , then begins to evolve into a more luminous star . ( On the HR diagram , the evolving star moves up and to the right of the main sequence . ) Thus the main sequence represents the primary hydrogen - burning stage of a star 's lifetime . Properties ( edit ) The majority of stars on a typical HR diagram lie along the main - sequence curve . This line is pronounced because both the spectral type and the luminosity depend only on a star 's mass , at least to zeroth - order approximation , as long as it is fusing hydrogen at its core -- and that is what almost all stars spend most of their `` active '' lives doing . The temperature of a star determines its spectral type via its effect on the physical properties of plasma in its photosphere . A star 's energy emission as a function of wavelength is influenced by both its temperature and composition . A key indicator of this energy distribution is given by the color index , B − V , which measures the star 's magnitude in blue ( B ) and green - yellow ( V ) light by means of filters . This difference in magnitude provides a measure of a star 's temperature . Dwarf terminology ( edit ) Main - sequence stars are called dwarf stars , but this terminology is partly historical and can be somewhat confusing . For the cooler stars , dwarfs such as red dwarfs , orange dwarfs , and yellow dwarfs are indeed much smaller and dimmer than other stars of those colors . However , for hotter blue and white stars , the size and brightness difference between so - called `` dwarf '' stars that are on the main sequence and the so - called `` giant '' stars that are not becomes smaller ; for the hottest stars it is not directly observable . For those stars the terms `` dwarf '' and `` giant '' refer to differences in spectral lines which indicate if a star is on the main sequence or off it . Nevertheless , very hot main - sequence stars are still sometimes called dwarfs , even though they have roughly the same size and brightness as the `` giant '' stars of that temperature . The common use of `` dwarf '' to mean main sequence is confusing in another way , because there are dwarf stars which are not main - sequence stars . For example , a white dwarf is the dead core of a star that is left after the star has shed its outer layers , that is much smaller than a main - sequence star , roughly the size of Earth . These represent the final evolutionary stage of many main - sequence stars . Parameters ( edit ) Comparison of main sequence stars of each spectral class By treating the star as an idealized energy radiator known as a black body , the luminosity L and radius R can be related to the effective temperature T by the Stefan -- Boltzmann law : L = 4πσR T where σ is the Stefan -- Boltzmann constant . As the position of a star on the HR diagram shows its approximate luminosity , this relation can be used to estimate its radius . The mass , radius and luminosity of a star are closely interlinked , and their respective values can be approximated by three relations . First is the Stefan -- Boltzmann law , which relates the luminosity L , the radius R and the surface temperature T. Second is the mass -- luminosity relation , which relates the luminosity L and the mass M. Finally , the relationship between M and R is close to linear . The ratio of M to R increases by a factor of only three over 2.5 orders of magnitude of M . This relation is roughly proportional to the star 's inner temperature T , and its extremely slow increase reflects the fact that the rate of energy generation in the core strongly depends on this temperature , whereas it has to fit the mass -- luminosity relation . Thus , a too high or too low temperature will result in stellar instability . A better approximation is to take ε = L / M , the energy generation rate per unit mass , as ε is proportional to T , where T is the core temperature . This is suitable for stars at least as massive as the Sun , exhibiting the CNO cycle , and gives the better fit R ∝ M . Sample parameters ( edit ) The table below shows typical values for stars along the main sequence . The values of luminosity ( L ) , radius ( R ) and mass ( M ) are relative to the Sun -- a dwarf star with a spectral classification of G2 V . The actual values for a star may vary by as much as 20 -- 30 % from the values listed below . Table of main - sequence stellar parameters Stellar Class Radius Mass Luminosity Temperature Examples R / R M / M L / L O6 18 40 500,000 38,000 Theta1 Orionis C B0 7.4 18 20,000 30,000 Phi Orionis B5 3.8 6.5 800 16,400 Pi Andromedae A A0 2.5 3.2 80 10,800 Alpha Coronae Borealis A A5 1.7 20 8,620 Beta Pictoris F0 1.3 1.7 6 7,240 Gamma Virginis F5 1.3 2.5 6,540 Eta Arietis G0 1.05 1.10 1.26 5,920 Beta Comae Berenices G2 1.00 1.00 1.00 5,780 Sun G5 0.93 0.93 0.79 5,610 Alpha Mensae K0 0.85 0.78 0.40 5,240 70 Ophiuchi A K5 0.74 0.69 0.16 4,410 61 Cygni A M0 0.63 0.47 0.063 3,920 Gliese 185 M5 0.32 0.21 0.0079 3,120 EZ Aquarii A M8 0.13 0.10 0.0008 2,660 Van Biesbroeck 's star Energy generation ( edit ) See also : Stellar nucleosynthesis All main - sequence stars have a core region where energy is generated by nuclear fusion . The temperature and density of this core are at the levels necessary to sustain the energy production that will support the remainder of the star . A reduction of energy production would cause the overlaying mass to compress the core , resulting in an increase in the fusion rate because of higher temperature and pressure . Likewise an increase in energy production would cause the star to expand , lowering the pressure at the core . Thus the star forms a self - regulating system in hydrostatic equilibrium that is stable over the course of its main sequence lifetime . This graph shows the logarithm of the relative energy output ( ε ) for the proton - proton ( PP ) , CNO and triple - α fusion processes at different temperatures . The dashed line shows the combined energy generation of the PP and CNO processes within a star . At the Sun 's core temperature , the PP process is more efficient . Main - sequence stars employ two types of hydrogen fusion processes , and the rate of energy generation from each type depends on the temperature in the core region . Astronomers divide the main sequence into upper and lower parts , based on which of the two is the dominant fusion process . In the lower main sequence , energy is primarily generated as the result of the proton - proton chain , which directly fuses hydrogen together in a series of stages to produce helium . Stars in the upper main sequence have sufficiently high core temperatures to efficiently use the CNO cycle . ( See the chart . ) This process uses atoms of carbon , nitrogen and oxygen as intermediaries in the process of fusing hydrogen into helium . At a stellar core temperature of 18 million Kelvin , the PP process and CNO cycle are equally efficient , and each type generates half of the star 's net luminosity . As this is the core temperature of a star with about 1.5 M , the upper main sequence consists of stars above this mass . Thus , roughly speaking , stars of spectral class F or cooler belong to the lower main sequence , while A-type stars or hotter are upper main - sequence stars . The transition in primary energy production from one form to the other spans a range difference of less than a single solar mass . In the Sun , a one solar - mass star , only 1.5 % of the energy is generated by the CNO cycle . By contrast , stars with 1.8 M or above generate almost their entire energy output through the CNO cycle . The observed upper limit for a main - sequence star is 120 -- 200 M. The theoretical explanation for this limit is that stars above this mass can not radiate energy fast enough to remain stable , so any additional mass will be ejected in a series of pulsations until the star reaches a stable limit . The lower limit for sustained proton -- proton nuclear fusion is about 0.08 M or 80 times the mass of Jupiter . Below this threshold are sub-stellar objects that can not sustain hydrogen fusion , known as brown dwarfs . Structure ( edit ) Main article : Stellar structure This diagram shows a cross-section of a Sun - like star , showing the internal structure . Because there is a temperature difference between the core and the surface , or photosphere , energy is transported outward . The two modes for transporting this energy are radiation and convection . A radiation zone , where energy is transported by radiation , is stable against convection and there is very little mixing of the plasma . By contrast , in a convection zone the energy is transported by bulk movement of plasma , with hotter material rising and cooler material descending . Convection is a more efficient mode for carrying energy than radiation , but it will only occur under conditions that create a steep temperature gradient . In massive stars ( above 10 M ) the rate of energy generation by the CNO cycle is very sensitive to temperature , so the fusion is highly concentrated at the core . Consequently , there is a high temperature gradient in the core region , which results in a convection zone for more efficient energy transport . This mixing of material around the core removes the helium ash from the hydrogen - burning region , allowing more of the hydrogen in the star to be consumed during the main - sequence lifetime . The outer regions of a massive star transport energy by radiation , with little or no convection . Intermediate - mass stars such as Sirius may transport energy primarily by radiation , with a small core convection region . Medium - sized , low - mass stars like the Sun have a core region that is stable against convection , with a convection zone near the surface that mixes the outer layers . This results in a steady buildup of a helium - rich core , surrounded by a hydrogen - rich outer region . By contrast , cool , very low - mass stars ( below 0.4 M ) are convective throughout . Thus the helium produced at the core is distributed across the star , producing a relatively uniform atmosphere and a proportionately longer main sequence lifespan . Luminosity - color variation ( edit ) The Sun is the most familiar example of a main - sequence star As non-fusing helium ash accumulates in the core of a main - sequence star , the reduction in the abundance of hydrogen per unit mass results in a gradual lowering of the fusion rate within that mass . Since it is the outflow of fusion - supplied energy that supports the higher layers of the star , the core is compressed , producing higher temperatures and pressures . Both factors increase the rate of fusion thus moving the equilibrium towards a smaller , denser , hotter core producing more energy whose increased outflow pushes the higher layers further out . Thus there is a steady increase in the luminosity and radius of the star over time . For example , the luminosity of the early Sun was only about 70 % of its current value . As a star ages this luminosity increase changes its position on the HR diagram . This effect results in a broadening of the main sequence band because stars are observed at random stages in their lifetime . That is , the main sequence band develops a thickness on the HR diagram ; it is not simply a narrow line . Other factors that broaden the main sequence band on the HR diagram include uncertainty in the distance to stars and the presence of unresolved binary stars that can alter the observed stellar parameters . However , even perfect observation would show a fuzzy main sequence because mass is not the only parameter that affects a star 's color and luminosity . Variations in chemical composition caused by the initial abundances , the star 's evolutionary status , interaction with a close companion , rapid rotation , or a magnetic field can all slightly change a main - sequence star 's HR diagram position , to name just a few factors . As an example , there are metal - poor stars ( with a very low abundance of elements with higher atomic numbers than helium ) that lie just below the main sequence and are known as subdwarfs . These stars are fusing hydrogen in their cores and so they mark the lower edge of main sequence fuzziness caused by variance in chemical composition . A nearly vertical region of the HR diagram , known as the instability strip , is occupied by pulsating variable stars known as Cepheid variables . These stars vary in magnitude at regular intervals , giving them a pulsating appearance . The strip intersects the upper part of the main sequence in the region of class A and F stars , which are between one and two solar masses . Pulsating stars in this part of the instability strip that intersects the upper part of the main sequence are called Delta Scuti variables . Main - sequence stars in this region experience only small changes in magnitude and so this variation is difficult to detect . Other classes of unstable main - sequence stars , like Beta Cephei variables , are unrelated to this instability strip . Lifetime ( edit ) This plot gives an example of the mass - luminosity relationship for zero - age main - sequence stars . The mass and luminosity are relative to the present - day Sun . The total amount of energy that a star can generate through nuclear fusion of hydrogen is limited by the amount of hydrogen fuel that can be consumed at the core . For a star in equilibrium , the energy generated at the core must be at least equal to the energy radiated at the surface . Since the luminosity gives the amount of energy radiated per unit time , the total life span can be estimated , to first approximation , as the total energy produced divided by the star 's luminosity . For a star with at least 0.5 M , when the hydrogen supply in its core is exhausted and it expands to become a red giant , it can start to fuse helium atoms to form carbon . The energy output of the helium fusion process per unit mass is only about a tenth the energy output of the hydrogen process , and the luminosity of the star increases . This results in a much shorter length of time in this stage compared to the main sequence lifetime . ( For example , the Sun is predicted to spend 130 million years burning helium , compared to about 12 billion years burning hydrogen . ) Thus , about 90 % of the observed stars above 0.5 M will be on the main sequence . On average , main - sequence stars are known to follow an empirical mass - luminosity relationship . The luminosity ( L ) of the star is roughly proportional to the total mass ( M ) as the following power law : L ∝ M 3.5 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( smallmatrix ) L \ \ propto \ M ^ ( 3.5 ) \ end ( smallmatrix ) ) ) This relationship applies to main - sequence stars in the range 0.1 -- 50 M . The amount of fuel available for nuclear fusion is proportional to the mass of the star . Thus , the lifetime of a star on the main sequence can be estimated by comparing it to solar evolutionary models . The Sun has been a main - sequence star for about 4.5 billion years and it will become a red giant in 6.5 billion years , for a total main sequence lifetime of roughly 10 years . Hence : τ M S ≈ 10 10 years ⋅ ( M M ⨀ ) ⋅ ( L ⨀ L ) = 10 10 years ⋅ ( M M ⨀ ) − 2.5 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( smallmatrix ) \ tau _ ( \ rm ( MS ) ) \ \ approx \ 10 ^ ( 10 ) ( \ text ( years ) ) \ cdot \ left ( ( \ frac ( M ) ( M_ ( \ bigodot ) ) ) \ right ) \ cdot \ left ( ( \ frac ( L_ ( \ bigodot ) ) ( L ) ) \ right ) \ =\ 10 ^ ( 10 ) ( \ text ( years ) ) \ cdot \ left ( ( \ frac ( M ) ( M_ ( \ bigodot ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( - 2.5 ) \ end ( smallmatrix ) ) ) where M and L are the mass and luminosity of the star , respectively , M ⨀ ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( smallmatrix ) M_ ( \ bigodot ) \ end ( smallmatrix ) ) ) is a solar mass , L ⨀ ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( smallmatrix ) L_ ( \ bigodot ) \ end ( smallmatrix ) ) ) is the solar luminosity and τ M S ( \ displaystyle \ tau _ ( \ rm ( MS ) ) ) is the star 's estimated main sequence lifetime . Although more massive stars have more fuel to burn and might intuitively be expected to last longer , they also radiate a proportionately greater amount with increased mass . This is required by the stellar equation of state ; for a massive star to maintain equilibrium , the outward pressure of radiated energy generated in the core not only must but will rise to match the titanic inward gravitational pressure of its envelope . Thus , the most massive stars may remain on the main sequence for only a few million years , while stars with less than a tenth of a solar mass may last for over a trillion years . The exact mass - luminosity relationship depends on how efficiently energy can be transported from the core to the surface . A higher opacity has an insulating effect that retains more energy at the core , so the star does not need to produce as much energy to remain in hydrostatic equilibrium . By contrast , a lower opacity means energy escapes more rapidly and the star must burn more fuel to remain in equilibrium . Note , however , that a sufficiently high opacity can result in energy transport via convection , which changes the conditions needed to remain in equilibrium . In high - mass main - sequence stars , the opacity is dominated by electron scattering , which is nearly constant with increasing temperature . Thus the luminosity only increases as the cube of the star 's mass . For stars below 10 M , the opacity becomes dependent on temperature , resulting in the luminosity varying approximately as the fourth power of the star 's mass . For very low - mass stars , molecules in the atmosphere also contribute to the opacity . Below about 0.5 M , the luminosity of the star varies as the mass to the power of 2.3 , producing a flattening of the slope on a graph of mass versus luminosity . Even these refinements are only an approximation , however , and the mass - luminosity relation can vary depending on a star 's composition . Evolutionary tracks ( edit ) See also : Stellar evolution This shows the Hertzsprung -- Russell diagrams for two open clusters . NGC 188 ( blue ) is older , and shows a lower turn off from the main sequence than that seen in M67 ( yellow ) . The dots outside the two sequences are mostly foreground and background stars with no relation to the clusters . When a main - sequence star consumes the hydrogen at its core , the loss of energy generation causes its gravitational collapse to resume . Stars with less than 0.23 M , are predicted to directly become white dwarfs when energy generation by nuclear fusion of hydrogen at their core comes to a halt . In stars between this threshold and 10 M , the hydrogen surrounding the helium core reaches sufficient temperature and pressure to undergo fusion , forming a hydrogen - burning shell . In consequence of this change , the outer envelope of the star expands and decreases in temperature , turning it into a red giant . At this point the star is evolving off the main sequence and entering the giant branch . The path which the star now follows across the HR diagram , to the upper right of the main sequence , is called an evolutionary track . The helium core of a red giant continues to collapse until it is entirely supported by electron degeneracy pressure -- a quantum mechanical effect that restricts how closely matter can be compacted . For stars of more than about 0.5 M , the core eventually reaches a temperature where it becomes hot enough to burn helium into carbon via the triple alpha process . Stars with more than 5 -- 7.5 M can additionally fuse elements with higher atomic numbers . For stars with ten or more solar masses , this process can lead to an increasingly dense core that finally collapses , ejecting the star 's overlying layers in a Type II supernova explosion , Type Ib supernova or Type Ic supernova . When a cluster of stars is formed at about the same time , the life span of these stars will depend on their individual masses . The most massive stars will leave the main sequence first , followed steadily in sequence by stars of ever lower masses . Thus the stars will evolve in order of their position on the main sequence , proceeding from the most massive at the left toward the right of the HR diagram . The current position where stars in this cluster are leaving the main sequence is known as the turn - off point . By knowing the main sequence lifespan of stars at this point , it becomes possible to estimate the age of the cluster . See also ( edit ) Star portal Astronomy portal Hydrogen - burning process Red dwarf Supergiant Sun Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ By measuring the difference between these values , this eliminates the need to correct the magnitudes for distance . However , see extinction . Jump up ^ The Sun is a typical type G2V star . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Harding E. Smith ( 1999 - 04 - 21 ) . `` The Hertzsprung - Russell Diagram '' . Gene Smith 's Astronomy Tutorial . Center for Astrophysics & Space Sciences , University of California , San Diego . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Richard Powell ( 2006 ) . `` The Hertzsprung Russell Diagram '' . An Atlas of the Universe . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Fred C. ; Laughlin , Gregory ( April 1997 ) . `` A Dying Universe : The Long Term Fate and Evolution of Astrophysical Objects '' . Reviews of Modern Physics. 69 ( 2 ) : 337 -- 372 . 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Bowers , Richard L. , and Deeming , Terry , Astrophysics I : Stars , Jones and Bartlett , Publishers , Boston , 1984 . Bradley W. Carroll & Dale A. Ostlie ( 2007 ) . An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics . Person Education Addison - Wesley San Francisco . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 0402 - 9 . Chabrier , Gilles , and Baraffe , Isabelle , `` Theory of Low - Mass Stars and Substellar Objects , '' Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics , 38 , 337 , 2000 . Chandrasekhar , S. , An Introduction to the study of stellar Structure , Dover Publications , Inc. , New York , 1967 . Clayton , Donald D. , Principles of Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis , University of Chicago Press , Chicago , 1983 . Cox , J.P. , and Giuli , R.T. , Principles of Stellar Structure , Gordon and Breach , New York , 1968 . Fowler , William . , Caughlan , Georgeanne R. , and Zimmerman , Barbara A. , `` Thermonuclear Reaction Rates , I , '' Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics , 5 , 525 , 1967 . Fowler , William A. , Caughlan , Georgeanne R. , and Zimmerman , Barbara A. , `` Thermonuclear Reaction Rates , II , '' Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics , 13 , 69 , 1975 . Hansen , Carl J. , Kawaler , Steven D. , and Trimble , Virginia Stellar Interiors : Physical Principles , Structure , and Evolution , Second Edition , Springer - Verlag , New York , 2004 . Harris , Michael J. , Fowler , William A. , Caughlan , Georgeanne R. , and Zimmerman , Barbara A. , `` Thermonuclear Reaction Rates , III , '' Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics , 21 , 165 , 1983 . Iben , Icko , Jr , `` Stellar Evolution Within and Off the Main Sequence , '' Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics , 5 , 571 , 1967 . Iglesias , Carlos A , and Rogers , Forrest J. , `` Updated Opal Opacities , '' The Astrophysical Journal , 464 , 943 , 1996 . Kippenhahn , Rudolf , and Weigert , Alfred , Stellar Structure and Evolution , Springer - Verlag , Berlin , 1990 . Liebert , James , and Probst , Ronald G. , `` Very Low Mass Stars '' , Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics , 25 , 437 , 1987 . Padmanabhan , T. , Theoretical Astrophysics , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , 2002 . Prialnik , Dina , An Introduction to the Theory of Stellar Structure and Evolution , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , 2000 . Novotny , Eva , Introduction to Stellar Atmospheres and Interior , Oxford University Press , New York , 1973 . Shore , Steven N. , The Tapestry of Modern Astrophysics , John Wiley and Sons , Hoboken , 2003 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how does a main-sequence star's lifetime depend on its overall mass | [
"In general, the more massive a star is, the shorter its lifespan on the main sequence. After the hydrogen fuel at the core has been consumed, the star evolves away from the main sequence on the HR diagram. The behavior of a star now depends on its mass, with stars below 0.23 M☉ becoming white dwarfs directly, whereas stars with up to ten solar masses pass through a red giant stage.[3] More massive stars can explode as a supernova,[4] or collapse directly into a black hole."
] | [
"the more massive a star is, the shorter its lifespan on the main sequence"
] |
593133876757002751 | Urinary system | Urinary system - wikipedia Urinary system This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 10 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Urinary system 1 . Human urinary system : 2 . Kidney , 3 . Renal pelvis , 4 . Ureter , 5 . Urinary bladder , 6 . Urethra . ( Left side with frontal section ) 7 . Adrenal gland Vessels : 8 . Renal artery and vein , 9 . Inferior vena cava , 10 . Abdominal aorta , 11 . Common iliac artery and vein Transparent : 12 . Liver , 13 . Large intestine , 14 . Pelvis Urinary system in the male . Urine flows from the kidneys via the ureters into the bladder where it is stored . When urinating , urine flows through the urethra ( longer in males , shorter in females ) to exit the body Details Identifiers Latin Systema urinarium MeSH D014551 TA A08. 0.00. 000 FMA 7159 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The urinary system , also known as the renal system or urinary tract , consists of the kidneys , ureters , bladder , and the urethra . The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body , regulate blood volume and blood pressure , control levels of electrolytes and metabolites , and regulate blood pH . The urinary tract is the body 's drainage system for the eventual removal of urine . The kidneys have an extensive blood supply via the renal arteries which leave the kidneys via the renal vein . Each kidney consists of functional units called nephrons . Following filtration of blood and further processing , wastes ( in the form of urine ) exit the kidney via the ureters , tubes made of smooth muscle fibres that propel urine towards the urinary bladder , where it is stored and subsequently expelled from the body by urination ( voiding ) . The female and male urinary system are very similar , differing only in the length of the urethra . Urine is formed in the kidneys through a filtration of blood . The urine is then passed through the ureters to the bladder , where it is stored . During urination , the urine is passed from the bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body . 800 -- 2,000 milliliters ( mL ) of urine are normally produced every day in a healthy human . This amount varies according to fluid intake and kidney function . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Development 1.2 Microanatomy 2 Function 2.1 Urine formation 2.1. 1 Regulation of concentration and volume 2.2 Urination 3 Clinical significance 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Structure ( edit ) The urinary system refers to the structures that produce and transport urine to the point of excretion . In the human urinary system there are two kidneys that are located between the dorsal body wall and parietal peritoneum on both the left and right sides . The formation of urine begins within the functional unit of the kidney , the nephrons . Urine then flows through the nephrons , through a system of converging tubules called collecting ducts . These collecting ducts then join together to form the minor calyces , followed by the major calyces that ultimately join the renal pelvis . From here , urine continues its flow from the renal pelvis into the ureter , transporting urine into the urinary bladder . The anatomy of the human urinary system differs between males and females at the level of the urinary bladder . In males , the urethra begins at the internal urethral orifice in the trigone of the bladder , continues through the external urethral orifice , and then becomes the prostatic , membranous , bulbar , and penile urethra . Urine exits through the external urethral meatus . The female urethra is much shorter , beginning at the bladder neck and terminating in the vaginal vestibule . Development ( edit ) Main article : Development of the urinary system Microanatomy ( edit ) See also : Urothelium Under microscopy , the urinary system is covered in a unique lining called urothelium , a type of transitional epithelium . Unlike the epithelial lining of most organs , transitional epithelium can flatten and distend . Urothelium covers most of the urinary system , including the renal pelvis , ureters , and bladder . Function ( edit ) The main functions of the urinary system and its components are to Regulate blood volume and composition ( e.g. sodium , potassium and calcium ) Regulate blood pressure . Regulate pH homeostasis of the blood . Contributes to the production of red blood cells by the kidney . Helps synthesize calcitrol the ( active form of Vitamin D ) . Stores waste product ( mainly urea and uric acid ) before it and other products are removed from the body . Urine formation ( edit ) Average urine production in adult humans is about 1 -- 2 litres ( L ) per day , depending on state of hydration , activity level , environmental factors , weight , and the individual 's health . Producing too much or too little urine requires medical attention . Polyuria is a condition of excessive urine production ( > 2.5 L / day ) . Oliguria when < 400 mL ( millilitres ) are produced , and anuria one of < 100 mL per day . The first step in urine formation is the filtration of blood in the kidneys . In a healthy human the kidney receives between 12 and 30 % of cardiac output , but it averages about 20 % or about 1.25 L / min . The basic structural and functional unit of the kidney is the nephron . Its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium by filtering the blood , reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine . In the first part of the nephron , Bowman 's capsule filters blood from the circulatory system into the tubules . Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure gradients facilitate filtration across a semipermeable membrane . The filtrate includes water , small molecules , and ions that easily pass through the filtration membrane . However larger molecules such as proteins and blood cells are prevented from passing through the filtration membrane . The amount of filtrate produced every minute is called the glomerular filtration rate or GFR and amounts to 180 litres per day . About 99 % of this filtrate is reabsorbed as it passes through the nephron and the remaining 1 % becomes urine . The urinary system is regulated by the endocrine system by hormones such as antidiuretic hormone , aldosterone , and parathyroid hormone . Regulation of concentration and volume ( edit ) The urinary system is under influence of the circulatory system , nervous system , and endocrine system . Aldosterone plays a central role in regulating blood pressure through its effects on the kidney . It acts on the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the nephron and increases reabsorption of sodium from the glomerular filtrate . Reabsorption of sodium results in retention of water , which increases blood pressure and blood volume . Antidiuretic hormone ( ADH ) , is a neurohypophysial hormone found in most mammals . Its two primary functions are to retain water in the body and vasoconstriction . Vasopressin regulates the body 's retention of water by increasing water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidney nephron . Vasopressin increases water permeability of the kidney 's collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule by inducing translocation of aquaporin - CD water channels in the kidney nephron collecting duct plasma membrane . Urination ( edit ) Main article : Urination Urination is the ejection of urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body . In healthy humans ( and many other animals ) , the process of urination is under voluntary control . In infants , some elderly individuals , and those with neurological injury , urination may occur as an involuntary reflex . Physiologically , micturition involves coordination between the central , autonomic , and somatic nervous systems . Brain centers that regulate urination include the pontine micturition center , periaqueductal gray , and the cerebral cortex . In placental mammals the male ejects urine through the penis , and the female through the vulva . Clinical significance ( edit ) Main article : Urologic disease Further information : Urinary tract infection Urologic disease can involve congenital or acquired dysfunction of the urinary system . A urinary tract obstruction is a urologic disease that can cause urinary retention . Diseases of the kidney tissue are normally treated by nephrologists , while diseases of the urinary tract are treated by urologists . Gynecologists may also treat female urinary incontinence . Diseases of other bodily systems also have a direct effect on urogenital function . For instance it has been shown that protein released by the kidneys in diabetes mellitus sensitises the kidney to the damaging effects of hypertension . Diabetes also can have a direct effect in urination due to peripheral neuropathies which occur in some individuals with poorly controlled diabetes . Urinary incontinence can result from a weakening of the pelvic floor muscles caused by factors such as pregnancy , childbirth , aging and being overweight . Pelvic floor exercises known as Kegel exercises can help in this condition by strengthening the pelvic floor . There can also be underlying medical reasons for urinary incontinence which are often treatable . In children the condition is called enuresis . Some cancers also target the urinary system , including bladder cancer , kidney cancer , ureteral cancer , and urethral cancer . Due to the role and location of these organs , treatment is often complicated . See also ( edit ) Major systems of the human body Medicine portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Urinary Tract & How It Works NIDDK '' . National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases . Jump up ^ C. Dugdale , David ( 16 September 2011 ) . `` Female urinary tract '' . MedLine Plus Medical Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Maton , Anthea ; Jean Hopkins ; Charles William McLaughlin ; Susan Johnson ; Maryanna Quon Warner ; David LaHart ; Jill D. Wright ( 1993 ) . Human Biology and Health . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey , USA : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 981176 - 1 . Jump up ^ Caldwell HK , Young WS III , Lajtha A , Lim R ( 2006 ) . `` Oxytocin and Vasopressin : Genetics and Behavioral Implications '' ( PDF ) . Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology : Neuroactive Proteins and Peptides ( 3rd ed . ) . Berlin : Springer . pp. 573 -- 607 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 30348 - 0 . Jump up ^ Nielsen S , Chou CL , Marples D , Christensen EI , Kishore BK , Knepper MA ( February 1995 ) . `` Vasopressin increases water permeability of kidney collecting duct by inducing translocation of aquaporin - CD water channels to plasma membrane '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 ( 4 ) : 1013 -- 7 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 92.4. 1013 . PMC 42627 . PMID 7532304 . Jump up ^ Baba , T ; Murabayashi , S ; Tomiyama , T ; Takebe , K ( 1990 ) . `` Uncontrolled hypertension is associated with a rapid progression of nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients with proteinuria and preserved renal function '' . The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine . 161 ( 4 ) : 311 -- 8 . doi : 10.1620 / tjem. 161.311 . PMID 2256104 . Jump up ^ `` Peripheral Neuropathy '' . Patient UK . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 20 . External links ( edit ) The Wikibook Human Physiology has a page on the topic of : The Urinary System The Wikibook Anatomy and Physiology of Animals has a page on the topic of : Urinary System Library resources about Urinary system Resources in your library Anatomy of the urinary system Kidneys Layers Fascia Capsule Cortex column Medulla sinus pyramids medullary interstitium Lobe Cortical lobule Medullary ray Nephron Circulation Arteries Renal artery segmental interlobar arcuate interlobular afferent Veins Renal vein Peritubular capillaries Vasa recta arcuate interlobar efferent Nephron Renal corpuscle Glomerulus Bowman 's capsule Glomerular basement membrane Podocyte Filtration slits Mesangium Intraglomerular mesangial cell Renal tubule Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Descending Thin ascending Thick ascending Distal convoluted tubule Connecting tubule Collecting ducts Tubular fluid Renal papilla Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Juxtaglomerular apparatus Macula densa Juxtaglomerular cells Mesangium Extraglomerular mesangial cell Ureters Ureteropelvic junction Bladder Apex Uvula Neck Median umbilical ligament Muscular layer Trigone Detrusor Mucosa Submucosa Urethra Urethral sphincters External sphincter male female Internal sphincter Human systems and organs Musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone Carpus Collar bone ( clavicle ) Thigh bone ( femur ) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart Lymphatic system primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerve Sensory system Ear Eye Integumentary system Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland Immune system Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system Respiratory system Upper Nose Nasopharynx Larynx Lower Trachea Bronchus Lung Digestive system Mouth Salivary gland Tongue upper GI Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach lower GI Small intestine Appendix Colon Rectum Anus accessory Liver Biliary tract Pancreas Urinary system Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Reproductive system Female Uterus Vagina Vulva Ovary Placenta Male Scrotum Penis Prostate Testicle Seminal vesicle Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans GND : 4023494 - 0 NDL : 00563231 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urinary_system&oldid=835777451 '' Categories : Urinary system Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Wikipedia pending changes protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon 粵語 中文 49 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 18 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does reabsorption take place in the urinary system | [
"The basic structural and functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. Its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine."
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"the nephron"
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8050316976891634169 | Expedition Unknown | Expedition Unknown - wikipedia Expedition Unknown Jump to : navigation , search Expedition Unknown Genre Documentary Reality Adventure Travel Starring Josh Gates Narrated by Josh Gates Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 47 Production Executive producer ( s ) Brad Kuhlman Casey Brumels Josh Gates , Brea Tisdale Editor ( s ) Nicholas Caramonta , Robert Claridge , Marc Femenella , Dustin Peterson , Scott Simmons , Ben Simoff Running time 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Ping Pong Productions Distributor Travel Channel Release Original network Travel Channel Discovery Channel Original release January 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 08 ) -- present External links Website Expedition Unknown is an American reality television series that premiered on January 8 , 2015 , on the Travel Channel . Produced by Ping Pong Productions , the program follows explorer and television presenter Josh Gates as he investigates legends and mysteries . The series currently airs Wednesdays at 9 : 00 p.m. ET / PT . The second season of Expedition Unknown premiered October 7 , 2015 and on March 24 , 2016 , the Travel Channel renewed the series for a third season , which premiered on November 2 , 2016 . On March 14 , 2017 , the Travel Channel renewed the series for a fourth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2015 - 16 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2016 - 17 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2017 - 18 ) 2.5 Specials ( 2015 - 17 ) 2.6 Extra Finds ( 2016 - 17 ) 2.7 Hunt for Extraterrestrials ( 2017 ) 2.8 After Shows ( 2017 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 12 January 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 08 ) April 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 02 ) 20 October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) June 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 22 ) 17 November 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 02 ) June 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) 11 December 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 27 ) TBD Specials TBD November 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 11 ) TBD EF TBD March 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 30 ) TBD ET October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) TBD AS TBD October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) TBD Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Amelia Earhart '' January 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 08 ) N / A In the series two - hour premiere , Gates seeks new evidence on the disappearance of Amelia Earhart . Gates first sets off to Papua New Guinea where he treks through the uncharted jungle of tribal lands , then his journey brings him to Fiji where he tries to discover her remains . `` Temple of Doom '' January 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) 0.78 In a search for a lost city , Gates goes to the remote jungles of Cambodia to investigate the ancient Khmer Empire to find a Linga stone , a 1,000 - year - old relic that , legend has it , was used by the God King to incinerate his enemies . 1.3 `` World 's 8th Wonder '' January 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 22 ) 0.85 Gates ' hunt for the Amber chamber takes him to Catherine Palace in St. Petersburg , Russia for research . Then to Germany , where he retraces the steps of Nazi soldiers who looted the treasure during World War II as he explores abandoned bunkers and a silver mine in hopes of finding the chamber . 1.4 `` The Legend of Jesse James '' January 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 29 ) N / A Gates searches across the American Midwest for outlaw Jesse James ' `` gold loot '' , which he and his gang stole from Mexican guards South of the Border . He walks a mile in James 's boots , following his trail from his farm in Kearney , Missouri , to Robbers Cave , where he rappels off a cliff to find this hidden treasure , then to Cement , Oklahoma , to join up with a team using high - tech equipment . 1.5 `` City of Gold '' February 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 05 ) 0.86 Gates travels through Peru in search for the Incan lost city of Paititi . His journey takes him from the Cusco , to the heights of Machu Picchu , and finally into the Amazon 's jungles . 1.6 `` Viking Sunstone '' February 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 12 ) 0.92 Gates tries to unlock the secrets to the Sunstone of the Vikings while traveling through the British island of Alderney and Norway , where he explores a crypt underneath Nidaros Cathedral to find the final resting place of Viking king St. Olaf . Later , he descends into a 37 - mile - long ( 60 km ) calcite mine to make his own sunstone , testing its power while at sea with locals who live like Vikings . 1.7 `` Captain Morgan 's Lost Gold '' February 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 19 ) 1.01 Gates joins archaeologists in Panama as they search for the Satisfaction , the sunken flagship of pirate Captain Henry Morgan . He also searches one of many shipwrecks near Fort San Lorenzo at the reef , where Morgan 's ship ran aground . 1.8 `` Code to Gold '' February 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 26 ) 0.93 Gates searches the Virginia backcountry in search of the Thomas Beale treasure . He meets up with local treasure hunters and explores a 4 mile search radius in Bedford County using a printed copy of the Declaration of Independence , believed to have hidden symbols that James B. Ward , the author of the Beale Papers encoded . He then meets up with a crypto - anaylst to get further evidence on the hoax theory . 1.9 `` Mayan Apocalypse '' March 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 05 ) 0.83 Gates investigates the fall of the Mayan Empire . He explores the many cenotes -- underground caverns believed to be gateways to the underworld -- below the jungles and many ruins of Mexico , including the largest Mayan city , Chichén Itzá . While SCUBA diving in the dark waters of the Holtun Cenote , he unearths human skulls and ancient sacrificial altars , which gets him closer to why their empire collapsed . 1.10 `` Secrets of the Nazca '' March 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 19 ) 0.97 Gates flies to Peru to investigate the giant geoglyphs known as the Nazca Lines that were drawn into the desert by the ancient Nazca tribe . By studying newly found lines recently discovered on a mountain made by the Paracas people and joining a Nazca psychedelic ritual , he uncovers the supposed meaning behind the tracings . 1.11 `` Samurai Sword of Power '' March 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 26 ) 0.86 Gates heads to Japan to search for the missing Honjo Masamune sword . After learning about the legend of this katana , his search takes him to the back alleys of Tokyo and the city 's red - light district , an ancestral burial ground , Imperial tunnels in Nagano , and an ancient mountaintop Shinto shrine in Togakushi . 1.12 `` Curse of the Golden Bell '' April 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 02 ) 0.72 Gates travels to Myanmar to join in the search for the Golden Bell of King Dhammazedi , believed to be sunk at the bottom directly in the center of the Bago River , the Yangon River and the Pazundaung Creek when Portuguese warlord Filipe de Brito e Nicote 's ship was wrecked in 1599 after stealing the massive bell . Season 2 ( 2015 - 16 ) ( edit ) No . Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 2.1 `` The Quest for King Arthur '' October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) 0.60 Gates investigates whether King Arthur was real and if so , who was he ? He searches for answers in Arthur 's birthplace at Tintagel Castle in Cornwall , England , and then in the ruins of Cadbury Castle in Somerset , a 5th - century hill fort that is believed to have once served as the capitol of Camelot . 2.2 `` Genghis Khan 's Tomb '' October 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 14 ) 0.63 Gates researches the legends about Genghis Khan to get ready for his journey to search for his long - lost tomb . It is believed to be somewhere in Mongolia at what 's known as the `` forbidden zone '' located on top of the `` Holy Mountain '' or Burkhan Khaldun , which is guarded by a local tribe and completely closed off to foreigners . 2.3 `` Blackbeard 's Hidden Gold '' October 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 21 ) 0.55 Gates goes to sea in search of Blackbeard 's buried gold . He explores underwater sea caves in Cayman Brac , gets up close to his wrecked flagship Queen Anne 's Revenge , and drives down the Outer Banks on North Carolina 's coast to dig up artifacts on Ocracoke Island , the site of his last stand . 2.4 `` Hunting Vampires '' October 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 28 ) 0.52 Gates digs up the truth behind vampire legends . His travels start at Curtea Veche in Romania , where he learns about Vlad the Impaler , the inspiration behind Dracula . Then off to Marotinu de Sus , a Romanian village , where six men desecrated a fresh grave believing it to be a `` strigoi '' . He ends in Perperikon , Bulgaria to examine a supposed vampire grave . 2.5 `` The Real Robin Hood '' November 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 04 ) 0.52 Gates travels the English countryside on a mission to learn if Robin Hood was a real man and if he 's the hero from the legends or a murderous outlaw . He visits London 's British Library , explores tunnels and caves beneath Nottingham , and joins historians in search of Hood 's grave , first in Kirklees Priory , Yorkshire , and lastly at a churchyard in Loxley , where researchers believe an outlaw named Roger Godberd who was the real Robin Hood is buried . 2.6 `` Finding Fenn 's Fortune '' November 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 18 ) 0.46 Gates searches for the treasure of art dealer Forrest Fenn , who after being diagnosed with terminal cancer hid his fortune , worth $2 million , deep in the Rocky Mountains north of his hometown of Santa Fe , New Mexico . 2.7 `` Columbus Unearthed '' December 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 09 ) 0.66 The search for Christopher Columbus continues with finding his missing remains . Gates follows his five - century voyage across two continents to search for his final resting place believed to be at Columbus Lighthouse in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic or at Cathedral of Saint Mary of the See in Seville , Spain , both countries laying claim to his bones . 2.8 `` Japan 's Atlantis '' December 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 16 ) 0.63 Gates goes to the ruins of Yonaguni Island , the westernmost Japanese island on the East China Sea , to determine whether the undersea structures are geologic or man - made . The Yonaguni Monument discoverer , Kihachiro Aratake , dives with Josh , showing him the undersea area with cut steps leading up to a level platform . Josh takes a rock sample for geologic analysis . In Osaka , archaeologist Michio Maezano shows Josh an ancient rock tomb . It proves that ancient people could have carved the Yonaguni structures , then an earthquake could have sunk them . Geologist Masahide Furukawa examines Josh 's rock sample . It 's composed of layered sandstone and shale . Furukawa conducts stress tests on the rock . It breaks along bedding planes , forming a flat surface every time . Josh concludes the Yonaguni monument is a natural product of tectonics and wave action . 2.9 `` True Cross of Christ '' December 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 23 ) 0.88 Gates searches for the True Cross . This relic , said to have mystical healing powers , has been lost for 2,000 years . Gates visits Jerusalem , Israel and Istanbul , Turkey , to find if the cross or fragments of it still exist . The cross was cut into three pieces on the orders of Empress Helena . He examines this legend at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in the Old City where the tomb of Jesus is located and where he was crucified . Then he learns more about crucifixion in Tel Aviv , and discovers ancient cross wall carvings at the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem . Next , he heads to the Ayasofya in Constantinople , where priests hid pieces of the relic under the nearby Hippodrome . Lastly , he joins archaeologists at a dig in Sinop , Turkey . 2.10 `` The Sultan 's Heart '' January 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) 0.63 Gates hunts for the Heart of Suleiman the Magnificent , ruler of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century . When Suleiman died in 1566 during a battle in Hungary , his body was brought back to Istanbul , but not before a ritual was performed involving the removal of his heart being placed in a gold container and buried beneath his tent . The Sultan 's followers believed his heart has magical powers and continues to beat , waiting to be returned to its host . The town of Tubek was built over the burial site to honor the Sultan . A century later , invaders destroyed this now lost city and the heart vanished . 2.11 `` Africa 's Gold Hoard '' January 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 13 ) 0.70 Gates travels to South Africa to search for the missing Kruger Millions , the gold coins of the country 's entire financial reserve . The treasure vanished overnight after South African President Paul Kruger loaded the hoard on a train and it vanished overnight in 1900 during the Boer War . 2.12 `` Kalahari Desert 's Lost City '' January 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) 0.68 Gates searches for a lost city in the Kalahari Desert in Africa . First discovered by circus pioneer The Great Farini in 1885 , he supposedly came across the ruins of a lost city half buried in the scorching sands . Those who followed in his footsteps came up empty - handed and claimed it a hoax , while even some vanished . Today , a modern explorer launched an all new expedition which Gates joins . 2.13 `` Yamashita 's Gold '' February 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) 0.74 Gates searches for Yamashita 's Gold , millions of dollars in Southeast Asian gold and jewels that was looted by Japan and covertly transported to the Philippines under the direction of Japanese general Tomoyuki Yamashita during World War II . The fortune was hidden by gangsters , military generals , and a secret organization in tunnels and caves somewhere in the conquered country . But the treasure was lost when the Allies won the war , until a treasure hunter found part of it in 1970 and has been searching for it ever since . 2.14 `` Columbus : Legend or Liar ? '' February 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) 0.59 Gates investigates the myths behind Christopher Columbus . To some he is an epic hero , to others a bloodthirsty conqueror . He learns the truth about the explorer 's early years , his nationality and his real discoveries . 2.15 `` Search for Shangri - La '' March 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 02 ) 0.64 Gates searches high in the Himalayas for Shangri - La . He learns of its legend as a hidden utopia . In the most remote reaches of Nepal near the border of Tibet is an area known as the Mustang , an area that 's been closed off to the outside world and the passage of time . But now Josh and his fellow archaeologists have been granted access to explore it . He finds out secrets hiding inside its sky caves , man - made chambers carved into cliff walls . 2.16 `` Shangri - La Found '' March 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 09 ) 0.83 After learning about the ancient Buddhist realm of Shambhala in Kathmandu and exploring the skycaves , Gates continues his search for the real Shangri - La . This time , he discovers a rock tower used for human burials and filled with bones dating back to 800 A.D. Next , he travels to Lo Manthang for another day of investigation in the Martzon area to climb a cave system called Pumamba , which is linked to the legend . Then he heads to Chuusang , a remote cave monastery that has never been excavated before . 2.17 `` Lost Mexican City '' June 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 01 ) 0.68 Gates searches for the civilization of Teotihuacan , a lost empire left behind in Mexico with pyramids dedicated to the gods , temples , and a treasure trove of cryptic art . He seeks answers on who these indigenous people were , finds out their secrets that have been buried for 2,000 years , and what they left behind . 2.18 `` Incan King 's Mummy '' June 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 08 ) 0.73 Gates searches for the lost mummy of Atahualpa , the last king of the Incan empire , hidden high in the Andes Mountains and in the jungles and highlands of Ecuador . His reign ended when Spanish Conquistador Francisco Pizarro murdered him and brought the Inca civilization to an end . His body was mummified in a ritual that supposedly give him sway over the world of the living . Then , his body vanished . Archaeologists have been searching ever since . 2.19 `` Nazi Gold Train '' June 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 15 ) 0.76 Gates exposes Nazi secrets as he searches for the lost fortune of war criminal Adolf Hitler 's billions in gold , art and relics stolen on his orders by the Nazis . They also built networks of hidden tunnels and bunkers . Today , archaeologists use modern technology to recover treasure and excavate the underground legacy of the Third Reich . On his journey , Gates joins them , first finding answers in Germany , identifying gold in a Nazi train hidden inside a mountain in Poland . Then , in Austria , he explores a subterranean facility to a top secret lab to build a war machine . 2.20 `` Hitler 's Atomic Secrets '' June 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 22 ) 0.94 The search for Nazi secrets and their stolen gold continues both underground and underwater . This time , Gates dives for relics of Nazi foreign minister Joachim Von Ribbontrop who sank his family 's entire fortune in Lake Fuschlsee in the Austrian Alps . In order to learn if the Nazis where building an atomic bomb , he starts his quest for answers in Hitler 's hometown of Linz . Then , he stops at the Mauthausen - Gusen concentration camp memorial in Sankt Georgen an der Gusen to pay his respects to the hundreds of thousands who perished here . He also explores 25 miles of tunnel under the Bergkristall complex , the largest secret underground facility ever built . It was designed by SS General Hans Kammler to oversee the Nazis nuclear project . Season 3 ( 2016 - 17 ) ( edit ) No . Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 3.1 `` Plummer 's Gold '' November 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 02 ) 0.70 Gates sets off for gold rush country to search for the lost fortune of a Montana sheriff . During his investigation , Gates explores hidden cave systems and blows open a mine that 's been sealed for over a century . 3.2 `` The Lost Tomb of Attila the Hun '' November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) 0.87 Gates travels to Hungary to join three separate archeological teams looking for the lost tomb of Attila the Hun . Legends and ancient texts lead the search from the bottom of the Danube to the mountain forests just outside of Budapest . 3.3 `` The Vanished Empire '' November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) 0.90 On the Mediterranean island of Crete , the Minoans built one of the most glorious civilizations in the ancient world and then vanished . Gates travels to Greece to find out exactly how Europe 's first superpower disappeared . 3.4 `` The Lost Colony of Roanoke '' November 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 23 ) 0.77 Gates joins leading archeologists as they investigate America 's first missing - persons case , the lost colony of Roanoke . 3.5 `` Cloning the Woolly Mammoth '' December 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 28 ) 1.03 To help clone the extinct woolly mammoth back to life , Gates visits the Korean biotech lab driving the project and excavates ancient bones in a working Canadian gold mine . He then descends into a vast sinkhole in Siberia to unearth frozen DNA . 3.6 `` Journey to the Ice Age '' January 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) 0.96 To find a viable sample of mammoth DNA , Gates retrieves bone samples from the massive Batagay crater , then journeys far upriver to a site in the Siberian wilderness where tusk hunters carve out troves of bones from the permafrost . He takes the DNA samples back to the lab and watches the process of treating and testing the specimens . At long last , he views the DNA results to find out if the woolly mammoth will walk the earth again . 3.7 `` Cracking the D.B. Cooper Case '' January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) 0.94 Gates investigates the only unsolved plane hijacking in US history . He joins private individuals on the hunt for D.B. Cooper in the Pacific Northwest . He discovers new clues and theories before jumping out of a plane as Cooper did . 3.8 `` Lasseter 's Gold '' January 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 18 ) 0.91 Gates sets off deep into the Australian Outback , following the footsteps of explorer Harold Lasseter , who claims to have found a vast field of gold . He speaks to two of Australia 's Lasseter experts . 3.9 `` Tracking Tasmania 's Tiger '' January 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) 0.92 Gates goes to Australia 's island state of Tasmania to investigate sightings of the supposedly extinct Thylacine , also known as the Tasmanian Tiger . Recent eyewitness accounts and photographic evidence suggest it may not be extinct . 3.10 `` Captain Kidd 's Treasure '' February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 0.89 Gates retraces the footsteps of Captain Kidd in the hopes of finding his buried treasure . From the East Coast to the Caribbean , the search takes him to a real pirate shipwreck and to the island hideout of the buccaneer . 3.11 `` Africa 's Cursed Lake of Gold '' March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) 0.92 Gates journeys to the wilds of Namibia to embark on a deep dive in Lake Otjikoto for a long lost World War I treasure . 3.12 `` The Ark of the Covenant '' March 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) 0.92 Gates emulates Indiana Jones as he searches in Israel and Ethiopia for the lost Ark of the Covenant , the relic said to contain the Ten Commandments . 3.13 `` England 's Vanished Crown Jewels '' March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) 1.04 Gates tries to find the lost treasure of King John . He explores the marshlands of England to find the king 's crown jewels , which were swept away in a freak tidal surge in the 13th century . 3.14 `` Corsica 's Nazi Treasure '' March 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) 0.92 Gates hunts for the hidden treasure of Erwin Rommel , a Nazi general who plundered the wealth of North Africa as his tank corps fled the continent . The search brings Gates to never - explored underground lakes and undersea relics of World War II . 3.15 `` Italy 's Barbarian Booty '' May 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 31 ) 0.93 To find the plundered riches of the Roman Empire , Gates looks for the tomb of the Visigoth king Alaric in Italy . The hunt extends from the capital of Rome to the southern city of Cosenza , where the mayor is spearheading an effort to find the tomb . 3.16 `` India 's Atlantis '' June 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 07 ) 0.92 Gates travels to India in search of Dwarka , a mythical kingdom swallowed by the ocean . To find evidence that the golden city is real , Gates dives into the Arabian Sea and visits a dig site . 3.17 `` Lost Spanish Fortune Found ! '' June 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) 0.92 Gates travels down to the coast of Florida and to Cuba in search of a sunken treasure from a fleet of Spanish ships that were sunk in 1715 ; the hunt takes him deep into the Atlantic and the National Archives of Cuba . Season 4 ( 2017 - 18 ) ( edit ) No . Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 4.1 `` Viking Secrets '' December 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 27 ) N / A Gates investigates how a group of Norse tribesman gained power in medieval Europe , travelling to Denmark and Iceland . 4.2 `` Vikings in America '' January 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) N / A Gates follows the Vikings ' westward expansion from Iceland to Greenland and into North America . 4.3 `` Origins of Stonehenge '' January 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 10 ) N / A Gates travels to Britain to explore the origins of Stonehenge . He views a selection of monuments . 4.4 `` The Secret '' January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) N / A Gates travels all over the US to attempt to find the treasures featured in The Secret , a cryptic book published in the 1980s . He meets with members of the book 's following , who each think they 're about to find one of the 10 remaining treasures . 4.5 `` Butch Cassidy 's Lost Loot '' January 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) N / A Gates investigates Butch Cassidy 's missing money . He goes to Colorado , Utah , and Nevada . 4.6 `` Hunt For The Metal Library '' January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) N / A Gates goes to the jungles of Ecuador to explore a flooded cave looking for some metal plates . 4.7 `` Great Women of Ancient Egypt '' February 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) N / A Gates goes to Eygpt to investigate Hatshepsut , Nefertiti , and Cleopatra . ( Part 1 of 2 ) . 4.8 `` Egypt 's Lost Queens '' February 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 14 ) N / A Second part of above episode . 4.9 `` Global Game Show : Out of This World '' February 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 21 ) N / A Game show on the theme of extraterrestrials 4.10 `` Secrets of Brother XII '' February 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) N / A Gates attempts to uncover a treasure left behind by the Aquarian Foundation . Specials ( 2015 - 17 ) ( edit ) No . Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Raw & Unfiltered '' November 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 11 ) 0.42 Gates answers viewers ' questions . Some footage from behind the scenes is shown . `` Most Dangerous Moments '' November 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 25 ) 0.38 Gates describes his `` top ten most dangerous moments '' from the first season . `` Secrets of Christopher Columbus '' December 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 02 ) 0.73 Gates retraces Christopher Columbus ' voyages , visits his hometown on the island of Madeira , where he worked as a chart maker , and discovers the fate of his missing flagship , the Santa Maria , which has n't been seen since she ran aground off the coast of Haiti in 1492 . `` Legendary Stories : The Real Lewis & Clark '' December 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 30 ) 0.56 Gates , along with several historians , describes explorers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark and their expedition . He also describes the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad and discusses Wyatt Earp . 5 `` Weird , Wild and Off the Rails '' January 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 20 ) 0.54 More `` behind the scenes '' footage . 6 `` What to Know Before You Go '' February 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) 0.45 Gates shares tips on travel , clothing , shopping , and food . 7 `` Most Extreme Moments '' March 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 16 ) 0.52 Gates describes his top ten `` most extreme '' adventures . 8 `` Global Game Show '' March 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 23 ) 0.59 Gates hosts a trivia game show . 9 `` Insider 's Guide : Secret Safari '' August 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 03 ) 0.40 Behind the scenes footage of the season two expedition searching for a lost city in the Kalahari Desert in Africa . 10 `` Insider 's Guide : Cursed Gold '' August 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 10 ) 0.47 Behind the scenes footage of the season two episode searching for Yamashita 's gold . 11 `` Insider 's Guide : Ladder of Death '' August 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 17 ) 0.38 12 `` Insider 's Guide : Genghis Khan 's Tomb '' August 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 24 ) 0.48 13 `` Insider 's Guide : Japan 's Atlantis '' August 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 31 ) 0.61 14 `` Insider 's Guide - Columbus : Legend or Liar ? '' September 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 07 ) 0.59 15 `` Nazi Secrets Revealed '' September 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 14 ) 0.48 16 `` Hunt for the Yeti - Return of the Yeti '' October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) 0.77 17 `` Hunt for the Yeti - The Monster and the Mountain '' October 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) 0.84 18 `` Hunt for the Yeti - Out of Thin Air '' October 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 19 ) 0.72 19 `` Hunt for the Yeti - Unmasking the Myth '' October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) 0.89 20 `` Further Off the Rails ! '' November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) 0.64 Previously unseen footage . 21 `` Greatest Treasure Hunts '' December 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 07 ) 0.56 Gates describes his top ten treasure hunts . 22 `` More Extreme Adventures '' December 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 14 ) 0.65 Gates describes another top ten investigations . 23 `` Global Game Show : Greek Odyssey '' February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) 0.76 Gates plays a trivia game in Greece . 24 `` Global Game Show : Without Borders '' February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) 0.58 Gates hosts the trivia game show again . 25 `` Global Game Show : Aussie Adventure '' February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) 0.60 Trivia game show in Australia . 26 `` Resurrecting the Woolly Mammoth '' June 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 21 ) 0.52 27 `` Daring Discoveries ! '' June 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) 0.70 28 `` Beyond Extreme Adventures ! '' July 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 05 ) 0.62 29 `` Over the Edge '' July 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 12 ) 0.69 30 `` Top 5 Expeditions : Corsica 's Nazi Treasure '' July 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 26 ) 0.60 31 `` Top 5 Expeditions : Captain Morgan 's Lost Gold '' August 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 02 ) 0.72 32 `` Top 5 Expeditions : The Ark of the Covenant '' August 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 09 ) 0.64 33 `` Top 5 Expeditions : Resurrecting The Woolly Mammoth '' August 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 16 ) 0.63 34 `` Top 5 Expeditions : England 's Vanished Crown Jewels '' August 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 23 ) 0.53 35 `` Global Game Show : American Legends '' September 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 06 ) 0.70 36 `` Global Game Show : Heroes and Villains '' September 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 13 ) 0.57 37 `` Global Game Show : Lost Civilizations '' September 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) 0.54 38 `` Global Game Show : Hidden Treasures '' September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 0.48 Extra finds ( 2016 - 17 ) ( edit ) Extra Finds episodes involve viewers interacting with Gates . No . Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Extra Finds : Captain Morgan 's Lost Gold '' March 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 30 ) N / A Additional coverage of Gates 's attempt to find Captain Morgan 's lost gold and sunken flagship . `` Extra Finds : Temple of Doom '' April 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 06 ) N / A Additional coverage of Gates 's search for the Linga stones . `` Extra Finds : Secrets of the Nazca '' April 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 13 ) N / A Additional coverage of the Nazca Lines . `` Extra Finds : Mayan Apocalypse '' April 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 20 ) N / A Additional coverage of the season one Mayan Empire episode . 5 `` Extra Finds : Amelia Earhart '' April 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 27 ) N / A 6 `` Extra Finds : Samurai Sword of Power '' May 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 04 ) N / A 7 `` Extra Finds : Code to Gold '' May 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 11 ) N / A Additional coverage of the Thomas Beale treasure . 8 `` Extra Finds : City of Gold '' May 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 18 ) N / A Additional coverage of the City of Gold . 9 `` Extra Finds : Curse of the Golden Bell '' May 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) N / A 10 `` Extra Finds : A Day in the Life '' June 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 29 ) 0.62 11 `` Extra Finds : Secrets of Shangri - La '' July 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 06 ) 0.59 Additional coverage of Shangri - La . 12 `` Extra Finds : Viking Sunstone '' July 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 13 ) N / A 13 `` Extra Finds : The Legend of Jesse James '' July 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 20 ) 0.31 Additional coverage of Jesse James ' lost gold . 14 `` Extra Finds : World 's 8th Wonder '' July 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 27 ) N / A Additional coverage of the Amber Chamber . 15 `` Extra Finds : The Quest for King Arthur '' March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) N / A 16 `` Extra Finds : The Real Robin Hood '' April 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 05 ) N / A 17 `` Extra Finds : True Cross of Christ '' April 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 12 ) N / A 18 `` Extra Finds : Blackbeard 's Hidden Gold '' April 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 19 ) 0.60 19 `` Extra Finds : Finding Fenn 's Fortune '' April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) 0.55 20 `` Extra Finds : Hunting Vampires '' May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) 0.58 21 `` Extra Finds : The Sultan 's Heart '' May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) 0.53 22 `` Extra Finds : Nazi Secrets Revealed '' May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) 0.56 23 `` Extra Finds : Africa 's Gold Hoard '' May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) 0.59 24 `` Extra Finds : Lost Mexican City '' July 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 19 ) 0.63 Hunt for Extraterrestrials ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Hunt for Extraterrestrials - Close Encounters '' October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 0.76 `` Hunt for Extraterrestrials - Ancient Visitors '' October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 0.70 `` Hunt for Extraterrestrials - UFOs Over England '' October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 0.80 `` Hunt for Extraterrestrials - Roswell Revealed '' October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 0.71 After Shows ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Hunt for Extraterrestrials - After the Hunt '' October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 0.64 `` Hunt for Extraterrestrials - After the Hunt '' October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 0.62 `` Hunt for Extraterrestrials - After the Hunt '' October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 0.66 `` Hunt for Extraterrestrials - After the Hunt '' October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 0.60 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Expedition Unknown '' . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Travel Channel Launches Series ' Expedition Unknown ' Multichannel '' . multichannel.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Expedition Unknown season 2 release date '' . when-will.net . September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Travel Channel Renews ' Expedition Unknown '' . Multinchannel . March 24 , 2016 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Travel Channel Renews ' Expedition Unknown '' . deadline . March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Thursday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.15. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Thursday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.22. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Thursday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 2.5. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Thursday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 2.12. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Vikings ' Wins Night , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' WWE Smackdown ' , ' Impractical Jokers ' , ' Archer ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Thursday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 2.26. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Thursday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 3.5. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Thursday Cable Originals : 3.19. 2015 ( & Network Update ) '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 10.28. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 11.4. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` EXPANDED SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 11.18. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` UPDATED SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.9. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.16. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 24 , 2015 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.23. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.6. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.13. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.27. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.10. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.17. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.2. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.9. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.1. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.8. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.15. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.22. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.2. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.9. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.16. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.23. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.28. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.4. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals and Network Finals : 1.18. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` UPDATED SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 11.25. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` UPDATED SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.2. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 31 , 2015 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.30. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.20. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.24. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.24. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.31. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.7. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.14. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.5. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.12. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.19. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.26. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.30. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.7. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.14. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.9. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.16. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.23. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.29. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.6. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.20. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.4. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.18. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Expedition Unknown on IMDb Expedition Unknown at TV.com Expedition Unknown at TV Guide ( hide ) Archaeology History Antiquarianism Johann Joachim Winckelmann Richard Hoare Heinrich Schliemann Arthur Evans John Lloyd Stephens William Henry Holmes Augustus Pitt Rivers Flinders Petrie Mortimer Wheeler Dorothy Garrod Max Uhle Alfred V. Kidder George Bass Methodology Survey Excavation Post-excavation Sub-disciplines Geographical African American Asian Australian Biblical Classical Egyptian Near Eastern Mediaeval Post-Mediaeval Thematic Aerial Archaeoastronomy Archaeogenetics Archaeometry Archaeobotany Battlefield Bioarchaeology Calceology Computational Experimental Environmental Feminist Forensic Gender Geoarchaeology Indigenous Landscape Maritime Nazi Osteology Paleopathology Phenomenology Pseudoarchaeology Stone artefact archaeology Underwater Zooarchaeology Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expedition_Unknown&oldid=840477688 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2015 American television series debuts American adventure television series American reality television series Travel Channel shows Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2017 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018 , at 04 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | expedition unknown season 4 episode 10 air date | [
"\n\nNo.\nTitle\nOriginal air date\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n4.1\n\"Viking Secrets\"\nDecember 27, 2017 (2017-12-27)\nN/A\n\n\nGates investigates how a group of Norse tribesman gained power in medieval Europe, travelling to Denmark and Iceland.\n\n\n4.2\n\"Vikings in America\"\nJanuary 3, 2018 (2018-01-03)\nN/A\n\n\nGates follows the Vikings' westward expansion from Iceland to Greenland and into North America.\n\n\n4.3\n\"Origins of Stonehenge\"\nJanuary 10, 2018 (2018-01-10)\nN/A\n\n\nGates travels to Britain to explore the origins of Stonehenge. He views a selection of monuments.\n\n\n4.4\n\"The Secret\"\nJanuary 17, 2018 (2018-01-17)\nN/A\n\n\nGates travels all over the US to attempt to find the treasures featured in The Secret, a cryptic book published in the 1980s. He meets with members of the book's following, who each think they're about to find one of the 10 remaining treasures.\n\n\n4.5\n\"Butch Cassidy's Lost Loot\"\nJanuary 24, 2018 (2018-01-24)\nN/A\n\n\nGates investigates Butch Cassidy's missing money. He goes to Colorado, Utah, and Nevada.\n\n\n4.6\n\"Hunt For The Metal Library\"\nJanuary 31, 2018 (2018-01-31)\nN/A\n\n\nGates goes to the jungles of Ecuador to explore a flooded cave looking for some metal plates.\n\n\n4.7\n\"Great Women of Ancient Egypt\"\nFebruary 7, 2018 (2018-02-07)\nN/A\n\n\nGates goes to Eygpt to investigate Hatshepsut, Nefertiti, and Cleopatra. (Part 1 of 2).\n\n\n4.8\n\"Egypt's Lost Queens\"\nFebruary 14, 2018 (2018-02-14)\nN/A\n\n\nSecond part of above episode.\n\n\n4.9\n\"Global Game Show: Out of This World\"\nFebruary 21, 2018 (2018-02-21)\nN/A\n\n\nGame show on the theme of extraterrestrials\n\n\n4.10\n\"Secrets of Brother XII\"\nFebruary 28, 2018 (2018-02-28)\nN/A\n\n\nGates attempts to uncover a treasure left behind by the Aquarian Foundation.\n\n"
] | [
"February 28, 2018"
] |
-8607064035343086517 | Lullaby (Shawn Mullins song) | Lullaby ( Shawn Mullins song ) - Wikipedia Lullaby ( Shawn Mullins song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Lullaby '' Single by Shawn Mullins from the album Soul 's Core Released September 22 , 1998 Format CD single Recorded 1994 - 1998 Genre Rock , pop , pop rock , alternative rock Length 5 : 31 ( Album Version ) 4 : 32 ( Radio Edit ) Label Sony Songwriter ( s ) Shawn Mullins Producer ( s ) Peter Collins , Russ Fowler Shawn Mullins singles chronology `` Lullaby '' ( 1998 ) `` Shimmer '' ( 1998 ) `` Lullaby '' ( 1998 ) `` Shimmer '' ( 1998 ) `` Lullaby '' is a song by American rock singer Shawn Mullins , from the album Soul 's Core . It was released in 1998 . The song has been Mullins ' most successful song to date , reaching number - one on the Adult Top 40 , number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and number 9 on the Modern Rock Tracks in the United States . It also had success abroad , reaching number 9 on the UK Singles Chart , number 5 in Australia and number 2 in Canada . It has appeared on thirty - two different releases including the original album , Soul 's Core , greatest hits albums , 1990s compilations and acoustic compilations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Reception 3 Chart performance 3.1 Peak positions 3.2 End of year charts 4 References 5 External links Content ( edit ) The song is said to be about `` a girl who is feeling depressed , crying out for a life away from her upbringing , a life full of Hollywood days and movie star - filled nights . '' Reception ( edit ) Then about 10 years ago , I had what Dar Williams calls a ' monster hit ' ( Lullaby ) and it was . It was like a monster because I found myself going from places like this to opening for the Backstreet Boys and En Vogue and Destiny 's Child . It was very weird , it was a little surreal for me I will admit . I was standing up there solo at Madison Square Garden just going ' What am I doing here ? ' -- Shawn Mullins , Concert September 17th , 2008 Chart performance ( edit ) Peak positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 -- 99 ) Peak Position Australia ( ARIA ) 5 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary Tracks ( RPM ) 5 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 75 Ireland ( IRMA ) 17 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 83 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 9 US Billboard Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks 9 End of year charts ( edit ) End of year chart ( 1999 ) Position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 46 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Artist Chart History - Shawn Mullins '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive - 6th March 1999 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . Jump up ^ http://australian-charts.com/search.asp?search=shawn+mullins&cat=s Jump up ^ `` Lullaby : Appears On '' . Allmusic.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Soul 's Core '' . Allmusic.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 24 ... Dominique Swain ( actress ) was in the video . Jump up ^ Transcribed Shawn Mullins Quotes Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Shawn Mullins -- Lullaby '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ Canadian Top Singles peak Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Shawn Mullins Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ Search for Irish peaks Archived 2011 - 07 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . irishcharts.ie Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Shawn Mullins -- Lullaby '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Shawn Mullins -- Lullaby '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1999 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics This 1990s rock single - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lullaby_(Shawn_Mullins_song)&oldid=782569929 '' Categories : Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles 1998 singles Rock ballads Songs about California Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles 1998 songs Songs written by Shawn Mullins 1990s rock single stubs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Sweden All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 May 2017 , at 19 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings everything's going to be alright rockabye | [
"\"Lullaby\" is a song by American rock singer Shawn Mullins, from the album Soul's Core. It was released in 1998. The song has been Mullins' most successful song to date, reaching number-one on the Adult Top 40, number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100, and number 9 on the Modern Rock Tracks in the United States.[1] It also had success abroad, reaching number 9 on the UK Singles Chart,[2] number 5 in Australia[3] and number 2 in Canada."
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"Shawn Mullins"
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7363380908122438533 | Lower respiratory tract infection | Lower respiratory tract infection - wikipedia Lower respiratory tract infection Jump to : navigation , search Lower respiratory tract infection Conducting passages Specialty pulmonology Frequency 291 million ( 2015 ) Deaths 2.74 million ( 2015 ) ( edit on Wikidata ) Lower respiratory tract infection ( LRTI ) , while often used as a synonym for pneumonia , can also be applied to other types of infection including lung abscess and acute bronchitis . Symptoms include shortness of breath , weakness , fever , coughing and fatigue . There are a number of symptoms that are characteristic of lower respiratory tract infections . The two most common are bronchitis and cancer and edema . Influenza affects both the upper and lower respiratory tracts . Antibiotics are the first line treatment for pneumonia ; however , they are not effective or indicated for parasitic or viral infections . Acute bronchitis typically resolves on its own with time . In 2015 there were about 291 million cases . These resulted in 2.74 million deaths down from 3.4 million deaths in 1990 . This was 4.8 % of all deaths in 2013 . Main article : Bronchitis Bronchitis describes the swelling or inflammation of the bronchial tubes . Additionally , bronchitis is described as either acute or chronic depending on its presentation and is also further described by the causative agent . Acute bronchitis can be defined as acute bacterial or viral infection of the larger airways in healthy patients with no history of recurrent disease . It affects over 40 adults per 1000 each year and consists of transient inflammation of the major bronchi and trachea . Most often it is caused by viral infection and hence antibiotic therapy is not indicated in immunocompetent individuals . Viral bronchitis can sometimes be treated using antiviral medications depending on the virus causing the infection , and medications such as anti-inflammatory drugs and expectorants can help mitigate the symptoms . Treatment of acute bronchitis with antibiotics is common but controversial as their use has only moderate benefit weighted against potential side effects ( nausea and vomiting ) , increased resistance , and cost of treatment in a self - limiting condition . Beta2 agonists are sometimes used to relieve the cough associated with acute bronchitis . In a recent systematic review it was found there was no evidence to support their use . Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis ( AECB ) are frequently due to non-infective causes along with viral ones . 50 % of patients are colonised with Haemophilus influenzae , Streptococcus pneumoniae or Moraxella catarrhalis . Antibiotics have only been shown to be effective if all three of the following symptoms are present : increased dyspnoea , increased sputum volume and purulence . In these cases 500 mg of Amoxycillin orally , every 8 hours for 5 days or 100 mg doxycycline orally for 5 days should be used . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pneumonia 2 Other causes 3 Treatment 4 Prevention 5 Epidemiology 6 Society and culture 7 References 8 External links Pneumonia ( edit ) Main article : Pneumonia Pneumonia occurs in a variety of situations and treatment must vary according to the situation . It is classified as either community or hospital acquired depending on where the patient contracted the infection . It is life - threatening in the elderly or those who are immunocompromised . The most common treatment is antibiotics and these vary in their adverse effects and their effectiveness . Pneumonia is also the leading cause of death in children less than five years of age in low income countries . The most common cause of pneumonia is pneumococcal bacteria , Streptococcus pneumoniae accounts for 2 / 3 of bacteremic pneumonias . This is a dangerous type of lung infection with a mortality rate of around 25 % . For optimal management of a pneumonia patient , the following must be assessed : pneumonia severity ( including treatment location , e.g. , home , hospital or intensive care ) , identification of causative organism , analgesia of chest pain , the need for supplemental oxygen , physiotherapy , hydration , bronchodilators and possible complications of emphysema or lung abscess . Other causes ( edit ) Atypical Bacterial Infections : Legionella pneumophila Mycoplasma pneumoniae Chlamydophila pneumoniae Chlamydia psittaci This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Parasitic infections : Respiratory cryptosporidiosis Viral infections : Adenovirus Influenza A virus Influenza B virus Human parainfluenza viruses Human respiratory syncytial virus SARS coronavirus Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus Aspiration pneumonia Treatment ( edit ) Antibiotics do not help the many lower respiratory infections which are caused by parasites or viruses . While acute bronchitis often does not require antibiotic therapy , antibiotics can be given to patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis . The indications for treatment are increased dyspnoea , and an increase in the volume or purulence of the sputum . The treatment of bacterial pneumonia is selected by considering the age of the patient , the severity of the illness and the presence of underlying disease . Amoxicillin and doxycycline are suitable for many of the lower respiratory tract infections seen in general practice . Prevention ( edit ) Vaccination helps prevent bronchopneumonia , mostly against influenza viruses , adenoviruses , measles , rubella , streptococcus pneumoniae , haemophilus influenzae , diphtheria , bacillus anthracis , chickenpox , and bordetella pertussis . Epidemiology ( edit ) Deaths from lower respiratory infections per million persons in 2012 24 - 120 121 - 151 152 - 200 201 - 241 242 - 345 346 - 436 437 - 673 674 - 864 865 - 1,209 1,210 - 2,085 Disability - adjusted life year for lower respiratory infections per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004 . no data less than 100 100 -- 700 700 -- 1,400 1,400 -- 2,100 2,100 -- 2,800 2,800 -- 3,500 3,500 -- 4,200 4,200 -- 4,900 4,900 -- 5,600 5,600 -- 6,300 6,300 -- 7,000 more than 7,000 Lower respiratory infectious disease is the fifth - leading cause of death and the combined leading infectious cause of death , being responsible for 2 74 million deaths worldwide . This is generally similar to estimates in the 2010 Global Burden of Disease study . This total only accounts for Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus Influenzae infections and does not account for atypical or nosocomial causes of lower respiratory disease , therefore underestimating total disease burden . Society and culture ( edit ) Lower respiratory tract infections place a considerable strain on the health budget and are generally more serious than upper respiratory infections . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence , Collaborators. ( 8 October 2016 ) . `` Global , regional , and national incidence , prevalence , and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries , 1990 - 2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 . '' . Lancet . 388 ( 10053 ) : 1545 -- 1602 . PMC 5055577 . PMID 27733282 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 16 ) 31678 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death , Collaborators. ( 8 October 2016 ) . `` Global , regional , and national life expectancy , all - cause mortality , and cause - specific mortality for 249 causes of death , 1980 - 2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 . '' . Lancet . 388 ( 10053 ) : 1459 -- 1544 . PMC 5388903 . PMID 27733281 . doi : 10.1016 / s0140 - 6736 ( 16 ) 31012 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Antibiotic Expert Group . Therapeutic guidelines : Antibiotic . 13th ed . North Melbourne : Therapeutic Guidelines ; 2006 . ^ Jump up to : GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death , Collaborators ( 17 December 2014 ) . `` Global , regional , and national age - sex specific all - cause and cause - specific mortality for 240 causes of death , 1990 - 2013 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 . '' . Lancet . 385 : 117 -- 71 . PMC 4340604 . PMID 25530442 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 14 ) 61682 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Becker , Lorne A. ; Hom , Jeffrey ; Villasis - Keever , Miguel ; van der Wouden , Johannes C. ( 2015 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Beta2 - agonists for acute cough or a clinical diagnosis of acute bronchitis '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 9 ) : CD001726 . ISSN 1469 - 493X . PMID 26333656 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD001726. pub5 . ^ Jump up to : BJM Clinical evidence : London , United Kingdom : BMJ , 1999 - 2007 : Accessed 29 / 3 / 7 at : http://0-www.clinicalevidence.com.library.newcastle.edu.au/ceweb/index.jsp . Jump up ^ Therapeutic guidelines : respiratory . 2nd ed : North Melbourne : Therapeutic Guidelines Limited , 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Integrated pharmacology / Clive Page ... ( et al . ) . 2nd ed : Edinburgh : Mosby , 2002 . Jump up ^ Fahey T SJ , Becker L , Glazier R ( 2004 ) . `` Antibiotics for acute bronchitis '' . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 4 : CD000245 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD000245. pub2 . ^ Jump up to : Pakhale , Smita ; Mulpuru , Sunita ; Verheij , Theo J.M. ; Kochen , Michael M. ; Rohde , Gernot G.U. ; Bjerre , Lise M. ( 2014 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Antibiotics for community - acquired pneumonia in adult outpatients '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 10 ) : CD002109 . ISSN 1469 - 493X . PMID 25300166 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD002109. pub4 . ^ Jump up to : Moberley S , Holden J , Tatham DP , Andrews RM ( 2013 ) . Moberley S , ed . `` Vaccines for preventing pneumococcal infection in adults '' . Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 1 : CD000422 . PMID 23440780 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD000422. pub3 . ^ Jump up to : Lodha , Rakesh ; Kabra , Sushil K. ; Pandey , Ravindra M. ( 2013 - 06 - 04 ) . `` Antibiotics for community - acquired pneumonia in children '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 6 ) : CD004874 . ISSN 1469 - 493X . PMID 23733365 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD004874. pub4 . Jump up ^ The Merck manual of diagnosis and therapy . 17th ed / Mark H. Beers and Robert Berkow ed : Whitehouse Station , N.J. : Merck Research Laboratories , 1999 . Jump up ^ eTG complete ( electronic resource ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2002 '' ( xls ) . World Health Organization . 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Estimates of the global , regional , and national morbidity , mortality , and aetiologies of lower respiratory tract infections in 195 countries : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 - The Lancet Infectious Diseases '' . Jump up ^ Lozano , R ; Naghavi , M ; Foreman , K ; Lim , S ; Shibuya , K ; Aboyans , V ; Abraham , J ; Adair , T ; Aggarwal , R ; Ahn , SY ; Alvarado , M ; Anderson , HR ; Anderson , LM ; Andrews , KG ; Atkinson , C ; Baddour , LM ; Barker - Collo , S ; Bartels , DH ; Bell , ML ; Benjamin , EJ ; Bennett , D ; Bhalla , K ; Bikbov , B ; Bin Abdulhak , A ; Birbeck , G ; Blyth , F ; Bolliger , I ; Boufous , S ; Bucello , C ; et al. ( Dec 15 , 2012 ) . `` Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 '' . Lancet . 380 ( 9859 ) : 2095 -- 128 . PMID 23245604 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 12 ) 61728 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Classification V T D ICD - 10 : J10 - J22 , J40 - J47 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lower_respiratory_tract_infection&oldid=801764450 '' Categories : Acute lower respiratory infections Infectious diseases Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Incomplete lists from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français हिन्दी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 18 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | acute viral infection of upper and lower respiratory tracts is called | [
"There are a number of symptoms that are characteristic of lower respiratory tract infections. The two most common are bronchitis and cancer and edema.[3] Influenza affects both the upper and lower respiratory tracts."
] | [
"Influenza"
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-2244192849291560231 | Lisa Loring | Lisa Loring - wikipedia Lisa Loring This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Lisa Loring Loring interviewed in 2009 for Count Gore de Vol Lisa Ann DeCinces ( 1958 - 02 - 16 ) February 16 , 1958 ( age 60 ) Kwajalein , Marshall Islands Citizenship American Occupation Actress Known for Wednesday Addams on The Addams Family Spouse ( s ) Farrell Foumberg ( m . 1973 -- 1974 ) Doug Stevenson ( m . 1981 -- 1983 ) Jerry Butler ( m . 1987 ; div. 1992 ) Graham Rich ( m . 2003 ; separated 2008 ) Children Lisa Loring ( born Lisa Ann DeCinces ; February 16 , 1958 ) is an American actress . She is best known for having played Wednesday Addams on the 1964 -- 1966 sitcom The Addams Family . Contents 1 Early life 2 Personal life 3 References 4 External links Early life ( edit ) Her parents both served in the United States Navy , but divorced shortly after her birth . She grew up in Hawaii and later moved to Los Angeles with her mother . She began modeling at age three and appeared in an episode of Dr. Kildare , which aired in 1964 . Her mother died of alcoholism in 1974 at age 34 . She joined the cast of ABC sitcom The Pruitts of Southampton in 1966 . After her childhood career , she also was a cast member of the CBS soap opera As the World Turns from 1980 to 1983 , where she created the role of Cricket Montgomery . Personal life ( edit ) Loring married her childhood sweetheart , Farrell Foumberg , in 1973 , and had a daughter at the age of 16 . The marriage ended a year later in 1974 . Loring married her second husband , actor Doug Stevenson , in 1981 . He was a contract performer on another CBS / Procter & Gamble soap opera Search for Tomorrow , with whom she had a second daughter . Their marriage ended in 1983 . She appeared in the slasher film Blood Frenzy ( 1987 ) . In 1987 , Loring married adult film actor Jerry Butler . They met on the set of the 1987 adult film , Traci 's Big Trick , on which Loring worked as a make - up artist . In the ensuing years of their marriage , she voiced her dissatisfaction with Butler 's continued involvement in pornography , and eventually Butler began secretly participating in porn shoots without her knowledge . In an interview with Dateline NBC in the 1990s , Butler described himself as `` addicted to the lifestyle '' , ashamed of his clandestine behavior and its effect on his marriage . The couple later appeared on the Sally Jessy Raphael Show , again discussing the damage Butler 's porn career was causing to their marriage . Butler and Loring divorced in 1992 , which was also the year he began to exit the hardcore industry , and evidently by choice , virtually disappeared from the public eye for many years . Loring married for a fourth time in 2003 to Graham Rich . The couple separated in 2008 , and as of June 2014 were in the process of a divorce . Loring became addicted to heroin in 1991 , for which she successfully completed treatment the following year . She returned to acting in 2011 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Lisa Loring '' . tv.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Lisa Loring : Addams Child Wednesday Has Been Full of Woe '' . People Magazine . 1995 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Shaulis , Sherri . `` ' 80s Adult Icon Jerry Butler Dies '' . avn.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Lisa Loring on IMDb WorldCat Identities ISNI : 0000 0000 6722 3162 LCCN : n81023518 VIAF : 18538691 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisa_Loring&oldid=849679495 '' Categories : 1958 births Living people American child actresses American soap opera actresses American television actresses Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from February 2018 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2018 , at 16 : 20 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who played wednesday in the original addams family | [
"Lisa Loring (born Lisa Ann DeCinces; February 16, 1958) is an American actress. She is best known for having played Wednesday Addams on the 1964–1966 sitcom The Addams Family.\n"
] | [
"Lisa Loring"
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-596544575013103439 | History of television in Atlanta | History of television in Atlanta - wikipedia History of television in Atlanta Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-history of Atlanta TV 2 Early stations 2.1 WSB , channel 8 2.2 WAGA - TV , channel 5 2.3 The proposed WCON - TV 2.4 WLTV , channel 8 2.5 WQXI , channel 36 2.6 WETV , channel 41 , Macon 2.7 WLWA , channels 8 / 11 2.8 WROM - TV , channel 9 , Rome 3 Frequency changes 4 References Pre-history of Atlanta TV ( edit ) Atlanta television had its roots in Atlanta Journal ( now Atlanta Journal - Constitution ) - owned radio station WSB - AM . The Journal had launched the south 's first radio station , WSB AM ( `` Welcome South Brother '' ) , on 740 kHz ( now 750 ) on March 15 , 1922 . In the late 1920s , the Journal experimented with a mechanical version of television , but eventually abandoned it . The earliest experiments with television involved a spinning disc with multiple holes in it , which provided ' movement ' on a projected surface . Early stations ( edit ) WSB , channel 8 ( edit ) Television finally came to Atlanta - area and northern - and upper central - Georgia viewers on September 29 , 1948 ( called `` T - Day '' by the Journal ) with the debut of WSB - TV , broadcasting on VHF channel 8 . The newspaper led up to the TV station 's launch , with front - page countdowns designed to boost excitement and sell TV sets . The inaugural WSB - TV program , which began with a recording of `` The Star Spangled Banner '' and a close - up shot of a tiny American flag waving in the wind powered by an electric fan , featured announcer John Cone ( `` WSB - TV is on the air ! '' ) , newscaster Jimmy Bridges , and a host of local dignitaries . WSB - TV originally broadcast from the Biltmore Hotel . They moved to a building at 1601 West Peachtree Street , about two miles ( 3 km ) north on Peachtree Street in 1956 . The building , designed to look like a southern mansion , was christened `` White Columns '' . WSB - TV , in its abbreviated 4 p.m. to 10 p.m. broadcast day , aired a mix of kinescopes ( film copies ) which might arrive three days late from the NBC television network ( WSB - AM had been a longtime NBC radio network affiliate , and most of the new television equipment was from NBC 's corporate cousin , RCA ) , Atlanta Crackers baseball remote broadcasts from the club 's stadium on Ponce de Leon Avenue , local news , and kids shows ( Woody Willow , a marionette show featuring several stringed characters created and performed by Don and Ruth Gilpin , and a show featuring a man who built toys ) . A great many old movies were shown , and the station employed a unique censorship system in which monitors actually cut bits from film that were deemed `` not family material '' before broadcast . This was a slow and tedious process , handled by two women with scissors , and they usually removed any hint of unsavory language and even scenes in which a man and a woman ( even married couples ) might be seen in or on a bed . An early unique use of television occurred when a system - wide transit strike crippled the city and downtown commerce suffered , in an era before shopping malls had been developed in the suburban areas . WSB - TV broadcast , for a time , a daily four - hour `` infomercial '' ( to use the modern term ) for Rich 's department store , which was affected economically when shoppers could not travel via bus to its downtown location . In its earliest days , the station aired a test pattern for many hours each day , ostensibly to let people align their new - fangled television sets . It served , however , as extremely cheap `` programming '' which allowed an audience to gather as someone showed off his or her new set to his or her envious friends . The test pattern , in black and white , featured multiple shades of grey and a large picture of a Native American ( the ubiquitous and now - classic Indian Head test card ) . Early employee Mike McDougald recounted , `` I would drive from WSB - AM to WSB - TV and see people congregated outside the store windows watching the test pattern . They were fascinated by it . '' Virtually all employees of the new WSB - TV were `` imports '' from the radio station , leaving the radio side somewhat hampered by the loss of talent . WSB - AM continued to thrive , however , and actually supported the new television venture for several years until television moved into the `` black '' . WAGA - TV , channel 5 ( edit ) Crosstown radio station WAGA - AM ( now WYZE , 1480 AM ) , owned by The Fort Industries ( later renamed `` Storer Broadcasting '' ) , launched a station on channel 5 in the fall of 1949 , taking CBS , DuMont and occasionally , ABC shows . The new television operation was squeezed into a converted residential house on Peachtree Street , with a tall tower built in the backyard of the property . WAGA - TV 's mascot , owned by the station 's janitor , was a ( real ) Yorkshire terrier named `` Waga '' . In addition to CBS shows , WAGA aired a daily hillbilly music show with local personality Jon Farmer , Atlanta Crackers baseball ( taken from WSB and later lost to newcomer WLW - A ) , interview shows featuring politicians like Senator Herman Talmadge and local newscasts featuring a newsreader sitting at a modest desk with a world map on the wall behind . I was little girl when my father , Bill McCain was News Director at WAGA . Jim Bailey was the station Manager . As I recall , William was the name of the Janitor / guy Friday , errand runner . I used to ride around in the station 's station wagon with him when he did errands . As I recall the dog `` WAGA '' was a black Scotty , not a Yorkshire terrier . Jon Farmer and his wife Phyllis were good family friends . They also had a ballroom dance show together ( as I recall ) that ran on Saturday evenings ... Source is myself ... The proposed WCON - TV ( edit ) WSB - TV and WAGA - TV served Atlanta for two years before a third station arrived . In March 1950 , the Cox - owned Atlanta Journal and its crosstown rival , the Atlanta Constitution , merged . The Constitution owned a construction permit for a proposed WCON - TV on the more desirable channel 2 ( reaching a larger broadcast range due to lower frequency ) , which was to have been the city 's full - time ABC network station . With the merger , WSB - TV instead moved to channel 2 amid great publicity . WCON - TV thus never opened for business , and its sister radio station , WCON AM 550 , was reassigned to nearby Gainesville , Georgia , where it is now WDUN . WLTV , channel 8 ( edit ) WSB - TV 's move to channel 2 opened an opportunity for a new station to operate on channel 8 . In 1951 , a group of Atlanta businessmen , including an executive from the local Davison 's department store chain , pooled their capital and launched WLTV as Atlanta 's first full - time ABC affiliate . WLTV 's studios were installed in a small building directly behind WSB - TV 's property , because that allowed the station to utilize WSB 's old channel 8 transmitting tower . WLTV operated on a very tight budget and offered a smattering of local programming like cooking and fashion shows , `` rip - and - read '' local news coverage , and a show featuring the city 's famous mayor , William B. Hartsfield , who answered viewer mail on his program . The station also offered the first `` all Negro '' program in Atlanta , a Saturday evening variety show . WQXI , channel 36 ( edit ) In late 1953 , eager entrepreneurs around the country were constructing UHF TV stations to meet the demand of television - hungry viewers . Southeast radio group owner Robert Rounsaville took the plunge , opening a UHF station off Atlanta 's Peachtree Street in the same restored house where his `` good music '' station , WQXI AM 790 , operated . An employee remembered that the station owned a huge , lumbering TV camera that had to be transported from room to room within the building to broadcast local talk shows . The AM station promoted the TV station incessantly , but the September 1953 beginning was met with indifference from Atlantans . Without much in the way of programming apart from old movies , an occasional show from the crumbling DuMont network , and a local Saturday night `` Barn Dance , '' there was little incentive for viewers to spend approximately $40 for a UHF converter . As such , WQXI - TV survived about nine months . WETV , channel 41 , Macon ( edit ) While not an Atlanta station , Macon 's first TV outlet received little attention from viewers or the press . In 1954 , competing Macon AM radio stations WBML and WNEX pooled money , along with Macon businessman William Fickling , ( later a healthcare tycoon ) and launched WETV on channel 41 . The NBC affiliate pre-dated the market 's dominant CBS affiliate WMAZ , channel 13 , by several months . As in Atlanta and other cities , few viewers were willing to pay extra for the special receiver needed to watch the UHF station , and after several shakeups ( where channel 41 became WNEX and then WOKA ) , it ceased operations . WMAZ would then become the central Georgia region 's sole commercial television outlet for over a dozen years , until NBC returned in 1968 on another UHF station , WCWB - TV ( now WMGT - TV ) . By that time , television manufacturers had been required by the Federal Communications Commission ( under the All - Channel Receiver Act ) to enable sets to receive UHF channels , without special external equipment . WLWA , channels 8 / 11 ( edit ) In 1953 , Cincinnati - based Crosley Broadcasting Corporation purchased WLTV ( channel 8 ) , providing a much - needed infusion of capital and a new name , `` WLW - A '' , in keeping with the company 's WLW group branding for its stations in Indiana and Ohio . Among the personalities from WLW - A 's early days : Dick Van Dyke , who hosted a twice - daily lip synch show where he and Phil Erickson ( together known as The Merry Mutes ) , along with a female partner , mouthed the lyrics to hit records . WLW - A continued to operate in the shadow of WSB - TV , both physically and in the minds of 1950s viewers . It was n't until ABC began to get ratings traction with its late - 1950s Warner Bros. Western shows that the station came of age . My father , Bill McCain , went to WLW - A following his stent at WAGA , as News Director . His News followed Dick Van Dyke in the afternoons . When I would be in Atlanta visiting my father he would take me to the station . On occasion Dick Van Dyke would entertain me while my father did the News . I remember a few years later , my father remarking that Dick Van Dyke was the one of the most talented people he had ever met . I guess so ... I have a copy of what must be the forerunner of TV Guide , with the program lineups of the stations in Atlanta in early 50 's . The station is now WXIA on channel 11 ( physical channel 10 ) . WROM - TV , channel 9 , Rome ( edit ) Two months after Crosley set up shop in Atlanta , up the road , about 50 miles ( 80 km ) to the northwest , the owners of a local AM radio station in Rome decided to get into television . WROM AM operated WROM - TV , channel 9 , from 1953 until 1958 , branding it `` Dixie 's Largest Independent . '' The station ran a late - afternoon and prime - time schedule of old movies , `` hillbilly '' music performances ( which were common on Southern TV stations in the 1950s and 1960s ) and occasionally , ABC - TV network fare such as Omnibus . WROM 's beginning , and its subsequent move to Chattanooga years later , changed Atlanta TV history and caused a fruit - basket turnover of Southeastern U.S. TV frequencies . As soon as channel 9 in Rome and channel 8 in Atlanta began operating simultaneously , viewers in northwestern Atlanta and in northwestern Georgia to the south of Rome began experiencing trouble tuning in either station . Crosley also wanted to increase transmitting power at its new station , which necessitated a change to present - day channel 11 ( now WXIA - TV ) . By 1958 , WROM 's owners were making moves to cash in on their investment . The station began carrying a full prime - time slate of ABC network programs , overlapping programming with WLWA . In 1959 , WROM 's owners accepted an offer to sell their TV outlet to Martin Theaters , ( reportedly for one million dollars ) the company that also purchased Columbus , Georgia 's WDAK - TV . Chattanooga had only two VHF stations at the time , WRGP ( now WRCB ) - TV , channel 3 , ( NBC ) and pioneer broadcasting outlet WDEF - TV , channel 12 ( CBS ) . Chattanooga offered channel 9 's investors a better economic model than Rome , so the station moved and became Chattanooga ABC affiliate WTVC . That move 60 miles to the north opened opportunities for other television broadcasters within the state of Georgia . Frequency changes ( edit ) Atlanta regained channel 8 as an available frequency , though it was reclassified as a non-commercial educational facility , clearing the way for the University of Georgia 's Athens - based station , WGTV ( which , years later , relocated to its transmitter and tower to Stone Mountain to better serve Atlanta as part of Georgia Public Broadcasting 's state network ) . Columbus , Georgia 's NBC affiliate , WDAK - TV , channel 28 , was able to move to VHF channel 9 ( now WTVM , an ABC affiliate ) , while Dothan , Alabama 's CBS affiliate , WTVY , moved from channel 9 to the more powerful ( and thus desirable ) channel 4 , and Columbus ' CBS affiliate , WRBL , moved from channel 4 over to channel 3 . Ironically , Rome partially lost a second television frequency 40 years later , when UHF station channel 14 moved east to Bear Mountain near Waleska and Canton ( north of Atlanta ) after several years of operation . Though a strong radio market covering most of northwestern Georgia , the Rome metro area simply could not support television capable of competing with Chattanooga and Atlanta , both just 60 miles ( 100 km ) distant north and southeast . Rome still remain 's the city of license for the station , however , and it is one of two full - power TV stations having a northwest Georgia city of license , along with GPB 's WCLP - TV 18 ( now WNGH - TV 18. x , on RF channel 33 ) in Fort Mountain State Park near Chatsworth . Since prior to the 2009 digital - only TV mandate , all local TV stations except WGTV 8 transmit digitally on channels other than their analog ones , with TV channels from 52 to 69 ( the 700 MHz band ) being taken mostly for 4G LTE mobile phones in a large spectrum auction ( FCC auction 73 ) . ( WGCL - TV 46 remained on for another month as the designated `` nightlight '' station , WUVM - LP 4 and WTBS - LP 6 continue in analog as of April 2017 . ) Unlike other major media markets , no Atlanta TV stations will be taken off the air due to the 600MHz auction which ended in early 2017 , but UHF channels 38 to 51 are being taken away , which will result in a `` repack '' of at least half of the local stations onto low UHF channels 14 to 36 in late summer 2019 , and WGTV from 8 to 7 in 2020 . All stations will still retain their historic channel numbers through the use of virtual channels , but re-scanning of TV tuners will be required after the changes . References ( edit ) Atlanta TV Digest magazine , April 6 , 1953 Welcome South Brother , ( Cox Broadcasting , 1973 ) Atlanta Journal , September 29 , 1948 Atlanta TV Listings Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_television_in_Atlanta&oldid=782501598 '' Categories : History of television in the United States History of Atlanta Television stations in Atlanta Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles lacking sources from January 2012 All articles lacking sources Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 May 2017 , at 08 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the south’s first television station wsb-tv atlanta ga begin operation | [
"Television finally came to Atlanta-area and northern- and upper central-Georgia viewers on September 29, 1948 (called \"T-Day\" by the Journal) with the debut of WSB-TV, broadcasting on VHF channel 8. The newspaper led up to the TV station's launch, with front-page countdowns designed to boost excitement and sell TV sets. The inaugural WSB-TV program, which began with a recording of \"The Star Spangled Banner\" and a close-up shot of a tiny American flag waving in the wind powered by an electric fan, featured announcer John Cone (\"WSB-TV is on the air!\"), newscaster Jimmy Bridges, and a host of local dignitaries."
] | [
"September 29, 1948"
] |
-167357385261432521 | Tuition fees in the United Kingdom | Tuition fees in the United Kingdom - wikipedia Tuition fees in the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search Tuition fees were first introduced across the entire United Kingdom in September 1998 under the Labour government as a means of funding tuition to undergraduate and postgraduate certificate students at universities , with students being required to pay up to £ 1,000 a year for tuition . However , as a result of the establishment of devolved national administrations for Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland , different arrangements now exist with regard to the charging of tuition fees in each of the countries of the United Kingdom . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Current systems 2.1 England 2.2 Effect 2.3 Northern Ireland 2.4 Scotland 2.5 Wales 3 Possible alternatives 3.1 Funding from general taxation 3.2 Graduate tax 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of Tuition Fees in the United Kingdom In May 1996 , Gillian Shephard , Secretary of State for Education and Employment , commissioned an inquiry , led by the then Chancellor of the University of Nottingham , Sir Ron Dearing , into the funding of British higher education over the next 20 years . This National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education reported to the new Labour Government , in the summer of 1997 , stating additional billions of funding would be needed over the period , including £ 350 million in 1998 - 9 and £ 565 million in 1999 - 2000 , in order to expand student enrolment , provide more support for part - time students and ensure an adequate infrastructure . The committee , as part of its brief , had controversially investigated the possibility of students contributing to the cost of this expansion , either through loans , a graduate tax , deferred contributions or means testing state assistance , as their report notes : 20.40 We do not underestimate the strength of feeling on the issue of seeking a contribution towards tuition costs : nor do we dispute the logic of the arguments put forward . A detailed assessment of the issues has , however , convinced us that the arguments in favour of a contribution to tuition costs from graduates in work are strong , if not widely appreciated . They relate to equity between social groups , broadening participation , equity with part - time students in higher education and in further education , strengthening the student role in higher education , and identifying a new source of income that can be ring - fenced for higher education . 20.41 We have , therefore , analysed the implications of a range of options against the criteria set out in paragraph 20.2 . There is a wide array of options from which to choose , ranging from asking graduates to contribute only to their living costs through to asking all graduates to contribute to their tuition costs . We have chosen to examine four options in depth In response to the findings , the Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998 was published on 26 November 1997 , and enacted on 16 July 1998 , part of which introduced tuition fees in all the countries of the United Kingdom . The act introduced a means - tested method of payment for students based on the amount of money their families earned . Starting with 1999 - 2000 , maintenance grants for living expenses would also be replaced with loans and paid back at a rate of 9 percent of a graduate 's income above £ 10,000 . Following devolution in 1999 , the newly devolved governments in Scotland and Wales brought in their own acts on tuition fees . The Scottish Parliament established , and later abolished a graduate endowment to replace the fees . Wales introduced maintenance grants of up to £ 1,500 in 2002 , a value which has since risen to over £ 5000 . In England , tuition fee caps rose with the Higher Education Act 2004 . Under the Act , universities in England could begin to charge variable fees of up to £ 3000 a year for students enrolling on courses as from the academic year of 2006 - 07 or later . This was also introduced in Northern Ireland in 2006 - 07 and introduced in Wales in 2007 - 08 . In 2009 - 10 the cap rose to £ 3225 a year to take account of inflation . Following the Browne Review in 2010 , the cap was controversially raised to £ 9,000 a year , sparking large student protests in London . A judicidal review against the raised fees failed in 2012 , and so the new fee system came into use that September . Students pay interest on loans . In 2012 this rate was set at the retail price index ( RPI ) plus 3 % . Students who started university between 1998 and 2011 pay Bank of England base rate plus 1 % . Students who started university before 1998 pay interest set at the RPI rate . As a consequence of the 2012 change , students who graduate in 2017 will pay 6.1 % interest , despite the Bank of England base rate being 0.25 % . Further adjustments were put forth in the 2015 budget , with a proposed fee increase in line with inflation from the 2017 - 18 academic year onwards , and the planned scrapping of maintenance grants from September 2016 . The changes were debated by the Third Delegated Legislation Committee in January 2016 , rather than in the Commons . The lack of a vote on the matter has drawn criticism , as by circumventing the Commons the measures `` automatically become law '' . Tuition fees and perceptions about them are directly linked to satisfaction . Current systems ( edit ) See also : Student loans in the United Kingdom England ( edit ) Entry rate ratio for the most advantaged to most disadvantaged groups between 2006 and 2016 , showing the decrease in the ratio . In England , tuition fees are capped at £ 9,250 a year for UK and EU students , with around 76 % of all institutions charging the full amount in 2015 - 16 . A loan of the same size is available for most universities , although students of private institutions are only eligible for £ 6,000 a year loans . From 2017 - 18 onwards , the £ 9,000 fee cap will rise with inflation . Maintenance grants are also available to current students in England , although these are scheduled to cease with the 2016 - 17 academic year . Maintenance loans are available for living costs , and these are means tested . These loans are scheduled to increase in size for 2016 - 17 , when the maintenance grant system is phased out . There will be a vote in the autumn to consider a further increase effective with the 2017 - 18 year . Several universities have already advertised fees of £ 9,250 for the year in anticipation of such a vote passing . In the 2015 spending review , the government also proposed a freeze in the repayment threshold for tuition fee loans at £ 21,000 ; a figure which was previously set to rise with average earnings . The changes , if passed , will affect all Plan 2 tuition fee loans , backdated to cover loans taken out from 2012 . Effect ( edit ) Many commentators suggested that the 2012 rise in tuition fees in England would put poorer students off applying to university . However , the gap between rich and poor students has slightly narrowed ( from 30.5 % in 2010 to 29.8 % in 2013 ) since the introduction of the higher fees . This may be because universities have used tuition fees to invest in bursaries and outreach schemes . In 2016 , The Guardian noted that the number of disadvantaged students applying to university had increased by 72 % from 2006 to 2015 , a bigger rise than in Scotland , Wales or Northern Ireland . It wrote that most of the gap between richer and poorer students tends to open up between Key Stage 1 and Key Stage 4 ( i.e. at secondary school ) , rather than when applying for university , and so the money raised from tuition fees should be spent there instead . Research by the National Bureau of Economic Research found that the introduction of tuition fees had `` increased funding per head , rising enrolments , and a narrowing of the participation gap between advantaged and disadvantaged students . '' Northern Ireland ( edit ) Tuition fees are currently capped at £ 3,805 in Northern Ireland , with loans of the same size available from Student Finance NI . Loan repayments are made when income rises above £ 17,335 a year , with graduates paying back a percentage of their earnings above this threshold . Scotland ( edit ) Tuition is handled by the Student Awards Agency Scotland ( SAAS ) , which does not charge fees to what it defines as `` Young Students '' . Young Students are defined as those under 25 , without children , marriage , civil partnership or cohabiting partner , who have not been outside of full - time education for more than three years . Fees exist for those outside the young student definition , typically from £ 1,200 to £ 1,800 for undergraduate courses , dependent on year of application and type of qualification . Postgraduate fees can be up to £ 3,400 . The system has been in place since 2007 when graduate endowments were abolished . Labour 's education spokesperson Rhona Brankin criticised the Scottish system for failing to address student poverty . Scotland has fewer disadvantaged students than England , Wales or Northern Ireland and disadvantaged students receive around £ 560 a year less in financial support than their counterparts in England do . Wales ( edit ) Like their English counterparts , Welsh universities are able to charge up to £ 9,000 a year in tuition fees . However , Welsh students can apply for fee grants of up to £ 5,190 , in addition to a £ 3,810 loan to cover these costs . This system also applies to Welsh students who study elsewhere in the United Kingdom . Possible alternatives ( edit ) There have been two main proposed alternative ways of funding university studies : from general taxation or by a graduate tax . Funding from general taxation ( edit ) Tuition is paid for by general taxation in Germany , although only 27 % of young people gain higher education qualification there , whereas in the UK the comparable figure is 48 % . Fully or partly funding universities from general taxation has been criticised by the Liberal Democrat party as a ' tax cut for the rich and a tax rise for the poor ' because people would be taxed to pay for something that many would not derive a benefit from , while graduates generally earn more due to their qualifications and only have to pay them back . Jeremy Corbyn , current Labour leader , has stated that he would remove tuition fees and instead fund higher education by increasing National Insurance and Corporation Tax . In the long term this would cost the government about £ 8 billion a year . In July 2017 Lord Adonis , former Number 10 Policy Unit staffer and education minister largely responsible for introducing tuition fees , said that the system had become a `` Frankenstein 's monster '' putting many students over £ 50,000 in debt . He argued the system should either be scrapped or fees reverted to between £ 1,000 and £ 3,000 per the initial scheme . Graduate tax ( edit ) During the 2015 Labour leadership election , Andy Burnham said that he would introduce a graduate tax to replace fees . He was ultimately unsuccessful in his bid for leadership . A graduate tax has been criticised because there would be no way to recover the money from students who move to a different country , or foreign students who return home . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BBC Q&A : Student Fees '' . BBC News . 2009 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Stuart Alley and Mat Smith ( 2004 - 01 - 27 ) . `` Timeline : Tuition fees '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Robert ( 8 February 2016 ) . `` University fees in historical perspective '' . History & Policy . History & Policy . Retrieved 19 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Dearing Report '' . BBC Politics 1997 . BBC . 1997 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Dearing Report - List of recommendations '' . Leeds.ac.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Dearing , Ronald . `` Higher Education in the learning society ( 1997 ) - Main Report '' . Education In England . Her Majesty 's Stationery Office . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teaching and Higher Education Act '' . BBC News . 1999 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Bolton , Paul . `` Tuition Fee Statistics '' , Library of the House of Commons , 23 November 2010 , page 2 , section 1.1 Jump up ^ Bolton , Paul . `` Tuition Fee Statistics '' ( 1 ) , Library of the House of Commons , 23 November 2010 , page 3 , section 1.4 Jump up ^ `` Grants return sets Wales apart '' . BBC News . 2002 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Bolton , Paul . `` Tuition Fee Statistics '' ( 2 ) , Library of the House of Commons , 23 November 2010 , page 2 , section 1.2 Jump up ^ `` Tuition fees case : Callum Hurley and Katy Moore lose '' . BBC News . 2012 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jones , Rupert ( 11 April 2017 ) . `` Student loan interest rate set to rise by a third after UK inflation surge '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/education-33444557 ^ Jump up to : http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/tories-bypass-mps-sneak-through-7178418 Jump up ^ Maxwell - Stuart , Rebecca ; Taheri , Babak ; Paterson , Audrey S. ; O'Gorman , Kevin ; Jackson , William ( 2016 - 11 - 24 ) . `` Working together to increase student satisfaction : exploring the effects of mode of study and fee status '' . Studies in Higher Education . 0 ( 0 ) : 1 -- 13 . ISSN 0307 - 5079 . doi : 10.1080 / 03075079.2016. 1257601 . Jump up ^ https://www.ucas.com/file/86461/download?token=iMCCLWdB Jump up ^ `` Undergraduate tuition fees and student loans '' . Jump up ^ http://university.which.co.uk/advice/student-finance/quick-guide-to-fees-and-finance-if-youre-studying-in-england Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/education-36845106 Jump up ^ http://www.independent.co.uk/student/news/spending-review-2015-government-betrays-a-generation-of-students-by-secretly-backtracking-on-a-2012-a6748801.html Jump up ^ https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/447565/BIS-15-445-student-loan-repayment-threshold-consultation.pdf Jump up ^ `` University tuition fees hike ' will deter most poorer students ' -- poll '' . Jump up ^ `` University tuition fee rise has not deterred poorer students from applying '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The worst place for poor students in the UK ? Scotland '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The evidence suggests I was completely wrong about tuition fees '' . Jump up ^ http://www.nber.org/papers/w23888#fromrss Jump up ^ http://www.nidirect.gov.uk/tuition-fees-for-academic-year Jump up ^ `` How and when you repay your student loan ( courses starting from 1998 ) '' . Jump up ^ http://www.saas.gov.uk/_forms/fees_student.pdf Jump up ^ `` Scottish Government - Graduate endowment scrapped '' . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MSPs vote to scrap endowment fee '' . BBC News . 2008 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ http://university.which.co.uk/advice/student-finance/quick-guide-to-fees-and-finance-if-youre-studying-in-wales Jump up ^ `` How Germany abolished tuition fees '' . Jump up ^ http://www.libdemvoice.org/opinion-labours-tuition-fees-policy-is-a-tax-cut-for-the-rich-paid-for-by-the-poor-44497.html Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Corbyn : Scrap tuition fees and give students grants again , says Labour leadership contender '' . The Independent . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2017-40000409 Jump up ^ Adams , Richard ( 7 July 2017 ) . `` Tuition fees should be scrapped , says ' architect ' of fees Andrew Adonis '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Adonis , Andrew ( 7 July 2017 ) . `` I put up tuition fees . It 's now clear they have to be scrapped '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.ifs.org.uk/budgets/gb2002/chap8.pdf External links ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : UK Parliament to vote on tuition fee rise on Thursday Text of Higher Education Act 2004 , which introduced top - up fees BBC News Q&A : Student Fees The Guardian : All Change ( guide to fees ) Student Loans Company ( the body responsible for providing and administering student loans in the UK ) Dearing Report Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuition_fees_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=804033730 '' Categories : Education finance in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2014 Use British English from February 2014 Good articles Articles which contain graphical timelines Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 08 : 23 . About Wikipedia | when did tuition fees rise to £3000 | [
"In England, tuition fee caps rose with the Higher Education Act 2004. Under the Act, universities in England could begin to charge variable fees of up to £3000 a year for students enrolling on courses as from the academic year of 2006-07 or later. This was also introduced in Northern Ireland in 2006-07 and introduced in Wales in 2007-08. In 2009-10 the cap rose to £3225 a year to take account of inflation.[11] Following the Browne Review in 2010, the cap was controversially raised to £9,000 a year, sparking large student protests in London. A judicidal review against the raised fees failed in 2012, and so the new fee system came into use that September.[12]"
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"with the Higher Education Act 2004"
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5873886907880633611 | Data Protection Act 1998 | Data Protection Act 1998 - wikipedia Data Protection Act 1998 Jump to : navigation , search Data Protection Act 1998 Act of Parliament Parliament of the United Kingdom Long title An Act to make new provision for the regulation of the processing of information relating to individuals , including the obtaining , holding , use or disclosure of such information . Territorial extent United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Dates Royal assent 16 July 1998 Commencement March 2000 Other legislation Replaces Data Protection Act 1984 Status : Current legislation Text of the Data Protection Act 1998 as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom , from legislation.gov.uk The Data Protection Act 1998 ( c 29 ) was a United Kingdom Act of Parliament designed to protect personal data stored on computers or in an organised paper filing system . It enacted the EU Data Protection Directive 1995 's provisions on the protection , processing and movement of data . Under the DPA 1998 , individuals had legal rights to control information about themselves . Most of the Act did not apply to domestic use , for example keeping a personal address book . Anyone holding personal data for other purposes was legally obliged to comply with this Act , subject to some exemptions . The Act defined eight data protection principles to ensure that information was processed lawfully . It was superseded by the Data Protection Act 2018 ( DPA 2018 ) on 23 May 2018 . The DPA 2018 supplements the EU General Data Protection Regulation ( GDPR ) , which came into effect on 25 May 2018 . The GDPR regulates the collection , storage , and use of personal data significantly more strictly . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Contents 2.1 Scope of protection 2.2 Data protection principles 2.3 Exceptions 2.4 Police and court powers 2.5 Offences 2.6 Complexity 2.7 Definition of personal data 2.8 Subject Access Requests 2.9 Information Commissioner 2.10 EU 's Article 29 Working Party 3 See also 4 References 5 External links 5.1 UK legislation Background ( edit ) The 1998 Act replaced the Data Protection Act 1984 and the Access to Personal Files Act 1987 , and implemented the EU Data Protection Directive 1995 . The Privacy and Electronic Communications ( EC Directive ) Regulations 2003 altered the consent requirement for most electronic marketing to `` positive consent '' such as an opt - in box . Exemptions remain for the marketing of `` similar products and services '' to existing customers and enquirers , which can still be given permission on an opt out basis . The Jersey data protection law was modelled on the UK law . Contents ( edit ) Scope of Protection ( edit ) Section 1 defines `` personal data '' as any data that can be used to identify a living individual . Anonymised or aggregated data is less regulated by the Act , providing the anonymisation or aggregation has not been done in a reversible way . Individuals can be identified by various means including their name and address , telephone number or email address . The Act applies only to data which is held , or intended to be held , on computers ( ' equipment operating automatically in response to instructions given for that purpose ' ) , or held in a ' relevant filing system ' . In some cases paper records may be classified as a ' relevant filing system ' , such as an address book or a salesperson 's diary used to support commercial activities . The Freedom of Information Act 2000 modified the act for public bodies and authorities , and the Durant case modified the interpretation of the act by providing case law and precedent . A person who has their data processed has the following rights : under section 7 , to view the data an organisation holds on them for a reasonable fee : the maximum fee is £ 2 for requests to credit reference agencies , £ 50 for health and educational request , and £ 10 per individual otherwise , under section 14 , request that incorrect information be corrected . If the company ignores the request , a court can order the data to be corrected or destroyed , and in some cases compensation can be awarded . under section 10 , require that data is not used in any way that may potentially cause damage or distress . under section 11 , require that their data is not used for direct marketing . Data Protection principles ( edit ) Schedule 1 lists eight `` data protection principles '' . Personal data shall be processed fairly and lawfully and , in particular , shall not be processed unless : at least one of the conditions in Schedule 2 is met , and in the case of sensitive personal data , at least one of the conditions in Schedule 3 is also met . Personal data shall be obtained only for one or more specified and lawful purposes , and shall not be further processed in any manner incompatible with that purpose or those purposes . Personal data shall be adequate , relevant and not excessive in relation to the purpose or purposes for which they are processed . Personal data shall be accurate and , where necessary , kept up to date . Personal data processed for any purpose or purposes shall not be kept for longer than is necessary for that purpose or those purposes . About the rights of individuals e.g. personal data shall be processed in accordance with the rights of data subjects ( individuals ) . Appropriate technical and organisational measures shall be taken against unauthorised or unlawful processing of personal data and against accidental loss or destruction of , or damage to , personal data . Personal data shall not be transferred to a country or territory outside the European Economic Area unless that country or territory ensures an adequate level of protection for the rights and freedoms of data subjects in relation to the processing of personal data . Conditions relevant to the first principle Personal data should only be processed fairly and lawfully . In order for data to be classed as ' fairly processed ' , at least one of these six conditions must be applicable to that data ( Schedule 2 ) . The data subject ( the person whose data is stored ) has consented ( `` given their permission '' ) to the processing ; Processing is necessary for the performance of , or commencing , a contract ; Processing is required under a legal obligation ( other than one stated in the contract ) ; Processing is necessary to protect the vital interests of the data subject ; Processing is necessary to carry out any public functions ; Processing is necessary in order to pursue the legitimate interests of the `` data controller '' or `` third parties '' ( unless it could unjustifiably prejudice the interests of the data subject ) . Consent Except under the below mentioned exceptions , the individual needs to consent to the collection of their personal information and its use in the purpose ( s ) in question . The European Data Protection Directive defines consent as `` ... any freely given specific and informed indication of his wishes by which the data subject signifies his agreement to personal data relating to him being processed '' , meaning the individual may signify agreement other than in writing . However , non-communication should not be interpreted as consent . Additionally , consent should be appropriate to the age and capacity of the individual and other circumstances of the case . E.g. , if an organisation `` intends to continue to hold or use personal data after the relationship with the individual ends , then the consent should cover this . '' And even when consent is given , it should n't be assumed to last forever . Although in most cases consent lasts for as long as the personal data needs to be processed , individuals may be able to withdraw their consent , depending on the nature of the consent and the circumstances in which the personal information is being collected and used . The Data Protection Act also specifies that sensitive personal data must be processed according to a stricter set of conditions , in particular any consent must be explicit . Exceptions ( edit ) The Act is structured such that all processing of personal data is covered by the act , while providing a number of exceptions in Part IV . Notable exceptions are : Section 28 -- National security . Any processing for the purpose of safeguarding national security is exempt from all the data protection principles , as well as Part II ( subject access rights ) , Part III ( notification ) , Part V ( enforcement ) , and Section 55 ( Unlawful obtaining of personal data ) . Section 29 -- Crime and taxation . Data processed for the prevention or detection of crime , the apprehension or prosecution of offenders , or the assessment or collection of taxes are exempt from the first data protection principle . Section 36 -- Domestic purposes . Processing by an individual only for the purposes of that individual 's personal , family or household affairs is exempt from all the data protection principles , as well as Part II ( subject access rights ) and Part III ( notification ) . Police and court powers ( edit ) The Act grants or acknowledges various police and court powers . Section 29 -- Consent of the Data Subject is not required when processing Personal Data to prevent or detect crime , apprehend or prosecute offenders , the assessment and collection of taxes and duties and to discharge a statutory function . Section 35 -- Disclosures required by law or made in connection with legal proceedings . This includes obeying court orders , other laws and are part of legal proceedings . Offences ( edit ) The Act details a number of civil and criminal offences for which data controllers may be liable if a data controller has failed to gain appropriate consent from a data subject . However , ' consent ' is not specifically defined in the Act and so is a common law matter . Section 21 ( 1 ) makes it an offence to process personal information without registration . Section 21 ( 2 ) makes it an offence to fail to comply with the notification regulations made by the Secretary of State ( proposed by the Information Commissioner under section 25 of the Act ) . Section 55 makes unlawful obtaining of personal data . This section makes it an offence for people ( Other Parties ) , such as hackers and impersonators , outside the organisation to obtain unauthorised access to the personal data . Section 56 makes it a criminal offence to require an individual to make a Subject Access Request relating to cautions or convictions for the purposes of recruitment , continued employment , or the provision of services . This section came into force on 10 March 2015 . Complexity ( edit ) The UK Data Protection Act is a large Act that has a reputation for complexity . While the basic principles are honoured for protecting privacy , interpreting the act is not always simple . Many companies , organisations and individuals seem very unsure of the aims , content and principles of the Act . Some hide behind the Act and refuse to provide even very basic , publicly available material quoting the Act as a restriction . The Act also impacts on the way in which organisations conduct business in terms of who can be contacted for marketing purposes , not only by telephone and direct mail but also electronically and has led to the development of permission based marketing strategies . Definition of personal data ( edit ) The definition of personal data is data relating to a living individual who can be identified from that data or from that data and other information in the possession of , or is likely to come into the possession of , the data controller Sensitive personal data concerns the subject 's race , ethnicity , politics , religion , trade union status , health , sex life or criminal record . Subject access requests ( edit ) The Information Commissioner 's Office website states regarding Subject Access Requests ( SARs ) : `` You have the right to find out if an organisation is using or storing your personal data . This is called the right of access . You exercise this right by asking for a copy of the data , which is commonly known as making a ' subject access request '' . Before the General Data Protection Regulation ( GDPR ) came into force on 25 May 2018 organisations could charge charge a specified fee for responding to a SAR , of up to £ 10 for most requests . Following the GDPR : `` A copy of your personal data should be provided free . An organisation may charge for additional copies . It can only charge a fee if it thinks the request is ' manifestly unfounded or excessive ' . If so , it may ask for a reasonable fee for administrative costs associated with the request . '' Information Commissioner ( edit ) Main article : Information Commissioner 's Office Compliance with the Act is regulated and enforced by an independent authority , the Information Commissioner 's Office , which maintains guidance relating to the Act . EU 's Article 29 Working Party ( edit ) In January 2017 the Information Commissioner 's Office invited public comments on the EU 's Article 29 Working Party 's proposed changes to data protection law and the anticipated introduction of extensions to the interpretation of the Act , the Guide to the General Data Protection Regulation . See also ( edit ) Data Protection Act , 2012 ( Ghana ) Computer Misuse Act 1990 Data privacy Data Protection Directive ( EU ) Freedom of Information Act 2000 Gaskin v United Kingdom List of UK government data losses Privacy and Electronic Communications ( EC Directive ) Regulations 2003 General Data Protection Regulation -- a 2016 EU regulation on data protection Smith v Lloyds TSB Bank plc Durant v Financial Services Authority ( 2003 ) EWCA Civ 1746 Data Protection Bill ( HL ) 2017 - 19 , Bill No . HL 104 of 2018 ( `` The Data Protection Bill was considered at Report Stage on Wednesday 9 May 2018 and read and passed with Amendments . '' ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Data Protection Act 1998 , Part IV ( Exemptions ) , Section 36 , Office of Public Sector Information , accessed 6 September 2007 Jump up ^ Jersey : Data Protection In Jersey And Other Offshore Jurisdictions 23 July 2008 Article by Wendy Benjamin , mondaq.com , Jump up ^ `` Data Protection Act 1998 , Basic interpretative provisions '' . Office of Public Sector Information . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Determining what information is ' data ' for the purposes of the DPA '' ( PDF ) . Information Commissioner 's Office . 16 March 2012 . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What is personal data ? Information Commissioner updates guidance '' . Pinsent Masons. 30 August 2007 . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . In the case involving Michael Durant he sought information held on him by the Financial Services Authority . The Court of Appeal ruled that just because a document contained his name it was not necessarily defined as personal data . This changed the perception of how wide a definition of personal data could be . Jump up ^ Your rights , ICO , accessed 6 September 2007 Jump up ^ `` The rights of individuals ( Principle 6 ) '' , ICO , accessed 7 December 2016 Jump up ^ `` FAQs '' . Information Commissioner 's Office . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Claiming compensation '' . Information Commissioner 's Office . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998 , Part II ( Rights of data subjects and others ) , Section 10 , Office of Public Sector Information , accessed 6 September 2007 Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998 , Part II ( Rights of data subjects and others ) , Section 11 , Office of Public Sector Information , accessed 6 September 2007 Jump up ^ The rights of individuals ( Principle 6 ) , ICO.org.uk , accessed 14 April 2011 Jump up ^ OPSI.gov.uk Data Protection Act 1998 Schedule 2 ^ Jump up to : `` Conditions for Processing -- Guide to Data Protection -- ICO '' . Information Commissioner 's Office . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998 , Part IV ( Exceptions -- Crime and taxation ) , Section 29 Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998 , Part IV ( Exemptions -- Disclosures required by law or made in connection with legal proceedings etc . ) , Section 35 ^ Jump up to : Data Protection Act 1998 , Part III ( Notification by Data Controllers ) , Section 21 , Office of Public Sector Information ) Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998 , Part III ( Notification by Data Controllers ) , Section 25 Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998 , Part VI ( Miscellaneous and General ) , Section 55 , Office of Public Sector Information , accessed 14 September 2007 Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998 , Part VI ( Miscellaneous and General ) , Section 56 , Office of Public Sector Information , accessed 14 September 2007 Jump up ^ http://www.lewissilkin.com/Journal/2015/March/Forced-data-subject-access-requests-are-now-a-criminal-offence.aspx Jump up ^ Bainbridge , D: `` Introduction to Computer Law -- Fifth Edition '' , page 430 . Pearson Education Limited , 2005 Jump up ^ Data Protection myths and realities , Information Commissioner 's Office , accessed 30 August 2008 Jump up ^ `` Data Protection Act 1998 '' . UK Statute Law Database . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Your right of access '' . Information Commissioner 's Office . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Guide to Data Protection '' . Information Commissioner 's Office . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Guidance -- The Data Protection Act , Page of Assorted Guidance , Information Commissioner 's Office , accessed 20 October 2007 Jump up ^ `` Guide to the General Data Protection Regulation ( GDPR ) '' . ico.org.uk. 22 December 2017 . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiversity has learning resources about Data Protection Act 1998 Information Commissioner 's Office The Department for Constitutional Affairs Council of Europe -- ETS no . 108 -- Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data ( 1981 ) -- basis for Data Protection Act 1984 Directive 95 / 46 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data -- basis for Data Protection Act 1998 UK legislation ( edit ) Text of the Data Protection Act 1998 as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom , from legislation.gov.uk United Kingdom legislation Pre-Parliamentary legislation List of English statutes Charter of Liberties Magna Carta Acts of Parliament by states preceding the Kingdom of Great Britain Parliament of England to 1483 1485 -- 1601 1603 -- 1641 Interregnum ( 1642 -- 1660 ) 1660 -- 1699 1700 -- 1706 Parliament of Scotland to 1707 Acts of Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain 1707 -- 1719 1720 -- 1739 1740 -- 1759 1760 -- 1779 1780 -- 1800 Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700 1701 -- 1800 Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1801 -- 1819 1820 -- 1839 1840 -- 1859 1860 -- 1879 1880 -- 1899 1900 -- 1919 1920 -- 1939 1940 -- 1959 1960 -- 1979 1980 -- 1999 2000 to date Halsbury 's Statutes Legislation.gov.uk Short titles relating to the European Union 1972 to date Church of England measures List Church of England Assembly ( Powers ) Act 1919 Legislation of devolved institutions Acts of the Scottish Parliament List Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales List Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland Orders in Council 1994 to date for Northern Ireland 1972 -- 2009 Secondary legislation United Kingdom statutory instruments Scottish statutory instruments Acts of Sederunt Acts of Adjournal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_Protection_Act_1998&oldid=843643288 '' Categories : United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1998 Information privacy Cybercrime Computing legislation United Kingdom privacy law Data laws Data protection Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 13 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the data protection act (1998) come into force in the uk | [
"\nData Protection Act 1998\n\nAct of Parliament\n\n\n\nParliament of the United Kingdom\n\n\n\nLong title\nAn Act to make new provision for the regulation of the processing of information relating to individuals, including the obtaining, holding, use or disclosure of such information.\n\n\nTerritorial extent\nUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland\n\n\nDates\n\n\nRoyal assent\n16 July 1998\n\n\nCommencement\nMarch 2000\n\n\nOther legislation\n\n\nReplaces\nData Protection Act 1984\n\n\n\nStatus: Current legislation\n\n\n\nText of the Data Protection Act 1998 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk\n\n"
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"March 2000"
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6155588780082888497 | The Hershey Company | The Hershey company - wikipedia The Hershey company Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the chocolate manufacturer . For the ice cream company also known as Hershey 's , see Hershey Creamery Company . For other uses , see Hershey 's . The Hershey Company The original Hershey 's chocolate factory , 1976 Type Public Traded as NYSE : HSY S&P 500 Component Industry Food Founded February 9 , 1894 ; 123 years ago ( 1894 - 02 - 09 ) ( as Hershey Chocolate Company ) Lancaster , Pennsylvania , U.S. Founder Milton S. Hershey Headquarters Hershey , Pennsylvania , United States Area served Worldwide Key people Michele Buck ( President and CEO ) Products List of products manufactured by The Hershey Company Revenue US $ 7.421 billion ( 2014 ) Operating income US $1.389 billion ( 2014 ) Net income US $ 846 million ( 2014 ) Total assets US $ 5.629 billion ( 2014 ) Total equity US $1.519 billion ( 2014 ) Owner Hershey Trust Company Number of employees 14,800 ( 2014 ) Website www.hersheys.com/en_us/home.html The Hershey Company , known until April 2005 as the Hershey Foods Corporation and commonly called Hershey 's , is an American company and one of the largest chocolate manufacturers in the world . Its headquarters are in Hershey , Pennsylvania , which is also home to Hershey 's Chocolate World . It was founded by Milton S. Hershey in 1894 as the Hershey Chocolate Company , a subsidiary of his Lancaster Caramel Company . Hershey 's products are sold in over 60 countries worldwide . In addition , Hershey is a member of the World Cocoa Foundation . It is also associated with the Hersheypark Stadium and the Giant Center . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years 1.2 Hershey , Pennsylvania 1.3 Hershey 's Kisses 1.4 Labor troubles 1.5 M&M 's 1.6 21st century 1.7 Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups 1.8 Cadbury 's 1.9 Krave Jerky 2 Other sales and acquisitions 3 Product recalls 4 Philanthropy 5 Criticism 5.1 Cocoa purchase 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The Hershey 's Chocolate World store in Times Square , New York City ( 2008 ) Hershey 's Syrup , circa 1950s Hershey Store located in the Falls Avenue Entertainment Complex in Niagara Falls , Canada Early years ( edit ) After an apprenticeship to a confectioner in 1873 , Milton S. Hershey founded a candy shop in Philadelphia . This candy shop was only open for six years , after which Hershey apprenticed with another confectioner in Denver , where he learned to make caramel . After another failed business attempt in New York , Hershey returned to Pennsylvania , where in 1886 he founded the Lancaster Caramel Company . The use of fresh milk in caramels proved successful , and in 1900 , after seeing chocolate - making machines for the first time at the 1893 World 's Columbian Exposition in Chicago , Hershey sold his caramel company for $1,000,000 ( equal to $28,788,000 today ) , and began to concentrate on chocolate manufacturing , stating to people who questioned him , `` Caramels are just a fad , but chocolate is a permanent thing . '' In 1896 , Milton built a milk - processing plant so he could create and refine a recipe for milk chocolate candies . In 1899 , he developed the Hershey process , which is less sensitive to milk quality than traditional methods . In 1900 , he began manufacturing Hershey 's Milk Chocolate Bars , also called Hershey 's Bars or Hershey Bars . Hershey 's Cocoa ad from 1918 Hershey , Pennsylvania ( edit ) In 1903 , Hershey began construction of a chocolate plant in his hometown of Derry Church , Pennsylvania , which later came to be known as Hershey , Pennsylvania . The town was an inexpensive place for the workers and their families to live . Milton treated the people well and provided leisure activities to make sure the citizens enjoyed themselves . The milk chocolate bars manufactured at this plant proved popular , and the company grew rapidly . Hershey 's Kisses ( edit ) In 1907 , he introduced a new candy , bite - sized , flat - bottomed , conical - shaped pieces of chocolate that he named `` Hershey 's Kiss '' . Initially , they were individually wrapped by hand in squares of aluminum foil , and the introduction of machine wrapping in 1921 simplified the process while adding the small paper ribbon to the top of the package to indicate that it was a genuine Hershey product . Today , 80 million of the candies are produced each day . Other products introduced included Mr. Goodbar ( 1925 ) , containing peanuts in milk chocolate , Hershey 's Syrup ( 1926 ) , semisweet chocolate chips ( 1928 ) , and the Krackel bar containing crisped rice ( 1938 ) . Labor troubles ( edit ) Labor unrest came to Hershey in the late 1930s as a Congress of Industrial Organizations - backed union attempted to organize the factory workers . A failed sit - down strike in 1937 ended in violence , as loyalist workers and local dairy farmers beat many of the strikers as they attempted to leave the plant . By 1940 , an affiliate of the American Federation of Labor had successfully organized Hershey 's workers under the leadership of John Shearer , who became the first president of Local Chapter Number 464 of the Bakery , Confectionery , Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers ' International Union . Local 464 still represents the Hershey workforce . M&M 's ( edit ) Shortly before World War II , Bruce Murrie , son of long - time Hershey 's president William F.R. Murrie , struck a deal with Forrest Mars to create a hard sugar - coated chocolate that would be called M&M 's ( for Mars and Murrie ) . Murrie had 20 % interest in the confection , which used Hershey chocolate during the rationing era during World War 2 . In 1948 , Mars bought out Murrie 's interest and became one of Hershey 's main competitors . 21st century ( edit ) In June 2006 , Philadelphia city councilman Juan Ramos called for Hershey 's to stop marketing `` Ice Breakers Pacs '' , a kind of mint , due to the resemblance of its packaging to a kind that was used for illegal street drugs . In September 2006 , ABC News reported that several Hershey chocolate products were reformulated to replace cocoa butter with vegetable oil as an emulsifier . According to the company , this change was made to reduce the costs of producing the products instead of raising their prices or decreasing the sizes . Some consumers complained that the taste was different , but the company stated that in the company - sponsored blind taste tests , about half of consumers preferred the new versions . As the new versions no longer met the Food and Drug Administration 's official definition of `` milk chocolate '' , the changed items were relabeled from stating they were `` milk chocolate '' and `` made with chocolate '' to `` chocolate candy '' and `` chocolaty . '' In April 2014 , the Hershey chocolate plant on East Chocolate Avenue in Hershey Pennsylvania was demolished to make way for mixed - use development . A 2016 attempt to sell Hershey to Mondelez International was scuttled because of objections by the Hershey Trust . Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups ( edit ) Harry Burnett Reese worked at Hershey , beginning in 1917 , as a dairyman for the Hershey Farms . In 1921 , he went to work in the factory , and by 1925 , he had developed an assortment of candies which he sold to department stores in Lancaster , Pennsylvania , advertised as `` made in Hershey '' . In 1926 , he built his own factory , and in 1941 , with the wartime rationing of sugar , Reese focused all of his production resources on his own confectionery specialty , Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups , which required less sugar than most other confections of the time . In 1956 , Reese died , leaving the company to his six sons . In June 1963 , Hershey Chocolate Corporation acquired Reese 's company for $23.3 million at a time when Reese 's sales were $14 million annually . Cadbury 's ( edit ) In 1988 , Hershey 's acquired the rights to manufacture and distribute many Cadbury - branded products in the United States ( except gum and mints , which are part of Mondelēz International ) . In 2015 , they sued a British importer to halt imports of British Cadbury chocolate , angering consumers . Krave Jerky ( edit ) In 2005 , Krave Jerky was founded by Jon Sebastiani after he trained for a marathon and looked for a healthy source of energy . Alliance Consumer Growth , a private equity group , invested in Krave Jerky in 2012 . Hershey 's purchased the company in 2015 for $240 million . In February and April 2007 , Hershey 's announced that their Smiths Falls and Oakdale plants would close in 2008 , being replaced in part by a new facility in Monterrey , Mexico . The Oakdale factory closed on February 1 , 2008 . Hershey chocolate factory in São Roque , Brazil , was opened in August 2002 . Hershey also has plants in Stuarts Draft , Virginia ; Lancaster , Pennsylvania ; Hazleton , Pennsylvania ; Memphis , Tennessee ; Robinson , Illinois , and Guadalajara , Mexico . Visitors to Hershey can experience Hershey 's Chocolate World visitors center and its simulated tour ride . Public tours were once operated in the Pennsylvania and California factories , which ended in Pennsylvania in 1973 as soon as Hershey 's Chocolate World opened , and later in California following the September 11 , 2001 , attacks , due to security concerns . On September 18 , 2012 , Hershey opened a new and expanded West Hershey plant . The plant was completed at a budget of $300 million . Other sales and acquisitions ( edit ) In 1969 , Hershey received a license from Rowntree 's to manufacture and market Kit Kat and Rolo in the United States . As of September 2013 , Hershey continued to make and market these brands in the U.S. under license from Nestlé , owners of the Rowntree brand . That license would be revoked and revert to Nestlé if Hershey is sold . In 1977 , Hershey acquired Y&S Candies , founded in 1845 , and became the makers of Twizzlers licorice candies . In 1986 , Hershey 's began a brief foray into cough drops when it acquired the Luden 's cough drops brand . By 2001 , though , the brand had been sold to Pharmacia ( now part of Pfizer ) , and Luden 's eventually became a product of Prestige Brands . Hershey 's kept Luden 's 5th Avenue bar . In 1988 , Hershey 's acquired the rights to manufacture and distribute many Cadbury - branded products in the United States ( except gum and mints , which are part of Mondelēz International ) . In 1996 , Hershey purchased the American operations of the Leaf Candy Company from Huhtamäki . In 1999 , the Hershey Pasta Group was divested to several equity partners to form the New World Pasta company ( now part of Ebro Foods ) . On July 25 , 2002 , it became public knowledge that the Hershey Trust Company was seeking to sell its controlling interest in the Hershey Foods Corporation . The value of Hershey stock skyrocketed 25 % with over 19 million shares trading that day . Over the following 55 days , widespread press coverage , as well as pressure from Pennsylvania Attorney General Mike Fisher , the community of Hershey , and Dauphin County Orphans ' Court Senior Judge Warren G. Morgan , led to the sale being abandoned . The seven Hershey trustees who voted to sell Hershey Foods on September 17 , 2002 , for US $12.5 billion to the William Wrigley Jr . Company ( now part of Mars Incorporated ) were removed by Attorney General Fisher and Judge Morgan . Ten of the 17 trustees were forced to resign and four new members who lived locally were appointed . The former Pennsylvania Attorney General , LeRoy S. Zimmerman , became the new chairman of the reconstituted Milton Hershey School Trustees . Mr. Zimmerman has publicly committed to having the Milton Hershey School Trust always retain its interest in The Hershey Company . If Hershey was to be sold , the rights to make and market Kit Kat and Rolo products in the U.S. would have reverted to Nestlé . In December 2004 , Hershey acquired the Mauna Loa Macadamia Nut Corp. from The Shansby Group . In July 2005 , Hershey acquired the Berkeley , California - based boutique chocolate - maker Scharffen Berger . In November 2005 , Hershey acquired Joseph Schmidt Confections , the San Francisco - based chocolatier , and in November 2006 , Hershey acquired Dagoba Organic Chocolate , a boutique chocolate maker based in Ashland , Oregon . In December 2011 , Hershey reached an agreement to acquire Brookside Foods Ltd. , a privately held confectionery company based in Abbotsford , British Columbia . In 2015 , Hershey announced that they had acquired Krave Jerky , marking the company 's first foray outside of the confectionery market in more than a decade . In 2016 , Hershey acquired barkTHINS , a New York - based chocolate snack foods company which expected to generate between $65 million and $75 million in revenue for that year , for $290 million . Hershey 's chocolate is available across the United States , due to their wide network of distribution . They have three mega distribution centers , with modern technology and labor management systems . Product recalls ( edit ) In November 2006 , the Smiths Falls production plant in Ontario temporarily shut down and several products were voluntarily recalled after concerns over Salmonella contamination possibly found in soy lecithin within their production line . It is believed that most of the products involved in the recall never made it to the retail level . In July 1998 , a number of 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) milk chocolate bars being sold for fundraising events were recalled because they may have contained traces of almonds not listed in the ingredients . Philanthropy ( edit ) Hershey has made large contributions to education . One of their most notable contributions was the Elizabethtown College Honors Program . The program was established in 1999 and is funded partially through the endowment . In 2015 , Hershey announced a commitment with Clinton Global Initiative to help build a sustainable supply chain to support basic nutrition for children in Ghana . Criticism ( edit ) Cocoa purchase ( edit ) Hershey has been criticized for not having programs to ensure sustainable and ethical cocoa purchase , lagging behind its competitors in fair trade measures . Regarding Hershey 's corporate practices , the Global Exchange report comments that : Hershey has no policies in place to purchase cocoa that has been produced without the use of labor exploitation , and the company has consistently refused to provide public information about its cocoa sources . Additionally , Hershey has made no move to shift to third - party certification for the cocoa that it sources from West Africa . No information is available from Hershey about how the money it has invested in various programs in West Africa has actually impacted reductions in forced , trafficked , and child labor among the suppliers of its cocoa . Finally , Hershey 's efforts to further cut costs in its cocoa production has led to a reduction in good jobs in the United States . The `` Raise the Bar , Hershey ! '' campaign was launched in September 2010 by Global Exchange , Green America . the Oasis Trust , and the International Labor Rights Forum . The purpose of the Raise the Bar Campaign is to pressure Hershey to commit `` to take immediate action to eliminate forced and child labor ... from Hershey 's cocoa supply '' ; `` to sourcing 100 % Fair Trade Certified TM cocoa beans by 2012 for at least one of its top five selling chocolate bars ... making at least one additional top five selling bar 100 % Fair Trade Certified TM every two years thereafter '' ; and that `` the majority of Hershey 's cocoa across all products will be Fair Trade Certified TM by 2022 . '' Pressure was particularly directed at Whole Foods Market , which announced on October 3 , 2012 that it would cease carrying Hershey 's Scharffen Berger line . The Campaign stated that `` Whole Foods ' decision follows more than 40 natural food retailers and coops publicly expressing concern about carrying Scharffen Berger and Dagoba products as a consequence of the giant chocolate maker 's refusal to address child labor in its supply chain . '' The same day , Hershey 's announced , `` it will source 100 percent certified cocoa for its global chocolate product lines by 2020 and accelerate its programs to help eliminate child labor in the cocoa regions of West Africa . '' See also ( edit ) Companies portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hershey Company . List of products manufactured by The Hershey Company List of food companies Pennsylvania chocolate workers ' strike , 1937 References ( edit ) Brenner , Joël Glenn ( 2000 ) . The Emperors of Chocolate : Inside the Secret World of Hershey & Mars . Broadway Books . ISBN 0 - 7679 - 0457 - 5 . Jump up ^ About.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ CNBC ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Hershey names Michele Buck as new CEO '' . cnbc.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 Form 10 - K , The Hershey Company '' . United States Securities and Exchange Commission . Jump up ^ Preparedfoods.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Booksense.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Hershey Company : NYSE : HSY quotes & news - Google Finance '' . Google . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Hershey Company Website '' . ^ Jump up to : Reference For Business.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Murrie , William F.R. ; 1873 -- 1950 '' , hersheyarchives.com . Cf section `` The Story of M & Ms '' Jump up ^ Porter , Jill ( December 5 , 2006 ) . `` Hershey 's int / drug : Kisses , disses '' . Philadelphia City News . Jump up ^ Coffey , Laura ( September 19 , 2006 ) . `` Chocoholics sour on new Hershey 's formula '' . MSNBC . Retrieved June 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Jeff Ruppenthal ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` Former Hershey Chocolate Plant Being Demolished '' . LancasterOnline . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Whitten , Sarah ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Hershey stock plummets 10 % after Mondelez merger crumbles '' . cnbc.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reese , Andrew ( 2008 ) . REESE 'S Peanut Butter Cups : The Untold Story . iUniverse . ISBN 978 - 0 - 595 - 48707 - 3 . Jump up ^ Rooney , Ben ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` Hershey Lawsuit Angers Fans of British Chocolate in U.S. '' . CNN Money . Jump up ^ Baker , Andrew ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Why is Hershey 's Afraid of British Chocolate ? '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ Columbia Business School . `` Hershey Buys Jon Sebastiani 's Krave Jerky '' . Ideas & Insights . Jump up ^ Beltran , Luisa ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) . `` ACG to make more than 6x its money with Krave Jerky sale - PE Hub '' . PE Hub . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Hershey's.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Archived September 14 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Smiths Falls will fight to keep Hershey plant open , mayor vows '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . February 16 , 2007 . Retrieved September 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hershey confirms Smiths Falls plant will close '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . February 22 , 2007 . Retrieved September 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hershey 's To Close Oakdale Plant '' . KCRA 3 ( NBC ) . Hearst Television , Inc . April 30 , 2007 . Retrieved July 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Salerno , Christina ( May 1 , 2007 ) . `` Hershey Closing '' . The Modesto Bee . McClatchy Corp . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2007 . Retrieved July 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Salerno , Christina ( February 2 , 2008 ) . `` Employees get teary eyed as the last Reese 's roll off Hershey line '' . The Modesto Bee . McClatchy Corp . Retrieved July 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hershey Community Archives '' . Hersheyarchives.org . July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved July 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hershey unveils expanded West plant '' . Lebanon Daily News . September 18 , 2012 . Retrieved September 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hersheys.com . Retrieved September 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Luden 's Home Page '' . Ludens.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Board Members to Leave Hershey 's Charitable Trust '' . The New York Times . November 15 , 2002 . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ Standard and Poor 's 500 Guide . The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc. 2007 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 147906 - 6 . Jump up ^ Sfgate.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Business Wire ( December 8 , 2011 ) . `` Hershey Reaches an Agreement to Acquire Brookside Foods Ltd . '' . Business Wire . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hershey to Buy Krave , a Maker of Jerky '' . The New York Times . January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hershey Acquires barkTHINS Snacking Chocolate Business Wire '' . www.businesswire.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Feldman , Amy ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) . `` Brand Boys : How An Upstart Private - Equity Firm Makes 40 % A Year On Gourmet Jerky And Vegan Makeup '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Tricks and Treats ( Special ) '' . fool.com . October 26 , 1999 . Retrieved September 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Supply Chain & Logistics Institute # Chris Malon , Hershey Foods . Retrieved July 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Hershey products pulled off Canadian shelves '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . November 13 , 2006 . Retrieved September 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Soy not confirmed as salmonella source in Hershey recall '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . November 17 , 2006 . Retrieved September 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Health Canada Advisory . Retrieved November 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabethtown College - Honors Program '' . Jump up ^ `` Hershey Announces Clinton Global Initiative Commitment to Build a Sustainable Supply Chain to Support Basic Nutrition for Children in Ghana '' . The Hershey Company . Jump up ^ `` Hershey Dominates US Market , but Lags Behind Competitors in Avoiding Forced Labor , Trafficking and Child Labor International Labor Rights Forum '' . Laborrights.org . September 13 , 2010 . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nerenberg , Jenara ( October 5 , 2010 ) . `` Hershey Gets a Not - So - Sweet Kiss for Fair Trade Month '' . Fast Company . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Whole Foods Drops Hershey 's Scharffen Berger Chocolates Over Child Labor Issues '' . Green America . October 3 , 2012 . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hershey to Source 100 % Certified Cocoa by 2020 '' . The Hershey company . October 3 , 2012 . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hershey Company . Official Hershey 's chocolate and candy site Official Hershey corporate site Business data for The Hershey Company : Google Finance Yahoo ! Finance Reuters SEC filings ( hide ) The Hershey Company Milton S. Hershey Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company Entertainment Group Hersheypark ZooAmerica North American Wildlife Park Giant Center Hersheypark Stadium Hershey Bears Hersheypark Arena Hershey Theatre Hershey Nursery Hershey Laundry & Dry Cleaning Resorts Group The Hotel Hershey Hershey Lodge The Spa At The Hotel Hershey MeltSpa by Hershey Hershey Country Club Hersheypark Camping Resort The Hershey Company Chocolate - based products 5th Avenue Air Delight Almond Joy Bar None Bliss Brookside Cadbury Creme Egg 3 Cadbury Dairy Milk 3 Cherry Blossom Cookies ' n ' Creme Cookies ' n ' Mint Dagoba Glosette Heath bar Hershey bar Hershey - ets Hershey 's Drops Hershey 's Kisses Hershey 's Kissables Hershey 's Miniatures Hershey 's S'mores Hershey 's Special Dark Kit Kat 2 Krackel Milk Duds Mini Eggs 3 Mounds Mr. Goodbar NutRageous Oh Henry ! 1 Rally Reese 's Crispy Crunchy Bar Reese 's Fast Break Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups Reese 's Pieces Reese 's Sticks Reese 's Whipps Rolo 2 Scharffen Berger Skor Snack Barz Swoops Symphony Take 5 ( Max 5 ) United States military chocolate Whatchamacallit Whoppers York Peppermint Pattie Other products Bubble Yum Good & Plenty Good & Fruity Ice Breakers Jolly Rancher Koolerz Lancaster Soft Crèmes PayDay Twizzlers Zagnut ZERO Italics indicates discontinued products Hershey Trust Company Milton Hershey School Trust Hershey Cemetery Trust The M.S. Hershey Foundation Trust The Hershey Story Hershey Gardens Hershey Theatre Hershey Community Archives Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center Hershey , PA VIAF : 126692313 LCCN : n82092315 ISNI : 0000 0000 8730 2300 GND : 4538758 - 8 IATH : w6451jwf Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hershey_Company&oldid=802258643 '' Categories : Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange Hershey , Pennsylvania Chocolate companies Companies based in Harrisburg , Pennsylvania Confectionery companies of the United States American companies established in 1894 The Hershey Company 1894 establishments in Pennsylvania Food and drink companies established in 1894 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : missing author or editor Use mdy dates from September 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 00 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the hershey's chocolate factory located | [
"The Hershey Company, known until April 2005 as the Hershey Foods Corporation[4] and commonly called Hershey's, is an American company and one of the largest chocolate manufacturers in the world. Its headquarters are in Hershey, Pennsylvania, which is also home to Hershey's Chocolate World. It was founded by Milton S. Hershey in 1894 as the Hershey Chocolate Company, a subsidiary of his Lancaster Caramel Company. Hershey's products are sold in over 60 countries worldwide.[5][6] In addition, Hershey is a member of the World Cocoa Foundation. It is also associated with the Hersheypark Stadium and the Giant Center."
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"Hershey, Pennsylvania"
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1354042991074726172 | Local Group | Local Group - wikipedia Local Group Jump to : navigation , search Local Group of galaxies , including the massive members Messier 31 ( Andromeda Galaxy ) and Milky Way , as well as other nearby galaxies . Distribution of the iron content ( in logarithmic scale ) in four dwarf neighbouring galaxies of the Milky Way The Local Group is the galaxy group that includes the Milky Way . The Local Group comprises more than 54 galaxies , most of them dwarf galaxies . Between 100 billion and 1 trillion years from now , all these galaxies will collide to create 1 single galaxy . Its gravitational center is located somewhere between the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy . The Local Group has a diameter of 10 Mly ( 3.1 Mpc ) ( about 10 meters ) and has a binary ( dumbbell ) distribution . The group itself is a part of the larger Virgo Supercluster , which may be a part of the Laniakea Supercluster . The three largest members of the group ( in decreasing order ) are the Andromeda Galaxy , the Milky Way and the Triangulum Galaxy . The larger two of these spiral galaxies each have their own system of satellite galaxies . The Andromeda Galaxy 's satellite system consists of Messier 32 ( M32 ) , Messier 110 ( M110 ) , NGC 147 , NGC 185 , Andromeda I ( And I ) , And II , And III , And V , And VI ( also known as Pegasus Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy , or Pegasus DSph ) , And VII ( also known as Cassiopeia Dwarf Galaxy ) , And VIII , And IX , And X , And XI , And XIX , And XXI and And XXII , plus several additional ultra-faint dwarf spheroidal galaxies . Milky Way 's satellite galaxies system comprises Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy , Large Magellanic Cloud , Small Magellanic Cloud , Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy ( disputed , considered by some not a galaxy ) , Ursa Minor Dwarf Galaxy , Draco Dwarf Galaxy , Carina Dwarf Galaxy , Sextans Dwarf Galaxy , Sculptor Dwarf Galaxy , Fornax Dwarf Galaxy , Leo I ( a dwarf galaxy ) , Leo II ( a dwarf galaxy ) , and Ursa Major I Dwarf Galaxy and Ursa Major II Dwarf Galaxy , plus several additional ultra-faint dwarf spheroidal galaxies . The Triangulum Galaxy may or may not be a companion to the Andromeda Galaxy . Pisces Dwarf Galaxy is equidistant from the Andromeda Galaxy and the Triangulum Galaxy , so it may be a satellite of either . The membership of NGC 3109 , with its companions Sextans A and the Antlia Dwarf Galaxy , is uncertain due to extreme distances from the center of the Local Group . The other members of the group are likely gravitationally secluded from these large subgroups : IC 10 , IC 1613 , Phoenix Dwarf Galaxy , Leo A , Tucana Dwarf Galaxy , Cetus Dwarf Galaxy , Pegasus Dwarf Irregular Galaxy , Wolf -- Lundmark -- Melotte , Aquarius Dwarf Galaxy , and Sagittarius Dwarf Irregular Galaxy . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Component galaxies 2.1 Map 2.2 List of galactic bodies 3 Other objects 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The term `` The Local Group '' was introduced by Edwin Hubble in Chapter VI of his 1936 book The Realm of the Nebulae . There , he described it as `` a typical small group of nebulae which is isolated in the general field '' and delineated , by decreasing luminosity , its members to be M31 , Milky Way , M33 , Large Magellanic Cloud , Small Magellanic Cloud , M32 , NGC 205 , NGC 6822 , NGC 185 , IC 1613 and NGC 147 . He also identified IC 10 as a possible part of Local Group . By 2003 , the number of known Local Group members had increased from his initial 12 to 36 . Component galaxies ( edit ) Map ( edit ) Local Group ( clickable map ) List of Galactic bodies ( edit ) Spiral galaxies name type constellation notes Andromeda Galaxy ( M31 , NGC 224 ) SA ( s ) b Andromeda ~ 220 kly in diameter , it is the largest and most massive galaxy in the group . Milky Way SBbc Sagittarius ( centre ) As large as Andromeda galaxy , between 150 and 180kly , home 500 - 580 billion stars . Triangulum Galaxy ( M33 , NGC 598 ) SA ( s ) cd Triangulum Third largest , only unbarred spiral galaxy and possible satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy . Triangulum Galaxy has mass of ~ 50 billion solar masses and is Home to ~ 60 billion stars . Elliptical galaxies name type constellation notes M32 ( NGC 221 ) E2 Andromeda satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy Irregular galaxies name type constellation notes Wolf -- Lundmark -- Melotte ( WLM , DDO 221 ) Ir+ Cetus IC 10 KBm or Ir+ Cassiopeia Small Magellanic Cloud ( SMC , NGC 292 ) SB ( s ) m pec Tucana satellite of Milky Way , 6th largest galaxy in the local group with mass of between 7.5 and 8 billion solar mass . Canis Major Dwarf Irr Canis Major satellite of Milky Way Pisces Dwarf ( LGS3 ) Irr Pisces satellite of the Triangulum Galaxy ? IC 1613 ( UGC 668 ) IAB ( s ) m V Cetus Phoenix Dwarf Irr Phoenix Large Magellanic Cloud ( LMC ) Irr / SB ( s ) m Dorado Fourth largest member of the group , satellite of Milky Way , mass between 10 and 85 billion solar masses . Recent finding puts it at 10 % mass of Milky Way Galaxy . Leo A ( Leo III ) IBm V Leo Sextans B ( UGC 5373 ) Ir + IV - V Sextans NGC 3109 Ir + IV - V Hydra Sextans A ( UGCA 205 ) Ir + V Sextans Aquarius Dwarf ( DDO 210 ) IB ( s ) m Aquarius Distance 3.2 million light years . Quite isolated in space , membership to Local Group established in 1999 Dwarf elliptical galaxies name type constellation notes M110 ( NGC 205 ) dE6p Andromeda satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy and 5th largest galaxy with the mass of 9.3 solar masses . NGC 147 ( DDO 3 ) dE5 pec Cassiopeia satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy SagDIG ( Sagittarius Dwarf Irregular Galaxy ) IB ( s ) m V Sagittarius Most remote from barycenter member thought to be in the Local Group . NGC 6822 ( Barnard 's Galaxy ) IB ( s ) m IV - V Sagittarius Pegasus Dwarf ( Pegasus Dwarf Irregular , DDO 216 ) Irr Pegasus Dwarf spheroidal galaxies name type constellation notes Boötes I dSph Boötes Cetus Dwarf dSph / E4 Cetus Canes Venatici I Dwarf and Canes Venatici II Dwarf dSph Canes Venatici KKs 3 dSph Andromeda III dE2 Andromeda satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy NGC 185 dE3 pec Cassiopeia satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy Andromeda I dE3 pec Andromeda satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy Sculptor Dwarf ( E351 - G30 ) dE3 Sculptor satellite of Milky Way Andromeda V dSph Andromeda satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy Andromeda II dE0 Andromeda satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy Fornax Dwarf ( E356 - G04 ) dSph / E2 Fornax satellite of Milky Way Carina Dwarf ( E206 - G220 ) dE3 Carina satellite of Milky Way Antlia Dwarf dE3 / dSph / Irr ? Antlia Leo I ( DDO 74 ) dE3 Leo satellite of Milky Way Sextans Dwarf dE3 Sextans satellite of Milky Way Leo II ( Leo B) dE0 pec Leo satellite of Milky Way Ursa Minor Dwarf dE4 Ursa Minor satellite of Milky Way Draco Dwarf ( DDO 208 ) dE0 pec Draco satellite of Milky Way SagDSG ( Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy ) dSph / E7 Sagittarius satellite of Milky Way Tucana Dwarf dE5 Tucana Cassiopeia Dwarf ( Andromeda VII ) dSph Cassiopeia satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy Pegasus Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy ( Andromeda VI ) dSph Pegasus satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy Ursa Major I Dwarf and Ursa Major II Dwarf dSph Ursa Major satellite of Milky Way Leo IV dSph Leo satellite of the Milky Way Leo V dSph Leo satellite of the Milky Way Leo T dSph / Irr Leo satellite of the Milky Way Boötes II dSph Boötes satellite of the Milky Way Boötes III dSph Boötes satellite of the Milky Way Coma Berenices dSph Coma Berenices satellite of the Milky Way Segue 2 dSph Aries satellite of the Milky Way Hercules dSph Hercules satellite of the Milky Way Pisces II dSph Pisces satellite of the Milky Way Reticulum II dSph Reticulum satellite of the Milky Way Eridanus II dSph Eridanus probable satellite of the Milky Way Grus dSph Grus satellite of the Milky Way Tucana II dSph Tucana satellite of the Milky Way Identification unclear name type constellation notes Virgo Stellar Stream dSph ( remnant ) ? Virgo In the process of merging with the Milky Way Willman 1 dSph or Globular Cluster Ursa Major 147,000 light - years away UGCA 86 ( 0355 + 66 ) Irr , dE or S0 Camelopardalis UGCA 92 ( EGB0427 + 63 ) Irr or S0 Camelopardalis Horologium dSph or Globular Cluster Horologium satellite of the Milky Way . Not to be confused with the Horologium Supercluster . Pictoris dSph or Globular Cluster Pictor satellite of the Milky Way Phoenix II dSph or Globular Cluster Phoenix satellite of the Milky Way Indus dSph or Globular Cluster Indus satellite of the Milky Way Eridanus III dSph or Globular Cluster Eridanus satellite of the Milky Way Probable non-members name type constellation notes GR 8 ( DDO 155 ) Im V Virgo Distance 7.9 million light years IC 5152 IAB ( s ) m IV Indus Distance 5.8 million light years , possibly an outlying member of the local group NGC 55 SB ( s ) m Sculptor Distance 7.2 million light years NGC 404 E0 or SA ( s ) 0 Andromeda Distance 10 million light years Andromeda IV Irr Andromeda Once considered to be associated with M31 . Its distance is now known to be 22 to 24 million light years ( not close to the Andromeda Galaxy at all ) . NGC 1569 Irp+ III - IV Camelopardalis In IC 342 group of galaxies . Distance 11 million light years NGC 1560 ( IC 2062 ) Sd Camelopardalis Distance 8 - 12 million light years Camelopardalis A Irr Camelopardalis Argo Dwarf Irr Carina ESO 347 - 8 ( 2318 -- 42 ) Irr Grus UKS 2323 - 326 Irr Sculptor UGC 9128 ( DDO 187 ) Irp+ Boötes Objects in the Local Group no longer recognised as galaxies name type constellation notes Palomar 12 ( Capricornus Dwarf ) Capricornus a globular cluster formerly classified as a dwarf spheroidal galaxy Palomar 4 ( Ursa Major Dwarf ) Ursa Major a globular cluster formerly classified as a dwarf spheroidal galaxy Palomar 3 ( Sextans C ) Sculptor a globular cluster formerly classified as a dwarf spheroidal galaxy Other objects ( edit ) Smith 's Cloud , a high - velocity cloud , between 32,000 and 49,000 light years from Earth and 8,000 light years from the disk of the Milky Way galaxy HVC 127 - 41 - 330 , a high - velocity cloud , 2.3 million light - years from Earth Monoceros Ring , a ring of stars around the Milky Way that is proposed to consist of a stellar stream torn from the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy A diagram of our location in the observable universe . ( Click here for larger image . ) See also ( edit ) Cosmology portal Galaxy cluster List of nearest galaxies List of galaxy clusters IC 342 / Maffei Group , the group of galaxies nearest to the Local Group . Local Supercluster List of Andromeda 's satellite galaxies List of Milky Way 's satellite galaxies References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Karachentsev , I.D. ; Kashibadze , O.G. ( 2006 ) . `` Masses of the local group and of the M81 group estimated from distortions in the local velocity field '' . Astrophysics. 49 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 18 . Bibcode : 2006Ap ... 49 ... 3K . doi : 10.1007 / s10511 - 006 - 0002 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The Local Group '' . NASA 's High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center ( HEASARC ) . NASA . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Sergey E. Koposov ; Vasily Belokurov ; Gabriel Torrealba ; N. Wyn Evans ( 10 March 2015 ) . `` Beasts of the Southern Wild . Discovery of a large number of Ultra Faint satellites in the vicinity of the Magellanic Clouds '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 805 : 130 . arXiv : 1503.02079 . Bibcode : 2015ApJ ... 805 ... 130K . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 805 / 2 / 130 . Jump up ^ Miller , Bryan W. ; et al. ( December 2001 ) , `` The Star Formation History of LGS 3 '' , The Astrophysical Journal , 562 ( 2 ) : 713 -- 726 , arXiv : astro - ph / 0108408 , Bibcode : 2001ApJ ... 562 ... 713M , doi : 10.1086 / 323853 Jump up ^ Hubble , E.P. ( 1936 ) . The realm of the nebulae . Mrs. Hepsa Ely Silliman memorial lectures , 25 . New Haven : Yale University Press . ISBN 9780300025002 . OCLC 611263346 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 29 . ( pp. 124 -- 151 ) Jump up ^ van den Bergh , Sidney ( May 2003 ) . `` History of the Local Group '' . To be published in : `` The Local Group as an Astrophysical Laboratory '' . Cambridge University Press : 5042 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0305042 . Bibcode : 2003astro.ph ... 5042V . Jump up ^ http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/galaxies.html Jump up ^ https://arxiv.org/abs/1503.00257 Jump up ^ http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/a-bridge-of-stars-connects-two-dwarf-galaxies ^ Jump up to : van den Bergh , Sidney ( April 2000 ) . `` Updated Information on the Local Group '' . The Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 112 ( 770 ) : 529 -- 536 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0001040 . Bibcode : 2000PASP ... 112 ... 529V . doi : 10.1086 / 316548 . Jump up ^ Tolstoy , Eline ( 1999 ) . `` Detailed Star - Formation Histories of Nearby Dwarf Irregular Galaxies using HST '' . In Patricia Whitelock and Russell Cannon . The stellar content of Local Group galaxies , Proceedings of the 192nd symposium of the International Astronomical Union . Astronomical Society of the Pacific . p. 218 . Bibcode : 1999IAUS ... 192 ... 218T . ISBN 1886733821 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Ziljstra , A.A. ; Minniti , Dante ( April 1999 ) . `` A Dwarf Irregular Galaxy at the Edge of the Local Group : Stellar Populations and Distance of IC 5152 '' . Astronomical Journal . 117 ( 4 ) : 1743 -- 1757 . arXiv : astro - ph / 9812330 . Bibcode : 1999AJ ... 117.1743 Z . doi : 10.1086 / 300802 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ van de Steene , G.C. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Distance determination to NGC 55 from the planetary nebula luminosity function '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 455 ( 3 ) : 891 -- 896 . Bibcode : 2006A&A ... 455 ... 891V . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20053475 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Joseph B. ; Tonry , John L. ; Barris , Brian J. ; Thompson , Rodger I. ; et al. ( February 2003 ) . `` Measuring Distances and Probing the Unresolved Stellar Populations of Galaxies Using Infrared Surface Brightness Fluctuations '' . Astrophysical Journal . 583 ( 2 ) : 712 -- 726 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0210129 . Bibcode : 2003ApJ ... 583 ... 712J . doi : 10.1086 / 345430 . Jump up ^ Nowakowski , Tomasz ( 22 December 2015 ) . `` Andromeda IV turns out to be a solitary gas - rich dwarf galaxy '' . physorg . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Grocholski , Aaron J. ; Aloisi , Alessandra ; van der Marel , Roeland P. ; Mack , Jennifer ; et al. ( October 20 , 2008 ) . `` A New Hubble Space Telescope Distance to NGC 1569 : Starburst Properties and IC 342 Group Membership '' . Astrophysical Journal Letters. 686 ( 2 ) : L79 -- L82 . arXiv : 0808.0153 . Bibcode : 2008ApJ ... 686L ... 79G . doi : 10.1086 / 592949 . Jump up ^ `` Pal3 '' . simbad.u-strasbg.fr . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Wakker , B.P. ; York , D.G. ; Wilhelm , R. ; Barentine , J.C. ; Richter , P. ; Beers , T.C. ; Ivezić , Ž. ; Howk , J.C. ( 2008 ) . `` Distances to Galactic High ‐ Velocity Clouds . I. Cohen Stream , Complex GCP , Cloud g1 '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 672 ( 1 ) : 298 -- 319 . arXiv : 0709.1926 . Bibcode : 2008ApJ ... 672 ... 298W . doi : 10.1086 / 523845 . Jump up ^ `` Massive Gas Cloud Speeding Toward Collision With Milky Way '' . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Local Group . The Local Group of Galaxies , SEDS Messier pages A Survey of the Resolved Stellar Content of Nearby Galaxies Currently Forming Stars , Lowell Observatory van den Bergh , Sidney ( 2000 ) . `` Updated Information on the Local Group '' . The Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 112 ( 770 ) : 529 -- 536 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0001040 . Bibcode : 2000PASP ... 112 ... 529V . doi : 10.1086 / 316548 . The Milky Way Location Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . Galactic core Center of the Milky Way Sagittarius A Sagittarius A * Supermassive black hole Spiral arms Carina -- Sagittarius Norma -- Cygnus Orion -- Cygnus Perseus Scutum -- Centaurus Satellite galaxies Magellanic Clouds Large Magellanic Cloud Small Magellanic Cloud Magellanic Stream Magellanic Bridge Sagittarius Spheroidal Sagittarius Stream Boötes II Coma Berenices Messier 54 Palomar 12 Segue 1 Segue 2 Terzan 7 Dwarfs Boötes I Boötes III Canes Venatici I Canes Venatici II Canis Major Carina Crater 2 Draco Fornax Hercules Leo I Leo II Leo IV Leo V Leo T Phoenix Pisces I Pisces II Sculptor Sextans Triangulum II Ursa Major I Ursa Major II Ursa Minor Virgo I Other Monoceros Ring Virgo Stream Koposov I Koposov II Segue 3 Willman 1 Related Andromeda -- Milky Way collision Astronomy portal Andromeda Galaxy Location Andromeda Galaxy → Andromeda subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe Each → may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . Satellite galaxies M32 M110 NGC 185 NGC 147 Andromeda I Andromeda II Andromeda III Andromeda IV * Andromeda V Andromeda VI Andromeda VII Andromeda VIII Andromeda IX Andromeda X Andromeda XI Andromeda XII Andromeda XIII Andromeda XIV Andromeda XV Andromeda XVI Andromeda XVII Andromeda XVIII Andromeda XIX Andromeda XX Andromeda XXI Andromeda XXII Andromeda XXIII Andromeda XXIV Andromeda XXV Andromeda XXVI Andromeda XXVII Andromeda XXVIII Andromeda XXIX Triangulum Galaxy * * It is uncertain whether it is a companion galaxy of the Andromeda Galaxy Catalogued stars AE Andromedae M31 - RV Other Andromeda -- Milky Way collision S Andromedae Mayall II NGC 206 Triangulum Galaxy Location Triangulum Galaxy → Triangulum subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe Each → may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . H II regions NGC 588 NGC 595 NGC 604 Suspected satellite galaxies Pisces Dwarf Andromeda II Other Triangulum Galaxy in fiction Earth 's location in the Universe Included Earth → Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . Related `` Cosmic View '' ( 1957 essay ) To the Moon and Beyond ( 1964 film ) Cosmic Zoom ( 1968 film ) Powers of Ten ( 1968 and 1977 films ) Cosmic Voyage ( 1996 documentary ) Cosmic Eye ( 2012 ) Astronomy portal - Cosmology portal VIAF : 234195301 GND : 4168105 - 8 SUDOC : 050418076 BNF : cb135127707 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Group&oldid=836792194 '' Categories : Local Group Galaxy clusters Virgo Supercluster Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Articles with inconsistent citation formats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 54 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 21 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the galaxy cluster that includes the milky way is called | [
"The Local Group is the galaxy group that includes the Milky Way. The Local Group comprises more than 54 galaxies, most of them dwarf galaxies. Between 100 billion and 1 trillion years from now, all these galaxies will collide to create 1 single galaxy. Its gravitational center is located somewhere between the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy. The Local Group has a diameter of 10 Mly (3.1 Mpc) (about 1023 meters) and has a binary (dumbbell)[1] distribution. The group itself is a part of the larger Virgo Supercluster, which may be a part of the Laniakea Supercluster."
] | [
"The Local Group"
] |
2543161873942814258 | Ink Master (season 10) | Ink Master ( season 10 ) - wikipedia Ink Master ( season 10 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ink Master ( season 10 ) Country of origin United States Release Original network Spike Paramount Network Original release January 9 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) -- April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) Additional information Host ( s ) Dave Navarro Judges Oliver Peck Chris Nunez No. of contestants 18 Winner Josh Payne Season chronology ← Previous Season 9 Next → Season 11 Ink Master : Return of the Masters is the tenth season of the tattoo reality competition Ink Master that premiered on January 9 at 10 / 9c and concluded on April 24 , 2018 with 16 episodes . The first two episodes of the season marked the series ' last to air on Spike prior to the network 's transition to Paramount Network nine days later on January 18 . Despite this , the remaining episodes continued to air on the new channel . Host Dave Navarro returned alongside co-judges Oliver Peck and Chris Nunez . Season 10 uses the same format from Season 8 . But this time , six artists each were led by three Ink Master winners which includes Steve Tefft from Season 2 , Anthony Michaels from Season 7 , and Old Town Ink 's DJ Tambe from Season 9 as 24 artists compete to be one of the 18 artists which will then narrow down to the team 's six members who were drafted through the first day of competition . Several confirmed contestants competing in this season have already secured a spot for the first day of competition following their respective Angel Face Off win in the spin - off Ink Master : Angels . Those were Deanna Smith , Daniel Silva , Rachel Helmich , Sparks and Tim Furlow . But neither Helmich nor Furlow were chosen to be on one of the teams . The live finale featured the captains going head - to - head in the first ever Master Face Off . Team DJ became the only team to win two major prizes . Joshua Payne from Cortland , New York won the $100,000 , plus a feature in Inked magazine and the title of `` Ink Master . '' Payne 's coach DJ Tambe also won the $100,000 , making him the first and only Ink Master to win two consecutive seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Judging and ranking 2 Contestants 2.1 Team Steve 2.2 Team Anthony 2.3 Team DJ 2.4 Not Chosen 3 Contestant Progress 4 Episodes 5 References 6 External links Judging and ranking ( edit ) The judge listing types are : Judging Panel The judging panel is a table of three or more primary judges in addition to the coaches . The judges and the coaches make their final decision by voting to see who had best tattoo of the day , and who goes home . Master Jury Similar to the human canvas jury and jury of peers , the coaches will select one artist with the worst tattoo of the day to be put up for elimination . Jury of Peers At the live finale , the eliminated artists choose one artist and one coach to advance into the final two . Contestants ( edit ) Team Steve ( edit ) Contestant Name Hometown Garrett Bisbee Milwaukee , Wisconsin Jeremy Brown Lake Elsinore , California Rene `` FAME '' Montalvo Willimantic , Connecticut Gary Parisi Chicago , Illinois Katie Rhoden LaPlace , Louisiana Roly T - Rex Orlando , Florida Team Anthony ( edit ) Contestant Name Hometown Mike Diaz Lubbock , Texas Jason Elliott College Station , Texas Amanda Leitch Renton , Washington Linzy Michelle Ventura , California Juan Salgado San Juan , Puerto Rico Daniel Silva San Francisco , California Team DJ ( edit ) Contestant Name Hometown Matt Buck New York , New York Lil ' D Atlanta , Georgia Josh Payne Cortland , New York Frank Ready Easthampton , Massachusetts Chris `` Sparks '' Sparks Austin , Texas Deanna Smith Denton , Texas Not Chosen ( edit ) Contestant Name Hometown Tim Furlow Atlanta , Georgia Rachael Head Lexington , Kentucky Rachel Helmich Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Christian Masot Hawthorne , New Jersey Koko Tatts Chicago , Illinois Slowburn Jersey City , New Jersey Contestant progress ( edit ) No . Contestant 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 No . Flash Challenge Winner Team DJ N / A Team Anthony Team DJ N / A Anthony Michaels Team Steve Roly T - Rex N / A Anthony Michaels Team Steve N / A Team DJ N / A N / A Josh Payne IN HIGH IN HIGH HIGH F / O IN WIN WIN HIGH LOW IMM WIN WIN WINNER Juan Salgado IN IN IN IN HIGH WIN IN IN WIN WIN WIN IMM HIGH IN RUNNER - UP Roly T - Rex IN IMM IN IN IN IN IN IN F / O HIGH IN F / O LOW IN 3RD PLACE Jason Elliott IN LOW IN WIN IN WIN IN IN WIN IN LOW F / O LOW OUT 5 Deanna Smith LOW LOW HIGH IN IN IN IN LOW WIN LOW HIGH F / O OUT 6 Jeremy Brown HIGH IMM HIGH IN HIGH IN IN LOW F / O LOW LOW OUT 7 Daniel Silva WIN IN IN LOW LOW WIN LOW IN WIN LOW OUT 8 Frank Ready IN WIN HIGH IN IN IN IN HIGH WIN OUT 9 FAME IN IMM WIN LOW WIN IN LOW IN OUT 10 Amanda Leitch LOW LOW IN IN IN WIN IN OUT 11 Mike Diaz IN IN IN LOW LOW WIN OUT 12 Gary Parisi IN IMM IN IN HIGH OUT 13 Lil ' D IN LOW LOW LOW OUT 14 Katie Rhoden IN IMM LOW OUT 15 Matt Buck IN IN OUT 16 Sparks LOW OUT 17 Linzy Michelle IN OUT 18 Garrett Bisbee OUT The contestant won the competition and was named Ink Master . The contestant was the runner - up . The contestant finished third . The contestant won best tattoo of the day . The contestant was immune from the elimination tattoo . The contestant was given an honorable mention by the judges . The contestant won the face off . The contestant was considered to be among the top . The contestant was among the bottom group in the judges recall . The contestant was voted worst tattoo of the day . The contestant was considered to be in the bottom . The contestant was voted worst tattoo of the day and was eliminated . The contestant was eliminated from the competition . The contestant won the flash challenge but was voted worst tattoo of the day and was eliminated from the competition . Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 125 `` Pick Your Side '' January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) N / A 24 artists arrive to Coney Island where they had six hours to impress the masters by tattooing a design in the style and subject of their choice . The judges and the masters then judged each tattoo in a blind critique without knowing who did what . Team Picks -- Part 1 : The top nine artists who were among the favorites will pick the team they want to be on with three spots available for each team . Team DJ scored big with the number one , two and three ranked tattoos from Matt , Josh and Deanna respectively while Anthony and Steve continue to find someone on their respective . Juan and Jason were the fourth and fifth ranked tattoos of the day and they chose to be on Team Anthony . Steve got the upper hand from Anthony when Katie chose to be on the former 's team . Seventh ranked artist Daniel finishes Team Anthony for now . Therefore , Steve is left with Garret and Roly T - Rex . Elimination Tattoo : The remaining 15 artists had one last chance to impress when they had six hours to tattoo one of the masters ' choice styles which includes Japanese from Steve , illustrative woman 's face from Anthony , and American Traditional from DJ . Team Picks -- Part 2 : The masters called the shots with picking their final three members this time even though a tug - o - war occurred during the picking process . Anthony rounds out his team with the inclusion of Linzy in addition to DJ 's original pick Amanda , and Steve 's original pick Mike . Steve and DJ fought over Jeremy and Fame . But they later both chose Steve . Frank , Sparks and Lil D completed Team DJ . After being convinced by the 7 remaining artists why they want to be on his team , Steve chose Gary as his final pick . Eliminated : Tim Furlow , Rachael Head , Rachel Helmich , Christian Masot , Koko Tatts and Slowburn 126 `` Fill'er Up '' January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) N / A Skill of the Week : Fundamentals Flash Challenge : Using only 10,000 plastic cups , the masters must coach their teams in the first flash challenge of the season when the artists had five hours to line the cups up into one single image after filling each cup with water and food coloring . Winner : Team DJ Eimination Tattoo : The teams must navigate in the right direction during their first elimination tattoo by tattooing a maze . For this skull pick , DJ picked Matt and Josh to assign the skulls . Best Tattoo of the Day : Daniel Silva Coaches ' Bottom Pick : Garrett Bisbee Bottom : Garrett Bisbee , Amanda Leitch and Deanna Smith Eliminated : Garrett Bisbee 127 `` Divine Proportion '' January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) N / A Skill of the Week : Proportion Master 's Tattoo Face Off : The coaches must use their proportion skills by tattooing a freehanded design in the style and subject of their choice . Dave also revealed that this week will featured a double elimination featuring one member eliminated from each team . Winner : Steve Tefft Elimination Tattoo : Team Steve called the shots when they assigned not only the human canves but also the Greek god to each team with Team DJ tattooing Zeus and Team Anthony tattooing Hades . Then during the elimination , Anthony and DJ must decide on which of their respective teammates will be sent packing . Best Tattoo of the Day : Frank Ready Bottom : Sparks , Lil ' D , Deanna Smith , Amanda Leitch , Linzy Michelle and Jason Elliot Eliminated : Linzy Michelle and Sparks 128 `` Step It Up '' January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) N / A Skill of the Week : Ingenuity Flash Challenge : The judges throw a curveball at the artists this week , testing their ingenuity by having them transform disjointed staircases into a massive flowing designs . Winner : Team Anthony Elimination Tattoo : Using two completely opposite tattoo styles , the artists must use ingenuity to weave these styles together in a way that makes sense and creates a cohesive design . Best Tattoo of the Day : FAME Coaches ' Bottom Pick : Matt Buck Bottom : Matt Buck , Lil ' D and Katie Rhoden Eliminated : Matt Buck 129 5 `` Ink On the Dotted Line '' February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) N / A Skill of the Week : Precision Flash Challenge : The coaches work side - by - side along their teams as precision is tested . Placing thousands of hole - punched colored dots onto a massive canvas to create an impressive work of art . Winner : Team DJ Elimination Tattoo : The artists must take images and break them down to individual squares and colors , inking their canvases with pixelated tattoos . With tons of lines and squares to complete , precision is of the utmost importance . Best Tattoo of the Day : Jason Elliot Coaches ' Bottom Pick : Katie Rhoden Bottom : Katie Rhoden , Lil ' D and FAME Eliminated : Katie Rhoden 130 6 `` Chin Up '' February 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) N / A Skill of the Week : Adaptability Master 's Flash Challenge : The artists place their fates in the hands of their coaches when adaptability is tested and DJ , Steve , and Anthony must tattoo an incredibly difficult part of the body : the under chin . Winner : Anthony Michaels Elimination Tattoo : From oozing wounds and rotting skin to decomposing hair and nails , the artists must use adaptability to turn the living into the undead on canvases ' skin . Best Tattoo of the Day : FAME Coaches ' Pick : Daniel Silva Bottom : Daniel Silva , Mike Diaz and Lil ' D Eliminated : Lil ' D 131 7 `` Eye of the Tiger '' February 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 20 ) N / A Skill of the Week : Consistency Elimination Tattoo : The artists must work as teams to tattoo not one , but two tattoos on one human canvas at the same time : one of a living animal , and one of its skeleton . Best Tattoo of the Day : Team Anthony Face Off Tattoo : Josh and Gary face off for survival in the competition , tasked with inking black and grey realistic tiger heads in just six hours . Eliminated : Gary Parisi 132 8 `` Pane in the Glass '' February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) 0.73 Skill of the week : Dimension Flash Challenge : Both the artists and the coaches are tested this week on dimension , tasked with painting layered panes of plexiglass to create cohesive dimensional pieces of art . Winner : Team Steve Elimination Tattoo : To capture the strength and depth of carved stone , the artists must tattoo textured cracks and deep divots so that their designs look like they were chiseled right out of their canvases ' skin . Due to certain problems in every tattoo that did not hit the challenge , the judges decided there is no Best Tattoo of the Day . Coaches ' Bottom Pick : Daniel Silva Bottom : Daniel Silva , Mike Diaz and FAME Eliminated : Mike Diaz 133 9 `` Ink Raider '' March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 0.74 Skill of the Week : Detail Flash Challenge : Inspired by the 2018 film adaption of the Tomb Raider video game reboot , the competition welcomed human canvases that are strong women who overcame obstacles -- and want to get tattooed by the tools that empower them in the first individual flash challenge . Winner : Roly T - Rex Elimination Tattoo : From intricate ropes to colorful and elaborate patterns , the artists must make sure every tiny detail is on point as they tattoo technicolor hot air balloons . Best Tattoo of the Day : Josh Payne Coaches ' Bottom Pick : Deanna Smith Bottom : Deanna Smith , Jeremy Brown and Amanda Leitch Eliminated : Amanda Leitch 134 10 `` Some Assembly Required '' March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) N / A Skill of the Week : Accuracy With nine artists remaining , they must compete in a marathon where they have to tattoo a different creature of land , sea or sky in each round . Team Safety Marathon - Round 1 : The teams created octopus tattoos with one artist doing the linework while the other adds in the shadding before the third artist colors the tattoo . The winning team in this round will be safe from elimination . As winner of the last elimination tattoo , Josh assigned all the human canvases . Best Tattoo of the Day : Team Anthony Team Safety Marathon -- Round 2 : Team DJ and Team Steve work on pegasus tattoos . But they wo n't be doing it alone as each team must tag team its respective partner and coach every hour . Best Tattoo of the Day : Team DJ Face Off Tattoo : Steve watches his team square off in a fight for survival as they tattooed a full - bodied jaguar in the style selected by him which was realistic black and grey . Eliminated : FAME Note : This episode was released online ahead of its respective airdate . 135 11 `` Quit Buggin ' Me '' March 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) N / A Skill of the Week : Technical Application Flash Challenge : The coaches try to get every detail they could when they had two hours to tattoo their respective micro-realistic insect . Winner : Anthony Michaels Elimination Tattoo : The artists must prove their mastery of technical application by tattooing the gateway to the heart -- aka the sternum . Best Tattoo of the Day : Juan Salgado Coaches ' Bottom Pick : Frank Ready Bottom : Frank Ready , Jeremy Brown and Deanna Smith Eliminated : Frank Ready 136 12 `` Total Meltdown '' March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) N / A Skill of the Week : Composition Flash Challenge : The teams and their respective coaches work with granulated wax to create a masterpiece by stenciling the design with tape onto a 4 x 6 canvas before using heat guns and torches to spread the wax while leaving behind a negative space the tape covered . Winner : Team Steve Elimination Tattoo : The artists must change their perspectives and create a masterpiece out of what is not there - by inking negative space tattoos . Best Tattoo of the Day : Juan Salgado Coaches ' Bottom Pick : Daniel Silva Bottom : Daniel Silva , Jeremy Brown and Jason Elliott Eliminated : Daniel Silva 137 13 `` Monkey See , Monkey Do '' April 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) N / A Skill of the Week : Finesse Elimination Tattoo : The final six attempt to match the masters ' standards . Roly was concerned when Steve showed him and Jeremy a skull with the heads of a deamon and a woman . Team DJ and Team Anthony on the other hand had no problem with the design from their respective coaches . Face Off Tattoo : Deanna , Jason , Roly T - Rex and Jeremy must design a free hand tattoo in order to save themselves from elimination . Jeremy tried to use the design Team DJ had in the elimination tattoo which concerns the masters . Team Steve struggled the most with their tattoo . Eliminated : Jeremy Brown 138 14 `` No Stain , No Gain '' April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) N / A Skill of the Week : Contrast Flash Challenge : The battle intensifies as the coaches and artists are given six hours to layer coats of paint on gigantic wooden canvases in order to create high - contrast works of art . Winner : Team DJ Elimination Tattoo : With only one color at the artists ' disposal , contrast is absolutely crucial as the final five are tasked with tattooing masterful monochromatic portraits . Best Tattoo of the Day : Josh Payne Coaches ' Bottom Pick : Deanna Smith Bottom : Deanna Smith , Roly T - Rex and Jason Elliott Eliminated : Deanna Smith 139 15 `` Final Exam '' April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) N / A Elimination Tattoo : The final four remaining artists are tasked with tattooing a one - session twelve hour tattoo on the arm , with the style and subject being the artists ' choice . Josh 's tattoo was considered the best twelve hour tattoo and this earned him a spot in the finale , additionally allowing DJ to call to call the first shot in the Master Face - Off . Best Tattoo of the Day : Josh Payne Elimination Tattoo : Having a style and subject picked by the opposing team coaches based on their weaknesses , the final four must tattoo a six hour tattoo without tracing . In addition , they must incorporate a design and style that were given to them by each coach . Juan 's six hour tattoo was considered the best six hour tattoo and this allowed Anthony to call the second shot in the Master Face - Off . After a tough decision , Roly T - Rex was selected as the final artist advancing to the finale which allows Steve to call the third and final shot . Eliminated : Jason Elliott Finale Tattoo : Josh , Juan and Roly T - Rex head home to create a 24 - hour full -- colored chestpiece that depicts an epic battle between a snake , a dragon and an eagle . The coaches get inside the heads as they create a 24 - hour head tattoo before duking it out at the live finale where they will have to design a six hour to tattoo . In addition , each coach called the shot via skull picks that will determine the style , subject or placement . DJ , Anthony and Steve picked a full - bodied snake , thigh , and Neo-traditional respectively . 140 16 `` Return of the Masters Finale '' April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) N / A Dave welcomes the viewers to the live Ink Master finale from Las Vegas as the coaches put the final touches on their live finale tattoo . The coaches went first with their tattoo while the artists reveal their epic chestpiece . The judges also critiqued the coaches ' head tattoo . The eliminated artists get into a heated debate over who should advance to the top two . The judges then decide which of the top two artists will win the title of Ink Masters . Ink Master veterans Cleen Rock One and Christian Buckingham were introduced to plug the upcoming eleventh season that will finally see them settling the score with their rivalry , but as team captains . Jury of Peers ' Pick : Juan Selgado Judges ' Pick : Joshua Payne 3rd Place : Roly T - Rex Winner : Joshua Payne In addition to one artist , the jury of peers also picked one coach to advance into the top two . Jury of Peers ' Pick : DJ Tambe Judges 's Pick : Anthony Michaels Winner : DJ Tambe References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.27. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals : 3.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ink Master Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Ink Master on IMDb Ink Master at TV Guide Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ink_Master_(season_10)&oldid=846281925 '' Categories : Ink Master Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 17 : 50 . About Wikipedia | who went home on ink master season 10 episode 7 | [
"\n\nNo.\nContestant\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n\n\nNo.\nFlash Challenge\nWinner\nTeam DJ\nN/A\nTeam Anthony\nTeam DJ\nN/A\nAnthony Michaels\nTeam Steve\nRoly T-Rex\nN/A\nAnthony Michaels\nTeam Steve\nN/A\nTeam DJ\nN/A\nN/A\n\n\n1\nJosh Payne\nIN\nHIGH\nIN\nHIGH\nHIGH\nF/O\nIN\nWIN\nWIN\nHIGH\nLOW\nIMM\nWIN\nWIN\nWINNER\n\n\n2\nJuan Salgado\nIN\nIN\nIN\nIN\nHIGH\nWIN\nIN\nIN\nWIN\nWIN\nWIN\nIMM\nHIGH\nIN\nRUNNER-UP\n\n\n3\nRoly T-Rex\nIN\nIMM\nIN\nIN\nIN\nIN\nIN\nIN\nF/O\nHIGH\nIN\nF/O\nLOW\nIN\n3RD PLACE\n\n\n4\nJason Elliott\nIN\nLOW\nIN\nWIN\nIN\nWIN\nIN\nIN\nWIN\nIN\nLOW\nF/O\nLOW\nOUT\n\n\n\n5\nDeanna Smith\nLOW\nLOW\nHIGH\nIN\nIN\nIN\nIN\nLOW\nWIN\nLOW\nHIGH\nF/O\nOUT\n\n\n\n6\nJeremy Brown\nHIGH\nIMM\nHIGH\nIN\nHIGH\nIN\nIN\nLOW\nF/O\nLOW\nLOW\nOUT\n\n\n\n7\nDaniel Silva\nWIN\nIN\nIN\nLOW\nLOW\nWIN\nLOW\nIN\nWIN\nLOW\nOUT\n\n\n\n8\nFrank Ready\nIN\nWIN\nHIGH\nIN\nIN\nIN\nIN\nHIGH\nWIN\nOUT\n\n\n\n9\nFAME\nIN\nIMM\nWIN\nLOW\nWIN\nIN\nLOW\nIN\nOUT\n\n\n\n10\nAmanda Leitch\nLOW\nLOW\nIN\nIN\nIN\nWIN\nIN\nOUT\n\n\n\n11\nMike Diaz\nIN\nIN\nIN\nLOW\nLOW\nWIN\nOUT\n\n\n\n12\nGary Parisi\nIN\nIMM\nIN\nIN\nHIGH\nOUT\n\n\n\n13\nLil’ D\nIN\nLOW\nLOW\nLOW\nOUT\n\n\n\n14\nKatie Rhoden\nIN\nIMM\nLOW\nOUT\n\n\n\n15\nMatt Buck\nIN\nIN\nOUT\n\n\n\n16\nSparks\nLOW\nOUT\n\n\n\n17\nLinzy Michelle\nIN\nOUT\n\n\n\n18\nGarrett Bisbee\nOUT\n\n\n"
] | [
"Gary Parisi"
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2706894464637376529 | Mardi Gras in the United States | Mardi Gras in the United States - wikipedia Mardi Gras in the United States Jump to : navigation , search For Mardi Gras dates through 2050 , see Shrove Tuesday § Dates . Main articles : Carnival and Mardi Gras Mardi Gras in the United States is not observed nationally across the country , however a number of cities and regions in the U.S. have notable Carnival celebrations . Most trace their Mardi Gras celebrations to French , Spanish , and other colonial influences on the settlements over their history . The earliest Carnival celebration in North America occurred at a place on the west bank of the Mississippi river about 60 miles ( 96.6 kilometers ) downriver from where New Orleans is today ; this Mardi Gras on the 3rd of March 1699 and in honor of this holiday , Pierre Le Moyne , Sieur d'Iberville , a 38 - year - old French Canadian , named the spot Point du Mardi Gras ( French : `` Mardi Gras Point '' ) near Fort Jackson . The earliest organized Carnival celebrations occurred in Mobile , Biloxi , New Orleans , and Pensacola , which have each developed separate traditions . In addition , modern activities generally vary from city to city across the U.S. The Mardi Gras celebrations in New Orleans are probably the most famous in the United States , but far from the only . `` Folly '' and `` Death '' from Mobile , Alabama 's Order of Myths mystic society , one of that city 's longest Mardi Gras traditions Contents ( hide ) 1 Early days in American colonies 2 Alabama 2.1 Mobile 2.2 Demopolis 3 Arkansas 3.1 Eureka Springs 4 California 4.1 San Francisco 4.2 San Diego 4.3 San Luis Obispo 5 Florida 5.1 Pensacola 5.2 Hollywood 5.3 Orlando 6 Louisiana 6.1 New Orleans 6.2 Alexandria 6.3 Baton Rouge 6.4 Houma 6.5 Lafayette 6.6 Lake Charles 6.7 New Roads 6.8 Shreveport 6.9 Courir de Mardi Gras 6.10 Other Louisiana cities 7 Michigan 7.1 Detroit 8 Mississippi 8.1 Gulf Coast 8.2 Central Mississippi 9 Missouri 9.1 St. Louis 10 Oklahoma 10.1 Tulsa 11 Oregon 11.1 Portland 12 Pennsylvania 12.1 Philadelphia 13 Texas 13.1 Galveston 13.2 Port Arthur 13.3 Dallas 14 Wisconsin 14.1 La Crosse 15 See also 16 Notes 17 External links Early days in American colonies ( edit ) Mardi Gras arrived in North America as a sedate French Catholic tradition with the Le Moyne brothers , Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville and Jean - Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville , in the late 17th century , when King Louis XIV sent the pair to defend France 's claim on the territory of Louisiane , which included what are now the U.S. states of Alabama , Mississippi , and Louisiana . The expedition , led by Iberville , entered the mouth of the Mississippi River on the evening of March 2 , 1699 , Lundi Gras , not yet knowing it was the river explored and claimed for France by René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle in 1683 . The party proceeded upstream to a place on the west bank about 60 miles downriver from where New Orleans is today , where a small tributary emptied into the great river , and made camp in what is now Plaquemines Parish , Louisiana . This was on March 3 , 1699 , Mardi Gras day , so in honor of this holiday , Iberville named the spot Point du Mardi Gras ( French : `` Mardi Gras Point '' ) and called the small tributary Bayou Mardi Gras . Bienville went on to found Mobile , Alabama in 1702 as the first capital of French Louisiana . In 1703 French settlers in that city began to celebrate the Mardi Gras tradition . By 1720 , Biloxi was made capital of Louisiana . While it had French settlers , Mardi Gras and other customs were celebrated with more fanfare given its new status . In 1723 , the capital of French Louisiana was moved to New Orleans , founded in 1718 . With the growth of New Orleans as a city and the creolization of different cultures , the varied celebration of Mardi Gras became the event most strongly associated with the city . In more recent times , several U.S. cities without a French Catholic heritage have instituted the celebration of Mardi Gras , which sometimes emerged as grassroots movements to help accompany single people to celebrate something in late Winter which is often dominated by the commercialized and couple - centric Valentine 's Day , and as a result it has been co-opted as the single people 's late Winter holiday . Alabama ( edit ) Mardi Gras is an official state holiday in Mobile and Baldwin counties . Other counties in the state grant employees a day of personal leave in lieu of Mardi Gras . Mobile ( edit ) Main article : Mardi Gras in Mobile A Mardi Gras parade on Royal Street in Mobile during the 2006 season Mobile , founded by Bienville in 1702 , is known for having the oldest organized Mardi Gras celebrations in the United States , beginning in 1703 . It was also host to the first formally organized Mardi Gras parade in the United States in 1830 . Mobile 's Mardi Gras celebrations revolve around mystic societies , private social organizations that have been a fundamental part of the social and business fabric of the city . The mystic societies are organizations , similar to krewes in New Orleans , that present parades , masked balls , and activities for the enjoyment of its members , guests , and the public . Mystic society membership is secret . The mystic societies build colorful Carnival floats and parade throughout downtown Mobile during the Carnival season with masked society members tossing small gifts , known as `` throws '' , to the parade spectators . Throws were first introduced in Mobile during an 1837 Cowbellion de Rakin Society parade . They initially consisted of sugar plumbs , kisses , and oranges . Currently , throws may be trinkets , candy , cookies , peanuts , women 's panties , artificial roses , stuffed animals , doubloons , cups , hats , can coolers , Frisbees , medallion necklaces , bead necklaces of every variety , and the iconic Moon Pies . Mobile 's mystic societies give formal masquerade balls , known as bal masqués , which are almost always invitation only and are oriented to adults . Attendance at a ball requires that a strict dress code , or costume de rigueur , be followed . The formal dress code usually involves full - length evening gowns for women and white tie with tails for male invited guests , and masked costumes for society members . The balls feature dramatic entertainment , music , dancing , food , and drinks . Balls are usually based upon a theme which is carried out through scenery , decorations , costumes , and a tableau vivant . Mobile first celebrated Carnival in 1703 when French settlers began the festivities at the Old Mobile Site . Mobile 's first Carnival society was organized in 1704 , when Nicholas Langlois founded Société de Saint Louis . In 1711 it was renamed the Boeuf Gras Society ( Fatted Ox Society ) ( 1711 -- 1861 ) . In 1830 Mobile 's Cowbellion de Rakin Society was the first formally organized and masked mystic society in the United States to celebrate with a parade . The Cowbellions got their start when Michael Krafft , a cotton factor from Pennsylvania , began a parade with participants ' carrying rakes , hoes , and cowbells . The `` Cowbellions '' introduced horse - drawn floats to the parades in 1840 with a parade entitled , `` Heathen Gods and Goddesses '' . The Striker 's Independent Society was formed in 1843 . It is the oldest surviving mystic society or krewe in the United States . King Felix III and the queen of the Mobile Carnival Association aboard the MCA crown float on Royal Street during the 2010 season In 1856 six businessmen , formerly of Mobile , gathered at a club room in New Orlean 's French Quarter to organize a secret society to observe Mardi Gras with a formal parade . They founded New Orleans ' first and oldest krewe , the Mistick Krewe of Comus . Carnival celebrations in Mobile were cancelled during the American Civil War . In 1866 Joe Cain revived the Mardi Gras parades by portraying a fictional Chickasaw chief named Slacabamorinico while parading in costume through the city streets on Fat Tuesday . He celebrated the day in front of Union Army occupation troops . The Order of Myths , Mobile 's oldest mystic society that continues to parade , was founded in 1867 and held its first parade on Mardi Gras night in 1868 . The Infant Mystics also began to parade on Mardi Gras night in 1868 , but later moved their parade to Lundi Gras . Blow House in the Order of Athena parade down Royal Street during the 2010 season The Mobile Carnival Association was formed in 1871 to coordinate the events of Mardi Gras . That year was also the occasion of the First Royal Court at which was crowned the first king of Carnival , Emperor Felix I . The Comic Cowboys of Wragg Swamp were established in 1884 , along with their mission of satire and free expression . The Continental Mystic Crew mystic society was founded in 1890 ; it was Mobile 's first Jewish mystic society . In 1894 the Order of Doves mystic society was founded and held its first Mardi Gras ball . It was the first African - American mystic society in Mobile . In 1929 the Infant Mystics , the second oldest society that continues to parade , introduced the first electric floats to Mobile . In 1939 the Colored Carnival Association was founded and had its first parade ; it was later renamed the Mobile Area Mardi Gras Association . In 1980 the Order of Osiris , the oldest surviving gay and lesbian mystic society in Mobile , held its first ball . In 1995 the 1st Mobile International Carnival Ball was held , with every known Mobile mystic society in attendance . In 2002 , Mobile celebrated its Tricentennial with parades representing every known mystic society . A documentary film , The Order of Myths , was released in 2008 with a focus on Mardi Gras celebrations and how race and class influences many aspects of Mardi Gras in the city , including the mystic societies . According to statistics from the Alabama Tourism Department , Mobile Mardi Gras is the most - attended annual event in the state . The event attracted more than 800,000 people in 2010 and more than one million in 2011 . Demopolis ( edit ) Demopolis , another Alabama city with French roots , has held an annual Mardi Gras masquerade ball since 2008 . The ball , hosted by the Marengo County Historical Society , is held at one of the city 's historic mansions , Lyon Hall . The city was founded and named by a group of French expatriates , a mix of exiled former Bonapartists and other French migrants who settled in the United States following the overthrow of the colonial government in Saint - Domingue ( Haiti ) . The name means the People 's City or City of the People . First settled in 1817 , Demopolis is one of the oldest continuous settlements in the state outside of coastal Alabama . Arkansas ( edit ) Eureka Springs ( edit ) Eureka Gras is a celebration of Mardi Gras in the Ozark Mountain resort town of Eureka Springs , Arkansas . Begun in 2006 as a `` one car parade '' conducted by New Orleanian Daniel Ellis after he moved to Eureka Springs in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina , it is now run by a so - called `` Krewe of Krazo '' ( `` Ozark '' spelled in reverse ) and has grown into a month - long celebration with a parade running more than an hour , multiple balls , and other events . California ( edit ) San Francisco ( edit ) Main article : Carnaval San Francisco Carnaval San Francisco is an annual street parade and festival in San Francisco at the end of May . San Diego ( edit ) As of 2005 , there is a corporate - sponsored party in the Gaslamp Quarter of downtown San Diego . In addition there is a San Diego Brazil Carnival Ball that is part of the San Diego Carnival Mardi Gras season . San Luis Obispo ( edit ) Main article : San Luis Obispo Mardi Gras controversy Mardi Gras celebrations in San Luis Obispo have been controversial in recent years . In 2005 leaders of this Central California city called for an end to public celebrations , as the city had become a destination for students from across the state , and celebrations had gotten out of control . Florida ( edit ) Pensacola ( edit ) Pensacola , Florida hosts a Mardi Gras Celebration . The Pensacola celebrations also use Moon Pies in combination with beads , coins , candies & Krewe - related trades . The Pensacola festivities and the Krewes that sponsor them often are more light - hearted and family - oriented than some in other venues . The name of a number of the Krewes are puns of the names of historic Krewes in New Orleans and Mobile . The annual Pensacola celebration , is among the oldest in the United States , dating back to 1874 . Festivities typically took place on the eponymous Tuesday itself and the preceding week . The first organized secular celebration of Carnival in Pensacola was in 1874 , when a group of men including B.F. Yniestra , D.G. and F.C. Brent , D.K. Huckley and Dr. J.C. Whiting established the Knights of Priscus Association . The name Priscus came from Tarquinius Priscus , the fifth king of Rome who : was the first Roman king to wear a purple robe , and golden crown on his head . He established the circus or place where games could be held , also increased the number of Roman knights , and built a stone wall around the city . His majesty of our carnival , like his prototype of old Rome , knows that `` A little folly now and then / Is relished by the best of men . '' The event became unorganized , having `` fallen entirely into the hands of individual merry - makers and frolickers who disported themselves as their own wild merriment dictated , '' but was reorganized by the Clerks Union in 1900 . They formed the Pensacola Carnival Association with a 12 - person committee led by chairman J.I. Johnson . Priscus remained the title of the festival 's ceremonial king , and Alexander Clement Blount II was named the first King Priscus of the new group . Pensacola 's first ladies mystic society , the `` Pompadour Mystic Society '' ( the Pompadours ) , held its first annual Mystic Ball at the Armory Hall on February 19 , 1909 , crowning Dudley Thornton as King . The `` Revellers of Ariola '' , Pensacola 's first male mystic society , was organized in 1909 and held its first Tableau Ball at the K of C Hall on January 28 , 1910 crowning Miss Cornelia Bass as Queen of Ariola . In 1936 , the female krewe `` Merry Markers '' held its first ball in 1936 . With the exception of the Pompadours , these founding Carnival Season organizations remain active in Pensacola 's celebrations to this day . The public celebration is currently organized by Pensacola Mardi Gras , Inc. , and Pensacola Mardi Gras krewes parades and balls occur in the weekend prior to Fat Tuesday . Parades are on Friday night ( `` Krewe of Lafitte '' ) , Saturday afternoon ( the `` Grand Parade '' ) , and the `` Krewe of Wrecks '' parade on Pensacola Beach on Sunday . No parades are held on Mardi Gras , itself . Many krewes in Pensacola are smaller than in Mobile or New Orleans , so typically a parade has floats sponsored by numerous different krewes , rather than a single krewe having its own parade . Older krewes holding Carnival balls but do not parade , include the Rebellaires ( 1947 ) , Pierrettes , Mystic Maids sand Marionettes . Parading krewes include : Krewe of African Kings , Krewe of African Queens , Krewe of Andres de Pez , Krewe of Aphrodite , Krewe of Avant Garde , Krewe of Brewe , Krewe of Hip Huggers , Krewe of Jesters , Krewe of Lafitte , Mayoki Indians , Krewe of Nauga , Krewe of Seville , Krewe of the Silver Slipper , Krewe of Warriors , Mystic Krewe of Nereids , Krewe du YaYas , Order of Odin and Krewe of Gatsby Girls . Hollywood ( edit ) Hollywood , Florida hosts Mardi Gras festivities in the downtown area and a Fat Tuesday celebration on Hollywood Beach Broadwalk with live entertainment and Creole food . Fiesta Tropicale emerged from a Hollywood tradition that started in 1935 as Fiesta of the Nations , a celebration of different cultures featuring performances by costumed children at Hollywood Central School . In 1997 , a core group of Hollywood residents re-established the Mardi Gras celebration as Fiesta Tropicale of Hollywood , Inc. where krewes built floats and second lined through the downtown business district . Orlando ( edit ) In Orlando , the Universal Studios Florida theme park hosts an annual Mardi Gras celebration . This event features concerts by top musical acts , a Mardi Gras parade , and more . The event takes place over multiple weekends from February to April at the park , and is included with the regular daily admission to the park . Louisiana ( edit ) New Orleans ( edit ) Main article : New Orleans Mardi Gras Engraving of a Mistick Krewe of Comus night parade during the Mardi Gras season in 1858 New Orleans Mardi Gras celebrations draw hundreds of thousands of tourists to the city to mingle with the locals at the famed parties and parades . As many as a half - million spectators have been estimated by officials to line the route of major parades . The first Mardi Gras festivities in Louisiana were held on March 3 , 1699 . On that day , a group of French explorers set up camp on the west bank of the Mississippi River , about 60 miles downriver from what is now New Orleans . The group 's leader , Pierre Baptiste Le Moyne , Sieur d'Iberville dubbed the spot La Pointe du Mardi Gras . Three hundred years later , the Rex organization put a marker at the site . An account from 1743 notes that the custom of holding Carnival balls was established by that date , during the time when Bienville was governor . On Mardi Gras , there were masques and processions in the streets of the city , although they were , at times , prohibited by law . The celebrations were quickly resumed whenever restrictions were lifted or the enforcement of them was lax . In 1833 , Bernard Xavier de Marigny de Mandeville , a rich plantation owner , raised the money to fund an official Mardi Gras celebration . Mardi Gras parade on Canal Street during the early 1890s On Mardi Gras of 1857 the Mistick Krewe of Comus held its first parade . Comus is the oldest continuously active Mardi Gras organization . It originated a number of traditions that continue today ( such as the use of floats in parades ) and is considered the first Carnival krewe in the modern sense of the term . In 1875 , the state of Louisiana declared Mardi Gras a legal holiday . Economic , political , and weather conditions sometimes led to the cancellation of some or all of the major parades , especially during the American Civil War , World War I and World War II , but Carnival has always been observed in the city in some way . The last large parades went through the narrow streets of the city 's old French Quarter neighborhood in 1972 . Larger floats and crowds and safety concerns led the city government to prohibit big parades in the Quarter . A night parade on St. Charles Avenue during the 2012 Mardi Gras season . In 1991 , the New Orleans city council passed an ordinance that required social organizations , including Mardi Gras Krewes , to certify publicly that they did not discriminate on the basis of race , religion , gender or sexual orientation , in order to obtain parade permits and other public licenses . The ordinance required these and other private social groups to abandon their traditional code of secrecy and identify their members for the city 's Human Relations Commission . In protest , the 19th century krewes Comus and Momus stopped parading . Proteus did parade in the 1992 Carnival season , but returned to the parade schedule in 2000 . Two federal courts later declared that the ordinance was an unconstitutional infringement on First Amendment rights of free association , and an unwarranted intrusion on the privacy of the groups subject to the ordinance . The Supreme Court refused to hear the city 's appeal of their decision . Today , many krewes operate under a business structure -- membership is open to anyone who pays dues to have a place on a parade float . Float - making in New Orleans The effect of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans in late 2005 caused a few people to question the future of the city 's Mardi Gras celebrations . The city government , essentially bankrupt after the storm , pushed for a massively scaled back celebration to limit strains on city services . However , many krewes insisted that they wanted to and would be ready to parade , so negotiations between krewe leaders and city officials resulted in a compromise schedule , scaled back but less severely than originally suggested . The 2006 New Orleans ' Carnival schedule included the Krewe du Vieux on its traditional route through Marigny and the French Quarter on February 11 , then several parades on Saturday , the 18th , and Sunday the 19th , followed by six days of parades starting Thursday night , the 23rd , until Mardi Gras Day , the 28th . Other than Krewe du Vieux and two Westbank parades that went through Algiers , all New Orleans parades were restricted to the Saint Charles Avenue Uptown to Canal Street route , a section of the city which escaped significant flooding . Restrictions were placed on the amount of time parades could be on the street and how late they could go . Costumed revelers during the 2011 Mardi Gras season Louisiana State troopers and National Guard assisted with crowd control for the first time since 1979 . Many of the floats had been partially submerged in the floodwaters for weeks . While some krewes repaired and removed all traces of these effects , others incorporated flood lines and other damage into the designs of the floats . Most of the locals who worked on the floats and rode on them were significantly impacted by the storm , and many had lost most or all of their possessions , but their enthusiasm for Carnival was even more intense than usual and celebrated as an affirmation of life . The themes of many costumes and floats had more barbed satire than usual , with commentary on the trials and tribulations of living in the devastated city , with references to MREs , Katrina refrigerators and FEMA trailers , along with much mocking of the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) , and local and national politicians . It is impossible to estimate how synonymous Mardi Gras and New Orleans have become in popular culture . In 1926 , Ferde Grofe wrote an orchestral cycle called the Mississippi Suite , the last movement featuring a musical depiction of Mardi Gras in the French Quarter . Since then the influence of Fat Tuesday on American culture has only increased , as evidenced by the wealth of songs , films , and television shows about the notorious festival . Alexandria ( edit ) Alexandria , which is located in the heart of Central Louisiana ( CenLa ) , enjoys a blend of Mardi Gras traditions in keeping with the area 's reputation as the `` cultural crossroads '' of the state . In addition to Mardi Gras balls , parties , and other functions , it hosts several parades , including the Alexandria Mardi Gras Association ( AMGA ) Krewe Parade , traditionally on the Sunday before Mardi Gras , a Children 's parade , and the `` Krewe of Provine '' Parade , usually held on Mardi Gras Day . In 2008 , the `` College Cheerleaders and Classic Cars '' parade made its debut with warm reception . The area 's parades are known for their mix of traditional Mardi Gras fun and revelry with a family - friendly environment . They attract people from as far away as Texas and Mississippi . Baton Rouge ( edit ) Mardi Gras in Baton Rouge , 2006 Baton Rouge hosts eight parades , including the Spanish Town Parade , Krewe of Southdowns , Krewe of Mutts ( dog parade ) , Krewe Mystique , and Parades such as the Krewe of Orion , Krewe of Artemis , Krewe of Jupiter , and Krewe of Poseidon ( new for 2010 ) which offer more of a traditional New Orleans - style parade . All parades take place downtown , with the exception of the annual Southdowns parade , which runs through the Southdowns subdivision just south of Downtown . Houma ( edit ) Houma hosts a significant Mardi Gras celebration of ten parades , two of which roll on Mardi Gras day , and the others on the two weekends preceding the big day . King Houmas rules on Fat Tuesday itself . Law enforcement officials estimated that in 2008 , more than 150,000 people lined the route of his parade . Mardi Gras has been celebrated annually in Houma since 1947 . `` Krewe of Hercules '' , `` Krewe of Aquarius '' , `` Krewe of Hyacinthians '' , `` Krewe of Titans '' , `` Krewe of Aphrodite '' , `` Krewe of Mardi Gras '' , `` Krewe of Terreanians '' , `` Krewe of Cleopatra '' , `` Krewe of Houmas '' , and the `` Krewe of Kajuns '' make up the ten parades . Houma is about 60 miles southwest of New Orleans . Lafayette ( edit ) Mardi Gras parade in Lafayette Lafayette is home to the state 's second largest Mardi Gras celebration , which includes eight parades of floats and bands during the Carnival season . The first parade , ten days before Mardi Gras , is the celebrity - led `` Krewe of Carnivale en Rio Parada '' , featuring over 600 riders . Parade royalty on Fat Tuesday includes King Gabriel and Queen Evangeline , named for the hero and heroine of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 's epic poem ; and King Toussaint L'Ouverture and Queen Suzanne Simonet , named for the great Haitian historical leaders . Mardi Gras parades have been an annual tradition in Lafayette since 1934 . Recent attendance on Mardi Gras day has been estimated as high as 250,000 by police spokespersons . The first formal Mardi Gras ball and parade in Lafayette dates back to 1869 . In 1897 , King Attakapas , the first Lafayette Mardi Gras king was crowned . He rode into town on a Southern Pacific train decorated to look like a royal throne and led the parade . After 1897 , formal Mardi Gras parades and balls seemed to come and go until 1934 when the Southwest Louisiana Mardi Gras association was formed by representatives from civic and service organizations to ensure that Lafayette would always have a Mardi Gras celebration . Lake Charles ( edit ) Mardi Gras in Lake Charles Lake Charles hosts a family - friendly Mardi Gras celebration with nine parades . With over 50 krewes , it is second only to New Orleans in the number of krewes in Louisiana . The Lake Charles Mardi Gras celebration is unique in that it is the only place in Louisiana where the public is invited to see the costumes of the all the krewes in one place , at the Lake Charles Civic Center . Mardi Gras began in Lake Charles as early as 1882 when King Momus landed on the lakefront to begin the celebration . With the onset of the World Wars , Mardi Gras in Lake Charles was not celebrated as much , but was revived in the latter part of the century . This celebration begins in Lake Charles on January 6 each year . The last parade is the Krewe of Krewes Parade in downtown Lake Charles . Mardi Gras in Lake Charles regularly draws 150,000 people . In addition , Mardi Gras can be enjoyed in Lake Charles year round at the Mardi Gras Museum of Imperial Calcasieu , which features elaborate costumes and an interactive float . This museum houses the world 's largest collection of Mardi Gras costumes . New Roads ( edit ) Mardi Gras parade in New Roads , 1949 New Roads another Mardi Gras celebration outside New Orleans . The family - friendly celebration has been an annual event since 1922 and includes two parades on Fat Tuesday : the Community Center Carnival parade , one of the nation 's oldest African - American sponsored events , which rolls in the morning ; and the New Roads Lions Carnival parade , the first - known Mardi Gras parade to be staged as a charitable fundraiser , which rolls in the afternoon . Each parade consists of as many as 35 floats built fresh each year , and 10 marching bands and drill units . Unlike the exclusivity of krewe parades in New Orleans and other cities , New Roads ' parades are open to public participation , with local schools , churches , organizations , businesses and families building , entering and riding the floats . New Roads ' proximity to the Baton Rouge metropolitan area results in an unusually large number of visitors to the New Roads parades , the town 's normal size considering . Law enforcement officials have estimated New Roads parade attendance as high as 100,000 in years marked by favorable weather . Shreveport ( edit ) Shreveport , located in the Northwestern corner of the state , has numerous krewes , including several that do not parade . Some of them include Atlas , Sobek , Harambee , Centaur , Gemini , Highland , and Asclepius . Thousands of people come to Shreveport to see the parades each year . History has it that Shreveport was said to had Mardi Gras parades beginning after the Civil War . However , the Great Depression ended the celebration for years . In 1989 the parade tradition was renewed by the Krewe of Gemini parade . With their New Orleans style floats , Gemini has grown to the biggest krewe in Shreveport , peaking at over 300 members a couple of years ago . Courir de Mardi Gras ( edit ) Courir de Mardi Gras ( Mardi Gras run ) participants playing music In parts of Cajun country , such as Eunice , Basile , Church Point and Mamou , the traditional Courir de Mardi Gras ( French for the `` Mardi Gras Run '' ) is still held . Le Capitaine leads masked men on horseback to gather ingredients for making the communal meal ( usually a gumbo ) . Participants gather in costume and move from home to home requesting ingredients for the night 's meal . This rural Mardi Gras draws on traditions that are centuries old . Revelers sing `` La Chanson de Mardi Gras '' , a song echoing medieval melodies . People escape from ordinary life partly through the alcohol many consume in their festive quest , but more so through the roles they portray in costume . As they act out their parts in a wild , gaudy pageant , they are escaping from routine existence , freed from the restraints that confine them every other day of the year . The capitaine maintains control over the Mardi Gras . He issues instructions to the riders as they assemble early in the morning and then leads them on their run . When they arrive at a farm house , he obtains permission to enter private property , after which the riders may charge toward the house , where they sing , dance , and beg until the owner offers them an ingredient for a gumbo . Often , the owner will throw a live chicken into the air that the maskers will chase , like football players trying to recover a fumble . By mid to late afternoon , the courir returns to town and parades down the main street on the way to the location where the evening gumbo will be prepared . Other Louisiana cities ( edit ) The `` Knights of Nemesis '' parade rolled through Chalmette in 2006 despite the devastation of Hurricane Katrina . Other Louisiana cities holding Mardi Gras parades include Bogalusa , Bush , Chalmette , Columbia , Covington , Gretna , Kaplan , La Place , Madisonville , Mandeville , Metairie , Minden , Monroe , Natchitoches , Pearl River , Slidell , Springhill , and Thibodaux . Because of violent activities of the American terrorist group , the Ku Klux Klan , Louisiana has a state law prohibiting the wearing of hoods and masks in public . Mardi Gras is one of the occasions when exceptions are allowed , as are Halloween celebrations and religious observance . Michigan ( edit ) Detroit ( edit ) Michigan 's first Catholic settlers were French . The Fat Tuesday celebrations of modern times in Detroit stem from the more recent influence of the Polish Paczki Day . Mississippi ( edit ) Gulf Coast ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mardi Gras float in Lizana , Mississippi , 2011 Biloxi , Mississippi holds a traditional morning parade by the Gulf Coast Carnival Association ( GCCA ) and an afternoon parade by the Krewe of Neptune . Nearby Gulfport , holds a traditional night parade sponsored by the Krewe of Gemini . Other parades include evening events in Pascagoula , Ocean Springs , D'Iberville , Gautier , Waveland , Bay St. Louis , Long Beach , and Pass Christian , just to name a few . Damage from Hurricane Katrina led to deviations from traditional routes or parade cancellations in some locations in 2006 . Mardi Gras parades have since become a sign of rebuilding along the coast line . Traditions in Mississippi are closely tied into those of New Orleans , Louisiana . Typically the larger floats which casinos use in the Mississippi parades are rented from float builders in New Orleans . Schools on the Gulf Coast usually let out during the 2 - day holiday so children can attend the parades . Much like Mobile and New Orleans , the Mississippi Gulf Coast has its own unique societies and Mardi Gras associations that participate in float building and annual balls . Most of these parades and balls operate along the largest main roads of the coast , Highways 90 and 49 . Prior to Katrina , the Biloxi Parade consisted of a morning , noon and night parade . It has since decreased to two parades , GCCA first followed by the Krewe of Neptune . Central Mississippi ( edit ) Vicksburg , located along the Mississippi River in central Mississippi , holds an annual Mardi Gras parade , along with a Mardi Gras ball . Missouri ( edit ) St. Louis ( edit ) Mardi Gras in St. Louis , 2011 Although founded by French settlers in 1764 the city has not had a significant French Catholic population since the late 19th Century . The St. Louis Mardi Gras was revived in the early 1980s by bored , drunk patrons of Hilary 's bar in the Soulard neighborhood adjacent to downtown , when they decided to march to another neighboring bar . Over the years , what started as a private party has grown in size and scale , and has attracted major corporate sponsorship , On the second Saturday before Mardi Gras , there is a family - oriented `` Krewe of Barkus '' pet parade with corporate sponsorship by Beggin ' Strips . Participants consist of anyone who dresses up their pet in costume , and walks their pet along the parade route . The parade is followed by the informal Wiener dog races . Then , on the Saturday before Fat Tuesday , the more adult - oriented , flesh - for - beads parade occurs , although there have been various attempts to reserve a family section at one end of the route . People from all over storm the streets with beers and bead necklaces after the Saturday parade . The streets of Soulard , Geyer , Allen , Russell , Ann , Shenandoah , and others are crowded with people from 7th to 12th Street . The Fat Tuesday parade occurs in the evening . In recent years it has been moved from just north of Soulard to downtown St. Louis . The majority of the overall Mardi Gras festivities have corporate sponsorship , primarily from Anheuser - Busch and Southern Comfort . In 2006 , this led to an investigation by the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau and the Missouri Division of Alcohol and Tobacco Control into the legality of Mardi Gras Inc. 's sponsorship deals . Oklahoma ( edit ) Tulsa ( edit ) In 2010 , Tulsa began holding an annual Mardi Gras parade through its downtown Blue Dome District . Oregon ( edit ) Portland ( edit ) In 2010 , a group of Louisiana expatriates and friends founded the Mysti Krewe of Nimbus Mysti Krewe of Nimbus to bring Mardi Gras and Louisiana culture to the Pacific Northwest and Portland in particular . Lacking in any formal Mardi Gras festivities , the Krewe held the first Portland Mardi Gras Ball Portland Oregon 's Mardi Gras Ball the Saturday before Mardi Gras . The Ball is now in its fourth year . Krewe activities have grown to include a Mardi Gras Day parade on Mississippi Avenue , a float entry in the annual Rose Festival Starlight Parade and second line parades at the Safeway Waterfront Blues Festival . Pennsylvania ( edit ) Philadelphia ( edit ) There is an unofficial celebration of Mardi Gras on South Street every year . There is a noticeable police presence because of widespread drunkenness and looting that occurred among some of the younger participants in 2001 . Local restaurants include New Orleans ' themes , such as Fat Tuesday 's , Les Bon Temps , and Nola 's . Texas ( edit ) Mardi Gras in Galveston Galveston ( edit ) Galveston , Texas is home to the largest Mardi Gras festival in Texas attracting up to 200,000 revelers to the island each year . The celebration in Galveston dates back 1867 when it consisted of merely a masked ball and a theatre performance of Shakespeare 's `` King Henry IV . '' The emergence of rival Krewes the `` Knights of Momus '' and the `` Knights of Myth '' created the first extravagant Mardi Gras celebration in 1871 . The island tradition now includes many night parades , masked balls and exquisite costumes . The current Mardi Gras was revived in 1985 by George P. Mitchell ; unlike its New Orleans counterparts , there are no celebrations held on the Monday prior to Fat Tuesday . Since 1987 , the Galveston Park Board has managed the event despite its struggles and successes . Prior to Hurricane Ike , promoters from the Galveston Park Board usually charge admission fees on the first weekend during the Mardi Gras season kickoff related to events within the Strand Entertainment District ( bounded by 25th Street , Harborside Drive , 20th Street , and Market Street / Avenue D ) . Parades on Seawall Boulevard are free to the general public . Around 2007 , the Park Board slashed $800,000 in their budget due to budget deficits where they decided to drop the admission fee for the 2008 season along with live music performances . After Ike 's devastation on Galveston Island , there was no admission charge in 2009 and 2010 - it was believed at the time that Mardi Gras ! Galveston was becoming like its New Orleans counterpart with no admission revenues imposed . An editorial by the Galveston County Daily News in 2007 suggested that Mardi Gras should be managed and operated like Dickens on the Strand as a manageable event under a nonprofit like the Galveston Historical Foundation similar to the Port Arthur , TX Mardi Gras ( produced by Mardi Gras of Southeast Texas , Inc ) . Around April 2010 , Galveston businessman Mike Dean , who runs Yaga 's Entertainment , Inc. ( the producer of the annual Galveston Food and Wine Festival and Chili Quest Festival ) , entered into a bidding process to become the new Mardi Gras promoter from 2011 -- 2015 under a five - year contract , made official on November 18 , 2010 as voted on by members of the Galveston City Council . The admission fee has returned -- which now includes both weekends prior to Fat Tuesday despite the hiring of 30 security officers to augment local law enforcement . Statistics from the Galveston Convention and Visitor 's Bureau have stated that with the admission fees for both weekends , crime has dropped 50 % and Galveston Police Chief Charles Wiley ( prior to his 2012 retirement ) is backing the admission fee despite opposition from Downtown Galveston businesses on The Strand and Mechanic Street . Revelers and vendors who usually frequent Mardi Gras on Galveston Island have concerns that the admission fee will bring fewer attendees along with financial uncertainty when the Park Board sold admission tickets prior to the 2008 season . The March 5 , 2011 Knights of Momus Parade attracted 20,000 revelers within the Strand while the crowd estimate during the entire Mardi Gras season is 250,000 . Vendors and Downtown Galveston businesses have reported a drop in their sales despite the promoter bringing more live music , parades , and added security which includes metal detectors and bag checks . As a downside , Yaga 's Entertainment Inc. incorporated the rules and regulations modeled on Mardi Gras DFW -- including a prohibition on professional video and still camera equipment within the Strand Entertainment District because of the production of live entertainment from national touring or band acts . Ticket sales for the first weekend of the 2012 season dropped to 30 % during the first weekend despite the numerous complaints vented at Yaga 's Entertainment , Inc . - Dean stated that the admission charge will remain indefinitely until the existing 5 - year contract with the City of Galveston is up for renewal . Admission pricing at the entry gates averaged $17 where discounted $8 tickets were available from the Yaga 's Entertainment Inc. website ( www.YagasPresents.com ) . Decreased ticket revenue was also attributed to the cold temperatures and high winds on the first weekend , and heavy precipitation on the second weekend - changes for the 2013 season would include contingency planning where events can be rescheduled by time shifts . As of January 2013 , the $17 admission fee is still imposed by Yaga 's Entertainment - one Strand business , Crow 's Southwest Cantina , has circulated a petition since Dean is allegedly profiteering but has stated that a free Mardi Gras is unsustainable . Houston TV station KTRK has stated that Mardi Gras ! Galveston is becoming too expensive where local merchants are losing out just to pay to be on a public street . Galveston Convention Center and Visitor Bureau chair Leah Cast stated on FOX 26 Houston that charging the admission fees brings in a quality event inclusive of Grammy - nominated musicians and balcony parties . A few Strand - area businesses claim that the admission fee keeps out the undesirable elements - during the February 9 , 2013 festivities in the Strand Entertainment District , seven revelers who refused to leave the entertainment district were arrested by the Galveston Police Department during the street sweep where the police clear The Strand of all revelers . Angry revelers threw beer bottles , trash cans , and barricade fencing at the police where video footage were posted on YouTube . Over a year later during the March 1 , 2014 Mardi Gras weekend , the same incident was repeated but Galveston Police officers fired tear gas at 19 partygoers who refused to comply with the police order to disperse . In January 2015 , the City of Galveston issued a Request for Qualifications concerning the future promoter of the Strand Entertainment District where the same criteria proposed for the 2011 - 15 contract will remain the same ( live entertainment from national touring acts limited to recording artists , bands , along with paid admission ( on Fridays and Saturdays prior to Fat Tuesday with free admission on Sundays - this was amended during the latter part of the previous 2011 - 15 contract ) and gated checkpoints / bag checks ( which is stipulated under the new contract in the wake of the 2013 Boston Marathon bombings ) but the contract ( which lasted five years without a contract extension ) is limited to 3 years where the City of Galveston can reserve the right to extend the contract for an additional two years . Some Strand businessowners who voiced their displeasure with Yaga 's Entertainment would rather have the Strand Entertainment District managed like the Lone Star Rally since they do not set up gated checkpoints - their touring acts ( live music ) are usually performed at 2 stages . Port Arthur ( edit ) Port Arthur began celebrating Mardi Gras in 1993 . Dallas ( edit ) Dallas , Texas is home to a Mardi Gras celebration , MystiQal . Wisconsin ( edit ) La Crosse ( edit ) La Crosse has held a Mardi Gras celebration since 1991 . Originally the celebration and its fund - raising efforts were used to provide assistance for Catholic school tuition within the Coulee Catholic Schools system . Now , in addition to the Coulee Catholic Schools , the event provides funding to the Boy Scouts of America , Girl Scouts of the USA , the Boys & Girls Clubs , and the YMCA . The La Crosse Mardi Gras includes a formal costume ball and a family and community festival . See also ( edit ) Caribbean Carnival # United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.theadvocate.com/new_orleans/news/article_012335e1-f6b6-5695-9e3d-a718ab4d3846.html Jump up ^ https://blog.education.nationalgeograp;hic.org/2016/02/07/guest_blog_series_some_mardi_gras_thoughts_and_memories/ ^ Jump up to : `` New Orleans & Mardi Gras History Timeline '' ( event list ) , Mardi Gras Digest , 2005 , webpage : MG - time Archived November 24 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ enlou ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline 18th century : '' ( events ) , Timelines of History , 2007 , webpage : TLine - 1700 - 1724 : on `` 1702 -- 1711 '' of Mobile . Jump up ^ This was the 1st Mardi Gras to be recorded in 1703 . `` Mardi Gras in Mobile '' ( history ) , Jeff Sessions , Senator , Library of Congress , 2006 , webpage : LibCongress - 2665 . Jump up ^ `` Mardi Gras '' ( history ) , Mobile Bay Convention & Visitors Bureau , 2007 , webpage : MGmobile . Jump up ^ `` HOLIDAYS ENUMERATED ; PERSONAL LEAVE DAYS ; STATE HOLIDAYS OBSERVED BY CLOSING OF STATE OFFICES ; COMPENSATORY LEAVE DAYS '' , Alabama Code , pp. 1 -- 3 -- 8 ( c ) , retrieved 2014 - 12 - 02 ^ Jump up to : `` Carnival / Mobile Mardi Gras Timeline '' . Museum of Mobile . Museum of Mobile . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mardi Gras Terminology '' . `` Mobile Bay Convention & Visitors Bureau '' . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2007 . Retrieved November 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Houston , Susan ( February 4 , 2007 ) . `` Mobile ; It Has History '' . The News & Observer . News & Observer Publishing Company , ( Raleigh , NC ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mobile Mardi Gras Timeline '' . `` The Museum of Mobile '' . Retrieved November 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Mardi Gras in New Orleans '' . `` GRB Enterprises '' . 2006 . Retrieved January 10 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` History '' . `` Mobile Carnival Museum '' . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2007 . Retrieved November 17 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mardi Gras -- Mobile 's Paradoxical Party '' . `` The Wisdom of Chief Slacabamorinico '' . Retrieved November 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` History -- Mobile Area Chamber of Commerce '' . about New Orleans Cowbellions. 2006 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Arthur B. LaCour , New Orleans Masquerade : Chronicles of Carnival ( Pelican Publishing 1952 ) Jump up ^ `` Joe Cain Articles '' ( newspaper story ) , Joe Danborn & Cammie East , Mobile Register , 2001 , webpage : CMW - history Archived September 29 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Independent Lens : The Order of Myths '' . Independent Television Service ( ITVS ) . January 26 , 2009 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Tourism Department Releases 2010 Attendance Numbers '' . Alabama Tourism Department . Montgomery Area Chamber of Commerce . February 10 , 2011 . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mobile 's Mardi Gras was Ala. 's top tourist draw in 2011 '' . Associated Press . Fox10TV . March 2 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2012 . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jason Cannon ( February 7 , 2012 ) . `` Historical Society readies for Mardi Gras '' . Demopolis Times . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Living in Demopolis '' . City of Demopolis . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Blaufarb , Rafe ( 2006 ) . Bonapartists in the Borderlands : French Exiles and Refugees on the Gulf Coast , 1815 - 1835 . Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press . Jump up ^ Smith , Winston ( 2003 ) . The Peoples City : The Glory and the Grief of an Alabama Town 1850 - 1874 . Demopolis , Alabama : The Marengo County Historical Society . pp. 32 -- 56 . OCLC 54453654 . Jump up ^ Juliana Goodwin , `` Eureka Springs brings Mardi Gras to the Ozarks '' , Springfield News - Leader , January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bourbon Street in San Diego '' , The San Diego Union - Tribune , February 7 , 2005 ( 1 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Pensacola Carnival Association 1902 program '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ The Pensacola Journal 2 / 20 / 1909 Jump up ^ The Pensacola Journal 12 / 26 / 1909 Jump up ^ The Pensacola Journal 01 / 26 / 1910 Jump up ^ Ball Program Jump up ^ `` Unmasking 1st Mardi Gras - chicagotribune.com '' . Chicago Tribune . ^ Jump up to : Sparks , R. `` American Sodom : New Orleans Faces Its Critics and an Uncertain Future '' . La Louisiane à la dérive . The École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales Coloquio -- December 16 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Three centuries of Mardi Gras history . From : carnaval.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Deja Krewe . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved October 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mardi Gras '' . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Tulane University - Faces of Mardi Gras '' . Tulane University . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` LCVC - LafayetteConvention and Vistiors Commission and '' . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Lafayette - The Facts '' . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Lake Charles Mardi Gras Parades '' . Louisianacajun.com . Jump up ^ `` So , what 's Mardi Gras like in Lake Charles / SWLA ? '' . Southwest Louisiana Convention and Visitors Center . Jump up ^ http://www.fortpolkguardian.com/entertainment/x664190778/Mardi-Gras-in-Lake-Charles-offers-activities-for-adults-children Jump up ^ `` History of Mardi Gras in Southwest Louisiana '' . Southwest Louisiana Convention and Visitors Center . Jump up ^ `` Krewe of Krewes Parade - Mardi Gras Southwest Louisiana '' . Louisianacajun.com . Jump up ^ `` THE AMERICAN BUS ASSOCIATION PRESENTS THE 2010 TOP 100 EVENTS IN NORTH AMERICA '' ( PDF ) . American Business Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mardi Gras Museum '' . Southwest Louisiana Convention and Visitors Center . Jump up ^ `` Did You Know - Mardi Gras Fun Facts '' . Southwest Louisiana Convention and Visitors Center . Jump up ^ Costello , Brian J. A History of Carnival in Louisiana , New Roads Printing , 2003 . Jump up ^ Costello , Brian J. Chronicles of Carnival : A History of the New Roads Mardi Gras . Pointe Coupee Printing and Publishing , 1993 . Jump up ^ Costello , Brian J. Louisiana Mardi Gras : A Historical Guide to the State 's Carnival Parades Outside New Orleans . Claitor 's , 1997 . Jump up ^ Costello , Brian J. Rolling for Charity : A History of the New Roads Lions Carnival Parade . New Roads Printing , 2004 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mardi Gras in Rural Acadiana '' . Louisiana State University . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` RS 14 : 313 '' . ( 2 ) To persons participating in masquerade balls or entertainments , to persons participating in carnival parades or exhibitions during the period of Mardi Gras festivities , to persons participating in the parades or exhibitions of minstrel troupes , circuses , or other dramatic or amusement shows , or to promiscuous masking on Mardi Gras which are duly authorized by the governing authorities of the municipality in which they are held or by the sheriff of the parish if held outside of an incorporated municipality . Jump up ^ City of Vicksburg Archived January 24 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ PR Log Jump up ^ Hoffhaus. ( 1984 ) . Chez Les Canses : Three Centuries at Kawsmouth . Kansas City : Lowell Press . ISBN 0 - 913504 - 91 - 2 ^ Jump up to : `` St. Louis Mardi Gras Parties and Celebrations '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Party Nazis - Has Mardi Gras become a tool of mega-buck sponsors ? That 's what state and federal authorities are asking '' . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jason Ashley Wright , `` Mardi Gras parade to feature iconic dress '' , Tulsa World , March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mardi Gras '' . GALVESTON.COM . Jump up ^ Harvey Rice ( 2010 - 02 - 05 ) . `` Bigger crowds expected as Isle Mardi Gras starts today '' . Houston Chronicle . Jump up ^ Marty Schladen ( February 17 , 2005 ) . `` Big changes discussed for Mardi Gras '' . Galveston Daily News . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marty Schladen ( February 9 , 2005 ) . `` Admissions lag behind last years '' . Galveston Daily News . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harvey Rice ( 2007 - 09 - 22 ) . `` Galveston axes live musical acts from Mardi Gras '' . Houston Chronicle . Jump up ^ Ruth Rendon ( 2008 - 02 - 03 ) . `` Galveston debuts revamped Mardi Gras '' . Houston Chronicle . Jump up ^ Heber Taylor ( September 23 , 2007 ) . `` Galveston changed , now Mardi Gras needs to '' . Galveston Daily News . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Galveston City Council Approves 2011 Mardi Gras Promoter '' . Jump up ^ Robert Stanton ( 2008 - 03 - 08 ) . `` Mardi Gras arrests down 50 % in Galveston '' . Houston Chronicle . Jump up ^ Harvey Rice ( 2011 - 02 - 25 ) . `` Bigger Galveston Mardi Gras coming at a cost for revelers '' . Houston Chronicle . Jump up ^ Amanda Casanova ( February 6 , 2011 ) . `` Mardi Gras with manners '' . Galveston Daily News . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harvey Rice ( 2011 - 02 - 25 ) . `` Mardi Gras planner : Let better times roll '' . Houston Chronicle . Jump up ^ Greg Barr ( March 1 , 2006 ) . `` Park board : Ticket sales for festival down '' . Galveston Daily News . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vendors , attendees unhappy with Mardi Gras Galveston admission prices '' . KHOU . March 6 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cynthia Cisneros ( 2011 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Fee for Mardi Gras irks some businesses , visitors '' . Jump up ^ `` General Info '' . Jump up ^ `` Mardi Gras Galveston General Info '' . Jump up ^ Rhonda Messinger ( February 17 , 2012 ) . `` Isle Mardi Gras should be free '' . Galveston Daily News . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ T.J. Aulds ( February 22 , 2012 ) . `` Organizer : Numbers down but Mardi Gras still a hit '' . Galveston Daily News . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Patrick Graham ( February 26 , 2012 ) . `` Mardi Gras fees still make sense '' . Galveston Daily News . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mardi Gras enters third year under Yaga 's management '' . KHOU . January 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Residents , merchants upset about Mardi Gras Galveston fees '' . KTRK. 2013 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Residents , merchants upset about Mardi Gras Galveston fees '' . KTRK. 2013 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` A pricey proposition to ' les bon temps rouler ' in Galveston '' . KRIV. 2013 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Seven arrested after disturbance during Galveston Mardi Gras '' . KTRK. 2013 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 7 arrested Saturday night at Galveston Mardi Gras '' . KHOU . February 10 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Galveston police chief stands by actions of officers in Mardi Gras melee '' . KHOU . February 10 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GPD : Police forced to use OC canisters on violent group after Mardi Gras '' . KHOU . March 2 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Portarthur.com History of the Mardi Gras celebration , Port Arthur Website Jump up ^ `` MystiQal Mardi Gras Nighttime Parade '' . February 2 , 2008 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ La Crosse Mardi Gras External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mardi Gras in the United States . Mardi Gras -- Myth & History Traditional Cajun Mardi Gras Celebrations Mardi Gras in Mobile , Encyclopedia of Alabama Fashion plates featuring historic Mardi Gras costumes from the Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States January New Year 's Day ( federal ) Martin Luther King Jr . Day ( federal ) Confederate Heroes Day ( TX ) Fred Korematsu Day ( CA , FL , HI , VA ) Idaho Human Rights Day ( ID ) Inauguration Day ( federal quadrennial , DC area ) Kansas Day ( KS ) Lee -- Jackson Day ( formerly Lee -- Jackson -- King Day ) ( VA ) Robert E. 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See also : Lists of holidays , Hallmark holidays , public holidays in the United States , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands . Carnival around the world Asia Indonesia Solo Jember Turkey Europe Austria Belgium Aalst Binche Croatia Denmark England France Nice Paris Germany Cologne Mainz Greece Hungary Italy Venice Viareggio Ivrea Lithuania Malta Netherlands Portugal Madeira Russia Spain Cádiz Las Palmas Santa Cruz Switzerland Basel North America Antigua Bahamas Barbados Canada Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Guyana Haiti México Nevis Puerto Rico Trinidad and Tobago United States New Orleans Oceania Australia South America Argentina Buenos Aires Murga Brazil Bahia Rio Colombia Barranquilla Negros y Blancos French Guiana Uruguay Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mardi_Gras_in_the_United_States&oldid=843106909 '' Categories : Mardi Gras Carnival in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2012 Use mdy dates from October 2011 Articles needing additional references from September 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 22 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | mardi gras in america began in what city | [
"Mardi Gras in the United States is not observed nationally across the country, however a number of cities and regions in the U.S. have notable Carnival celebrations. Most trace their Mardi Gras celebrations to French, Spanish, and other colonial influences on the settlements over their history. The earliest Carnival celebration in North America occurred at a place on the west bank of the Mississippi river about 60 miles (96.6 kilometers) downriver from where New Orleans is today; this Mardi Gras on the 3rd of March 1699 and in honor of this holiday, Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur d’Iberville, a 38-year-old French Canadian, named the spot Point du Mardi Gras (French: \"Mardi Gras Point\") near Fort Jackson.[1][2] The earliest organized Carnival celebrations occurred in Mobile, Biloxi, New Orleans, and Pensacola, which have each developed separate traditions. In addition, modern activities generally vary from city to city across the U.S."
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"at a place on the west bank of the Mississippi river about 60 miles (96.6 kilometers) downriver from where New Orleans is today"
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9133538724681227332 | Jackie Robinson | Jackie Robinson - Wikipedia Jackie Robinson Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Jackie Robinson , see Jackie Robinson ( disambiguation ) . Jackie Robinson Robinson with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1954 Second baseman Born : ( 1919 - 01 - 31 ) January 31 , 1919 Cairo , Georgia Died : October 24 , 1972 ( 1972 - 10 - 24 ) ( aged 53 ) Stamford , Connecticut Batted : Right Threw : Right MLB debut April 15 , 1947 , for the Brooklyn Dodgers Last MLB appearance October 10 , 1956 , for the Brooklyn Dodgers MLB statistics Batting average . 311 Home runs 137 Runs batted in 734 Teams Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1947 -- 1956 ) Career highlights and awards 6 × All - Star ( 1949 -- 1954 ) World Series champion ( 1955 ) NL MVP ( 1949 ) MLB Rookie of the Year ( 1947 ) NL batting champion ( 1949 ) 2 × NL stolen base leader ( 1947 , 1949 ) Jersey number 42 retired by all MLB teams Major League Baseball All - Century Team Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame Induction 1962 Vote 77.5 % ( first ballot ) Jack Roosevelt Robinson ( January 31 , 1919 -- October 24 , 1972 ) was an American professional baseball second baseman who became the first African American to play in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) in the modern era . Robinson broke the baseball color line when the Brooklyn Dodgers started him at first base on April 15 , 1947 . When the Dodgers signed Robinson , they heralded the end of racial segregation in professional baseball that had relegated black players to the Negro leagues since the 1880s . Robinson was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962 . Robinson had an exceptional 10 - year MLB career . He was the recipient of the inaugural MLB Rookie of the Year Award in 1947 , was an All - Star for six consecutive seasons from 1949 through 1954 , and won the National League Most Valuable Player Award in 1949 -- the first black player so honored . Robinson played in six World Series and contributed to the Dodgers ' 1955 World Series championship . In 1997 , MLB `` universally '' retired his uniform number , 42 , across all major league teams ; he was the first pro athlete in any sport to be so honored . MLB also adopted a new annual tradition , `` Jackie Robinson Day '' , for the first time on April 15 , 2004 , on which every player on every team wears No. 42 . Robinson 's character , his use of nonviolence , and his unquestionable talent challenged the traditional basis of segregation which then marked many other aspects of American life . He influenced the culture of and contributed significantly to the civil rights movement . Robinson also was the first black television analyst in MLB , and the first black vice president of a major American corporation , Chock full o'Nuts . In the 1960s , he helped establish the Freedom National Bank , an African - American - owned financial institution based in Harlem , New York . After his death in 1972 , in recognition of his achievements on and off the field , Robinson was posthumously awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and Presidential Medal of Freedom . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 1.1 Family and personal life 1.2 John Muir High School 1.3 Pasadena Junior College 1.4 UCLA and afterward 2 Military career 3 Post-military 4 Playing career 4.1 Negro leagues 4.2 Minor leagues 4.3 Major leagues 4.3. 1 Breaking the color barrier ( 1947 ) 4.3. 2 MVP , Congressional testimony , and film biography ( 1948 -- 1950 ) 4.3. 3 Pennant races and outside interests ( 1951 -- 1953 ) 4.3. 4 World Championship and retirement ( 1954 -- 1956 ) 5 Legacy 5.1 Portrayals on stage , film and television 6 Post-baseball life 7 Family life and death 8 Awards and recognition 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Early life Family and personal life Robinson was born on January 31 , 1919 , into a family of sharecroppers in Cairo , Georgia . He was the youngest of five children born to Mallie ( McGriff ) and Jerry Robinson , after siblings Edgar , Frank , Matthew ( nicknamed `` Mack '' ) , and Willa Mae . His middle name was in honor of former President Theodore Roosevelt , who died 25 days before Robinson was born . After Robinson 's father left the family in 1920 , they moved to Pasadena , California . The extended Robinson family established itself on a residential plot containing two small houses at 121 Pepper Street in Pasadena . Robinson 's mother worked various odd jobs to support the family . Growing up in relative poverty in an otherwise affluent community , Robinson and his minority friends were excluded from many recreational opportunities . As a result , Robinson joined a neighborhood gang , but his friend Carl Anderson persuaded him to abandon it . John Muir High school In 1935 , Robinson graduated from Washington Junior High School and enrolled at John Muir High School ( Muir Tech ) . Recognizing his athletic talents , Robinson 's older brothers Mack ( himself an accomplished athlete and silver medalist at the 1936 Summer Olympics ) and Frank inspired Jackie to pursue his interest in sports . At Muir Tech , Robinson played several sports at the varsity level and lettered in four of them : football , basketball , track , and baseball . He played shortstop and catcher on the baseball team , quarterback on the football team , and guard on the basketball team . With the track and field squad , he won awards in the broad jump . He was also a member of the tennis team . In 1936 , Robinson won the junior boys singles championship in the annual Pacific Coast Negro Tennis Tournament and earned a place on the Pomona annual baseball tournament all - star team , which included future Hall of Famers Ted Williams and Bob Lemon . In late January 1937 , the Pasadena Star - News newspaper reported that Robinson `` for two years has been the outstanding athlete at Muir , starring in football , basketball , track , baseball and tennis . '' Pasadena Junior College After Muir , Robinson attended Pasadena Junior College ( PJC ) , where he continued his athletic career by participating in basketball , football , baseball , and track . On the football team , he played quarterback and safety . He was a shortstop and leadoff hitter for the baseball team , and he broke school broad - jump records held by his brother Mack . As at Muir High School , most of Jackie 's teammates were white . While playing football at PJC , Robinson suffered a fractured ankle , complications from which would eventually delay his deployment status while in the military . In 1938 , he was elected to the All - Southland Junior College Team for baseball and selected as the region 's Most Valuable Player . That year , Robinson was one of 10 students named to the school 's Order of the Mast and Dagger ( Omicron Mu Delta ) , awarded to students performing `` outstanding service to the school and whose scholastic and citizenship record is worthy of recognition . '' Also while at PJC , he was elected to the Lancers , a student - run police organization responsible for patrolling various school activities . An incident at PJC illustrated Robinson 's impatience with authority figures he perceived as racist -- a character trait that would resurface repeatedly in his life . On January 25 , 1938 , he was arrested after vocally disputing the detention of a black friend by police . Robinson received a two - year suspended sentence , but the incident -- along with other rumored run - ins between Robinson and police -- gave Robinson a reputation for combativeness in the face of racial antagonism . While at PJC , he was motivated by a preacher ( the Rev. Karl Downs ) to attend church on a regular basis , and Downs became a confidant for Robinson , a Christian . Toward the end of his PJC tenure , Frank Robinson ( to whom Robinson felt closest among his three brothers ) was killed in a motorcycle accident . The event motivated Jackie to pursue his athletic career at the nearby University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) , where he could remain closer to Frank 's family . UCLA and afterward Robinson doing the long jump for UCLA After graduating from PJC in spring 1939 , Robinson enrolled at UCLA , where he became the school 's first athlete to win varsity letters in four sports : baseball , basketball , football , and track . He was one of four black players on the Bruins ' 1939 football team ; the others were Woody Strode , Kenny Washington , and Ray Bartlett . Washington , Strode , and Robinson made up three of the team 's four backfield players . At a time when only a few black students played mainstream college football , this made UCLA college football 's most integrated team . They went undefeated with four ties at 6 -- 0 -- 4 . In track and field , Robinson won the 1940 NCAA championship in the long jump at 24 ft 10 ⁄ in ( 7.58 m ) . Belying his future career , Robinson 's `` worst sport '' at UCLA was baseball ; he hit . 097 in his only season , although in his first game he went 4 - for - 4 and twice stole home . While a senior at UCLA , Robinson met his future wife , Rachel Isum ( b. 1922 ) , a UCLA freshman who was familiar with Robinson 's athletic career at PJC . He played football as a senior , but the 1940 Bruins won only one game . In the spring , Robinson left college just shy of graduation , despite his mother 's and Isum 's reservations . He took a job as an assistant athletic director with the government 's National Youth Administration ( NYA ) in Atascadero , California . After the government ceased NYA operations , Robinson traveled to Honolulu in the fall of 1941 to play football for the semi-professional , racially integrated Honolulu Bears . After a short season , Robinson returned to California in December 1941 to pursue a career as running back for the Los Angeles Bulldogs of the Pacific Coast Football League . By that time , however , the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor had taken place , drawing the United States into World War II and ending Robinson 's nascent football career . Military career In 1942 , Robinson was drafted and assigned to a segregated Army cavalry unit in Fort Riley , Kansas . Having the requisite qualifications , Robinson and several other black soldiers applied for admission to an Officer Candidate School ( OCS ) then located at Fort Riley . Although the Army 's initial July 1941 guidelines for OCS had been drafted as race neutral , few black applicants were admitted into OCS until after subsequent directives by Army leadership . As a result , the applications of Robinson and his colleagues were delayed for several months . After protests by heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis ( then stationed at Fort Riley ) and the help of Truman Gibson ( then an assistant civilian aide to the Secretary of War ) , the men were accepted into OCS . The experience led to a personal friendship between Robinson and Louis . Upon finishing OCS , Robinson was commissioned as a second lieutenant in January 1943 . Shortly afterward , Robinson and Isum were formally engaged . Robinson in his Army uniform , ca . 1943 , during a visit to his home in Pasadena , California , receiving a military salute from his nephew Frank After receiving his commission , Robinson was reassigned to Fort Hood , Texas , where he joined the 761st `` Black Panthers '' Tank Battalion . While at Fort Hood , Robinson often used his weekend leave to visit the Rev. Karl Downs , President of Sam Huston College ( now Huston - Tillotson University ) in nearby Austin , Texas ; Downs had been Robinson 's pastor at Scott United Methodist Church while Robinson attended PJC . An event on July 6 , 1944 derailed Robinson 's military career . While awaiting results of hospital tests on the ankle he had injured in junior college , Robinson boarded an Army bus with a fellow officer 's wife ; although the Army had commissioned its own unsegregated bus line , the bus driver ordered Robinson to move to the back of the bus . Robinson refused . The driver backed down , but after reaching the end of the line , summoned the military police , who took Robinson into custody . When Robinson later confronted the investigating duty officer about racist questioning by the officer and his assistant , the officer recommended Robinson be court - martialed . After Robinson 's commander in the 761st , Paul L. Bates , refused to authorize the legal action , Robinson was summarily transferred to the 758th Battalion -- where the commander quickly consented to charge Robinson with multiple offenses , including , among other charges , public drunkenness , even though Robinson did not drink . By the time of the court - martial in August 1944 , the charges against Robinson had been reduced to two counts of insubordination during questioning . Robinson was acquitted by an all - white panel of nine officers . The experiences Robinson was subjected to during the court proceedings would be remembered when he later joined MLB and was subjected to racist attacks . Although his former unit , the 761st Tank Battalion , became the first black tank unit to see combat in World War II , Robinson 's court - martial proceedings prohibited him from being deployed overseas ; thus , he never saw combat action . After his acquittal , he was transferred to Camp Breckinridge , Kentucky , where he served as a coach for army athletics until receiving an honorable discharge in November 1944 . While there , Robinson met a former player for the Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro American League , who encouraged Robinson to write the Monarchs and ask for a tryout . Robinson took the former player 's advice and wrote to Monarchs ' co-owner Thomas Baird . Post-military After his discharge , Robinson briefly returned to his old football club , the Los Angeles Bulldogs . Robinson then accepted an offer from his old friend and pastor Rev. Karl Downs to be the athletic director at Samuel Huston College in Austin , then of the Southwestern Athletic Conference . The job included coaching the school 's basketball team for the 1944 -- 45 season . As it was a fledgling program , few students tried out for the basketball team , and Robinson even resorted to inserting himself into the lineup for exhibition games . Although his teams were outmatched by opponents , Robinson was respected as a disciplinarian coach , and drew the admiration of , among others , Langston University basketball player Marques Haynes , a future member of the Harlem Globetrotters . Playing career Negro leagues Robinson in uniform for the Kansas City Monarchs In early 1945 , while Robinson was at Sam Huston College , the Kansas City Monarchs sent him a written offer to play professional baseball in the Negro leagues . Robinson accepted a contract for $400 per month . Although he played well for the Monarchs , Robinson was frustrated with the experience . He had grown used to a structured playing environment in college , and the Negro leagues ' disorganization and embrace of gambling interests appalled him . The hectic travel schedule also placed a burden on his relationship with Isum , with whom he could now communicate only by letter . In all , Robinson played 47 games at shortstop for the Monarchs , hitting . 387 with five home runs , and registering 13 stolen bases . He also appeared in the 1945 Negro League All - Star Game , going hitless in five at - bats . During the season , Robinson pursued potential major - league interests . The Boston Red Sox held a tryout at Fenway Park for Robinson and other black players on April 16 . The tryout , however , was a farce chiefly designed to assuage the desegregationist sensibilities of powerful Boston City Councilman Isadore Muchnick . Even with the stands limited to management , Robinson was subjected to racial epithets . Robinson left the tryout humiliated , and more than fourteen years later , in July 1959 , the Red Sox became the last major league team to integrate its roster . Other teams , however , had more serious interest in signing a black ballplayer . In the mid-1940s , Branch Rickey , club president and general manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers , began to scout the Negro leagues for a possible addition to the Dodgers ' roster . Rickey selected Robinson from a list of promising black players and interviewed him for possible assignment to Brooklyn 's International League farm club , the Montreal Royals . Rickey was especially interested in making sure his eventual signee could withstand the inevitable racial abuse that would be directed at him . In a famous three - hour exchange on August 28 , 1945 , Rickey asked Robinson if he could face the racial animus without taking the bait and reacting angrily -- a concern given Robinson 's prior arguments with law enforcement officials at PJC and in the military . Robinson was aghast : `` Are you looking for a Negro who is afraid to fight back ? '' Rickey replied that he needed a Negro player `` with guts enough not to fight back . '' After obtaining a commitment from Robinson to `` turn the other cheek '' to racial antagonism , Rickey agreed to sign him to a contract for $600 a month , equal to $8,156 today . Rickey did not offer compensation to the Monarchs , instead believing all Negro league players were free agents due to the contracts ' not containing a reserve clause . Among those Rickey discussed prospects with was Wendell Smith , writer for the black weekly Pittsburgh Courier , who according to Cleveland Indians owner and team president Bill Veeck `` influenced Rickey to take Jack Robinson , for which he 's never completely gotten credit . '' Although he required Robinson to keep the arrangement a secret for the time being , Rickey committed to formally signing Robinson before November 1 , 1945 . On October 23 , it was publicly announced that Robinson would be assigned to the Royals for the 1946 season . On the same day , with representatives of the Royals and Dodgers present , Robinson formally signed his contract with the Royals . In what was later referred to as `` The Noble Experiment '' , Robinson was the first black baseball player in the International League since the 1880s . He was not necessarily the best player in the Negro leagues , and black talents Satchel Paige and Josh Gibson were upset when Robinson was selected first . Larry Doby , who broke the color line in the American League the same year as Robinson , said , `` One of the things that was disappointing and disheartening to a lot of the black players at the time was that Jack was not the best player . The best was Josh Gibson . I think that 's one of the reasons why Josh died so early -- he was heartbroken . '' Rickey 's offer allowed Robinson to leave behind the Monarchs and their grueling bus rides , and he went home to Pasadena . That September , he signed with Chet Brewer 's Kansas City Royals , a post-season barnstorming team in the California Winter League . Later that off - season , he briefly toured South America with another barnstorming team , while his fiancée Isum pursued nursing opportunities in New York City . On February 10 , 1946 , Robinson and Isum were married by their old friend , the Rev. Karl Downs . Minor leagues In 1946 , Robinson arrived at Daytona Beach , Florida , for spring training with the Montreal Royals of the Class AAA International League ( the designation of `` AAA '' for the highest level of minor league baseball was first used in the 1946 season ) . Clay Hopper , the manager of the Royals , asked Rickey to assign Robinson to any other Dodger affiliate , but Rickey refused . Robinson with the Montreal Royals in July 1946 Robinson 's presence was controversial in racially charged Florida . As he was not allowed to stay with his teammates at the team hotel , he lodged instead at the home of a local black politician . Since the Dodgers organization did not own a spring training facility ( the Dodger - controlled spring training compound in Vero Beach known as `` Dodgertown '' did not open until spring 1948 ) , scheduling was subject to the whim of area localities , several of which turned down any event involving Robinson or Johnny Wright , another black player whom Rickey had signed to the Dodgers ' organization in January . In Sanford , Florida , the police chief threatened to cancel games if Robinson and Wright did not cease training activities there ; as a result , Robinson was sent back to Daytona Beach . In Jacksonville , the stadium was padlocked shut without warning on game day , by order of the city 's Parks and Public Property director . In DeLand , a scheduled day game was postponed , ostensibly because of issues with the stadium 's electrical lighting . After much lobbying of local officials by Rickey himself , the Royals were allowed to host a game involving Robinson in Daytona Beach . Robinson made his Royals debut at Daytona Beach 's City Island Ballpark on March 17 , 1946 , in an exhibition game against the team 's parent club , the Dodgers . Robinson thus became the first black player to openly play for a minor league team against a major league team since the de facto baseball color line had been implemented in the 1880s . Robinson ( 30 ) playing in Montreal Later in spring training , after some less - than - stellar performances , Robinson was shifted from shortstop to second base , allowing him to make shorter throws to first base . Robinson 's performance soon rebounded . On April 18 , 1946 , Roosevelt Stadium hosted the Jersey City Giants ' season opener against the Montreal Royals , marking the professional debut of the Royals ' Jackie Robinson and the first time the color barrier had been broken in a game between two minor league clubs . Pitching against Robinson was Warren Sandel who had played against him when they both lived in California . During Robinson 's first at bat , the Jersey City catcher , Dick Bouknight , demanded that Sandel throw at Robinson , but Sandel refused . Although Sandel induced Robinson to ground out at his first at bat , in his five trips to the plate , Robinson ended up with four hits , including his first hit , a three - run home run , in the game 's third inning . He also scored four runs , drove in three , and stole two bases in the Royals ' 14 -- 1 victory . Robinson proceeded to lead the International League that season with a . 349 batting average and . 985 fielding percentage , and he was named the league 's Most Valuable Player . Although he often faced hostility while on road trips ( the Royals were forced to cancel a Southern exhibition tour , for example ) , the Montreal fan base enthusiastically supported Robinson . Whether fans supported or opposed it , Robinson 's presence on the field was a boon to attendance ; more than one million people went to games involving Robinson in 1946 , an amazing figure by International League standards . In the fall of 1946 , following the baseball season , Robinson returned home to California and briefly played professional basketball for the short - lived Los Angeles Red Devils . Major leagues Breaking the color barrier ( 1947 ) The following year , six days before the start of the 1947 season , the Dodgers called Robinson up to the major leagues . With Eddie Stanky entrenched at second base for the Dodgers , Robinson played his initial major league season as a first baseman . On April 15 , 1947 , Robinson made his major league debut at the relatively advanced age of 28 at Ebbets Field before a crowd of 26,623 spectators , more than 14,000 of whom were black . Although he failed to get a base hit , he walked and scored a run in the Dodgers ' 5 -- 3 victory . Robinson became the first player since 1880 to openly break the major league baseball color line . Black fans began flocking to see the Dodgers when they came to town , abandoning their Negro league teams . Robinson 's promotion met a generally positive , although mixed , reception among newspapers and white major league players . However , racial tension existed in the Dodger clubhouse . Some Dodger players insinuated they would sit out rather than play alongside Robinson . The brewing mutiny ended when Dodgers management took a stand for Robinson . Manager Leo Durocher informed the team , `` I do not care if the guy is yellow or black , or if he has stripes like a fuckin ' zebra . I 'm the manager of this team , and I say he plays . What 's more , I say he can make us all rich . And if any of you can not use the money , I will see that you are all traded . '' Robinson was also derided by opposing teams . Some , notably the St. Louis Cardinals , threatened to strike if Robinson played , but also to spread the walkout across the entire National League . Existence of the plot was leaked by the Cardinals ' team physician , Robert Hyland , to a friend , the New York Herald Tribune 's Rutherford `` Rud '' Rennie . The reporter , concerned about protecting Hyland 's anonymity and job , in turn leaked it to his Tribune colleague and editor , Stanley Woodward , whose own subsequent reporting with other sources protected Hyland . The Woodward article made national headlines . After the threat was exposed , National League President Ford Frick and Baseball Commissioner Happy Chandler let it be known that any striking players would be suspended . `` You will find that the friends that you think you have in the press box will not support you , that you will be outcasts , '' threatened Chandler . `` I do not care if half the league strikes . Those who do it will encounter quick retribution . All will be suspended and I do n't care if it wrecks the National League for five years . This is the United States of America and one citizen has as much right to play as another . '' Woodward 's article received the E.P. Dutton Award in 1947 for Best Sports Reporting . New York Times columnist Red Smith turned to the Cardinals ' 1947 racial strike in 1977 , as a spate of commemorative articles appeared on the 30th anniversary of Robinson 's signing with the Dodgers. Smith remembered his old Herald Tribune colleagues ' part in exposing the players ' strike conspiracy . It would have succeeded , wrote Smith , `` ... if Rud Rennie and Stanley Woodward had n't exposed their intentions in the New York Herald Tribune . '' Robinson nonetheless became the target of rough physical play by opponents ( particularly the Cardinals ) . At one time , he received a seven - inch gash in his leg from Enos Slaughter . On April 22 , 1947 , during a game between the Dodgers and the Philadelphia Phillies , Phillies players and manager Ben Chapman called Robinson a `` nigger '' from their dugout and yelled that he should `` go back to the cotton fields '' . Rickey later recalled that Chapman `` did more than anybody to unite the Dodgers . When he poured out that string of unconscionable abuse , he solidified and united thirty men . '' Robinson did , however , receive significant encouragement from several major league players . Robinson named Lee `` Jeep '' Handley , who played for the Phillies at the time , as the first opposing player to wish him well . Dodgers teammate Pee Wee Reese once came to Robinson 's defense with the famous line , `` You can hate a man for many reasons . Color is not one of them . '' In 1948 , Reese put his arm around Robinson in response to fans who shouted racial slurs at Robinson before a game in Cincinnati . A statue by sculptor William Behrends , unveiled at KeySpan Park on November 1 , 2005 , commemorates this event by representing Reese with his arm around Robinson . Jewish baseball star Hank Greenberg , who had to deal with racial epithets during his career , also encouraged Robinson . Following an incident where Greenberg collided with Robinson at first base , he `` whispered a few words into Robinson 's ear '' , which Robinson later characterized as `` words of encouragement . '' Greenberg had advised him to overcome his critics by defeating them in games . Robinson also talked frequently with Larry Doby , who endured his own hardships since becoming the first black player in the American League with the Cleveland Indians , as the two spoke to one another via telephone throughout the season . Robinson finished the season having played in 151 games for the Dodgers , with a batting average of . 297 , an on - base percentage of . 383 , and a . 427 slugging percentage . He had 175 hits ( scoring 125 runs ) including 31 doubles , 5 triples , and 12 home runs , driving in 48 runs for the year . Robinson led the league in sacrifice hits , with 28 , and in stolen bases , with 29 . His cumulative performance earned him the inaugural Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award ( separate National and American League Rookie of the Year honors were not awarded until 1949 ) . Mvp , Congressional testimony , and film Biography ( 1948 -- 1950 ) Further information : Paul Robeson Congressional Hearings Following Stanky 's trade to the Boston Braves in March 1948 , Robinson took over second base , where he logged a . 980 fielding percentage that year ( second in the National League at the position , fractionally behind Stanky ) . Robinson had a batting average of . 296 and 22 stolen bases for the season . In a 12 -- 7 win against the St. Louis Cardinals on August 29 , 1948 , he hit for the cycle -- a home run , a triple , a double , and a single in the same game . The Dodgers briefly moved into first place in the National League in late August 1948 , but they ultimately finished third as the Braves went on to win the league title and lose to the Cleveland Indians in the World Series . Robinson in 1950 Racial pressure on Robinson eased in 1948 as a number of other black players entered the major leagues . Larry Doby ( who broke the color barrier in the American League on July 5 , 1947 , just 11 weeks after Robinson ) and Satchel Paige played for the Cleveland Indians , and the Dodgers had three other black players besides Robinson . In February 1948 , he signed a $12,500 contract ( equal to $127,320 today ) with the Dodgers ; while a significant amount , this was less than Robinson made in the off - season from a vaudeville tour , where he answered pre-set baseball questions , and a speaking tour of the South . Between the tours , he underwent surgery on his right ankle . Because of his off - season activities , Robinson reported to training camp 30 pounds ( 14 kg ) overweight . He lost the weight during training camp , but dieting left him weak at the plate . In 1948 , Wendell Smith 's book , Jackie Robinson : My Own Story , was released . In the spring of 1949 , Robinson turned to Hall of Famer George Sisler , working as an advisor to the Dodgers , for batting help . At Sisler 's suggestion , Robinson spent hours at a batting tee , learning to hit the ball to right field . Sisler taught Robinson to anticipate a fastball , on the theory that it is easier to subsequently adjust to a slower curveball . Robinson also noted that `` Sisler showed me how to stop lunging , how to check my swing until the last fraction of a second '' . The tutelage helped Robinson raise his batting average from . 296 in 1948 to . 342 in 1949 . In addition to his improved batting average , Robinson stole 37 bases that season , was second place in the league for both doubles and triples , and registered 124 runs batted in with 122 runs scored . For the performance Robinson earned the Most Valuable Player Award for the National League . Baseball fans also voted Robinson as the starting second baseman for the 1949 All - Star Game -- the first All - Star Game to include black players . That year , a song about Robinson by Buddy Johnson , `` Did You See Jackie Robinson Hit That Ball ? '' , reached number 13 on the charts ; Count Basie recorded a famous version . Ultimately , the Dodgers won the National League pennant , but lost in five games to the New York Yankees in the 1949 World Series . Summer 1949 brought an unwanted distraction for Robinson . In July , he was called to testify before the United States House of Representatives ' Committee on Un-American Activities ( HUAC ) concerning statements made that April by black athlete and actor Paul Robeson . Robinson was reluctant to testify , but he eventually agreed to do so , fearing it might negatively affect his career if he declined . Lobby card for The Jackie Robinson Story , 1950 , with Minor Watson ( left , playing Dodgers president Branch Rickey ) and Robinson In 1950 , Robinson led the National League in double plays made by a second baseman with 133 . His salary that year was the highest any Dodger had been paid to that point : $35,000 ( $356,003 in 2017 dollars ) . He finished the year with 99 runs scored , a . 328 batting average , and 12 stolen bases . The year saw the release of a film biography of Robinson 's life , The Jackie Robinson Story , in which Robinson played himself , and actress Ruby Dee played Rachael `` Rae '' ( Isum ) Robinson . The project had been previously delayed when the film 's producers refused to accede to demands of two Hollywood studios that the movie include scenes of Robinson being tutored in baseball by a white man . The New York Times wrote that Robinson , `` doing that rare thing of playing himself in the picture 's leading role , displays a calm assurance and composure that might be envied by many a Hollywood star . '' Robinson 's Hollywood exploits , however , did not sit well with Dodgers co-owner Walter O'Malley , who referred to Robinson as `` Rickey 's prima donna '' . In late 1950 , Rickey 's contract as the Dodgers ' team President expired . Weary of constant disagreements with O'Malley , and with no hope of being re-appointed as President of the Dodgers , Rickey cashed out his one - quarter financial interest in the team , leaving O'Malley in full control of the franchise . Rickey shortly thereafter became general manager of the Pittsburgh Pirates . Robinson was disappointed at the turn of events and wrote a sympathetic letter to Rickey , whom he considered a father figure , stating , `` Regardless of what happens to me in the future , it all can be placed on what you have done and , believe me , I appreciate it . '' Pennant races and outside interests ( 1951 -- 1953 ) Before the 1951 season , O'Malley reportedly offered Robinson the job of manager of the Montreal Royals , effective at the end of Robinson 's playing career . O'Malley was quoted in the Montreal Standard as saying , `` Jackie told me that he would be both delighted and honored to tackle this managerial post '' -- although reports differed as to whether a position was ever formally offered . During the 1951 season , Robinson led the National League in double plays made by a second baseman for the second year in a row , with 137 . He also kept the Dodgers in contention for the 1951 pennant . During the last game of the regular season , in the 13th inning , he had a hit to tie the game , and then won the game with a home run in the 14th . This forced a best - of - three playoff series against the crosstown rival New York Giants . Cover of a Jackie Robinson comic book , issue No. 5 , 1951 Despite Robinson 's regular - season heroics , the Dodgers lost the pennant on Bobby Thomson 's famous home run , known as the Shot Heard ' Round the World , on October 3 , 1951 . Overcoming his dejection , Robinson dutifully observed Thomson 's feet to ensure he touched all the bases . Dodgers sportscaster Vin Scully later noted that the incident showed `` how much of a competitor Robinson was . '' He finished the season with 106 runs scored , a batting average of . 335 , and 25 stolen bases . Robinson had what was an average year for him in 1952 . He finished the year with 104 runs , a . 308 batting average , and 24 stolen bases . He did , however , record a career - high on - base percentage of . 436 . The Dodgers improved on their performance from the year before , winning the National League pennant before losing the 1952 World Series to the New York Yankees in seven games . That year , on the television show Youth Wants to Know , Robinson challenged the Yankees ' general manager , George Weiss , on the racial record of his team , which had yet to sign a black player . Sportswriter Dick Young , whom Robinson had described as a `` bigot '' , said , `` If there was one flaw in Jackie , it was the common one . He believed that everything unpleasant that happened to him happened because of his blackness . '' The 1952 season was the last year Robinson was an everyday starter at second base . Afterward , Robinson played variously at first , second , and third bases , shortstop , and in the outfield , with Jim Gilliam , another black player , taking over everyday second base duties . Robinson 's interests began to shift toward the prospect of managing a major league team . He had hoped to gain experience by managing in the Puerto Rican Winter League , but according to the New York Post , Commissioner Happy Chandler denied the request . In 1953 , Robinson had 109 runs , a . 329 batting average , and 17 steals , leading the Dodgers to another National League pennant ( and another World Series loss to the Yankees , this time in six games ) . Robinson 's continued success spawned a string of death threats . He was not dissuaded , however , from addressing racial issues publicly . That year , he served as editor for Our Sports magazine , a periodical focusing on Negro sports issues ; contributions to the magazine included an article on golf course segregation by Robinson 's old friend Joe Louis . Robinson also openly criticized segregated hotels and restaurants that served the Dodger organization ; a number of these establishments integrated as a result , including the five - star Chase Park Hotel in St. Louis . World championship and retirement ( 1954 -- 1956 ) In 1954 , Robinson had 62 runs scored , a . 311 batting average , and 7 steals . His best day at the plate was on June 17 , when he hit two home runs and two doubles . The following autumn , Robinson won his only championship when the Dodgers beat the New York Yankees in the 1955 World Series . Although the team enjoyed ultimate success , 1955 was the worst year of Robinson 's individual career . He hit . 256 and stole only 12 bases . The Dodgers tried Robinson in the outfield and as a third baseman , both because of his diminishing abilities and because Gilliam was established at second base . Robinson , then 37 years old , missed 49 games and did not play in Game 7 of the World Series . Robinson missed the game because manager Walter Alston decided to play Gilliam at second and Don Hoak at third base . That season , the Dodgers ' Don Newcombe became the first black major league pitcher to win twenty games in a year . In 1956 , Robinson had 61 runs scored , a . 275 batting average , and 12 steals . By then , he had begun to exhibit the effects of diabetes , and to lose interest in the prospect of playing or managing professional baseball . After the season , Robinson was traded by the Dodgers to the arch - rival New York Giants for Dick Littlefield and $35,000 cash ( equal to $315,043 today ) . The trade , however , was never completed ; unbeknownst to the Dodgers , Robinson had already agreed with the president of Chock full o'Nuts to quit baseball and become an executive with the company . Since Robinson had sold exclusive rights to any retirement story to Look magazine two years previously , his retirement decision was revealed through the magazine , instead of through the Dodgers organization . Legacy Robinson and his son David ( then age 11 ) are interviewed during the March on Washington , August 28 , 1963 . Further information : Racial integration in baseball Robinson 's major league debut brought an end to approximately sixty years of segregation in professional baseball , known as the baseball color line . After World War II , several other forces were also leading the country toward increased equality for blacks , including their accelerated migration to the North , where their political clout grew , and President Harry Truman 's desegregation of the military in 1948 . Robinson 's breaking of the baseball color line and his professional success symbolized these broader changes and demonstrated that the fight for equality was more than simply a political matter . Martin Luther King , Jr. said that he was `` a legend and a symbol in his own time '' , and that he `` challenged the dark skies of intolerance and frustration . '' According to historian Doris Kearns Goodwin , Robinson 's `` efforts were a monumental step in the civil - rights revolution in America ... ( His ) accomplishments allowed black and white Americans to be more respectful and open to one another and more appreciative of everyone 's abilities . '' Beginning his major league career at the relatively advanced age of twenty - eight , he played only ten seasons from 1947 to 1956 , all of them for the Brooklyn Dodgers . During his career , the Dodgers played in six World Series , and Robinson himself played in six All - Star Games . In 1999 , he was posthumously named to the Major League Baseball All - Century Team . Robinson 's career is generally considered to mark the beginning of the post -- `` long ball '' era in baseball , in which a reliance on raw power - hitting gave way to balanced offensive strategies that used footspeed to create runs through aggressive baserunning . Robinson exhibited the combination of hitting ability and speed which exemplified the new era . He scored more than 100 runs in six of his ten seasons ( averaging more than 110 runs from 1947 to 1953 ) , had a . 311 career batting average , a . 409 career on - base percentage , a . 474 slugging percentage , and substantially more walks than strikeouts ( 740 to 291 ) . Robinson was one of only two players during the span of 1947 -- 56 to accumulate at least 125 steals while registering a slugging percentage over . 425 ( Minnie Miñoso was the other ) . He accumulated 197 stolen bases in total , including 19 steals of home . None of the latter were double steals ( in which a player stealing home is assisted by a player stealing another base at the same time ) . Robinson has been referred to by author David Falkner as `` the father of modern base - stealing '' . `` I 'm not concerned with your liking or disliking me ... all I ask is that you respect me as a human being . '' -- Robinson , on his legacy Historical statistical analysis indicates Robinson was an outstanding fielder throughout his ten years in the major leagues and at virtually every position he played . After playing his rookie season at first base , Robinson spent most of his career as a second baseman . He led the league in fielding among second basemen in 1950 and 1951 . Toward the end of his career , he played about 2,000 innings at third base and about 1,175 innings in the outfield , excelling at both . Assessing himself , Robinson said , `` I 'm not concerned with your liking or disliking me ... all I ask is that you respect me as a human being . '' Regarding Robinson 's qualities on the field , Leo Durocher said , `` Ya want a guy that comes to play . This guy did n't just come to play . He come to beat ya . He come to stuff the goddamn bat right up your ass . '' Portrayals on stage , film and television Robinson portrayed himself in the 1950 motion picture The Jackie Robinson Story . Other portrayals include : John Lafayette , in the 1978 ABC television special `` A Home Run for Love '' ( broadcast as an ABC Afterschool Special ) . David Alan Grier , in the 1981 Broadway production of the musical The First . Michael - David Gordon , in the 1989 Off - Broadway production of the musical Play to Win . Andre Braugher , in the 1990 TNT television movie The Court - Martial of Jackie Robinson . Blair Underwood , in the 1996 HBO television movie Soul of the Game . Antonio Todd in `` Colors '' , a 2005 episode of the CBS television series Cold Case . Chadwick Boseman , in the 2013 motion picture 42 . Robinson was also the subject of a 2016 PBS documentary , Jackie Robinson , which was directed by Ken Burns and features Jamie Foxx doing voice - over as Robinson . Post-baseball life Robinson once told future Hall of Fame inductee Hank Aaron that `` the game of baseball is great , but the greatest thing is what you do after your career is over . '' Robinson retired from baseball at age 37 on January 5 , 1957 . Later that year , after he complained of numerous physical ailments , his doctors diagnosed him with diabetes , a disease that also afflicted his brothers . Although Robinson adopted an insulin injection regimen , the state of medicine at the time could not prevent the continued deterioration of Robinson 's physical condition from the disease . In his first year of eligibility for the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962 , Robinson encouraged voters to consider only his on - field qualifications , rather than his cultural impact on the game . He was elected on the first ballot , becoming the first black player inducted into the Cooperstown museum . Robinson as ABC sports announcer in 1965 In 1965 , Robinson served as an analyst for ABC 's Major League Baseball Game of the Week telecasts , the first black person to do so . In 1966 , Robinson was hired as general manager for the short - lived Brooklyn Dodgers of the Continental Football League . In 1972 , he served as a part - time commentator on Montreal Expos telecasts . On June 4 , 1972 , the Dodgers retired his uniform number , 42 , alongside those of Roy Campanella ( 39 ) and Sandy Koufax ( 32 ) . From 1957 to 1964 , Robinson was the vice president for personnel at Chock full o'Nuts ; he was the first black person to serve as vice president of a major American corporation . Robinson always considered his business career as advancing the cause of black people in commerce and industry . Robinson also chaired the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 's ( NAACP ) million - dollar Freedom Fund Drive in 1957 , and served on the organization 's board until 1967 . In 1964 , he helped found , with Harlem businessman Dunbar McLaurin , Freedom National Bank -- a black - owned and operated commercial bank based in Harlem . He also served as the bank 's first chairman of the board . In 1970 , Robinson established the Jackie Robinson Construction Company to build housing for low - income families . Robinson was active in politics throughout his post-baseball life . He identified himself as a political independent , although he held conservative opinions on several issues , including the Vietnam War ( he once wrote to Martin Luther King , Jr. to defend the Johnson Administration 's military policy ) . After supporting Richard Nixon in his 1960 presidential race against John F. Kennedy , Robinson later praised Kennedy effusively for his stance on civil rights . Robinson was angered by conservative Republican opposition to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , though a higher percentage of Democrats voted against it in both the House and Senate . He became one of six national directors for Nelson Rockefeller 's unsuccessful campaign to be nominated as the Republican candidate for the 1964 presidential election . After the party nominated Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona instead , Robinson left the party 's convention commenting that he now had `` a better understanding of how it must have felt to be a Jew in Hitler 's Germany '' . He later became special assistant for community affairs when Rockefeller was re-elected governor of New York in 1966 . Switching his allegiance to the Democrats , he subsequently supported Hubert Humphrey against Nixon in 1968 . Color movie still featuring Robinson in the 1960s in The Torch of Friendship promo Robinson protested against the major leagues ' ongoing lack of minority managers and central office personnel , and he turned down an invitation to appear in an old - timers ' game at Yankee Stadium in 1969 . He made his final public appearance on October 15 , 1972 , throwing the ceremonial first pitch before Game 2 of the World Series at Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati . He gratefully accepted a plaque honoring the twenty - fifth anniversary of his MLB debut , but also commented , `` I 'm going to be tremendously more pleased and more proud when I look at that third base coaching line one day and see a black face managing in baseball . '' This wish was only fulfilled after Robinson 's death : following the 1974 season , the Cleveland Indians gave their managerial post to Frank Robinson ( no relation to Jackie ) , a Hall of Fame - bound player who would go on to manage three other teams . Despite the success of these two Robinsons and other black players , the number of African - American players in Major League Baseball has declined since the 1970s . Family life and death After Robinson 's retirement from baseball , his wife Rachel Robinson pursued a career in academic nursing . She became an assistant professor at the Yale School of Nursing and director of nursing at the Connecticut Mental Health Center . She also served on the board of the Freedom National Bank until it closed in 1990 . She and Jackie had three children : Jackie Robinson Jr. ( 1946 -- 1971 ) , Sharon Robinson ( b . 1950 ) , and David Robinson ( b . 1952 ) . Robinson 's family gravesite in Cypress Hills Cemetery . Robinson is buried alongside his mother - in - law Zellee Isum and his son Jackie Robinson , Jr . Robinson 's eldest son , Jackie Robinson Jr. , had emotional trouble during his childhood and entered special education at an early age . He enrolled in the Army in search of a disciplined environment , served in the Vietnam War , and was wounded in action on November 19 , 1965 . After his discharge , he struggled with drug problems . Robinson Jr. eventually completed the treatment program at Daytop Village in Seymour , Connecticut , and became a counselor at the institution . On June 17 , 1971 , he was killed in an automobile accident at age 24 . The experience with his son 's drug addiction turned Robinson Sr. into an avid anti-drug crusader toward the end of his life . Robinson did not long outlive his son . Complications from heart disease and diabetes weakened Robinson and made him almost blind by middle age . On October 24 , 1972 , nine days after his appearance at the World Series , Robinson died of a heart attack at his home on 95 Cascade Road in North Stamford , Connecticut ; he was 53 years old . Robinson 's funeral service on October 27 , 1972 , at Upper Manhattan 's Riverside Church adjacent to Grant 's Tomb in Morningside Heights , attracted 2,500 mourners . Many of his former teammates and other famous baseball players served as pallbearers , and the Rev. Jesse Jackson gave the eulogy . Tens of thousands of people lined the subsequent procession route to Robinson 's interment site at Cypress Hills Cemetery in Brooklyn , New York , where he was buried next to his son Jackie and mother - in - law Zellee Isum . Twenty - five years after Robinson 's death , the Interboro Parkway was renamed the Jackie Robinson Parkway in his memory . This parkway bisects the cemetery in close proximity to Robinson 's gravesite . After Robinson 's death , his widow founded the Jackie Robinson Foundation , and she remains an officer as of 2018 . On April 15 , 2008 , she announced that in 2010 the foundation will be opening a museum devoted to Jackie in Lower Manhattan . Robinson 's daughter , Sharon , became a midwife , educator , director of educational programming for MLB , and the author of two books about her father . His youngest son , David , who has six children , is a coffee grower and social activist in Tanzania . Awards and recognition Memorial in the Jackie Robinson Rotunda inside Citi Field , dedicated April 15 , 2009 According to a poll conducted in 1947 , Robinson was the second most popular man in the country , behind Bing Crosby . In 1999 , he was named by Time on its list of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century . Also in 1999 , he ranked number 44 on the Sporting News list of Baseball 's 100 Greatest Players and was elected to the Major League Baseball All - Century Team as the top vote - getter among second basemen . Baseball writer Bill James , in The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract , ranked Robinson as the 32nd greatest player of all time strictly on the basis of his performance on the field , noting that he was one of the top players in the league throughout his career . Robinson was among the 25 charter members of UCLA 's Athletics Hall of Fame in 1984 . In 2002 , Molefi Kete Asante included Robinson on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans . Robinson has also been honored by the United States Postal Service on three separate postage stamps , in 1982 , 1999 , and 2000 . The City of Pasadena has recognized Robinson in several ways . Brookside Park , situated next to the Rose Bowl , features a baseball diamond and stadium named Jackie Robinson Field . The city 's Human Services Department operates the Jackie Robinson Center , a community outreach center that provides health services . In 1997 , a $325,000 bronze sculpture ( equal to $495,450 today ) by artists Ralph Helmick , Stu Schecter , and John Outterbridge depicting oversized nine - foot busts of Robinson and his brother Mack was erected at Garfield Avenue , across from the main entrance of Pasadena City Hall ; a granite footprint lists multiple donors to the commission project , which was organized by the Robinson Memorial Foundation and supported by members of the Robinson family . Jackie Robinson Stadium , with the No. 42 on the center field wall Major League Baseball has honored Robinson many times since his death . In 1987 , both the National and American League Rookie of the Year Awards were renamed the `` Jackie Robinson Award '' in honor of the first recipient ( Robinson 's Major League Rookie of the Year Award in 1947 encompassed both leagues ) . On April 15 , 1997 , Robinson 's jersey number , 42 , was retired throughout Major League Baseball , the first time any jersey number had been retired throughout one of the four major American sports leagues . Under the terms of the retirement , a grandfather clause allowed the handful of players who wore number 42 to continue doing so in tribute to Robinson , until such time as they subsequently changed teams or jersey numbers . This affected players such as the Mets ' Butch Huskey and Boston 's Mo Vaughn . The Yankees ' Mariano Rivera , who retired at the end of the 2013 season , was the last player in Major League Baseball to wear jersey number 42 on a regular basis . Since 1997 , only Wayne Gretzky 's number 99 , retired by the NHL in 2000 , has been retired league - wide . There have also been calls for MLB to retire number 21 league - wide in honor of Roberto Clemente , a sentiment opposed by the Robinson family . The Hispanics Across America advocacy group wants Clemente 's number set aside the way the late Robinson 's No. 42 was in 1997 , but Sharon Robinson maintained the position that such an honor should remain in place for Jackie Robinson only . As an exception to the retired - number policy , MLB began honoring Robinson by allowing players to wear number 42 on April 15 , Jackie Robinson Day , which is an annual observance that started in 2004 . For the 60th anniversary of Robinson 's major league debut , MLB invited players to wear the number 42 on Jackie Robinson Day in 2007 . The gesture was originally the idea of outfielder Ken Griffey , Jr. , who sought Rachel Robinson 's permission to wear the number . After receiving her permission , Commissioner Bud Selig not only allowed Griffey to wear the number , but also extended an invitation to all major league teams to do the same . Ultimately , more than 200 players wore number 42 , including the entire rosters of the Los Angeles Dodgers , New York Mets , Houston Astros , Philadelphia Phillies , St. Louis Cardinals , Milwaukee Brewers , and Pittsburgh Pirates . The tribute was continued in 2008 , when , during games on April 15 , all members of the Mets , Cardinals , Washington Nationals , and Tampa Bay Rays wore Robinson 's number 42 . On June 25 , 2008 , MLB installed a new plaque for Robinson at the Baseball Hall of Fame commemorating his off - the - field impact on the game as well as his playing statistics . In 2009 , all uniformed personnel ( players , managers , coaches , and umpires ) wore number 42 on April 15 . Planned home of the Jackie Robinson Museum and Learning Center At the November 2006 groundbreaking for Citi Field , the new ballpark for the New York Mets , it was announced that the main entrance , modeled on the one in Brooklyn 's old Ebbets Field , would be called the Jackie Robinson Rotunda . The rotunda was dedicated at the opening of Citi Field on April 16 , 2009 . It honors Robinson with large quotations spanning the inner curve of the facade and features a large freestanding statue of his number , 42 , which has become an attraction in itself . Mets owner Fred Wilpon announced that the Mets -- in conjunction with Citigroup and the Jackie Robinson Foundation -- will create a Jackie Robinson Museum and Learning Center , located at the headquarters of the Jackie Robinson Foundation at One Hudson Square , along Canal Street in lower Manhattan . Along with the museum , scholarships will be awarded to `` young people who live by and embody Jackie 's ideals . '' The museum hopes to open by 2019 . At Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , a statue of Robinson was introduced in 2017 . Since 2004 , the Aflac National High School Baseball Player of the Year has been presented the `` Jackie Robinson Award '' . Robinson has also been recognized outside of baseball . In December 1956 , the NAACP recognized him with the Spingarn Medal , which it awards annually for the highest achievement by an African - American . President Ronald Reagan posthumously awarded Robinson the Presidential Medal of Freedom on March 26 , 1984 , and on March 2 , 2005 , President George W. Bush gave Robinson 's widow the Congressional Gold Medal , the highest civilian award bestowed by Congress ; Robinson was only the second baseball player to receive the award , after Roberto Clemente . On August 20 , 2007 , California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and his wife , Maria Shriver , announced that Robinson was inducted into the California Hall of Fame , located at The California Museum for History , Women and the Arts in Sacramento . Rachel Robinson ( holding the award ) accepts the posthumous Congressional Gold Medal for her husband from President George W. Bush in a March 2 , 2005 ceremony in the Capitol Rotunda . Also pictured are Nancy Pelosi and Dennis Hastert A number of buildings have been named in Robinson 's honor . The UCLA Bruins baseball team plays in Jackie Robinson Stadium , which , because of the efforts of Jackie 's brother Mack , features a memorial statue of Robinson by sculptor Richard H. Ellis . The stadium also unveiled a new mural of Robinson by Mike Sullivan on April 14 , 2013 . City Island Ballpark in Daytona Beach , Florida was renamed Jackie Robinson Ballpark in 1990 and a statue of Robinson with two children stands in front of the ballpark . His wife Rachel was present for the dedication on September 15 . 1990 . A number of facilities at Pasadena City College ( successor to PJC ) are named in Robinson 's honor , including Robinson Field , a football / soccer / track facility named jointly for Robinson and his brother Mack . The New York Public School system has named a middle school after Robinson , and Dorsey High School plays at a Los Angeles football stadium named after him . In 1976 , his home in Brooklyn , the Jackie Robinson House , was declared a National Historic Landmark . Brooklyn residents want to turn his home into a city landmark . Robinson also has an asteroid named after him , 4319 Jackierobinson . In 1997 , the United States Mint issued a Jackie Robinson commemorative silver dollar , and five - dollar gold coin . That same year , New York City renamed the Interboro Parkway in his honor . In 2011 , the U.S. placed a plaque at Robinson 's Montreal home to honor the ending of segregation in baseball . The house , on 8232 avenue de Gaspé near Jarry Park , was Robinson 's residence when he played for the Montreal Royals during 1946 . In a letter read during the ceremony , Rachel Robinson , Jackie 's widow , wrote : `` I remember Montreal and that house very well and have always had warm feeling for that great city . Before Jack and I moved to Montreal , we had just been through some very rough treatment in the racially biased South during spring training in Florida . In the end , Montreal was the perfect place for him to get his start . We never had a threatening or unpleasant experience there . The people were so welcoming and saw Jack as a player and as a man . '' On November 22 , 2014 , UCLA announced that it would officially retire the number 42 across all university sports , effective immediately . While Robinson wore several different numbers during his UCLA career , the school chose 42 because it had become indelibly identified with him . The only sport this did not affect was men 's basketball , which had previously retired the number for Walt Hazzard ( although Kevin Love was actually the last player in that sport to wear 42 , with Hazzard 's blessing ) . In a move paralleling that of MLB when it retired the number , UCLA allowed three athletes ( in women 's soccer , softball , and football ) who were already wearing 42 to continue to do so for the remainder of their UCLA careers . The school also announced it would prominently display the number at all of its athletic venues . A jersey Robinson brought home with him in 1947 after his rookie season was sold at an auction for $2.05 million on November 19 , 2017 . The price was the highest ever paid for a post-World War II jersey . See also Baseball portal Civil Rights Game ( including MLB Beacon Awards ) DHL Hometown Heroes Glass ceiling List of African - American firsts List of first black Major League Baseball players by team and date List of Major League Baseball batting champions List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders List of Major League Baseball retired numbers List of Major League Baseball annual stolen base leaders List of Major League Baseball players who spent their entire career with one franchise List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle List of NCAA major college football yearly rushing leaders List of NCAA major college yearly punt and kickoff return leaders References Jump up ^ Lamb , p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Loewen , James W. ( 1995 ) . Lies My Teacher Told Me : Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong . New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 163 . ISBN 1 - 56584 - 100 - X . 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Jump up ^ Stefani , Raymond ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` The Interrelated Back Stories of Kenny Washington Reintegrating the NFL in 1946 and Jackie Robinson Integrating Major League Baseball in 1947 '' . The Sport Journal . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outdoor Track and Field : Division I Men 's '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 8 . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Greenwald , Dave ( February 1 , 2005 ) . `` Alumnus Jackie Robinson honored by Congress '' . UCLA Athletics . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2008 . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Jackie ( 1995 ) , pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Linge , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Sources point to various reasons for Robinson 's departure from UCLA . Family sources cite financial concerns . `` Biography '' . Official Site of Jackie Robinson . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2009 . Retrieved April 9 , 2009 . In addition , Robinson himself cited his growing disillusionment about the value of a college degree for a black man of his era . Robinson , Jackie ( 1995 ) , p. 11 . Other sources suggest that Robinson was uninterested in academics , and behind on class work at the time he left UCLA . Falkner , p. 45 ; Eig , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Black History Biographies Jackie Robinson '' . Gale Cengage Learning . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2009 . Retrieved November 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Linge , p. xiii . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Jackie ( 1995 ) , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Gill , Bob ( 1987 ) . `` Jackie Robinson : Pro Football Prelude '' ( PDF ) . The Coffin Corner . Professional Football Researchers Association . 9 ( 3 ) : 1 -- 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 27 , 2010 . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ MacGregor , Morris J. ( 1981 ) . `` Chapter 2 : World War II : The Army '' . Integration of the Armed Forces , 1940 -- 65 . Washington , D.C. : G.P.O. 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Jump up ^ James , Bill ( 2003 ) . `` The Players '' . The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract . New York : Free Press . p. 361 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2722 - 0 . Jump up ^ Asante , Molefi Kete ( 2002 ) . `` Jackie Robinson '' . 100 Greatest African Americans : A Biographical Encyclopedia . Amherst , New York : Prometheus . pp. 264 -- 267 . ISBN 1 - 57392 - 963 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` African - American Subjects on United States Postage Stamps '' ( PDF ) . United States Postal Service . 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 7 , 2012 . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Images : 1982 Archived February 13 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , 1999 Archived May 20 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , 2000 Archived February 13 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Arroyo Seco '' . PasadenaHeritage.org . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jackie Robinson Center '' . City of Pasadena . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bronze Busts Unveiled in Tribute to Robinson Brothers '' . Los Angeles Times . November 7 , 1997 . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lehr , Dick ( May 20 , 1997 ) . `` Jackie 's still larger than life ; Newton sculptor creates 9 - foot tribute '' . Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` Scorecard : ' Nicely Done ' '' . Sports Illustrated . July 27 , 1987 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bloss , Bob ( 2005 ) . Rookies of the Year . Temple University Press . pp. 6 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59213 - 164 - 8 . Jump up ^ Smith , Claire ( April 16 , 1997 ) . `` A Grand Tribute to Robinson and His Moment '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2007 . Retrieved October 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry M. ( April 13 , 2009 ) . `` MLB ready to celebrate Jackie Robinson Day '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rivera , Mariano ( March 9 , 2013 ) . `` The final ' 42 ' : Rivera pays tribute to Jackie Robinson '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` League retires Gretzky 's No. 99 '' . USA Today . Associated Press . February 6 , 2000 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2011 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sharon Robinson : honor Clemente some other way '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 24 , 2006 . Retrieved August 17 , 2009 . The daughter of Jackie Robinson thinks Major League Baseball should not retire Roberto Clemente 's No. 21 , the New York Daily News reported Tuesday . ^ Jump up to : Pennington , Bill ( April 13 , 2007 ) . `` A measure of respect for Jackie Robinson turns into a movement '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Dave ( April 16 , 2004 ) . `` Baseball ; Special Day Honors Jackie Robinson '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stone , Larry ( April 15 , 2009 ) . `` Ken Griffey Jr. on Jackie Robinson and the decline of African - Americans in baseball '' . Seattle Times . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Griffey , Jr. , others to wear No. 42 as part of Jackie Robinson Day Tribute '' . MLB.com. April 5 , 2007 . Retrieved April 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Robinson 's legacy celebrated at Shea '' . MLB.com. April 16 , 2008 . Retrieved October 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball remembers Jackie Robinson '' . International Herald Tribune . April 16 , 2008 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jackie 's impact will be felt today '' . MLB.com. April 15 , 2009 . Retrieved April 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jackie Robinson Rotunda dedicated at Citi Field '' . Associated Press . April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Colford , Paul D. ( November 14 , 2006 ) . `` Mets Honor Robinson at New Home '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Plans Unveiled for Robinson Museum '' . MLB.com . March 4 , 2008 . Retrieved July 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fordin , Spencer ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Museum in NY to tell Jackie 's story '' . MLB.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ground broken for Jackie Robinson Museum after 10 - year wait '' . USA Today . Associated Press . April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Padilla , Doug ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` Jackie Robinson statue unveiled at Dodger Stadium '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2010 Aflac National High School Player of The Year Nominees Announced '' . Satellite Television . August 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2012 . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Named in honor of the late Hall of Famer and first man to break Major League Baseball 's color barrier , the Jackie Robinson Award recognizes the nation 's top high school player entering his senior year that demonstrates outstanding character , exhibits leadership and embodies the values of being a student athlete in both his schoolwork and community affairs . See also : Baseball awards # U.S. high - school baseball . Jump up ^ `` Announcement of the recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom '' . Ronald Reagan Presidential Library . February 21 , 1984 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jackie Robinson receives Congressional Gold Medal '' . USA Today . March 2 , 2005 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver Announce the California Hall of Fame 2007 Inductees '' . PR Newswire . August 20 , 2007 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Steele Field at Jackie Robinson Stadium '' . UCLA Athletics . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` UCLA history project : Robinson statue '' . UCLA.edu . Retrieved May 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Roosevelt `` Jackie '' Robinson -- Daytona Beach , Florida `` . waymarking.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jackie Robinson Ballpark '' . City of Daytona Beach . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Robinson Stadium '' . www.pasadena.edu . Pasadena City College Foundation . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved January 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( April 1 , 1997 ) . `` Robinson ' stood up for what he believed ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Reinhold , Robert ( November 3 , 1991 ) . `` Fearing gang violence , school forfeits a game '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lee , Jane ( July 26 , 2007 ) . `` Historic sports sites rarely take landmark status '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Residents Want To Turn Jackie Robinson 's Brooklyn Home into City Landmark '' . NY1 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2013 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 4319 Jackierobinson ( 1981 ER14 ) '' . Jet Propulsion Laboratory . May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved September 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Jackie Robinson Commemorative Coin Set '' . United States Mint . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Banerjee , Sidhartha ( February 28 , 2011 ) . `` Jackie Robinson 's old Montreal apartment to be commemorated by U.S. government '' . CTV . The Canadian Press . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Randy ( February 28 , 2011 ) . `` Baseball great 's home away from hate '' . The Montreal Gazette . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` UCLA Honors Jackie Robinson by Retiring # 42 Across All Sports '' ( Press release ) . UCLA Athletics . November 22 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 12 UCLA Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . UCLA Athletic Department . 2011 . pp. 116 -- 118 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Shelley ( November 18 , 2011 ) . `` Walt Hazzard lived for others '' . ESPNLosAngeles.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Painter , Jill ( March 28 , 2006 ) . `` UCLA Basketball Notebook : Wooden Wo n't Make Trip To Indianapolis '' . Daily News ( Los Angeles ) . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Hoffarth , Tom ( October 14 , 2007 ) . `` The Numbers Game From 00 To 99 , Which Player Would You Choose for the All - Time Southern California Roster ? No. 32 Is Likely To Be Hottest Debate '' . Daily News ( Los Angeles ) . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Rare Jackie Robinson jersey sold for $2.05 million '' . The Spokesman - Review . Associated Press . November 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Bibliography Bigelow , Barbara Carlisle , ed. ( 1994 ) . Contemporary Black Biography : Profiles from the International Black Community . 6 . Detroit : Gale Research . ISBN 0 - 8103 - 8558 - 9 . Bryant , Howard ( 2002 ) . Shut Out : A Story of Race and Baseball in Boston . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 92779 - X . ( 2002 CASEY Award winner ) . Dorinson , Joseph ; Warmund , Joram , eds. ( 1999 ) . Jackie Robinson : Race , Sports , and the American Dream . Armonk , New York : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 0317 - 9 . Eig , Jonathan ( 2007 ) . Opening Day : The Story of Jackie Robinson 's First Season . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 9460 - 2 . ( 2007 CASEY Award nominee ) . Falkner , David ( 1995 ) . Great Time Coming : The Life of Jackie Robinson , from Baseball to Birmingham . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 79336 - 5 . Gutman , Dan ( 1999 ) . Jackie & Me : A Baseball Card Adventure . New York : Avon . ISBN 0 - 380 - 80084 - 5 . Kirwin , Bill ( 2005 ) . Out of the Shadows : African American Baseball from the Cuban Giants to Jackie Robinson . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7825 - X . Lamb , Chris ( 2006 ) . Blackout : The Untold Story of Jackie Robinson 's First Spring Training . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8047 - 5 . Linge , Mary Kay ( 2007 ) . Jackie Robinson : A Biography . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33828 - 0 . Long , Michael G. , ed. ( 2007 ) . First Class Citizenship : the Civil Rights Letters of Jackie Robinson . New York : Henry Holt . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 8710 - 9 . McNeil , William F. ( 2000 ) . The Dodgers Encyclopedia . Sports Publishing . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 316 - 8 . Nemec , David ; Flatow , Scott ( 2008 ) . Great Baseball Feats , Facts & Firsts ( expanded & updated ed . ) . New York : Signet . ISBN 0 - 451 - 22363 - 2 . Rampersad , Arnold ( 1997 ) . Jackie Robinson : A Biography . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 679 - 44495 - 5 . ( 1997 CASEY Award nominee ) . Robinson , Jackie ; as told to Duckett , Alfred ( 1995 ) ( 1972 ) . I Never Had It Made . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 055597 - 1 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Robinson , Rachel ; with Daniels , Lee ( 1996 ) . Jackie Robinson : An Intimate Portrait . New York : Harry N. Abrams . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3792 - 1 . ( 1996 CASEY Award nominee ) . Robinson , Sharon ( 2001 ) . Jackie 's Nine : Jackie Robinson 's Values to Live By . New York : Scholastic . ISBN 0 - 439 - 23764 - 5 . Robinson , Sharon ( 2004 ) . Promises To Keep : How Jackie Robinson Changed America . New York : Scholastic . ISBN 0 - 439 - 42592 - 1 . Simon , Scott ( 2002 ) . Jackie Robinson and the Integration of Baseball . Hoboken : Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 26153 - X . Stout , Glenn ; Richard A. Johnson ( phot . ed . ) ( 2004 ) . The Dodgers : 120 Years of Dodgers Baseball . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 21355 - 9 . Tygiel , Jules ( 1983 ) . Baseball 's Great Experiment : Jackie Robinson and His Legacy . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503300 - 0 . ( 1983 CASEY Award nominee ) . Tygiel , Jules ( 2002 ) . Extra Bases : Reflections on Jackie Robinson , Race , and Baseball History . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 9447 - 9 . Williams , Pat ; with Sielski , Mike ( 2005 ) . How to Be Like Jackie Robinson : Life Lessons from Baseball 's Greatest Hero . Deerfield Beach , Florida : HCI . ISBN 0 - 7573 - 0173 - 8 . Further reading Robinson , Jackie , Jules Tygiel ( fr ) , eds. ( 1997 ) . The Jackie Robinson Reader : Perspectives on an American Hero . Dutton Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 525 - 94096 - 8 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Jackie Robinson Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jackie Robinson . Jackie Robinson Foundation Jackie Robinson at the Baseball Hall of Fame Career statistics and player information from MLB , or ESPN , or Baseball - Reference , or Fangraphs , or The Baseball Cube , or Baseball - Reference ( Minors ) , or Retrosheet Negro league baseball statistics and player information from Baseball - Reference ( Negro leagues ) National Archives : Jackie Robinson White House Correspondence FBI file on Jackie Robinson Martin Stone 's Jackie Robinson File : Correspondence , programs , and souvenirs and Newspaper clippings at Cleveland Public Library . According to the extensive archive 's description : `` Martin Stone , attorney and communications executive was an attorney for Jackie Robinson and later a trustee of the Jackie Robinson Foundation . '' Jackie Robinson on IMDb Birthplace of Jackie Robinson historical marker Jackie Robinson Topics Jackie Robinson Day Jackie Robinson House Jackie Robinson Foundation Paul Robeson Congressional hearings Family Rachel Robinson ( wife ) Mack Robinson ( brother ) Films The Jackie Robinson Story ( 1950 ) The Court - Martial of Jackie Robinson ( 1990 ) Soul of the Game ( 1996 ) 42 ( 2013 ) Jackie Robinson ( 2016 ) Musicals The First ( 1981 ) Play to Win ( 1989 ) Namesakes Radiology Associates Field at Jackie Robinson Ballpark Jackie Robinson Stadium Jackie Robinson Parkway Related Branch Rickey Wendell Smith Links to related articles Preceded by Wally Westlake Hitting for the cycle August 29 , 1948 Succeeded by Wally Westlake Brooklyn Dodgers 1955 World Series champions 1 Pee Wee Reese 4 Duke Snider 6 Carl Furillo 8 George Shuba 10 Rube Walker 12 Frank Kellert 14 Gil Hodges 15 Sandy Amorós 17 Carl Erskine 18 Jim Hughes 19 Jim Gilliam 23 Don Zimmer 30 Billy Loes 32 Sandy Koufax 34 Russ Meyer 36 Don Newcombe 37 Ed Roebuck 39 Roy Campanella ( NL MVP ) 40 Roger Craig 41 Clem Labine 42 Jackie Robinson 43 Don Hoak 45 Johnny Podres ( World Series MVP ) 46 Don Bessent 48 Karl Spooner 54 Dixie Howell Manager 24 Walter Alston Coaches 22 Billy Herman 31 Jake Pitler 33 Joe Becker Regular season Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series National League Rookie of the Year Award 1947 : J. 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'' Roy Campanella Award Historic Dodgertown Vin Scully Tommy Lasorda Nancy Bea Hilda Chester 2011 bankruptcy 42 Lore Chronicle - Telegraph Cup 1955 World Series Fernandomania Kirk Gibson 's 1988 World Series home run Orel Hershiser 's scoreless innings streak Sandy Koufax 's perfect game `` Shot Heard ' Round the World '' NL tie - breaker games / series 1946 NL tie - breaker series 1951 NL tie - breaker series 1959 NL tie - breaker series 1962 NL tie - breaker series 1980 NL West tie - breaker game Rivalries San Francisco Giants Los Angeles Angels New York Yankees Subway Series Hall of Fame members Walter Alston Roy Campanella Don Drysdale Leo Durocher Burleigh Grimes Willie Keeler Sandy Koufax Vin Scully Tommy Lasorda Walter O'Malley Pee Wee Reese Branch Rickey Jackie Robinson Wilbert Robinson Duke Snider Don Sutton Dazzy Vance Zack Wheat Key personnel Owner : Guggenheim Baseball Management President : Stan Kasten President of Baseball Operations : Andrew Friedman General Manager : Farhan Zaidi Manager : Dave Roberts World Series Championships ( 6 ) 1955 1959 1963 1965 1981 1988 League pennants ( 23 ) American Association : 1889 National League : 1890 1899 1900 1916 1920 1941 1947 1949 1952 1953 1955 1956 1959 1963 1965 1966 1977 1978 1981 1988 2017 Division titles ( 16 ) 1977 1978 1981 ( first half ) 1985 1988 1995 2008 2009 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Wild card berths ( 2 ) 2006 Minor league affiliates AAA : Oklahoma City Dodgers AA : Tulsa Drillers A Adv. : Rancho Cucamonga Quakes A : Great Lakes Loons Rookie Adv. : Ogden Raptors Rookie : AZL Dodgers DSL Dodgers 1 DSL Dodgers 2 Minor League Rosters Seasons ( 136 ) 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1994 1995 2000s 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Los Angeles Dodgers retired numbers 1 Pee Wee Reese 2 Tommy Lasorda 4 Duke Snider 19 Jim Gilliam 20 Don Sutton 24 Walter Alston 32 Sandy Koufax 39 Roy Campanella 42 Jackie Robinson 53 Don Drysdale MIC Vin Scully Baseball Hall of Fame Class of 1962 BBWAA Vote Bob Feller ( 93.8 % ) Jackie Robinson ( 77.5 % ) Veterans Committee Bill McKechnie Edd Roush Members of the National Baseball Hall of Fame Pitchers Alexander Bender Blyleven M. Brown R. Brown Bunning Carlton Chesbro Clarkson Cooper Coveleski Cummings Day Dean Dihigo Drysdale Eckersley Faber Feller Fingers Ford B. Foster Galvin B. Gibson Glavine Gomez Gossage Grimes Grove Haines Hoffman Hoyt Hubbell Hunter Jenkins R. Johnson W. Johnson Joss Keefe Koufax Lemon Lyons Maddux Marichal Marquard Martínez Mathewson McGinnity Méndez Morris Newhouser Nichols Niekro Paige Palmer Pennock Perry Plank Radbourn Rixey Roberts Rogan Ruffing Rusie Ryan Seaver H. Smith Smoltz Spahn Sutter Sutton Vance Waddell Walsh Welch Wilhelm J. Williams Willis Wynn Young Catchers Bench Berra Bresnahan Campanella Carter Cochrane Dickey Ewing Ferrell Fisk J. Gibson Hartnett Lombardi Mackey Piazza Rodríguez Santop Schalk First basemen Anson Bagwell Beckley Bottomley Brouthers Cepeda Chance Connor Foxx Gehrig Greenberg G. Kelly Killebrew Leonard McCovey Mize Murray Pérez Sisler Suttles Taylor Terry Thomas Thome Second basemen Alomar Biggio Carew E. 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Wright Yawkey Umpires Barlick Chylak Conlan Connolly Evans Harvey Hubbard Klem McGowan O'Day Major League Baseball on ABC Related programs Major League Baseball Game of the Week ( 1953 -- 1954 ; 1960 ; 1965 ) Monday Night Baseball ( 1976 -- 1988 ) Thursday Night Baseball ( 1989 ) Baseball Night in America ( 1994 -- 1995 ) ESPN Major League Baseball ( broadcasters ) Non-MLB programs Little League World Series ( broadcasters ) Wide World of Sports Related articles The Baseball Network World Series television ratings Television contracts List of events on Wide World of Sports 1953 season Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Philadelphia Athletics ABC 's owned & operated TV stations WABC 7 ( Brooklyn Dodgers , August 17 , 1953 - October 1 , 1953 ) WLS 7 ( Chicago Cubs , 2015 - present ) KTRK 13 ( Houston Astros , 1962 - 1972 ) WFIL 6 ( later WPVI ) ( Philadelphia Athletics , 1949 - 1954 ; Philadelphia Phillies , 1959 - 1970 ) Sponsors Falstaff Brewing Corporation L&M Commentators The Baseball Network All - Star Game ALCS ALDS NLCS NLDS World Series Key figures Gary Bender Jack Buck Ken Coleman Dizzy Dean Bob DeLaney Don Drysdale Curt Gowdy Merle Harmon Keith Jackson George Kell Gene Kirby Jim Lampley Al Michaels Brent Musburger Bob Prince Chris Schenkel Gary Thorne Jack Whitaker Steve Zabriskie Color commentators Johnny Bench Buddy Blattner Lou Brock Steve Busby Norm Cash Howard Cosell Don Drysdale Leo Durocher Carl Erskine Tommy Hutton Jim Kaat Reggie Jackson Bob Gibson Tommy Henrich Tim McCarver Joe Morgan Jim Palmer Jackie Robinson Steve Stone Bob Uecker Earl Weaver Bill White Warner Wolf Guest commentators Johnny Bench Rick Dempsey Mark Fidrych Tommy John Tommy Lasorda Billy Martin Ross Porter Tom Seaver Hosts & field reporters Jack Arute Tim Brant Dave Diles Corey McPherrin John Saunders Al Trautwig Lesley Visser `` Inside Pitch '' scouting analysts Tony Gwynn Paul Molitor Steve Sax Mike Schmidt Lore Roger Maris ' 61 home run season ( 1961 ) `` The Bird '' ( 1976 ) `` The Double '' ( 1995 ) Tiebreaker games 1959 National League playoff series 1978 AL East Playoff 1980 NL West Playoff LCS games Chris Chambliss ' Walk - Off Home Run ( 1976 ) `` Garvey Home Run '' ( 1984 ) `` Gatorade Glove Play '' ( 1984 ) `` You 're Looking at One for the Ages Here '' ( 1986 ) World Series games `` Ladies and Gentlemen , the Bronx Is Burning '' ( 1977 ) `` Mr. October '' ( 1977 ) `` The Call '' ( 1985 ) 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake World Series 1948 1949 1950 1977 1979 1981 1985 1989 1994 ( cancelled ) 1995 ( Games 1 , 4 - 5 ) AL Championship Series 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1995 ( Games 1 -- 2 ) NL Championship Series 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1995 ( Games 1 -- 2 ) AL Division Series 1981 1995 2002 ( ABC Family , coverage produced by ESPN ) NL Division Series 1995 2002 ( ABC Family , coverage produced by ESPN ) All - Star Game 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1995 Music `` Hello Old Friend '' `` Lights '' Seasons Saturday Game of the Week 1953 1954 1959 ( NL tie - breaker series ) 1960 1961 ( prime time games ) 1965 Monday Night Baseball 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 ( now on Thursday nights ) The Baseball Network 1994 1995 National Football Foundation Gold Medal winners 1958 : Dwight D. Eisenhower 1959 : Douglas MacArthur 1960 : Herbert Hoover & Amos Alonzo Stagg 1961 : John F. Kennedy 1962 : Byron `` Whizzer '' White 1963 : Roger Q. Blough 1964 : Donold B. Lourie 1965 : Juan T. Trippe 1966 : Earl H. `` Red '' Blaik 1967 : Frederick L. Hovde 1968 : Chester J. LaRoche 1969 : Richard Nixon 1970 : Thomas J. Hamilton 1971 : Ronald Reagan 1972 : Gerald Ford 1973 : John Wayne 1974 : Gerald B. Zornow 1975 : David Packard 1976 : Edgar B. Speer 1977 : Louis H. Wilson 1978 : Vincent dePaul Draddy 1979 : William P. Lawrence 1980 : Walter J. Zable 1981 : Justin W. Dart 1982 : Silver Anniversary Awards ( NCAA ) - All Honored Jim Brown , Willie Davis , Jack Kemp , Ron Kramer , Jim Swink 1983 : Jack Kemp 1984 : John F. McGillicuddy 1985 : William I. Spencer 1986 : William H. Morton 1987 : Charles R. Meyer 1988 : Clinton E. Frank 1989 : Paul Brown 1990 : Thomas H. Moorer 1991 : George H.W. Bush 1992 : Donald R. Keough 1993 : Norman Schwarzkopf 1994 : Thomas S. Murphy 1995 : Harold Alfond 1996 : Gene Corrigan 1997 : Jackie Robinson 1998 : John H. McConnell 1999 : Keith Jackson 2000 : Fred M. Kirby II 2001 : Billy Joe `` Red '' McCombs 2002 : George Steinbrenner 2003 : Tommy Franks 2004 : William V. Campbell 2005 : Jon F. Hanson 2006 : Joe Paterno & Bobby Bowden 2007 : Pete Dawkins & Roger Staubach 2008 : John Glenn 2009 : Phil Knight & Bill Bowerman 2010 : Bill Cosby 2011 : Robert Gates 2012 : Roscoe Brown 2013 : National Football League & Roger Goodell 2014 : Tom Catena & George Weiss 2015 : Condoleezza Rice 2016 : Archie Manning 1956 -- 63 International League Hall of Fame inductees George Earnshaw ( 1956 ) Joe McCarthy ( 1956 ) Jimmy Ripple ( 1956 ) Bruno Betzel ( 1957 ) Ike Boone ( 1957 ) Rube Parnham ( 1957 ) Jack Bentley ( 1958 ) George Selkirk ( 1958 ) Jimmy Walsh ( 1958 ) Fritz Maisel ( 1959 ) Harry Smythe ( 1959 ) George Stallings ( 1959 ) Howie Moss ( 1960 ) Rocky Nelson ( 1960 ) Jackie Robinson ( 1960 ) Patrick T. Powers ( 1961 ) Joe Brown ( 1962 ) Dick Porter ( 1963 ) Complete list ( 1947 -- 55 ) ( 1956 -- 63 ) ( 2007 -- 09 ) ( 2010 -- present ) Members of the National College Baseball Hall of Fame Players Jim Abbott Steve Arlin Joe Arnold Eddie Bane Sal Bando Alan Bannister Floyd Bannister Lance Berkman Bill Bordley Tom Borland Lou Brock Joe Carter Will Clark Matt DeSalvo Darren Dreifort Kirk Dressendorfer J.D. Drew Alex Fernandez Mike Fiore Terry Francona Eddy Furniss Nomar Garciaparra Ralph Garr Danny Goodwin Dick Groat Neal Heaton Don Heinkel Al Holland Burt Hooton Bob Horner Dick Howser Pete Incaviglia Tim Jorgensen Mike Kelly Brooks Kieschnick Fred Lynn Barry Larkin Tino Martinez William Clarence Matthews Ben McDonald Oddibe McDowell Dave Magadan Rick Monday Keith Moreland John Olerud Tom Paciorek Rafael Palmeiro Rick Reichardt Roy Smalley III Phil Stephenson Mickey Sullivan B.J. Surhoff Greg Swindell Derek Tatsuno Robin Ventura Frank Viola Tim Wallach Todd Walker Brad Wilkerson Dave Winfield Rich Wortham Coaches Bob Bennett Skip Bertman Robert Braddy Chuck Brayton Jim Brock Ed Cheff Rod Dedeaux Bibb Falk Ron Fraser Augie Garrido Gordie Gillespie Wayne Graham Cliff Gustafson Larry Hays Bill Holowaty Ralph Waldo Emerson Jones Wally Kincaid Jerry Kindall Demie Mainieri Ron Polk Frank Sancet Don Schaly Dick Siebert Gene Stephenson Mickey Sullivan Tommy Thomas Bob Todd Gary Ward Bill Wilhelm John Winkin Bobby Winkles Veterans Jack Barry Owen Carroll Billy Disch Lou Gehrig Christy Mathewson Branch Rickey Jackie Robinson Joe Sewell George Sisler Charles Teague VIAF : 57427186 LCCN : n79141359 ISNI : 0000 0000 8137 088X GND : 11954248X NLA : 36515473 NDL : 00454404 NKC : pna2012687886 BNE : XX5484585 SNAC : w6086gsz Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackie_Robinson&oldid=832672016 '' Categories : Jackie Robinson 1919 births 1972 deaths Activists for African - American civil rights African - American baseball players African - American male track and field athletes African - American Methodists African - American sports history American male long jumpers American military personnel of World War II Baseball players from California Baseball players from Georgia ( U.S. state ) Brooklyn Dodgers players Burials at Cypress Hills Cemetery ( New York City ) Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame inductees College Baseball Hall of Fame inductees College men 's basketball head coaches in the United States Congressional Gold Medal recipients Kansas City Monarchs players Major League Baseball broadcasters Major League Baseball players with retired numbers Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award winners Major League Baseball second basemen Montreal Expos broadcasters American expatriate baseball players in Canada Montreal Royals players National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees National League Most Valuable Player Award winners National League All - Stars National League batting champions National League stolen base champions Pasadena City Lancers baseball players Pasadena City Lancers football players Pasadena City Lancers men 's basketball players People from Cairo , Georgia People with diabetes mellitus type 1 Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Spingarn Medal winners Sportspeople from Pasadena , California UCLA Bruins baseball players UCLA Bruins football players UCLA Bruins men 's basketball players UCLA Bruins men 's track and field athletes United States Army officers United States Army personnel who were court - martialed Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from July 2017 Interlanguage link template link number CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Featured articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Malagasy मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 10 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did jackie robinson won rookie of the year | [
"\n\nJackie Robinson\n\n\n\nRobinson with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1954\n\n\n\nSecond baseman\n\n\nBorn: (1919-01-31)January 31, 1919\nCairo, Georgia\n\n\nDied: October 24, 1972(1972-10-24) (aged 53)\nStamford, Connecticut\n\n\n\n\n\nBatted: Right\nThrew: Right\n\n\n\n\n\nMLB debut\n\n\nApril 15, 1947, for the Brooklyn Dodgers\n\n\nLast MLB appearance\n\n\nOctober 10, 1956, for the Brooklyn Dodgers\n\n\nMLB statistics\n\n\nBatting average\n.311\n\n\nHome runs\n137\n\n\nRuns batted in\n734\n\n\n\n\n\nTeams\n\n\n\n\nBrooklyn Dodgers (1947–1956)\n\n\n\n\nCareer highlights and awards\n\n\n\n\n6× All-Star (1949–1954)\nWorld Series champion (1955)\nNL MVP (1949)\nMLB Rookie of the Year (1947)\nNL batting champion (1949)\n2× NL stolen base leader (1947, 1949)\nJersey number 42 retired by all MLB teams\nMajor League Baseball All-Century Team\n\n\n\n\nMember of the National\n\n\n Baseball Hall of Fame \n\n\nInduction\n1962\n\n\nVote\n77.5% (first ballot)\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"1947"
] |
-3222722880739869915 | Australian five-dollar note | Australian five - dollar note - Wikipedia Australian five - dollar note Five Dollars Value 5 Australian dollars Width 130 mm Height 65 mm Security features Window , Shadow image Paper type Polymer Years of printing Pale Mauve - 1992 - 93 Revised ( Deeper Colour ) - 1995 -- 98 , 2002 -- 03 , 2005 -- 2008 , 2012 -- 2015 Commemorative ' Federation ' - 2001 Current Design - 2016 - 17 Obverse Design Queen Elizabeth II Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris Acacia verticillata Designer emerystudios Design date 1 September 2016 Reverse Design Parliament House , Canberra Commonwealth Star Federation Pavilion Designer emerystudios Design date 1 September 2016 The Australian five - dollar note was first issued on 29 May 1967 , fifteen months after the currency was changed from the Australian pound to the Australian dollar on 14 February 1966 . It was a new denomination with mauve colouration -- the pound system had no £ 21⁄2 note . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series 2 Statistics 3 Design 4 Security features 5 Other issues 6 References Series ( edit ) There have been a number of different issues of this denomination , including : The first issue was a paper note which had a gradient of mauve , with a distinct black overprint . It was designed by Gordon Andrews , with Russell Drysdale as the Reserve Bank of Australia 's artistic advisor . It featured portraits of Sir Joseph Banks and Caroline Chisholm , as well as elevations of Sydney streets from Joseph Fowles ' `` Sydney in 1848 '' , the cover of the Shipping Gazette , a watercolour of the Waverley , and a handbill of a meeting of the Family Colonization Loan Society . All of these images were sourced from the State Library of New South Wales . The first Polymer banknote issue , which can be recognised for its distinct mauve colouration and numeral font , was first issued in pale mauve in 1992 . A number of people found it difficult to distinguish it from the $10 banknote , especially in poor lighting conditions . In 1995 , a second polymer issue was issues , distinguishable by its deeper shade of mauve and a different font for the numeral . A federation commemorative was issued in 2001 for that year only . Notes featured Sir Henry Parkes on the obverse and Catherine Helen Spence on the reverse . On 1 September 2016 the Next Generation Banknote ( NGB ) $5 was issued . The NGB series banknotes contain more security features than the previous series , including a clear top - to - bottom window and a 3D tactile feature to assist the vision impaired . Statistics ( edit ) According to Reserve Bank statistics , at the end of June 2017 there were 211 million $5 banknotes in circulation , 14 % of the total banknotes in circulation ; worth $1,055 million , or 1 % of the total value for all denominations . Leek has the greatest value , issued for two years only ; and the 1990 Fraser / Higgens being issued for less than a year . From 1967 to 1974 , the title identifying the country was `` Commonwealth of Australia '' and there were 195,504,000 of these notes issued . The title identifying the country was then changed to `` Australia '' and from 1974 until the end of the issuance of paper currency for this denomination ( in 1992 ) , 978,068,318 of these notes were issued . Design ( edit ) On the 1995 design , Queen Elizabeth II is on the obverse , along with eucalyptus leaves . There is a number 5 in the right hand corner of both sides . The word `` Australia '' is written to the left of the Queen . Parliament house appears on the reverse . On the 2001 commemorative design , Sir Henry Parkes appears on the obverse and Catherine Helen Spence on the reverse . On 12 April 2016 , the Reserve Bank of Australia announced a new design for the 5 - dollar banknote would be introduced into circulation on 1 September 2016 . It is the first of a new series of banknotes that will feature a different species of Australian wattle and a native bird . The 5 - dollar banknote has the Prickly Moses wattle and the Eastern Spinebill . Security features ( edit ) The paper design included a watermark of Captain James Cook in the white field . The same watermark was also used in the last issue of pound banknotes . A new feature of the decimal currency was metallic strip embedded within the paper of the note , first near the centre of the note , then from 1976 moved to the left side on the obverse of the note . The polymer issue includes : a shadow image of the Australian coat of arms which is visible under other printing when the note is held up to light ; a pointed star with four points on the obverse and three on the reverse that come together under light ; a clear window that has a stylised gum flower showing ; and raised print and micro printing of the denomination value . Some features of the banknote glow under UV light . These features include the serial number and a square patch on the reverse of the note . There is also raised printing around the portraits and major design elements of the note which can be felt by rubbing the finger or fingernail against them . Other issues ( edit ) 1967 paper note obverse featuring Joseph Banks 1967 paper note reverse featuring Caroline Chisholm 2001 commemorative `` Federation '' note obverse featuring Henry Parkes 2001 commemorative `` Federation '' note featuring Catherine Helen Spence Obverse design from 1992 to 2016 Reverse design from 1992 to 2016 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://banknotes.rba.gov.au/resources/for-collectors/serial-numbers/ Jump up ^ ( DISTRIBUTION - CIRCULATION AND PRODUCTION STATISTICS , AS AT END JUNE 2017 `` . banknotes.rba.gov.au . Reserve Bank of Australia . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . ) Jump up ^ Australia new 5 - dollar note reported for 01.09. 2016 introduction , Banknotenews.com , 12 April 2016 . Retrieved on 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Next Generation of Banknotes : $5 Banknote Design Reveal , Reserve Bank of Australia , www.rba.gov.au . Retrieved on 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Australia new 5 - dollar note ( B230 ) confirmed , Banknotenews.com , 2 September 2016 . Retrieved on 3 September 2016 . Jump up ^ http://banknotes.rba.gov.au/banknote-features/ Jump up ^ http://banknotes.rba.gov.au/counterfeit-detection/ Ian W. Pitt , ed. ( 2000 ) . Renniks Australian Coin and Banknote Values ( 19th ed . ) . Chippendale , N.S.W. : Renniks Publications . pp. 171 -- 172 . ISBN 0 - 9585574 - 4 - 6 . hide Australian currency Decimal coins 1c 2c 5c 10c 20c 50c ( round ) $1 $2 Coins of the $ Commemorative coins Decimal notes $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 Banknotes of the $ Pre-decimal coins ⁄ d 1d 3d 6d 1s 2s 5s Pre - £ coins Coins of the £ Pre-decimal notes 5s 10s £ 1 £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 £ 1000 Mints Sydney Mint ( 1855 -- 1926 ) Melbourne Mint ( 1872 -- 1967 ) Perth Mint ( 1899 -- ) Royal Australian Mint ( 1965 -- ) Topics Australian dollar Australian pound ( obsolete ) Banknotes of the Australian pound ( obsolete ) Note Printing Australia Pound sterling ( obsolete ) Reserve Bank of Australia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_five-dollar_note&oldid=844407512 '' Categories : Banknotes of Australia Currency introduced in 1967 Five - base - unit banknotes Hidden categories : Use Australian English from May 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from May 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 June 2018 , at 18 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the lady on the australian 5 dollar note | [
"On the 1995 design, Queen Elizabeth II is on the obverse, along with eucalyptus leaves. There is a number 5 in the right hand corner of both sides. The word \"Australia\" is written to the left of the Queen. Parliament house appears on the reverse. On the 2001 commemorative design, Sir Henry Parkes appears on the obverse and Catherine Helen Spence on the reverse. \n"
] | [
"Catherine Helen Spence"
] |
7531443519966637189 | Economics | Economics - wikipedia Economics Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the social science . For other uses , see Economics ( disambiguation ) and Economic Theory ( journal ) . For a topical guide to this subject , see Outline of economics . Economics A supply and demand diagram , illustrating the effects of an increase in demand . Index Outline Category History Types Classification History of economics Economic history ( academic study ) Schools of economics Microeconomics Macroeconomics Methodology Heterodox economics JEL classification codes Concepts Theory Techniques Econometrics Economic growth Economic system Experimental economics Mathematical economics Game theory Post-scarcity Market National accounting By application Agricultural Behavioral Business Computational Cultural Demographic Development Digitization Ecological Education Environmental Evolutionary Expeditionary Geography Health Industrial organization Information International Knowledge Labour Law Managerial Monetary / Financial Natural resource Organizational Personnel Public / Welfare economics Regional Rural Service Social Urban Welfare Lists Economists Publications ( journals ) Business and economics portal Economics ( UK English : / iː kəˈnɒmɪks / , / ɛkəˈnɒmɪks / ; US English : / ɛkəˈnɑːmɪks / , / ikəˈnɑːmɪks / ) is `` a social science concerned chiefly with description and analysis of the production , distribution , and consumption of goods and services '' . Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work . Microeconomics analyzes basic elements in the economy , including individual agents and markets , their interactions , and the outcomes of interactions . Individual agents may include , for example , households , firms , buyers , and sellers . Macroeconomics analyzes the entire economy ( meaning aggregated production , consumption , savings , and investment ) and issues affecting it , including unemployment of resources ( labour , capital , and land ) , inflation , economic growth , and the public policies that address these issues ( monetary , fiscal , and other policies ) . Other broad distinctions within economics include those between positive economics , describing `` what is '' , and normative economics , advocating `` what ought to be '' ; between economic theory and applied economics ; between rational and behavioural economics ; and between mainstream economics and heterodox economics . Countries by real GDP growth rate in 2014 . Countries in red were in recession . Contents ( hide ) 1 Term 2 Definitions 3 Microeconomics 3.1 Markets 3.2 Production , cost , and efficiency 3.3 Specialization 3.4 Supply and demand 3.5 Firms 3.6 Uncertainty and game theory 3.7 Market failure 3.8 Public sector 4 Macroeconomics 4.1 Growth 4.2 Business cycle 4.3 Unemployment 4.4 Inflation and monetary policy 4.5 Fiscal policy 5 International economics 6 Practice 6.1 Theory 6.2 Empirical investigation 6.3 Profession 7 Related subjects 8 History 8.1 Classical political economy 8.2 Marxism 8.3 Neoclassical economics 8.4 Keynesian economics 8.5 Chicago school of economics 8.6 Other schools and approaches 9 Agreements 10 Criticisms 10.1 General criticisms 10.2 Criticisms of assumptions 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Term The discipline was renamed in the late 19th century primarily due to Alfred Marshall from `` political economy '' to `` economics '' as a shorter term for `` economic science '' . At that time , it became more open to rigorous thinking and made increased use of mathematics , which helped support efforts to have it accepted as a science and as a separate discipline outside of political science and other social sciences . The ultimate goal of economics is to improve the living conditions of people in their everyday life . Economic analysis can be applied throughout society , in business , finance , health care , and government . Economic analysis is sometimes also applied to such diverse subjects as crime , education , the family , law , politics , religion , social institutions , war , science , and the environment . Definitions A map of world economies by size of GDP ( nominal ) in USD , World Bank , 2014 . There are a variety of modern definitions of economics ; some reflect evolving views of the subject or different views among economists . Scottish philosopher Adam Smith ( 1776 ) defined what was then called political economy as `` an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations '' , in particular as : a branch of the science of a statesman or legislator ( with the twofold objectives of providing ) a plentiful revenue or subsistence for the people ... ( and ) to supply the state or commonwealth with a revenue for the publick services . J. - B. Say ( 1803 ) , distinguishing the subject from its public - policy uses , defines it as the science of production , distribution , and consumption of wealth . On the satirical side , Thomas Carlyle ( 1849 ) coined `` the dismal science '' as an epithet for classical economics , in this context , commonly linked to the pessimistic analysis of Malthus ( 1798 ) . John Stuart Mill ( 1844 ) defines the subject in a social context as : The science which traces the laws of such of the phenomena of society as arise from the combined operations of mankind for the production of wealth , in so far as those phenomena are not modified by the pursuit of any other object . Alfred Marshall provides a still widely cited definition in his textbook Principles of Economics ( 1890 ) that extends analysis beyond wealth and from the societal to the microeconomic level : Economics is a study of man in the ordinary business of life . It enquires how he gets his income and how he uses it . Thus , it is on the one side , the study of wealth and on the other and more important side , a part of the study of man . Lionel Robbins ( 1932 ) developed implications of what has been termed `` ( p ) erhaps the most commonly accepted current definition of the subject '' : Economics is a science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses . Robbins describes the definition as not classificatory in `` pick ( ing ) out certain kinds of behaviour '' but rather analytical in `` focus ( ing ) attention on a particular aspect of behaviour , the form imposed by the influence of scarcity . '' He affirmed that previous economists have usually centred their studies on the analysis of wealth : how wealth is created ( production ) , distributed , and consumed ; and how wealth can grow . But he said that economics can be used to study other things , such as war , that are outside its usual focus . This is because war has as the goal winning it ( as a sought after end ) , generates both cost and benefits ; and , resources ( human life and other costs ) are used to attain the goal . If the war is not winnable or if the expected costs outweigh the benefits , the deciding actors ( assuming they are rational ) may never go to war ( a decision ) but rather explore other alternatives . We can not define economics as the science that studies wealth , war , crime , education , and any other field economic analysis can be applied to ; but , as the science that studies a particular common aspect of each of those subjects ( they all use scarce resources to attain a sought after end ) . Some subsequent comments criticized the definition as overly broad in failing to limit its subject matter to analysis of markets . From the 1960s , however , such comments abated as the economic theory of maximizing behaviour and rational - choice modelling expanded the domain of the subject to areas previously treated in other fields . There are other criticisms as well , such as in scarcity not accounting for the macroeconomics of high unemployment . Gary Becker , a contributor to the expansion of economics into new areas , describes the approach he favours as `` combin ( ing the ) assumptions of maximizing behaviour , stable preferences , and market equilibrium , used relentlessly and unflinchingly . '' One commentary characterizes the remark as making economics an approach rather than a subject matter but with great specificity as to the `` choice process and the type of social interaction that ( such ) analysis involves . '' The same source reviews a range of definitions included in principles of economics textbooks and concludes that the lack of agreement need not affect the subject - matter that the texts treat . Among economists more generally , it argues that a particular definition presented may reflect the direction toward which the author believes economics is evolving , or should evolve . Microeconomics Main article : Microeconomics Markets Main article : Markets Economists study trade , production and consumption decisions , such as those that occur in a traditional marketplace . In Virtual Markets , buyer and seller are not present and trade via intermediates and electronic information . Pictured : São Paulo Stock Exchange , Brazil . Microeconomics examines how entities , forming a market structure , interact within a market to create a market system . These entities include private and public players with various classifications , typically operating under scarcity of tradable units and light government regulation . The item traded may be a tangible product such as apples or a service such as repair services , legal counsel , or entertainment . In theory , in a free market the aggregates ( sum of ) of quantity demanded by buyers and quantity supplied by sellers may reach economic equilibrium over time in reaction to price changes ; in practice , various issues may prevent equilibrium , and any equilibrium reached may not necessarily be morally equitable . For example , if the supply of healthcare services is limited by external factors , the equilibrium price may be unaffordable for many who desire it but can not pay for it . Various market structures exist . In perfectly competitive markets , no participants are large enough to have the market power to set the price of a homogeneous product . In other words , every participant is a `` price taker '' as no participant influences the price of a product . In the real world , markets often experience imperfect competition . Forms include monopoly ( in which there is only one seller of a good ) , duopoly ( in which there are only two sellers of a good ) , oligopoly ( in which there are few sellers of a good ) , monopolistic competition ( in which there are many sellers producing highly differentiated goods ) , monopsony ( in which there is only one buyer of a good ) , and oligopsony ( in which there are few buyers of a good ) . Unlike perfect competition , imperfect competition invariably means market power is unequally distributed . Firms under imperfect competition have the potential to be `` price makers '' , which means that , by holding a disproportionately high share of market power , they can influence the prices of their products . Microeconomics studies individual markets by simplifying the economic system by assuming that activity in the market being analysed does not affect other markets . This method of analysis is known as partial - equilibrium analysis ( supply and demand ) . This method aggregates ( the sum of all activity ) in only one market . General - equilibrium theory studies various markets and their behaviour . It aggregates ( the sum of all activity ) across all markets . This method studies both changes in markets and their interactions leading towards equilibrium . Production , cost , and efficiency Main articles : Production theory basics , Opportunity cost , Economic efficiency , and Production -- possibility frontier In microeconomics , production is the conversion of inputs into outputs . It is an economic process that uses inputs to create a commodity or a service for exchange or direct use . Production is a flow and thus a rate of output per period of time . Distinctions include such production alternatives as for consumption ( food , haircuts , etc . ) vs. investment goods ( new tractors , buildings , roads , etc . ) , public goods ( national defence , smallpox vaccinations , etc . ) or private goods ( new computers , bananas , etc . ) , and `` guns '' vs `` butter '' . Opportunity cost refers to the economic cost of production : the value of the next best opportunity foregone . Choices must be made between desirable yet mutually exclusive actions . It has been described as expressing `` the basic relationship between scarcity and choice '' . For example , if a baker uses a sack of flour to make pretzels one morning , then the baker can not use either the flour or the morning to make bagels instead . Part of the cost of making pretzels is that neither the flour nor the morning are available any longer , for use in some other way . The opportunity cost of an activity is an element in ensuring that scarce resources are used efficiently , such that the cost is weighed against the value of that activity in deciding on more or less of it . Opportunity costs are not restricted to monetary or financial costs but could be measured by the real cost of output forgone , leisure , or anything else that provides the alternative benefit ( utility ) . Inputs used in the production process include such primary factors of production as labour services , capital ( durable produced goods used in production , such as an existing factory ) , and land ( including natural resources ) . Other inputs may include intermediate goods used in production of final goods , such as the steel in a new car . Economic efficiency describes how well a system generates desired output with a given set of inputs and available technology . Efficiency is improved if more output is generated without changing inputs , or in other words , the amount of `` waste '' is reduced . A widely accepted general standard is Pareto efficiency , which is reached when no further change can make someone better off without making someone else worse off . An example production -- possibility frontier with illustrative points marked . The production -- possibility frontier ( PPF ) is an expository figure for representing scarcity , cost , and efficiency . In the simplest case an economy can produce just two goods ( say `` guns '' and `` butter '' ) . The PPF is a table or graph ( as at the right ) showing the different quantity combinations of the two goods producible with a given technology and total factor inputs , which limit feasible total output . Each point on the curve shows potential total output for the economy , which is the maximum feasible output of one good , given a feasible output quantity of the other good . Scarcity is represented in the figure by people being willing but unable in the aggregate to consume beyond the PPF ( such as at X ) and by the negative slope of the curve . If production of one good increases along the curve , production of the other good decreases , an inverse relationship . This is because increasing output of one good requires transferring inputs to it from production of the other good , decreasing the latter . The slope of the curve at a point on it gives the trade - off between the two goods . It measures what an additional unit of one good costs in units forgone of the other good , an example of a real opportunity cost . Thus , if one more Gun costs 100 units of butter , the opportunity cost of one Gun is 100 Butter . Along the PPF , scarcity implies that choosing more of one good in the aggregate entails doing with less of the other good . Still , in a market economy , movement along the curve may indicate that the choice of the increased output is anticipated to be worth the cost to the agents . By construction , each point on the curve shows productive efficiency in maximizing output for given total inputs . A point inside the curve ( as at A ) , is feasible but represents production inefficiency ( wasteful use of inputs ) , in that output of one or both goods could increase by moving in a northeast direction to a point on the curve . Examples cited of such inefficiency include high unemployment during a business - cycle recession or economic organization of a country that discourages full use of resources . Being on the curve might still not fully satisfy allocative efficiency ( also called Pareto efficiency ) if it does not produce a mix of goods that consumers prefer over other points . Much applied economics in public policy is concerned with determining how the efficiency of an economy can be improved . Recognizing the reality of scarcity and then figuring out how to organize society for the most efficient use of resources has been described as the `` essence of economics '' , where the subject `` makes its unique contribution . '' Specialization Main articles : Division of labour , Comparative advantage , and Gains from trade A map showing the main trade routes for goods within late medieval Europe . Specialization is considered key to economic efficiency based on theoretical and empirical considerations . Different individuals or nations may have different real opportunity costs of production , say from differences in stocks of human capital per worker or capital / labour ratios . According to theory , this may give a comparative advantage in production of goods that make more intensive use of the relatively more abundant , thus relatively cheaper , input . Even if one region has an absolute advantage as to the ratio of its outputs to inputs in every type of output , it may still specialize in the output in which it has a comparative advantage and thereby gain from trading with a region that lacks any absolute advantage but has a comparative advantage in producing something else . It has been observed that a high volume of trade occurs among regions even with access to a similar technology and mix of factor inputs , including high - income countries . This has led to investigation of economies of scale and agglomeration to explain specialization in similar but differentiated product lines , to the overall benefit of respective trading parties or regions . The general theory of specialization applies to trade among individuals , farms , manufacturers , service providers , and economies . Among each of these production systems , there may be a corresponding division of labour with different work groups specializing , or correspondingly different types of capital equipment and differentiated land uses . An example that combines features above is a country that specializes in the production of high - tech knowledge products , as developed countries do , and trades with developing nations for goods produced in factories where labour is relatively cheap and plentiful , resulting in different in opportunity costs of production . More total output and utility thereby results from specializing in production and trading than if each country produced its own high - tech and low - tech products . Theory and observation set out the conditions such that market prices of outputs and productive inputs select an allocation of factor inputs by comparative advantage , so that ( relatively ) low - cost inputs go to producing low - cost outputs . In the process , aggregate output may increase as a by - product or by design . Such specialization of production creates opportunities for gains from trade whereby resource owners benefit from trade in the sale of one type of output for other , more highly valued goods . A measure of gains from trade is the increased income levels that trade may facilitate . Supply and demand Main article : Supply and demand The supply and demand model describes how prices vary as a result of a balance between product availability and demand . The graph depicts an increase ( that is , right - shift ) in demand from D to D along with the consequent increase in price and quantity required to reach a new equilibrium point on the supply curve ( S ) . Prices and quantities have been described as the most directly observable attributes of goods produced and exchanged in a market economy . The theory of supply and demand is an organizing principle for explaining how prices coordinate the amounts produced and consumed . In microeconomics , it applies to price and output determination for a market with perfect competition , which includes the condition of no buyers or sellers large enough to have price - setting power . For a given market of a commodity , demand is the relation of the quantity that all buyers would be prepared to purchase at each unit price of the good . Demand is often represented by a table or a graph showing price and quantity demanded ( as in the figure ) . Demand theory describes individual consumers as rationally choosing the most preferred quantity of each good , given income , prices , tastes , etc . A term for this is `` constrained utility maximization '' ( with income and wealth as the constraints on demand ) . Here , utility refers to the hypothesized relation of each individual consumer for ranking different commodity bundles as more or less preferred . The law of demand states that , in general , price and quantity demanded in a given market are inversely related . That is , the higher the price of a product , the less of it people would be prepared to buy ( other things unchanged ) . As the price of a commodity falls , consumers move toward it from relatively more expensive goods ( the substitution effect ) . In addition , purchasing power from the price decline increases ability to buy ( the income effect ) . Other factors can change demand ; for example an increase in income will shift the demand curve for a normal good outward relative to the origin , as in the figure . All determinants are predominantly taken as constant factors of demand and supply . Supply is the relation between the price of a good and the quantity available for sale at that price . It may be represented as a table or graph relating price and quantity supplied . Producers , for example business firms , are hypothesized to be profit - maximizers , meaning that they attempt to produce and supply the amount of goods that will bring them the highest profit . Supply is typically represented as a function relating price and quantity , if other factors are unchanged . That is , the higher the price at which the good can be sold , the more of it producers will supply , as in the figure . The higher price makes it profitable to increase production . Just as on the demand side , the position of the supply can shift , say from a change in the price of a productive input or a technical improvement . The `` Law of Supply '' states that , in general , a rise in price leads to an expansion in supply and a fall in price leads to a contraction in supply . Here as well , the determinants of supply , such as price of substitutes , cost of production , technology applied and various factors inputs of production are all taken to be constant for a specific time period of evaluation of supply . Market equilibrium occurs where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded , the intersection of the supply and demand curves in the figure above . At a price below equilibrium , there is a shortage of quantity supplied compared to quantity demanded . This is posited to bid the price up . At a price above equilibrium , there is a surplus of quantity supplied compared to quantity demanded . This pushes the price down . The model of supply and demand predicts that for given supply and demand curves , price and quantity will stabilize at the price that makes quantity supplied equal to quantity demanded . Similarly , demand - and - supply theory predicts a new price - quantity combination from a shift in demand ( as to the figure ) , or in supply . For a given quantity of a consumer good , the point on the demand curve indicates the value , or marginal utility , to consumers for that unit . It measures what the consumer would be prepared to pay for that unit . The corresponding point on the supply curve measures marginal cost , the increase in total cost to the supplier for the corresponding unit of the good . The price in equilibrium is determined by supply and demand . In a perfectly competitive market , supply and demand equate marginal cost and marginal utility at equilibrium . On the supply side of the market , some factors of production are described as ( relatively ) variable in the short run , which affects the cost of changing output levels . Their usage rates can be changed easily , such as electrical power , raw - material inputs , and over-time and temp work . Other inputs are relatively fixed , such as plant and equipment and key personnel . In the long run , all inputs may be adjusted by management . These distinctions translate to differences in the elasticity ( responsiveness ) of the supply curve in the short and long runs and corresponding differences in the price - quantity change from a shift on the supply or demand side of the market . Marginalist theory , such as above , describes the consumers as attempting to reach most - preferred positions , subject to income and wealth constraints while producers attempt to maximize profits subject to their own constraints , including demand for goods produced , technology , and the price of inputs . For the consumer , that point comes where marginal utility of a good , net of price , reaches zero , leaving no net gain from further consumption increases . Analogously , the producer compares marginal revenue ( identical to price for the perfect competitor ) against the marginal cost of a good , with marginal profit the difference . At the point where marginal profit reaches zero , further increases in production of the good stop . For movement to market equilibrium and for changes in equilibrium , price and quantity also change `` at the margin '' : more - or-less of something , rather than necessarily all - or - nothing . Other applications of demand and supply include the distribution of income among the factors of production , including labour and capital , through factor markets . In a competitive labour market for example the quantity of labour employed and the price of labour ( the wage rate ) depends on the demand for labour ( from employers for production ) and supply of labour ( from potential workers ) . Labour economics examines the interaction of workers and employers through such markets to explain patterns and changes of wages and other labour income , labour mobility , and ( un ) employment , productivity through human capital , and related public - policy issues . Demand - and - supply analysis is used to explain the behaviour of perfectly competitive markets , but as a standard of comparison it can be extended to any type of market . It can also be generalized to explain variables across the economy , for example , total output ( estimated as real GDP ) and the general price level , as studied in macroeconomics . Tracing the qualitative and quantitative effects of variables that change supply and demand , whether in the short or long run , is a standard exercise in applied economics . Economic theory may also specify conditions such that supply and demand through the market is an efficient mechanism for allocating resources . Firms Main articles : Theory of the firm , Industrial organization , Business economics , and Managerial economics People frequently do not trade directly on markets . Instead , on the supply side , they may work in and produce through firms . The most obvious kinds of firms are corporations , partnerships and trusts . According to Ronald Coase , people begin to organize their production in firms when the costs of doing business becomes lower than doing it on the market . Firms combine labour and capital , and can achieve far greater economies of scale ( when the average cost per unit declines as more units are produced ) than individual market trading . In perfectly competitive markets studied in the theory of supply and demand , there are many producers , none of which significantly influence price . Industrial organization generalizes from that special case to study the strategic behaviour of firms that do have significant control of price . It considers the structure of such markets and their interactions . Common market structures studied besides perfect competition include monopolistic competition , various forms of oligopoly , and monopoly . Managerial economics applies microeconomic analysis to specific decisions in business firms or other management units . It draws heavily from quantitative methods such as operations research and programming and from statistical methods such as regression analysis in the absence of certainty and perfect knowledge . A unifying theme is the attempt to optimize business decisions , including unit - cost minimization and profit maximization , given the firm 's objectives and constraints imposed by technology and market conditions . Uncertainty and game theory Main articles : Information economics , Game theory , and Financial economics Uncertainty in economics is an unknown prospect of gain or loss , whether quantifiable as risk or not . Without it , household behaviour would be unaffected by uncertain employment and income prospects , financial and capital markets would reduce to exchange of a single instrument in each market period , and there would be no communications industry . Given its different forms , there are various ways of representing uncertainty and modelling economic agents ' responses to it . Game theory is a branch of applied mathematics that considers strategic interactions between agents , one kind of uncertainty . It provides a mathematical foundation of industrial organization , discussed above , to model different types of firm behaviour , for example in an oligopolistic industry ( few sellers ) , but equally applicable to wage negotiations , bargaining , contract design , and any situation where individual agents are few enough to have perceptible effects on each other . As a method heavily used in behavioural economics , it postulates that agents choose strategies to maximize their payoffs , given the strategies of other agents with at least partially conflicting interests . In this , it generalizes maximization approaches developed to analyse market actors such as in the supply and demand model and allows for incomplete information of actors . The field dates from the 1944 classic Theory of Games and Economic Behavior by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern . It has significant applications seemingly outside of economics in such diverse subjects as formulation of nuclear strategies , ethics , political science , and evolutionary biology . Risk aversion may stimulate activity that in well - functioning markets smooths out risk and communicates information about risk , as in markets for insurance , commodity futures contracts , and financial instruments . Financial economics or simply finance describes the allocation of financial resources . It also analyses the pricing of financial instruments , the financial structure of companies , the efficiency and fragility of financial markets , financial crises , and related government policy or regulation . Some market organizations may give rise to inefficiencies associated with uncertainty . Based on George Akerlof 's `` Market for Lemons '' article , the paradigm example is of a dodgy second - hand car market . Customers without knowledge of whether a car is a `` lemon '' depress its price below what a quality second - hand car would be . Information asymmetry arises here , if the seller has more relevant information than the buyer but no incentive to disclose it . Related problems in insurance are adverse selection , such that those at most risk are most likely to insure ( say reckless drivers ) , and moral hazard , such that insurance results in riskier behaviour ( say more reckless driving ) . Both problems may raise insurance costs and reduce efficiency by driving otherwise willing transactors from the market ( `` incomplete markets '' ) . Moreover , attempting to reduce one problem , say adverse selection by mandating insurance , may add to another , say moral hazard . Information economics , which studies such problems , has relevance in subjects such as insurance , contract law , mechanism design , monetary economics , and health care . Applied subjects include market and legal remedies to spread or reduce risk , such as warranties , government - mandated partial insurance , restructuring or bankruptcy law , inspection , and regulation for quality and information disclosure . Market failure Main articles : Market failure , Government failure , Information economics , Environmental economics , and Agricultural economics Pollution can be a simple example of market failure . If costs of production are not borne by producers but are by the environment , accident victims or others , then prices are distorted . The term `` market failure '' encompasses several problems which may undermine standard economic assumptions . Although economists categorize market failures differently , the following categories emerge in the main texts . Information asymmetries and incomplete markets may result in economic inefficiency but also a possibility of improving efficiency through market , legal , and regulatory remedies , as discussed above . Natural monopoly , or the overlapping concepts of `` practical '' and `` technical '' monopoly , is an extreme case of failure of competition as a restraint on producers . Extreme economies of scale are one possible cause . Public goods are goods which are undersupplied in a typical market . The defining features are that people can consume public goods without having to pay for them and that more than one person can consume the good at the same time . Externalities occur where there are significant social costs or benefits from production or consumption that are not reflected in market prices . For example , air pollution may generate a negative externality , and education may generate a positive externality ( less crime , etc . ) . Governments often tax and otherwise restrict the sale of goods that have negative externalities and subsidize or otherwise promote the purchase of goods that have positive externalities in an effort to correct the price distortions caused by these externalities . Elementary demand - and - supply theory predicts equilibrium but not the speed of adjustment for changes of equilibrium due to a shift in demand or supply . In many areas , some form of price stickiness is postulated to account for quantities , rather than prices , adjusting in the short run to changes on the demand side or the supply side . This includes standard analysis of the business cycle in macroeconomics . Analysis often revolves around causes of such price stickiness and their implications for reaching a hypothesized long - run equilibrium . Examples of such price stickiness in particular markets include wage rates in labour markets and posted prices in markets deviating from perfect competition . Environmental scientist sampling water Some specialized fields of economics deal in market failure more than others . The economics of the public sector is one example . Much environmental economics concerns externalities or `` public bads '' . Policy options include regulations that reflect cost - benefit analysis or market solutions that change incentives , such as emission fees or redefinition of property rights . Public sector Main articles : Economics of the public sector and Public finance See also : Welfare economics Public finance is the field of economics that deals with budgeting the revenues and expenditures of a public sector entity , usually government . The subject addresses such matters as tax incidence ( who really pays a particular tax ) , cost - benefit analysis of government programmes , effects on economic efficiency and income distribution of different kinds of spending and taxes , and fiscal politics . The latter , an aspect of public choice theory , models public - sector behaviour analogously to microeconomics , involving interactions of self - interested voters , politicians , and bureaucrats . Much of economics is positive , seeking to describe and predict economic phenomena . Normative economics seeks to identify what economies ought to be like . Welfare economics is a normative branch of economics that uses microeconomic techniques to simultaneously determine the allocative efficiency within an economy and the income distribution associated with it . It attempts to measure social welfare by examining the economic activities of the individuals that comprise society . Macroeconomics The circulation of money in an economy in a macroeconomic model . Main article : Macroeconomics Macroeconomics examines the economy as a whole to explain broad aggregates and their interactions `` top down '' , that is , using a simplified form of general - equilibrium theory . Such aggregates include national income and output , the unemployment rate , and price inflation and subaggregates like total consumption and investment spending and their components . It also studies effects of monetary policy and fiscal policy . Since at least the 1960s , macroeconomics has been characterized by further integration as to micro-based modelling of sectors , including rationality of players , efficient use of market information , and imperfect competition . This has addressed a long - standing concern about inconsistent developments of the same subject . Macroeconomic analysis also considers factors affecting the long - term level and growth of national income . Such factors include capital accumulation , technological change and labour force growth . Growth Main article : Economic growth Growth economics studies factors that explain economic growth -- the increase in output per capita of a country over a long period of time . The same factors are used to explain differences in the level of output per capita between countries , in particular why some countries grow faster than others , and whether countries converge at the same rates of growth . Much - studied factors include the rate of investment , population growth , and technological change . These are represented in theoretical and empirical forms ( as in the neoclassical and endogenous growth models ) and in growth accounting . Business cycle Main article : Business cycle See also : Circular flow of income , Aggregate supply , Aggregate demand , and Unemployment A basic illustration of economic / business cycles . The economics of a depression were the spur for the creation of `` macroeconomics '' as a separate discipline field of study . During the Great Depression of the 1930s , John Maynard Keynes authored a book entitled The General Theory of Employment , Interest and Money outlining the key theories of Keynesian economics . Keynes contended that aggregate demand for goods might be insufficient during economic downturns , leading to unnecessarily high unemployment and losses of potential output . He therefore advocated active policy responses by the public sector , including monetary policy actions by the central bank and fiscal policy actions by the government to stabilize output over the business cycle . Thus , a central conclusion of Keynesian economics is that , in some situations , no strong automatic mechanism moves output and employment towards full employment levels . John Hicks ' IS / LM model has been the most influential interpretation of The General Theory . Over the years , understanding of the business cycle has branched into various research programmes , mostly related to or distinct from Keynesianism . The neoclassical synthesis refers to the reconciliation of Keynesian economics with neoclassical economics , stating that Keynesianism is correct in the short run but qualified by neoclassical - like considerations in the intermediate and long run . New classical macroeconomics , as distinct from the Keynesian view of the business cycle , posits market clearing with imperfect information . It includes Friedman 's permanent income hypothesis on consumption and `` rational expectations '' theory , led by Robert Lucas , and real business cycle theory . In contrast , the new Keynesian approach retains the rational expectations assumption , however it assumes a variety of market failures . In particular , New Keynesians assume prices and wages are `` sticky '' , which means they do not adjust instantaneously to changes in economic conditions . Thus , the new classicals assume that prices and wages adjust automatically to attain full employment , whereas the new Keynesians see full employment as being automatically achieved only in the long run , and hence government and central - bank policies are needed because the `` long run '' may be very long . Unemployment Main article : Unemployment The percentage of the US population employed , 1995 -- 2012 . The amount of unemployment in an economy is measured by the unemployment rate , the percentage of workers without jobs in the labour force . The labour force only includes workers actively looking for jobs . People who are retired , pursuing education , or discouraged from seeking work by a lack of job prospects are excluded from the labour force . Unemployment can be generally broken down into several types that are related to different causes . Classical models of unemployment occurs when wages are too high for employers to be willing to hire more workers . Wages may be too high because of minimum wage laws or union activity . Consistent with classical unemployment , frictional unemployment occurs when appropriate job vacancies exist for a worker , but the length of time needed to search for and find the job leads to a period of unemployment . Structural unemployment covers a variety of possible causes of unemployment including a mismatch between workers ' skills and the skills required for open jobs . Large amounts of structural unemployment can occur when an economy is transitioning industries and workers find their previous set of skills are no longer in demand . Structural unemployment is similar to frictional unemployment since both reflect the problem of matching workers with job vacancies , but structural unemployment covers the time needed to acquire new skills not just the short term search process . While some types of unemployment may occur regardless of the condition of the economy , cyclical unemployment occurs when growth stagnates . Okun 's law represents the empirical relationship between unemployment and economic growth . The original version of Okun 's law states that a 3 % increase in output would lead to a 1 % decrease in unemployment . Inflation and monetary policy Main articles : Inflation and Monetary policy See also : Money , Quantity theory of money , Monetary policy , and History of money Money is a means of final payment for goods in most price system economies and the unit of account in which prices are typically stated . An apt statement by Francis Amasa Walker , a well - known economist is , `` Money is what money does . '' Money has a general acceptability , a relative consistency in value , divisibility , durability , portability , elastic in supply and survives with mass public confidence . It includes currency held by the nonbank public and checkable deposits . It has been described as a social convention , like language , useful to one largely because it is useful to others . As a medium of exchange , money facilitates trade . It is essentially a measure of value and more importantly , a store of value being a basis for credit creation . Its economic function can be contrasted with barter ( non-monetary exchange ) . Given a diverse array of produced goods and specialized producers , barter may entail a hard - to - locate double coincidence of wants as to what is exchanged , say apples and a book . Money can reduce the transaction cost of exchange because of its ready acceptability . Then it is less costly for the seller to accept money in exchange , rather than what the buyer produces . At the level of an economy , theory and evidence are consistent with a positive relationship running from the total money supply to the nominal value of total output and to the general price level . For this reason , management of the money supply is a key aspect of monetary policy . Fiscal policy Main articles : Fiscal policy and Government spending Governments implement fiscal policy that influence macroeconomic conditions by adjusting spending and taxation policies to alter aggregate demand . When aggregate demand falls below the potential output of the economy , there is an output gap where some productive capacity is left unemployed . Governments increase spending and cut taxes to boost aggregate demand . Resources that have been idled can be used by the government . For example , unemployed home builders can be hired to expand highways . Tax cuts allow consumers to increase their spending , which boosts aggregate demand . Both tax cuts and spending have multiplier effects where the initial increase in demand from the policy percolates through the economy and generates additional economic activity . The effects of fiscal policy can be limited by crowding out . When there is no output gap , the economy is producing at full capacity and there are no excess productive resources . If the government increases spending in this situation , the government use resources that otherwise would have been used by the private sector , so there is no increase in overall output . Some economists think that crowding out is always an issue while others do not think it is a major issue when output is depressed . Sceptics of fiscal policy also make the argument of Ricardian equivalence . They argue that an increase in debt will have to be paid for with future tax increases , which will cause people to reduce their consumption and save money to pay for the future tax increase . Under Ricardian equivalence , any boost in demand from fiscal policy will be offset by the increased savings rate intended to pay for future higher taxes . International economics Main articles : International economics and Economic system List of countries by GDP ( PPP ) per capita in 2014 . International trade studies determinants of goods - and - services flows across international boundaries . It also concerns the size and distribution of gains from trade . Policy applications include estimating the effects of changing tariff rates and trade quotas . International finance is a macroeconomic field which examines the flow of capital across international borders , and the effects of these movements on exchange rates . Increased trade in goods , services and capital between countries is a major effect of contemporary globalization . The distinct field of development economics examines economic aspects of the economic development process in relatively low - income countries focusing on structural change , poverty , and economic growth . Approaches in development economics frequently incorporate social and political factors . Economic systems is the branch of economics that studies the methods and institutions by which societies determine the ownership , direction , and allocation of economic resources . An economic system of a society is the unit of analysis . Among contemporary systems at different ends of the organizational spectrum are socialist systems and capitalist systems , in which most production occurs in respectively state - run and private enterprises . In between are mixed economies . A common element is the interaction of economic and political influences , broadly described as political economy . Comparative economic systems studies the relative performance and behaviour of different economies or systems . The U.S. Export - Import Bank defines a Marxist - Lenninist state as having a centrally planned economy . They are now rare , examples can still be seen in Cuba , North Korea and Laos . Practice Main articles : Economic methodology , Mathematical economics , and Schools of economics Contemporary economics uses mathematics . Economists draw on the tools of calculus , linear algebra , statistics , game theory , and computer science . Professional economists are expected to be familiar with these tools , while a minority specialize in econometrics and mathematical methods . Theory Mainstream economic theory relies upon a priori quantitative economic models , which employ a variety of concepts . Theory typically proceeds with an assumption of ceteris paribus , which means holding constant explanatory variables other than the one under consideration . When creating theories , the objective is to find ones which are at least as simple in information requirements , more precise in predictions , and more fruitful in generating additional research than prior theories . In microeconomics , principal concepts include supply and demand , marginalism , rational choice theory , opportunity cost , budget constraints , utility , and the theory of the firm . Early macroeconomic models focused on modeling the relationships between aggregate variables , but as the relationships appeared to change over time macroeconomists , including new Keynesians , reformulated their models in microfoundations . The aforementioned microeconomic concepts play a major part in macroeconomic models -- for instance , in monetary theory , the quantity theory of money predicts that increases in the money supply increase inflation , and inflation is assumed to be influenced by rational expectations . In development economics , slower growth in developed nations has been sometimes predicted because of the declining marginal returns of investment and capital , and this has been observed in the Four Asian Tigers . Sometimes an economic hypothesis is only qualitative , not quantitative . Expositions of economic reasoning often use two - dimensional graphs to illustrate theoretical relationships . At a higher level of generality , Paul Samuelson 's treatise Foundations of Economic Analysis ( 1947 ) used mathematical methods to represent the theory , particularly as to maximizing behavioural relations of agents reaching equilibrium . The book focused on examining the class of statements called operationally meaningful theorems in economics , which are theorems that can conceivably be refuted by empirical data . Empirical investigation Main articles : Econometrics and Experimental economics Economic theories are frequently tested empirically , largely through the use of econometrics using economic data . The controlled experiments common to the physical sciences are difficult and uncommon in economics , and instead broad data is observationally studied ; this type of testing is typically regarded as less rigorous than controlled experimentation , and the conclusions typically more tentative . However , the field of experimental economics is growing , and increasing use is being made of natural experiments . Statistical methods such as regression analysis are common . Practitioners use such methods to estimate the size , economic significance , and statistical significance ( `` signal strength '' ) of the hypothesized relation ( s ) and to adjust for noise from other variables . By such means , a hypothesis may gain acceptance , although in a probabilistic , rather than certain , sense . Acceptance is dependent upon the falsifiable hypothesis surviving tests . Use of commonly accepted methods need not produce a final conclusion or even a consensus on a particular question , given different tests , data sets , and prior beliefs . Criticism based on professional standards and non-replicability of results serve as further checks against bias , errors , and over-generalization , although much economic research has been accused of being non-replicable , and prestigious journals have been accused of not facilitating replication through the provision of the code and data . Like theories , uses of test statistics are themselves open to critical analysis , although critical commentary on papers in economics in prestigious journals such as the American Economic Review has declined precipitously in the past 40 years . This has been attributed to journals ' incentives to maximize citations in order to rank higher on the Social Science Citation Index ( SSCI ) . In applied economics , input - output models employing linear programming methods are quite common . Large amounts of data are run through computer programs to analyse the impact of certain policies ; IMPLAN is one well - known example . Experimental economics has promoted the use of scientifically controlled experiments . This has reduced long - noted distinction of economics from natural sciences allowed direct tests of what were previously taken as axioms . In some cases these have found that the axioms are not entirely correct ; for example , the ultimatum game has revealed that people reject unequal offers . In behavioural economics , psychologist Daniel Kahneman won the Nobel Prize in economics in 2002 for his and Amos Tversky 's empirical discovery of several cognitive biases and heuristics . Similar empirical testing occurs in neuroeconomics . Another example is the assumption of narrowly selfish preferences versus a model that tests for selfish , altruistic , and cooperative preferences . These techniques have led some to argue that economics is a `` genuine science . '' Profession Main article : Economist The professionalization of economics , reflected in the growth of graduate programmes on the subject , has been described as `` the main change in economics since around 1900 '' . Most major universities and many colleges have a major , school , or department in which academic degrees are awarded in the subject , whether in the liberal arts , business , or for professional study . In the private sector , professional economists are employed as consultants and in industry , including banking and finance . Economists also work for various government departments and agencies , for example , the national Treasury , Central Bank or Bureau of Statistics . The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences ( commonly known as the Nobel Prize in Economics ) is a prize awarded to economists each year for outstanding intellectual contributions in the field . Related subjects Main articles : Law and Economics , Natural resource economics , Philosophy and economics , and Political economy Economics is one social science among several and has fields bordering on other areas , including economic geography , economic history , public choice , energy economics , cultural economics , family economics and institutional economics . Law and economics , or economic analysis of law , is an approach to legal theory that applies methods of economics to law . It includes the use of economic concepts to explain the effects of legal rules , to assess which legal rules are economically efficient , and to predict what the legal rules will be . A seminal article by Ronald Coase published in 1961 suggested that well - defined property rights could overcome the problems of externalities . Political economy is the interdisciplinary study that combines economics , law , and political science in explaining how political institutions , the political environment , and the economic system ( capitalist , socialist , mixed ) influence each other . It studies questions such as how monopoly , rent - seeking behaviour , and externalities should impact government policy . Historians have employed political economy to explore the ways in the past that persons and groups with common economic interests have used politics to effect changes beneficial to their interests . Energy economics is a broad scientific subject area which includes topics related to energy supply and energy demand . Georgescu - Roegen reintroduced the concept of entropy in relation to economics and energy from thermodynamics , as distinguished from what he viewed as the mechanistic foundation of neoclassical economics drawn from Newtonian physics . His work contributed significantly to thermoeconomics and to ecological economics . He also did foundational work which later developed into evolutionary economics . The sociological subfield of economic sociology arose , primarily through the work of Émile Durkheim , Max Weber and Georg Simmel , as an approach to analysing the effects of economic phenomena in relation to the overarching social paradigm ( i.e. modernity ) . Classic works include Max Weber 's The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism ( 1905 ) and Georg Simmel 's The Philosophy of Money ( 1900 ) . More recently , the works of Mark Granovetter , Peter Hedstrom and Richard Swedberg have been influential in this field . History Main articles : History of economic thought and History of macroeconomic thought Economic writings date from earlier Mesopotamian , Greek , Roman , Indian subcontinent , Chinese , Persian , and Arab civilizations . Economic precepts occur throughout the writings of the Boeotian poet Hesiod and several economic historians have described Hesiod himself as the `` first economist '' . Other notable writers from Antiquity through to the Renaissance include Aristotle , Xenophon , Chanakya ( also known as Kautilya ) , Qin Shi Huang , Thomas Aquinas , and Ibn Khaldun . Joseph Schumpeter described Aquinas as `` coming nearer than any other group to being the ' founders ' of scientific economics '' as to monetary , interest , and value theory within a natural - law perspective . A 1638 painting of a French seaport during the heyday of mercantilism . Two groups , later called `` mercantilists '' and `` physiocrats '' , more directly influenced the subsequent development of the subject . Both groups were associated with the rise of economic nationalism and modern capitalism in Europe . Mercantilism was an economic doctrine that flourished from the 16th to 18th century in a prolific pamphlet literature , whether of merchants or statesmen . It held that a nation 's wealth depended on its accumulation of gold and silver . Nations without access to mines could obtain gold and silver from trade only by selling goods abroad and restricting imports other than of gold and silver . The doctrine called for importing cheap raw materials to be used in manufacturing goods , which could be exported , and for state regulation to impose protective tariffs on foreign manufactured goods and prohibit manufacturing in the colonies . Physiocrats , a group of 18th - century French thinkers and writers , developed the idea of the economy as a circular flow of income and output . Physiocrats believed that only agricultural production generated a clear surplus over cost , so that agriculture was the basis of all wealth . Thus , they opposed the mercantilist policy of promoting manufacturing and trade at the expense of agriculture , including import tariffs . Physiocrats advocated replacing administratively costly tax collections with a single tax on income of land owners . In reaction against copious mercantilist trade regulations , the physiocrats advocated a policy of laissez - faire , which called for minimal government intervention in the economy . Adam Smith ( 1723 -- 1790 ) was an early economic theorist . Smith was harshly critical of the mercantilists but described the physiocratic system `` with all its imperfections '' as `` perhaps the purest approximation to the truth that has yet been published '' on the subject . Classical political economy Main article : Classical economics The publication of Adam Smith 's The Wealth of Nations in 1776 is considered to be the first formalisation of economic thought . The publication of Adam Smith 's The Wealth of Nations in 1776 , has been described as `` the effective birth of economics as a separate discipline . '' The book identified land , labour , and capital as the three factors of production and the major contributors to a nation 's wealth , as distinct from the Physiocratic idea that only agriculture was productive . Smith discusses potential benefits of specialization by division of labour , including increased labour productivity and gains from trade , whether between town and country or across countries . His `` theorem '' that `` the division of labor is limited by the extent of the market '' has been described as the `` core of a theory of the functions of firm and industry '' and a `` fundamental principle of economic organization . '' To Smith has also been ascribed `` the most important substantive proposition in all of economics '' and foundation of resource - allocation theory -- that , under competition , resource owners ( of labour , land , and capital ) seek their most profitable uses , resulting in an equal rate of return for all uses in equilibrium ( adjusted for apparent differences arising from such factors as training and unemployment ) . In an argument that includes `` one of the most famous passages in all economics , '' Smith represents every individual as trying to employ any capital they might command for their own advantage , not that of the society , and for the sake of profit , which is necessary at some level for employing capital in domestic industry , and positively related to the value of produce . In this : He generally , indeed , neither intends to promote the public interest , nor knows how much he is promoting it . By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry , he intends only his own security ; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value , he intends only his own gain , and he is in this , as in many other cases , led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention . Nor is it always the worse for the society that it was no part of it . By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it . The Rev. Thomas Robert Malthus ( 1798 ) used the concept of diminishing returns to explain low living standards . Human population , he argued , tended to increase geometrically , outstripping the production of food , which increased arithmetically . The force of a rapidly growing population against a limited amount of land meant diminishing returns to labour . The result , he claimed , was chronically low wages , which prevented the standard of living for most of the population from rising above the subsistence level . Economist Julian Lincoln Simon has criticized Malthus 's conclusions . While Adam Smith emphasized the production of income , David Ricardo ( 1817 ) focused on the distribution of income among landowners , workers , and capitalists . Ricardo saw an inherent conflict between landowners on the one hand and labour and capital on the other . He posited that the growth of population and capital , pressing against a fixed supply of land , pushes up rents and holds down wages and profits . Ricardo was the first to state and prove the principle of comparative advantage , according to which each country should specialize in producing and exporting goods in that it has a lower relative cost of production , rather relying only on its own production . It has been termed a `` fundamental analytical explanation '' for gains from trade . Coming at the end of the classical tradition , John Stuart Mill ( 1848 ) parted company with the earlier classical economists on the inevitability of the distribution of income produced by the market system . Mill pointed to a distinct difference between the market 's two roles : allocation of resources and distribution of income . The market might be efficient in allocating resources but not in distributing income , he wrote , making it necessary for society to intervene . Value theory was important in classical theory . Smith wrote that the `` real price of every thing ... is the toil and trouble of acquiring it '' as influenced by its scarcity. Smith maintained that , with rent and profit , other costs besides wages also enter the price of a commodity . Other classical economists presented variations on Smith , termed the ' labour theory of value ' . Classical economics focused on the tendency of any market economy to settle in a final stationary state made up of a constant stock of physical wealth ( capital ) and a constant population size . Marxism Main article : Marxian economics The Marxist school of economic thought comes from the work of German economist Karl Marx . Marxist ( later , Marxian ) economics descends from classical economics . It derives from the work of Karl Marx . The first volume of Marx 's major work , Das Kapital , was published in German in 1867 . In it , Marx focused on the labour theory of value and the theory of surplus value which , he believed , explained the exploitation of labour by capital . The labour theory of value held that the value of an exchanged commodity was determined by the labour that went into its production and the theory of surplus value demonstrated how the workers only got paid a proportion of the value their work had created . Neoclassical economics Main article : Neoclassical economics At the dawn as a social science , economics was defined and discussed at length as the study of production , distribution , and consumption of wealth by Jean - Baptiste Say in his `` Treatise on Political Economy or , The Production , Distribution , and Consumption of Wealth '' ( 1803 ) . These three items are considered by the science only in relation to the increase or diminution of wealth , and not in reference to their processes of execution . Say 's definition has prevailed up to our time , saved by substituting the word `` wealth '' for `` goods and services '' meaning that wealth may include non material objects as well . One hundred and thirty years later , Lionel Robbins noticed that this definition no longer sufficed , because many economists were making theoretical and philosophical inroads in other areas of human activity . In his Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science , he proposed a definition of economics as a study of a particular aspect of human behaviour , the one that falls under the influence of scarcity , which forces people to choose , allocate scarce resources to competing ends , and economize ( seeking the greatest welfare while avoiding the wasting of scarce resources ) . For Robbins , the insufficiency was solved , and his definition allows us to proclaim , with an easy conscience , education economics , safety and security economics , health economics , war economics , and of course , production , distribution and consumption economics as valid subjects of the economic science . '' Citing Robbins : `` Economics is the science which studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses '' . After discussing it for decades , Robbins ' definition became widely accepted by mainstream economists , and it has opened way into current textbooks . Although far from unanimous , most mainstream economists would accept some version of Robbins ' definition , even though many have raised serious objections to the scope and method of economics , emanating from that definition . Due to the lack of strong consensus , and that production , distribution and consumption of goods and services is the prime area of study of economics , the old definition still stands in many quarters . A body of theory later termed `` neoclassical economics '' or `` marginalism '' formed from about 1870 to 1910 . The term `` economics '' was popularized by such neoclassical economists as Alfred Marshall as a concise synonym for ' economic science ' and a substitute for the earlier `` political economy '' . This corresponded to the influence on the subject of mathematical methods used in the natural sciences . Neoclassical economics systematized supply and demand as joint determinants of price and quantity in market equilibrium , affecting both the allocation of output and the distribution of income . It dispensed with the labour theory of value inherited from classical economics in favour of a marginal utility theory of value on the demand side and a more general theory of costs on the supply side . In the 20th century , neoclassical theorists moved away from an earlier notion suggesting that total utility for a society could be measured in favour of ordinal utility , which hypothesizes merely behaviour - based relations across persons . In microeconomics , neoclassical economics represents incentives and costs as playing a pervasive role in shaping decision making . An immediate example of this is the consumer theory of individual demand , which isolates how prices ( as costs ) and income affect quantity demanded . In macroeconomics it is reflected in an early and lasting neoclassical synthesis with Keynesian macroeconomics . Neoclassical economics is occasionally referred as orthodox economics whether by its critics or sympathizers . Modern mainstream economics builds on neoclassical economics but with many refinements that either supplement or generalize earlier analysis , such as econometrics , game theory , analysis of market failure and imperfect competition , and the neoclassical model of economic growth for analysing long - run variables affecting national income . Neoclassical economics studies the behaviour of individuals , households , and organizations ( called economic actors , players , or agents ) , when they manage or use scarce resources , which have alternative uses , to achieve desired ends . Agents are assumed to act rationally , have multiple desirable ends in sight , limited resources to obtain these ends , a set of stable preferences , a definite overall guiding objective , and the capability of making a choice . There exists an economic problem , subject to study by economic science , when a decision ( choice ) is made by one or more resource - controlling players to attain the best possible outcome under bounded rational conditions . In other words , resource - controlling agents maximize value subject to the constraints imposed by the information the agents have , their cognitive limitations , and the finite amount of time they have to make and execute a decision . Economic science centres on the activities of the economic agents that comprise society . They are the focus of economic analysis . An approach to understanding these processes , through the study of agent behaviour under scarcity , may go as follows : The continuous interplay ( exchange or trade ) done by economic actors in all markets sets the prices for all goods and services which , in turn , make the rational managing of scarce resources possible . At the same time , the decisions ( choices ) made by the same actors , while they are pursuing their own interest , determine the level of output ( production ) , consumption , savings , and investment , in an economy , as well as the remuneration ( distribution ) paid to the owners of labour ( in the form of wages ) , capital ( in the form of profits ) and land ( in the form of rent ) . Each period , as if they were in a giant feedback system , economic players influence the pricing processes and the economy , and are in turn influenced by them until a steady state ( equilibrium ) of all variables involved is reached or until an external shock throws the system toward a new equilibrium point . Because of the autonomous actions of rational interacting agents , the economy is a complex adaptive system . Keynesian economics Main articles : Keynesian economics and Post-Keynesian economics John Maynard Keynes ( right ) , was a key theorist in economics . Keynesian economics derives from John Maynard Keynes , in particular his book The General Theory of Employment , Interest and Money ( 1936 ) , which ushered in contemporary macroeconomics as a distinct field . The book focused on determinants of national income in the short run when prices are relatively inflexible . Keynes attempted to explain in broad theoretical detail why high labour - market unemployment might not be self - correcting due to low `` effective demand '' and why even price flexibility and monetary policy might be unavailing . The term `` revolutionary '' has been applied to the book in its impact on economic analysis . Keynesian economics has two successors . Post-Keynesian economics also concentrates on macroeconomic rigidities and adjustment processes . Research on micro foundations for their models is represented as based on real - life practices rather than simple optimizing models . It is generally associated with the University of Cambridge and the work of Joan Robinson . New - Keynesian economics is also associated with developments in the Keynesian fashion . Within this group researchers tend to share with other economists the emphasis on models employing micro foundations and optimizing behaviour but with a narrower focus on standard Keynesian themes such as price and wage rigidity . These are usually made to be endogenous features of the models , rather than simply assumed as in older Keynesian - style ones . Chicago School of economics Main article : Chicago school ( economics ) The Chicago School of economics is best known for its free market advocacy and monetarist ideas . According to Milton Friedman and monetarists , market economies are inherently stable if the money supply does not greatly expand or contract . Ben Bernanke , former Chairman of the Federal Reserve , is among the economists today generally accepting Friedman 's analysis of the causes of the Great Depression . Milton Friedman effectively took many of the basic principles set forth by Adam Smith and the classical economists and modernized them . One example of this is his article in the September 1970 issue of The New York Times Magazine , where he claims that the social responsibility of business should be `` to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits ... ( through ) open and free competition without deception or fraud . '' Other schools and approaches Main article : Schools of economics Other well - known schools or trends of thought referring to a particular style of economics practised at and disseminated from well - defined groups of academicians that have become known worldwide , include the Austrian School , the Freiburg School , the School of Lausanne , post-Keynesian economics and the Stockholm school . Contemporary mainstream economics is sometimes separated into the Saltwater approach of those universities along the Eastern and Western coasts of the US , and the Freshwater , or Chicago - school approach . Within macroeconomics there is , in general order of their appearance in the literature ; classical economics , Keynesian economics , the neoclassical synthesis , post-Keynesian economics , monetarism , new classical economics , and supply - side economics . Alternative developments include ecological economics , constitutional economics , institutional economics , evolutionary economics , dependency theory , structuralist economics , world systems theory , econophysics , feminist economics and biophysical economics . Agreements This article may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints . Please improve the article by adding information on neglected viewpoints , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( February 2017 ) According to various random and anonymous surveys of members of the American Economic Association , economists have agreement about the following propositions by percentage : A ceiling on rents reduces the quantity and quality of housing available . ( 93 % agree ) Tariffs and import quotas usually reduce general economic welfare . ( 93 % agree ) Flexible and floating exchange rates offer an effective international monetary arrangement . ( 90 % agree ) Fiscal policy ( e.g. , tax cut and / or government expenditure increase ) has a significant stimulative impact on a less than fully employed economy . ( 90 % agree ) The United States should not restrict employers from outsourcing work to foreign countries . ( 90 % agree ) Economic growth in developed countries like the United States leads to greater levels of well - being . ( 88 % agree ) The United States should eliminate agricultural subsidies . ( 85 % agree ) An appropriately designed fiscal policy can increase the long - run rate of capital formation . ( 85 % agree ) Local and state governments should eliminate subsidies to professional sports franchises. ( 85 % agree ) If the federal budget is to be balanced , it should be done over the business cycle rather than yearly . ( 85 % agree ) The gap between Social Security funds and expenditures will become unsustainably large within the next fifty years if current policies remain unchanged . ( 85 % agree ) Cash payments increase the welfare of recipients to a greater degree than do transfers - in - kind of equal cash value . ( 84 % agree ) A large federal budget deficit has an adverse effect on the economy . ( 83 % agree ) The redistribution of income in the United States is a legitimate role for the government . ( 83 % agree ) Inflation is caused primarily by too much growth in the money supply . ( 83 % agree ) The United States should not ban genetically modified crops . ( 82 % agree ) A minimum wage increases unemployment among young and unskilled workers . ( 79 % agree ) The government should restructure the welfare system along the lines of a `` negative income tax . '' ( 79 % agree ) Effluent taxes and marketable pollution permits represent a better approach to pollution control than imposition of pollution ceilings . ( 78 % agree ) Government subsidies on ethanol in the United States should be reduced or eliminated . ( 78 % agree ) Criticisms General criticisms `` The dismal science '' is a derogatory alternative name for economics devised by the Victorian historian Thomas Carlyle in the 19th century . It is often stated that Carlyle gave economics the nickname `` the dismal science '' as a response to the late 18th century writings of The Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus , who grimly predicted that starvation would result , as projected population growth exceeded the rate of increase in the food supply . However , the actual phrase was coined by Carlyle in the context of a debate with John Stuart Mill on slavery , in which Carlyle argued for slavery , while Mill opposed it . Some economists , like John Stuart Mill or Léon Walras , have maintained that the production of wealth should not be tied to its distribution . In The Wealth of Nations , Adam Smith addressed many issues that are currently also the subject of debate and dispute . Smith repeatedly attacks groups of politically aligned individuals who attempt to use their collective influence to manipulate a government into doing their bidding . In Smith 's day , these were referred to as factions , but are now more commonly called special interests , a term which can comprise international bankers , corporate conglomerations , outright oligopolies , monopolies , trade unions and other groups . Economics per se , as a social science , is independent of the political acts of any government or other decision - making organization , however , many policymakers or individuals holding highly ranked positions that can influence other people 's lives are known for arbitrarily using a plethora of economic concepts and rhetoric as vehicles to legitimize agendas and value systems , and do not limit their remarks to matters relevant to their responsibilities . The close relation of economic theory and practice with politics is a focus of contention that may shade or distort the most unpretentious original tenets of economics , and is often confused with specific social agendas and value systems . Notwithstanding , economics legitimately has a role in informing government policy . It is , indeed , in some ways an outgrowth of the older field of political economy . Some academic economic journals are currently focusing increased efforts on gauging the consensus of economists regarding certain policy issues in hopes of effecting a more informed political environment . Currently , there exists a low approval rate from professional economists regarding many public policies . Policy issues featured in a recent survey of American Economic Association economists include trade restrictions , social insurance for those put out of work by international competition , genetically modified foods , curbside recycling , health insurance ( several questions ) , medical malpractice , barriers to entering the medical profession , organ donations , unhealthy foods , mortgage deductions , taxing internet sales , Wal - Mart , casinos , ethanol subsidies , and inflation targeting . In Steady State Economics 1977 , leading ecological economist and steady - state theorist Herman Daly argues that there exist logical inconsistencies between the emphasis placed on economic growth and the limited availability of natural resources . Issues like central bank independence , central bank policies and rhetoric in central bank governors discourse or the premises of macroeconomic policies ( monetary and fiscal policy ) of the state , are focus of contention and criticism . Deirdre McCloskey has argued that many empirical economic studies are poorly reported , and she and Stephen Ziliak argue that although her critique has been well - received , practice has not improved . This latter contention is controversial . A 2002 International Monetary Fund study looked at `` consensus forecasts '' ( the forecasts of large groups of economists ) that were made in advance of 60 different national recessions in the 1990s : in 97 % of the cases the economists did not predict the contraction a year in advance . On those rare occasions when economists did successfully predict recessions , they significantly underestimated their severity . Criticisms of assumptions Economics has been subject to criticism that it relies on unrealistic , unverifiable , or highly simplified assumptions , in some cases because these assumptions simplify the proofs of desired conclusions . Examples of such assumptions include perfect information , profit maximization and rational choices . The field of information economics includes both mathematical - economical research and also behavioural economics , akin to studies in behavioural psychology . Nevertheless , prominent mainstream economists such as Keynes and Joskow have observed that much of economics is conceptual rather than quantitative , and difficult to model and formalize quantitatively . In a discussion on oligopoly research , Paul Joskow pointed out in 1975 that in practice , serious students of actual economies tended to use `` informal models '' based upon qualitative factors specific to particular industries . Joskow had a strong feeling that the important work in oligopoly was done through informal observations while formal models were `` trotted out ex post '' . He argued that formal models were largely not important in the empirical work , either , and that the fundamental factor behind the theory of the firm , behaviour , was neglected . In recent years , feminist critiques of neoclassical economic models gained prominence , leading to the formation of feminist economics . Contrary to common conceptions of economics as a positive and objective science , feminist economists call attention to the social construction of economics and highlight the ways in which its models and methods reflect masculine preferences . Primary criticisms focus on failures to account for : the selfish nature of actors ( homo economicus ) ; exogenous tastes ; the impossibility of utility comparisons ; the exclusion of unpaid work ; and the exclusion of class and gender considerations . Feminist economics developed to address these concerns , and the field now includes critical examinations of many areas of economics including paid and unpaid work , economic epistemology and history , globalization , household economics and the care economy . In 1988 , Marilyn Waring published the book If Women Counted , in which she argues that the discipline of economics ignores women 's unpaid work and the value of nature ; according to Julie A. Nelson , If Women Counted `` showed exactly how the unpaid work traditionally done by women has been made invisible within national accounting systems '' and `` issued a wake - up call to issues of ecological sustainability . '' Bjørnholt and McKay argue that the financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 and the response to it revealed a crisis of ideas in mainstream economics and within the economics profession , and call for a reshaping of both the economy , economic theory and the economics profession . They argue that such a reshaping should include new advances within feminist economics that take as their starting point the socially responsible , sensible and accountable subject in creating an economy and economic theories that fully acknowledge care for each other as well as the planet . Philip Mirowski observes that The imperatives of the orthodox research programme ( of economic science ) leave little room for maneuver and less room for originality ... These mandates ... Appropriate as many mathematical techniques and metaphorical expressions from contemporary respectable science , primarily physics as possible ... Preserve to the maximum extent possible the attendant nineteenth - century overtones of `` natural order '' ... Deny strenuously that neoclassical theory slavishly imitates physics ... Above all , prevent all rival research programmes from encroaching ... by ridiculing all external attempts to appropriate twentieth century physics models ... All theorizing is ( in this way ) held hostage to nineteenth - century concepts of energy . In a series of peer - reviewed journal and conference papers and books published over a period of several decades , John McMurtry has provided extensive criticism of what he terms the `` unexamined assumptions and implications ( of economics ) , and their consequent cost to people 's lives . '' Nassim Nicholas Taleb and Michael Perelman are two additional scholars who criticized conventional or mainstream economics . Taleb opposes most economic theorizing , which in his view suffers acutely from the problem of overuse of Plato 's Theory of Forms , and calls for cancellation of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics , saying that the damage from economic theories can be devastating . Michael Perelman provides extensive criticism of economics and its assumptions in all his books ( and especially his books published from 2000 to date ) , papers and interviews . Despite these concerns , mainstream graduate programs have become increasingly technical and mathematical . See also Business and economics portal Book : Economics Business ethics Economics terminology that differs from common usage Economic ideology Economic policy Economic union Free trade List of economic communities List of economics films List of free trade agreements Socioeconomics General : Glossary of economics Index of economics articles Outline of economics References Jump up ^ `` Economics '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : `` Economics '' . Merriam - Webster . Jump up ^ `` economics '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ Caplin , Andrew ; Schotter , Andrew , eds. ( 2008 ) . The Foundations of Positive and Normative Economics : A Handbook . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 532831 - 0 . Jump up ^ 21st Century Economics : A Reference Handbook , Volume 1 , edited by Rhona C. 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Yang , Xiaokai , and Yew - Kwang Ng ( 1993 ) . Specialization and Economic Organization . Description . Amsterdam : North - Holland . Jump up ^ Cameron , Rondo ( 1993 , 2nd ed . ) . A Concise Economic History of the World : From Paleolithic Times to the Present , Oxford , pp. 25 , 32 , 276 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Samuelson , Paul A. , and William D. Nordhaus ( 2004 ) . Economics , ch. 2 , `` Trade , Specialization , and Division of Labor '' section , ch. 12 , 15 , `` Comparative Advantage among Nations '' section `` , `` Glossary of Terms '' , Gains from trade . Findlay , Ronald ( 2008 ) . `` comparative advantage '' , The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics . Abstract . Kemp , Murray C. ( 1987 ) . `` gains from trade '' , The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics , v. 2 , pp. 453 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Brody , A. ( 1987 ) . `` prices and quantities '' , The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics , v. 3 , p. 957 . Jump up ^ Baumol , William J. 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Journal of Economic Theory . 28 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 18 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 0531 ( 82 ) 90088 - 6 . Jump up ^ Coase , The Nature of the Firm ( 1937 ) Jump up ^ Schmalensee , Richard ( 1987 ) . `` Industrial Organization '' , The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics , v. 2 , pp. 803 -- 08 . Jump up ^ NA ( 2007 ) . `` managerial economics '' . The New Encyclopædia Britannica . Chicago : The New Encyclopædia Britannica . pp. v. 7 , p. 757 . ISBN 0 - 85229 - 423 - 9 . Hughes , Alan ( 1987 ) . `` managerial capitalism '' , The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics , v. 3 , pp. 293 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Machina , Mark J. and Michael Rothschild ( 2008 ) . `` risk '' , The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics , 2nd Edition . Abstract . Jump up ^ Wakker , Peter P. ( 2008 ) `` uncertainty '' , The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics , 2nd Edition . Abstract . ^ Jump up to : Samuelson , Paul A. , and William D. Nordhaus ( 2004 ) . Economics , 18th ed. , ch. 11 , `` Uncertainty and Game Theory '' and ( end ) Glossary of Terms , `` Economics of information '' , `` Game theory '' , and `` Regulation . '' Jump up ^ Colin F. Camerer ( 2003 ) . Behavioral Game Theory Description and ch. 1 link ( scroll down ) . Princeton . Jump up ^ Aumann , R.J. ( 2008 ) . `` game theory '' , The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics . Abstract . Archived 15 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bernanke , Ben and Mark Gertler ( 1990 ) . `` Financial Fragility and Economic Performance '' , Quarterly Journal of Economics , 105 ( 1 ) , p pp. 87 -- 114 . Jump up ^ From ( 2008 ) , The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics , 2nd Edition : Ross , Stephen A. `` finance . '' Abstract . Burnside , Craig , Martin Eichenbaum , and Sergio Rebelo . `` currency crises models . '' Abstract . Kaminsky , Graciela Laura . `` currency crises . '' Abstract . Calomiris , Charles W. `` banking crises . '' Abstract . Jump up ^ Akerlof , George A. ( 1970 ) . `` The Market for ' Lemons ' : Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism '' , Quarterly Journal of Economics , 84 ( 3 ) , pp. 488 -- 500 . Archived 18 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Lippman , S.S. , and J.J. McCall ( 2001 ) . `` Information , Economics of '' , International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences , pp. 7480 -- 86 . doi : 10.1016 / B0 - 08 - 043076 - 7 / 02244 - 0 Jump up ^ From ( 2008 ) , The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics , 2nd Edition : Wilson , Charles . `` adverse selection '' , Abstract . Kotowitz , Y. `` moral hazard . '' TOC . Myerson , Roger B. `` revelation principle . '' Abstract . Jump up ^ Cf. Nicholas Barr ( 2004 ) , whose list of market failures is melded with failures of economic assumptions , which are ( 1 ) producers as price takers ( i.e. presence of oligopoly or monopoly ; but why is this not a product of the following ? ) ( 2 ) equal power of consumers ( what labour lawyers call an imbalance of bargaining power ) ( 3 ) complete markets ( 4 ) public goods ( 5 ) external effects ( i.e. externalities ? ) ( 6 ) increasing returns to scale ( i.e. practical monopoly ) ( 7 ) perfect information ( in his Economics of the Welfare State , 4th ed. , Oxford University Press , pp. 72 -- 79 ) . Joseph E. Stiglitz ( 2000 ) classifies market failures as from failure of competition ( including natural monopoly ) , information asymmetries , incomplete markets , externalities , public good situations , and macroeconomic disturbances ( in his Economics of the Public Sector , 3rd ed. , Ch. 4 , W.W. Norton ) . Jump up ^ Laffont , J.J. ( 1987 ) . `` externalities '' , The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics , v. 2 , p. 263 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Blaug , Mark ( 2007 ) . `` The Social Sciences : Economics '' . The New Encyclopædia Britannicav. 27 , p. 347 . Chicago . ISBN 0 - 85229 - 423 - 9 Jump up ^ Kneese , Allen K. , and Clifford S. Russell ( 1987 ) . `` environmental economics '' , The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics , v. 2 , pp. 159 -- 64 . Samuelson , Paul A. , and William D. Nordhaus ( 2004 ) . Economics , ch. 18 , `` Protecting the Environment . '' McGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ Musgrave , R.A. ( 1987 ) . `` public finance '' , The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics , v. 3 , pp. 1055 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Feldman , Allan M. ( 1987 ) . `` welfare economics '' , The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics , v. 4 , pp. 889 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Blaug , Mark ( 2007 ) . `` The Social Sciences : Economics '' , The New Encyclopædia Britannica , v. 27 , p. 345 . Jump up ^ Ng , Yew - Kwang ( 1992 ) . `` Business Confidence and Depression Prevention : A Mesoeconomic Perspective '' . The American Economic Review . American Economic Association . 82 ( 2 ) : 365 -- 71 . ISSN 0002 - 8282 . JSTOR 2117429 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Howitt , Peter M. ( 1987 ) . `` Macroeconomics : Relations with Microeconomics '' . edited by John Eatwell ; Murray Milgate ; Peter Newman . ( 1987 ) . The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics , pp. 273 -- 76 . London and New York : Macmillan and Stockton . ISBN 0 - 333 - 37235 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Blaug , Mark ( 2007 ) . `` The Social Sciences : Economics '' , Macroeconomics , The New Encyclopædia Britannica , v. 27 , p. 349 . Jump up ^ Samuelson , Paul A. , and William D. Nordhaus ( 2004 ) . Economics , ch. 27 , `` The Process of Economic Growth '' McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 287205 - 5 . Uzawa , H. ( 1987 ) . `` models of growth '' , The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics , v. 3 , pp. 483 -- 89 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Arthur ; Sheffrin , Steven M. ( 2003 ) . Economics : Principles in Action . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey : Pearson Prentice Hall . p. 396 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 063085 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Blanchard , Olivier Jean ( ( 1987 ) 2008 ) , `` neoclassical synthesis , '' The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics , 2nd Edition . Abstract . Jump up ^ The Macroeconomist as Scientist and Engineer , Gregory Mankiw , Harvard University , May 2006 . Archived 18 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Fischer , Stanley ( 2008 ) . `` new classical macroeconomics , '' The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics , 2nd Edition . Contents . ^ Jump up to : Dixon , Huw David ( 2008 ) . `` new Keynesian macroeconomics , '' The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics , 2nd Edition . Abstract . ^ Jump up to : Dwivedi , 443 . Jump up ^ Freeman ( 2008 ) . Dictionary of Economics Jump up ^ Dwivedi , 444 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Dwivedi , 445 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Neely , Christopher J. `` Okun 's Law : Output and Unemployment '' . Economic Synopses . Number 4 . 2010 . Jump up ^ Tobin , James ( 1992 ) . `` Money '' ( Money as a Social Institution and Public Good ) , The New Palgrave Dictionary of Finance and Money , v. 2 , pp. 770 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Milton Friedman ( 1987 ) . `` quantity theory of money '' , The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics , v. 4 , pp. 15 -- 19 . Samuelson , Paul A. , and William D. Nordhaus ( 2004 ) . Economics , ch. 2 , `` Money : The Lubroicant of Exchange '' section , ch. 33 , Fig. 33 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Anderson , James E. ( 2008 ) . `` international trade theory '' , The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics , 2nd Edition. Abstract . Venables , A. ( 2001 ) , `` international trade : economic integration '' , International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences , pp. 7843 -- 48 . doi : 10.1016 / B0 - 08 - 043076 - 7 / 02259 - 2 Obstfeld , Maurice ( 2008 ) . `` international finance '' , The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics , 2nd Edition . Abstract . Jump up ^ Bell , Clive ( 1987 ) . `` development economics '' , The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics , v. 1 , pp. 818 -- 26 . Blaug , Mark ( 2007 ) . `` The Social Sciences : Economics '' , Growth and development , The New Encyclopædia Britannica , v. 27 , p. 351 . Chicago . Jump up ^ Heilbroner , Robert L. and Peter J. Boettke ( 2007 ) . `` Economic Systems '' , The New Encyclopædia Britannica , v. 17 , pp. 908 -- 15 . NA ( 2007 ) . `` economic system '' , Encyclopædia Britannica online Concise Encyclopedia entry . Archived 26 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Thomas Fuller ( 17 September 2009 ) . `` Communism and Capitalism Are Mixing in Laos '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ von Brabant , Jozef M. The Planned Economies and International Economic Organizations , Cambridge University Press , 1991 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Debreu , Gérard ( 1987 ) . `` mathematical economics '' , The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics , v. 3 , pp. 401 -- 03 . Jump up ^ Friedman Milton ( 1953 ) . `` The Methodology of Positive Economics '' , Essays in Positive Economics , University of Chicago Press , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Boland , Lawrence A. ( 1987 ) . `` methodology '' , The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics , v. 3 , pp. 455 -- 58 . ^ Jump up to : Frey , Bruno S. ; Pommerehne , Werner W. ; Schneider , Friedrich ; Gilbert , Guy ( 1984 ) . `` Consensus and Dissension among Economists : An Empirical Inquiry '' . The American Economic Review . American Economic Association . 74 ( 5 ) : 986 -- 94 . ISSN 0002 - 8282 . JSTOR 557 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Quirk , James ( 1987 ) . `` qualitative economics '' , The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics , v. 4 , pp. 1 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Samuelson , Paul A. ( 1983 ) ( 1947 ) . Foundations of Economic Analysis , Enlarged Edition . Boston : Harvard University Press . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 31301 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hashem , M. Pesaren ( 1987 ) . `` econometrics '' , The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics , v. 2 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Probability , econometrics and truth : the methodology of econometrics By Hugo A. Keuzenkamp Published by Cambridge University Press , 2000 ISBN 0 - 521 - 55359 - 8 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 55359 - 9 , 312 pp , p. 13 : `` ... in economics , controlled experiments are rare and reproducible controlled experiments even more so ... '' Jump up ^ Blaug , Mark ( 2007 ) . `` The Social Sciences : Economics '' ( Methods of inference and Testing theories ) , The New Encyclopædia Britannica , v. 27 , p. 347 . Jump up ^ McCullough , B.D. ( 2007 ) . `` Got Replicability ? The Journal of Money , Banking and Credit Archive '' ( PDF ) . Econ Journal Watch . 4 ( 3 ) : 326 -- 37 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Peter ( 2003 ) . A Guide to Econometrics , 5th ed. , `` 21.2 The Ten Commandments of Applied Econometrics '' , pp. 390 -- 96 ( excerpts ) . McCloskey , Deirdre N. and Stephen T. Ziliak ( 1996 ) . `` The Standard Error of Regressions '' , Journal of Economic Literature , 34 ( 1 ) , pp. 97 -- 114 . Hoover , Kevin D. , and Mark V. Siegler ( 2008 ) . `` Sound and Fury : McCloskey and Significance Testing in Economics '' , Journal of Economic Methodology , 15 ( 1 ) , pp. 1 -- 37 ( 2005 prepubication version ) . Archived 27 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Reply of McCloskey and Ziliak and rejoinder , pp. 39 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Whaples , R. ( 2006 ) . `` The Costs of Critical Commentary in Economics Journals '' . Econ Journal Watch . 3 ( 2 ) : 275 -- 82 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ ( Bastable , C.F. ) ( 1925 ) . `` experimental methods in economics '' , Palgrave 's Dictionary of Economics , reprinted in The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics ( 1987 , v. 2 , p. 241 . Smith , Vernon L. ( 1987 ) , `` experimental methods in economics '' , ii . The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics , v. 2 , pp. 241 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Fehr , Ernst , and Urs Fischbacher ( 2003 ) . `` The Nature of Human Altruism '' , Nature 425 , 23 October , pp. 785 -- 91 . Sigmund , Karl , Ernst Fehr , and Martin A. Nowak ( 2002 ) , `` The Economics of Fair Play '' , Scientific American , 286 ( 1 ) January , pp. 82 -- 87 . Archived 28 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lazear , Edward P. ( 2000 ) . `` Economic Imperialism '' . Quarterly Journal of Economics . 115 ( 1 ) : 99 -- 146 . JSTOR 2586936 . doi : 10.1162 / 003355300554683 . Jump up ^ O. Ashenfelter ( 2001 ) , `` Economics : Overview '' , The Profession of Economics , International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences , v. 6 , p. 4159 . Jump up ^ Friedman , David ( 1987 ) . `` law and economics '' , The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics , v. 3 , p. 144 . Posner , Richard A. ( 1972 ) . Economic Analysis of Law . Aspen , 7th ed. , 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 7355 - 6354 - 4 . Jump up ^ Coase , Ronald , `` The Problem of Social Cost '' , The Journal of Law and Economics Vol. 3 , No. 1 ( 1960 ) . This issue was actually published in 1961 . Jump up ^ Groenewegen , Peter ( 2008 ) . `` ' political economy ' '' , The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics . Krueger , Anne O. ( 1974 ). `` The Political Economy of the Rent - Seeking Society '' , American Economic Review , 64 ( 3 ) , pp. 291 -- 303 Jump up ^ McCoy , Drew R . `` The Elusive Republic : Political Ecocomy in Jeffersonian America '' , Chapel Hill , University of North Carolina , 1980 . Jump up ^ Cleveland , C. and Ruth , M. 1997 . When , where , and by how much do biophysical limits constrain the economic process ? A survey of Georgescu - Roegen 's contribution to ecological economics . Ecological Economics 22 : 203 -- 23 . Daly , H. 1995 . `` On Nicholas Georgescu - Roegen 's Contributions to Economics : An Obituary essay . '' Ecological Economics 13 : 149 -- 54 . Mayumi , K. 1995 . Nicholas Georgescu - Roegen ( 1906 -- 1994 ) : an admirable epistemologist . Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 6 : 115 -- 20 . Mayumi , K. and Gowdy , J.M. ( eds . ) 1999 . Bioeconomics and Sustainability : Essays in Honor of Nicholas Georgescu - Roegen . Cheltenham : Edward Elgar . Mayumi , K. 2001 . The Origins of Ecological Economics : The Bioeconomics of Georgescu - Roegen . London : Routledge . Jump up ^ `` Principles of Economic Sociology by Richard Swedberg -- An extract '' . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Rothbard , Murray N. ( 1995 ) . Economic Thought Before Adam Smith : Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought. 1 . Cheltenham , United Kingdom : Edward Elgar Publishing . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Gordan , Barry J. ( 1975 ) . Economic analysis before Adam Smith : Hesiod to Lessius . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Brockway , George P. ( 2001 ) . The End of Economic Man : An Introduction to Humanistic Economics ( 4 ed . ) . p. 128 . Jump up ^ Schumpeter , Joseph A. ( 1954 ) . History of Economic Analysis , pp. 97 -- 115 . Oxford . Jump up ^ NA ( 2007 ) . `` mercantilism '' , The New Encyclopædia Britannica . pp. v. 8 , p. 26 . Blaug , Mark ( 2007 ) . `` The Social Sciences : Economics '' . The New Encyclopædia Britannica , v. 27 , p. 343 . Jump up ^ NA ( 2007 ) . `` physiocrat '' , The New Encyclopædia Britannica . pp. v. 9 , p. 414 . Blaug , Mark ( 1997 , 5th ed . ) Economic Theory in Retrospect , pp , 24 -- 29 , 82 -- 84 . Cambridge . Jump up ^ E.K. Hunt ( 2002 ) . History of Economic Thought : A Critical Perspective , p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 0606 - 2 Jump up ^ `` The making of modern economics : the lives and ideas of the great thinkers '' . Mark Skousen ( 2001 ) . p. 36 . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 0479 - 5 Jump up ^ Blaug , Mark ( 2007 ) . `` The Social Sciences : Economics '' . The New Encyclopædia Britannica , v. 27 , p. 343 . Jump up ^ Deardorff , Alan V. , 2006 . Glossary of International Economics , Division of labor . Jump up ^ Stigler , George J. ( 1951 ) . `` The Division of Labor Is Limited by the Extent of the Market . '' Journal of Political Economy , 59 ( 3 ) , pp. 185 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Stigler , George J. ( 1976 ) . `` The Successes and Failures of Professor Smith '' , Journal of Political Economy , 84 ( 6 ) , p. 1202 ( pp. 1199 - 1213 ) . Also published as Selected Papers , No. 50 ( PDF ) , Graduate School of Business , University of Chicago . Jump up ^ Samuelson , Paul A. , and William D. Nordhaus ( 2004 ) . Economics . 18th ed. , McGraw - Hill , ch. 2 , `` Markets and Government in a Modern Economy '' , The Invisible Hand , p. 30 . Jump up ^ ' Capital ' in Smith 's usage includes fixed capital and circulating capital . The latter includes wages and labour maintenance , money , and inputs from land , mines , and fisheries associated with production per The Wealth of Nations , Bk. II : ch. 1 , 2 , and 5 . Jump up ^ Smith , Adam ( 1776 ) . The Wealth of Nations , Bk. IV : Of Systems of political Œconomy , ch. II , `` Of Restraints upon the Importation from Foreign Countries of such Goods as can be Produced at Home '' , IV. 2.3 para. 3 - 5 and 8 - 9 . Jump up ^ Smith , Adam ( 1776 ) . The Wealth of Nations , Bk. IV : Of Systems of political Œconomy , ch. II , `` Of Restraints upon the Importation from Foreign Countries of such Goods as can be Produced at Home '' , para. 9 . Jump up ^ ( Malthus , Thomas ) ( 1798 ) . An Essay on the Principle of Population . Jump up ^ Simon J.L. 1981 . The ultimate resource ; and 1992 The ultimate resource II . Jump up ^ David Ricardo , 1817 . On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation . Jump up ^ Ronald Findlay , 2008 . `` comparative advantage '' , The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics , 2nd Edition , 1st paragraph . Abstract . Jump up ^ Mill , John Stuart ( 1848 , 1871 , 7th ed . ) . Principles of Political Economy . Jump up ^ Smith , Adam ( 1776 ) . The Wealth of Nations , Bk. 1 , Ch. 5 , 6 . Jump up ^ Roemer , J.E. ( 1987 ) . `` Marxian value analysis '' . The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics , v. 3 , 383 . Mandel , Ernest ( 1987 ) . `` Marx , Karl Heinrich '' , The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics , v. 3 , pp. 372 , 376 . Jump up ^ `` This science indicates the cases in which commerce is truly productive , where whatever is gained by one is lost by another , and where it is profitable to all ; it also teaches us to appreciate its several processes , but simply in their results , at which it stops . Besides this knowledge , the merchant must also understand the processes of his art . He must be acquainted with the commodities in which he deals , their qualities and defects , the countries from which they are derived , their markets , the means of their transportation , the values to be given for them in exchange , and the method of keeping accounts . The same remark is applicable to the agriculturist , to the manufacturer , and to the practical man of business ; to acquire a thorough knowledge of the causes and consequences of each phenomenon , the study of political economy is essentially necessary to them all ; and to become expert in his particular pursuit , each one must add thereto a knowledge of its processes . '' Say , Jean - Baptiste . A Treatise on Political Economy , First American Edition 1821 ( Reprint of 1880 Edition , 1971 ed . ) . New York : Augustus M. Kelley Publishers . p . XVI . Jump up ^ `` And when we submit the definition in question to this test , it is seen to possess deficiencies which , so far from being marginal and subsidiary , amount to nothing less than a complete failure to exhibit either the scope or the significance of the most central generalisations of all . '' Robbins , Lionel ( 1935 ) . `` An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science '' . Great Britain : Macmillan and Co. , Limited . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` The conception we have adopted may be described as analytical . It does not attempt to pick out certain kinds of behaviour , but focuses attention on a particular aspect of behaviour , the form imposed by the influence of scarcity . Robbins ibid , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Robbins ibid , p. 16 Jump up ^ Defining Economics : the Long Road to Acceptance of the Robbins Definition , Roger E. Backhouse and Steven G. Medema , 75th anniversary conference proceedings , p. 209 , in : `` Lionel Robbins 's essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science '' Jump up ^ `` There remained division over whether economics was defined by a method or a subject matter but both sides in that debate could increasingly accept some version of the Robbins definition '' . Roger E. Backhouse and Steven G. Medema , ibid , p. 223 Jump up ^ Clark , Barry ( 1998 ) . Political Economy : A Comparative Approach , Praeger . Jump up ^ Campos , Antonietta ( 1987 ) . `` marginalist economics '' , The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics , v. 3 , p. 320 Jump up ^ R.D. Collison Black ( 1987 ( 2008 ) ) ) . `` utility '' , The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics , v. 3 , p. 778 . Jump up ^ Hicks , J.R. ( 1937 ) . `` Mr. Keynes and the ' Classics ' : A Suggested Interpretation '' , Econometrica , 5 ( 2 ) , pp. 147 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Tesfatsion , Leigh ( 15 March 2002 ) . `` Agent - Based Computational Economics : Growing Economies from the Bottom Up , ISU Economics Working Paper No. 1 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Agent - based computational economics Jump up ^ Interest payments are considered a form of rent on credit money Jump up ^ Complex adaptive system Jump up ^ Dynamic network analysis Jump up ^ Keynes , John Maynard ( 1936 ) . The General Theory of Employment , Interest and Money . London : Macmillan . ISBN 1 - 57392 - 139 - 4 . Blaug , Mark ( 2007 ) . `` The Social Sciences : Economics '' , The New Encyclopædia Britannica , v. 27 , p. 347 . Chicago . Jump up ^ Tarshis , L. ( 1987 ) . `` Keynesian Revolution '' , The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics , v. 3 , pp. 47 -- 50 . Samuelson , Paul A. , and William D. Nordhaus ( 2004 ) . Economics , p. 5 . Blaug , Mark ( 2007 ) . `` The Social Sciences : Economics '' , The New Encyclopædia Britannica , v. 27 , p. 346 . Chicago . Jump up ^ Harcourt , G.C. ( 1987 ) . `` Post-Keynesian Economics '' , The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics , v. 3 , pp. 47 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Ben Bernanke ( 2002 - 11 - 08 ) . `` Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke '' . The Federal Reserve Board . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Milton . `` The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits . '' The New York Times Magazine 13 Sep. 1970 . Jump up ^ New School of Thought Brings Energy to ' the Dismal Science ' New York Times Retrieved Oct - 26 - 09 Jump up ^ Greg Mankiw 's Blog : News Flash : Economists Agree Jump up ^ Mankiw , N. Gregory ( 2014 ) , Principles of Microeconomics ( 7th ed . ) , Cengage Learning , p. 32 , ISBN 978 - 1285165905 Jump up ^ Alston , Richard M. ; Kearl , J.R. ; Vaughan , Michael B. ( May 1992 ) . `` Is There a Consensus Among Economists in the 1990 's ? '' ( PDF ) . The American Economic Review . American Economic Association . 82 ( 2 ) : 203 -- 09 . Retrieved 17 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Dan ; Geide - Stevenson , Doris ( 2003 ) . `` Consensus Among Economists : Revisited '' . The Journal of Economic Education . Taylor & Francis . 34 ( 4 ) : 203 -- 09 . JSTOR 30042564 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Whaples , Robert ( 2006 ) . `` Do Economists Agree on Anything ? Yes ! '' ( PDF ) . The Economists ' Voice . Columbia University Press . 3 ( 9 ) : 1 -- 6 . doi : 10.2202 / 1553 - 3832.1156 . Retrieved 17 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Whaples , Robert ( September 2009 ) . `` The Policy Views of American Economic Association Members : The Results of a New Survey '' . Econ Journal Watch . Atlas Network . 6 ( 3 ) : 337 -- 48 . Retrieved 17 October 2015 . Jump up ^ The Origin of Economic Ideas , Guy Routh ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ See Noam Chomsky ( Understanding Power ) , ( 1 ) Archived 14 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine . on Smith 's emphasis on class conflict in the Wealth of Nations Jump up ^ Sara Ledwith and Antonella Ciancio , Special Report : Crisis forces `` dismal science '' to get real , Reuters ( 3 July 2012 ) Jump up ^ Research Paper No. 2006 / 148 Ethics , Rhetoric and Politics of Post-conflict Reconstruction How Can the Concept of Social ContractHelp Us in Understanding How to Make Peace Work ? Sirkku K. Hellsten , p. 13 Archived 31 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dan F. Hahn New York University ( 2001 - 09 - 11 ) . `` Political Communication : Rhetoric , Government , and Citizens , second edition , Dan F. Hahn '' . Stratapub.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Whaples , Robert . `` The Policy Views of American Economic Association Members : The Results of a New Survey '' . Econ Journal Watch 6 ( 3 ) : 337 -- 48 . ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Steady - State Economics , by Herman Daly Jump up ^ Johan Scholvinck , Director of the UN Division for Social Policy and Development in New York , Making the Case for the Integration of Social and Economic Policy Archived 18 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , The Social Development Review Jump up ^ Bernd Hayo ( Georgetown University & University of Bonn ) , Do We Really Need Central Bank Independence ? A Critical Re - examination , IDEAS at the Department of Economics , College of Liberal Arts and Sciences , University of Connecticut Gabriel Mangano ( Centre Walras - Pareto , University of Lausanne BFSH 1 , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland , and London School of Economics ) , Measuring Central Bank Independence : A Tale of Subjectivity and of Its Consequences , Oxford Economic Papers. 1998 ; 50 : 468 -- 92 . Friedrich Heinemann , Does it Pay to Watch Central Bankers ' Lips ? The Information Content of ECB Wording , IDEAS at the Department of Economics , College of Liberal Arts and Sciences , University of Connecticut Stephen G. Cecchetti , Central Bank Policy Rules : Conceptual Issues and Practical Considerations , IDEAS at the Department of Economics , College of Liberal Arts and Sciences , University of Connecticut Jump up ^ Ziliak , S.T. ; McCloskey , D.N. ( 2004 ) . `` Size Matters : The Standard Error of Regressions in the American Economic Review '' ( PDF ) . Econ Journal Watch . 1 ( 2 ) : 331 -- 58 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Sound and Fury : McCloskey and Significance Testing in Economics '' . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` How Accurate Are Private Sector Forecasts ? Cross-Country Evidence from Consensus Forecasts of Output Growth '' , by Prakash Loungani , International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , December 2002 Jump up ^ Rappaport , Steven ( 1996 ) . `` Abstraction and Unrealistic Assumptions in Economics '' , Journal of Economic Methodology , 3 ( 2 ) , pp. 215 -- 36 . Abstract , ( 1998 ) . Models and Reality in Economics . Edward Elgar , p. 6 , ch. 6 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Milton ( 1953 ) , `` The Methodology of Positive Economics '' , Essays in Positive Economics , University of Chicago Press , pp. 14 -- 15 , 22 , 31 . Boland , Lawrence A. ( 2008 ) . `` assumptions controversy '' , The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics , 2nd Edition Online abstract . Accessed 30 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Hodgson , G.M ( 2007 ) . `` Evolutionary and Institutional Economics as the New Mainstream '' . Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review . 4 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 25 . doi : 10.14441 / eier. 4.7 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Keynes , J.M. ( September 1924 ) . `` Alfred Marshall 1842 -- 1924 '' . The Economic Journal . 34 ( 135 ) : 311 -- 72 . JSTOR 2222645 . doi : 10.2307 / 2222645 . Jump up ^ Joskow , Paul ( May 1975 ) . `` Firm Decision - making Policy and Oligopoly Theory '' . The American Economic Review . 65 ( 2 , Papers and Proceedings of the Eighty -- seventh Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association ) : 270 -- 79 , esp. 271 . JSTOR 1818864 . Jump up ^ England , Paula ( 1993 ) . `` The Separative Self : Androcentric Bias in Neoclassical Assumptions '' , Beyond Economic Man : Feminist Theory and Economics , University of Chicago Press , pp. 37 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Ferber , M.A. and Julie A. Nelson , `` Beyond Economic Man : Ten Years Later , '' in Marianne A. Ferber and Julie A. Nelson , eds. , Feminist Economics Today : Beyond Economic Man . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2003 . Jump up ^ Marilyn Waring ( 1988 . ) If Women Counted . San Francisco : Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 250933 - 0 Jump up ^ Nelson , Julie A. ( 2014 ) . `` Foreword '' . In Bjørnholt , Margunn ; McKay , Ailsa . Counting on Marilyn Waring : New Advances in Feminist Economics . Demeter Press . ISBN 9781927335277 . Jump up ^ Bjørnholt , Margunn ; McKay , Ailsa ( 2014 ) . `` Advances in Feminist Economics in Times of Economic Crisis '' ( PDF ) . In Bjørnholt , Margunn ; McKay , Ailsa . Counting on Marilyn Waring : New Advances in Feminist Economics . Demeter Press . pp. 7 -- 20 . ISBN 9781927335277 . Jump up ^ Philip Mirowski , More Heat Than Light : Economics as Social Physics . New York : Cambridge University Press , 1989 , pp. 377 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Please see partial list of publications , including peer - reviewed papers and books , on John McMurtry 's wikipedia page , as well as links to the text of several of his peer - reviewed papers and peer - reviewed secondary references analyzing and discussing his work . Jump up ^ John McMurtry , The Cancer Stage of Capitalism . London , Pluto Books , 1999 . The book is a scholarly examination and criticism of economics . The book is available for free download from several sites online , for example here ( 3 ) . ( In April 2012 , the author stated he is working on an updated edition . ) Jump up ^ Cox , Adam . `` Blame Nobel for crisis , says author of ' Black Swan ' '' , Reuters ( 2010 - 09 - 28 ) . Jump up ^ Taleb , Nassim Nicholas ( 23 October 2007 ) . `` The pseudo-science hurting markets '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Johansson D. ( 2004 ) . `` Economics without Entrepreneurship or Institutions : A Vocabulary Analysis of Graduate Textbooks '' ( PDF ) . Econ Journal Watch . 1 ( 3 ) : 515 -- 38 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Sutter , Daniel , and Rex Pjesky ( 2007 ) . `` Where Would Adam Smith Publish Today ? The Near Absence of Math - free Research in Top Journals , '' Econ Journal Watch , 4 ( 2 ) , pp. 230 -- 40 . Abstract . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 04 . Further reading Grinin , L. , Korotayev , A. and Tausch A. ( 2016 ) Economic Cycles , Crises , and the Global Periphery . Springer International Publishing , Heidelberg , New York , Dordrecht , London , ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 17780 - 9 ; https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783319412603 McCann , Charles Robert , Jr. , 2003 . The Elgar Dictionary of Economic Quotations , Edward Elgar . Preview . Jean Baptiste Say ( 1821 ) . A Treatise on Political Economy : Or The Production , Distribution , and Consumption of Wealth . one . Wells and Lilly . Jean Baptiste Say ( 1821 ) . A Treatise on Political Economy ; Or The Production , Distribution , and Consumption of Wealth . two . Wells and Lilly . Tausch , Arno ( 2015 ) . The political algebra of global value change . General models and implications for the Muslim world . With Almas Heshmati and Hichem Karoui . ( 1st ed . ) . Nova Science Publishers , New York . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62948 - 899 - 8 . External links Find more aboutEconomicsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Library resources about Economics Resources in your library General information Economics at DMOZ Economic journals on the web Economics at Encyclopædia Britannica Intute : Economics : Internet directory of UK universities Research Papers in Economics ( RePEc ) Resources For Economists : American Economic Association - sponsored guide to 2,000 + Internet resources from `` Data '' to `` Neat Stuff '' , updated quarterly . Institutions and organizations Economics Departments , Institutes and Research Centers in the World Organization For Co-operation and Economic Development ( OECD ) Statistics United Nations Statistics Division World Bank Data Study resources McConnell , Campbell R. ; et al. ( 2009 ) . Economics . 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"Theory and observation set out the conditions such that market prices of outputs and productive inputs select an allocation of factor inputs by comparative advantage, so that (relatively) low-cost inputs go to producing low-cost outputs. In the process, aggregate output may increase as a by-product or by design.[37] Such specialization of production creates opportunities for gains from trade whereby resource owners benefit from trade in the sale of one type of output for other, more highly valued goods. A measure of gains from trade is the increased income levels that trade may facilitate.[38]"
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5934211575105999225 | Heliocentrism | Heliocentrism - wikipedia Heliocentrism Jump to : navigation , search `` Heliocentric '' redirects here . For the albums , see Heliocentric ( Paul Weller album ) and Heliocentric ( The Ocean Collective album ) . For heliocentric orbit , see Heliocentric orbit . Andreas Cellarius 's illustration of the Copernican system , from the Harmonia Macrocosmica ( 1708 ) . Heliocentrism is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the Solar System . Historically , Heliocentrism was opposed to geocentrism , which placed the Earth at the center . The notion that the Earth revolves around the Sun had been proposed as early as the 3rd century BCE by Aristarchus of Samos , but at least in the medieval world , Aristarchus 's Heliocentrism attracted little attention -- possibly because of the loss of scientific works of the Hellenistic Era . It was not until the 16th century that a geometric mathematical model of a heliocentric system was presented , by the Renaissance mathematician , astronomer , and Catholic cleric Nicolaus Copernicus , leading to the Copernican Revolution . In the following century , Johannes Kepler elaborated upon and expanded this model to include elliptical orbits , and Galileo Galilei presented supporting observations made using a telescope . With the observations of William Herschel , Friedrich Bessel , and others , astronomers realized that the sun , although near the center of the solar system , was not the center of the universe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ancient and medieval astronomy 1.1 Classical Antiquity 1.1. 1 Pythagoreans 1.1. 2 Aristarchus of Samos 1.1. 3 Seleucus of Seleucia 1.1. 4 Late Antiquity 1.2 Medieval Islamic world 1.3 Later medieval period 2 Renaissance - era astronomy 2.1 European astronomy before Copernicus 2.2 Copernican heliocentrism 3 Reception in Early Modern Europe 3.1 Circulation of Commentariolus ( before 1515 ) 3.2 Publication of de Revolutionibus ( 1543 ) 3.3 Tycho Brahe 's geo - heliocentric system c. 1587 3.4 Galileo Galilei 3.4. 1 Publication of Starry messenger ( 1610 ) 3.4. 2 Publication of Letter to the Grand Duchess ( 1615 ) 3.4. 3 1616 ban against Copernicanism 3.4. 4 Publication of Epitome astronomia Copernicanae ( 1617 -- 1621 ) 3.4. 5 Publication of Dialogue concerning the two chief world systems 3.5 Age of Reason 3.6 Reception in Judaism 4 The view of modern science 4.1 Modern use of geocentric and heliocentric 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External links 8 References Ancient and medieval astronomy ( edit ) A hypothetical geocentric model of the solar system ( upper panel ) in comparison to the heliocentric model ( lower panel ) . While the sphericity of the Earth was widely recognized in Greco - Roman astronomy from at least the 3rd century BCE , the Earth 's daily rotation and yearly orbit around the Sun was never universally accepted until the Copernican Revolution . While a moving Earth was proposed at least from the 4th century BCE in Pythagoreanism , and a fully developed heliocentric model was developed by Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BCE , these ideas were not successful in replacing the view of a static spherical Earth , and from the 2nd century CE the predominant model , which would be inherited by medieval astronomy , was the geocentric model described in Ptolemy 's Almagest . The Ptolemaic system was a sophisticated astronomical system that managed to calculate the positions for the planets to a fair degree of accuracy . Ptolemy himself , in his Almagest , points out that any model for describing the motions of the planets is merely a mathematical device , and since there is no actual way to know which is true , the simplest model that gets the right numbers should be used . However , he rejected the idea of a spinning earth as absurd as he believed it would create huge winds . His planetary hypotheses were sufficiently real that the distances of moon , sun , planets and stars could be determined by treating orbits ' celestial spheres as contiguous realities . This made the stars ' distance less than 20 Astronomical Units , a regression , since Aristarchus of Samos 's heliocentric scheme had centuries earlier necessarily placed the stars at least two orders of magnitude more distant . Problems with Ptolemy 's system were well recognized in medieval astronomy , and an increasing effort to criticize and improve it in the late medieval period eventually led to the Copernican heliocentrism developed in Renaissance astronomy . Classical antiquity ( edit ) See also : Greek astronomy Pythagoreans ( edit ) The non-geocentric model of the Universe was proposed by the Pythagorean philosopher Philolaus ( d . 390 BC ) , who taught that at the center of the Universe was a `` central fire '' , around which the Earth , Sun , Moon and Planets revolved in uniform circular motion . This system postulated the existence of a counter-earth collinear with the Earth and central fire , with the same period of revolution around the central fire as the Earth . The Sun revolved around the central fire once a year , and the stars were stationary . The Earth maintained the same hidden face towards the central fire , rendering both it and the `` counter-earth '' invisible from Earth . The Pythagorean concept of uniform circular motion remained unchallenged for approximately the next 2000 years , and it was to the Pythagoreans that Copernicus referred to show that the notion of a moving Earth was neither new nor revolutionary . Kepler gave an alternative explanation of the Pythagoreans ' `` central fire '' as the Sun , `` as most sects purposely hid ( e ) their teachings '' . Heraclides of Pontus ( 4th century BC ) said that the rotation of the Earth explained the apparent daily motion of the celestial sphere . It used to be thought that he believed Mercury and Venus to revolve around the Sun , which in turn ( along with the other planets ) revolves around the Earth . Macrobius Ambrosius Theodosius ( AD 395 -- 423 ) later described this as the `` Egyptian System , '' stating that `` it did not escape the skill of the Egyptians , '' though there is no other evidence it was known in ancient Egypt . Aristarchus of Samos ( edit ) Aristarchus 's 3rd century BC calculations on the relative sizes of the Earth , Sun and Moon , from a 10th - century CE Greek copy The first person known to have proposed a heliocentric system , however , was Aristarchus of Samos ( c. 270 BC ) . Like Eratosthenes , Aristarchus calculated the size of the Earth , and measured the size and distance of the Moon and Sun , in a treatise which has survived . From his estimates , he concluded that the Sun was six to seven times wider than the Earth and thus hundreds of times more voluminous . His writings on the heliocentric system are lost , but some information is known from surviving descriptions and critical commentary by his contemporaries , such as Archimedes . Some have suggested that his calculation of the relative size of the Earth and Sun led Aristarchus to conclude that it made more sense for the Earth to be moving than for the huge Sun to be moving around it . Though the original text has been lost , a reference in Archimedes ' book The Sand Reckoner describes another work by Aristarchus in which he advanced an alternative hypothesis of the heliocentric model . Archimedes wrote : You King Gelon are aware the ' universe ' is the name given by most astronomers to the sphere the center of which is the center of the Earth , while its radius is equal to the straight line between the center of the Sun and the center of the Earth . This is the common account as you have heard from astronomers . But Aristarchus has brought out a book consisting of certain hypotheses , wherein it appears , as a consequence of the assumptions made , that the universe is many times greater than the ' universe ' just mentioned . His hypotheses are that the fixed stars and the Sun remain unmoved , that the Earth revolves about the Sun on the circumference of a circle , the Sun lying in the middle of the orbit , and that the sphere of fixed stars , situated about the same center as the Sun , is so great that the circle in which he supposes the Earth to revolve bears such a proportion to the distance of the fixed stars as the center of the sphere bears to its surface . Aristarchus believed the stars to be very far away , and saw this as the reason why there was no visible parallax , that is , an observed movement of the stars relative to each other as the Earth moved around the Sun . The stars are in fact much farther away than the distance that was generally assumed in ancient times , which is why stellar parallax is only detectable with telescopes . Archimedes says that Aristarchus made the stars ' distance larger , suggesting that he was answering the natural objection that Heliocentrism requires stellar parallactic oscillations . He apparently agreed to the point but placed the stars so distant as to make the parallactic motion invisibly minuscule . Thus Heliocentrism opened the way for realization that the universe was larger than the geocentrists taught . Heliocentrism had been in conflict with religion before Copernicus : One of the few pieces of information we have about the reception of Aristarchus 's heliocentric system comes from a passage in Plutarch 's dialogue , Concerning the Face which Appears in the Orb of the Moon . According to one of Plutarch 's characters in the dialogue , the philosopher Cleanthes had held that Aristarchus should be charged with impiety for `` moving the hearth of the world '' . Seleucus of Seleucia ( edit ) Since Plutarch mentions the `` followers of Aristarchus '' in passing , it is likely that there were other astronomers in the Classical period who also espoused Heliocentrism , but whose work was lost . The only other astronomer from antiquity known by name who is known to have supported Aristarchus ' heliocentric model was Seleucus of Seleucia ( b . 190 BC ) , a Hellenistic astronomer who flourished a century after Aristarchus in the Seleucid empire . Seleucus adopted the heliocentric system of Aristarchus and is said to have proved the heliocentric theory . According to Bartel Leendert van der Waerden , Seleucus may have proved the heliocentric theory by determining the constants of a geometric model for the heliocentric theory and by developing methods to compute planetary positions using this model . He may have used early trigonometric methods that were available in his time , as he was a contemporary of Hipparchus . A fragment of a work by Seleucus has survived in Arabic translation , which was referred to by Rhazes ( b . 865 ) . Alternatively , his explanation may have involved the phenomenon of tides , which he supposedly theorized to be caused by the attraction to the Moon and by the revolution of the Earth around the Earth - Moon ' center of mass ' . Late antiquity ( edit ) Nicholas of Cusa , 15th century , asked whether there was any reason to assert that any point was the center of the universe . There were occasional speculations about Heliocentrism in Europe before Copernicus . In Roman Carthage , the pagan Martianus Capella ( 5th century A.D. ) expressed the opinion that the planets Venus and Mercury did not go about the Earth but instead circled the Sun . Capella 's model was discussed in the Early Middle Ages by various anonymous 9th - century commentators and Copernicus mentions him as an influence on his own work . The Ptolemaic system was also received in Indian astronomy . Aryabhata ( 476 -- 550 ) , in his magnum opus Aryabhatiya ( 499 ) , propounded a planetary model in which the Earth was taken to be spinning on its axis and the periods of the planets were given with respect to the Sun . He accurately calculated many astronomical constants , such as the periods of the planets , times of the solar and lunar eclipses , and the instantaneous motion of the Moon . Early followers of Aryabhata 's model included Varahamihira , Brahmagupta , and Bhaskara II . Medieval Islamic world ( edit ) See also : Astronomy in medieval Islam and Islamic cosmology An illustration from al - Biruni 's astronomical works , explains the different phases of the moon , with respect to the position of the sun . Al - Biruni suggested that if the Earth rotated on its axis this would be consistent with astronomical theory . He discussed Heliocentrism but considered it a problem of natural philosophy . Muslim astronomers generally accepted the Ptolemaic system and the geocentric model . Beginning in the 11th century , a tradition criticizing Ptolemy developed within Islamic astronomy , beginning with Ibn al - Haytham 's Al - Shukūk ' alā Baṭlamyūs ( `` Doubts Concerning Ptolemy '' ) . Several Muslim scholars questioned the Earth 's apparent immobility and centrality within the universe . Abu Sa'id al - Sijzi ( d.c. 1020 ) accepted that the Earth rotates around its axis . According to Al - Biruni , Sijzi invented an astrolabe called al - zūraqī based on a belief held by some of his contemporaries `` That the motion we see is due to the Earth 's movement and not to that of the sky . '' The prevalence of this view is further confirmed by a reference from the 13th century which states : According to the Geometers ( or engineers ) ( muhandisīn ) , the earth is in constant circular motion , and what appears to be the motion of the heavens is actually due to the motion of the earth and not the stars . Early in the 11th century Alhazen wrote a scathing critique of Ptolemy 's model in his Doubts on Ptolemy ( c. 1028 ) , which some have interpreted to imply he was criticizing Ptolemy 's geocentrism , but most agree that he was actually criticizing the details of Ptolemy 's model rather than his geocentrism . Abu Rayhan Biruni ( b . 973 ) discussed the possibility of whether the Earth rotated about its own axis and around the Sun , but in his Masudic Canon , he set forth the principles that the Earth is at the center of the universe and that it has no motion of its own . He was aware that if the Earth rotated on its axis , this would be consistent with his astronomical parameters , but he considered it a problem of natural philosophy rather than mathematics . In the 12th century , some Islamic astronomers developed complete alternatives to the Ptolemaic system ( although not heliocentric ) , such as Nur ad - Din al - Bitruji , who considered the Ptolemaic model as mathematical , and not physical . Al - Bitruji 's alternative system spread through most of Europe in the 13th century , with debates and refutations of his ideas continued up to the 16th century . Later medieval period ( edit ) The Maragha school of astronomy in Ilkhanid - era Persia further developed `` non-Ptolemaic '' planetary models involving Earth 's rotation . Notable astronomers of this school are Al - Urdi ( d . 1266 ) Al - Katibi ( d . 1277 ) , and Al - Tusi ( d . 1274 ) . The arguments and evidence used resemble those used by Copernicus to support the Earth 's motion . The criticism of Ptolemy as developed by Averroes and by the Maragha school explicitly address the Earth 's rotation but it did not arrive at explicit heliocentrism . The observations of the Maragha school were further improved at the Timurid - era Samarkand observatory under Qushji ( 1403 -- 1474 ) . European scholarship in the later medieval period actively received astronomical models developed in the Islamic world and by the 13th century was well aware of the problems of the Ptolemaic model . In the 14th century , bishop Nicole Oresme discussed the possibility that the Earth rotated on its axis , while Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa in his Learned Ignorance asked whether there was any reason to assert that the Sun ( or any other point ) was the center of the universe . In parallel to a mystical definition of God , Cusa wrote that `` Thus the fabric of the world ( machina mundi ) will quasi have its center everywhere and circumference nowhere . '' In India , Nilakantha Somayaji ( 1444 -- 1544 ) , in his Aryabhatiyabhasya , a commentary on Aryabhata 's Aryabhatiya , developed a computational system for a partially heliocentric planetary model , in which the planets orbit the Sun , which in turn orbits the Earth , similar to the Tychonic system later proposed by Tycho Brahe in the late 16th century . In the Tantrasangraha ( 1500 ) , he further revised his planetary system , which was mathematically more accurate at predicting the heliocentric orbits of the interior planets than both the Tychonic and Copernican models , but did not propose any specific models of the universe . Nilakantha 's planetary system also incorporated the Earth 's rotation on its axis . Most astronomers of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics seem to have accepted his planetary model . Renaissance - era astronomy ( edit ) European astronomy before Copernicus ( edit ) Some historians maintain that the thought of the Maragheh observatory , in particular the mathematical devices known as the Urdi lemma and the Tusi couple , influenced Renaissance - era European astronomy , and thus was indirectly received by Renaissance - era European astronomy and thus by Copernicus . Copernicus used such devices in the same planetary models as found in Arabic sources . Furthermore , the exact replacement of the equant by two epicycles used by Copernicus in the Commentariolus was found in an earlier work by Ibn al - Shatir ( d.c. 1375 ) of Damascus . Ibn al - Shatir 's lunar and Mercury models are also identical to those of Copernicus . The state of knowledge on planetary theory received by Copernicus is summarized in Georg von Peuerbach 's Theoricae Novae Planetarum ( printed in 1472 by Regiomontanus ) . By 1470 , the accuracy of observations by the Vienna school of astronomy , of which Peuerbach and Regiomontanus were members , was high enough to make the eventual development of heliocentrism inevitable , and indeed it is possible that Regiomontanus did arrive at an explicit theory of heliocentrism before his death in 1476 , some 30 years before Copernicus . While the influence of the criticism of Ptolemy by Averroes on Renaissance thought is clear and explicit , the claim of direct influence of the Maragha school , postulated by Otto E. Neugebauer in 1957 , remains an open question . Copernicus explicitly references several astronomers of the `` Islamic Golden Age '' ( 10th to 12th centuries ) in De Revolutionibus : Albategnius ( Al - Battani ) , Averroes ( Ibn Rushd ) , Thebit ( Thabit Ibn Qurra ) , Arzachel ( Al - Zarqali ) , and Alpetragius ( Al - Bitruji ) , but he does not show awareness of the existence of any of the later astronomers of the Maragha school . It has been argued that Copernicus could have independently discovered the Tusi couple or took the idea from Proclus 's Commentary on the First Book of Euclid , which Copernicus cited . Another possible source for Copernicus 's knowledge of this mathematical device is the Questiones de Spera of Nicole Oresme , who described how a reciprocating linear motion of a celestial body could be produced by a combination of circular motions similar to those proposed by al - Tusi . Copernican Heliocentrism ( edit ) Main article : Copernican heliocentrism Portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus ( 1578 ) Nicolaus Copernicus in his De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ( `` On the revolution of heavenly spheres '' , first printed in 1543 in Nuremberg ) , presented a discussion of a heliocentric model of the universe in much the same way as Ptolemy in the 2nd century had presented his geocentric model in his Almagest . Copernicus discussed the philosophical implications of his proposed system , elaborated it in geometrical detail , used selected astronomical observations to derive the parameters of his model , and wrote astronomical tables which enabled one to compute the past and future positions of the stars and planets . In doing so , Copernicus moved Heliocentrism from philosophical speculation to predictive geometrical astronomy . In reality , Copernicus 's system did not predict the planets ' positions any better than the Ptolemaic system . This theory resolved the issue of planetary retrograde motion by arguing that such motion was only perceived and apparent , rather than real : it was a parallax effect , as an object that one is passing seems to move backwards against the horizon . This issue was also resolved in the geocentric Tychonic system ; the latter , however , while eliminating the major epicycles , retained as a physical reality the irregular back - and - forth motion of the planets , which Kepler characterized as a `` pretzel '' . Copernicus cited Aristarchus in an early ( unpublished ) manuscript of De Revolutionibus ( which still survives ) , stating : `` Philolaus believed in the mobility of the earth , and some even say that Aristarchus of Samos was of that opinion . '' However , in the published version he restricts himself to noting that in works by Cicero he had found an account of the theories of Hicetas and that Plutarch had provided him with an account of the Pythagoreans , Heraclides Ponticus , Philolaus , and Ecphantus . These authors had proposed a moving earth , which did not , however , revolve around a central sun . Reception in early modern Europe ( edit ) Main article : Copernican Revolution Circulation of Commentariolus ( before 1515 ) ( edit ) The first information about the heliocentric views of Nicolaus Copernicus was circulated in manuscript completed some time before May 1 , 1514 . Although only in manuscript , Copernicus ' ideas were well known among astronomers and others . His ideas contradicted the then - prevailing understanding of the Bible . In the King James Bible ( first published in 1611 ) , First Chronicles 16 : 30 states that `` the world also shall be stable , that it be not moved . '' Psalm 104 : 5 says , `` ( the Lord ) Who laid the foundations of the earth , that it should not be removed for ever . '' Ecclesiastes 1 : 5 states that `` The sun also ariseth , and the sun goeth down , and hasteth to his place where he arose . '' Nonetheless , in 1533 , Johann Albrecht Widmannstetter delivered in Rome a series of lectures outlining Copernicus ' theory . The lectures were heard with interest by Pope Clement VII and several Catholic cardinals . On November 1 , 1536 , Archbishop of Capua Nikolaus von Schönberg wrote a letter to Copernicus from Rome encouraging him to publish a full version of his theory . However , in 1539 , Martin Luther said : `` There is talk of a new astrologer who wants to prove that the earth moves and goes around instead of the sky , the sun , the moon , just as if somebody were moving in a carriage or ship might hold that he was sitting still and at rest while the earth and the trees walked and moved . But that is how things are nowadays : when a man wishes to be clever he must ... invent something special , and the way he does it must needs be the best ! The fool wants to turn the whole art of astronomy upside - down . However , as Holy Scripture tells us , so did Joshua bid the sun to stand still and not the earth . '' This was reported in the context of a conversation at the dinner table and not a formal statement of faith . Melanchthon , however , opposed the doctrine over a period of years . Publication of De Revolutionibus ( 1543 ) ( edit ) Nicolaus Copernicus published the definitive statement of his system in De Revolutionibus in 1543 . Copernicus began to write it in 1506 and finished it in 1530 , but did not publish it until the year of his death . Although he was in good standing with the Church and had dedicated the book to Pope Paul III , the published form contained an unsigned preface by Osiander defending the system and arguing that it was useful for computation even if its hypotheses were not necessarily true . Possibly because of that preface , the work of Copernicus inspired very little debate on whether it might be heretical during the next 60 years . There was an early suggestion among Dominicans that the teaching of Heliocentrism should be banned , but nothing came of it at the time . Some years after the publication of De Revolutionibus John Calvin preached a sermon in which he denounced those who `` pervert the order of nature '' by saying that `` the sun does not move and that it is the earth that revolves and that it turns '' . On the other hand , Calvin is not responsible for another famous quotation which has often been misattributed to him : `` Who will venture to place the authority of Copernicus above that of the Holy Spirit ? '' It has long been established that this line can not be found in any of Calvin 's works . It has been suggested that the quotation was originally sourced from the works of Lutheran theologian Abraham Calovius . Tycho Brahe 's geo - heliocentric system c. 1587 ( edit ) Main article : Tychonic system In this depiction of the Tychonic system , the objects on blue orbits ( the Moon and the Sun ) revolve around the Earth . The objects on orange orbits ( Mercury , Venus , Mars , Jupiter , and Saturn ) revolve around the Sun . Around all is a sphere of fixed stars , located just beyond Saturn . Prior to the publication of De Revolutionibus , the most widely accepted system had been proposed by Ptolemy , in which the Earth was the center of the universe and all celestial bodies orbited it . Tycho Brahe , arguably the most accomplished astronomer of his time , advocated against Copernicus 's heliocentric system and for an alternative to the Ptolemaic geocentric system : a geo - heliocentric system now known as the Tychonic system in which the five then known planets orbit the sun , while the sun and the moon orbit the earth . Tycho appreciated the Copernican system , but objected to the idea of a moving Earth on the basis of physics , astronomy , and religion . The Aristotelian physics of the time ( modern Newtonian physics was still a century away ) offered no physical explanation for the motion of a massive body like Earth , whereas it could easily explain the motion of heavenly bodies by postulating that they were made of a different sort substance called aether that moved naturally . So Tycho said that the Copernican system `` ... expertly and completely circumvents all that is superfluous or discordant in the system of Ptolemy . On no point does it offend the principle of mathematics . Yet it ascribes to the Earth , that hulking , lazy body , unfit for motion , a motion as quick as that of the aethereal torches , and a triple motion at that . '' Likewise , Tycho took issue with the vast distances to the stars that Aristarchus and Copernicus had assumed in order to explain the lack of any visible parallax . Tycho had measured the apparent sizes of stars ( now known to be illusory -- see stellar magnitude ) , and used geometry to calculate that in order to both have those apparent sizes and be as far away as Heliocentrism required , stars would have to be huge ( much larger than the sun ; the size of Earth 's orbit or larger ) . Regarding this Tycho wrote , `` Deduce these things geometrically if you like , and you will see how many absurdities ( not to mention others ) accompany this assumption ( of the motion of the earth ) by inference . '' He also cited the Copernican system 's `` opposition to the authority of Sacred Scripture in more than one place '' as a reason why one might wish to reject it , and observed that his own geoheliocentric alternative `` offended neither the principles of physics nor Holy Scripture '' . The Jesuit astronomers in Rome were at first unreceptive to Tycho 's system ; the most prominent , Clavius , commented that Tycho was `` confusing all of astronomy , because he wants to have Mars lower than the Sun . '' However , after the advent of the telescope showed problems with some geocentric models ( by demonstrating that Venus circles the sun , for example ) , the Tychonic system and variations on that system became very popular among geocentrists , and the Jesuit astronomer Giovanni Battista Riccioli would continue Tycho 's use of physics , stellar astronomy ( now with a telescope ) , and religion to argue against Heliocentrism and for Tycho 's system well into the seventeenth century ( see Riccioli ) . Galileo Galilei ( edit ) Publication of starry messenger ( 1610 ) ( edit ) In the 17th century AD Galileo Galilei opposed the Roman Catholic Church by his strong support for Heliocentrism Galileo was able to look at the night sky with the newly invented telescope . Then he published his discoveries in Sidereus Nuncius including ( among other things ) the moons of Jupiter and that Venus exhibited a full range of phases . These discoveries were not consistent with the Ptolemeic model of the solar system . As the Jesuit astronomers confirmed Galileo 's observations , the Jesuits moved toward Tycho 's teachings . Publication of letter to the Grand Duchess ( 1615 ) ( edit ) In a Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina , Galileo defended Heliocentrism , and claimed it was not contrary to Scriptures ( see Galileo affair ) . He took Augustine 's position on Scripture : not to take every passage literally when the scripture in question is in a Bible book of poetry and songs , not a book of instructions or history . The writers of the Scripture wrote from the perspective of the terrestrial world , and from that vantage point the sun does rise and set . In fact , it is the Earth 's rotation which gives the impression of the sun in motion across the sky . 1616 ban against Copernicanism ( edit ) Main article : Galileo affair In February 1615 , prominent Dominicans including Thomaso Caccini and Niccolò Lorini brought Galileo 's writings on Heliocentrism to the attention of the Inquisition , because they appeared to violate Holy Scripture and the decrees of the Council of Trent . Cardinal and Inquisitor Robert Bellarmine was called upon to adjudicate , and wrote in April that treating Heliocentrism as a real phenomenon would be `` a very dangerous thing , '' irritating philosophers and theologians , and harming `` the Holy Faith by rendering Holy Scripture as false . '' In January 1616 Msgr . Francesco Ingoli addressed an essay to Galileo disputing the Copernican system . Galileo later stated that he believed this essay to have been instrumental in the ban against Copernicanism that followed in February . According to Maurice Finocchiaro , Ingoli had probably been commissioned by the Inquisition to write an expert opinion on the controversy , and the essay provided the `` chief direct basis '' for the ban . The essay focused on eighteen physical and mathematical arguments against Heliocentrism . It borrowed primarily from the arguments of Tycho Brahe , and it notedly mentioned the problem that Heliocentrism requires the stars to be much larger than the sun . Ingoli wrote that the great distance to the stars in the heliocentric theory `` clearly proves ... the fixed stars to be of such size , as they may surpass or equal the size of the orbit circle of the Earth itself . '' Ingoli included four theological arguments in the essay , but suggested to Galileo that he focus on the physical and mathematical arguments . Galileo did not write a response to Ingoli until 1624 . In February 1616 , the Inquisition assembled a committee of theologians , known as qualifiers , who delivered their unanimous report condemning Heliocentrism as `` foolish and absurd in philosophy , and formally heretical since it explicitly contradicts in many places the sense of Holy Scripture . '' The Inquisition also determined that the Earth 's motion `` receives the same judgement in philosophy and ... in regard to theological truth it is at least erroneous in faith . '' Bellarmine personally ordered Galileo `` to abstain completely from teaching or defending this doctrine and opinion or from discussing it ... to abandon completely ... the opinion that the sun stands still at the center of the world and the earth moves , and henceforth not to hold , teach , or defend it in any way whatever , either orally or in writing . '' -- Bellarmine and the Inquisition 's injunction against Galileo , 1616 In March , after the Inquisition 's injunction against Galileo , the papal Master of the Sacred Palace , Congregation of the Index , and Pope banned all books and letters advocating the Copernican system , which they called `` the false Pythagorean doctrine , altogether contrary to Holy Scripture . '' In 1618 the Holy Office recommended that a modified version of Copernicus ' De Revolutionibus be allowed for use in calendric calculations , though the original publication remained forbidden until 1758 . Publication of Epitome astronomia Copernicanae ( 1617 -- 1621 ) ( edit ) In Astronomia nova ( 1609 ) , Johannes Kepler had used an elliptical orbit to explain the motion of Mars . In Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae he developed a heliocentric model of the solar system in which all the planets have elliptical orbits . This provided significantly increased accuracy in predicting the position of the planets . Kepler 's ideas were not immediately accepted . Galileo for example completely ignored Kepler 's work . Kepler proposed Heliocentrism as a physical description of the solar system and Epitome astronomia Copernicanae was placed on the index of prohibited books despite Kepler being a Protestant . Publication of dialogue Concerning the two chief world systems ( edit ) Pope Urban VIII encouraged Galileo to publish the pros and cons of Heliocentrism . Galileo 's response , Dialogue concerning the two chief world systems ( 1632 ) , clearly advocated Heliocentrism , despite his declaration in the preface that , I will endeavour to show that all experiments that can be made upon the Earth are insufficient means to conclude for its mobility but are indifferently applicable to the Earth , movable or immovable ... and his straightforward statement , I might very rationally put it in dispute , whether there be any such centre in nature , or no ; being that neither you nor any one else hath ever proved , whether the World be finite and figurate , or else infinite and interminate ; yet nevertheless granting you , for the present , that it is finite , and of a terminate Spherical Figure , and that thereupon it hath its centre ... Some ecclesiastics also interpreted the book as characterizing the Pope as a simpleton , since his viewpoint in the dialogue was advocated by the character Simplicio . Urban VIII became hostile to Galileo and he was again summoned to Rome . Galileo 's trial in 1633 involved making fine distinctions between `` teaching '' and `` holding and defending as true '' . For advancing heliocentric theory Galileo was forced to recant Copernicanism and was put under house arrest for the last few years of his life . According to J.L. Heilbron , informed contemporaries of Galileo 's : `` appreciated that the reference to heresy in connection with Galileo or Copernicus had no general or theological significance . '' Age of reason ( edit ) Further information : Age of Reason , 17th - century philosophy , and Scientific revolution René Descartes postponed , and ultimately never finished , his treatise The World , which included a heliocentric model , but the Galileo affair did little to slow the spread of Heliocentrism across Europe , as Kepler 's Epitome of Copernican Astronomy became increasingly influential in the coming decades . By 1686 the model was well enough established that the general public was reading about it in Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds , published in France by Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle and translated into English and other languages in the coming years . It has been called `` one of the first great popularizations of science . '' In 1687 , Isaac Newton published Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica , which provided an explanation for Kepler 's laws in terms of universal gravitation and what came to be known as Newton 's laws of motion . This placed Heliocentrism on a firm theoretical foundation , although Newton 's Heliocentrism was of a somewhat modern kind . Already in the mid-1680s he recognized the `` deviation of the Sun '' from the centre of gravity of the solar system . For Newton it was not precisely the centre of the Sun or any other body that could be considered at rest , but `` the common centre of gravity of the Earth , the Sun and all the Planets is to be esteem 'd the Centre of the World '' , and this centre of gravity `` either is at rest or moves uniformly forward in a right line '' . Newton adopted the `` at rest '' alternative in view of common consent that the centre , wherever it was , was at rest . Meanwhile , the Church remained opposed to Heliocentrism as a literal description , but this did not by any means imply opposition to all astronomy ; indeed , it needed observational data to maintain its calendar . In support of this effort it allowed the cathedrals themselves to be used as solar observatories called meridiane ; i.e. , they were turned into `` reverse sundials '' , or gigantic pinhole cameras , where the Sun 's image was projected from a hole in a window in the cathedral 's lantern onto a meridian line . In 1664 , Pope Alexander VII published his Index Librorum Prohibitorum Alexandri VII Pontificis Maximi jussu editus ( Index of Prohibited Books , published by order of Alexander VII , P.M. ) which included all previous condemnations of heliocentric books . In the mid-eighteenth century the Church 's opposition began to fade . An annotated copy of Newton 's Principia was published in 1742 by Fathers le Seur and Jacquier of the Franciscan Minims , two Catholic mathematicians , with a preface stating that the author 's work assumed Heliocentrism and could not be explained without the theory . In 1758 the Catholic Church dropped the general prohibition of books advocating Heliocentrism from the Index of Forbidden Books . The Observatory of the Roman College was established by Pope Clement XIV in 1774 ( nationalized in 1878 , but re-founded by Pope Leo XIII as the Vatican Observatory in 1891 ) . In spite of dropping its active resistance to Heliocentrism , the Catholic Church did not lift the prohibition of uncensored versions of Copernicus 's De Revolutionibus or Galileo 's Dialogue . The affair was revived in 1820 , when the Master of the Sacred Palace ( the Church 's chief censor ) , Filippo Anfossi , refused to license a book by a Catholic canon , Giuseppe Settele , because it openly treated heliocentrism as a physical fact . Settele appealed to pope Pius VII . After the matter had been reconsidered by the Congregation of the Index and the Holy Office , Anfossi 's decision was overturned . Pius VII approved a decree in 1822 by the Sacred Congregation of the Inquisition to allow the printing of heliocentric books in Rome . Copernicus 's De Revolutionibus and Galileo 's Dialogue were then subsequently omitted from the next edition of the Index when it appeared in 1835 . Reception in Judaism ( edit ) Already in the Talmud , Greek philosophy and science under general name `` Greek wisdom '' were considered dangerous . They were put under ban then and later for some periods . The first Jewish scholar to describe the Copernican system , albeit without mentioning Copernicus by name , was Maharal of Prague , his book `` Be'er ha - Golah '' ( 1593 ) . Maharal makes an argument of radical skepticism , arguing that no scientific theory can be reliable , which he illustrates by the new - fangled theory of heliocentrism upsetting even the most fundamental views on the cosmos . Copernicus is mentioned in the books of David Gans ( 1541 -- 1613 ) , who worked with Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler . Gans wrote two books on astronomy in Hebrew : a short one `` Magen David '' ( 1612 ) and a full one `` Nehmad veNaim '' ( published only in 1743 ) . He described objectively three systems : Ptolemy , Copernicus and of Tycho Brahe without taking sides . Joseph Solomon Delmedigo ( 1591 -- 1655 ) in his `` Elim '' ( 1629 ) says that the arguments of Copernicus are so strong , that only an imbecile will not accept them . Delmedigo studied at Padua and was acquainted with Galileo . An actual controversy on the Copernican model within Judaism arises only in the early 18th century . Most authors in this period accept Copernican heliocentrism , with opposition from David Nieto and Tobias Cohn . Both of these authors argued against heliocentrism on grounds of contradictions to scripture . Nieto merely rejected the new system on those grounds without much passion , whereas Cohn went so far as to call Copernicus `` a first - born of Satan '' , though he also acknowledged that he would have found it difficult to counter one particular objection based on a passage from the Talmud . In the 19th century two students of the Hatam sofer wrote books that were given approbations by him even though one supported heliocentrism and the other geocentrism . The one , a commentary on Genesis Yafe'ah le - Ketz written by R. Israel David Schlesinger resisted a heliocentric model and supported geocentrism . The other , Mei Menuchot written by R. Eliezer Lipmann Neusatz encouraged acceptance of the heliocentric model and other modern scientific thinking . Since the 20th century most Jews have not questioned the science of heliocentrism . Exceptions include Shlomo Benizri and R.M.M. Schneerson of Chabad who argued that the question of heliocentrism vs. geocentrism is obsolete because of the relativity of motion . Schneerson 's followers in Chabad continue to deny the heliocentric model . The view of modern Science ( edit ) Kepler 's laws of planetary motion were used as arguments in favor of the heliocentric hypothesis . Three apparent proofs of the heliocentric hypothesis were provided in 1727 by James Bradley , in 1838 by Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel and in 1851 by Foucault . Bessel proved that the parallax of a star was greater than zero by measuring the parallax of 0.314 arcseconds of a star named 61 Cygni . In the same year Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve and Thomas Henderson measured the parallaxes of other stars , Vega and Alpha Centauri . The thinking that the heliocentric view was also not true in a strict sense was achieved in steps . That the Sun was not the center of the universe , but one of innumerable stars , was strongly advocated by the mystic Giordano Bruno . Over the course of the 18th and 19th centuries , the status of the Sun as merely one star among many became increasingly obvious . By the 20th century , even before the discovery that there are many galaxies , it was no longer an issue . The concept of an absolute velocity , including being `` at rest '' as a particular case , is ruled out by the principle of relativity , also eliminating any obvious `` center '' of the universe as a natural origin of coordinates . Some forms of Mach 's principle consider the frame at rest with respect to the distant masses in the universe to have special properties . Even if the discussion is limited to the solar system , the Sun is not at the geometric center of any planet 's orbit , but rather approximately at one focus of the elliptical orbit . Furthermore , to the extent that a planet 's mass can not be neglected in comparison to the Sun 's mass , the center of gravity of the solar system is displaced slightly away from the center of the Sun . ( The masses of the planets , mostly Jupiter , amount to 0.14 % of that of the Sun . ) Therefore , a hypothetical astronomer on an extrasolar planet would observe a small `` wobble '' in the Sun 's motion . Modern use of geocentric and heliocentric ( edit ) In modern calculations the terms `` geocentric '' and `` heliocentric '' are often used to refer to reference frames . In such systems the origin in the center of mass of the Earth , of the Earth -- Moon system , of the Sun , of the Sun plus the major planets , or of the entire solar system can be selected ; see center - of - mass frame . Right Ascension and Declination are examples of geocentric coordinates , used in Earth - based observations , while the heliocentric latitude and longitude are used for orbital calculations . This leads to such terms as `` heliocentric velocity '' and `` heliocentric angular momentum '' . In this heliocentric picture , any planet of the Solar System can be used as a source of mechanical energy because it moves relatively to the Sun . A smaller body ( either artificial or natural ) may gain heliocentric velocity due to gravity assist -- this effect can change the body 's mechanical energy in heliocentric reference frame ( although it will not changed in the planetary one ) . However , such selection of `` geocentric '' or `` heliocentric '' frames is merely a matter of computation . It does not have philosophical implications and does not constitute a distinct physical or scientific model . From the point of view of General Relativity , inertial reference frames do not exist at all , and any practical reference frame is only an approximation to the actual space - time , which can have higher or lower precision . See also ( edit ) Cosmology portal Geocentric model Celestial spheres Copernican Revolution ( metaphor ) Copernican principle Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ optinonally capitalised , Heliocentrism or heliocentrism , according to The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary ( 6th ed. , 2007 ) . The term is a learned formation based on Greek ἥλιος helios `` sun '' and κέντρον kentron `` center '' ; the adjective heliocentric is first recorded in English ( as heliocentrick ) in 1685 , after New Latin heliocentricus , in use from about the same time ( Johann Jakob Zimmermann , Prodromus biceps cono ellipticæ et a priori demonstratæ planetarum theorices , 1679 , p. 28 ) . The abstract noun in - ism is more recent , recorded from the late 19th century ( e.g. in Constance Naden , Induction and Deduction : A Historical and Critical Sketch of Successive Philosophical Conceptions Respecting the Relations Between Inductive and Deductive Thought and Other Essays ( 1890 ) , p. 76 : `` Copernicus started from the observed motions of the planets , on which astronomers were agreed , and worked them out on the new hypothesis of Heliocentrism '' ) , modelled after German Heliocentrismus or Heliozentrismus ( c. 1870 ) . Jump up ^ Dreyer ( 1953 ) , pp. 135 -- 48 ; Linton ( 2004 ) , pp. 38 -- 9 ) . The work of Aristarchus 's in which he proposed his heliocentric system has not survived . We only know of it now from a brief passage in Archimedes 's The Sand Reckoner . Jump up ^ according to Lucio Russo , the heliocentric view was expounded in Hipparchus 's work on gravity . ( source : Lucio Rosso , The Forgotten Revolution , How Science was Born in 300BC and Why it had to be Reborn , pp 293 - 296 ) Jump up ^ Debus , Allen G. ( 1987 ) , Man and nature in the Renaissance , Cambridge University Press , p. 76 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 29328 - 6 , Chapter V , page 76 Jump up ^ In Book 1 section 7 he admits that a model in which the earth revolves with respect to the stars would be simpler but does n't go as far as considering a heliocentric system . Jump up ^ Dennis Duke , Ptolemy 's Universe Jump up ^ Boyer , C. A History of Mathematics . Wiley , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Johannes Kepler ( 1618 -- 21 ) , Epitome of Copernican Astronomy , Book IV , Part 1.2 Jump up ^ Eastwood , B.S. ( November 1 , 1992 ) , `` Heraclides and Heliocentrism -- Texts Diagrams and Interpretations '' , Journal for the History of Astronomy , 23 : 233 , Bibcode : 1992JHA ... 23 ... 233E Jump up ^ Otto E. Neugebauer ( 1975 ) , A history of ancient mathematical astronomy , Berlin / Heidelberg / New York : Springer , p. 695 , ISBN 3 - 540 - 06995 - X Jump up ^ Rufus , W. Carl ( 1923 ) , `` The astronomical system of Copernicus '' , Popular Astronomy , 31 : 510 -- 521 ( 512 ) , Bibcode : 1923PA ... 31 ... 510R , at pp. 511 - 512 Jump up ^ Arenarius , I. , 4 -- 7 Jump up ^ D. Rawlins , Aristarchus 's vast universe : ancient vision , contends that all of Aristarchus 's huge astronomical estimates of distance were based upon his gauging the limit of human visual discrimination to be approximately a ten thousandth of a radian which is about right . Jump up ^ Dreyer ( 1953 , p. 138 ) ; Plutarch ( 1957 , p. 55 ) ( on - line copy available ) . According to a footnote in the latter reference , Diogenes Laertius listed a work of Cleanthes ' ( apparently now lost ) with the title Against Aristarchus ( Plutarch , 1957 , p. 54 ) . Jump up ^ Murdin , Paul , Murdin , Paul , ed. , Seleucus of Seleucia ( c. 190 BC - ? ) , Institute of Physics Publishing , Bibcode : 2000eaa ... bookE3998. , ISBN 0 - 333 - 75088 - 8 , doi : 10.1888 / 0333750888 , retrieved 2009 - 08 - 08 Jump up ^ Index of Ancient Greek Philosophers - Scientists , Ics.forth.gr , retrieved 2009 - 08 - 08 Jump up ^ Bartel , B.L. ( 1987 ) , `` The Heliocentric System in Greek , Persian and Hindu Astronomy '' , Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 500 ( 1 ) : 525 -- 545 ( 527 -- 529 ) , Bibcode : 1987NYASA. 500 ... 525V , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1987. tb37224. x . Jump up ^ Shlomo Pines ( 1986 ) , Studies in Arabic versions of Greek texts and in mediaeval science , 2 , Brill Publishers , pp. viii & 201 -- 17 , ISBN 965 - 223 - 626 - 8 Jump up ^ Lucio Russo , Flussi e riflussi , Feltrinelli , Milano , 2003 , ISBN 88 - 07 - 10349 - 4 . Jump up ^ William Stahl , trans. , Martianus Capella and the Seven Liberal Arts , vol. 2 , The Marriage of Philology and Mercury , 854 , 857 , New York : Columbia Univ . Pr , 1977 , pp. 332 -- 3 Jump up ^ Eastwood , Bruce S. ( 2007 ) , Ordering the Heavens : Roman Astronomy and Cosmology in the Carolingian Renaissance , Leiden : Brill , pp. 244 -- 259 , ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 16186 - 3 Jump up ^ Eastwood , Bruce S. ( 1982 ) , `` Kepler as Historian of Science : Precursors of Copernican Heliocentrism according to De revolutionibus I , 10 '' , Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society , 126 : 367 -- 394 . ^ Jump up to : Joseph ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Thurston ( 1994 ) . Jump up ^ Sabra , A.I. ( 1998 ) . `` Configuring the Universe : Aporetic , Problem Solving , and Kinematic Modeling as Themes of Arabic Astronomy '' . Perspectives on Science . 6 ( 3 ) : 288 -- 330 . at pp. 317 -- 18 : All Islamic astronomers from Thabit ibn Qurra in the ninth century to Ibn al - Shatir in the fourteenth , and all natural philosophers from al - Kindi to Averroes and later , are known to have accepted ... the Greek picture of the world as consisting of two spheres of which one , the celestial sphere ... concentrically envelops the other . Jump up ^ Hoskin , Michael ( 1999 - 03 - 18 ) . The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy . Cambridge University Press . p. 60 . ISBN 9780521576000 . ^ Jump up to : Ragep , F. Jamil ( 2001a ) , `` Tusi and Copernicus : The Earth 's Motion in Context '' , Science in Context , Cambridge University Press , 14 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 145 -- 163 , doi : 10.1017 / s0269889701000060 ^ Jump up to : Ragep , F. Jamil ; Al - Qushji , Ali ( 2001b ) , `` Freeing Astronomy from Philosophy : An Aspect of Islamic Influence on Science '' , Osiris , 2nd Series , 16 ( Science in Theistic Contexts : Cognitive Dimensions ) : 49 -- 64 & 66 -- 71 , Bibcode : 2001Osir ... 16 ... 49R , doi : 10.1086 / 649338 Jump up ^ Adi Setia ( 2004 ) , `` Fakhr Al - Din Al - Razi on Physics and the Nature of the Physical World : A Preliminary Survey '' , Islam & Science , 2 , retrieved 2010 - 03 - 02 Jump up ^ Alessandro Bausani ( 1973 ) . `` Cosmology and Religion in Islam '' . Scientia / Rivista di Scienza. 108 ( 67 ) : 762 . ^ Jump up to : Young , M.J.L. , ed. ( 2006 - 11 - 02 ) . Religion , Learning and Science in the ' Abbasid Period . Cambridge University Press . p. 413 . ISBN 9780521028875 . Jump up ^ Nasr , Seyyed Hossein ( 1993 - 01 - 01 ) . An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines . SUNY Press . p. 135 . ISBN 9781438414195 . Jump up ^ Qadir ( 1989 ) , p. 5 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Nicolaus Copernicus , Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ E.S. Kennedy , `` Al - Bīrūnī 's Masudic Canon '' , Al - Abhath , 24 ( 1971 ) : 59 -- 81 ; reprinted in David A. King and Mary Helen Kennedy , ed. , Studies in the Islamic Exact Sciences , Beirut , 1983 , pp. 573 -- 595 . Jump up ^ G. Wiet , V. Elisseeff , P. Wolff , J. Naudu ( 1975 ) . History of Mankind , Vol 3 : The Great medieval Civilisations , p. 649 . George Allen & Unwin Ltd , UNESCO . ^ Jump up to : Saliba ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Samsó , Julio ( 2007 ) . `` Biṭrūjī : Nūr al ‐ Dīn Abū Isḥāq ( Abū Jaʿfar ) Ibrāhīm ibn Yūsuf al ‐ Biṭrūjī '' . In Thomas Hockey ; et al . The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers . New York : Springer . pp. 133 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 31022 - 0 . ( PDF version ) ^ Jump up to : Samsó , Julio ( 1970 -- 80 ) . `` Al - Bitruji Al - Ishbili , Abu Ishaq '' . Dictionary of Scientific Biography . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 0 - 684 - 10114 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hikmat al - ' Ain , p. 78 ^ Jump up to : Toby E. Huff ( 1993 ) : The rise of early modern science : Islam , China , and the West ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Nicholas of Cusa , De docta ignorantia , 2.12 , p. 103 , cited in Koyré ( 1957 ) , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Ramasubramanian , K. ( 1998 ) , `` Model of planetary motion in the works of Kerala astronomers '' , Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India , 26 : 11 -- 31 ( 23 -- 4 ) , Bibcode : 1998BASI ... 26 ... 11R Jump up ^ K. Ramasubramanian , et al. ( 1994 ) , p. 788 Jump up ^ Amartya Kumar Dutta ( May 2006 ) , `` Āryabhata and axial rotation of earth '' , Resonance , Springer , 11 ( 5 ) : 58 -- 72 ( 70 -- 1 ) , ISSN 0973 - 712X , doi : 10.1007 / BF02839373 Jump up ^ George G. Joseph ( 2000 ) , p. 408 . Jump up ^ Ramasubramanian , K. ; Srinivas , M.D. ; Sriram , M.S. ( 1994 ) , `` Modification of the earlier Indian planetary theory by the Kerala astronomers ( c. 1500 AD ) and the implied heliocentric picture of planetary motion '' , Current Science , 66 : 784 -- 790 . Jump up ^ Roberts , V. ; Kennedy , E.S. ( 1959 ) . `` The Planetary Theory of Ibn al - Shatir '' . Isis. 50 : 232 -- 234 . doi : 10.1086 / 348774 . Jump up ^ Guessoum , N. ( June 2008 ) , `` Copernicus and Ibn Al - Shatir : does the Copernican revolution have Islamic roots ? '' , The Observatory , 128 : 231 -- 239 ( 238 ) , Bibcode : 2008Obs ... 128 ... 231G Jump up ^ A.I. Sabra ( 1998 ) . Jump up ^ E.S. Kennedy ( Autumn 1966 ) , `` Late Medieval Planetary Theory '' , Isis , University of Chicago Press , 57 ( 3 ) : 365 -- 378 ( 377 ) , JSTOR 228366 , doi : 10.1086 / 350144 Jump up ^ Saliba , George ( 1995 - 07 - 01 ) . A History of Arabic Astronomy : Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam . NYU Press . ISBN 9780814780237 . Jump up ^ Swerdlow , Noel M. ( 1973 - 12 - 31 ) . `` The Derivation and First Draft of Copernicus 's Planetary Theory : A Translation of the Commentariolus with Commentary '' . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society . 117 ( 6 ) : 424 . ISSN 0003 - 049X . JSTOR 986461 . Jump up ^ King , David A. ( 2007 ) . `` Ibn al ‐ Shāṭir : ʿAlāʾ al ‐ Dīn ʿAlī ibn Ibrāhīm '' . In Thomas Hockey ; et al . The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers . New York : Springer . pp. 569 -- 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 31022 - 0 . ( PDF version ) Jump up ^ Arthur Koestler , The Sleepwalkers , Penguin Books , 1959 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ N.K. Singh , M. Zaki Kirmani , Encyclopaedia of Islamic science and scientists ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Viktor Blåsjö , `` A Critique of the Arguments for Maragha Influence on Copernicus '' , Journal for the History of Astronomy , 45 ( 2014 ) , 183 - 195 ADS . Jump up ^ Freely , John ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) . Light from the East : How the Science of Medieval Islam Helped to Shape the Western World . I.B. Tauris . p. 179 . ISBN 9781784531386 . Jump up ^ Veselovsky , I.N. ( 1973 ) , `` Copernicus and Nasir al - Din al - Tusi '' , Journal for the History of Astronomy , 4 : 128 -- 30 , Bibcode : 1973JHA ... 4 ... 128V . Jump up ^ Neugebauer , Otto ( 1975 ) , A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy , 2 , Berlin / Heidelberg / New York : Springer - Verlag , p. 1035 , ISBN 0 - 387 - 06995 - X Jump up ^ Kren , Claudia ( 1971 ) , `` The Rolling Device of Naṣir al - Dīn al - Ṭūsī in the De spera of Nicole Oresme '' , Isis , 62 ( 4 ) : 490 -- 498 , doi : 10.1086 / 350791 . Jump up ^ The image shows a woodcut by Christoph Murer , from Nicolaus Reusner 's Icones ( printed 1578 ) , allegedly after a ( lost ) self - portrait by Copernicus himself ; the Murer portrait became the template for a number of later ( 17th century ) woodcuts , copper engravings and paintings of Copernicus . Jump up ^ Henry , John ( 2001 ) . Moving heaven and earth : Copernicus and the solar system . Cambridge : Icon . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84046 - 251 - 7 . Jump up ^ Gingerich , ( 2004 , p. 51 ) Jump up ^ Gingerich , O. `` Did Copernicus Owe a Debt to Aristarchus ? '' Journal for the History of Astronomy , Vol. 16 , NO. 1 / FEB , P. 37 , 1985 . As mentioned earlier in this article , Philolaus had the Earth moving round a Central Fire which was not the Sun , so Copernicus 's reference to Aristarchus 's model as possibly geodynamic does not necessarily imply that he thought it was heliocentric . Jump up ^ A library catalogue of a 16th - century historian , Matthew of Miechow , bears that date and contains a reference to the manuscript , so it must have begun circulating before that date ( Koyré , 1973 , p. 85 ; Gingerich , 2004 , p. 32 ) . Jump up ^ Speller ( 2008 , p. 51 ) Jump up ^ `` Religious Objections to Copernicus '' . Jump up ^ Melanchthon , Elements of Physics , 1st . edition , 1549 Jump up ^ Revolution in Science , I. Bernard Cohen , page 497 . Jump up ^ Rosen ( 1995 , p. 159 ) . Rosen disputes the earlier conclusion of another scholar that this was referring specifically to Copernicus 's theory . According to Rosen , Calvin had very likely never heard of Copernicus and was referring instead to `` the traditional geokinetic cosmology '' . Jump up ^ Rosen , Edward ( 1960 ) , Calvin 's attitude toward Copernicus in Journal of the History of Ideas , volume 21 , no . 3 , July , pp. 431 -- 441 . Reprinted in Rosen ( 1995 , pp. 161 -- 171 ) . Jump up ^ Gingerich , Owen ( 2004 ) , The Book Nobody Read . New York : Walker and Co . Jump up ^ Hooykaas , R. ( 1973 ) . Religion and the rise of modern science . Reprint , Edinburgh : Scottish Academic Press , 1977 . Jump up ^ Bye , Dan J. ( 2007 ) . McGrath vs Russell on Calvin vs Copernicus : a case of the pot calling the kettle black ? in The Freethinker , volume 127 , no . 6 , June , pp. 8 -- 10 . Available online here . Jump up ^ Owen Gingerich , The eye of heaven : Ptolemy , Copernicus , Kepler , New York : American Institute of Physics , 1993 , 181 , ISBN 0 - 88318 - 863 - 5 Jump up ^ Blair , Ann , `` Tycho Brahe 's critique of Copernicus and the Copernican system '' , Journal of the History of Ideas , 51 , 1990 , 364 . Jump up ^ Gingerich , O. & Voelkel , J.R. , J. Hist . Astron. , Vol. 29 , 1998 , page 1 , 24 Jump up ^ Fantoli , 2003 , p. 109 Jump up ^ Arthur Koestler , The Sleepwalkers ( Penguin Arkana , 1989 p. 433 ) Jump up ^ Langford ( 1992 ) , p. 56 - 57 Jump up ^ Drake ( 1978 , p. 240 ) , Sharratt ( 1994 , pp. 110 − 111 ) , Favaro ( 1907 , 19 : 297 − 298 ) Archived December 8 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . ( in Italian ) . Jump up ^ Sharratt ( 1994 , pp. 110 − 115 ) Jump up ^ Graney ( 2015 , pp. 68 - 69 ) Ingoli 's essay was published in English translation for the first time in 2015 . Jump up ^ Finocchiaro ( 2010 , pp. 72 ) Jump up ^ Graney ( 2015 , pp. 71 ) Jump up ^ Graney ( 2015 , pp. 66 - 76 , 164 - 175 , 187 - 195 ) Jump up ^ Favaro ( 1907 , 19 : 320 ) Archived May 13 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Domínguez ( 2014 ) ; arXiv : 1402.6168 Original text of the decision ^ Jump up to : Heilbron ( 2010 ) , p. 218 ^ Jump up to : Finochiario , Maurice ( 2007 ) . Retrying Galileo . University of California Press . ^ Jump up to : The Systeme of the World : in Four Dialogues ( 1661 ) Thomas Salusbury translation of Dialogo sopra i Due Massi Sistemi del Mondo ( 1632 ) Jump up ^ Arthur Koestler , The Sleepwalkers ( Penguin Arkana , 1989 p. 491 ) Jump up ^ Heilbronn ( 1999 , p. 203 ) ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , David A. Is Pluto a Planet , p. 66 , Princeton University Press , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Kepler 's Laws of Planetary Motion : 1609 -- 1666 '' , J.L. Russell , British Journal for the History of Science , Vol. 2 , No. 1 , June 1964 Jump up ^ Curtis Wilson , `` The Newtonian achievement in astronomy '' , pages 233 -- 274 in R Taton & C Wilson ( eds ) ( 1989 ) , The General History of Astronomy , Volume 2A , at page 233 ^ Jump up to : ( text quotations from 1729 translation of Newton Principia , Book 3 ( 1729 vol. 2 ) at pages 232 -- 233 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Pontifical Decrees Against the Doctrine of the Earth 's Movement , and the Ultramontane Defence of Them '' , Rev. William Roberts , 1885 , London Jump up ^ John L. Heilbron , Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo ( in McMullin , Ernan ed. , The Church and Galileo , University of Notre Dame Press , Notre Dame , 2005 , p. 307 , IN . ISBN 0 - 268 - 03483 - 4 ) ^ Jump up to : Heilbron ( 2005 , pp. 279 , 312 -- 313 ) Jump up ^ Noah J. Efron . Jewish Thought and Scientific Discovery in Early Modern Europe . Journal of the History of Ideas , Vol. 58 , No. 4 ( Oct. , 1997 ) , pp. 719 -- 732 Jump up ^ Sefer Elim , Amsterdam , 1629 , стр. 304 Jump up ^ Neher ( 1977 ) . Jump up ^ In a marginal note in his Massé Touvia ( part 2 , p. 52b ) : `` Remark of the author : I fear that the incredulous may draw an objection from a text of Midrash Bereshit Rabba ( V , 8 ) in which our Teachers , the Rabbis , of blessed memory , explain that if the Earth is called in Hebrew `` eretz '' it is because it hastens ( `` ratseta '' ) before the Creator in order to accomplish His will . I acknowledge that the answer to this objection seems difficult for me to find `` , as translated by Neher ( 1977 , p. 220 ) . Jump up ^ `` יפח לקץ - חלק א - שלזינגר , ישראל דוד ( page 13 of 134 ) '' . www.hebrewbooks.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Jeremy , Brown ( 2008 -- 2009 ) . `` Rabbi Reuven Landau and the Jewish Reaction to Copernican Thought in Nineteenth Century Europe '' ( PDF ) . The Torah u-Madda Journal . 15 : 142 . CS1 maint : Date format ( link ) Jump up ^ `` HebrewBooks.org Sefer Detail : מי מנוחות -- נויזץ , אליעזר ליפמן '' . hebrewbooks.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ RABBI NATAN , SLIFKIN . `` The Sun 's Path at Night : The Revolution in Rabbinic Perspectives on the Ptolemaic Revolution '' . Rationalist Judaism . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 1964 - , Brown , Jeremy , ( 2013 ) . New heavens and a new earth : the Jewish reception of Copernican thought . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 262 . ISBN 9780199754793 . OCLC 808316428 . Jump up ^ `` on the basis of the presently accepted scientific view ( in accordance with the theory of Relativity ) that where two bodies in space are in motion relative to one another , it is impossible scientifically to ascertain which revolves around which , or which is stationary and the other in motion . Therefore , to say that there is , or can be , ' scientific proof ' that the earth revolves around the sun is quite an unscientific and uncritical statement . '' `` '' Igrot Kodesh '' v. 7 , p. 134 , letter number 1996 `` . Otzar770.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ 1964 - , Brown , Jeremy , ( 2013 ) . New heavens and a new earth : the Jewish reception of Copernican thought . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 362 . ISBN 9780199754793 . OCLC 808316428 . External links ( edit ) Does Heliocentrism Mean That the Sun is Stationary ? Heliocentric Pantheon The Copernican Model : a Sun Centered Solar System References ( edit ) Baker , A. and Chapter , L. ( 2002 ) , `` Part 4 : The Sciences '' . In M.M. Sharif , `` A History of Muslim Philosophy '' , Philosophia Islamica . Drake , Stillman ( 1978 ) . Galileo At Work . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 16226 - 5 . Dreyer , J.L.E. ( 1953 ) , A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler , New York , NY : Dover Publications , ISBN 0 - 486 - 60079 - 3 Fantoli , Annibale ( 2003 ) . Galileo -- For Copernicanism and the Church , 3rd English edition , tr . George V. Coyne , SJ . Vatican Observatory Publications , Notre Dame , IN . ISBN 88 - 209 - 7427 - 4 . Favaro , Antonio , ed. ( 1890 -- 1909 ) . Le Opere di Galileo Galilei , Edizione Nazionale ( The Works of Galileo Galilei , National Edition ) ( in Italian ) . Florence : Barbera . ISBN 88 - 09 - 20881 - 1 . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2007 . A searchable online copy is available on the Institute and Museum of the History of Science , Florence , and a brief overview of Le Opere is available at Finn 's fine books , and here . Finocchiaro , Maurice ( 2010 ) , Defending Copernicus and Galileo : Critical Reasoning in the two Affairs , Springer , ISBN 978 - 9048132003 Gingerich , Owen ( 2004 ) . The Book Nobody Read . London : William Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 434 - 01315 - 3 . Graney , Christopher M. ( 2015 ) , Setting Aside All Authority : Giovanni Battista Riccioli and the Science against Copernicus in the Age of Galileo , University of Notre Dame Press , ISBN 978 - 0268029883 Heath , T.L. ( 1913 ) . Aristarchus of Samos , the ancient Copernicus : a history of Greek astronomy to Aristarchus , Oxford , Clarendon . ISBN 0 - 486 - 24188 - 2 ( 1981 Dover reprint ) . Heilbron , John L. ( 1999 ) , The Sun in the Church : Cathedrals as Solar Observatories , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , ISBN 0674005368 Heilbron , John L. ( 2005 ) . `` Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo '' . In McMullin , Ernan . The Church and Galileo . University of Notre Dame Press , Notre Dame . ISBN 0 - 268 - 03483 - 4 . Heilbron , John L. ( 2010 ) . `` Biography of Galileo '' . Galileo . Oxford University Press , Oxford . Joseph , George G. ( 2000 ) . The Crest of the Peacock : Non-European Roots of Mathematics , 2nd edition . Penguin Books , London . ISBN 0 - 691 - 00659 - 8 . Koestler , Arthur , ( 1959 ) The Sleepwalkers : A History of Man 's Changing Vision of the Universe , Penguin Books ; 1986 edition : ISBN 0 - 14 - 055212 - X , 1990 reprint : ISBN 0 - 14 - 019246 - 8 Koyré , Alexandre ( 1957 ) . From the Closed World to the Infinite Universe . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Univ . Pr . Koyré , Alexandre ( 1973 ) . The Astronomical Revolution : Copernicus -- Kepler -- Borelli . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 0504 - 1 . Langford , Jerome K. , O.P. ( 1998 ) ( 1966 ) . Galileo , Science and the Church ( third ed . ) . St. Augustine 's Press . ISBN 1 - 890318 - 25 - 6 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) . Original edition by Desclee ( New York , NY , 1966 ) Linton , Christopher M. ( 2004 ) , From Eudoxus to Einstein -- A History of Mathematical Astronomy , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 82750 - 8 Neher , André ( 1977 ) , `` Copernicus in the Hebraic Literature from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century '' , Journal of the History of Ideas , 38 ( No. 2 ) : 221 -- 26 , JSTOR 2708908 Plutarch ( 1957 ) , Plutarch 's Moralia in Fifteen Volumes , XII , Loeb Classical Library edition , translated by Harold Cherniss and William C. Helmbold , London : William Heinemann Qadir , Asghar ( 1989 ) . Relativity : An Introduction to the Special Theory . World Scientific . ISBN 9971 - 5 - 0612 - 2 . Rosen , Edward ( 1995 ) , Copernicus and his Successors , London : Hambledon Press , ISBN 1 - 85285 - 071 - X Sabra , A.I. ( 1998 ) , `` Configuring the Universe : Aporetic , Problem Solving , and Kinematic Modeling as Themes of Arabic Astronomy '' , Perspectives on Science , 6 : 288 -- 330 . Saliba , George ( 1999 ) . Whose Science is Arabic Science in Renaissance Europe ? Columbia University . The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary ( 6th ed . ) , Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press , 2007 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 199 - 20687 - 2 Sharratt , Michael ( 1994 ) . Galileo : Decisive Innovator . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56671 - 1 . Speller , Jules ( 2008 ) , Galileo 's Inquisition Trial Revisited , Frankfurt am Main : Peter Lang , ISBN 978 - 3 - 631 - 56229 - 1 Taton , René ; Wilson , Curtis , eds. ( 1989 ) , Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics Part A : Tycho Brahe to Newton , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 24254 - 1 , retrieved 2009 - 11 - 06 Thurston , Hugh ( 1994 ) . Early Astronomy . Springer - Verlag , New York . ISBN 0 - 387 - 94107 - X . ( hide ) Ancient Greek astronomy Astronomers Aglaonice Agrippa Anaximander Andronicus Apollonius Aratus Aristarchus Aristyllus Attalus Autolycus Bion Callippus Cleomedes Cleostratus Conon Eratosthenes Euctemon Eudoxus Geminus Heraclides Hicetas Hipparchus Hippocrates of Chios Hypsicles Menelaus Meton Oenopides Philip of Opus Philolaus Posidonius Ptolemy Pytheas Seleucus Sosigenes of Alexandria Sosigenes the Peripatetic Strabo Thales Theodosius Theon of Alexandria Theon of Smyrna Timocharis Works Almagest ( Ptolemy ) On Sizes and Distances ( Hipparchus ) On the Sizes and Distances ( Aristarchus ) On the Heavens ( Aristotle ) Instruments Antikythera mechanism Armillary sphere Astrolabe Dioptra Equatorial ring Gnomon Mural instrument Triquetrum Concepts Callippic cycle Celestial spheres Circle of latitude Counter-Earth Deferent and epicycle Equant Geocentrism Heliocentrism Hipparchic cycle Metonic cycle Octaeteris Solstice Spherical Earth Sublunary sphere Zodiac Influences Babylonian astronomy Egyptian astronomy Influenced Medieval European science Indian astronomy Medieval Islamic astronomy GND : 4131692 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heliocentrism&oldid=800019505 '' Categories : Ancient Greek astronomy Obsolete scientific theories History of ideas Early scientific cosmologies Solar System Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Italian - language external links CS1 maint : Date format All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles needing the year an event occurred from April 2017 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2011 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use mdy dates from April 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 04 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who discovered the sun was the center of the solar system | [
"The first person known to have proposed a heliocentric system, however, was Aristarchus of Samos (c. 270 BC). Like Eratosthenes, Aristarchus calculated the size of the Earth, and measured the size and distance of the Moon and Sun, in a treatise which has survived. From his estimates, he concluded that the Sun was six to seven times wider than the Earth and thus hundreds of times more voluminous. His writings on the heliocentric system are lost, but some information is known from surviving descriptions and critical commentary by his contemporaries, such as Archimedes. Some have suggested that his calculation of the relative size of the Earth and Sun led Aristarchus to conclude that it made more sense for the Earth to be moving than for the huge Sun to be moving around it. Though the original text has been lost, a reference in Archimedes' book The Sand Reckoner describes another work by Aristarchus in which he advanced an alternative hypothesis of the heliocentric model. Archimedes wrote:"
] | [
"Aristarchus of Samos"
] |
-8174177369836541060 | The Secret Life of Walter Mitty | The Secret Life of Walter Mitty - wikipedia The Secret Life of Walter Mitty Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the original short story . For the 1947 film , see The Secret Life of Walter Mitty ( 1947 film ) . For the 2013 film , see The Secret Life of Walter Mitty ( 2013 film ) . `` The Secret Life of Walter Mitty '' Author James Thurber Country United States Language English Genre ( s ) short story Published in The New Yorker Publication type Magazine Publisher Harcourt , Brace and Company Media type Print ( Periodical , Hardback & Paperback ) Publication date 1939 ( magazine ) , 1942 ( book ) Preceded by `` Death in the Zoo '' Followed by `` Interview with a Lemming '' `` The Secret Life of Walter Mitty '' ( 1939 ) is a short story by James Thurber . The most famous of Thurber 's stories , it first appeared in The New Yorker on March 18 , 1939 , and was first collected in his book My World and Welcome to It ( Harcourt , Brace and Company , 1942 ) . It has since been reprinted in James Thurber : Writings and Drawings ( The Library of America , 1996 , ISBN 1 - 883011 - 22 - 1 ) , is available on - line on the New Yorker website , and is one of the most anthologized short stories in American literature . The story is considered one of Thurber 's `` acknowledged masterpieces '' . It was made into a 1947 movie of the same name , with Danny Kaye in the title role , though the movie is very different from the original story . It was also adapted into a 2013 film , which is again very different from the original . The name Walter Mitty and the derivative word `` Mittyesque '' have entered the English language , denoting an ineffectual person who spends more time in heroic daydreams than paying attention to the real world , or more seriously , one who intentionally attempts to mislead or convince others that he is something that he is not . The story had an influence on other humorists , notably Mad founder Harvey Kurtzman ( who borrowed the story 's sound effects ) , playwright George Axelrod ( who employed Mitty - like fantasies in The Seven Year Itch ) and animation director Chuck Jones ( who created a Mitty - like child character for Warner Bros. cartoons ) . When referencing actor Errol Flynn , Warner Brothers studio head Jack L. Warner noted in his autobiography , My First Hundred Years in Hollywood , `` To the Walter Mittys of the world he ( Flynn ) was all the heroes in one magnificent , sexy , animal package '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Analysis 3 1947 film 4 2013 film 5 Stage adaptations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The short story deals with a vague and mild - mannered man who drives into Waterbury , Connecticut , with his wife for their regular weekly shopping and his wife 's visit to the beauty parlor . During this time he has five heroic daydream episodes . The first is as a pilot of a U.S. Navy flying boat in a storm , then he is a magnificent surgeon performing a one - of - a-kind surgery , then as a deadly assassin testifying in a courtroom , and then as a Royal Air Force pilot volunteering for a daring , secret suicide mission to bomb an ammunition dump . As the story ends , Mitty imagines himself facing a firing squad , `` inscrutable to the last . '' Each of the fantasies is inspired by some detail of Mitty 's mundane surroundings : The powering up of the `` Navy hydroplane '' in the opening scene is followed by Mrs. Mitty 's complaint that Mitty is `` driving too fast '' , which suggests that his driving is an action of the daydreaming and he has lost touch with the actual world . Mitty 's turn as a brilliant surgeon immediately follows his taking off and putting on his gloves ( as a surgeon dons surgical gloves ) and driving past a hospital . The courtroom drama cliché `` Perhaps this will refresh your memory , '' which begins the third fantasy , follows Mitty 's attempt to remember what his wife told him to buy , when he hears a newsboy shouting about `` the Waterbury Trial '' ( `` You miserable cur '' are the last words mentioned in the fantasy . Mitty was supposed to buy puppy biscuits . ) Mitty 's fourth daydream comes as he waits for his wife and picks up an old copy of Liberty , reading `` Can Germany Conquer the World Through the Air ? '' , and envisions himself fighting Germany while volunteering to pilot a plane normally piloted by two people . The closing firing - squad scene comes when Mitty is standing against a wall , smoking . Analysis ( edit ) Mitty is very much a Thurber protagonist , so much so that he has been called `` the archetype for dreamy , hapless , Thurber Man '' . Like many of his male characters , such as the husband in `` The Unicorn in the Garden '' and the physically unimposing men Thurber often paired with larger women in his cartoons , Mitty is dominated and put upon by his wife . Like the man who saw the unicorn , he escapes via fantasies . A similar dynamic is found in the Thurber story `` The Curb in the Sky '' , in which a man starts recounting his own dreams as anecdotes as an attempt to stop his wife from constantly correcting him on the details . In his 2001 book The Man Who Was Walter Mitty : The Life and Work of James Thurber ( ISBN 0 - 930751 - 13 - 2 ) , author Thomas Fensch suggests that the character was largely based on Thurber himself . This is consistent with Thurber 's self - described imaginative interpretations of shapes seen with his `` two - fifths vision '' in his essay `` The Admiral on the Wheel '' . Neurologist V.S. Ramachandran suggests that Thurber may have had Charles Bonnet syndrome , a neurological condition that causes vivid and bizarre hallucinations even in blind patients . Thurber 's love of wordplay can be seen in his coining of several nonsense terms in the story , including the pseudo-medical jargon `` obstreosis of the ductal tract '' , `` streptothricosis '' , and the recurring onomatopoeia of `` ta - pocketa - pocketa - pocketa . '' The medical nonsense that `` coreopsis has set in '' uses the name of a flower which sounds vaguely like a horrible medical condition . 1947 film ( edit ) Main article : The Secret Life of Walter Mitty ( 1947 film ) The story was made into a 1947 movie starring Danny Kaye as a young daydreaming editor of pulp magazines . The film was adapted for the screen by Ken Englund , Everett Freeman , and Philip Rapp , and directed by Norman Z . McLeod . It was filmed in Technicolor . Thurber was repeatedly consulted about the film 's script , but his suggestions were largely ignored by producer Samuel Goldwyn , who had the writers alter the original story to showcase Kaye 's talents . In a letter to Life magazine , Thurber expressed his considerable dissatisfaction with the script , even as Goldwyn insisted in another letter that Thurber approved of it . A 1947 radio adaptation of the movie , with Danny Kaye and Virginia Mayo reprising their roles , was performed on The Screen Guild Theater . Because the show was a half hour , including commercials , Kaye 's extraneous routines are minimized , making it more like the original story . Even closer to the original story is a 1944 radio adaptation from This Is My Best , with Robert Benchley as the daydreaming Mitty . 2013 film ( edit ) Main article : The Secret Life of Walter Mitty ( 2013 film ) 20th Century Fox produced and Ben Stiller directed an adaptation of the book in 2013 , with Stiller starring as Mitty . Kristen Wiig , Shirley MacLaine , Patton Oswalt , Adam Scott , Kathryn Hahn , and Sean Penn also appear in the film . Filming took place in Manhattan and the Bronx in May 2012 and in Iceland from July to September 2012 . The film was released on December 25 , 2013 in the US and in other countries . The film had a production budget of $90 million . Stage adaptations ( edit ) `` The Secret Life of Walter Mitty '' was adapted for the stage by Thurber as part of the 1960 Broadway theater revue A Thurber Carnival . The sketch , which closed the show except for `` Word Dance Part II '' , was nearly identical to the short story , except that at the end he cleverly avoids being shot . The original cast for the sketch was as follows : Peggy Cass as Mrs. Mitty Tom Ewell as Walter Mitty Paul Ford as Mr. Pritchard - Mitford and The Leader John McGiver as Dr. Renshaw Wynne Miller as Nurse Peter Turgeon as Narrator , Lt. Berg , and Dr. Remington Charles Braswell as Dr. Benbow The story was again adapted for the stage in 1964 , this time by Joe Manchester . This musical version of The Secret Life of Walter Mitty depicts Mitty at age 40 , tempted by `` would - be chanteuse '' Willa De Wisp to leave his wife Agnes and really live `` the Secret Life '' . It features 17 songs , with lyrics by Earl Shuman and music by Leon Carr . The musical opened off - Broadway at the Players Theatre on October 26 , 1964 , and ran for 96 performances . Time magazine referred to the musical 's plot as having been `` boldly extrapolated '' from the short story , and called the result `` a thoroughly pleasant musical evening '' . Columbia Records issued an original cast recording on LP , also dated 1964 . See also ( edit ) Literary fiction Mr Benn References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Napierkowski , Marie Rose ( editor ) ( January 2006 ) . `` The Secret Life of Walter Mitty : Introduction '' . Short Stories for Students , Vol. 1 . eNotes.com . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 14 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Note on the Texts '' , James Thurber : Writings and Drawings ( The Library of America , 1996 , ISBN 1 - 883011 - 22 - 1 ) Jump up ^ James Thurber ( 18 March 1939 ) . `` The Secret Life of Walter Mitty '' . The New Yorker . ^ Jump up to : `` Thurber : Mitty and Dangerous '' . Today in Literature . todayinliterature.com . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Dust jacket introduction , James Thurber : Writings and Drawings ( The Library of America , 1996 , ISBN 1 - 883011 - 22 - 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Walter Mitty '' ( http://www.answers.com/topic/walter-mitty ) . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language , Fourth Edition . Houghton Mifflin Company . 2004 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ V.S. Ramachandran ; Sandra Blakeslee ( 1988 ) . Phantoms in the Brain . HarperCollins . pp. 85 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Fensch , Thomas ( 2001 ) . The Man Who Was Walter Mitty : The Life and Work of James Thurber . New York : New Century Books . p. 267 . ISBN 0 - 930751 - 13 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Notes for The Secret Life of Walter Mitty ( 1947 ) '' . TCM Movie Database . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 02 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) ^ Jump up to : https://archive.org/download/ScreenGuildTheater/Sgt_47-11-03_ep360_The_Secret_Life_of_Walter_Mitty.mp3 Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of Walter Mitty Official Trailer + Trailer Review : HD PLUS '' . YouTube . 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo - Movie Index , A-Z '' . boxofficemojo.com . Jump up ^ Thurber , James ( 1962 ) . A Thurber Carnival . New York : Samuel French , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 573 - 61668 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` A Thurber Carnival '' . Internet Broadway Database . The Broadway League . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Manchester , Joe ; James Thurber ( 1968 ) . The Secret Life of Walter Mitty . New York : Samuel French , Inc . ISBN 0 - 573 - 68050 - 7 . Jump up ^ Lewis , David . `` The Secret Life of Walter Mitty '' . The Guide to Musical Theatre . David Lewis . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Time Listings '' . Time . Time Inc . November 13 , 1964 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 02 . External links ( edit ) The original short story from The New Yorker Thurber House A Thurber Carnival in the Internet Broadway Database ( IBDB ) The Secret Life of Walter Mitty study guide , teaching guide , themes , quotes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Secret_Life_of_Walter_Mitty&oldid=801621022 '' Categories : 1939 short stories Connecticut in fiction Works by James Thurber Works originally published in The New Yorker Short stories adapted into films Works about photojournalism Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 errors : missing author or editor All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from December 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Македонски Nederlands Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 20 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the secret life of walter mitty written | [
"\"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty\" (1939) is a short story by James Thurber. The most famous of Thurber's stories,[1] it first appeared in The New Yorker on March 18, 1939, and was first collected in his book My World and Welcome to It (Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1942).[2] It has since been reprinted in James Thurber: Writings and Drawings (The Library of America, 1996, ISBN 1-883011-22-1), is available on-line on the New Yorker website,[3] and is one of the most anthologized short stories in American literature.[4] The story is considered one of Thurber's \"acknowledged masterpieces\".[5] It was made into a 1947 movie of the same name, with Danny Kaye in the title role, though the movie is very different from the original story. It was also adapted into a 2013 film, which is again very different from the original."
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3369573072829967 | Statue of Liberty | Statue of Liberty - wikipedia Statue of Liberty Colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor For other uses , see Statue of Liberty ( disambiguation ) . Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Location Liberty Island Manhattan , New York City , New York , U.S. Coordinates 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Coordinates : 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Height Height of copper statue ( to torch ) : 151 feet 1 inch ( 46 meters ) From ground level to torch : 305 feet 1 inch ( 93 meters ) Dedicated October 28 , 1886 Restored 1938 , 1984 -- 1986 , 2011 -- 2012 Sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi Visitors 3.2 million ( in 2009 ) Governing body U.S. National Park Service Website Statue of Liberty National Monument UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Cultural Criteria i , vi Designated 1984 ( 8th session ) Reference no . 307 State Party United States Region Europe and North America U.S. National Monument Designated October 15 , 1924 Designated by President Calvin Coolidge U.S. National Register of Historic Places Official name : Statue of Liberty National Monument , Ellis Island and Liberty Island Designated October 15 , 1966 Reference no . 66000058 New Jersey Register of Historic Places Designated May 27 , 1971 Reference no . 1535 New York City Landmark Type Individual Designated September 14 , 1976 Location of Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor in New York City Statue of Liberty ( New York ) Statue of Liberty ( the US ) Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all The Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ; French : La Liberté éclairant le monde ) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City , in the United States . The copper statue , a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States , was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel . The statue was dedicated on October 28 , 1886 . The Statue of Liberty is a figure of a robed woman representing Libertas , a Roman liberty goddess . She holds a torch above her head with her right hand , and in her left hand carries a tabula ansata inscribed in Roman numerals with `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' ( July 4 , 1776 ) , the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence . A broken chain lies at her feet as she walks forward . The statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States , and was a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving from abroad . Bartholdi was inspired by a French law professor and politician , Édouard René de Laboulaye , who is said to have commented in 1865 that any monument raised to U.S. independence would properly be a joint project of the French and U.S. peoples . Because of the post-war instability in France , work on the statue did not commence until the early 1870s . In 1875 , Laboulaye proposed that the French finance the statue and the U.S. provide the site and build the pedestal . Bartholdi completed the head and the torch - bearing arm before the statue was fully designed , and these pieces were exhibited for publicity at international expositions . The torch - bearing arm was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876 , and in Madison Square Park in Manhattan from 1876 to 1882 . Fundraising proved difficult , especially for the Americans , and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened by lack of funds . Publisher Joseph Pulitzer , of the New York World , started a drive for donations to finish the project and attracted more than 120,000 contributors , most of whom gave less than a dollar . The statue was built in France , shipped overseas in crates , and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe 's Island . The statue 's completion was marked by New York 's first ticker - tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland . The statue was administered by the United States Lighthouse Board until 1901 and then by the Department of War ; since 1933 it has been maintained by the National Park Service . Public access to the balcony around the torch has been barred for safety since 1916 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design and construction process 1.1 Origin 1.2 Design , style , and symbolism 1.3 Announcement and early work 1.4 Construction in France 1.4. 1 Design 1.4. 2 Fundraising 1.4. 3 Construction 1.5 Dedication 2 After dedication 2.1 Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) 2.2 Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) 2.3 Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) 2.4 Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) 3 Access and attributes 3.1 Location and tourism 3.2 Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications 4 UNESCO World Heritage Site 4.1 Physical characteristics 5 Depictions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Design and construction process Origin As well as the Roman Libertas , Sol Invictus ( `` Unconquered Sun '' ) also influenced the Statue of Liberty ( 3rd century disc found at Pessinus - British Museum ) . According to the National Park Service , the idea for the Statue of Liberty was first proposed by Édouard René de Laboulaye the president of the French Anti-Slavery Society and a prominent and important political thinker of his time . The project is traced to a mid-1865 conversation between de Laboulaye , a staunch abolitionist , and Frédéric Bartholdi , a sculptor . In after - dinner conversation at his home near Versailles , Laboulaye , an ardent supporter of the Union in the American Civil War , is supposed to have said : `` If a monument should rise in the United States , as a memorial to their independence , I should think it only natural if it were built by united effort -- a common work of both our nations . '' The National Park Service , in a 2000 report , however , deemed this a legend traced to an 1885 fundraising pamphlet , and that the statue was most likely conceived in 1870 . In another essay on their website , the Park Service suggested that Laboulaye was minded to honor the Union victory and its consequences , `` With the abolition of slavery and the Union 's victory in the Civil War in 1865 , Laboulaye 's wishes of freedom and democracy were turning into a reality in the United States . In order to honor these achievements , Laboulaye proposed that a gift be built for the United States on behalf of France . Laboulaye hoped that by calling attention to the recent achievements of the United States , the French people would be inspired to call for their own democracy in the face of a repressive monarchy . '' Bartholdi 's design patent According to sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , who later recounted the story , Laboulaye 's comment was not intended as a proposal , but it inspired Bartholdi . Given the repressive nature of the regime of Napoleon III , Bartholdi took no immediate action on the idea except to discuss it with Laboulaye . Bartholdi was in any event busy with other possible projects ; in the late 1860s , he approached Isma'il Pasha , Khedive of Egypt , with a plan to build Progress or Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia , a huge lighthouse in the form of an ancient Egyptian female fellah or peasant , robed and holding a torch aloft , at the northern entrance to the Suez Canal in Port Said . Sketches and models were made of the proposed work , though it was never erected . There was a classical precedent for the Suez proposal , the Colossus of Rhodes : an ancient bronze statue of the Greek god of the sun , Helios . This statue is believed to have been over 100 feet ( 30 m ) high , and it similarly stood at a harbor entrance and carried a light to guide ships . The Statue of Liberty from behind , showing that she is walking forward Any large project was further delayed by the Franco - Prussian War , in which Bartholdi served as a major of militia . In the war , Napoleon III was captured and deposed . Bartholdi 's home province of Alsace was lost to the Prussians ( Alsace - Lorraine ) , and a more liberal republic was installed in France . As Bartholdi had been planning a trip to the United States , he and Laboulaye decided the time was right to discuss the idea with influential Americans . In June 1871 , Bartholdi crossed the Atlantic , with letters of introduction signed by Laboulaye . Arriving at New York Harbor , Bartholdi focused on Bedloe 's Island ( now named Liberty Island ) as a site for the statue , struck by the fact that vessels arriving in New York had to sail past it . He was delighted to learn that the island was owned by the United States government -- it had been ceded by the New York State Legislature in 1800 for harbor defense . It was thus , as he put it in a letter to Laboulaye : `` land common to all the states . '' As well as meeting many influential New Yorkers , Bartholdi visited President Ulysses S. Grant , who assured him that it would not be difficult to obtain the site for the statue . Bartholdi crossed the United States twice by rail , and met many Americans who he thought would be sympathetic to the project . But he remained concerned that popular opinion on both sides of the Atlantic was insufficiently supportive of the proposal , and he and Laboulaye decided to wait before mounting a public campaign . Bartholdi 's Lion of Belfort Bartholdi had made a first model of his concept in 1870 . The son of a friend of Bartholdi 's , U.S. artist John LaFarge , later maintained that Bartholdi made the first sketches for the statue during his U.S. visit at La Farge 's Rhode Island studio . Bartholdi continued to develop the concept following his return to France . He also worked on a number of sculptures designed to bolster French patriotism after the defeat by the Prussians . One of these was the Lion of Belfort , a monumental sculpture carved in sandstone below the fortress of Belfort , which during the war had resisted a Prussian siege for over three months . The defiant lion , 73 feet ( 22 m ) long and half that in height , displays an emotional quality characteristic of Romanticism , which Bartholdi would later bring to the Statue of Liberty . Design , style , and symbolism Detail from a fresco by Constantino Brumidi in the U.S. Capitol in Washington , D.C. , showing two early symbols of America : Columbia ( left ) and the Indian princess Bartholdi and Laboulaye considered how best to express the idea of American liberty . In early American history , two female figures were frequently used as cultural symbols of the nation . One of these symbols , the personified Columbia , was seen as an embodiment of the United States in the manner that Britannia was identified with the United Kingdom and Marianne came to represent France . Columbia had supplanted the earlier figure of an Indian princess , which had come to be regarded as uncivilized and derogatory toward Americans . The other significant female icon in American culture was a representation of Liberty , derived from Libertas , the goddess of freedom widely worshipped in ancient Rome , especially among emancipated slaves . A Liberty figure adorned most American coins of the time , and representations of Liberty appeared in popular and civic art , including Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom ( 1863 ) atop the dome of the United States Capitol Building . Artists of the 18th and 19th centuries striving to evoke republican ideals commonly used representations of Libertas as an allegorical symbol . A figure of Liberty was also depicted on the Great Seal of France . However , Bartholdi and Laboulaye avoided an image of revolutionary liberty such as that depicted in Eugène Delacroix 's famed Liberty Leading the People ( 1830 ) . In this painting , which commemorates France 's Revolution of 1830 , a half - clothed Liberty leads an armed mob over the bodies of the fallen . Laboulaye had no sympathy for revolution , and so Bartholdi 's figure would be fully dressed in flowing robes . Instead of the impression of violence in the Delacroix work , Bartholdi wished to give the statue a peaceful appearance and chose a torch , representing progress , for the figure to hold . Crawford 's statue was designed in the early 1850s . It was originally to be crowned with a pileus , the cap given to emancipated slaves in ancient Rome . Secretary of War Jefferson Davis , a Southerner who would later serve as President of the Confederate States of America , was concerned that the pileus would be taken as an abolitionist symbol . He ordered that it be changed to a helmet . Delacroix 's figure wears a pileus , and Bartholdi at first considered placing one on his figure as well . Instead , he used a diadem , or crown , to top its head . In so doing , he avoided a reference to Marianne , who invariably wears a pileus . The seven rays form a halo or aureole . They evoke the sun , the seven seas , and the seven continents , and represent another means , besides the torch , whereby Liberty enlightens the world . Bartholdi 's early models were all similar in concept : a female figure in neoclassical style representing liberty , wearing a stola and pella ( gown and cloak , common in depictions of Roman goddesses ) and holding a torch aloft . According to popular accounts , the face was modeled after that of Charlotte Beysser Bartholdi , the sculptor 's mother , but Regis Huber , the curator of the Bartholdi Museum is on record as saying that this , as well as other similar speculations , have no basis in fact . He designed the figure with a strong , uncomplicated silhouette , which would be set off well by its dramatic harbor placement and allow passengers on vessels entering New York Bay to experience a changing perspective on the statue as they proceeded toward Manhattan . He gave it bold classical contours and applied simplified modeling , reflecting the huge scale of the project and its solemn purpose . Bartholdi wrote of his technique : Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom The surfaces should be broad and simple , defined by a bold and clear design , accentuated in the important places . The enlargement of the details or their multiplicity is to be feared . By exaggerating the forms , in order to render them more clearly visible , or by enriching them with details , we would destroy the proportion of the work . Finally , the model , like the design , should have a summarized character , such as one would give to a rapid sketch . Only it is necessary that this character should be the product of volition and study , and that the artist , concentrating his knowledge , should find the form and the line in its greatest simplicity . Bartholdi made alterations in the design as the project evolved . Bartholdi considered having Liberty hold a broken chain , but decided this would be too divisive in the days after the Civil War . The erected statue does rise over a broken chain , half - hidden by her robes and difficult to see from the ground . Bartholdi was initially uncertain of what to place in Liberty 's left hand ; he settled on a tabula ansata , used to evoke the concept of law . Though Bartholdi greatly admired the United States Constitution , he chose to inscribe `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' on the tablet , thus associating the date of the country 's Declaration of Independence with the concept of liberty . Bartholdi interested his friend and mentor , architect Eugène Viollet - le - Duc , in the project . As chief engineer , Viollet - le - Duc designed a brick pier within the statue , to which the skin would be anchored . After consultations with the metalwork foundry Gaget , Gauthier & Co. , Viollet - le - Duc chose the metal which would be used for the skin , copper sheets , and the method used to shape it , repoussé , in which the sheets were heated and then struck with wooden hammers . An advantage of this choice was that the entire statue would be light for its volume , as the copper need be only 0.094 inches ( 2.4 mm ) thick . Bartholdi had decided on a height of just over 151 feet ( 46 m ) for the statue , double that of Italy 's Sancarlone and the German statue of Arminius , both made with the same method . Announcement and early work By 1875 , France was enjoying improved political stability and a recovering postwar economy . Growing interest in the upcoming Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia led Laboulaye to decide it was time to seek public support . In September 1875 , he announced the project and the formation of the Franco - American Union as its fundraising arm . With the announcement , the statue was given a name , Liberty Enlightening the World . The French would finance the statue ; Americans would be expected to pay for the pedestal . The announcement provoked a generally favorable reaction in France , though many Frenchmen resented the United States for not coming to their aid during the war with Prussia . French monarchists opposed the statue , if for no other reason than it was proposed by the liberal Laboulaye , who had recently been elected a senator for life . Laboulaye arranged events designed to appeal to the rich and powerful , including a special performance at the Paris Opera on April 25 , 1876 , that featured a new cantata by composer Charles Gounod . The piece was titled La Liberté éclairant le monde , the French version of the statue 's announced name . Stereoscopic image of right arm and torch of the Statue of Liberty , 1876 Centennial Exposition Despite its initial focus on the elites , the Union was successful in raising funds from across French society . Schoolchildren and ordinary citizens gave , as did 181 French municipalities . Laboulaye 's political allies supported the call , as did descendants of the French contingent in the American Revolutionary War . Less idealistically , contributions came from those who hoped for American support in the French attempt to build the Panama Canal . The copper may have come from multiple sources and some of it is said to have come from a mine in Visnes , Norway , though this has not been conclusively determined after testing samples . According to Cara Sutherland in her book on the statue for the Museum of the City of New York , 90,800 kilos ( 200,000 pounds ) was needed to build the statue , and the French copper industrialist Eugène Secrétan donated 58,100 kilos ( 128,000 pounds ) of copper . Although plans for the statue had not been finalized , Bartholdi moved forward with fabrication of the right arm , bearing the torch , and the head . Work began at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop . In May 1876 , Bartholdi traveled to the United States as a member of a French delegation to the Centennial Exhibition , and arranged for a huge painting of the statue to be shown in New York as part of the Centennial festivities . The arm did not arrive in Philadelphia until August ; because of its late arrival , it was not listed in the exhibition catalogue , and while some reports correctly identified the work , others called it the `` Colossal Arm '' or `` Bartholdi Electric Light '' . The exhibition grounds contained a number of monumental artworks to compete for fairgoers ' interest , including an outsized fountain designed by Bartholdi . Nevertheless , the arm proved popular in the exhibition 's waning days , and visitors would climb up to the balcony of the torch to view the fairgrounds . After the exhibition closed , the arm was transported to New York , where it remained on display in Madison Square Park for several years before it was returned to France to join the rest of the statue . During his second trip to the United States , Bartholdi addressed a number of groups about the project , and urged the formation of American committees of the Franco - American Union . Committees to raise money to pay for the foundation and pedestal were formed in New York , Boston , and Philadelphia . The New York group eventually took on most of the responsibility for American fundraising and is often referred to as the `` American Committee '' . One of its members was 19 - year - old Theodore Roosevelt , the future governor of New York and president of the United States . On March 3 , 1877 , on his final full day in office , President Grant signed a joint resolution that authorized the President to accept the statue when it was presented by France and to select a site for it . President Rutherford B. Hayes , who took office the following day , selected the Bedloe 's Island site that Bartholdi had proposed . Construction in France The statue 's head on exhibit at the Paris World 's Fair , 1878 On his return to Paris in 1877 , Bartholdi concentrated on completing the head , which was exhibited at the 1878 Paris World 's Fair . Fundraising continued , with models of the statue put on sale . Tickets to view the construction activity at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop were also offered . The French government authorized a lottery ; among the prizes were valuable silver plate and a terracotta model of the statue . By the end of 1879 , about 250,000 francs had been raised . The head and arm had been built with assistance from Viollet - le - Duc , who fell ill in 1879 . He soon died , leaving no indication of how he intended to transition from the copper skin to his proposed masonry pier . The following year , Bartholdi was able to obtain the services of the innovative designer and builder Gustave Eiffel . Eiffel and his structural engineer , Maurice Koechlin , decided to abandon the pier and instead build an iron truss tower . Eiffel opted not to use a completely rigid structure , which would force stresses to accumulate in the skin and lead eventually to cracking . A secondary skeleton was attached to the center pylon , then , to enable the statue to move slightly in the winds of New York Harbor and as the metal expanded on hot summer days , he loosely connected the support structure to the skin using flat iron bars which culminated in a mesh of metal straps , known as `` saddles '' , that were riveted to the skin , providing firm support . In a labor - intensive process , each saddle had to be crafted individually . To prevent galvanic corrosion between the copper skin and the iron support structure , Eiffel insulated the skin with asbestos impregnated with shellac . Eiffel 's design made the statue one of the earliest examples of curtain wall construction , in which the exterior of the structure is not load bearing , but is instead supported by an interior framework . He included two interior spiral staircases , to make it easier for visitors to reach the observation point in the crown . Access to an observation platform surrounding the torch was also provided , but the narrowness of the arm allowed for only a single ladder , 40 feet ( 12 m ) long . As the pylon tower arose , Eiffel and Bartholdi coordinated their work carefully so that completed segments of skin would fit exactly on the support structure . The components of the pylon tower were built in the Eiffel factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois - Perret . The change in structural material from masonry to iron allowed Bartholdi to change his plans for the statue 's assembly . He had originally expected to assemble the skin on - site as the masonry pier was built ; instead he decided to build the statue in France and have it disassembled and transported to the United States for reassembly in place on Bedloe 's Island . In a symbolic act , the first rivet placed into the skin , fixing a copper plate onto the statue 's big toe , was driven by United States Ambassador to France Levi P. Morton . The skin was not , however , crafted in exact sequence from low to high ; work proceeded on a number of segments simultaneously in a manner often confusing to visitors . Some work was performed by contractors -- one of the fingers was made to Bartholdi 's exacting specifications by a coppersmith in the southern French town of Montauban . By 1882 , the statue was complete up to the waist , an event Barthodi celebrated by inviting reporters to lunch on a platform built within the statue . Laboulaye died in 1883 . He was succeeded as chairman of the French committee by Ferdinand de Lesseps , builder of the Suez Canal . The completed statue was formally presented to Ambassador Morton at a ceremony in Paris on July 4 , 1884 , and de Lesseps announced that the French government had agreed to pay for its transport to New York . The statue remained intact in Paris pending sufficient progress on the pedestal ; by January 1885 , this had occurred and the statue was disassembled and crated for its ocean voyage . Richard Morris Hunt 's pedestal under construction in June 1885 The committees in the United States faced great difficulties in obtaining funds for the construction of the pedestal . The Panic of 1873 had led to an economic depression that persisted through much of the decade . The Liberty statue project was not the only such undertaking that had difficulty raising money : construction of the obelisk later known as the Washington Monument sometimes stalled for years ; it would ultimately take over three - and - a-half decades to complete . There was criticism both of Bartholdi 's statue and of the fact that the gift required Americans to foot the bill for the pedestal . In the years following the Civil War , most Americans preferred realistic artworks depicting heroes and events from the nation 's history , rather than allegorical works like the Liberty statue . There was also a feeling that Americans should design American public works -- the selection of Italian - born Constantino Brumidi to decorate the Capitol had provoked intense criticism , even though he was a naturalized U.S. citizen . Harper 's Weekly declared its wish that `` M. Bartholdi and our French cousins had ' gone the whole figure ' while they were about it , and given us statue and pedestal at once . '' The New York Times stated that `` no true patriot can countenance any such expenditures for bronze females in the present state of our finances . '' Faced with these criticisms , the American committees took little action for several years . Design Frank Leslie 's Illustrated Newspaper , June 1885 , showing ( clockwise from left ) woodcuts of the completed statue in Paris , Bartholdi , and the statue 's interior structure The foundation of Bartholdi 's statue was to be laid inside Fort Wood , a disused army base on Bedloe 's Island constructed between 1807 and 1811 . Since 1823 , it had rarely been used , though during the Civil War , it had served as a recruiting station . The fortifications of the structure were in the shape of an eleven - point star . The statue 's foundation and pedestal were aligned so that it would face southeast , greeting ships entering the harbor from the Atlantic Ocean . In 1881 , the New York committee commissioned Richard Morris Hunt to design the pedestal . Within months , Hunt submitted a detailed plan , indicating that he expected construction to take about nine months . He proposed a pedestal 114 feet ( 35 m ) in height ; faced with money problems , the committee reduced that to 89 feet ( 27 m ) . Hunt 's pedestal design contains elements of classical architecture , including Doric portals , as well as some elements influenced by Aztec architecture . The large mass is fragmented with architectural detail , in order to focus attention on the statue . In form , it is a truncated pyramid , 62 feet ( 19 m ) square at the base and 39.4 feet ( 12.0 m ) at the top . The four sides are identical in appearance . Above the door on each side , there are ten disks upon which Bartholdi proposed to place the coats of arms of the states ( between 1876 and 1889 , there were 38 U.S. states ) , although this was not done . Above that , a balcony was placed on each side , framed by pillars . Bartholdi placed an observation platform near the top of the pedestal , above which the statue itself rises . According to author Louis Auchincloss , the pedestal `` craggily evokes the power of an ancient Europe over which rises the dominating figure of the Statue of Liberty '' . The committee hired former army General Charles Pomeroy Stone to oversee the construction work . Construction on the 15 - foot - deep ( 4.6 m ) foundation began in 1883 , and the pedestal 's cornerstone was laid in 1884 . In Hunt 's original conception , the pedestal was to have been made of solid granite . Financial concerns again forced him to revise his plans ; the final design called for poured concrete walls , up to 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) thick , faced with granite blocks . This Stony Creek granite came from the Beattie Quarry in Branford , Connecticut . The concrete mass was the largest poured to that time . Norwegian immigrant civil engineer Joachim Goschen Giæver designed the structural framework for the Statue of Liberty . His work involved design computations , detailed fabrication and construction drawings , and oversight of construction . In completing his engineering for the statue 's frame , Giæver worked from drawings and sketches produced by Gustave Eiffel . Fundraising Unpacking of the face of the Statue of Liberty , which was delivered on June 17 , 1885 Fundraising for the statue had begun in 1882 . The committee organized a large number of money - raising events . As part of one such effort , an auction of art and manuscripts , poet Emma Lazarus was asked to donate an original work . She initially declined , stating she could not write a poem about a statue . At the time , she was also involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fled anti-Semitic pogroms in eastern Europe . These refugees were forced to live in conditions that the wealthy Lazarus had never experienced . She saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue . The resulting sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' , including the iconic lines `` Give me your tired , your poor / Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free '' , is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty and is inscribed on a plaque in the museum in its base . Even with these efforts , fundraising lagged . Grover Cleveland , the governor of New York , vetoed a bill to provide $50,000 for the statue project in 1884 . An attempt the next year to have Congress provide $100,000 , sufficient to complete the project , also failed . The New York committee , with only $3,000 in the bank , suspended work on the pedestal . With the project in jeopardy , groups from other American cities , including Boston and Philadelphia , offered to pay the full cost of erecting the statue in return for relocating it . Joseph Pulitzer , publisher of the New York World , a New York newspaper , announced a drive to raise $100,000 -- the equivalent of $2.3 million today . Pulitzer pledged to print the name of every contributor , no matter how small the amount given . The drive captured the imagination of New Yorkers , especially when Pulitzer began publishing the notes he received from contributors . `` A young girl alone in the world '' donated `` 60 cents , the result of self denial . '' One donor gave `` five cents as a poor office boy 's mite toward the Pedestal Fund . '' A group of children sent a dollar as `` the money we saved to go to the circus with . '' Another dollar was given by a `` lonely and very aged woman . '' Residents of a home for alcoholics in New York 's rival city of Brooklyn -- the cities would not merge until 1898 -- donated $15 ; other drinkers helped out through donation boxes in bars and saloons . A kindergarten class in Davenport , Iowa , mailed the World a gift of $1.35 . As the donations flooded in , the committee resumed work on the pedestal . Construction On June 17 , 1885 , the French steamer Isère , laden with the Statue of Liberty , reached the New York port safely . New Yorkers displayed their new - found enthusiasm for the statue , as the French vessel arrived with the crates holding the disassembled statue on board . Two hundred thousand people lined the docks and hundreds of boats put to sea to welcome the Isère . After five months of daily calls to donate to the statue fund , on August 11 , 1885 , the World announced that $102,000 had been raised from 120,000 donors , and that 80 percent of the total had been received in sums of less than one dollar . Even with the success of the fund drive , the pedestal was not completed until April 1886 . Immediately thereafter , reassembly of the statue began . Eiffel 's iron framework was anchored to steel I - beams within the concrete pedestal and assembled . Once this was done , the sections of skin were carefully attached . Due to the width of the pedestal , it was not possible to erect scaffolding , and workers dangled from ropes while installing the skin sections . Nevertheless , no one died during the construction . Bartholdi had planned to put floodlights on the torch 's balcony to illuminate it ; a week before the dedication , the Army Corps of Engineers vetoed the proposal , fearing that ships ' pilots passing the statue would be blinded . Instead , Bartholdi cut portholes in the torch -- which was covered with gold leaf -- and placed the lights inside them . A power plant was installed on the island to light the torch and for other electrical needs . After the skin was completed , renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted , co-designer of New York 's Central Park and Brooklyn 's Prospect Park , supervised a cleanup of Bedloe 's Island in anticipation of the dedication . Dedication Unveiling of the Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World ( 1886 ) by Edward Moran . Oil on canvas . The J. Clarence Davies Collection , Museum of the City of New York . A ceremony of dedication was held on the afternoon of October 28 , 1886 . President Grover Cleveland , the former New York governor , presided over the event . On the morning of the dedication , a parade was held in New York City ; estimates of the number of people who watched it ranged from several hundred thousand to a million . President Cleveland headed the procession , then stood in the reviewing stand to see bands and marchers from across America . General Stone was the grand marshal of the parade . The route began at Madison Square , once the venue for the arm , and proceeded to the Battery at the southern tip of Manhattan by way of Fifth Avenue and Broadway , with a slight detour so the parade could pass in front of the World building on Park Row . As the parade passed the New York Stock Exchange , traders threw ticker tape from the windows , beginning the New York tradition of the ticker - tape parade . A nautical parade began at 12 : 45 p.m. , and President Cleveland embarked on a yacht that took him across the harbor to Bedloe 's Island for the dedication . De Lesseps made the first speech , on behalf of the French committee , followed by the chairman of the New York committee , Senator William M. Evarts . A French flag draped across the statue 's face was to be lowered to unveil the statue at the close of Evarts 's speech , but Bartholdi mistook a pause as the conclusion and let the flag fall prematurely . The ensuing cheers put an end to Evarts 's address . President Cleveland spoke next , stating that the statue 's `` stream of light shall pierce the darkness of ignorance and man 's oppression until Liberty enlightens the world '' . Bartholdi , observed near the dais , was called upon to speak , but he declined . Orator Chauncey M. Depew concluded the speechmaking with a lengthy address . No members of the general public were permitted on the island during the ceremonies , which were reserved entirely for dignitaries . The only females granted access were Bartholdi 's wife and de Lesseps 's granddaughter ; officials stated that they feared women might be injured in the crush of people . The restriction offended area suffragists , who chartered a boat and got as close as they could to the island . The group 's leaders made speeches applauding the embodiment of Liberty as a woman and advocating women 's right to vote . A scheduled fireworks display was postponed until November 1 because of poor weather . Shortly after the dedication , The Cleveland Gazette , an African American newspaper , suggested that the statue 's torch not be lit until the United States became a free nation `` in reality '' : `` Liberty enlightening the world , '' indeed ! The expression makes us sick . This government is a howling farce . It can not or rather does not protect its citizens within its own borders . Shove the Bartholdi statue , torch and all , into the ocean until the `` liberty '' of this country is such as to make it possible for an inoffensive and industrious colored man to earn a respectable living for himself and family , without being ku - kluxed , perhaps murdered , his daughter and wife outraged , and his property destroyed . The idea of the `` liberty '' of this country `` enlightening the world , '' or even Patagonia , is ridiculous in the extreme . After dedication Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) Statue of Liberty ca . 1900 Government poster using the Statue of Liberty to promote the sale of Liberty Bonds When the torch was illuminated on the evening of the statue 's dedication , it produced only a faint gleam , barely visible from Manhattan . The World characterized it as `` more like a glowworm than a beacon . '' Bartholdi suggested gilding the statue to increase its ability to reflect light , but this proved too expensive . The United States Lighthouse Board took over the Statue of Liberty in 1887 and pledged to install equipment to enhance the torch 's effect ; in spite of its efforts , the statue remained virtually invisible at night . When Bartholdi returned to the United States in 1893 , he made additional suggestions , all of which proved ineffective . He did successfully lobby for improved lighting within the statue , allowing visitors to better appreciate Eiffel 's design . In 1901 , President Theodore Roosevelt , once a member of the New York committee , ordered the statue 's transfer to the War Department , as it had proved useless as a lighthouse . A unit of the Army Signal Corps was stationed on Bedloe 's Island until 1923 , after which military police remained there while the island was under military jurisdiction . The statue rapidly became a landmark . Many immigrants who entered through New York saw it as a welcoming sight . Oral histories of immigrants record their feelings of exhilaration on first viewing the Statue of Liberty . One immigrant who arrived from Greece recalled , I saw the Statue of Liberty . And I said to myself , `` Lady , you 're such a beautiful ! ( sic ) You opened your arms and you get all the foreigners here . Give me a chance to prove that I am worth it , to do something , to be someone in America . '' And always that statue was on my mind . Originally , the statue was a dull copper color , but shortly after 1900 a green patina , also called verdigris , caused by the oxidation of the copper skin , began to spread . As early as 1902 it was mentioned in the press ; by 1906 it had entirely covered the statue . Believing that the patina was evidence of corrosion , Congress authorized US $62,800 ( equivalent to $1,710,486 in 2017 ) for various repairs , and to paint the statue both inside and out . There was considerable public protest against the proposed exterior painting . The Army Corps of Engineers studied the patina for any ill effects to the statue and concluded that it protected the skin , `` softened the outlines of the Statue and made it beautiful . '' The statue was painted only on the inside . The Corps of Engineers also installed an elevator to take visitors from the base to the top of the pedestal . On July 30 , 1916 , during World War I , German saboteurs set off a disastrous explosion on the Black Tom peninsula in Jersey City , New Jersey , in what is now part of Liberty State Park , close to Bedloe 's Island . Carloads of dynamite and other explosives that were being sent to Britain and France for their war efforts were detonated , and seven people were killed . The statue sustained minor damage , mostly to the torch - bearing right arm , and was closed for ten days . The cost to repair the statue and buildings on the island was about US $100,000 ( equivalent to $2,248,930 in 2017 ) . The narrow ascent to the torch was closed for public - safety reasons , and it has remained closed ever since . That same year , Ralph Pulitzer , who had succeeded his father Joseph as publisher of the World , began a drive to raise US $30,000 ( equivalent to $674,679 in 2017 ) for an exterior lighting system to illuminate the statue at night . He claimed over 80,000 contributors , but failed to reach the goal . The difference was quietly made up by a gift from a wealthy donor -- a fact that was not revealed until 1936 . An underwater power cable brought electricity from the mainland and floodlights were placed along the walls of Fort Wood . Gutzon Borglum , who later sculpted Mount Rushmore , redesigned the torch , replacing much of the original copper with stained glass . On December 2 , 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson pressed the telegraph key that turned on the lights , successfully illuminating the statue . After the United States entered World War I in 1917 , images of the statue were heavily used in both recruitment posters and the Liberty Bond drives that urged American citizens to support the war financially . This impressed upon the public the war 's stated purpose -- to secure liberty -- and served as a reminder that embattled France had given the United States the statue . In 1924 , President Calvin Coolidge used his authority under the Antiquities Act to declare the statue a National Monument . The only successful suicide in the statue 's history occurred five years later , when a man climbed out of one of the windows in the crown and jumped to his death , glancing off the statue 's breast and landing on the base . Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) Bedloe 's Island in 1927 , showing the statue and army buildings . The eleven - pointed walls of Fort Wood , which still form the statue 's base , are visible . In 1933 , President Franklin Roosevelt ordered the statue to be transferred to the National Park Service ( NPS ) . In 1937 , the NPS gained jurisdiction over the rest of Bedloe 's Island . With the Army 's departure , the NPS began to transform the island into a park . The Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) demolished most of the old buildings , regraded and reseeded the eastern end of the island , and built granite steps for a new public entrance to the statue from its rear . The WPA also carried out restoration work within the statue , temporarily removing the rays from the statue 's halo so their rusted supports could be replaced . Rusted cast - iron steps in the pedestal were replaced with new ones made of reinforced concrete ; the upper parts of the stairways within the statue were replaced , as well . Copper sheathing was installed to prevent further damage from rainwater that had been seeping into the pedestal . The statue was closed to the public from May until December 1938 . During World War II , the statue remained open to visitors , although it was not illuminated at night due to wartime blackouts . It was lit briefly on December 31 , 1943 , and on D - Day , June 6 , 1944 , when its lights flashed `` dot - dot - dot - dash '' , the Morse code for V , for victory . New , powerful lighting was installed in 1944 -- 1945 , and beginning on V-E Day , the statue was once again illuminated after sunset . The lighting was for only a few hours each evening , and it was not until 1957 that the statue was illuminated every night , all night . In 1946 , the interior of the statue within reach of visitors was coated with a special plastic so that graffiti could be washed away . In 1956 , an Act of Congress officially renamed Bedloe 's Island as Liberty Island , a change advocated by Bartholdi generations earlier . The act also mentioned the efforts to found an American Museum of Immigration on the island , which backers took as federal approval of the project , though the government was slow to grant funds for it . Nearby Ellis Island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument by proclamation of President Lyndon Johnson in 1965 . In 1972 , the immigration museum , in the statue 's base , was finally opened in a ceremony led by President Richard Nixon . The museum 's backers never provided it with an endowment to secure its future and it closed in 1991 after the opening of an immigration museum on Ellis Island . September 26 , 1972 : President Richard Nixon visits the statue to open the American Museum of Immigration . The statue 's raised right foot is visible , showing that it is depicted moving forward . In 1970 , Ivy Bottini led a demonstration at the statue where she and others from the National Organization for Women 's New York chapter draped an enormous banner over a railing which read `` WOMEN OF THE WORLD UNITE ! '' Beginning December 26 , 1971 , 15 anti-Vietnam War veterans occupied the statue , flying a US flag upside down from her crown . They left December 28 following a Federal Court order . The statue was also several times taken over briefly by demonstrators publicizing causes such as Puerto Rican independence , opposition to abortion , and opposition to US intervention in Grenada . Demonstrations with the permission of the Park Service included a Gay Pride Parade rally and the annual Captive Baltic Nations rally . A powerful new lighting system was installed in advance of the American Bicentennial in 1976 . The statue was the focal point for Operation Sail , a regatta of tall ships from all over the world that entered New York Harbor on July 4 , 1976 , and sailed around Liberty Island . The day concluded with a spectacular display of fireworks near the statue . Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) July 4 , 1986 : First Lady Nancy Reagan ( in red ) reopens the statue to the public . Main article : Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty See also : Liberty Weekend The statue was examined in great detail by French and American engineers as part of the planning for its centennial in 1986 . In 1982 , it was announced that the statue was in need of considerable restoration . Careful study had revealed that the right arm had been improperly attached to the main structure . It was swaying more and more when strong winds blew and there was a significant risk of structural failure . In addition , the head had been installed 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) off center , and one of the rays was wearing a hole in the right arm when the statue moved in the wind . The armature structure was badly corroded , and about two percent of the exterior plates needed to be replaced . Although problems with the armature had been recognized as early as 1936 , when cast iron replacements for some of the bars had been installed , much of the corrosion had been hidden by layers of paint applied over the years . In May 1982 , President Ronald Reagan announced the formation of the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Centennial Commission , led by Chrysler Corporation chair Lee Iacocca , to raise the funds needed to complete the work . Through its fundraising arm , the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc. , the group raised more than $350 million in donations . The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a cause marketing campaign . A 1983 promotion advertised that for each purchase made with an American Express card , the company would contribute one cent to the renovation of the statue . The campaign generated contributions of $1.7 million to the restoration project . In 1984 , the statue was closed to the public for the duration of the renovation . Workers erected the world 's largest free - standing scaffold , which obscured the statue from view . Liquid nitrogen was used to remove layers of paint that had been applied to the interior of the copper skin over decades , leaving two layers of coal tar , originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion . Blasting with baking soda powder removed the tar without further damaging the copper . The restorers ' work was hampered by the asbestos - based substance that Bartholdi had used -- ineffectively , as inspections showed -- to prevent galvanic corrosion . Workers within the statue had to wear protective gear , dubbed `` moon suits '' , with self - contained breathing circuits . Larger holes in the copper skin were repaired , and new copper was added where necessary . The replacement skin was taken from a copper rooftop at Bell Labs , which had a patina that closely resembled the statue 's ; in exchange , the laboratory was provided some of the old copper skin for testing . The torch , found to have been leaking water since the 1916 alterations , was replaced with an exact replica of Bartholdi 's unaltered torch . Consideration was given to replacing the arm and shoulder ; the National Park Service insisted that they be repaired instead . The original torch was removed and replaced in 1986 with the current one , whose flame is covered in 24 - carat gold . The torch reflects the sun 's rays in daytime and is lighted by floodlights at night . Liberty Enlightening the World The entire puddled iron armature designed by Gustave Eiffel was replaced . Low - carbon corrosion - resistant stainless steel bars that now hold the staples next to the skin are made of Ferralium , an alloy that bends slightly and returns to its original shape as the statue moves . To prevent the ray and arm making contact , the ray was realigned by several degrees . The lighting was again replaced -- night - time illumination subsequently came from metal - halide lamps that send beams of light to particular parts of the pedestal or statue , showing off various details . Access to the pedestal , which had been through a nondescript entrance built in the 1960s , was renovated to create a wide opening framed by a set of monumental bronze doors with designs symbolic of the renovation . A modern elevator was installed , allowing handicapped access to the observation area of the pedestal . An emergency elevator was installed within the statue , reaching up to the level of the shoulder . July 3 -- 6 , 1986 , was designated `` Liberty Weekend '' , marking the centennial of the statue and its reopening . President Reagan presided over the rededication , with French President François Mitterrand in attendance . July 4 saw a reprise of Operation Sail , and the statue was reopened to the public on July 5 . In Reagan 's dedication speech , he stated , `` We are the keepers of the flame of liberty ; we hold it high for the world to see . '' Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) The Statue of Liberty on September 11 , 2001 as the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center burn in the background Following the September 11 attacks , the statue and Liberty Island were immediately closed to the public . The island reopened at the end of 2001 , while the pedestal and statue remained off - limits . The pedestal reopened in August 2004 , but the National Park Service announced that visitors could not safely be given access to the statue due to the difficulty of evacuation in an emergency . The Park Service adhered to that position through the remainder of the Bush administration . New York Congressman Anthony Weiner made the statue 's reopening a personal crusade . On May 17 , 2009 , President Barack Obama 's Secretary of the Interior , Ken Salazar , announced that as a `` special gift '' to America , the statue would be reopened to the public as of July 4 , but that only a limited number of people would be permitted to ascend to the crown each day . The statue , including the pedestal and base , closed on October 29 , 2011 , for installation of new elevators and staircases and to bring other facilities , such as restrooms , up to code . The statue was reopened on October 28 , 2012 , only to close again a day later due to Hurricane Sandy . Although the storm did not harm the statue , it destroyed some of the infrastructure on both Liberty Island and Ellis Island , severely damaging the dock used by the ferries bearing visitors to the statue . On November 8 , 2012 , a Park Service spokesperson announced that both islands would remain closed for an indefinite period for repairs to be done . Due to lack of electricity on Liberty Island , a generator was installed to power temporary floodlights to illuminate the statue at night . The superintendent of Statue of Liberty National Monument , David Luchsinger , whose home on the island was severely damaged , stated that it would be `` optimistically ... months '' before the island was reopened to the public . The statue and Liberty Island reopened to the public on July 4 , 2013 . Ellis Island remained closed for repairs for several more months but reopened in late October 2013 . For part of October 2013 , Liberty Island was closed to the public due to the United States federal government shutdown of 2013 , along with other federally funded museums , parks , monuments , construction projects and buildings . The statue and Liberty Island were briefly closed on July 4 , 2018 , due to a protester against American immigration policy climbing on to the statue . The new staircase to the crown On October 7 , 2016 , construction started on a new Statue of Liberty museum on Liberty Island . The new $70 million , 26,000 - square - foot ( 2,400 m ) museum will be able to accommodate all of the island 's visitors when it opens in 2019 , as opposed to the current museum , which only 20 % of the island 's visitors can visit . The original torch will be relocated here , and in addition to exhibits relating to the statue 's construction and history , there will be a theater where visitors can watch an aerial view of the statue . The museum , designed by FXFOWLE Architects , will integrate with the parkland around it . It is being funded privately by Diane von Fürstenberg , Michael Bloomberg , Jeff Bezos , Coca - Cola , NBCUniversal , the family of Laurence Tisch and Preston Robert Tisch , Mellody Hobson , and George Lucas . Von Fürstenberg heads the fundraising for the museum , and the project had garnered more than $40 million in fundraising as of groundbreaking . Access and attributes Location and tourism Tourists aboard a Circle Line ferry arriving at Liberty Island , June 1973 The statue is situated in Upper New York Bay on Liberty Island south of Ellis Island , which together comprise the Statue of Liberty National Monument . Both islands were ceded by New York to the federal government in 1800 . As agreed in an 1834 compact between New York and New Jersey that set the state border at the bay 's midpoint , the original islands remain New York territory despite their location on the New Jersey side of the state line . Liberty Island is one of the islands that are part of the borough of Manhattan in New York . Land created by reclamation added to the 2.3 acres ( 0.93 ha ) original island at Ellis Island is New Jersey territory . No charge is made for entrance to the national monument , but there is a cost for the ferry service that all visitors must use , as private boats may not dock at the island . A concession was granted in 2007 to Statue Cruises to operate the transportation and ticketing facilities , replacing Circle Line , which had operated the service since 1953 . The ferries , which depart from Liberty State Park in Jersey City and Battery Park in Lower Manhattan , also stop at Ellis Island when it is open to the public , making a combined trip possible . All ferry riders are subject to security screening , similar to airport procedures , prior to boarding . Visitors intending to enter the statue 's base and pedestal must obtain a complimentary museum / pedestal ticket along with their ferry ticket . Those wishing to climb the staircase within the statue to the crown purchase a special ticket , which may be reserved up to a year in advance . A total of 240 people per day are permitted to ascend : ten per group , three groups per hour . Climbers may bring only medication and cameras -- lockers are provided for other items -- and must undergo a second security screening . Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island . There are several plaques and dedicatory tablets on or near the Statue of Liberty . A plaque on the copper just under the figure in front declares that it is a colossal statue representing Liberty , designed by Bartholdi and built by the Paris firm of Gaget , Gauthier et Cie ( Cie is the French abbreviation analogous to Co . ) . A presentation tablet , also bearing Bartholdi 's name , declares the statue is a gift from the people of the Republic of France that honors `` the Alliance of the two Nations in achieving the Independence of the United States of America and attests their abiding friendship . '' A tablet placed by the New York committee commemorates the fundraising done to build the pedestal . The cornerstone bears a plaque placed by the Freemasons . In 1903 , a bronze tablet that bears the text of Emma Lazarus 's sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 ) , was presented by friends of the poet . Until the 1986 renovation , it was mounted inside the pedestal ; today it resides in the Statue of Liberty Museum , in the base . `` The New Colossus '' tablet is accompanied by a tablet given by the Emma Lazarus Commemorative Committee in 1977 , celebrating the poet 's life . A group of statues stands at the western end of the island , honoring those closely associated with the Statue of Liberty . Two Americans -- Pulitzer and Lazarus -- and three Frenchmen -- Bartholdi , Eiffel , and Laboulaye -- are depicted . They are the work of Maryland sculptor Phillip Ratner . UNESCO World Heritage site In 1984 , the Statue of Liberty was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The UNESCO `` Statement of Significance '' describes the statue as a `` masterpiece of the human spirit '' that `` endures as a highly potent symbol -- inspiring contemplation , debate and protest -- of ideals such as liberty , peace , human rights , abolition of slavery , democracy and opportunity . '' Physical characteristics As viewed from the ground on Liberty Island Feature U.S. Metric Height of copper statue 151 ft 1 in 46 m Foundation of pedestal ( ground level ) to tip of torch 305 ft 1 in 93 m Heel to top of head 111 ft 1 in 34 m Height of hand 16 ft 5 in 5 m Index finger 8 ft 1 in 2.44 m Circumference at second joint 3 ft 6 in 1.07 m Head from chin to cranium 17 ft 3 in 5.26 m Head thickness from ear to ear 10 ft 0 in 3.05 m Distance across the eye 2 ft 6 in 0.76 m Length of nose 4 ft 6 in 1.48 m Right arm length 42 ft 0 in 12.8 m Right arm greatest thickness 12 ft 0 in 3.66 m Thickness of waist 35 ft 0 in 10.67 m Width of mouth 3 ft 0 in 0.91 m Tablet , length 23 ft 7 in 7.19 m Tablet , width 13 ft 7 in 4.14 m Tablet , thickness 2 ft 0 in 0.61 m Height of pedestal 89 ft 0 in 27.13 m Height of foundation 65 ft 0 in 19.81 m Weight of copper used in statue 60,000 pounds 27.22 tonnes Weight of steel used in statue 250,000 pounds 113.4 tonnes Total weight of statue 450,000 pounds 204.1 tonnes Thickness of copper sheeting 3 / 32 of an inch 2.4 mm Depictions See also : Replicas of the Statue of Liberty and Statue of Liberty in popular culture A replica of the Statue of Liberty forms part of the exterior decor at the New York - New York Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip Hundreds of replicas of the Statue of Liberty are displayed worldwide . A smaller version of the statue , one - fourth the height of the original , was given by the American community in Paris to that city . It now stands on the Île aux Cygnes , facing west toward her larger sister . A replica 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) tall stood atop the Liberty Warehouse on West 64th Street in Manhattan for many years ; it now resides at the Brooklyn Museum . In a patriotic tribute , the Boy Scouts of America , as part of their Strengthen the Arm of Liberty campaign in 1949 -- 1952 , donated about two hundred replicas of the statue , made of stamped copper and 100 inches ( 2,500 mm ) in height , to states and municipalities across the United States . Though not a true replica , the statue known as the Goddess of Democracy temporarily erected during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 was similarly inspired by French democratic traditions -- the sculptors took care to avoid a direct imitation of the Statue of Liberty . Among other recreations of New York City structures , a replica of the statue is part of the exterior of the New York - New York Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas . Head of Liberty , U.S. airmail stamp , 1971 issue Reverse side of a Presidential Dollar coin As an American icon , the Statue of Liberty has been depicted on the country 's coinage and stamps . It appeared on commemorative coins issued to mark its 1986 centennial , and on New York 's 2001 entry in the state quarters series . An image of the statue was chosen for the American Eagle platinum bullion coins in 1997 , and it was placed on the reverse , or tails , side of the Presidential Dollar series of circulating coins . Two images of the statue 's torch appear on the current ten - dollar bill . The statue 's intended photographic depiction on a 2010 forever stamp proved instead to be of the replica at the Las Vegas casino . Depictions of the statue have been used by many regional institutions . Between 1986 and 2000 , New York State issued license plates with an outline of the statue to either the front or the side of the serial number . The Women 's National Basketball Association 's New York Liberty use both the statue 's name and its image in their logo , in which the torch 's flame doubles as a basketball . The New York Rangers of the National Hockey League depicted the statue 's head on their third jersey , beginning in 1997 . The National Collegiate Athletic Association 's 1996 Men 's Basketball Final Four , played at New Jersey 's Meadowlands Sports Complex , featured the statue in its logo . The Libertarian Party of the United States uses the statue in its emblem . The statue is a frequent subject in popular culture . In music , it has been evoked to indicate support for American policies , as in Toby Keith 's song `` Courtesy of the Red , White and Blue ( The Angry American ) '' , and in opposition , appearing on the cover of the Dead Kennedys ' album Bedtime for Democracy , which protested the Reagan administration . In film , the torch is the setting for the climax of director Alfred Hitchcock 's 1942 movie Saboteur . The statue makes one of its most famous cinematic appearances in the 1968 picture Planet of the Apes , in which it is seen half - buried in sand . It is knocked over in the science - fiction film Independence Day and in Cloverfield the head is ripped off . In Jack Finney 's time - travel novel Time and Again , the right arm of the statue , on display in the early 1880s in Madison Square Park , plays a crucial role . Robert Holdstock , consulting editor of The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction , wondered in 1979 , Where would science fiction be without the Statue of Liberty ? For decades it has towered or crumbled above the wastelands of deserted ( E ) arth -- giants have uprooted it , aliens have found it curious ... the symbol of Liberty , of optimism , has become a symbol of science fiction 's pessimistic view of the future . See also Approximate heights of various notable statues : 1 . Spring Temple Buddha 153 m ( incl. 25 m pedestal and 20 m throne ) 2 . Statue of Liberty 93 m ( incl. 47 m pedestal ) 3 . The Motherland Calls 91 m ( excl . pedestal ) 4 . Christ the Redeemer 38 m ( incl. 8 m pedestal ) 5 . Statue of David 5.17 m ( excl . 2.5 m pedestal ) New Jersey portal New York portal New York City portal NRHP portal United States portal Visual arts portal List of the tallest statues in the United States Place des États - Unis , in Paris , France The Statue of Liberty , 1985 Ken Burns documentary film Statues and sculptures in New York City List of statues by height References Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' . National Park Service . December 31 , 2007 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schneiderman , R.M. ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` For tourists , Statue of Liberty is nice , but no Forever 21 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Monument Proclamations under the Antiquities Act '' . National Park Service . January 16 , 2003 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 1994 ) . National Register of Historic Places , 1966 -- 1994 : Cumulative List Through January 1 , 1994 . Washington , D.C. : National Park Service . p. 502 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89133 - 254 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places -- Hudson County '' . New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection -- Historic Preservation Office . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' ( PDF ) . New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission . September 14 , 1976 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 7 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Rebecca M. ; Brooke Rosenblatt ; Carolyn Kinebrew ( September 2000 ) . `` The Black Statue of Liberty Rumor '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Abolition '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Statue of Liberty and its Ties to the Middle East '' ( PDF ) . University of Chicago . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 60 -- 61 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 102 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 16 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 10 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Sutherland 2003 , pp. 17 -- 19 . ^ Jump up to : Bodnar , John ( 2006 ) . `` Monuments and Morals : The Nationalization of Civic Instruction '' . In Warren , Donald R. ; Patrick , John J. Civic and Moral Learning in America . Macmillan . pp. 212 -- 214 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 7396 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Jane ( 2000 ) . The Grove Dictionary of Art : From Monet to Cézanne : Late 19th - century French Artists . Oxford University Press US . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 22971 - 9 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 96 -- 97 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 105 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Blume , Mary ( July 16 , 2004 ) . `` The French icon Marianne à la mode '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Get the Facts ( Frequently Asked Questions about the Statue of Liberty ) '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lady Liberty Reverse Statue of Liberty ( 1886 ) '' . Presidential $1 coin . United States Mint . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 52 -- 53 , 55 , 87 . ^ Jump up to : Interviewed for Watson , Corin . Statue of Liberty : Building a Colossus ( TV documentary , 2001 ) Jump up ^ Bartholdi , Frédéric ( 1885 ) . The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World . North American Review . p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 108 -- 111 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently asked questions '' . Statue of Liberty National Monument . National Park Service . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 118 , 125 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 123 -- 125 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ `` News of Norway '' . 1999 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Answers about the Statue of Liberty , Part 2 '' . The New York Times . July 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 126 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 130 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 135 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 136 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 139 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ `` La tour a vu le jour à Levallois '' . Le Parisien ( in French ) . April 30 , 2004 . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . pbs.org . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 36 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 159 -- 160 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 161 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statistics '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . August 16 , 2006 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 169 . ^ Jump up to : Auchincloss , Louis ( May 12 , 1986 ) . `` Liberty : Building on the Past '' . New York : 87 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bartholdi , Frédéric ( 1885 ) . The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World . North American Review . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , pp. 49 -- 50 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 184 -- 186 . Jump up ^ `` Branford 's History Is Set in Stone '' . Connecticut Humanities . Jump up ^ `` STRUCTUREmag -- Structural Engineering Magazine , Tradeshow : Joachim Gotsche Giaver '' . archive.org . November 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 163 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 165 -- 166 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 172 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Levine , Benjamin ; Story , Isabelle F. ( 1961 ) . `` Statue of Liberty '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount , 1774 to Present / '' . MeasuringWorth . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ( Consumer price index ) Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , pp. 40 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ `` The Isere - Bartholdi Gift Reaches the Horsehoe Safely '' ( PDF ) . The Evening Post . June 17 , 1885 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 114 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 133 -- 134 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 177 -- 178 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 127 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ `` Postponing Bartholdi 's statue until there is liberty for colored as well '' . The Cleveland Gazette . Cleveland , Ohio . November 27 , 1886 . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ `` Answers about the Statue of Liberty '' . The New York Times . July 1 , 2009 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` To paint Miss Liberty '' . The New York Times . July 19 , 1906 . p. 1 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How shall `` Miss Liberty '' 's toilet be made ? `` . The New York Times . July 29 , 1906 . pp. SM2 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 136 -- 139 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 148 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 136 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 202 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 141 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 147 -- 148 . Jump up ^ `` Honorees '' . Lapride.org . January 4 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2012 . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Feminist Chronicles , 1953 -- 1993 -- 1970 -- Feminist Majority Foundation '' . Feminist.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 1973 World Almanac and Book of Facts , p. 996 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 169 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 204 -- 205 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 216 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Daw , Jocelyne ( March 2006 ) . Cause Marketing for Nonprofits : Partner for Purpose , Passion , and Profits . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 71750 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , pp. 74 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Sutherland 2003 , p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : `` History and Culture '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Sewell ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Statue of Liberty 's Crown Will Reopen July 4 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Neuman , William ( July 5 , 2007 ) . `` Congress to Ask Why Miss Liberty 's Crown is Still Closed to Visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Raja , Nina ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Liberty Island to remain open during statue 's renovation '' . CNN . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty interior to re-open next month '' . AP via Fox News . September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Powlowski , A. ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Statue of Liberty closed for ' foreseeable future ' '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mcgeehan , Patrick ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Storm leaves Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island cut off from visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barron , James ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Statue of Liberty was unscathed by hurricane , but its home took a beating '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Long , Colleen ( July 4 , 2013 ) . `` Statue of Liberty reopens as US marks July Fourth '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Foderaro , Lisa ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Ellis Island Welcoming Visitors Once Again , but Repairs Continue '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Armaghan , Sarah ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Statue of Liberty Closed in Shutdown '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Shannon , James . `` Woman Climbs Base of the Statue of Liberty After ICE Protest '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Durkin , Erin ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty getting new $70 M museum set to open in 2019 '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Plagianos , Irene ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` See Designs for the New Statue of Liberty Museum '' . DNAinfo New York . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Ivan ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty Museum to open in 2019 '' . am New York . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Early History of Bedloe 's Island '' . Statue of Liberty Historical Handbook . National Park Service . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NEW JERSEY v. NEW YORK 523 U.S. 767 '' . Supreme Court of the United States . 1998 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Anthony ( June 29 , 2007 ) . `` Circle Line Loses Pact for Ferries to Liberty Island '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NPS : Liberty and Ellis Island ferry map '' . Ferry Map . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` For Your Safety and Security '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions : Reserving tickets to visit the crown '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 222 -- 223 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . World Heritage . UNESCO . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 200 -- 201 . Jump up ^ `` Collections : American Art : Replica of the Statue of Liberty , from Liberty Storage & Warehouse , 43 -- 47 West 64th Street , NYC '' . Brooklyn Museum . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Attoun , Marti ( October 2007 ) . `` Little Sisters of Liberty '' . Scouting . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 103 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Goldberger , Paul ( January 15 , 1997 ) . `` New York - New York , it 's a Las Vegas town '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty postage stamps '' . Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The redesigned $10 note '' . newmoney.gov . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Severson , Kim ; Healey , Matthew ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` This Lady Liberty is a Las Vegas teenager '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` State to start issuing new license plates July 1 '' . The New York Times . January 24 , 1986 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` State license plates to get new look '' . The New York Times . January 11 , 2000 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Liberty ' for New York club '' . The New York Times . February 14 , 1997 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lapointe , Joe ( January 12 , 1997 ) . `` Lady Liberty laces up at the Garden '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( March 29 , 1996 ) . `` Final Four : States put aside their rivalry and try a little cooperation '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Axinn , Mark ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` The Statue of Liberty after 125 years -- by LPNY Chair Mark Axinn '' . Libertarian Party of the United States . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Tracy S . `` The Statue of Liberty in Popular Culture '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Spoto , Donald ( 1983 ) . The Dark Side of Genius : The Life of Alfred Hitchcock . Ballantine . pp. 262 -- 263 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 31462 - 8 . Jump up ^ Greene , Eric ; Slotkin , Richard ( 1998 ) . Planet of the Apes as American myth : race , politics , and popular culture . Middletown , Connecticut : Wesleyan University Press . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6329 - 3 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Movies That Hated The Statue Of Liberty > > Page 6 of 10 '' . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2014 . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ' Cloverfield ' Release Will Be Test of Online Hype : NPR '' . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2008 . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Darrach , Brad ( June 26 , 1970 ) . `` The spy who came in from 1882 '' . Life . p. 16 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , Peter ( 1979 ) . The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction . St Albans , Herts , UK : Granada Publishing Ltd. p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 586 - 05380 - 5 . Bibliography Bell , James B. ; Abrams , Richard L. ( 1984 ) . In Search of Liberty : The Story of the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island . Garden City , New York : Doubleday & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 19624 - 6 . Harris , Jonathan ( 1985 ) . A Statue for America : The First 100 Years of the Statue of Liberty . New York City : Four Winds Press ( a division of Macmillan Publishing Company ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 742730 - 1 . Hayden , Richard Seth ; Despont , Thierry W. ( 1986 ) . Restoring the Statue of Liberty . New York City : McGraw - Hill Book Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 027326 - 9 . Khan , Yasmin Sabina ( 2010 ) . Enlightening the World : The Creation of the Statue of Liberty . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 4851 - 5 . Moreno , Barry ( 2000 ) . The Statue of Liberty Encyclopedia . New York City : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 3689 - 7 . Sutherland , Cara A. ( 2003 ) . The Statue of Liberty . New York City : Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 3890 - 0 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Statue of Liberty Wikimedia Commons has media related to Statue of Liberty . Wikivoyage has a listing for Statue of Liberty . Statue of Liberty National Monument Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation `` A Giant 's Task -- Cleaning Statue of Liberty '' , Popular Mechanics ( February 1932 ) Views from the webcams affixed to the Statue of Liberty Made in Paris The Statue of Liberty 1877 -- 1885 -- many historical photographs Statue of Liberty at Structurae Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . NY - 138 , `` Statue of Liberty , Liberty Island , Manhattan , New York , New York County , NY '' , 404 photos , 59 color transparencies , 41 measured drawings , 10 data pages , 33 photo caption pages HAER No . NY - 138 - A , `` Statue of Liberty , Administration Building '' , 6 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page HAER No . NY - 138 - B , `` Statue of Liberty , Concessions Building '' , 12 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page hide Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Creators Édouard René de Laboulaye , originator Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , sculptor Gustave Eiffel , builder Eiffel company Eugène Secrétan , donated copper Location Statue of Liberty National Monument Liberty Island Musée des Arts et Métiers , original statue Former locations Right arm and torch Centennial Exposition , 1876 Madison Square Park , 1876 - 1882 Head Paris World 's Fair , 1878 Replicas Île aux Cygnes Flame of Liberty Boy Scout replicas Strengthen the Arm of Liberty Fayetteville , Arkansas Pine Bluff , Arkansas Overview Park , Kansas Legacy In popular culture `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 sonnet ) Working on the Statue of Liberty ( 1946 painting ) Miss Liberty ( 1949 musical ) The Statue of Liberty ( 1985 documentary ) Statue of Liberty play ( American football ) Liberty Weekend , 1986 Liberty Fanfare Medal of Liberty Statue of Liberty Forever stamp American Platinum Eagle coin Presidential $1 Coin Program Related Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia Libertas National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' `` This Land Is Your Land '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park Other articles related to the Statue of Liberty Lighthouses of New York Main : List of lighthouses in the United States Ambrose Tower Aunt Phebe Rock Barber 's Point Barcelona Blackwell Island Bluff Point Braddock Point Buffalo Light Buffalo Harbor North and South entrance Lights Buffalo Harbor South Entrance Light Buffalo North breakwater East end Light Buffalo North Breakwater South End Light Cape Vincent Carleton Island Cedar Island Charlotte -- Genesee Cold Spring Harbor Coney Island Coxsackie Crossover Island Crown Point Cumberland Head Dunkirk East Charity Shoal Eatons Neck Elm Tree Beacon Esopus Meadows Execution Rocks Fair Haven Fire Island Fort Niagara Fort Lafayette Fort Tompkins Fort Wadsworth Frenchman Island Galloo Island Gardiners Point Horse Island Horton Point Hudson - Athens Huntington Harbor Kings Point Latimer Reef Little Gull Island Little Red Montauk Point Moriches New Dorp North Brother Island North Dumpling Oak Orchard Old Field Point Old Orchard Shoal Ogdensburg Harbor Orient Long Beach Bar Orient Point Oswego Harbor West Pierhead Plattsburgh Beacon Plum Island Point Aux Roches Prince 's Bay Race Rock Rock Island Romer Shoal Rondout Sands Point Saugerties Selkirk Shinnecock Sodus Outer Sodus Point South Brother Island Channel Range South Buffalo North Side Split Rock Point Staten Island Statue of Liberty Stepping Stones Stony Point ( Henderson ) Stony Point ( Hudson ) Strawberry Island Upper Cut Range Stuyvesant Sunken Meadows Sunken Rock Tarrytown Thirty Mile Point Three Sisters Island Throgs Neck Tibbetts Point Turkey Point Watervliet West Point West Bank Whitehall Narrows Whitestone Point Protected areas of New York Federal National Historic Sites , Parks and Districts Christman Eleanor Roosevelt Harriet Tubman Home of Franklin D. 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See also : Tourism in New York City U.S. National Register of Historic Places in New York Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings ( Brooklyn ) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York ( Manhattan ) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond ( Staten Island ) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Lists by city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St . 14th -- 59th St . 59th -- 110th St . 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Mountains Tappan Zee Bridge Verkeerder Kill Falls Verrazano - Narrows Bridge Walkway over the Hudson Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge West Canada Lake Wilderness Area West Point GND : 4122611 - 2 LCCN : sh85127593 NARA : 10643327 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Liberty&oldid=850284540 '' Categories : Statue of Liberty 1886 sculptures 1886 in international relations 1886 in the United States Allegorical sculptures in the United States Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service Buildings and structures completed in 1886 Colossal statues in the United States Copper sculptures in the United States France -- United States relations French architecture Historic American Engineering Record in New York City Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks History museums in New York City Symbols of New York City French Third Republic History of immigration to the United States Landmarks in Manhattan Liberty symbols Lighthouses on the National 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Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2018 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing French - language text Structurae ID different from Wikidata Featured articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who made the statue of liberty in new york | [
"The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; French: La Liberté éclairant le monde) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City, in the United States. The copper statue, a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States, was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel. The statue was dedicated on October 28, 1886.\n",
"The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; French: La Liberté éclairant le monde) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City, in the United States. The copper statue, a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States, was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel. The statue was dedicated on October 28, 1886.\n"
] | [
"Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi",
"Gustave Eiffel"
] |
-2473097673789908970 | Tardy for the Party | Tardy for the Party - wikipedia Tardy for the Party Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For the television series , see Do n't Be Tardy . `` Tardy for the Party '' Single by Kim Zolciak Released September 1 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 01 ) Format Digital download Genre Dance Length 2 : 44 Songwriter ( s ) Brandon Joel Bowles Kandi Burruss Darnell Richard Kim Zolciak Producer ( s ) Kandi Burruss Kim Zolciak singles chronology `` Tardy for the Party '' ( 2009 ) `` Google Me '' ( 2012 ) `` Tardy for the Party '' ( 2009 ) `` Google Me '' ( 2012 ) `` Tardy for the Party '' is a song by American television personality Kim Zolciak ; it was independently released on September 1 , 2009 . The track was written and produced by her fellow The Real Housewives of Atlanta cast member Kandi Burruss , and saw additional lyrical contributions from Zolciak , Brandon Joel Bowles , and Darnell Richard . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and composition 2 Reception 3 Live performances 4 Lawsuit 5 Track listing 6 Release history 7 References 8 External links Background and composition ( edit ) `` Tardy for the Party '' A 15 - second sample of `` Tardy for the Party '' by Kim Zolciak , in which the chorus is heard . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Tardy for the Party '' was written by Kandi Burruss , Zolciak , Brandon Joel Bowles , and Darnell Richard , and was produced solely by Burruss . Zolciak claimed that her daughter Brielle drafted the original lyrics when she was nine years old , which were later reworked by Burruss during formal recording sessions . The production of `` Tardy for the Party '' was documented on the second season of the reality television series The Real Housewives of Atlanta , in which Zolciak and Burruss are featured . After Zolciak requested that the track be a duet with fellow housewife NeNe Leakes , Burruss began making arrangements for the women to record together . However , the song ultimately became a solo performance by Zolciak , placing a strain on Leakes ' friendships with her and Burruss . Reception ( edit ) In October 2009 , Nielsen Soundscan reported that `` Tardy for the Party '' had sold approximately 29,000 digital downloads , while Mediabase revealed that the track had been played six times on radio stations . In September 2011 , The Hollywood Reporter noted that the song had moved 101,000 copies since its premiere , with illegal downloads increasing ownership of the track to over one million individuals . By their estimates , `` Tardy for the Party '' has become the most successful song released by a cast member from The Real Housewives franchise . Live performances ( edit ) Zolciak ( left ) at the American Music Awards of 2009 Zolciak first performed `` Tardy for the Party '' during the reunion for the second season of The Real Housewives of Atlanta , broadcast by Bravo on November 5 , 2009 . Dressed in black leggings and leather boots , Zolciak was accompanied by two female backup dancers , and encouraged her fellow housewives Leakes , Sheree Whitfield , and Lisa Wu - Hartwell to `` c'mon bitches '' in the midst of the performance . During the bridge of the song through the end of the recording , Zolciak was joined onstage by Burruss . Donald Deane from The Huffington Post characterized the segment as an `` assault to the senses , '' while Brian Moylan from Gawker Media labeled it `` the scariest thing to happen on television '' since Britney Spears ' performance of `` Gimme More '' at the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards . Zolciak later sang `` Tardy for the Party '' on February 26 , 2010 at the Gold Room in Atlanta , and during an appearance on The Wendy Williams Show on April 9 . Lawsuit ( edit ) Since 2010 , Burruss has claimed that Zolciak withheld payment for her services during production of `` Tardy for the Party . '' The ensuing conflict between the women became a central plotline during the third and fourth seasons of The Real Housewives of Atlanta , which appeared to have been resolved during a reunion episode for the fourth season . However , Burruss filed a lawsuit against Zolciak on March 14 , 2013 , coincidentally the same day that the fifth season reunion was filmed . She was represented by fellow housewife Phaedra Parks , and alleged that Zolciak made profit from the track `` without ( the ) plaintiffs ' authorization , license or consent . '' The lawsuit was dismissed on October 12 , 2013 , after the presiding judge deemed that Burruss failed to furnish enough evidence of copyright infringement . Track listing ( edit ) `` Tardy for the Party '' -- Digital download No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Tardy for the Party '' Brandon Joel Bowles Kandi Burruss Darnell Richard Kim Zolciak Kandi Burruss 2 : 44 Total length : 2 : 44 `` Tardy for the Party '' -- Remix EP No . Title Length 1 . `` Tardy for the Party '' 2 : 46 2 . `` Tardy for the Party '' ( Tracy Young 's Do n't Be Tardy Radio Mix ) 4 : 01 3 . `` Tardy for the Party '' ( Tracy Young 's Do n't Be Tardy Club ) 10 : 09 4 . `` Tardy for the Party '' ( Tracy Young 's Do n't Be Tardy Mix Show ) 7 : 54 5 . `` Tardy for the Party '' ( Tracy Young 's Do n't Be Tardy Dub ) 8 : 52 Total length : 33 : 42 Release history ( edit ) Country Date Version Format Label Ref . United States September 1 , 2009 Single version Digital download N / A February 9 , 2010 Remix EP Ferosh References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ACE Title Search '' . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 2 Home Is Where the Heartbreak Is '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . August 27 , 2009 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zolciak , Kim ( September 17 , 2009 ) . `` Do n't Be Tardy to Kim 's Party '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ho , Rodney ( October 14 , 2009 ) . `` So how is Kim Zolciak 's ' Tardy for the Party ' doing ? '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Cox Enterprises . Retrieved August 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 2 Throwing Shade '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . September 10 , 2009 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Housewives of Atlanta Season 2 Precious Pocketbook '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . September 24 , 2009 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Halperin , Shirley ( September 14 , 2011 ) . `` ' Real Housewives ' Song Sales : How They Stack Up '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Kim Zolciak Perform `` Tardy for the Party ! '' `` . Us Weekly . Wenner Media , LLC . November 5 , 2009 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Watch The Real Housewives of Atlanta : For the First Time Performing On Stage Online '' . Hulu . November 15 , 2009 . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Deane , Donald ( November 6 , 2009 ) . `` Kim Zolciak ' Tardy for the Party ' Performance on ' Real Housewives ' Reunion '' . The Huffington Post . AOL . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moylan , Brian ( November 6 , 2009 ) . `` ' Tardy for the Party ' Live Will Give You Nightmares '' . Gawker Media . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bachelor , Blane ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` Real Housewives ' Kim Zolciak Says She 's Still With Big Papa '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tardy for the Party '' . The Wendy Williams Show . April 9 , 2010 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gostin , Nicki ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Kandi Burruss Sues Kim Zolciak '' . Bravo . NBCUniversal . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney ( March 13 , 2013 ) . `` Kandi Burruss sues Kim Zolciak over use of ' Tardy for the Party ' '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Cox Enterprises . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Kandi Burruss Sues Kim Zolciak for `` Tardy for the Party '' Profits `` . Us Weekly . Wenner Media , LLC . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nededog , Jethro ( October 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' Real Housewives ' Kim Zolciak Claims Victory Over Kandi Burruss ' ' Tardy to the Party ' Lawsuit '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tardy for the Party -- Single by Kim Zolciak -- Download Tardy for the Party -- Single on iTunes '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Apple Inc . September 1 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2010 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` iTunes -- Music -- Tardy for the Party ( Remixes ) by Kim Zolciak '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Apple Inc . February 9 , 2010 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) The Real Housewives franchise United States installments Orange County Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 New York City Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 Atlanta Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 New Jersey Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Beverly Hills Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Miami Episodes Season 1 Potomac Episodes Season 1 Dallas Episodes Season 1 Others D.C. International installments Vancouver Episodes Season 1 Melbourne Episodes Season 1 Cheshire Episodes Season 1 Others Athens Les Vraies Housewives Auckland Sydney Toronto Hungary Bangkok Related programming Bethenny Ever After Episodes Season 1 Do n't Be Tardy Episodes Season 1 5 Vanderpump Rules Episodes Season 1 Manzo 'd with Children Episodes Season 1 Others Date My Ex : Jo & Slade Boys to Manzo Havana Elsa The Kandi Factory Tamra 's OC Wedding I Dream of NeNe : The Wedding Kandi 's Wedding Kandi 's Ski Trip Teresa Checks In Vanderpump Rules After Show Other Cast members Real Housewives : The Game `` Tardy for the Party '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tardy_for_the_Party&oldid=800760221 '' Categories : 2009 singles 2009 songs Debut singles The Real Housewives Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Track listings with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 14 : 05 . About Wikipedia | who wrote don't be tardy for the party | [
"\"Tardy for the Party\" is a song by American television personality Kim Zolciak; it was independently released on September 1, 2009. The track was written and produced by her fellow The Real Housewives of Atlanta cast member Kandi Burruss, and saw additional lyrical contributions from Zolciak, Brandon Joel Bowles, and Darnell Richard."
] | [
"The Real Housewives of Atlanta cast member Kandi Burruss, and saw additional lyrical contributions from Zolciak, Brandon Joel Bowles, and Darnell Richard"
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6586782902280199119 | The Tortoise and the Hare | The Tortoise and the Hare - wikipedia The Tortoise and the Hare Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Aesop 's fable . For other uses , see The Tortoise and the Hare ( disambiguation ) . This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` The Tortoise and the Hare '' , from an edition of Caleb 's Fables illustrated by Arthur Rackham , 1912 `` The Tortoise and the Hare '' is one of Aesop 's Fables and is numbered 226 in the Perry Index . The account of a race between unequal partners has attracted conflicting interpretations . It is itself a variant of a common folktale theme in which ingenuity and trickery ( rather than doggedness ) are employed to overcome a stronger opponent . Contents ( hide ) 1 An ambiguous story 2 Applications 3 Illustrations of the fable 4 Musical versions 5 Film versions 6 Folk variants 7 See also 8 References 9 External links An ambiguous story ( edit ) The story concerns a Hare who ridicules a slow - moving Tortoise . Tired of the Hare 's arrogant behavior , the Tortoise challenges him to a race . The hare soon leaves the tortoise behind and , confident of winning , takes a nap midway through the race . When the Hare awakes however , he finds that his competitor , crawling slowly but steadily , has arrived before him . The later version of the story in La Fontaine 's Fables ( VI. 10 ) , while more long - winded , differs hardly at all from Aesop 's . As in several other fables by Aesop , the lesson it is teaching appears ambiguous . In Classical times it was not the Tortoise 's plucky conduct in taking on a bully that was emphasised but the Hare 's foolish over-confidence . An old Greek source comments that ' many people have good natural abilities which are ruined by idleness ; on the other hand , sobriety , zeal and perseverance can prevail over indolence ' . When the fable entered the European emblem tradition , the precept to ' hasten slowly ' ( festina lente ) was recommended to lovers by Otto van Veen in his Emblemata Amorum ( 1608 ) , using a relation of the story . There the infant figure of Eros is shown passing through a landscape and pointing to the tortoise as it overtakes the sleeping hare under the motto `` perseverance winneth . '' Later interpreters too have asserted that the fable 's moral is the proverbial ' the more haste , the worse speed ' ( Samuel Croxall ) or have applied to it the biblical observation that ' the race is not to the swift ' ( Ecclesiastes 9.11 ) . In the 19th century and after the fable was given satirical interpretations . In the social commentary of Charles H. Bennett 's The Fables of Aesop translated into Human Nature ( 1857 ) , the hare is changed to a thoughtful craftsman prostrate under the foot of a capitalist entrepreneur . Lord Dunsany brings out another view in his `` The True History of the Tortoise and the Hare '' ( 1915 ) . There the hare realises the stupidity of the challenge and refuses to proceed any further . The obstinate tortoise continues to the finishing line and is proclaimed the swiftest by his backers . But , continues Dunsany , the reason that this version of the race is not widely known is that very few of those that witnessed it survived the great forest - fire that happened shortly after . It came up over the weald by night with a great wind . The Hare and the Tortoise and a very few of the beasts saw it far off from a high bare hill that was at the edge of the trees , and they hurriedly called a meeting to decide what messenger they should send to warn the beasts in the forest . They sent the Tortoise . Applications ( edit ) In Classical times the story was annexed to a philosophical problem by Zeno of Elea in one of many demonstrations that movement is impossible to define satisfactorily . The second of Zeno 's paradoxes is that of Achilles and the Tortoise , in which the hero gives the Tortoise a head start in a race . The argument attempts to show that even though Achilles runs faster than the Tortoise , he will never catch up with her because , when Achilles reaches the point at which the Tortoise started , the Tortoise has advanced some distance beyond ; when Achilles arrives at the point where the Tortoise was when Achilles arrived at the point where the Tortoise started , the Tortoise has again moved forward . Hence Achilles can never catch the Tortoise , no matter how fast he runs , since the Tortoise will always be moving ahead . The only satisfactory refutation has been mathematical and since then the name of the fable has been applied to the function described in Zeno 's paradox . In mathematics and computer science , the tortoise and the hare algorithm is an alternative name for Floyd 's cycle - finding algorithm . Illustrations of the fable ( edit ) A 19th - century illustration of La Fontaine 's Fables by Jean Grandville There is a Greek version of the fable but no early Latin version . For this reason it did not begin to appear in printed editions of Aesop 's fables until the 16th century , one of the earliest being Bernard Salomon 's Les Fables d'Esope Phrygien , mises en Ryme Francoise ( 1547 ) . Versions followed from the Netherlands ( in Dutch , 1567 ) and Flanders ( in French , 1578 ) but none in English before Francis Barlow 's edition of 1667 . Among the many illustrations of the fable , that by the French caricaturist Jean Grandville is novel in portraying the tortoise as running upright . This is also how he is shown in the Walt Disney cartoon version of `` The Tortoise and the Hare '' ( 1935 ) . Another departure from the ordinary in Grandville 's etching is the choice of a mole ( complete with dark glasses ) rather than , as usual , a fox as the judge at the finishing line . Auguste Delierre makes the judge a monkey in the 1883 edition of La Fontaine 's fables that he illustrated . La Fontaine says in his rhyme that it does not matter who the judge is ; his interpreters have taken him at his word . Outside of book production , there is an early 17th - century oil painting of the fable by the Flemish landscape artist Jan Wildens . The hare enters on the left , racing over an upland road as dawn breaks ; the tortoise is nowhere in sight . In the mid-19th century , the French animal painter Philibert Léon Couturier also devoted an oil painting to the fable in which , as in Grandville 's illustration , the tortoise is shown racing upright . In modern times there have been two pieces of popular sculpture aimed at children . Nancy Schön 's was made to commemorate the centenary of the Boston Marathon in 1996 and is sited in Copley Square , the finishing line for the race . The tortoise is shown determinedly stumping forward while the hare has paused to scratch behind its ear . In the following year a painted steel sculpture by Michael Browne and Stuart Smith was set up near the cross-country finish line at Van Cortlandt Park in the Bronx . The hare is mounted on the tortoise 's shell and appears to be trying to leap over him . The fable has also been illustrated on stamps from several countries . These include : Cyprus , in which cartoon characters are depicted on a set of five € 0.34 stamps ( 2011 ) Dahomey , on a set commemorating the third centenary of La Fontaine 's death in which it figures on the 10 franc stamp . Dominica , on a 2 cent stamp for Easter 1984 , picturing a Disney tortoise carrying Easter eggs as it overtakes the sleeping hare France issued surcharged Red Cross stamps in 1978 on which the fable appeared on the 1 franc + 0.25 denomination . It was also included in the 1995 strip of six 2.80 franc stamps commemorating the third centenary of the author 's death . Greece issued a 1987 set illustrating Aesop 's fables , including the tortoise and the hare on the 130 drachma stamp Hungary issued a set in 1980 with this fable on the 4 forint stamp The Maldives issued a 1990 set in which Disney characters act out the fables ; the tortoise and the hare appear on the 15 laree stamp Monaco issued a composite 50 centime stamp on the 350th anniversary of La Fontaine 's birth in 1971 , on which this fable appears Sri Lanka issued a 5 rupee stamp for Child 's broadcasting day 2007 showing the contestants at the starting line Musical versions ( edit ) This section gives self - sourcing examples without describing their significance in the context of the article . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources that describe the examples ' significance , and by removing less pertinent examples . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged or removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Many allusions to the fable in musical titles are of limited or no relevance , but two instrumental versions may be noted . The one by Yellow Jackets jazz quartet was recorded on their Politics album in 1988 The Anglo - Irish band Flook 's title is on their Haven album ( 2005 ) There have also been several musical settings of Aesop 's fable : In Mabel Wood Hill 's Aesop 's Fables Interpreted Through Music ( New York , 1920 ) Vincent Persichetti included it as the third piece in his Fables for narrator and orchestra ( Op. 23 , 1943 ) A poetic version set for children 's voices and piano by Edward Hughes in his Songs from Aesop 's Fables ( 1965 ) The cellist Evalyn Steinbock 's setting for violin , cello and narrator in 1979 As the first of Anthony Plog 's Aesop 's Fables for narrator , piano and horn ( 1989 / 93 ) Among Scott Watson 's Aesop 's Fables for narrator and orchestral accompaniment ( 1999 ) A setting for solo voice by Lucian Cristofor Tugui ( 2006 ) As one of the five pieces in Bob Chilcott 's Aesop 's Fables for piano and choir ( 2008 ) A setting for a cappella choir by Darmon Meader ( 2009 ) As one of David Edgar Walther 's ' short operatic dramas ' , composed in 2009 Film versions ( edit ) This section gives self - sourcing examples without describing their significance in the context of the article . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources that describe the examples ' significance , and by removing less pertinent examples . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged or removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There have been a number of film versions of the fable , although many have taken considerable liberties with the original story line . They include animated cartoons in France ( 1920 ) , and the US ( 1921 ) , Silly Symphonies cartoons during the 1930s and by Merrie Melodies during the 1940s . Encyclopædia Britannica Films followed with a dramatized version of Aesop 's fable starring live animals , including an owl , a fox , a goose , a rooster , a raccoon , and a hare . This was a 1947 production in black and white with narrated voice - over . Later divergent versions that referenced the fable appeared in Filmation 's Aesop 's Fables ( 1971 ) , Sesame Street ( 1973 ) , , and the Japanese TV series Manga Aesop Monogotari ( 1983 ) . In 1952 , the model animator Ray Harryhausen began a version of the fable , before moving over to more lucrative work on monster movies . Young enthusiasts Seamus Walsh and Mark Caballero later helped Harryhausen complete `` The Story of the Tortoise and the Hare '' , having refurbished the original puppets and , under Harryhausen 's guidance , completed the film in 2002 . A feature in this , is that the hare drops off to sleep as a result of taking a big meal near the end of the race , thus allowing the tortoise to win . The same situation had appeared in Georges de la Grandière 's 1960 's cartoon version of the fable , Le Lièvre et la tortue . Folk variants ( edit ) The many other variants of the story in oral folk tradition appear worldwide and are classed as Aarne - Thompson - Uther type 275 . In most of these there is a race between unequal partners but most often brain is matched against brawn and the race is won by means of trickery . Broadly this is of two types : either the slower animal jumps on the other 's back or tail and hops off at the end when the creature turns round to see where his challenger has got to , or else he is deceived by lookalikes substituting themselves along the course . Tales with a similar theme emphasizing doggedness have been recorded in Native American culture . Hummingbird and Crane agree to race from one ocean to the other . Though Hummingbird flies faster , he stops at night to sleep . Crane , however , flies overnight and is overtaken by Hummingbird later and later during the day , at length coming in first . The ultimate prize differs between versions and includes choice of habitat , the love of a girl , or the right to cut the other down to size . See also ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Tortoise and the Hare Achilles and the Tortoise Festina lente Law of the handicap of a head start References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE TORTOISE AND THE HARE '' . mythfolklore.net . Jump up ^ `` Story Arts - Aesop 's ABC - The Tortoise and The Hare '' . storyarts.org . Jump up ^ A translation is here Jump up ^ Aesop 's Fables : a new translation by Laura Gibbs , Oxford 2002 , fable 237 Jump up ^ The English emblem tradition , University of Toronto 1998 , vol. IV , p. 174 Jump up ^ `` Lepus et Testudo '' . Flickr - Photo Sharing ! . Jump up ^ `` Lord Dunsany , ' ' 51 Tales ' & # 39 '' . FullTextArchive.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy '' . Plato.stanford.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Catherine ( 2015 ) . Leibniz 's Metaphysics : A Historical and Comparative Study . Princeton University Press . p. 204 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 7957 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Aesop ( Thomas Bewick ) '' . Mythfolklore.net . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Aesop 's Fables - Victoria and Albert Museum '' . Vam.ac.uk. 2012 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 70 . De lepore et testudine ( 1687 ) , illustrated by Francis Barlow '' . Mythfolklore.net . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The cartoon can be viewed on YouTube '' . Youtube.com. 2008 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ The preparatory water colour is at the La Fontaine Museum Jump up ^ http://www.cuniculture.info/Docs/Phototheque/Peinture&Decor/Peintres-D/Delierre-01.jpg Jump up ^ http://www.1st-art-gallery.com/thumbnail/183278/1/The-Tortoise-And-The-Hare,-From-Aesops-Fables.jpg Jump up ^ `` Le Lièvre et la Tortue Philibert Léon Couturier Peinture Toile Huile '' . philibert-leon-couturier.com . Jump up ^ `` Hare and Tortoise , Boston , Mass by Nancy Schön '' . Schon.com. 1993 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Humanities magazine for Nov / Dec 2009 Jump up ^ Cyprus postal service Jump up ^ `` Creighton University : : Aesop 's Fables : Dahomey Stamps '' . Creighton.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://philatelia.ru/pict/cat5/stamp/12393s.jpg Jump up ^ http://environnement.ecole.free.fr/Timbres/1978066-fable-la-fontaine.jpg Jump up ^ `` Creighton University : : Aesop 's Fables : Individual Stamps '' . Creighton.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Creighton University : : Aesop 's Fables : Greece '' . Creighton.edu. 1987 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Creighton University : : Aesop 's Fables : Hungary '' . Creighton.edu. 1960 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Creighton University : : Aesop 's Fables : Maldives '' . Creighton.edu. 1990 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Scroll down to 12 April 2011 on Stampboard.com Jump up ^ `` Stamp : Hare and the tortoise at the starting line ( Sri Lanka ( Ceylon ) ) ( International Children 's Broadcasting Day 2007 ) Mi : LK 1679 , WAD : LK064. 07 '' . colnect.com . Jump up ^ `` Yellow Jackets - Tortoise and the Hare ( Live ) '' . YouTube . 2006 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ The score is available on the Rochester University site Jump up ^ A performance on YouTube Jump up ^ FMHS Jaguar Chorale -- `` Aesop 's Fables : the Hare and the Tortoise '' . YouTube . 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Harambee - The Tortoise and The Hare ( Darmon Meader ) Acappella . YouTube . 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ This is available on the online movie archive Jump up ^ mstatz ( 6 December 2006 ) . `` Sesame Street - What if ... ( rabbit & turtle ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ The Anime Encyclopedia , `` Aesop 's Fables '' , 3rd revised edition , Stone Bridge Press 2015 Jump up ^ Screen Novelties site . The film can now be viewed on YouTube , the first part here and the second models here Jump up ^ This is in two parts on YouTube , the first at ( 1 ) and the second at ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` The Tortoise and the Hare , and Other Races between Unequal Contestants '' . Pitt.edu. 2011 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ John Reed Swanton , Myths and Tales of the Southeastern Indians , University of Oklahoma 1929 , p. 253 External links ( edit ) Media related to The Tortoise and the Hare at Wikimedia Commons 15th - 20th century book illustrations online Aesop Aesop 's Fables The Ant and the Grasshopper The Ass and his Masters The Ass and the Pig The Ass Carrying an Image The Ass in the Lion 's Skin The Astrologer who Fell into a Well The Bear and the Travelers The Belly and the Members The Bird - catcher and the Blackbird The Bird in Borrowed Feathers The Boy Who Cried Wolf The Cat and the Mice The Cock and the Jewel The Cock , the Dog and the Fox The Crow and the Pitcher The Crow and the Snake The Deer without a Heart The Dog and Its Reflection The Dog and the Wolf The Dove and the Ant The Farmer and the Stork The Farmer and the Viper The Fir and the Bramble The Fisherman and the Little Fish The Fowler and the Snake The Fox and the Crow The Fox and the Grapes The Fox and the Mask The Fox and the Sick Lion The Fox and the Stork The Fox and the Weasel The Fox and the Woodman The Frog and the Ox The Frogs Who Desired a King The Goat and the Vine The Goose That Laid the Golden Eggs The Honest Woodcutter The Horse and the Donkey The Lion and the Fox The Lion and the Mouse The Lion , the Bear and the Fox The Man with two Mistresses The Mischievous Dog The Miser and his Gold The Mountain in Labour The Mouse and the Oyster The North Wind and the Sun The Oak and the Reed The Old Man and Death The Old Woman and the Doctor The Rose and the Amaranth The Satyr and the Traveller The Sick Kite The Snake and the Crab The Snake in the Thorn Bush The Tortoise and the Hare Town Mouse and Country Mouse The Travellers and the Plane Tree The Trees and the Bramble The Two Pots The Walnut Tree Washing the Ethiopian white The Wolf and the Crane The Wolf and the Lamb The Woodcutter and the Trees The Young Man and the Swallow Apocryphal An ass eating thistles The Bear and the Gardener Belling the cat ( also known as The Mice in Council ) The Blindman and the Lame The Boy and the Filberts Chanticleer and the Fox The Dog in the Manger The drowned woman and her husband The Elm and the Vine The Fox and the Cat The Gourd and the Palm - tree The Hawk and the Nightingale Jumping from the frying pan into the fire The milkmaid and her pail The miller , his son and the donkey The Monkey and the Cat The Priest and the Wolf The Scorpion and the Frog The Shepherd and the Lion Still waters run deep The Wolf in Sheep 's Clothing Related Jataka tales Panchatantra Perry Index The labyrinth of Versailles The Lion 's Share Aesop 's Fables ( album ) Screen adaptations Aesop 's Film Fables The Grasshopper and the Ants Print adaptations Ysopet The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian `` The Cock and the Jasp '' `` The Taill of how this forsaid Tod maid his Confessioun to Freir Wolf Waitskaith '' `` The Taill of Schir Chanticleir and the Foxe '' `` The Taill of the Uponlandis Mous and the Burges Mous '' La Fontaine 's Fables Translators Demetrius of Phalerum Phaedrus Babrius Avianus Dositheus Magister Alexander Neckam Adémar de Chabannes Odo of Cheriton John Lydgate Kawanabe Kyōsai Laurentius Abstemius Roger L'Estrange Gabriele Faerno Hieronymus Osius Marie de France Robert Henryson Jean de La Fontaine Ivan Krylov Nicolas Trigault Zhang Geng Robert Thom Zhou Zuoren portal : Novels The Tortoise and the Hare from Aesop 's Fables by Aesop Film The Tortoise and the Hare ( 1935 ) Tortoise Beats Hare ( 1941 ) Tortoise Wins by a Hare ( 1943 ) Rabbit Transit ( 1947 ) The Story of The Tortoise & the Hare ( 2002 ) Sequels Toby Tortoise Returns Games Jazz Jackrabbit Jazz Jackrabbit Hare and Tortoise Literature The Tortoise & The Hare ( 2013 ) Other Cecil Turtle `` Who Could Win a Rabbit '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Tortoise_and_the_Hare&oldid=800273403 '' Categories : Aesop 's Fables La Fontaine 's Fables Fictional hares and rabbits Fictional turtles Literary duos Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from April 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Català Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Português Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 14 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the race the turtle or the hare | [
"The story concerns a Hare who ridicules a slow-moving Tortoise. Tired of the Hare's arrogant behavior, the Tortoise challenges him to a race.[2] The hare soon leaves the tortoise behind and, confident of winning, takes a nap midway through the race. When the Hare awakes however, he finds that his competitor, crawling slowly but steadily, has arrived before him. The later version of the story in La Fontaine's Fables (VI.10), while more long-winded, differs hardly at all from Aesop's.[3]"
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"Tortoise"
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-7762630006000955213 | Spanish–American War | Spanish -- American war - wikipedia Spanish -- American war Jump to : navigation , search Spanish -- American War Part of the Philippine Revolution and the Cuban War of Independence ( clockwise from top left ) Signal Corps extending telegraph lines from trenches USS Iowa Filipino soldiers wearing Spanish pith helmets outside Manila The defeated side signing the Treaty of Paris Roosevelt and his Rough Riders at the captured San Juan Hill Replacing of the Spanish flag at Fort Malate Date April 21 , 1898 -- August 13 , 1898 ( 3 months , 3 weeks and 2 days ) Location Cuba and Puerto Rico ( Caribbean Sea ) Philippines and Guam ( Asia - Pacific ) Result American victory Treaty of Paris of 1898 Territorial changes Spain relinquishes sovereignty over Cuba , cedes Puerto Rico , Guam and the Philippine Islands to the United States for $20 million Belligerents United States Cuban revolutionaries Filipino revolutionaries Spain Cuba Philippines Guam Puerto Rico Commanders and leaders William McKinley Nelson A. Miles Theodore Roosevelt William R. Shafter George Dewey William Sampson Wesley Merritt Joseph Wheeler Charles D. Sigsbee Máximo Gómez Demetrio Castillo Duany Emilio Aguinaldo Apolinario Mabini Antonio Luna Maria Christina Práxedes Mateo Sagasta Patricio Montojo Pascual Cervera Arsenio Linares Manuel Macías Ramón Blanco Antero Rubín Valeriano Weyler Basilio Augustín Fermín Jáudenes José Toral y Velázquez Diego de los Ríos Strength 72,339 troops ( total ) 53,000 rebels 40,000 rebels 206,000 troops ( Caribbean ) Unknown ( Philippines ) Casualties and losses American : 281 killed and 1,577 wounded ( Army ) 16 killed and 68 wounded ( Navy ) 2,061 dead from disease 11 prisoners 1 cargo ship sunk 1 cruiser damaged Spanish : 200 killed and 400 wounded ( Army ) 500 -- 600 killed and 300 -- 400 wounded ( Navy ) 15,000 dead from disease 40,000 + prisoners 6 small ships sunk 11 cruisers sunk 2 destroyers sunk The higher naval losses may be attributed to the disastrous naval defeats inflicted on the Spanish at Manila Bay and Santiago de Cuba . Spanish -- American War Atlantic Ocean Theater Cuba Puerto Rico Pacific Ocean Theater The Philippines Guam Banana Wars Cuba First US Occupation ( 1898 -- 1902 ) Second US Occupation ( 1906 -- 1909 ) Negro Rebellion ( 1912 ) Sugar Intervention ( 1917 -- 1922 ) Puerto Rico Puerto Rican Campaign ( 1898 ) Honduras ( 1903 -- 1925 ) Nicaragua ( 1912 -- 1933 ) Granada Masaya Coyotepe Hill 1926 -- 1927 civil war La Paz Centro Ocotal San Fernando Santa Clara Telpaneca Sapotillal 1st Las Cruces 2nd Las Cruces Quilali El Bramadero La Flor Achuapa Agua Carta El Sauce Mexico ( 1914 ) Veracruz Haiti ( 1915 -- 1934 ) Fort Dipitie Fort Rivière 1st Port - au - Prince 2nd Port - au - Prince Dominican Republic ( 1916 -- 1924 ) Santo Domingo Guayacanas San Francisco de Macoris Part of a series on the History of Cuba Governorate of Cuba ( 1511 -- 1519 ) Viceroyalty of New Spain ( 1535 -- 1821 ) Captaincy General of Cuba ( 1607 -- 1898 ) Cuban War of Independence Spanish -- American War Treaty of Paris US Military Government ( 1898 -- 1902 ) Republic of Cuba ( 1902 -- 1959 ) Cuban Pacification ( 1906 -- 1909 ) Negro Rebellion ( 1912 ) Sugar Intervention ( 1917 -- 1922 ) Cuban Revolution ( 1953 -- 1959 ) Republic of Cuba ( 1959 -- ) Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Missile Crisis Intervention in Angola Special Period Cuban Thaw Timeline Topical Military history Cuba portal The Spanish -- American War ( Spanish : Guerra hispano - americana or Guerra hispano - estadounidense ; Filipino : Digmaang Espanyol - Amerikano ) was fought between the United States and Spain in 1898 . Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba , leading to U.S. intervention in the Cuban War of Independence . American acquisition of Spain 's Pacific possessions led to its involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately in the Philippine -- American War . The main issue was Cuban independence . Revolts had been occurring for some years in Cuba against Spanish rule . The U.S. later backed these revolts upon entering the Spanish -- American War . There had been war scares before , as in the Virginius Affair in 1873 , but in the late 1890s , U.S. public opinion was agitated by anti-Spanish propaganda led by newspaper publishers such as Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst which used yellow journalism to call for war . The business community across the United States had just recovered from a deep depression and feared that a war would reverse the gains . It lobbied vigorously against going to war . The United States Navy armoured cruiser Maine had mysteriously sunk in Havana Harbor ; political pressures from the Democratic Party pushed the administration of Republican President William McKinley into a war that he had wished to avoid . President McKinley signed a joint Congressional resolution demanding Spanish withdrawal and authorizing the President to use military force to help Cuba gain independence on April 20 , 1898 . In response , Spain severed diplomatic relations with the United States on April 21 . On the same day , the U.S. Navy began a blockade of Cuba . On April 23 , Spain stated that it would declare war if the U.S. forces invaded its territory . On April 25 , Congress declared that a state of war between the U.S. and Spain had de facto existed since April 21 , the day the blockade of Cuba had begun . The United States sent an ultimatum to Spain demanding that it surrender control of Cuba , but due to Spain not replying soon enough , the United States had assumed Spain had ignored the ultimatum and continued to occupy Cuba . The ten - week war was fought in both the Caribbean and the Pacific . As the American agitators for war well knew , U.S. naval power proved decisive , allowing expeditionary forces to disembark in Cuba against a Spanish garrison already facing nationwide Cuban insurgent attacks and further wasted by yellow fever . American , Cuban , and Philippine forces obtained the surrender of Santiago de Cuba and Manila despite the good performance of some Spanish infantry units and fierce fighting for positions such as San Juan Hill . Madrid sued for peace after two obsolete Spanish squadrons sunk in Santiago de Cuba and Manila Bay and a third , more modern fleet was recalled home to protect the Spanish coasts . The result was the 1898 Treaty of Paris , negotiated on terms favorable to the U.S. which allowed it temporary control of Cuba and ceded ownership of Puerto Rico , Guam and the Philippine islands . The cession of the Philippines involved payment of $20 million ( $588,320,000 today ) to Spain by the U.S. to cover infrastructure owned by Spain . The defeat and loss of the last remnants of the Spanish Empire was a profound shock to Spain 's national psyche and provoked a thorough philosophical and artistic revaluation of Spanish society known as the Generation of ' 98 . The United States gained several island possessions spanning the globe and a rancorous new debate over the wisdom of expansionism . It was one of only five US wars ( against a total of eleven sovereign states ) to have been formally declared by the U.S. Congress . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical background 1.1 Spain 's attitude towards its colonies 1.2 American interest in the Caribbean 2 Path to war 2.1 Cuban struggle for independence 2.2 Spanish attitude 2.3 U.S. response 2.4 USS Maine dispatch to Havana and loss 2.5 Declaring war 2.6 Alternative historical interpretations 3 Pacific theater 3.1 Philippines 3.2 Guam 4 Caribbean theater 4.1 Cuba 4.1. 1 Cuban sentiment 4.1. 2 Land campaign 4.1. 3 Naval operations 4.1. 4 U.S. withdrawal 4.2 Puerto Rico 5 Making peace 6 Aftermath 6.1 Postwar American investment in Puerto Rico 7 In film and television 8 Military decorations 8.1 United States 8.1. 1 Wartime service and honors 8.1. 2 Postwar occupation service 8.2 Other countries 9 See also 10 Notes 10.1 Footnotes 10.2 Source citations 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links 13.1 Media 13.2 Reference materials 13.3 Newspapers Historical background ( edit ) Spain 's attitude towards its colonies ( edit ) The combined problems arising from the Peninsular War ( 1807 -- 1814 ) , the loss of most of its colonies in the Americas in the early 19th - century Spanish American wars of independence , and three Carlist Wars ( 1832 -- 1876 ) marked the low point of Spanish colonialism . Liberal Spanish elites like Antonio Cánovas del Castillo and Emilio Castelar offered new interpretations of the concept of `` empire '' to dovetail with Spain 's emerging nationalism . Cánovas made clear in an address to the University of Madrid in 1882 his view of the Spanish nation as based on shared cultural and linguistic elements -- on both sides of the Atlantic -- that tied Spain 's territories together . Cánovas saw Spanish imperialism as markedly different in its methods and purposes of colonization from those of rival empires like the British or French . Spaniards regarded the spreading of civilization and Christianity as Spain 's major objective and contribution to the New World . The concept of cultural unity bestowed special significance on Cuba , which had been Spanish for almost four hundred years , and was viewed as an integral part of the Spanish nation . The focus on preserving the empire would have negative consequences for Spain 's national pride in the aftermath of the Spanish -- American War . American interest in the Caribbean ( edit ) In 1823 , American fifth President James Monroe ( 1758 -- 1831 , served 1817 -- 1825 ) enunciated the Monroe Doctrine , which stated that the United States would not tolerate further efforts by European governments to retake , expand their colonial holdings in the Americas or to interfere with the newly independent states in the hemisphere ; at the same time , the doctrine stated that the U.S. would respect the status of the existing European colonies . Before the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) , Southern interests attempted to have the United States purchase Cuba and convert it into a new slave territory . The Ostend Manifesto proposal of 1854 failed , and national attention shifted to the growing sectional conflict and threat of civil war . After the American Civil War and Cuba 's Ten Years ' War , U.S. businessmen began monopolizing the devalued sugar markets in Cuba . In 1894 , 90 % of Cuba 's total exports went to the United States , which also provided 40 % of Cuba 's imports . Cuba 's total exports to the U.S. were almost twelve times larger than the export to her mother country , Spain . U.S. business interests indicated that while Spain still held political authority over Cuba , economic authority in Cuba , acting - authority , was shifting to the US . The US became interested in a trans - isthmus canal across Central America , either in Nicaragua , or in Panama , where the Panama Canal would later be built ( 1903 -- 1914 ) , and realized the need for naval protection . Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan was an especially influential theorist ; his ideas were much admired by future 26th President Theodore Roosevelt , as the U.S. rapidly built a powerful naval fleet of steel warships in the 1880s and 1890s . Roosevelt served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy in 1897 -- 1898 and was an aggressive supporter of a war with Spain ) ) over Cuba . Meanwhile , the `` Cuba Libre '' movement , led by Cuban intellectual José Martí , had established offices in Florida and New York to buy and smuggle weapons . It mounted a large propaganda campaign to generate sympathy that would lead to official pressure on Spain . Protestant churches and Democratic farmers were supportive , but business interests called on Washington to ignore them . Although Cuba attracted American attention , little note was made of the Philippines , Guam , or Puerto Rico . Historians note that there was little popular demand in the United States for an overseas colonial empire , though at this time the longtime colonial empires of the United Kingdom ( Great Britain ) with its British Empire `` on which the sun never set '' and France 's French Empire maintained theirs with some added growths and additions , now joined by the German Empire , Italian Empire and the Empire of Japan . These new and growing empires were dramatically expanding their overseas holdings during the late 19th century in unclaimed areas among native and indigenous peoples in the less developed continents of Africa , Asia and the Pacific . Path to war ( edit ) Cuban struggle for independence ( edit ) Main article : Cuban War of Independence The first serious bid for Cuban independence , the Ten Years ' War , erupted in 1868 and was subdued by the authorities a decade later . Neither the fighting nor the reforms in the Pact of Zanjón ( February 1878 ) quelled the desire of some revolutionaries for wider autonomy and ultimately independence . One such revolutionary , José Martí , continued to promote Cuban financial and political autonomy in exile . In early 1895 , after years of organizing , Martí launched a three - pronged invasion of the island . The plan called for one group from Santo Domingo led by Máximo Gómez , one group from Costa Rica led by Antonio Maceo Grajales , and another from the United States ( preemptively thwarted by U.S. officials in Florida ) to land in different places on the island and provoke an uprising . While their call for revolution , the grito de Baíre , was successful , the result was not the grand show of force Martí had expected . With a quick victory effectively lost , the revolutionaries settled in to fight a protracted guerrilla campaign . Antonio Cánovas del Castillo , the architect of Spain 's Restoration constitution and the prime minister at the time , ordered General Arsenio Martínez - Campos , a distinguished veteran of the war against the previous uprising in Cuba , to quell the revolt . Campos 's reluctance to accept his new assignment and his method of containing the revolt to the province of Oriente earned him criticism in the Spanish press . The mounting pressure forced Cánovas to replace General Campos with General Valeriano Weyler , a soldier who had experience in quelling rebellions in overseas provinces and the Spanish metropole . Weyler deprived the insurgency of weaponry , supplies , and assistance by ordering the residents of some Cuban districts to move to reconcentration areas near the military headquarters . This strategy was effective in slowing the spread of rebellion . In the United States , this fueled the fire of anti-Spanish propaganda . In a political speech President William McKinley used this to ram Spanish actions against armed rebels . He even said this `` was not civilized warfare '' but `` extermination '' . Spanish attitude ( edit ) A Spanish satirical drawing published in La Campana de Gràcia ( 1896 ) criticizing U.S. behavior regarding Cuba by Manuel Moliné . Upper text reads ( in old Catalan ) : `` Uncle Sam 's craving '' , and below : `` To keep the island so it wo n't get lost . '' An American cartoon published in Judge , February 6 , 1897 : Columbia ( representing the American people ) reaches out to the oppressed Cuba ( the caption under the chained child reads `` Spain 's 16th Century methods '' ) while Uncle Sam ( representing the US government ) sits blindfolded , refusing to see the atrocities or use his guns to intervene ( cartoon by Grant E. Hamilton ) . The Spanish Government regarded Cuba as a province of Spain rather than a colony , and depended on it for prestige and trade , and as a training ground for the army . Spanish Prime Minister Antonio Cánovas del Castillo announced that `` the Spanish nation is disposed to sacrifice to the last peseta of its treasure and to the last drop of blood of the last Spaniard before consenting that anyone snatch from it even one piece of its territory '' . He had long dominated and stabilized Spanish politics . He was assassinated in 1897 by Italian anarchist Michele Angiolillo , leaving a Spanish political system that was not stable and could not risk a blow to its prestige . U.S. response ( edit ) Further information : Presidency of William McKinley The eruption of the Cuban revolt , Weyler 's measures , and the popular fury these events whipped up proved to be a boon to the newspaper industry in New York City , where Joseph Pulitzer of the New York World and William Randolph Hearst of the New York Journal recognized the potential for great headlines and stories that would sell copies . Both papers denounced Spain , but had little influence outside New York . American opinion generally saw Spain as a hopelessly backward power that was unable to deal fairly with Cuba . American Catholics were divided before the war began , but supported it enthusiastically once it started . The U.S. had important economic interests that were being harmed by the prolonged conflict and deepening uncertainty about the future of Cuba . Shipping firms that had relied heavily on trade with Cuba now suffered losses as the conflict continued unresolved . These firms pressed Congress and McKinley to seek an end to the revolt . Other American business concerns , specifically those who had invested in Cuban sugar , looked to the Spanish to restore order . Stability , not war , was the goal of both interests . How stability would be achieved would depend largely on the ability of Spain and the U.S. to work out their issues diplomatically . While tension increased among the Cubans and Spanish Government , popular support of intervention began to spring up in the United States , due to the emergence of the `` Cuba Libre '' movement and the fact that many Americans had drawn parallels between the American Revolution and the Cuban revolt , seeing the Spanish Government as the tyrannical colonial oppressor . Historian Louis Pérez notes that `` The proposition of war in behalf of Cuban independence took hold immediately and held on thereafter . Such was the sense of the public mood . '' At the time many poems and songs were written in the United States to express support of the `` Cuba Libre '' movement . At the same time , many African Americans , facing growing racial discrimination and increasing retardation of their civil rights , wanted to take part in the war because they saw it as a way to advance the cause of equality , service to country hopefully helping to gain political and public respect amongst the wider population . President McKinley , well aware of the political complexity surrounding the conflict , wanted to end the revolt peacefully . In accordance with this policy , McKinley began to negotiate with the Spanish government , hoping that the negotiations would be able to end the yellow journalism in the United States , and therefore , end the loudest calls to go to war with Spain . An attempt was made to negotiate a peace before McKinley took office , however , the Spanish refused to take part in the negotiations . In 1897 McKinley appointed Stewart L. Woodford as the new minister to Spain , who again offered to negotiate a peace . In October 1897 , the Spanish government still refused the United States offer to negotiate between the Spanish and the Cubans , but promised the U.S. it would give the Cubans more autonomy . However , with the election of a more liberal Spanish government in November , Spain began to change their policies in Cuba . First , the new Spanish government told the United States that it was willing to offer a change in the Reconcentration policies ( the main set of policies that was feeding yellow journalism in the United States ) if the Cuban rebels agreed to a cessation of hostilities . This time the rebels refused the terms in hopes that continued conflict would lead to U.S. intervention and the creation of an independent Cuba . The liberal Spanish government also recalled the Spanish Governor General Valeriano Weyler from Cuba . This action alarmed many Cubans loyal to Spain . The Cubans loyal to Weyler began planning large demonstrations to take place when the next Governor General , Ramon Blanco , arrived in Cuba . U.S. consul Fitzhugh Lee learned of these plans and sent a request to the U.S. State Department to send a U.S. warship to Cuba . This request lead to the U.S.S. Maine being sent to Cuba . While the Maine was docked in Havana , an explosion sank the ship . The sinking of the Maine was blamed on the Spanish and made the possibility of a negotiated peace very slim . Throughout the negotiation process , the major European powers , especially Britain , France , and Russia , generally supported the American position and urged Spain to give in . Spain repeatedly promised specific reforms that would pacify Cuba but failed to deliver ; American patience ran out . USS Maine dispatch to Havana and loss ( edit ) Main article : USS Maine ( ACR - 1 ) The sunken USS Maine in Havana harbor McKinley sent the USS Maine to Havana to ensure the safety of American citizens and interests , and to underscore the urgent need for reform . Naval forces were moved in position to attack simultaneously on several fronts if the war was not avoided . As Maine left Florida , a large part of the North Atlantic Squadron was moved to Key West and the Gulf of Mexico . Others were also moved just off the shore of Lisbon , and still others were moved to Hong Kong . At 9 : 40 on the evening of February 15 , 1898 , Maine sank in Havana Harbor after suffering a massive explosion . While McKinley urged patience and did not declare that Spain had caused the explosion , the deaths of 250 out of 355 sailors on board focused American attention . McKinley asked Congress to appropriate $50 million for defense , and Congress unanimously obliged . Most American leaders took the position that the cause of the explosion was unknown , but public attention was now riveted on the situation and Spain could not find a diplomatic solution to avoid war . Spain appealed to the European powers , most of whom advised it to accept U.S. conditions for Cuba in order to avoid war . Germany urged a united European stand against the United States but took no action . The U.S. Navy 's investigation , made public on March 28 , concluded that the ship 's powder magazines were ignited when an external explosion was set off under the ship 's hull . This report poured fuel on popular indignation in the U.S. , making the war inevitable . Spain 's investigation came to the opposite conclusion : the explosion originated within the ship . Other investigations in later years came to various contradictory conclusions , but had no bearing on the coming of the war . In 1974 , Admiral Hyman George Rickover had his staff look at the documents and decided there was an internal explosion . A study commissioned by National Geographic magazine in 1999 , using AME computer modelling , stated that the explosion could have been caused by a mine , but no definitive evidence was found . Declaring war ( edit ) Main article : Propaganda of the Spanish -- American War United States Army Colonel Charles A. Wikoff was the most senior U.S. military officer killed in the Spanish -- American War . After the Maine was destroyed , New York City newspaper publishers Hearst and Pulitzer decided that the Spanish were to blame , and they publicized this theory as fact in their papers . They both used sensationalistic and astonishing accounts of `` atrocities '' committed by the Spanish in Cuba by using headlines in their newspapers , such as `` Spanish Murderers '' and `` Remember The Maine '' . Their press exaggerated what was happening and how the Spanish were treating the Cuban prisoners . The stories were based on factual accounts , but most of the time , the articles that were published were embellished and written with incendiary language causing emotional and often heated responses among readers . A common myth falsely states that when illustrator Frederic Remington said there was no war brewing in Cuba , Hearst responded : `` You furnish the pictures and I 'll furnish the war . '' This new `` yellow journalism '' was , however , uncommon outside New York City , and historians no longer consider it the major force shaping the national mood . Public opinion nationwide did demand immediate action , overwhelming the efforts of President McKinley , Speaker of the House Thomas Brackett Reed , and the business community to find a negotiated solution . Wall Street , big business , high finance and Main Street businesses across the country were vocally opposed to war and demanded peace . After years of severe depression , the economic outlook for the domestic economy was suddenly bright again in 1897 . However , the uncertainties of warfare posed a serious threat to full economic recovery . `` War would impede the march of prosperity and put the country back many years , '' warned the New Jersey Trade Review . The leading railroad magazine editorialized , `` From a commercial and mercenary standpoint it seems peculiarly bitter that this war should come when the country had already suffered so much and so needed rest and peace . '' McKinley paid close attention to the strong anti-war consensus of the business community , and strengthened his resolve to use diplomacy and negotiation rather than brute force to end the Spanish tyranny in Cuba . A speech delivered by Republican Senator Redfield Proctor of Vermont on March 17 , 1898 , thoroughly analyzed the situation and greatly strengthened the pro-war cause . Proctor concluded that war was the only answer . Many in the business and religious communities which had until then opposed war , switched sides , leaving McKinley and Speaker Reed almost alone in their resistance to a war . On April 11 , McKinley ended his resistance and asked Congress for authority to send American troops to Cuba to end the civil war there , knowing that Congress would force a war . The American transport ship Seneca , a chartered vessel that carried troops to Puerto Rico and Cuba On April 19 , while Congress was considering joint resolutions supporting Cuban independence , Republican Senator Henry M. Teller of Colorado proposed the Teller Amendment to ensure that the U.S. would not establish permanent control over Cuba after the war . The amendment , disclaiming any intention to annex Cuba , passed the Senate 42 to 35 ; the House concurred the same day , 311 to 6 . The amended resolution demanded Spanish withdrawal and authorized the President to use as much military force as he thought necessary to help Cuba gain independence from Spain . President McKinley signed the joint resolution on April 20 , 1898 , and the ultimatum was sent to Spain . In response , Spain severed diplomatic relations with the United States on April 21 . On the same day , the U.S. Navy began a blockade of Cuba . Spain stated , it would declare war if the US forces invaded its territory , on April 23 . On April 25 , the U.S. Congress declared that a state of war between the U.S. and Spain had de facto existed since April 21 , the day the blockade of Cuba had begun . Spanish Vessels captured up to evening of May 1 , 1898 The Navy was ready , but the Army was not well - prepared for the war and made radical changes in plans and quickly purchased supplies . In the spring of 1898 , the strength of the Regular U.S. Army was just 25,000 men . The Army wanted 50,000 new men but received over 220,000 through volunteers and the mobilization of state National Guard units , even gaining nearly 100,000 men on the first night after the explosion of the USS Maine . Alternative Historical interpretations ( edit ) The Department of State of the United States of America summarizes the aftermath of the war for the Filipino people : After its defeat in the Spanish -- American War of 1898 , Spain ceded its longstanding colony of the Philippines to the United States in the Treaty of Paris . On February 4 , 1899 , just two days before the U.S. Senate ratified the treaty , fighting broke out between American forces and Filipino nationalists led by Emilio Aguinaldo , who sought independence rather than a change in colonial rulers . The ensuing Philippine - American War lasted three years and resulted in the death of over 4,200 American and over 20,000 Filipino combatants . As many as 200,000 Filipino civilians died from violence , famine , and disease . The last stand of the Spanish Garrison in Cuba by Murat Halstead , 1898 In 1901 , novelist Mark Twain wrote about the aftermath of the war for the Philippines : We have robbed a trusting friend of his land and his liberty ; we have invited clean young men to shoulder a discredited musket and do bandit 's work under a flag which bandits have been accustomed to fear , not to follow ; we have debauched America 's honor and blackened her face before the world . In his War and Empire , Prof. Paul Atwood of the University of Massachusetts ( Boston ) writes : The Spanish -- American War was fomented on outright lies and trumped up accusations against the intended enemy ... War fever in the general population never reached a critical temperature until the accidental sinking of the USS Maine was deliberately , and falsely , attributed to Spanish villainy ... In a cryptic message ... Senator lodge wrote that ' There may be an explosion any day in Cuba which would settle a great many things . We have got a battleship in the harbor of Havana , and our fleet , which overmatches anything the Spanish have , is masked at the Dry Tortugas . In his autobiography , Theodore Roosevelt gave his views of the origins of the war : Our own direct interests were great , because of the Cuban tobacco and sugar , and especially because of Cuba 's relation to the projected Isthmian ( Panama ) Canal . But even greater were our interests from the standpoint of humanity ... It was our duty , even more from the standpoint of National honor than from the standpoint of National interest , to stop the devastation and destruction . Because of these considerations I favored war . Pacific theater ( edit ) Philippines ( edit ) The Pacific theatre of the Spanish -- American War In the 333 years of Spanish rule , the Philippines developed from a small overseas colony governed from the Viceroyalty of New Spain to a land with modern elements in the cities . The Spanish - speaking middle classes of the 19th century were mostly educated in the liberal ideas coming from Europe . Among these Ilustrados was the Filipino national hero José Rizal , who demanded larger reforms from the Spanish authorities . This movement eventually led to the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule . The revolution had been in a state of truce since the signing of the Pact of Biak - na - Bato in 1897 , with revolutionary leaders having accepted exile outside of the country . On April 23 , 1898 , a document appeared in the Manila Gazette newspaper warning of the impeding war and calling for Filipinos to participate on the side of Spain . The Battle of Manila Bay The first battle between American and Spanish forces was at Manila Bay where , on May 1 , Commodore George Dewey , commanding the U.S. Navy 's Asiatic Squadron aboard USS Olympia , in a matter of hours defeated a Spanish squadron under Admiral Patricio Montojo . Dewey managed this with only nine wounded . With the German seizure of Tsingtao in 1897 , Dewey 's squadron had become the only naval force in the Far East without a local base of its own , and was beset with coal and ammunition problems . Despite these problems , the Asiatic Squadron not only destroyed the Spanish fleet but also captured the harbor of Manila . Following Dewey 's victory , Manila Bay was filled with the warships of Britain , Germany , France , and Japan . The German fleet of eight ships , ostensibly in Philippine waters to protect German interests , acted provocatively -- cutting in front of American ships , refusing to salute the United States flag ( according to customs of naval courtesy ) , taking soundings of the harbor , and landing supplies for the besieged Spanish . The Germans , with interests of their own , were eager to take advantage of whatever opportunities the conflict in the islands might afford . There was a fear at the time that the islands would become a German possession . The Americans called the bluff of the Germans , threatening conflict if the aggression continued , and the Germans backed down . At the time , the Germans expected the confrontation in the Philippines to end in an American defeat , with the revolutionaries capturing Manila and leaving the Philippines ripe for German picking . Commodore Dewey transported Emilio Aguinaldo , a Filipino leader who had led rebellion against Spanish rule in the Philippines in 1896 , from exile in Hong Kong to the Philippines to rally more Filipinos against the Spanish colonial government . By June 9 , Aguinaldo 's forces controlled the provinces of Bulacan , Cavite , Laguna , Batangas , Bataan , Zambales , Pampanga , Pangasinan , and Mindoro , and had laid siege to Manila . On June 12 , Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines . On August 5 , on instructions from Spain , Governor General Basilo Augistin turned over command of the Philippines to his deputy , Fermin Jaudenes . On August 13 , with American commanders unaware that a cease - fire had been signed between Spain and the U.S. on the previous day in Washington D.C. , American forces captured the city of Manila from the Spanish in the Battle of Manila . This battle marked the end of Filipino -- American collaboration , as the American action of preventing Filipino forces from entering the captured city of Manila was deeply resented by the Filipinos . This later led to the Philippine -- American War , which would prove to be more deadly and costly than the Spanish -- American War . The U.S. had sent a force of some 11,000 ground troops to the Philippines . On August 14 , 1899 , Spanish Captain - General Jaudenes formally capitulated and U.S. Generally Merritt formally accepted the surrender and declared the establishment of a U.S. military government in occupation . That same day , the Schurman Commission recommended that the U.S. retain control of the Philippines , possibly granting independence in the future . On December 10 , 1898 , the Spanish government ceded the Philippines to the United States in the Treaty of Paris . Armed conflict broke out between U.S. forces and the Filipinos when U.S. troops began to take the place of the Spanish in control of the country after the end of the war , resulting in the Philippine -- American War . Guam ( edit ) Main article : Capture of Guam On June 20 , a U.S. fleet commanded by Captain Henry Glass , consisting of the protected cruiser USS Charleston and three transports carrying troops to the Philippines , entered Guam 's Apra Harbor , Captain Glass having opened sealed orders instructing him to proceed to Guam and capture it . Charleston fired a few cannon rounds at Fort Santa Cruz without receiving return fire . Two local officials , not knowing that war had been declared and believing the firing had been a salute , came out to Charleston to apologize for their inability to return the salute as they were out of gunpowder . Glass informed them that the U.S. and Spain were at war . The following day , Glass sent Lt. William Braunersruehter to meet the Spanish Governor to arrange the surrender of the island and the Spanish garrison there . Some 54 Spanish infantry were captured and transported to the Philippines as prisoners of war . No U.S. forces were left on Guam , but the only U.S. citizen on the island , Frank Portusach , told Captain Glass that he would look after things until U.S. forces returned . Caribbean theater ( edit ) Cuba ( edit ) See also : San Juan Hill order of battle and El Caney order of battle The Spanish armored cruiser Cristóbal Colón , which was destroyed during the Battle of Santiago on July 3 , 1898 Detail from Charge of the 24th and 25th Colored Infantry and Rescue of Rough Riders at San Juan Hill , July 2 , 1898 depicting the Battle of San Juan Hill Theodore Roosevelt advocated intervention in Cuba , both for the Cuban people and to promote the Monroe Doctrine . While Assistant Secretary of the Navy , he placed the Navy on a war - time footing and prepared Dewey 's Asiatic Squadron for battle . He also worked with Leonard Wood in convincing the Army to raise an all - volunteer regiment , the 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry . Wood was given command of the regiment that quickly became known as the `` Rough Riders '' . The Americans planned to capture the city of Santiago de Cuba to destroy Linares ' army and Cervera 's fleet . To reach Santiago they had to pass through concentrated Spanish defenses in the San Juan Hills and a small town in El Caney . The American forces were aided in Cuba by the pro-independence rebels led by General Calixto García . Cuban sentiment ( edit ) For quite some time the Cuban public believed the United States government to possibly hold the key to its independence , and even annexation was considered for a time , which historian Louis Pérez explored in his book Cuba and the United States : Ties of Singular Intimacy . The Cubans harbored a great deal of discontent towards the Spanish Government , due to years of manipulation on the part of the Spanish . The prospect of getting the United States involved in the fight was considered by many Cubans as a step in the right direction . While the Cubans were wary of the United States ' intentions , the overwhelming support from the American public provided the Cubans with some peace of mind , because they believed that the United States was committed to helping them achieve their independence . However , with the imposition of the Platt Amendment of 1903 after the war , as well as economic and military manipulation on the part of the United States , Cuban sentiment towards the United States became polarized , with many Cubans disappointed with continuing American interference . Land campaign ( edit ) From June 22 to 24 , the Fifth Army Corps under General William R. Shafter landed at Daiquirí and Siboney , east of Santiago , and established an American base of operations . A contingent of Spanish troops , having fought a skirmish with the Americans near Siboney on June 23 , had retired to their lightly entrenched positions at Las Guasimas . An advance guard of U.S. forces under former Confederate General Joseph Wheeler ignored Cuban scouting parties and orders to proceed with caution . They caught up with and engaged the Spanish rearguard of about 2,000 soldiers led by General Antero Rubín who effectively ambushed them , in the Battle of Las Guasimas on June 24 . The battle ended indecisively in favor of Spain and the Spanish left Las Guasimas on their planned retreat to Santiago . The U.S. Army employed Civil War - era skirmishers at the head of the advancing columns . Three of four of the U.S. soldiers who had volunteered to act as skirmishers walking point at the head of the American column were killed , including Hamilton Fish II ( grandson of Hamilton Fish , the Secretary of State under Ulysses S. Grant ) , and Captain Allyn K. Capron , Jr. , whom Theodore Roosevelt would describe as one of the finest natural leaders and soldiers he ever met . Only Oklahoma Territory Pawnee Indian , Tom Isbell , wounded seven times , survived . The Battle of Las Guasimas showed the U.S. that quick - thinking American soldiers would not stick to the linear tactics which did not work effectively against Spanish troops who had learned the art of cover and concealment from their own struggle with Cuban insurgents , and never made the error of revealing their positions while on the defense . Americans advanced by rushes and stayed in the weeds so that they , too , were largely invisible to the Spaniards who used un-targeted volley fire to try to mass fires against the advancing Americans . While some troops were hit , this technique was mostly a waste of bullets as the Americans learned to duck as soon as they heard the Spanish word Fire , `` Fuego '' yelled by the Spanish officers . Spanish troops were equipped with smokeless powder arms that also helped them to hide their positions while firing . Receiving the news of the surrender of Santiago Regular Spanish troops were mostly armed with modern charger - loaded , 7 mm 1893 Spanish Mauser rifles and using smokeless powder . The high - speed 7 × 57mm Mauser round was termed the `` Spanish Hornet '' by the Americans because of the supersonic crack as it passed overhead . Other irregular troops were armed with Remington Rolling Block rifles in . 43 Spanish using smokeless powder and brass - jacketed bullets . US regular infantry were armed with the . 30 -- 40 Krag -- Jørgensen , a bolt - action rifle with a complex rotating magazine . Both the US regular cavalry and the volunteer cavalry used smokeless ammunition . In later battles , state volunteers used the . 45 -- 70 Springfield a single - shot black powder rifle . On July 1 , a combined force of about 15,000 American troops in regular infantry and cavalry regiments , including all four of the army 's `` Colored '' regiments , and volunteer regiments , among them Roosevelt and his `` Rough Riders '' , the 71st New York , the 2nd Massachusetts Infantry , and 1st North Carolina , and rebel Cuban forces attacked 1,270 entrenched Spaniards in dangerous Civil War - style frontal assaults at the Battle of El Caney and Battle of San Juan Hill outside of Santiago . More than 200 U.S. soldiers were killed and close to 1,200 wounded in the fighting , thanks to the high rate of fire the Spanish put down range at the Americans . Supporting fire by Gatling guns was critical to the success of the assault . Cervera decided to escape Santiago two days later . First Lieutenant John J. Pershing , nicknamed `` Black Jack '' , oversaw the 10th Cavalry Unit during the war . Pershing and his unit fought in the Battle of San Juan Hill . Pershing was cited for his gallantry during the battle . The Spanish forces at Guantánamo were so isolated by Marines and Cuban forces that they did not know that Santiago was under siege , and their forces in the northern part of the province could not break through Cuban lines . This was not true of the Escario relief column from Manzanillo , which fought its way past determined Cuban resistance but arrived too late to participate in the siege . After the battles of San Juan Hill and El Caney , the American advance halted . Spanish troops successfully defended Fort Canosa , allowing them to stabilize their line and bar the entry to Santiago . The Americans and Cubans forcibly began a bloody , strangling siege of the city . During the nights , Cuban troops dug successive series of `` trenches '' ( raised parapets ) , toward the Spanish positions . Once completed , these parapets were occupied by U.S. soldiers and a new set of excavations went forward . American troops , while suffering daily losses from Spanish fire , suffered far more casualties from heat exhaustion and mosquito - borne disease . At the western approaches to the city , Cuban general Calixto Garcia began to encroach on the city , causing much panic and fear of reprisals among the Spanish forces . Naval operations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Santiago Campaign ( 1898 ) Crewmen pose under the gun turrets of Iowa in 1898 The major port of Santiago de Cuba was the main target of naval operations during the war . The U.S. fleet attacking Santiago needed shelter from the summer hurricane season ; Guantánamo Bay , with its excellent harbor , was chosen . The 1898 invasion of Guantánamo Bay happened between June 6 and 10 , with the first U.S. naval attack and subsequent successful landing of U.S. Marines with naval support . On April 23 , a council of senior admirals of the Spanish Navy had decided to order Admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete 's squadron of four armored cruisers and three torpedo boat destroyers to proceed from their present location in Cape Verde ( having left from Cadiz , Spain ) to the West Indies . The Battle of Santiago de Cuba on July 3 , was the largest naval engagement of the Spanish -- American War and resulted in the destruction of the Spanish Caribbean Squadron ( also known as the Flota de Ultramar ) . In May , the fleet of Spanish Admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete had been spotted by American forces in Santiago harbor , where they had taken shelter for protection from sea attack . A two - month stand - off between Spanish and American naval forces followed . When the Spanish squadron finally attempted to leave the harbor on July 3 , the American forces destroyed or grounded five of the six ships . Only one Spanish vessel , the new armored cruiser Cristóbal Colón , survived , but her captain hauled down her flag and scuttled her when the Americans finally caught up with her . The 1,612 Spanish sailors who were captured , including Admiral Cervera , were sent to Seavey 's Island at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery , Maine , where they were confined at Camp Long as prisoners of war from July 11 until mid-September . During the stand - off , U.S. Assistant Naval Constructor , Lieutenant Richmond Pearson Hobson had been ordered by Rear Admiral William T. Sampson to sink the collier USS Merrimac in the harbor to bottle up the Spanish fleet . The mission was a failure , and Hobson and his crew were captured . They were exchanged on July 6 , and Hobson became a national hero ; he received the Medal of Honor in 1933 , retired as a Rear Admiral and became a Congressman . U.S. withdrawal ( edit ) Yellow fever had quickly spread amongst the American occupation force , crippling it . A group of concerned officers of the American army chose Theodore Roosevelt to draft a request to Washington that it withdraw the Army , a request that paralleled a similar one from General Shafter , who described his force as an `` army of convalescents '' . By the time of his letter , 75 % of the force in Cuba was unfit for service . On August 7 , the American invasion force started to leave Cuba . The evacuation was not total . The U.S. Army kept the black Ninth US Cavalry Regiment in Cuba to support the occupation . The logic was that their race and the fact that many black volunteers came from southern states would protect them from disease ; this logic led to these soldiers being nicknamed `` Immunes '' . Still , when the Ninth left , 73 of its 984 soldiers had contracted the disease . Puerto Rico ( edit ) Main article : Puerto Rican Campaign Spanish troops before they departed to engage the American forces at Hormigueros , Porto Rico In May 1898 , Lt. Henry H. Whitney of the United States Fourth Artillery was sent to Puerto Rico on a reconnaissance mission , sponsored by the Army 's Bureau of Military Intelligence . He provided maps and information on the Spanish military forces to the U.S. government before the invasion . The American offensive began on May 12 , 1898 , when a squadron of 12 U.S. ships commanded by Rear Adm. William T. Sampson of the United States Navy attacked the archipelago 's capital , San Juan . Though the damage inflicted on the city was minimal , the Americans established a blockade in the city 's harbor , San Juan Bay . On June 22 , the cruiser Isabel II and the destroyer Terror delivered a Spanish counterattack , but were unable to break the blockade and the Terror was damaged . The land offensive began on July 25 , when 1,300 infantry soldiers led by Nelson A. Miles disembarked off the coast of Guánica . The first organized armed opposition occurred in Yauco in what became known as the Battle of Yauco . This encounter was followed by the Battle of Fajardo . The United States seized control of Fajardo on August 1 , but were forced to withdraw on August 5 after a group of 200 Puerto Rican - Spanish soldiers led by Pedro del Pino gained control of the city , while most civilian inhabitants fled to a nearby lighthouse . The Americans encountered larger opposition during the Battle of Guayama and as they advanced towards the main island 's interior . They engaged in crossfire at Guamaní River Bridge , Coamo and Silva Heights and finally at the Battle of Asomante . The battles were inconclusive as the allied soldiers retreated . A battle in San Germán concluded in a similar fashion with the Spanish retreating to Lares . On August 9 , 1898 , American troops that were pursuing units retreating from Coamo encountered heavy resistance in Aibonito in a mountain known as Cerro Gervasio del Asomante and retreated after six of their soldiers were injured . They returned three days later , reinforced with artillery units and attempted a surprise attack . In the subsequent crossfire , confused soldiers reported seeing Spanish reinforcements nearby and five American officers were gravely injured , which prompted a retreat order . All military actions in Puerto Rico were suspended on August 13 , after U.S. President William McKinley and French Ambassador Jules Cambon , acting on behalf of the Spanish Government , signed an armistice whereby Spain relinquished its sovereignty over Puerto Rico . Making peace ( edit ) Jules Cambon , the French Ambassador in the U.S. , signing the memorandum of ratification on behalf of Spain With defeats in Cuba and the Philippines , and both of its fleets destroyed , Spain sued for peace and negotiations were opened between the two parties . After the sickness and death of British consul Edward Henry Rawson - Walker , American admiral George Dewey requested the Belgian consul to Manila , Édouard André , to take Rawson - Walker 's place as intermediary with the Spanish Government . Hostilities were halted on August 12 , 1898 , with the signing in Washington of a Protocol of Peace between the United States and Spain . After over two months of difficult negotiations , the formal peace treaty , the Treaty of Paris , was signed in Paris on December 10 , 1898 , and was ratified by the United States Senate on February 6 , 1899 . The United States gained all of Spain 's colonies outside of Africa in the treaty , including the Philippines , Guam and Puerto Rico with the exception of Cuba , which became a U.S. protectorate . The treaty came into force in Cuba April 11 , 1899 , with Cubans participating only as observers . Having been occupied since July 17 , 1898 , and thus under the jurisdiction of the United States Military Government ( USMG ) , Cuba formed its own civil government and gained independence on May 20 , 1902 , with the announced end of USMG jurisdiction over the island . However , the U.S. imposed various restrictions on the new government , including prohibiting alliances with other countries , and reserved the right to intervene . The U.S. also established a perpetual lease of Guantánamo Bay . Aftermath ( edit ) With the end of the war , Colonel Theodore Roosevelt musters out of the U.S. Army after the required 30 - day quarantine period at Montauk , Long Island , in 1898 . The war lasted ten weeks . John Hay ( the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom ) , writing from London to his friend Theodore Roosevelt , declared that it had been `` a splendid little war '' . The press showed Northerners and Southerners , blacks and whites fighting against a common foe , helping to ease the scars left from the American Civil War . Exemplary of this was the fact that four former Confederate States Army generals had served in the war , now in the US Army and all of them again carrying similar ranks . These officers included Matthew Butler , Fitzhugh Lee , Thomas L. Rosser and Joseph Wheeler , though only the latter had seen action . Still , in an exciting moment during the Battle of Las Guasimas , Wheeler apparently forgot for a moment which war he was fighting , having supposedly called out `` Let 's go , boys ! We 've got the damn Yankees on the run again ! '' The war marked American entry into world affairs . Since then , the U.S. has had a significant hand in various conflicts around the world , and entered many treaties and agreements . The Panic of 1893 was over by this point , and the U.S. entered a long and prosperous period of economic and population growth , and technological innovation that lasted through the 1920s . The war redefined national identity , served as a solution of sorts to the social divisions plaguing the American mind , and provided a model for all future news reporting . The idea of American imperialism changed in the public 's mind after the short and successful Spanish -- American War . Due to the United States ' powerful influence diplomatically and militarily , Cuba 's status after the war relied heavily upon American actions . Two major developments emerged from the Spanish -- American War : one , it greatly enforced the United States ' vision of itself as a `` defender of democracy '' and as a major world power , and two , it had severe implications for Cuban -- American relations in the future . As historian Louis Pérez argued in his book Cuba in the American Imagination : Metaphor and the Imperial Ethos , the Spanish -- American War of 1898 `` fixed permanently how Americans came to think of themselves : a righteous people given to the service of righteous purpose '' . The war greatly reduced the Spanish Empire . Spain had been declining as an imperial power since the early 19th century as a result of Napoleon 's invasion . The loss of Cuba caused a national trauma because of the affinity of peninsular Spaniards with Cuba , which was seen as another province of Spain rather than as a colony . Spain retained only a handful of overseas holdings : Spanish West Africa ( Spanish Sahara ) , Spanish Guinea , Spanish Morocco , and the Canary Islands . The Spanish soldier Julio Cervera Baviera , who served in the Puerto Rican Campaign , published a pamphlet in which he blamed the natives of that colony for its occupation by the Americans , saying , `` I have never seen such a servile , ungrateful country ( i.e. , Puerto Rico ) ... In twenty - four hours , the people of Puerto Rico went from being fervently Spanish to enthusiastically American ... They humiliated themselves , giving in to the invader as the slave bows to the powerful lord . '' He was challenged to a duel by a group of young Puerto Ricans for writing this pamphlet . A cartoon of Uncle Sam seated in restaurant looking at the bill of fare containing `` Cuba steak '' , `` Porto Rico pig '' , the `` Philippine Islands '' and the `` Sandwich Islands '' ( Hawaii ) . Culturally , a new wave called the Generation of ' 98 originated as a response to this trauma , marking a renaissance in Spanish culture . Economically , the war benefited Spain , because after the war large sums of capital held by Spaniards in Cuba and the United States were returned to the peninsula and invested in Spain . This massive flow of capital ( equivalent to 25 % of the gross domestic product of one year ) helped to develop the large modern firms in Spain in the steel , chemical , financial , mechanical , textile , shipyard , and electrical power industries . However , the political consequences were serious . The defeat in the war began the weakening of the fragile political stability that had been established earlier by the rule of Alfonso XII . The Teller Amendment , which was enacted on April 20 , 1898 , was a promise from the United States to the Cuban people that it was not declaring war to annex Cuba , but to help it gain its independence from Spain . The Platt Amendment was a move by the United States ' government to shape Cuban affairs without violating the Teller Amendment . The cover of Puck from April 6 , 1901 . Caricatures an Easter bonnet made out of a warship that alludes to the gains of the Spanish -- American War . The U.S. Congress had passed the Teller Amendment before the war , promising Cuban independence . However , the Senate passed the Platt Amendment as a rider to an Army appropriations bill , forcing a peace treaty on Cuba which prohibited it from signing treaties with other nations or contracting a public debt . The Platt Amendment was pushed by imperialists who wanted to project U.S. power abroad ( in contrast to the Teller Amendment which was pushed by anti-imperialists who called for a restraint on U.S. rule ) . The amendment granted the United States the right to stabilize Cuba militarily as needed . In addition , the Platt Amendment permitted the United States to deploy Marines to Cuba if its freedom and independence was ever threatened or jeopardized by an external or internal force . The Platt Amendment also provided for a permanent American naval base in Cuba . Guantánamo Bay was established after the signing of the Cuban -- American Treaty of Relations in 1903 . Thus , despite that Cuba technically gained its independence after the war ended , the United States government ensured that it had some form of power and control over Cuban affairs . The U.S. annexed the former Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico , the Philippines and Guam . The notion of the United States as an imperial power , with colonies , was hotly debated domestically with President McKinley and the Pro-Imperialists winning their way over vocal opposition led by Democrat William Jennings Bryan , who had supported the war . The American public largely supported the possession of colonies , but there were many outspoken critics such as Mark Twain , who wrote The War Prayer in protest . Roosevelt returned to the United States a war hero , and he was soon elected governor of New York and then became the vice president . At the age of 42 he became the youngest man to become President after the assassination of President William McKinley . 1900 Campaign poster The war served to further repair relations between the American North and South . The war gave both sides a common enemy for the first time since the end of the Civil War in 1865 , and many friendships were formed between soldiers of northern and southern states during their tours of duty . This was an important development , since many soldiers in this war were the children of Civil War veterans on both sides . Segregation in the U.S. military , 1898 The African - American community strongly supported the rebels in Cuba , supported entry into the war , and gained prestige from their wartime performance in the Army . Spokesmen noted that 33 African - American seamen had died in the Maine explosion . The most influential Black leader , Booker T. Washington , argued that his race was ready to fight . War offered them a chance `` to render service to our country that no other race can '' , because , unlike Whites , they were `` accustomed '' to the `` peculiar and dangerous climate '' of Cuba . One of the Black units that served in the war was the 9th Cavalry Regiment . In March 1898 , Washington promised the Secretary of the Navy that war would be answered by `` at least ten thousand loyal , brave , strong black men in the south who crave an opportunity to show their loyalty to our land , and would gladly take this method of showing their gratitude for the lives laid down , and the sacrifices made , that Blacks might have their freedom and rights . '' In 1904 , the United Spanish War Veterans was created from smaller groups of the veterans of the Spanish American War . Today , that organization is defunct , but it left an heir in the Sons of Spanish -- American War Veterans , created in 1937 at the 39th National Encampment of the United Spanish War Veterans . According to data from the United States Department of Veterans Affairs , the last surviving U.S. veteran of the conflict , Nathan E. Cook , died on September 10 , 1992 , at age 106 . ( If the data is to be believed , Cook , born October 10 , 1885 , would have been only 12 years old when he served in the war . ) The Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States ( VFW ) was formed in 1914 from the merger of two veterans organizations which both arose in 1899 : the American Veterans of Foreign Service and the National Society of the Army of the Philippines . The former was formed for veterans of the Spanish -- American War , while the latter was formed for veterans of the Philippine -- American War . Both organizations were formed in response to the general neglect veterans returning from the war experienced at the hands of the government . To pay the costs of the war , Congress passed an excise tax on long - distance phone service . At the time , it affected only wealthy Americans who owned telephones . However , the Congress neglected to repeal the tax after the war ended four months later , and the tax remained in place for over 100 years until , on August 1 , 2006 , it was announced that the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the IRS would no longer collect the tax . Postwar American Investment in Puerto Rico ( edit ) The change in sovereignty of Puerto Rico , like the occupation of Cuba , brought about major changes in both the insular and U.S. economies . Before 1898 the sugar industry in Puerto Rico was in decline for nearly half a century . In the second half of the nineteenth century , technological advances increased the capital requirements to remain competitive in the sugar industry . Agriculture began to shift toward coffee production , which required less capital and land accumulation . However , these trends were reversed with U.S. hegemony . Early U.S. monetary and legal policies made it both harder for local farmers to continue operations and easier for American businesses to accumulate land . This , along with the large capital reserves of American businesses , led to a resurgence in the Puerto Rican sugar industry in the form of large American owned agro-industrial complexes . At the same time , the inclusion of Puerto Rico into the U.S. tariff system as a customs area , effectively treating Puerto Rico as a state with respect to internal or external trade , increased the codependence of the insular and mainland economies and benefitted sugar exports with tariff protection . In 1897 the United States purchased 19.6 percent of Puerto Rico 's exports while supplying 18.5 percent of its imports . By 1905 these figures jumped to 84 percent and 85 percent , respectively . However , coffee was not protected , as it was not a product of the mainland . At the same time , Cuba and Spain , traditionally the largest importers of Puerto Rican coffee , now subjected Puerto Rico to previously nonexistent import tariffs . These two effects led to a decline in the coffee industry . From 1897 to 1901 coffee went from 65.8 percent of exports to 19.6 percent while sugar went from 21.6 percent to 55 percent . The tariff system also provided a protected market place for Puerto Rican tobacco exports . The tobacco industry went from nearly nonexistent in Puerto Rico to a major part of the country 's agricultural sector . In film and television ( edit ) The Spanish -- American War was the first U.S. war in which the motion picture camera played a role . The Library of Congress archives contain many films and film clips from the war . In addition , a few feature films have been made about the war . These include The Rough Riders , a 1927 silent film A Message to Garcia , 1936 Rough Riders , a 1997 television miniseries directed by John Milius , and featuring Tom Berenger ( Theodore Roosevelt ) , Gary Busey ( Joseph Wheeler ) , Sam Elliott ( Buckey O'Neill ) , Dale Dye ( Leonard Wood ) , Brian Keith ( William McKinley ) , George Hamilton ( William Randolph Hearst ) , and R. Lee Ermey ( John Hay ) The Spanish -- American War : First Intervention , a 2007 docudrama from The History Channel Baler , a 2008 film about the Siege of Baler Los últimos de Filipinas ( `` The Last Ones of the Philippines '' ) , a 1945 Spanish biographical film directed by Antonio Román Amigo , 2010 1898 , Our Last Men in the Philippines , a well - acclaimed 2016 film about the Siege of Baler Military decorations ( edit ) U.S. Army `` War with Spain '' campaign streamer United States ( edit ) The United States awards and decorations of the Spanish -- American War were as follows : Wartime service and honors ( edit ) Medal of Honor Specially Meritorious Service Medal Spanish Campaign Medal -- upgradeable to include the Silver Citation Star to recognize those U.S. Army members who had performed individual acts of heroism . West Indies Campaign Medal Sampson Medal , West Indies service under Admiral William T. Sampson Dewey Medal , service during the Battle of Manila Bay under Admiral George Dewey Spanish War Service Medal , U.S. Army homeland service Postwar occupation service ( edit ) Army of Puerto Rican Occupation Medal Army of Cuban Occupation Medal Other countries ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2017 ) The governments of Spain and Cuba also issued a wide variety of military awards to honor Spanish , Cuban , and Philippine soldiers who had served in the conflict . See also ( edit ) Spain portal United States portal War portal Battles of the Spanish -- American War Bolton Hall ( activist ) , opposed the war Commonwealth of the Philippines Ostend Manifesto Panama Canal Zone Spain -- United States relations Timeline of the Spanish -- American War Imperial German plans for the invasion of the United States List of weapons of the Spanish -- American War 1st Separate Brigade ( Philippine Expedition ) Notes ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Unrecognized as participants by the primary belligerents . Jump up ^ The U.S. declared war on Spain on April 25 , 1898 , but dated the beginning of the war retroactively to April 21 Jump up ^ Number is the total for all Cuban rebels active from 1895 to 1898 . Jump up ^ 196,000 in Cuba and 10,000 in Puerto Rico . Jump up ^ ( hide ) Text of the document which appeared in the Manila Gazette on April 23 , 1898 Further Notes : 1 . This is the English language text of the document as published by the supporting source cited , possibly as translated from the original Spanish or Tagalog . In 1898 , Spanish , Tagalog , and English were official languages in the Spanish colonial Philippines . 2 . In the Spanish colonial Philippiines , the term Filipino was reserved for full - blooded Spaniards born in the Philippines ( insulares ) . Full - blooded Spaniards born in the Spanish peninsula were termed peninsulares . The Filipinos that we know today were then termed indios . The text of the document as published in the cited source was as follows : OFFICE OF THE GOVERNMENT AND OF THE CAPTAIN - GENERAL OF THE PHILIPPINES Fellow Spaniards , Hostilities between Spain and the United States have broken out . The moment has come for us to show the world that we are more than courageous to triumph over those , who , feigning to be loyal friends , took advantage of our misfortunes and capitalized on our nobility by making use of the means civilized nations consider as condemnable and contemptible . The Americans , gratified with their social progress , have drained off our patience and have instigated the war through wicked tactics , treacherous acts , and violations of human rights and internal agreements . Fighting will be short and decisive . God of victories will render this victory glorious and complete as demanded by reason and justice to our cause . Spain , counting on the sympathies of all nations , will come out in triumph from this new test , by shattering and silencing the adventurers of those countries which , without cohesiveness and post , offer to humanity shameful traditions and the ungrateful spectacle of some embassies within which jointly dwell intrigues and defamation , cowardice and cynicism . A US squadron , manned by strangers , by ignorant undisciplined men , is coming into the Archipelago for the purpose of grabbing from us what we consider to be our life , honor freedom . It tries to inspire ( motivate ) American sailors by saying that we are weak , they are encouraged to keep on with an undertaking that can be accomplished ; namely of substituting the Catholic religion with Protestantism , they consider you as a people who impedes growth ; they will seize your wealth as if you do not know your rights to property ; they will snatch away from you those they consider as useful to man their ships , to be exploited as workers in their fields and factories . Useless plans ! Ridiculous boastings ! Your indomitable courage suffices to hold off those who dare to bring it to reality . We know you will not allow them to mock the faith you are professing , their feet to step on the temple of the true God , incredulity to demolish the sacred images you honor ; you will not allow the invaders to desecrate the tombs of your forefathers ; to satisfy their immodest passions at the expense of your wives and daughters ' honor ; you will not allow them to seize all the properties you have put up through honest work in order to assure your future ; you will not allow them to commit any of those crimes inspired by their wickedness and greed , because your bravery and patriotism suffice in scaring them away and knocking down the people who , calling themselves civilized and cultured , resort to the extermination of the natives of North America instead of trying to attract them to live a civilized life and of progress . Filipinos ! Prepare yourself for the battle and united together under the glorious Spanish flag , always covered with laurels , let us fight , convinced that victory will crown our efforts and let us reply the intimations of our enemies with a decision befitting a Christian and patriot , with a cry of `` Long live Spain ! '' Manila , April 23 , 1898 Your general BASILO AUGISTIN Jump up ^ The American squadron consisted of nine ships : Olympia ( flagship ) , Boston Baltimore , Raleigh , Concord , Petrel . McCulloch , Zapphire , and Nashan . The Spanish squadron consisted of seven ships : the Reina Cristina ( flagship ) , Castilla , Don Juan de Austria , Don Antonio de Ulloa , Isla de Luzon , Isla de Cuba , and Marques del Duero . The Spanish ships were of inferior quality to the American ships ; the Castilla was unpowered and had to be towed into position by the transport ship Manila . Source citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clodfelter 2017 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Clodfelter 2017 , p. 308 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1990 , p. 115 Jump up ^ Clodfelter 2017 , pp. 254 - 255 . ^ Jump up to : Keenan 2001 , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Clodfelter 2017 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Wars : Factsheet . '' U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs . Office of Public Affairs . Washington DC . Published April 2017 . Jump up ^ Marsh , Alan . `` POWs in American History : A Synoposis '' . National Park Service . 1998 . Jump up ^ See : USS Merrimac ( 1894 ) . Jump up ^ Tucker 2009 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Clodfelter describes the Americans capturing 30,000 prisoners ( plus 100 cannons , 19 machine guns , 25,114 rifles , and various other equipment ) in the Oriente province and around Santiago . He also states that the 10,000 - strong Puerto Rican garrison capitulated to the Americans after only minor fighting . Jump up ^ Keenan , Jerry ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of the Spanish -- American & Philippine -- American Wars . ABC - CLIO . p. 70 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 093 - 2 . Jump up ^ Some recent historians prefer a broader title to encompass the fighting in Cuba and the Philippine Islands . examples : Louis A. Pérez ( 1998 ) , The war of 1898 : the United States and Cuba in history and historiography , UNC Press Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4742 - 8 Benjamin R. Beede ( 1994 ) , The War of 1898 , and U.S. interventions , 1898 -- 1934 : an encyclopedia , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 5624 - 7 Thomas David Schoonover ; Walter LaFeber ( 2005 ) , Uncle Sam 's War of 1898 and the Origins of Globalization , University Press of Kentucky , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 9122 - 5 Virginia Marie Bouvier ( 2001 ) , Whose America ? : the war of 1898 and the battles to define the nation , Praeger , ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96794 - 9 Jump up ^ Mark Barnes ( 2010 ) . The Spanish -- American War and Philippine Insurrection , 1898 -- 1902 . Routledge . p. 67 . Jump up ^ W. Joseph Campbell , Yellow journalism : Puncturing the myths , defining the legacies ( 2001 ) . ^ Jump up to : Resolution 24 , 33 Stat. 738 ^ Jump up to : Trask 1996 , p. 57 Jump up ^ Beede 1994 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Beede 1994 , p. 120 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Paul ( 2010 ) . War and Empire . New York : Pluto Press . pp. 98 -- 102 . ISBN 978 0 7453 2764 8 . Jump up ^ Pérez 1998 , p. 89 states : `` In the larger view , the Cuban insurrection had already brought the Spanish army to the brink of defeat . During three years of relentless war , the Cubans had destroyed railroad lines , bridges , and roads and paralyzed telegraph communications , making it all but impossible for the Spanish army to move across the island and between provinces . ( The ) Cubans had , moreover , inflicted countless thousands of casualties on Spanish soldiers and effectively driven Spanish units into beleaguered defensive concentrations in the cities , there to suffer the further debilitating effects of illness and hunger . '' Jump up ^ `` Military Book Reviews '' . StrategyPage.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dyal , Carpenter & Thomas 1996 , pp. 108 -- 109 . Jump up ^ Benjamin R. Beede ( 2013 ) . The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions , 1898T1934 : An Encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . p. 289 . Jump up ^ George C. Herring , From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign relations since 1777 ( 2008 ) ch. 8 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Official Declarations of War by Congress '' . senate.gov . June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Poddar , Prem ( 2008 ) . Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures - Continental Europe and its Empires . Edinburgh University Press . p. 601 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 3027 - 1 . Jump up ^ Baycroft & Hewitson 2006 , pp. 225 -- 226 Jump up ^ Antonio Cánovas del Castillo ( November 1882 ) . `` Discurso sobre la nación '' ( in Spanish ) . cervantesvirtual.com . Baycroft & Hewitson 2006 , pp. 225 -- 226 Jump up ^ Schmidt - Nowara , Christopher ( 2008 ) . The Conquest of History : Spanish Colonialism and National Histories in the Nineteenth Century . Pitt Latin American series . Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press . pp. 34 -- 42 . ISBN 9780822971092 . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Perez , Jose , Jr , Cuba : Between Reform and Revolution . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1995 . p. 149 Jump up ^ Perez , Jose , Jr , Cuba : Between Reform and Revolution . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1995 . p. 138 Jump up ^ Gary R. Mormino , `` Cuba Libre , Florida , and the Spanish American War '' , Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal ( 2010 ) Vol. 31 Issue 1 / 2 , pp. 43 -- 54 Jump up ^ G. Wayne King , `` Conservative Attitudes in the United States toward Cuba ( 1895 -- 1898 ) '' , Proceedings of the South Carolina Historical Association , ( 1973 ) pp. 94 -- 104 Jump up ^ George C. Herring , From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Edward P. Crapol , `` Coming to Terms with Empire : The Historiography of Late - Nineteenth - Century . American Foreign Relations '' , Diplomatic History 16 ( Fall 1992 ) : 573 -- 597 Jump up ^ Hugh DeSantis , `` The Imperialist Impulse and American Innocence , 1865 -- 1900 '' , in Gerald K. Haines and J. Samuel Walker , eds. , American Foreign Relations : A Historiographical Review ( 1981 ) , pp. 65 -- 90 Jump up ^ James A. Field , Jr. , `` American Imperialism : The Worst Chapter in Almost Any Book '' , American Historical Review 83 ( June 1978 ) : 644 -- 668 ^ Jump up to : Trask 1996 , pp. 2 -- 3 ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Krohn , `` Review of Tone , John Lawrence , War and Genocide in Cuba 1895 -- 1898 . `` H - War , H - Net Reviews . '' May 2008 . online Jump up ^ Trask 1996 , pp. 8 -- 10 ; Carr 1982 , pp. 379 -- 388 . Jump up ^ `` William McKinley : First Annual Message '' . The American Presidency Project . December 6 , 1897 . Jump up ^ James Ford Rhodes ( 2007 ) , The McKinley and Roosevelt Administrations 1897 -- 1909 , READ BOOKS , pp. 44 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4067 - 3464 - 5 , citing an annual message delivered December 6 , 1897 , from French Ensor Chadwick ( 1968 ) , The relations of the United States and Spain : diplomacy , Russell & Russell Jump up ^ Quoted in Trask 1996 , p. 6 Jump up ^ `` Angiolillo Died Bravely '' , August 22 , 1897 , The New York Times . Jump up ^ Octavio Ruiz , `` Spain on the Threshold of a New Century : Society and Politics before and after the Disaster of 1898 '' , Mediterranean Historical Review ( June 1998 ) , Vol. 13 Issue 1 / 2 , pp. 7 -- 27 Jump up ^ Scott Wright , `` The Northwestern Chronicle and the Spanish -- American War : American Catholic Attitudes Regarding the ' Splendid Little War , ' '' American Catholic Studies 116 # 4 ( 2005 ) : 55 -- 68 . Jump up ^ However , three Catholic newspapers were critical of the war after it began . Benjamin Wetzel , `` A Church Divided : Roman Catholicism , Americanization , and the Spanish -- American War . '' Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 14 # 3 ( 2015 ) : 348 -- 366 . Jump up ^ Trade with Cuba had dropped by more than two thirds from a high of US $100 million . Offner 2004 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ David M. Pletcher , The Diplomacy of Trade and Investment : American Economic Expansion in the Hemisphere , 1865 -- 1900 ( Columbia : University of Missouri Press , 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Louis A. Pérez Jr. ( 2000 ) . The War of 1898 : The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Russell , Timothy Dale ( 2013 ) . African Americans and the Spanish - American War and Philliipine Insurrection . Military Participation , Recognition and Memory 1898 - 1904 ( First . Published dissertation ed . ) . California , U.S.A : University of California , Riverside . p. 8 . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Faulkner , Harold ( 1963 ) . Politics , reform , and expansion , 1890 -- 1900 . New York : Harper . p. 231 . ^ Jump up to : Tone , John ( 2006 ) . War and Genocide in Cuba , 1895 -- 1898 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . p. 239 . Jump up ^ Pérez , Louis ( 1998 ) . The war of 1898 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . p. 58 . Jump up ^ Offner 1992 , pp. 54 -- 69 Jump up ^ Offner 1992 , pp. 86 -- 110 Jump up ^ Offner 2004 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Evan ( 2010 ) . The War Lovers : Roosevelt , Lodge , Hearst , and the Rush to Empire , 1898 . Little , Brown and Co. p. 48 . Jump up ^ Keenan , Jerry ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of the Spanish -- American & Philippine -- American Wars . ABC - CLIO . p. `` european + powers '' 372 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 093 - 2 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2009 , p. 614 . Jump up ^ Offner 2004 , p. 57 . For a minority view that downplays the role of public opinion and asserts that McKinley feared the Cubans would win their insurgency before the U.S. could intervene , see Louis A. Pérez , `` The Meaning of the Maine : Causation and the Historiography of the Spanish -- American War '' , The Pacific Historical Review , Vol. 58 , No. 3 ( August 1989 ) , pp. 293 -- 322 . Jump up ^ For a summary of all the studies see Louis Fisher , `` Destruction of the Maine ( 1898 ) '' ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Evan Thomas , The war lovers : Roosevelt , Lodge , Hearst , and the rush to empire , 1898 ( Little , Brown , 2010 ) pp 4 -- 5 , 209 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Vicki L. 2006 . `` Nuestra América : Latino History as United States History . '' Journal of American History P. 655 Jump up ^ Campbell , W. Joseph ( August 2000 ) . `` Not likely sent : the Remington - Hearst `` telegrams '' `` . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Smythe 2003 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Pratt 1934 , pp. 163 -- 201 . quotes on page 168 . Page 173 states : `` an overwhelming preponderance of the local business interests of the country strongly desired peace . '' Jump up ^ DyalCarpenter & Thomas 1996 Jump up ^ Pratt 1934 , pp. 173 -- 174 . Jump up ^ Offner 1992 , pp. 131 -- 35 ; Michelle Bray Davis and Rollin W. Quimby , `` Senator Proctor 's Cuban Speech : Speculations on a Cause of the Spanish -- American War , '' Quarterly Journal of Speech 1969 55 ( 2 ) : 131 -- 141 . Jump up ^ Paul T. McCartney , `` Religion , the Spanish -- American War , and the Idea of American Mission '' , Journal of Church and State 54 ( Spring 2012 ) , 257 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Graham A. Cosmas , An Army for Empire : The United States Army and the Spanish -- American War ( 1971 ) ch. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Thomas , Evan ( 2016 ) . `` Evan Thomas : War Lovers and American Power '' . Military History , September 2010 , 14 World History Collection -- via JSTOR . Jump up ^ Department of State , United States of America , Office of the Historian . `` The Philippine - American War , 1899 -- 1902 '' . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Twain , Mark ( Samuel Clemens ) ( 1901 ) . `` To the Person Sitting in Darkness '' . The World of 1898 : The Spanish -- American War . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1913 ) . `` Theodore Roosevelt : An Autobiography '' . Project Gutenberg . Jump up ^ Penny , Ralph John ( 2002 ) . A History of the Spanish Language . Cambridge University Press . p. `` official + language '' 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 01184 - 6 . Jump up ^ Duka , Cecilio D. ( 2008 ) . Struggle for Freedom ' 2008 Ed . Rex Bookstore , Inc. p. 72 . ISBN 978 - 971 - 23 - 5045 - 0 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Andrew ( 2007 ) . Language and National Identity in Asia . OUP Oxford . p. 363 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 153308 - 2 . Jump up ^ Saravia & Garcia 2003 , pp. 5 -- 7 Jump up ^ Saravia & Garcia 2003 , pp. 11 -- 13 , 27 , 29 Jump up ^ Patrick McSherry . `` The Battle of Manila Bay '' . spanamwar.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Battle of Manila Bay , May 1 , 1898 , Department of the Navy -- Naval Historical Center . Retrieved on October 10 , 2007 Jump up ^ The Battle of Manila Bay by Admiral George Dewey , The War Times Journal . Retrieved on October 10 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : James A. Field , Jr . ( June 1978 ) , `` American Imperialism : the Worst Chapter in Almost Any Book '' , The American Historical Review , American Historical Association , 83 ( 3 ) : 659 , doi : 10.2307 / 1861842 , JSTOR 1861842 Jump up ^ Wionzek 2000 , p. x . Jump up ^ Dewey characterized the German interests as a single import firm ; Admiral Otto von Diederichs responded with a list of eleven . ^ Jump up to : Seekins , Donald M. ( 1991 ) , `` Historical Setting -- Outbreak of War , 1898 '' , in Dolan , Ronald E. , Philippines : A Country Study , Washington : Library of Congress , retrieved April 28 , 2013 ( LOC call Number DS655. P598 1993 ) Jump up ^ Susan K. Harris ( June 1 , 2011 ) . God 's Arbiters : Americans and the Philippines , 1898 -- 1902 . Oxford University Press , US . p. 133 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 978107 - 2 . Benjamin R. Beede ; Vernon L. Williams ; Wolfgang Drechsler ( 1994 ) . The War of 1898 , and U.S. Interventions , 1898 -- 1934 : An Encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . pp. 201 -- 202 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 5624 - 7 . David F. Trask ( 1981 ) . The War with Spain in 1898 . U of Nebraska Press . p. 284 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 9429 - 8 . Jump up ^ Augusto V. de Viana ( September 21 , 2006 ) , What ifs in Philippine history , Manila Times , archived from the original on October 30 , 2007 , retrieved October 19 , 2007 ^ What ifs in Philippine history , Conclusion , Manila Times , September 22 , 2006 , archived from the original on October 30 , 2007 , retrieved October 19 , 2007 Jump up ^ Wionzek 2000 , p. xvi , citing Hubatsch , Walther , Auslandsflotte und Reichspolitik , Mărwissenschaftliche Rundschau ( August 1944 ) , pp. 130 -- 153 . ^ Jump up to : The World of 1898 : the Spanish -- American War , U.S. Library of Congress , retrieved October 10 , 2007 Jump up ^ Saravia & Garcia 2003 , p. 62 Jump up ^ Guevara , Sulpicio , ed. ( 2005 ) , `` Philippine Declaration of Independence '' , The laws of the first Philippine Republic ( the laws of Malolos ) 1898 -- 1899 , Ann Arbor , Michigan : University of Michigan Library ( published 1972 ) , retrieved January 2 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Philippine History '' . DLSU - Manila . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2006 . Retrieved August 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Saravia & Garcia 2003 , p. 109 Jump up ^ `` Our flag is now waving over Manila '' , San Francisco Chronicle , retrieved December 20 , 2008 Jump up ^ Lacsamana 2006 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Saravia & Garcia 2003 , pp. 129 -- 137 Jump up ^ Brune & Burns 2003 , p. 290 ^ Jump up to : Beede 1994 , pp. 208 -- 209 ; Rogers 1995 , pp. 110 -- 112 Jump up ^ Roosevelt 1899 Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton ; et al. ( 2014 ) . A People and a Nation , Volume II : Since 1865 . Cengage Learning . p. 582 . 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( Rutgers University Press ) . ^ Jump up to : The American Army Moves on Puerto - Rico , Retrieved August 2 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Edgardo Pratts ( 2006 ) , De Coamo a la Trinchera del Asomante ( in Spanish ) ( First ed . ) , Puerto Rico : Fundación Educativa Idelfonso Pratts , ISBN 0 - 9762185 - 6 - 9 Jump up ^ Wolff 1961 , p. 175 , `` When the British consul died , intermediation was taken over by the Belgian consul , M. Edouard Andre ; and , as US troops poured in , everything began to fall into place . Jaudenes promised that he would not use his artillery if the ... '' Jump up ^ Cooling 2007 , p. 99 , `` Fearful of what the Filipinos might do , the American and Spanish authorities anxiously negotiated a way out of the thorny issue of Manila City . 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Jump up ^ Brands Breen Williams Gross , American Stories `` A History of the United States '' , Pearson , p. 536 , ISBN 9780205243617 Jump up ^ Bethell , John ( November -- December 1998 ) , `` A Splendid Little War '' ; Harvard and the commencement of a new world order , Harvard magazine , retrieved December 11 , 2007 Jump up ^ Millis 1979 , p. 340 This source provides a more complete quote : It has been a splendid little war ; begun with the highest motives , carried on with magnificent intelligence and spirit , favored by the fortune which loves the brave . It is now to be concluded , I hope , with that firm good nature which is after all the distinguishing trait of our American character . Jump up ^ Montoya 2011 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Dupuy , Johnson & Bongard 1992 , p. 794 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1961 , p. 657 Jump up ^ Kaplan , Richard L. 2003 . `` American Journalism Goes to War , 1898 -- 2001 : a manifesto on media and empire '' , p. 211 Jump up ^ Pérez 2008 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Negrón - Muntaner 2004 , p. 11 , citing Julio Cervera Baviera ( 1898 ) , La defensa militar de Puerto Rico , Puerto Rico , pp. 79 -- 80 Jump up ^ Protagonistas de la Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico Parte II -- Comandante Julio Cervera Baviera , 1898 La Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico , retrieved February 6 , 2008 ( an excerpt from Carreras & Tafunell 2004 ) Jump up ^ Albert Carreras & Xavier Tafunell : Historia Económica de la España contemporánea , p. 200 -- 208 , ISBN 84 - 8432 - 502 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` MILESTONES : 1899 -- 1913 : The United States , Cuba , and the Platt Amendment , 1901 '' . Milestones . Office of the Historian , U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2015 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ Confederate & Federal Veterans of ' 98 : Civil War Veterans who served in the Spanish -- American War , Philippine Insurrection , and China Relief Expedition by Micah J. Jenkins . Retrieved on October 13 , 2007 Jump up ^ Gatewood 1975 , pp. 23 -- 29 ; there were some opponents , ibid . p. 30 -- 32 . Jump up ^ `` VFW at a Glance '' ( PDF ) . VFW . September 2 , 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 2 , 2006 . Retrieved November 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Reardon , Marguerite ( June 30 , 2005 ) . `` Senators want to nix 1898 telecom tax '' . CNET Networks . Retrieved February 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Reardon , Marguerite ( August 1 , 2006 ) . `` Telecom tax imposed in 1898 finally ends '' . CNET Networks . Retrieved February 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bergad 1978 , pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Bergad 1978 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Bergad 1978 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ The Spanish American War in Motion Picture , U.S. Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Early Motion Pictures , 1897 -- 1920 , U.S. Library of Congress References ( edit ) American Peace Society ( 1898 ) , The Advocate of Peace , American Peace Society , retrieved January 22 , 2008 . Bailey , Thomas Andrew ( 1961 ) , The American Pageant : A History of the Republic , Heath . Baycroft , Timothy ; Hewitson , Mark ( 2006 ) , What is a nation ? : Europe 1789 -- 1914 , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 929575 - 3 . Beede , Benjamin R. , ed. ( 1994 ) , The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions , 1898 -- 1934 , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 5624 - 7 . An encyclopedia . Bergad , Laird W. ( 1978 ) . `` Agrarian History of Puerto Rico , 1870 -- 1930 '' . Latin American Research Review . 13 ( 3 ) : 63 -- 94 ... Botero , Rodrigo ( 2001 ) , `` Ambivalent embrace : America 's troubled relations with Spain from the Revolutionary War to the Cold War '' , Contributions to the study of world history , Greenwood Publishing Group , 78 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31570 - 1 . Brune , Lester H. ; Burns , Richard Dean ( 2003 ) , `` Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations : 1607 -- 1932 '' , Volume 1 of Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations , Richard Dean Burns , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93914 - 0 ( 2 ed . ) , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93915 - 7 . Campbell , W. Joseph ( 2001 ) , Yellow Journalism : Puncturing the Myths , Defining the Legacies , Greenwood Publishing Group , ISBN 0 - 275 - 96686 - 0 . Carr , Raymond ( 1982 ) , Spain , 1808 -- 1975 , Clarendon Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 822128 - 2 . Carreras , Albert ; Tafunell , Xavier ( 2004 ) , Historia económica de la España Contemporánea , Crítica , ISBN 978 - 84 - 8432 - 502 - 4 . Clodfelter , M. ( 2017 ) . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures , 1492 - 2015 ( 4th ed . ) . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0786474707 . Cooling , Benjamin Franklin ( 2007 ) , USS Olympia : Herald of Empire , Naval Institute Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 126 - 6 . Dupuy , Trevor Nevitt ; Johnson , Curt ; Bongard , David L. ( 1992 ) , The Harper encyclopedia of military biography Dyal , Donald H ; Carpenter , Brian B. ; Thomas , Mark A. ( 1996 ) , Historical Dictionary of the Spanish American War , Greenwood Press , ISBN 0 - 313 - 28852 - 6 . Gatewood , Willard B. ( 1975 ) , Black Americans and the White Man 's Burden , 1898 -- 1903 , University of Illinois Press , ISBN 0 - 252 - 00475 - 2 Gaudreault , André ( 2009 ) , American cinema , 1890 -- 1909 : themes and variations , Rutgers University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 4443 - 4 . Hendrickson , Kenneth E. , Jr. ( 2003 ) , The Spanish -- American War , Greenwood , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31662 - 3 . short summary Karnow , Stanley ( 1990 ) , In Our Image , Century , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7126 - 3732 - 9 Keenan , Jerry ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of the Spanish - American & Philippine - American Wars . ABC - CLIO . Lacsamana , Leodivico Cruz ( 2006 ) , Philippine history and government , Phoenix Pub . House , ISBN 978 - 971 - 06 - 1894 - 1 . Levy , Jack S. ; Thompson , William R. ( 2010 ) , Causes of War , John Wiley and Sons , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 7559 - 3 Millis , Walter ( 1979 ) , The martial spirit , Ayer Publishing , ISBN 978 - 0 - 405 - 11866 - 1 Montoya , Arthur ( 2011 ) , America 's Original Sin : Absolution & Penance , Xlibris Corporation , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4628 - 4434 - 0 Negrón - Muntaner , Frances ( 2004 ) , Boricua Pop : Puerto Ricans and the Latinization of American Culture , NYU Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 5818 - 2 . Offner , John L. ( 1992 ) , An Unwanted War : the Diplomacy of the United States and Spain over Cuba , 1895 -- 1898 . Offner , John L. ( 2004 ) , `` McKinley and the Spanish -- American War '' , Presidential Studies Quarterly , 34 ( 1 ) : 50 -- 61 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2004. 00034. x , ISSN 0360 - 4918 . Parker , John H. ( 2003 ) , The Gatlings at Santiago , Indypublish.com , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4043 - 8137 - 7 Pérez , Louis A. Cuba and the United States : Ties of Singular Intimacy . Athens : University of Georgia Press , 2003 . Print . Pérez , Louis A. ( 2008 ) , Cuba in the American Imagination : Metaphor and the Imperial Ethos , UNC Press Books . Pérez , Louis A. ( 1998 ) , The war of 1898 : the United States and Cuba in history and historiography , UNC Press Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4742 - 8 Rogers , Robert F. ( 1995 ) , Destiny 's Landfall : A History of Guam ( illustrated ed . ) , University of Hawaii Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 1678 - 0 . Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1899 ) , `` I. RAISING THE REGIMENT '' , The Rough Riders , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . Smithsonian Institution ( 2005 ) , The Price of Freedom : Americans at War -- Spanish American War , National Museum of American History ( U.S. ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9744202 - 3 - 3 . Santamarina , Juan C. `` The Cuba Company and the Expansion of American Business in Cuba , 1898 -- 1915 '' . The Business History Review 74.01 ( Spring 2000 ) : 41 -- 83 . Print Saravia , José Roca de Togores y ; Garcia , Remigio ( 2003 ) , Blockade and Siege of Manila in 1898 , National Historical Institute , ISBN 978 - 971 - 538 - 167 - 3 Smith , Mark . `` The Political Economy of Sugar Production and the Environment of Eastern Cuba , 1898 -- 1923 '' . Environmental History Review 19.04 ( Winter 1995 ) : 31 -- 48 . Print Smythe , Ted Curtis ( 2003 ) , The Gilded Age press , 1865 -- 1900 , Praeger , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30080 - 6 . Tone , John Lawrence . War and Genocide in Cuba 1895 -- 1898 ( 2006 ) online review Trask , David F. ( 1996 ) , The war with Spain in 1898 , U of Nebraska Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 9429 - 5 . Tucker , Spencer ( 2009 ) , The Encyclopedia of the Spanish - American and Philippine - American Wars : A Political , Social , and Military History , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 951 - 1 Wionzek , Karl - Heinz ( 2000 ) , Germany , the Philippines , and the Spanish -- American War : four accounts by officers of the Imperial German Navy , National Historical Institute . Wolff , Leon ( 1961 ) , Little Brown Brother : How the United States Purchased and Pacified the Philippine Islands at the Century 's Turn , Wolff Productions , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58288 - 209 - 3 . Further reading ( edit ) Library resources about Spanish -- American War Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Barnes , Mar . The Spanish -- American War and Philippine Insurrection , 1898 -- 1902 : An Annotated Bibliography ( Routledge Research Guides to American Military Studies ) ( 2010 ) Berner , Brad K . The Spanish - American War : A Historical Dictionary ( Scarecrow Press , 1998 ) . Berner , Brad K. , ed . The Spanish - American War : A Documentary History with Commentaries ( 2016 ) , 289pp ; includes primary sources Bradford , James C. ed. , Crucible of Empire : The Spanish -- American War and Its Aftermath ( 1993 ) , essays on diplomacy , naval and military operations , and historiography . Cirillo , Vincent J. Bullets and Bacilli : The Spanish -- American War and Military Medicine ( 2004 ) Corbitt , Duvon C. `` Cuban Revisionist Interpretations of Cuba 's Struggle for Independence , '' Hispanic American Historical Review 32 ( August 1963 ) : 395 -- 404 . in JSTOR Cosmas , Graham A. An Army for Empire : The United States Army and the Spanish -- American War ( 1971 ) , organizational issues Crapol , Edward P. `` Coming to Terms with Empire : The Historiography of Late - Nineteenth - Century American Foreign Relations , '' Diplomatic History 16 ( Fall 1992 ) : 573 -- 97 ; Cull , N.J. , Culbert , D. , Welch , D. Propaganda and Mass Persuasion : A Historical Encyclopedia , 1500 to the Present . `` Spanish -- American War '' . ( 2003 ) . 378 -- 379 . Daley , L. ( 2000 ) , `` Canosa in the Cuba of 1898 '' , in Aguirre , B.E. ; Espina , E. , Los últimos días del comienzo : Ensayos sobre la guerra , Santiago de Chile : RiL Editores , ISBN 956 - 284 - 115 - 4 DeSantis , Hugh . `` The Imperialist Impulse and American Innocence , 1865 -- 1900 , '' in Gerald K. Haines and J. Samuel Walker , eds. , American Foreign Relations : A Historiographical Review ( 1981 ) , pp. 65 -- 90 Dirks , Tim . `` War and Anti-War Films '' . The Greatest Films . Retrieved November 9 , 2005 . Dobson , John M. Reticent Expansionism : The Foreign Policy of William McKinley . ( 1988 ) . Feuer , A.B. The Spanish -- American War at Sea : Naval Action in the Atlantic ( 1995 ) online edition Field , Jr. , James A. `` American Imperialism : The Worst Chapter in Almost Any Book , '' American Historical Review 83 ( June 1978 ) : 644 -- 68 , past of the `` AHR Forum , '' with responses in JSTOR Freidel , Frank . The Splendid Little War ( 1958 ) , well illustrated narrative by scholar ISBN 0 - 7394 - 2342 - 8 Fry , Joseph A. `` From Open Door to World Systems : Economic Interpretations of Late - Nineteenth - Century American Foreign Relations , '' Pacific Historical Review 65 ( May 1996 ) : 277 -- 303 Fry , Joseph A. `` William McKinley and the Coming of the Spanish -- American War : A Study of the Besmirching and Redemption of an Historical Image , '' Diplomatic History 3 ( Winter 1979 ) : 77 -- 97 Funston , Frederick . Memoirs of Two Wars , Cuba and Philippine Experiences . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1911 online edition Gould , Lewis . The Spanish -- American War and President McKinley ( 1980 ) excerpt and text search Foner , Philip , The Spanish -- Cuban -- American War and the Birth of American Imperialism , 1895 -- 1902 ( 1972 ) Hamilton , Richard . President McKinley , War , and Empire ( 2006 ) . Harrington , Peter , and Frederic A. Sharf . `` A Splendid Little War . '' The Spanish -- American War , 1898 . The Artists ' Perspective . London : Greenhill , 1998 . Harrington , Fred H. `` The Anti-Imperialist Movement in the United States , 1898 -- 1900 , '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review , Vol. 22 , No. 2 ( Sep. 1935 ) , pp. 211 -- 230 in JSTOR Herring , George C. From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 ( 2008 ) , the latest survey Hoganson , Kristin . Fighting For American Manhood : How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish -- American and Philippine -- American Wars ( 1998 ) Holbo , Paul S. ( 1967 ) , `` Presidential Leadership in Foreign Affairs : William McKinley and the Turpie - Foraker Amendment '' , The American Historical Review , 72 ( 4 ) : 1321 -- 1335 , doi : 10.2307 / 1847795 , JSTOR 1847795 . Keller , Allan . The Spanish -- American War : A Compact History ( 1969 ) Killblane , Richard E. , `` Assault on San Juan Hill , '' Military History , June 1998 , Vol. 15 , Issue 2 . LaFeber , Walter , The New Empire : An Interpretation of American Expansion , 1865 -- 1898 ( 1963 ) Leeke , Jim . Manila and Santiago : The New Steel Navy in the Spanish -- American War ( 2009 ) Linderman , Gerald F. The Mirror of War : American Society and the Spanish -- American War ( 1974 ) , domestic aspects Maass , Matthias . `` When Communication Fails : Spanish -- American Crisis Diplomacy 1898 , '' Amerikastudien , 2007 , Vol. 52 Issue 4 , pp 481 -- 493 May , Ernest . Imperial Democracy : The Emergence of America as a Great Power ( 1961 ) McCartney , Paul T. American National Identity , the War of 1898 , and the Rise of American Imperialism ( 2006 ) McCook , Henry Christopher ( 1899 ) , The Martial Graves of Our Fallen Heroes in Santiago de Cuba , G.W. Jacobs & Co . Mellander , Gustavo A. ( 1971 ) The United States in Panamanian Politics : The Intriguing Formative Years . Daville , Ill. : Interstate Publishers . OCLC 138568 . Mellander , Gustavo A. ; Nelly Maldonado Mellander ( 1999 ) . Charles Edward Magoon : The Panama Years . Río Piedras , Puerto Rico : Editorial Plaza Mayor . ISBN 1 - 56328 - 155 - 4 . OCLC 42970390 . Miles , Nelson Appleton ( 2012 ) . Harper 's Pictorial History of the War with Spain ; . HardPress . ISBN 978 - 1 - 290 - 02902 - 5 . Miller , Richard H. ed. , American Imperialism in 1898 : The Quest for National Fulfillment ( 1970 ) Millis , Walter . The Martial Spirit : A Study of Our War with Spain ( 1931 ) Morgan , H. Wayne. , America 's Road to Empire : The War with Spain and Overseas Expansion ( 1965 ) Muller y Tejeiro , Jose . Combates y Capitulacion de Santiago de Cuba . Marques , Madrid : 1898 . 208 p . English translation by U.S. Navy Dept . O'Toole , G.J.A. The Spanish War : An American Epic -- 1898 ( 1984 ) Paterson , Thomas G. `` United States Intervention in Cuba , 1898 : Interpretations of the Spanish -- American -- Cuban -- Filipino War , '' The History Teacher , Vol. 29 , No. 3 ( May 1996 ) , pp. 341 -- 361 in JSTOR Pérez , Jr . Louis A. ( 1989 ) , `` The Meaning of the Maine : Causation and the Historiography of the Spanish -- American War '' , The Pacific Historical Review , 58 ( 3 ) : 293 -- 322 , doi : 10.2307 / 3640268 , JSTOR 3640268 . Pérez Jr . Louis A . The War of 1898 : The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography University of North Carolina Press , 1998 Smith , Ephraim K. `` William McKinley 's Enduring Legacy : The Historiographical Debate on the Taking of the Philippine Islands , '' in James C. Bradford , ed. , Crucible of Empire : The Spanish -- American War and Its Aftermath ( 1993 ) , pp. 205 -- 49 Pratt , Julius W. ( May 1934 ) . `` American Business and the Spanish - American War '' . The Hispanic American Historical Review . Duke University Press . 14 ( 2 ) : 163 . doi : 10.2307 / 2506353 . Pratt , Julius W . The Expansionists of 1898 ( 1936 ) Schoonover , Thomas . Uncle Sam 's War of 1898 and the Origins of Globalization. ( 2003 ) Smith , Joseph . The Spanish -- American War : Conflict in the Caribbean and the Pacific ( 1994 ) Stewart , Richard W. `` Emergence to World Power 1898 -- 1902 '' Ch. 15 , in `` American Military History , Volume I : The United States Army and the Forging of a Nation , 1775 -- 1917 '' , Center of Military History , United States Army . ( 2004 ) , official U.S. Army textbook Tone , John Lawrence . War and Genocide in Cuba , 1895 -- 1898 ( 2006 ) U.S. War Dept . Military Notes on Cuba . 2 vols . Washington , DC : GPO , 1898 . online edition US Army Center for Military History , Adjutant General 's Office Statistical Exhibit of Strength of Volunteer Forces Called Into Service During the War With Spain ; with Losses From All Causes . US Army Center for Military History , Washington : Government Printing Office , 1899 . Wheeler , Joseph . The Santiago Campaign , 1898 . ( 1898 ) . online edition Zakaria , Fareed , From Wealth to Power : The Unusual Origins of America 's World Role ( 1998 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spanish - American War . The Spanish American War lesson from EDSITEment America 's Black Patriots -- Spanish American War Spanish -- American War Centennial Points of Confusion over the Cuba Question and Cuba Sovereignty Individual state 's contributions to the Spanish -- American War : Illinois , Pennsylvania Sons of Spanish American War Veterans From ' Dagoes ' to ' Nervy Spaniards , ' American Soldiers ' Views of their Opponents , 1898 by Albert Nofi Excerpts from The National Museum of American history . Reenactment of Spanish -- American War ( video ) on YouTube Spanish -- American War reenactment groups The American Peril -- An Examination of the Spanish American War and the Philippine Insurrection by Dan Carlin Media ( edit ) William Glackens prints at the Library of Congress Images of Florida and the War for Cuban Independence , 1898 at the Wayback Machine ( archived May 1 , 2010 ) from the state archives of Florida ( archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 01 ) Pictures of the Army Nurse Corps in the war Art and images from the War with Spain at the United States Army Center of Military History Spanish -- American War photographic collections , via Calisphere , California Digital Library The Spanish -- American War in Motion Pictures -- U.S. Library of Congress Wehman Collection of Spanish -- American War Photographs at the University of South Florida Ensminger Brothers Spanish -- American War Photographs at the University of South Florida Reference materials ( edit ) United States Department of State , Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States , with the annual message of the president transmitted to Congress December 5 , 1898 especially pp. 558 -- 1085 . Joint Resolution Resolution of Congress April 19 , 1898 , point 4 is the Teller amendment Operations of the U.S. Signal Corps Cutting and Diverting Undersea Telegraph Cables from Cuba Library of Congress Guide to the Spanish -- American War Emergence to World Power , 1898 -- 1902 ( an extract from Matloff 's American Military History a publication of the United States Army Center of Military History ) Buffalo Soldiers at San Juan Hill Impact on the Spanish Army by Charles Hendricks Black Jack in Cuba -- General John J. Pershing 's service in the Spanish -- American War , by Kevin Hymel The World of 1898 : The Spanish -- American War -- Library of Congress Hispanic Division Centennial of the Spanish -- American War 1898 -- 1998 by Lincoln Cushing History of Negro soldiers in the Spanish -- American War , and other items of interest , by Edward Augustus Johnston , published 1899 , hosted by the Portal to Texas History . The War of 98 ( The Spanish -- American War ) The Spanish -- American War from a Spanish perspective ( in English ) . Name Index to New York in the Spanish -- American War 1898 1898 : El Ocaso de un Imperio Article in Spanish about naval operations during the Spanish -- American war . Spanish -- American War Service Summary Cards from the Georgia Archives . Spanish -- American War Veterans Surveys A finding aid listing photographs , diaries , personal papers held at the US Army Heritage and Education Center , Carlisle , Pennsylvania Newspapers ( edit ) Spain to Use Privateers ; An Official Decree Declares that She is Determined to Reserve This Right ( Headline , NY Times , April 24 , 1898 ) Links to related articles Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces listed chronologically Domestic Shays ' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion Fries 's Rebellion Mormon War Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Civil War Indian Wars Brooks -- Baxter War Range War Lincoln County War Johnson County War Coal Creek War Homestead strike Battle of Blair Mountain Bonus Army Battle of Athens Foreign Revolutionary War Quasi-War First Barbary War War of 1812 Second Barbary War First Sumatran expedition Second Sumatran expedition Ivory Coast Expedition Mexican -- American War First Fiji Expedition Second Opium War Second Fiji Expedition Formosa Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War Boxer Rebellion Banana Wars Border War World War I Russian Civil War World War II Korean War Vietnam War U.S. invasion of the Dominican Republic Invasion of Grenada Lebanese Civil War Invasion of Panama Gulf War Somali Civil War Bosnian War Kosovo War Afghanistan War Iraq War War in North - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the first significant military confrontation of the spanish-american war take place | [
"The Spanish–American War (Spanish: Guerra hispano-americana or Guerra hispano-estadounidense; Filipino: Digmaang Espanyol-Amerikano) was fought between the United States and Spain in 1898. Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba, leading to U.S. intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. American acquisition of Spain's Pacific possessions led to its involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately in the Philippine–American War.[13]"
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"Havana Harbor in Cuba"
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1348677213934935594 | List of The Next Step episodes | List of the Next Step episodes - Wikipedia List of the Next Step episodes This article 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Next Step is a Canadian teen drama series created by Frank van Keeken and produced by Temple Street Productions . Shot in a dramatic mockumentary style , the series focuses on a group of dancers who attend The Next Step Dance Studio . They have won Regionals , Nationals and Internationals . As of December 13 , 2017 , 154 episodes of The Next Step have aired , concluding the fifth season . The series has been renewed for a sixth season of 26 episodes which will premiere in Canada in September 2018 . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2015 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2017 ) 3 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 30 14 March 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 08 ) June 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 07 ) 16 September 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 20 ) January 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 03 ) 34 17 March 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 07 ) June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 17 September 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 12 ) January 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 02 ) 30 15 March 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) April 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 02 ) 15 September 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 11 ) December 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 11 ) 40 20 February 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 15 ) June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) 20 October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) May 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) 5 20 10 May 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 26 ) August 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) 10 October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) December 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 13 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Part 1 `` Get The Party Started '' Brian K. Roberts Frank van Keeken March 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 08 ) The A - and B - Troupe dancers audition to earn a place in A-Troupe . When the fourth group of dancers are about to start their audition , an unknown dancer named Michelle who just moved from Madison , Wisconsin comes in . By this unexpected twist , last year 's Dance Captain , Emily feels threatened by Michelle . Kate talks to Michelle in her office and tells her she would be happy to audition as she was dance captain at her old studio as well as being miss national soloist . `` Everybody Dance Now '' Brian K. Roberts Frank van Keeken and Chloe Van Keeken March 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 12 ) Giselle does not make it into A-Troupe . Giselle is later removed from the E-girls for not being in A-Troupe , as the rules are that all E-girls must be in A-Troupe . Emily promises to get Giselle back in A-troupe , and kick Michelle out . Chloe later becomes part of the E-Girls . Stephanie tells Michelle before their first dance rehearsal is in Studio B but , Giselle , who is on her way to B - Troupe tells her that A-Troupe is always in Studio A. Stephanie tells us in a confessional she did this so Michelle would be late , and get a bad reputation in A-Troupe . It is said by people in A-Troupe and as well in a confession done by James was that James has dated many girls before , including Beth who is now in B - Troupe , and Amanda , who was at Elite which is a rival studio which always wins regionals . He uses dancing as an `` unfair '' advantage to get girls . It is said as well that E-girls is named by Emily , whose name starts with the letter `` E '' so that 's why they are called the E-Girls . Also the E-girls have over 100 rules , the main one being that you always look out for fellow E-Girls , also they have a fairly simple hand shake , creating an `` E '' with their hand , linking it with another E-girl to create an `` E '' on the top and a `` G '' on the bottom . `` Dance , Dance '' Brian K. Roberts Chloe Van Keeken March 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 13 ) Kate and Chris give Michelle a chance to be dance captain considering her being dance captain at her last studio . Each dance captain had to split into a group of 5 . But when Chris chooses the groups , Emily is split with Stephanie , her best friend , and Stephanie has to mess up the dance moves in Michelle 's dance . Riley feels that Emily and Stephanie 's idea shows that Emily is feeling too threatened towards Michelle . Kate yells at Michelle for deciding that their dance was ready , where Michelle argues saying that Stephanie agreed that she was ready . Emily was once again dance captain . Meanwhile , James is about to get kicked out of the studio for failing math . Chris says that he will help James and his mom gives him a second chance . West tries to befriend James by randomly putting on dance offs in public . Everyone in A-Troupe starts arguing over who should be dance captain , Kate panics and Chris throws ping pong balls for everyone to clean up . Until West starts dancing in front of James , James starts dancing in response meaning West has won his respect . Eventually everyone starts dancing together , forgetting about the dance captain situation . They realize they are here to dance , not to complain . `` Rock and a Hard Place '' Brian K. Roberts Rachael Schaefer March 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 14 ) A dance competition is coming up this weekend so Kate and Chris think they should decide the dance line positions . Emily persuades them to let her make the decision , which leads her to putting Michelle in the back row . After Riley finds out that Emily lied to A-Troupe about having the list reviewed by Kate and Chris , she approaches James and asks him if he thinks her being in the front over Michelle is fair , he gives her honest opinion and tells her that it is not . So she switches her front line position with Michelle in the middle of a rehearsal . Emily is outraged that her sister betrayed her , and the E-Girls vote to kick Riley out of their clique . Also , Daniel choreographs a routine for J - troupe , while Tiffany uses J - Troupe to mess with him . 5 5 `` Steal My Sunshine '' Mitchell T. Ness Chloe Van Keeken March 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 15 ) The A-Troupe members go to the beach for a day off while the E-Girls run Dance Camp for the little kids . At the beach , Riley loses Emily 's necklace and the group has to find it before they leave the beach . Meanwhile , one of the little kids at dance camp gets lost and the E-Girls have to find her before dance camp is over . At the end , Riley finds Emily 's necklace and the E-girls find the little girl . 6 6 `` Good Girls Go Bad '' Frank van Keeken Story by : Cole Bastedo Teleplay by : Rachael Schaefer March 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 22 ) The A-Troupe takes a visit to the Elite studio to see what they 're doing for Regionals . West and Daniel stay at the studio and dance while the rest go to Elite . Riley asks James to go along to keep an eye for Michelle as he is the only one she feels she can trust to keep Emily from hurting Michelle . Michelle gets caught at Elite while filming their routine and the rest of the group leave her there , where she pretends to audition as a cover up . Elite consider recruiting her . Meanwhile , Daniel & West choreograph a duet together . The episode ends as Michelle worries in a confessional . When Kate realizes Michelle was late , she called her over to have a chat about what she overheard the dancers saying . She then tells Emily that Michelle may leave the studio because of how unhappy she was , although Michelle said that it was purely to spy . 7 7 `` Love Story '' Brian K. Roberts Frank van Keeken April 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 19 ) Michelle is still at the Elite studio , frightened to be in front of the Elite group . She is so embarrassed to be caught in front of the whole Elite group . Michelle volunteered to film some of Elite 's dancing to try to gain a friendship with Emily . Meanwhile James is worrying because Riley had asked him to make sure Michelle does n't get caught because of Emily . Riley discovers Emily 's plan to push Michelle out of the studio . Riley and James make a plan to replace Emily as dance captain with Michelle by making a new better dance to throw over Emily . Michelle has feelings for Eldon and he likes her . In rehearsals Michelle suggests that she and Eldon should do a duet together to try to gain some time to be alone and get to know him better . Kate decides that it is a good idea and they go and practice in studio B . 8 8 `` Just the Two of Us '' Brian K. Roberts Rachael Schaefer April 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 26 ) Eldon realized that he has both feelings for Emily and Michelle but wants to go with Michelle because after practicing their duet he realized that Michelle is a great person . 9 9 `` Video Killed the Radio Star '' Brian K. Roberts Ian Van Den Hurk May 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 03 ) Brighter Brightest is coming to make a music video with the A-Troupe dancers featured in the video . Meanwhile , Riley is such a huge fan of the band Brighter Brightest that she stammers when trying the talk to the band . Leading the band to think she 's a foreign girl who does n't know how to speak English . James and Riley are caught bickering and told they have a lot of chemistry and are going to be the center of the music video . The female and male dancers split up after arguments where the boys are making animal noises and acting childishly . Eventually they join back together creating a great dance . James admits to having feelings for Riley in an interview while Riley denies it , by the end of the episode you can see that Riley is starting to develop some feelings for James after James gets an autograph from the band as a gift for Riley . 10 10 `` Road To Joy '' Mitchell Ness Rachael Schaefer May 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 10 ) Kate tells Riley to go downtown and pick up the sample costumes for Regionals and James insists on going solely to spend time with her , so he begs Riley to stop and get shawarmas . But , when they get back on the bus , James does n't have a transfer . So when Riley presents her transfer to the bus driver , James rips her transfer in order to stay together . So now they have to take a shortcut through the park where they meet James 's `` kooky '' aunt . When they finally arrive at the shop , it is closed and Riley goes off at James , resulting in her giving him advice on how to master a dance move . In the end , when they 're heading back to the studio in the bus , Riley and James hold hands . And James and Riley do get the costumes in time when they impress the owners by dancing . Meanwhile , Stephanie takes photo shoots for her dream of being a `` triple threat '' , which does n't go well at first , but when she starts dancing it goes really well . 11 11 `` Can You Keep A Secret ? '' Brian K. Roberts Rachael Schaefer May 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 17 ) The A-Troupe auditions for soloists begin . When Daniel earns the solo , he gets an injury and keeps it a secret from everyone . Michelle figures out Chloe has a job . But , when Chloe is late for soloist auditions , Michelle stands up to Emily for Chloe , giving a speech about how Emily is being a bully before walking out that gives the impression that she is going to Elite . But , when Riley and James find her in Squeezed , she announces to them that she decided that she would finally overthrow Emily 's position as dance captain in order to show Emily how mean she really is . 12 12 `` Get It Together '' Brian K. Roberts Story by : Cole Bastedo Teleplay by : Chloe Van Keeken May 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 24 ) Michelle , Riley and James start planning their dance to overthrow Emily as dance captain . As they create a dance to overthrow her , they get West , and Daniel to join in the dance as they think Michelle would be a much better captain . When the group is late for rehearsals , Emily suspects something is up . After Emily rejects Chloe 's dance move , Michelle , Riley , James , West , and Daniel show Chloe the dance , and ask her if she wants to join . Chloe immediately says no , and leaves upset at them for trying to overthrow Emily , her fellow E-Girl . During the episode , Emily and Eldon start to get closer , they talk about their families , and hold hands in the juice bar , which makes Michelle upset for an `` unknown '' reason . Also , Stephanie gets help from Tiffany on her acting capabilities , and when Kate and Stephanie get back from meeting with an agent , Stephanie gets a phone call after she auditions for an acting agent , and gets her first agent . 13 13 `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' Samir Rehem Frank van Keeken May 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 31 ) Emily tries to figure out what Michelle 's group is doing . Chloe also joins Michelle 's group . Eldon tries to prove to the A-Troupe dancers that he and Emily are serious . His plan did not go over well and he ended up ruining all the chances he had with Emily . At the same time he even created more humiliation for himself . Emily apologizes to Eldon after she was harsh to him . Michelle 's group decides to invite Eldon into their dance . While they were performing the dance for him , Stephanie finds out about Michelle 's dance and tells Emily . 14 14 `` Sabotage '' Samir Rehem Frank van Keeken June 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 07 ) In the summer finale , the E-Girls finds out about Michelle 's routine . They take Michelle 's phone and send mean texts to Emily 's phone to get Michelle kicked out . Riley sees them and she hides Michelle 's phone . After Emily tells Kate about it , the truth about Michelle 's dance routine is revealed and to settle it , Kate asks for Michelle 's group to show their dance routine . Kate and Chris like their dance , and then Michelle becomes Captain after each person votes for the new dance captain . But Stephanie and Emily leave . Part 2 15 15 `` Changes '' Samir Rehem Frank van Keeken September 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 20 ) Emily and Stephanie struggle with Michelle as the new dance captain . Michelle tries to be friends with Emily since Michelle does n't want a bad relationship with Emily , but Emily rejects her . James gets pulled out of the studio but Michelle convinces James ' mom that he focuses on his studies for two weeks to improve his grades in Math with the help from the team . Riley is upset ; Riley makes a deal with James that if he gets 70 % or higher on his Math exam , she would go on a date with him ; James is overjoyed . The E-Girls are now broken up . Emily rejects Michelle again by not participating in any of the dance rehearsals . Riley and Emily 's relationship has hit rock bottom when Emily tells her that they are no longer sisters . Riley is very upset after Emily says they are not sisters . 16 16 `` Help '' Samir Rehem Rachael Schaefer and Frank van Keeken September 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 27 ) Michelle 's captaincy gets praised by the dancers once again . Everybody gets mad at Emily for being a drama queen and not trying at all . Emily confesses her feelings to Kate about no longer being Dance Captain . Kate says Emily will have to work hard so she can still be a part of the team . James is studying hard for math to improve his grades . Eldon is still mad at Emily for how she treated him when he made his grand gesture , but offers to help her with the moves after she confesses she does n't know them . It is revealed by Emily that she has been a bad dance captain because her moves are the only ones that she knows . Emily is starting to have feelings for Eldon . Emily changes her heart about Michelle as dance captain , finally accepting her . Stephanie decides to act like Emily forgetting Michelle . Michelle decides to change the line positions for the routine so everyone re-auditions for their spots and Emily does really well but Michelle still puts in the back row , which angers Eldon . 17 17 `` Forget You '' Samir Rahem Rachael Schaefer and Frank van Keeken October 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 04 ) Emily confronts Michelle for her placement in the back row , saying Michelle put her in the back row because Michelle has an enormous crush on Eldon . Michelle denies this but later admits in the confessional that she does have a `` little '' crush on him . Eldon comforts Emily and after they talk a little , they share a kiss . Eldon talks to Michelle about Emily 's line placement and Michelle promises she will switch Emily and Eldon 's positions . Meanwhile , Stephanie auditions for a commercial and the director likes her but says behind her back that he hated her ; Stephanie overhears this and is embarrassed . Riley begins to make math cue cards for James , but states that they 're just friends when confronted by Tiffany . Michelle reveals she will switch Emily and Eldon and everyone disagrees but they let her do it anyway . Then Riley runs in and tells everyone that Emily and Stephanie are leaving the studio , surprising and angering everyone just as the episode ends . 18 18 `` Brand New '' Patrick Sisam Frank van Keeken and Chloe van Keeken October 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 11 ) A-Troupe decides to hold auditions for two new dancers to replace Emily and Stephanie . They let B - Troupe members audition and Giselle is desperate to make it in . Emily and Stephanie go to audition for Elite . Riley goes to James ' school to teach him Michelle 's routine and sees he 's stressed out about his upcoming math test . Riley tests him and he gets all of the answers right . When she asks for a high five to congratulate him , he pulls her in for a hug instead . She then teaches the routine and they dance together . It is later revealed that James feels like anything is possible with Riley and is happy that she sticks by him and believes in him . Eldon goes to Elite to see how Emily is doing and she promises that even if they are at different studios , they will always be together . But just as Kate and Chris are about to reveal the two new A-Troupe dancers , Stephanie comes back and asks if she can audition for A-Troupe because she did not make it to Elite but Emily did , leaving her behind , betraying her and ruining their friendship . 19 19 `` First Date '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken and Chloe Van Keeken October 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 18 ) Stephanie is allowed to audition for A-Troupe despite how angry everyone is with her . Despite that , she is let in and cries happy tears when she makes it . Later James walks in to see Riley dancing a solo to a song called `` Where Did Everybody Go ? '' , and it stirs him up a little . He re-joins A-Troupe after he passes his math test with a B+ , earning him his A-Troupe spot and a date with Riley . Giselle rejoins A-Troupe as well . Michelle and Stephanie agree to create a new Regionals routine as Emily might share A-Troupes ideas with the people at Elite . After choreographing it , Daniel begins to mark the routine , Kate tells him he needs to work harder or his solo will be taken away . Daniel practices alone and states that his injury is much better now . Michelle and Eldon choreograph a duet together for the Regionals routine and Michelle believes there is something between them . James and Riley go on their first date at the studio where they have food from many different countries , they eat , dance and kiss at the end . 20 20 `` We Are Family '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken and Chloe Van Keeken October 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 25 ) Riley tries to make her relationship with Emily as sisters work out . Emily disagrees at first but later on agrees to try to make things right between them . Meanwhile , Eldon takes Emily on a date , but Emily does n't like the food he brings , so they decide to talk . That makes Eldon like Michelle a bit more . Emily was in the back row at Elite , but in the end , Amanda and Lucien agree she can be in the middle row after she improves . While Emily and Riley talk , Riley tells Emily she went on a date with James , and she needs advice to know if whether they 're in a relationship or not . Emily tells her to be straight up with him and ask . In the end of the episode , while Eldon dances their duet with Michelle , Riley arrives and reminds him he 's supposed to be at a date with Emily . After , he knows he 's in love with Michelle . At the very end , Riley pulls James from the group , so she can ask him if they 're in a relationship or not , she says she would like to be and then he runs and hugs her . Riley and James are officially in a relationship . 21 21 `` Break Stuff '' Frank van Keeken Brian Hartigan and Frank van Keeken November 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 01 ) Giselle and Daniel want to do an overhead lift in the routine called `` The Helicopter '' but Kate says no because it is too risky . They talk to Michelle and she lets them show it to her . They do and Michelle loves it and lets them do it . Meanwhile , Stephanie gets a role on a television show , only to find out it is filming the same weekend as Regionals . Also , West runs into a member from his former dance crew , Marcel , and he does n't want Marcel to know that he is in A-Troupe since West left the crew without telling Marcel . At practice when Daniel and Giselle do the helicopter , Daniel badly sprains his ankle and has to leave A-Troupe and will be out indefinitely , not being able to take part in Regionals . He is devastated . 22 22 `` Come Back ... Be Here '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken November 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 08 ) Michelle tells the A-Troupe members that they need to get Emily to rejoin the studio ; they disagree at first but later on agree so they go to Elite to convince her to rejoin but she refuses . Amanda and Lucien move Emily up to the front row of their routine . While leaving , Amanda says `` hi '' to James which earns him a light slap on the arm from a sad Riley . Riley admits it is hard to be dating someone who dated lots of girls in the dance community . James has the Regionals solo now that Daniel is gone and he just ca n't get it right , and his math grades begin to slip again . Riley warns him about it but he does n't care about his grades . Eventually James tells Kate he ca n't dance the solo anymore and Kate understands so she tries to give it to West , who refuses it . Later Emily overhears Amanda and Lucien plotting to kick her out of Elite when Regionals come and she leaves . Eldon confesses to Michelle that he wants to be with her , but then Emily comes back and her and Eldon hug but Eldon still wants to be with Michelle who now thinks her and Eldon are not meant to be . 23 23 `` Dancing in the Street '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken November 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 15 ) A-Troupe assembles a dance battle with `` Seeds '' , West 's dance crew . Emily and Stephanie finally make up and become friends again . When Seeds arrive at the studio , everyone finds out that West dances with Seeds and he is forced to pick a crew , and he picks A-Troupe . When Emily begins to show true captaincy to the team , Michelle thinks that Emily should be her co-captain . Michelle begins to avoid Eldon because he is dating Emily and she is back now . Ultimately , A-Troupe loses the battle against Seeds and they are very upset . Back at the studio , Emily takes a stand saying she is happy they lost because now they what they are competing against at Regionals since Seeds will be going to Regionals and she offers to buy everyone juice which they accept . Michelle tells Emily she wants Emily to be her co-captain and Emily is very shocked . 24 24 `` Price Tag '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken and Chloe Van Keeken November 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 22 ) Emily accepts Michelle 's offer to be her co-captain and they agree that they need to create a new Regionals routine . Chloe 's financial problems finally boil over when she is late for a payment again and she confesses to Kate that she has a job . Chloe decides it would be best for her to leave A-Troupe . Co-Captains Michelle and Emily decide to work together and encourage the team to help Chloe . The team goes to the restaurant Chloe works in to give her huge tips , in which she uses to pay for A-Troupe . 25 25 `` Bad Moon Rising '' Derby Crewe Frank van Keeken November 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 29 ) It starts off with the troupe practicing the routine for Regionals . Emily says the energy was great so they can all go home . Chris and Kate walk in and inform them that since they all worked so hard they should have a fun night where they hang out as friends , not team mates . They all come and play a fun game called machine then play truth or dare . Riley asks West what his biggest secret is . West 's answer is witnessing a robbery . Then , West dares Stephanie to order a juice with Tiffany being the hands . But when they all go , Tiffany puts lipstick on Stephanie then they all come back and Kate wants to put a movie on . But the twist is that they have to dance to pick the movie and James wins , but gives his choice to Riley . After the movie they play truth or dare . Tiffany dares James to kiss Riley then James dares Emily to do the salteen cracker challenge , then Emily gives Michelle a truth asking which guy does she like . She says West , not wanting anyone to find out about her secret crush on Eldon . Later Eldon goes up to Michelle and says he wants to break up with Emily and Michelle says if you break up with her now it will tear the team apart . Then they tell ghost stories ( girls against boys ) and whoever gets freaked out has to pay . First Stephanie tells a story which the guys have heard of and then West tells a story about chickens . Riley is frightened of chickens so James pops out in a chicken costume and scares Riley . Then the girls prank the guys by putting hot sauce on the pizza that they ' ordered . ' Unfortunately the boys already knew this . Then a cop comes and arrests James . The girls then reveal in an interview that it was a joke . The guys were shocked that they were double pranked . The cop was actually Giselle 's uncle and Kate was part of the prank . 26 26 `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' Kim Derko Frank van Keeken December 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 06 ) Excitement turns to worry when the dancers receive the wrong costumes for Regionals . They try on other costumes from studio B , where James puts a chicken costume on and scares Riley , who is scared of chickens . Riley later says that he defiantly lost brownie points on that joke . They also try on costumes Giselle picks up but they do n't turn out well . Stephanie reveals that she got the part she auditioned for in Break Stuff , but that it films the same week as Regionals . Michelle finally confesses to Eldon that she has feelings for him and wants to be with him , Eldon says he has moved , upsetting Michelle very much . Stephanie ultimately decides to give up the TV show and go to the Regionals . A-Troupe is ready to go to Regionals . 27 27 `` I 'm So Excited '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken December 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 13 ) Regionals are finally here and the competition is heating up . Before A-Troupe leaves , J - Troupe play them a song on instruments to wish them good luck at Regionals . Daniel appears as well . Once they arrive , so do Elite who get the skip the register line since they won last year . Amanda attempts to break A-Troupe apart but fails . When West realizes that Seeds is missing a member from their crew , he wants to join them . Everyone in A-Troupe and Marcel , the leader of Seeds , say no . But after a bit convincing , West is allowed to perform with Seeds . Seeds end up scoring 88 out of 100 points from the judges . Just when A-Troupe are about to perform , West arrives and says he hurt his ankle dancing with `` Seeds , but he was only joking . As soon as A-Troupe go on stage to perform , the episode ends . 28 28 `` Fancy Footwork '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken December 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 20 ) A-Troupe does their first Regionals routine and they manage to advance to the next round and the third . But in the third round , One of Riley 's gloves gets caught in a feather on her bow and their performance goes awry . The Next Step ends up getting eliminated and they are all heartbroken , especially Riley who blames herself for it but everyone else tells her not to . Then James reminds them that they could be given the wild - card spot that will allow them to return , exciting everyone . When they are called back onstage later with two other dance troupes , the announcer announces that The Next Step is the wild - card group and they will return to the competition and everyone is ecstatic . ConfiDance , Annex Dance Academy , Art and Soul and more are all real dance studios in the Ontario area . 29 29 `` This Is How We Do It '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken December 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 27 ) The Next Step competes in the semifinals against Seeds . Elite won against Dance Inc . The Next Step 's performance is flawless which gets them a score of 93 / 100 , beating Seeds ' score of 91 / 100 . Amanda starts to make fun of Emily , who walks away with Riley , forcing Eldon to follow her since she is his girlfriend . Eldon and Emily talk it through and when Emily goes to kiss Eldon he moves away . James gets on Riley 's nerves while joking around so Riley yells at him in front of the whole group . After Riley pulls James aside and apologizes for yelling at him . They learn that Riley gets stressed more and James is more calm and relaxed in situations . They both agree to try and be more respectful and supportive of the way the other person is . Emily is starting to notice more about Eldon and Michelle 's feelings for each other , when Emily mention Elite will have a plane that 's a prop . The Next Step votes to retaliate with Eldon and Michelle 's duet in their last performance against Elite . 30 30 `` Winner Takes All '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken January 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 03 ) The Next Step face off against Elite in the finals of Regionals . Eldon reveals to Michelle that he wants to be with her and he lied when he said he had moved on , he promises he will tell Emily after regionals . Just before they perform , Emily begs Eldon to tell her whats going on between him and Michelle and Eldon confesses that he wants to be with Michelle causing him and Emily break up and Emily is upset . Also , Riley and James are talking , while Riley notices Beth . James confronts her on why she 's there and she tells him she still loves him . James leaves using the excuse he has to perform . When Riley asks what was said he tells her that she just came to see him perform . James states in an interview he did n't tell Riley about Beth saying she loves him because it would jinx her out and she would n't be focused on the routine . They perform their Regionals routine , which was Romeo and Juliet themed , with Michelle and Eldon as Romeo and Juliet . The Next Step wins against Elite Studio and are proclaimed as Regionals winners . Michelle and Emily 's relationship remains unknown after Emily gives Michelle the cold stare . Riley jumps into James ' arms and hugs her and he spins her around in his arms and they kiss on stage in front of everybody including Beth . Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Part 1 31 `` Do n't Stop the Party '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken March 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 07 ) After winning Regionals , The Next Step throws A-Troupe a party . Michelle and Eldon 's relationship is revealed to the rest of the team when Emily announces it at the party . Riley becomes jealous as Beth begins flirting with James . When the party is finished , Amanda suddenly arrives saying that she 's there to audition for A-Troupe . The team ask what she means about auditioning and she explains to them about the challenge . Emily and Michelle discuss if whether or not they will do the challenge . They decide to so later A-Troupe then finds out that they have to re-audition for A-Troupe's Nationals team , along with dancers from other studios . After seeing Amanda getting kicked off Elite at the mall , Michelle lets Amanda audition for A-Troupe . Hunter , a boy from Wisconsin , who is under the impression that Michelle is his girlfriend , arrives , making Eldon jealous . When Michelle tells Hunter that she has a boyfriend and has moved on , him and Emily form a scheme so that Emily can get Eldon back and Hunter can get Michelle back . Chris tells Kate he is leaving The Next Step to become co-owner of a rival dance studio . Kate 's sister , Phoebe , becomes the new head choreographer . The Next Step holds re-auditions for A-Troupe after Phoebe is introduced . Even two J - Troupe members audition . The Top 20 is revealed to be Michelle , Emily , Eldon , Hunter , Riley , James , Chloe , Amanda , Noah , Rochelle , Thalia , Daniel , Giselle , Stephanie , Tiffany , West , Beth , Kas , Morgan and Jake . The episode ends with Phoebe teaching the Top 20 the new choreography , which is much harder than most of the dancers expected . 32 `` My Boyfriend 's Back '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken March 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 07 ) 33 `` Ready to Start '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken & Rachael Shaefer March 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 07 ) 34 `` The Final Cut '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken & Rachael Shaefer March 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 14 ) The dancers continue to learn the choreography and Stephanie shows up long befits the auditions and asks Tiffany for help to learn the moves which frustrates Tiffany . All 20 dancers audition and Emily , Michelle , Kate and Phoebe discuss it . Then they return and announce the 12 A-Troupe dancers for the Nationals team : Emily , Michelle , Riley , Eldon , James , Giselle , West , Hunter , Thalia , Chloe , Daniel and Amanda . Stephanie and Tiffany are left out much to their shock and disappointment . Stephanie gets especially upset that Emily chose Amanda over her . Later , Michelle sees Emily & Hunter flirting and feels weird about it . Meanwhile , Kate gives Chloe a second job at the studio to teach dance for little kids , much to Chloe 's dismay . She teaches it in a new ballet studio . She calls West to help her . Emily and Hunter 's plan to break up Michelle and Eldon begins when Hunter challenges Eldon to a dance battle over Michelle . If Hunter wins , Eldon has to leave Michelle alone , but if Eldon wins then Hunter will leave them alone . They have the battle at the new studio . Eldon loses meaning he has to leave Michelle alone now much to his shock . After they both leave , Amanda walks in and takes her phone off the piano and we find out that she secretly recorded the battle implying that she might show it to Michelle . 35 5 `` The Girl Is Mine '' Jay Prychidny Frank van Keeken & Chloe van Keeken March 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 14 ) 36 6 `` Work It '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken March 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 21 ) Two designers named Zoltan and Minow arrive at The Next Step to design A-Troupe's uniforms for Nationals . But the price turns out to be $78,325.19 , which is quite a lot for the Next Step to afford . They decide to have a car wash to raise money but they only raise $27 , including a five - dollar tip from James ' mom , who really pushed A-Troupe to make her car extra clean . After Zoltan gets a call that the models for his fashion show are stuck in Milan and can not make it , Michelle says that A-Troupe can fill in for them if they get their uniforms for free , and it works . Meanwhile , Stephanie and Tiffany are having a hard time being in B - Troupe and Tiffany takes it too seriously causing Stephanie too get irritated with her . Tiffany begins to wonder if she even belongs at The Next Step . Meanwhile , A-Troupe performs in the fashion show and Zoltan and Minow make them their uniforms for Nationals . They decide to model them themselves to just `` be silly . '' 37 7 `` It Takes Two '' Samir Rehem Elizabeth Becker & Frank van Keeken March 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 28 ) A-Troupe wants Michelle and Eldon to perform a duet at Nationals since they 're the reason they won Regionals , but Eldon is against the idea since he lost the dance battle against Hunter . James helps Eldon by encouraging him to audition for the male solo and warns West and Daniel to back off , but Daniel does not . Even though his ankle is still slightly injured he still wants to give it a chance . Michelle asks Eldon why he backed off the duet , but he brushes her off . Hunter later asks Michelle to do the duet together , and after some convincing , she agrees . But later Kate begs her to audition for the female solo and Michelle accepts it . Chloe encounters Margie who encourages her to audition for female solos for Nationals . Duet auditions include Giselle and Amanda , Thalia and West , James and Riley , and Hunter and Emily . Kate and Phoebe decide : the male soloist is Eldon , the female soloist is Michelle , the duet is given to James and Riley . The small group auditions now starts . James and Beth are dancing their routine for a competition and during the dance they kiss just as Riley comes in to tell the news about the duet . She is left in tears and heartbroken and runs away , questioning her relationship with James . 38 8 `` What 'll I Do '' Samir Rehem Chloe van Keeken April 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 04 ) After seeing James and Beth kiss while practicing their duet , Riley tells Emily in Culture Shock . When James shows up , Riley asks James if anything strange happened yesterday with Beth . James did n't want to tell her about the kiss because it was really hard to explain . James says that everything went fine with his rehearsal with Beth but Riley knows he 's lying so she leaves angrily . James tells Beth that he wo n't do the competition for Riley 's sake . Meanwhile , Kate announces that they will hold group auditions for Nationals . The groups are : Giselle , Thalia and Amanda & Chloe , Daniel and Hunter . After the auditions Giselle , Thalia and Amanda win the group performance at Nationals and Daniel is angry that he wo n't be a featured dancer at all at Nationals now . Later , James performs a dance for Riley in the music room saying that he only wants to be with her and Riley is happy implying she will forgive him but Beth shows up and Riley realizes everything that upset her in the first place and breaks up with James before leaving . James tells Beth he will do the duet with her again since Riley left him . Riley dances James and Beth 's duet in Studio A imaging James doing it with her even though he is n't , upsetting her even further . 39 9 `` Never Enough '' Samir Rehem Rachael Shaefer April 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 11 ) James & Beth place 2nd in the competition and Riley ca n't believe that James still went to the competition with Beth feeling that James betrayed her again . They refuse to practice their duet together and Kate questions them and they say they need time to work it out . Michelle sees Emily & Hunter goofing around in Culture Shock and thinks it is weird . Riley congratulates James on the competition and begins to think that although she is still mad at him she almost misses him . Meanwhile , Michelle talks to Hunter about Eldon avoiding and although Hunter knows why he offers her encouraging advice and Michelle remembers how much she liked him . Michelle finally confronts Eldon , where he lied saying that he ca n't date her and dance in A-Troupe at the same time , causing them to break - up which angers Michelle even further . Emily overhears the whole conversation . 40 10 `` I Hope I Get It '' Samir Rehem Rachael Schaefer , Alejandro Alcoba & Carling Tedesco April 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 18 ) J - Troupe finds out that since The Next Step gained popularity by winning Regionals , they will have to re-audition for their spots on J - troupe . One of the dancer 's sister , Becca , is there to audition and J - Troupe feels she is threatening their team . Emily & Hunter run the J - Troupe auditions , and pretend to enjoy themselves very much so they can make Michelle jealous . Michelle asks Eldon if they can still be friends and Eldon reluctantly agrees . Michelle begins to develop feelings for Hunter . Richelle from J - Troupe comes up with a plan for the J - Troupers to keep their spots , and tries it on Kate , but Kate tells Richelle that she needs to work on her bargaining and walks away . Richelle and Gabi regain their spots . Everyone thinks that Richelle was the reason they kept the spot , but she really was n't . Later , Michelle and Hunter perform their old duet and Hunter reveals he still loves Michelle , but Michelle walks away saying she ca n't ; she still misses Eldon . 41 11 `` Anything You Can Do , I Can Do Better '' Samir Rehem Alejandro Alcoba & Carling Tedesco April 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 25 ) Daniel asks Kate if he could have a Re-Match for the solo since now his ankle is more healed but Kate refuses . Later on , Daniel tells Kate that if she does n't give him the solo , he will leave the studio because Chris offered him the nationals solo at Superstar Dance Academy , but Kate still refuses to give him the solo , therefore he leaves . Meanwhile , Michelle and Amanda hand out flyers at Michelle 's school and Tess from Elite shows up and makes fun of their studio and begs Amanda to come back to Elite . Later on , Michelle tells Tess to leave Amanda alone since she 's happy at the Next Step and does n't want to go back to Elite . The flyer that Tess took said to meet in the school at 4 : 00 , signed by Amanda . Soon Amanda and Tess meet at the school and at the end of the episode . Amanda says that her joining A-Troupe was all a plan to tear apart The Next Step and make sure that they do not make it to Nationals . In fact , Amanda is still at Elite and she is still dance captain there . Meanwhile , Emily , Giselle , James , and West mentor some talented J - Troupe members to be more like them . 42 12 `` Time to Move On '' Shawn Thompson Chloe van Keeken May 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 02 ) Riley and James are having trouble rehearsing their duet which worries Miss Kate as they have no chemistry in it . Meanwhile it is an open mic night at Culture Shock and Thalia performs a funny stand - up comedy act . While there , Emily tells Riley that she should get over James and move on . Emily accidentally spills juice on Hunter 's shirt and they go the closet in the music room to get him a clean one . But they end up getting locked in since the door is broken . Hunter decides to tell funny stories to Emily which makes her laugh and they try on costumes and dance together . Emily develops feelings for Hunter . Back at Culture Shock , Riley finds out that James and Beth are on a date so Michelle , Amanda and Stephanie try to set her up with Charlie . Although Riley does n't flirt well , Charlie still asks her out . Riley declines because she realizes that she ca n't that night due to practice her duet with James , who overheard Charlie asking her out . Later on , Riley comes to the studio and James is n't there . She tries calling him , but he does n't answer because he 's on his date with Beth . Riley gives up on waiting and has her date with Charlie which does n't go well . Meanwhile , Michelle gets Hunter 's SOSs text and lets him and Emily out of the closet . Emily admits she likes Hunter more than Eldon now . 43 13 `` The Truth Comes Out '' Shawn Thompson Rachael Schaefer & Frank van Keeken May 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 09 ) Amanda shows Michelle the video of the dance battle , and Michelle gets extremely angry . She confronts Eldon who refuses to talk to her about it . Michelle talks to Emily who encourages her to tell Kate . Michelle shows Kate the dance battle , which Amanda sent to Michelle , and Kate shows it to all of A-Troupe embarrassing Eldon . They agree to take a vote to see who will get the male solo ; Hunter or Eldon . Emily , Amanda , Riley , Thalia and Hunter vote for Hunter to be the soloist meaning Eldon gets to keep his solo but then Michelle raises her hand leaving Hunter with 6 votes , meaning he is the new soloist angering Eldon to an extent . James is mad that Riley and Michelle would n't stick up of Eldon while Amanda thinks her plan to tear The Next Step apart is working . Meanwhile , James , Noah and Camille are told by Phoebe to make up a song and Giselle , Chloe and Becca are told to make up a dance with it and they only have 24 hours to make it up . They perform it at the end of the episode entertaining everyone except Eldon who is upset that he does n't have his solo anymore . 44 14 `` Sing '' Shawn Thompson Frank van Keeken & Chloe van Keeken May 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 16 ) We learn indirectly that James and Beth are now dating . James thought it would be `` 10 % annoying and 90 % fun '' but now it 's `` 10 % fun and 100 % annoying '' . Michelle and Chloe hold a fundraiser for scholarship at The Next Step in Culture Shock and James and Noah try to make up a band to perform at it . Noah refuses to sing because of his voice changing , so they hold auditions for a new singer . Beth , Thalia and Amanda audition . Beth is a terrible singer , and Thalia does some weird stuff while she sings , so they pick Amanda . Meanwhile , West and Giselle have a contest to see who can throw the most popcorn into a jar and when they tie , they have a second contest to see who can dance with the most costumes on but tie again . They perform a ventriloquist act at the fundraiser . Eldon does an act where every pirouette he does , everyone gives him a dollar . He does eleven , so everyone in Culture Shock gives him eleven dollars . Before this Amanda gets a call from Lucien and finds out that he entered Elite into another Regionals competition in a new region and Elite wins meaning they will be going to Nationals . Back at The Next Step , since Amanda is gone , James and Noah need someone to fill in and Noah finally sings . Charlie asks Riley to come watch him perform , she did n't really want to , yet goes just to see James . James sees Riley there with Charlie and he gets extremely uncomfortable and sad . James is upset at Charlie because if he had n't ditched Beth in the duet competition , then he would n't have to dance with Beth and Riley would n't break up with him . The next day , James questions Amanda on why she never showed up , and Amanda lies that she had a family emergency . Kate runs in and tells them that Elite will be at Nationals . Her and James question Amanda who says she does n't know anything . Amanda is ready to take down The Next Step . 45 15 `` You 're the One That I Want '' Samir Rehem Rachael Shaefer May 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 23 ) Hunter asks Michelle on a date to a concert and she agrees but Eldon saw and he is feeling really down . Giselle and Thalia hatch a plan to challenge James and Riley 's duet in the hopes that they will get their act together . Emily has finally admitted to herself , her feelings for Hunter ; now all that 's left is to tell him . She finds him at Culture Shock and asks if he wants to go see the same concert that he and Michelle are already going to . Thalia and Giselle find Kate and tell her about their plan . Kate is very skeptical , afraid that it will backfire but gives it a chance anyway . James and Eldon go for a walk to calm down from all the drama with Riley and Michelle . While on the walk , Eldon confesses that he misses hanging out with Michelle . After their date , Michelle and Hunter are hanging out at Culture Shock but every 2 seconds Michelle mentions Eldon . Hunter realizes that too much has happened since they last dated and that both of them have changed drastically . Meanwhile at the studio , the battle is underway for the duet at Nationals . After their dance , Riley stands up and tells Thalia and Giselle that they can have the duet . Hunter is practicing his Nationals solo , when Emily enters and inquires about his date with Michelle . Hunter confesses that he could only think about Emily during his date . He kisses her just as Michelle walks in . 46 16 `` Hazy Shade of Winter '' Samir Rehem Frank van Keeken May 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 30 ) The episode starts off by Amanda , Giselle , and Thalia are practicing their trio . Michelle tells Emily that she saw her and Hunter kiss . Michelle thinks Emily is n't respecting hers and Hunter 's `` history '' , and Emily recalls she did the same thing to her and Eldon 's relationship . Michelle is n't sure about how she feels about dance and The Next Step anymore , so she turns to Eldon for advice . He tells her that `` it always comes back to dance '' , and that she has to decide . Hunter and Emily finally talk about their kiss , and their feelings for each other . After Emily tells Hunter that Michelle saw them kiss , he rushes off to tell Michelle about his feelings for Emily , leaving her wondering about his feelings for her . Meanwhile , Giselle and Thalia tell James and Riley that their duet challenge was fake . Neither of them want the duet back , Riley does n't because it is n't working , but James does n't want it if Riley does n't want it . Kate then decides that Thalia and Giselle will have to just work hard at the duet . Later Riley and James go for a walk because James wants to talk to her , and he asks what happened . He also says that Beth sticks to him like a moth to a light bulb . Hunter goes to talk to Michelle , and tells her that he wants to be with Emily . Michelle does n't feel like The Next Step is her family anymore , and decides it 's time for her to move on . 47 17 `` Game On '' Samir Rehem Frank van Keeken June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) Kate announces that Michelle has left The Next Step . Emily is now the solo dance captain again and finds out that Amanda is still at Elite . She goes and tells Riley and they try to make up a plan . Kate says they need auditions for the female solo since Michelle left . Amanda takes the opportunity auditions . Although , Riley knows Amanda is still at Elite and just wanting to take it down so she also volunteers for having the female solo . Riley and Emily come up with a plan so that they can show everyone that Amanda is a double - agent . Kate thinks Amanda is great , and she wo n't do anything unless she is shown proof . Emily 's plan is to make everyone at the studio hate her . Then , Amanda will trust Emily to join her in taking down The Next Step and Emily will be able to reveal Amanda 's true colors . Meanwhile , James sees Riley practicing on her solo , although Riley tells him not to come to her audition for female soloist because it will stress her out . Emily yells at Riley during her audition and everyone is mad at Emily for shouting at Riley . Kate takes away Emily 's dance captaincy . Later , Riley and James talk about their relationship and James says that he will win Riley back , while Kate makes Amanda dance captain . Part 2 48 18 `` Make a Plan To Love Me '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken September 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 12 ) It continues where we left off when Emily was sitting in the music room and Amanda walks in . Emily tells Amanda that she knows about her plan to take down The Next Step , and she 'll only keep her secret if Amanda lets her join in . Kate and everyone else are trying to get Michelle back , but Michelle says she 's happy not being at The Next Step . James and Riley talk and James comes up with a plan to prove that he does love her . He tells her to create a list of things she wants him to do and he will do them . First on the list is to break up with Beth . James is in Culture Shock just as Beth comes in and he tries breaking up with her , but she just does n't understand . Amanda says she still does n't trust Emily and has to do something to prove that she really wants to take down The Next Step . Riley and James start talking , and he says that it 's hard breaking up with Beth and continues with her second idea on her list which is reading her diary in front of everyone in Culture Shock . Michelle walks in since she was supposed to meet Kate there but then sees everyone and backs away . Amanda sees Emily hanging out with Hunter and gets an idea on how Emily can prove herself . Lastly , Riley tells James that he did a good job and he feels happy about her praise . He tells her that he read the whole diary after his performance and says that there was a part where she said a new boy entered this studio whom is really really cute ; Riley smiles yet denies it was about him . It was Eldon and James knows it 's about him . 49 19 `` Sacrifice '' Frank van Keeken Alejandro Alcoba , & Frank van Keeken September 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 19 ) Amanda , Giselle and Thalia were chosen to compete at a trio dance competition . Kate also picks a J - Troupe trio to join them . Meanwhile , Emily encourages Hunter to try to make it up to the boys . James is working on Number 11 of Riley 's list ; creating a dance move and naming it after Riley . Hunter takes Emily 's advice , and approaches James , West and Eldon in order to try to become their friends , but all Eldon can think about is how Hunter broke him and Michelle up , and how he lost the National solo to Hunter . West quickly forgives Hunter as he promises to teach him the head slide . When Hunter promises to bake Eldon the best chocolate cake ever , Eldon seems intrigued . Michelle decides to go visit the dancers from A-Troupe at Culture Shock . Michelle is relieved over how well everything with them is going , however her emotions quickly change when she finds out the female National solo spot has already been filled . Hunter sees the task of James breaking up with Beth as an opportunity for him and James to become bros . Joining Riley in Studio A , James presents task Number 11 . The dance move he created was The Riley Roll - Up , named after one of Riley 's quirks of always rolling up her shorts . Hunter presents Eldon with a chocolate cake and Eldon accepts the cake but then smashes the cake into Hunter 's face . Eldon also asks for his solo back and requests that he and Hunter have a dance battle . Hunter accepts . Amanda once again catches Emily and Hunter having a great time together , and realizes what Emily needs to do in order to gain her trust . Amanda tells Emily she needs to break up with the only person still on her side , Hunter . 50 20 `` Heartbreaker '' Patrick Sisam Daphne Ballon & Frank van Keeken September 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 26 ) Thalia keeps trying to get Michelle to re-join the Next Step but Michelle refuses . Hunter and Eldon battle for their solos . James tries to find a four leaf clover because it was on the list he told Riley to make so he asks a bunch of people to help by telling them that if they find it , they will win a prize . James in the end gets a four leaf clover from Beth and tells him that she know he loves Riley more . James gives Riley the four leaf clover at Culture Shock when Chloe comes in to give James another four leaf clover and claim her prize but learns he already has one and walks out disappointed . Amanda tells Emily that if she wants to be trusted , she needs to break up with Hunter after the dance battle . Eldon wins his solo back , and Emily breaks up with Hunter . and lots more 51 21 `` Hello Trouble '' Patrick Sisam Rachael Schaefer & Frank van Keeken October 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 03 ) The Next Step goes to the Trio competition . James completes the task that will scare him the most which is # 10 . He has to try to find one thing about Emily that Riley does n't know . James buys smoothies for them as Emily leaves . Once James finds Emily , the costumes arrive and they go put them in the costume closet . At the Trio completion , Michelle arrives and everyone is wondering what she is doing here . But before that , Lucien is speaking with a French accent , but Kate hates it . Amanda is told to overthrow the dance and quit The Next Step , Lucien gives the sing to not overthrow the dance because of Michelle . 52 22 `` Lost '' Patrick Sisam Chloe van Keeken October 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 10 ) The Next Step 's costumes go missing . James completes # 8 on the list which is a mystery quest where Eldon , West and Hunter are each a farm animal and James is the boat . James has to try and bring Eldon , Hunter , and West across the river while James is the boat but has to bring one at a time . Amanda decides to let Emily join her on her plan to destroy the studio from the inside by hiding the Nationals costumes to stop them from going to Nationals . Emily decides to hide them in the garbage so she can quickly bring them back . Amanda says that they have to steal the key which saddens Emily because she does not like to steal . Luckily , Phoebe is in Kate 's office but that does not stop Amanda from stealing the key . She simply asked Pheobe to show them a yoga move but then Emily steals the key and then they leave without Phoebe noticing . In the music room , Kate is furious with the four boys and their quest . She goes in the costume place to find the costumes but then she realizes they are not there . She decides to do a search for the costumes in which West finds them because Emily simply gave it away to West . This gets Amanda curious so she questions West . He answers that it 's `` his raccoon '' way . Kate decides to keep the costumes at her house until Nationals . 53 23 `` Better Than This '' Frank van Keeken Rachael Shaefer & Frank van Keeken October 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 17 ) James is determined to complete the list of tasks to win Riley back . Task number nine is to receive his driver 's license . Before being able to take the test , James attends a driving class . James being his goofy self does not really pay attention . When he is quizzed on what the instructor just said , James is unable to respond . The instructor is less than impressed . The driving instructor tells James that tomorrow he will be his and passing his test will be nearly impossible . Michelle however is filling her free time with all sorts of clubs . None of which seem to really be making her happy , except for Debate Club . Thalia decides to go and watch Michelle at Debate Club to see if she is truly happy . While there , Thalia sees that Michelle has finally made the team and will be debating that night . To get Michelle back , they all agree to go to the debate and cheer Michelle on , hoping that this will make Michelle realize that they are a family and how much she misses them . Still suspicious of Emily , Amanda once again questions how West found the costumes in the garbage but West tells Amanda that he was channeling his inner raccoon . When Amanda asks if Emily pointed him in the direction of the garbage , West says he can not remember but he thinks so . Amanda now knows that Emily can not be trusted with her plan to take down The Next Step . Having passed his driving test , James and the instructor prank Riley and James ' mom making it seem as if he failed . In the end , James was able to cross number nine off of Riley 's list . It is finally time for Michelle 's debate and all the A-Troupe dancers attend to cheer her on . Michelle is both shocked and happy The Next Step is there to cheer her on . Even after having missed her friends , Michelle still chooses debate over dance . 54 24 `` Under Pressure '' Brad Hruboska Chloe van Keeken & Rachael Schaefer October 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 24 ) Kate tells the studio that someone needs to take CPR lessons for Nationals . Riley volunteers for James but James says he will only do it if Riley does it . James and Riley go to the CPR class together and realize that the instructor is very weird . The instructor says that they have to partner up with someone to actually do mouth to mouth , but he chose the partners . He partners James with the old lady and Riley with a random guy . James does n't like that . When James does the CPR on his partner , she pulls him down and kisses him . Back at the studio , Kate says the money is missing so she talks to Chloe since she 's supposed to have the key . She said she did n't do it . Then Emily speaks up and suggests to check Amanda 's bag . Kate checks her bag but it 's empty . Amanda did this because she knew Emily was going to back - stab her , so she put the money in her bag . Then Amanda tells Kate to check Emily 's bag so she does and the key that opens the box is in there . After Kate says that Emily is on a suspension and she could possibly get kicked out of the studio . Lastly Emily texts Riley a SNS ( Sister needs Sister ) so then Riley comes and Emily tells Riley all about what happened . Riley says she needs to do something about it . 55 25 `` Just Dance '' Kim Derko Frank van Keeken & Chloe van Keeken November 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 07 ) Emily is still suffering because of what Amanda did . Riley helps her out and makes a plan to prove that Amanda is still with Elite . Chloe notices that Stephanie and Amanda are buying juices with a 5 $ bill that Margie drew on , which Chloe remembers to be from the money for the nationals entry that was stolen , therefore proving that Amanda , not Emily , stole the money . After they show Kate , Amanda gets kicked out of the studio . Meanwhile , James has to do one last task ; to get Michelle back in the studio . He tricks Michelle into coming to the mall , but James sets up a flash mob with hundreds of people to get her back . Michelle ultimately decides to return at the studio . James and Riley are back together , and they kiss . 56 26 `` Water It '' Derby Crewe Frank van Keeken & Chloe van Keeken November 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 14 ) Thalia and Giselle gives James and Riley the duet back because they are back together . Kate asks Michelle if she still wants the solo , Michelle says no but Kate convinces her to take the solo back . West and Emily have fun together while imitating Thalia and Giselle 's conversion . Meanwhile , Riley and James are having a hard time practicing their duet together . Michelle is practicing her solo in studio A , and Eldon walks in and asks Michelle to do her solo for him giving her tips on her choreography , making Michelle feel more at home at the next step again because Eldon is helping her . Riley talks to Emily about how she is n't sure about her and James because the duet is n't really working out , so Emily tells Riley to get James a gift because after all , James did the huge list for Riley . Riley tricks James into thinking that West is waiting for him at the park , but after James gets there he notices that West is n't there but Riley is , Riley sets up a Picnic for James and she has Shwarma for him . Michelle and Eldon spend the whole day helping each other and giving each other tips on their solos and go to culture shop after and get drinks . The episode ends with Riley and James saying a toast and kissing and slow dancing at the end . 57 27 `` Run This Town '' Shawn Thompson Rachael Schaefer & Frank van Keeken November 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 21 ) Miss Kate decide to give the boys the small group after Amanda left to go back to Elite . The boys are horsing around and then Miss Kate asks to see their routine , and they only had a starting pose , so they need help with their routine . As a treat , Miss Kate invites Luther Brown to come and choreograph their routine . Thalia and Giselle catch up with Michelle , but whenever she talks about something other than dance , they insist to teach her the next routine . Finally , Michelle asks what 's wrong , and her friends come clean by saying that they are afraid she would leave again . Michelle confirms that she would never leave again as she is with her real family . Thalia and Giselle help Michelle with the Nationals routines . James give advice to Eldon about dating , saying he has to do 30 pirouettes before he can date a girl . The episode ends with the boys , who now have a great routine for Nationals , and the girls , who are friends again , all dancing and having a great time . 58 28 `` Re-Match '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken & Chloe van Keeken November 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 28 ) The Next Step goes to Nationals . As they are waiting , as they see Life Of Dance walk in . Life of Dance ( Ladies of Destruction ) are definitely The Next Step 's biggest competition . After registering at Nationals , they are told that they can complete a scavenger hunt in order for A-Troupe to be able to go to the Shawn Desman concert . Emily is a massive Shawn Desman fan so West , Giselle and her volunteer for the scavenger hunt . One of the things on the scavenger hunt is to get a picture with Shawn but when they find out that they were at the end of the line , they realized that Shawn Desman would not go through every single person on time . West comes up with a plan to pretend to be a celebrity so that The Next Step can go to the front of the line to see Shawn Desman and also to get his autograph . West 's plan works and at the end of the episode The Next Step all go to the Shawn Desman concert and have fun . 59 29 `` Old Friends '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken December 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 04 ) Eldon is forced to face Daniel during Nationals ' male soloist dance . Daniel 's competitiveness gets in the way of his friendships with A-Troupe members , giving them the cold shoulder before he performed his solo , but reconciles with them at the end of the episode and at the Nationals Party at the end of the episode , when Daniel is asked to audition for Juilliard by the head of Juilliard , who was impressed by his performance . 60 30 `` I Do n't Know '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken December 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 12 ) The Next Step advance to the next stage of Nationals . It is time for the boys to perform their small group dance but James still has to decide whether or not on include the B - Twist in the dance . He ultimately decides not to and feels really bad and scared that The Next Step will be eliminated since the small group competition is so fierce . After The Next Step does advance James and Riley have to do their duet . They decide to change their duet to a story about a man who is all about business sitting in an art museum and an art piece coming to life to show him her world . Right before they go on stage Riley tells James to do the B - twist so he does , and he lands it . The duet wins and James and Riley kiss . The episode ends by Riley telling James that she loves him . 61 31 `` What You Waiting For ? '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken December 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 19 ) Michelle and Amanda are paired together for the solo round , and Amanda is really nervous . A-Troupe decides to go shopping at the mall while Lucien tells Tess to follow them and make sure Michelle does n't come back for her solo . Tess follows Michelle to a store and puts perfume in her bag and Michelle gets caught . Meanwhile at nationals , A-Troupe is looking for Michelle all over the place but ca n't find her so they come up with a backup plan which is for Chloe to go back to the mall to find Michelle and for Riley to perform her solo she auditioned for after Michelle Left . Amanda is angry at Lucien and Tess for making Michelle late and wants to win fair and square . The security at the mall looks at the security tape and finds out Michelle is innocent and agrees to let her go . Michelle comes back and performs her solo and wins against Elite . 62 32 `` You Love Me '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken December 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 26 ) The Next Step has advanced to the semi-finals round of nationals and are extremely nervous to perform because of all the talented troupes . During a rehearsal , Thalia and Eldon look for a ' sweet spot ' , somewhere where the energy feels right . West asks Emily if - or rather tells - they should date . Towards the end of the semi-final dance , Emily injures her knee in the number and the whole team starts freaking out , but they are happy at the same time , since they won the round and now move on to compete against LOD in the Finals of Nationals . Unfortunately , the studio is left one dancer short . 63 33 `` What Dreamers Do ( Part 1 ) '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken March 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 13 ) 64 34 `` What Dreamers Do ( Part 2 ) '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken January 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 02 ) The Next Step goes up against Life of Dance in the finals . They are nervous because they may forfeit due to Emily 's injury . They are about to announce their forfeit when Amanda runs in and says that she will dance with the studio . Amanda explains that Kate sent in her name so she could dance with The Next Step , when Amanda was already at Elite . Life of Dance becomes mad because they thought it was against the rules to dance on two teams , but since it 's not a rule she is allowed to dance . Life of Dance performs a routine about a paparazzi and modeling . The Next Step is very worried . When it is time for The Next Step to perform , they pull off an outstanding dance with a circus - themed dance . When the judges come on stage to announce the winner , it is revealed that The Next Step is crowned champions . Emily and West , along with Riley and James , kiss . Kate , Giselle , and Chloe are all walking back into the studio and see an eviction notice . They find out that they are being evicted so the building can build condos . Riley and James are driving , arguing about Miss Kate finding a new studio . Kate and the dancers are all packing up the studio when Lucien walks in . He tells Kate that he knows about their eviction notice and that he knows they do n't have anywhere to dance . Kate grows impatient and tells him to get to the point . Lucien says he has a studio for them to dance , but in return , he wants The Next Step and Elite to merge into one team for internationals . Season 3 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Part 1 65 `` Coming Home ? '' Samir Rehem Frank van Keeken March 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) A-Troupe is reunited after their Nationals win , but the celebrations are short lived . The team must find a new place to dance , or make a big sacrifice that will determine The Next Step 's future . Meanwhile , James helps plan his aunt 's wedding . 66 `` Game , Set , and Match '' Samir Rehem Elizabeth Becker & Frank van Keeken March 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) Kate decides to finally tell the dancers the truth , which is Lucien has bought the building and is insisting that they merge with Elite . They first think that they go one on one with Elite , but it could be Elite vs Elite , Elite vs The Next Step or even worse , The Next Step vs The Next Step . Eldon is deeply horrified by the thought of going against his own team , so leaves A-Troupe . Lucien meets up with Daniel in a park and tells him he has the opportunity to join a team going to internationals if he does everything he says , and Daniel agrees . Thalia finds Eldon in the music room , and Eldon tells her he is not ready to come back to A-Troupe . She tells the rest of A-Troupe , and James says he will try to get him back . Michelle is having a hard time trusting Amanda after the past , but when she spies on her talking to Elite and overhears her saying she 's with The Next Step , she says she trusts her now . Daniel visits the next step and tells A-Troupe he 's with Elite . James finds this as a way to get Eldon back and Eldon comes back . The team is now ready to take on Elite . 67 `` Secrets '' Shawn Thompson Frank van Keeken & Chloe van Keeken March 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 17 ) Emily learns that she will not be able to dance for at least 8 months . She confides in Stephanie and swears her to secrecy . Not wanting Emily to hurt herself , Stephanie tells Riley that Emily is unable to dance . Riley confronts Emily who is still insistent to dance so Riley tells A-Troupe and Miss Kate meaning Emily is knocked off the team . Lucien makes a deal with Miss Kate that Michelle gets to automatically go through to internationals but she is counted as an Elite win because she has the Miss National Soloist title . 68 `` Let the Games Begin '' Shawn Alex Thompson Tricia Fish & Emma Campbell March 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 18 ) Dancers compete one on one for a spot on the internationals team . Hunter goes first , and picks Eldon 's name . They have to go against each other and Eldon wins , which means Hunter is off the team . Daniel and Lucien come up with a plan to eliminate more of the next step dancers by placing them against each other . When James is called out to dance Lucien creates a diversion allowing Daniel to switch the names in the hat . The episode ends when James picks out a name from the hat and it 's Riley 's name . He is shocked to find out that he will have to compete against Riley for a place at Internationals . 69 5 `` The Fallout '' Chloe van Keeken Frank van Keeken March 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 19 ) The episode starts with James and Riley practicing their solos to compete for a spot at internationals . Riley confesses to James that she would prefer not to go to internationals rather her that competing against him . James convinces her to dance full out for the team and he also promises to do the same . Riley dances her solo and keeps her promise but when James gets up to do his solo he realises that Riley deserves to have the spot over him and so he walks out . Riley is shocked and mad as he did not keep his promise . After talking to Eldon , Riley realises that James did it to make a good thing out of a bad situation and he did it because he loves her . She goes to find James who is practicing in the music room and she tells him that she loves him and she knows why he did what he did . 70 6 `` The Times They Are a Changin ' '' Shawn Alex Thompson Chloe van Keeken March 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 20 ) Giselle faces a familiar opponent in her battle when she dances against Daniel , fortunately she wins and Chloe defends her place on the team . Tess and Amanda go head to head . When Amanda wins , she is the seventh dancer to win and the ownership of The Next Step is decided 71 7 `` Your New Beginning '' Samir Rehem Amy Cole March 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 23 ) The new Elite members are having a hard time adjusting to life in A-Troupe , as well as Noah . James plans a surprise for Riley for when she gets her braces off , which is giving her corn on the cob . Eldon sees , and gets an idea to give Thalia a corn on the cob as well . Shantel and Giselle , as well as Max and West and Noah and Cierra , have to work on a duet to bond with one another . Max and West and Noah and Cierra do fantastic , but Shantel and Giselle fail . 72 8 `` I 'm Your Captain '' Samir Rehem Frank van Keeken March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) Michelle resigns as dance captain , saying she it is n't fair if she is n't fully committed to the team , so Kate chooses Giselle for the new dance captain . Shantel challenges Giselle for the dance captain position because she feels she would make a great leader . They each make a trio and whoever wins is the new dance captain . Shantel leads the contemporary dance with Noah , Thalia and West , whilst Giselle does the hip - hop dance with Max , Eldon and Chloe . She is struggling , so she asks Michelle on how to be a great dance captain . James needs to find a suit for Aunt Kathy 's wedding in his Uncle Enzo 's shop . It is going terribly , so Riley helps him out . Giselle finally creates a great routine and wins the trio challenge , which means she is the new dance captain , so Shantel leaves A-Troupe and says she did because she did n't want to be on a team that did n't respect her talent . 73 9 `` The Nutcracker Prince '' Samir Rehem Elizabeth Becker March 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 25 ) Eldon challenges West to audition for Le Ballet de la Reine Touring company for The Nutcracker , so West asks for Chloe 's help . Chloe goes along with West to audition for moral support , and they make the final round . West does n't get in , but he is very happy for Chloe who is offered a part . Seeing as Shantel left , there is one more space on A-Troupe , and James is offered the space , but does n't think he is very committed as he is with his band . At the end , James rejoins A-Troupe and everyone is happy , except Chloe , who has to make a big choice ; The Nutcracker or Internationals ? 74 10 `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' Samir Rehem Rachael Schaefer March 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 26 ) Thalia is starting to get feelings for Eldon , but wanders if him and Michelle are really over each other . Meanwhile , Richelle is bothered by Noah and Abi getting along so well , because she likes Noah . Thalia talks to Michelle about her and Eldon , and Michelle says she is pretty close with him and they are good friends . Thalia then talks Eldon about Michelle and says they have chemistry . This bothers her and then she runs away . Michelle thinks Thalia was asking her about Eldon because he still likes her , so she confronts him and then realizes that Thalia was asking that because she likes him . After that , Michelle tells Thalia that her and Eldon are not getting back together and does n't even like him like that , and is totally fine with them , so Thalia goes to Eldon and watches him do a dance . When he finishes , they both say they really like each other and hold hands . Meanwhile , Chloe still has no idea what to do about the decision she has to make , West tells her to follow her dream but she does n't want to let the team down . 75 11 `` Marry Me '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken March 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 27 ) James finally meets his aunt 's fiance , and discovers he is the crazy guy that was his driving instructor from when he was completing the list of tasks for Riley . Riley is very scared of him , and James says he is beyond weird . Elsewhere , Thalia helps Eldon teach the J - Troupe acro class and they grow closer when they perform a duet for them . Also Michelle has trouble adjusting to her parents divorce and thinks that it is all her fault . Aunt Kathy 's wedding preparations are not going well , as Arthur has no best man and the band could n't make it . James offers to be Arthur 's best man and play the wedding with his band . The wedding is a huge success and him and Riley have a lot of fun . 76 12 `` Do The Right Thing '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) Chloe is growing more and more worried as she has no idea what to do about her decision . Meanwhile , seeing as they are getting along so well , Thalia goes to Eldon in Hidalgos and asks him if he would like to go to a concert with her . Eldon makes up weird excuses because he needs to do 30 pirouettes before he can go out with her . Chloe gets guilty when Miss Kate says she has no idea what she would do without her . Thalia confronts Eldon about what 's been going on , so he takes her to James and he explains about the 30 pirouettes . West tells Chloe that if she does n't take the job offer , she would be letting down the next step . West helps Eldon with his problem , but he is getting sick from all the constant spinning . Chloe finally makes a decision , and tells Miss Kate she has accepted the offer . Miss Kate is very proud of her and says she is following her dream and will miss her a lot . Eldon has given up doing 30 pirouettes , Thalia sees him on the floor and tells him he is doing a really good job . She helps him up and then they start practicing pirouettes together . Chloe is dancing in studio A one last time , and Margie appears . They do a ballet piece together , and Margie waves goodbye and disappears in glitter . 77 13 `` Put You First '' Patrick Sisam Emma Campbell March 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 31 ) James forgets about his anniversary with Riley , so gives her a half eaten box of chocolates . He tells her he has a huge surprise for her later , and Riley tells him she has something big for him too , when actually they have nothing for each other . Meanwhile , Giselle , Thalia and Amanda are practicing a trio to be prepared for internationals , but Amanda has to go to help her mom . Max helps Giselle and Thalia with spacing and they come up with a new trio , so Kate replaces Amanda with Max . West and Eldon see Noah catch a glass of milk while he is talking to Cierra , so they test his catching skills in Hidalgos , and he can also catch while facing the other way . They the test his dodging skills , and he can dodge while flipping . They finally test his senses in the dark , he is blindfolded and West , Eldon and Cierra are wearing night vision goggles but he still catches them very quickly . James creates a song for Riley with his band for her present , and she loves it . Riley puts a huge canvas in studio A and lots of paint . They splash each other with paint and dance together , and have a great anniversary . 78 14 `` I Hope I Get It '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken April 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 01 ) With Chloe gone , the team needs to find a twelfth dancer for internationals . They hold B - Troupe auditions with Skylar , Abi , Shannon , Jake and Stephanie auditioning . Daniel makes a surprise return saying he is there to audition , claiming the Next Step ca n't win internationals without him . They all audition , and Stephanie does amazing . Michelle contemplates returning to Madison with her mom after talking to Hunter on video chat . Meanwhile back at the studio , auditions start for the one spot to fill in for Chloe . the whole A troupe gets to decide who makes it in . Everyone chooses Stephanie . 79 15 `` The New Girl in Town '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken April 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 02 ) With Stephanie joining A-Troupe to complete the Internationals Team , the team is very excited and ready to take on internationals . All of A-Troupe is very happy with their team for internationals . Whilst they are all having fun , a dancer from England arrives called Ella who is a part of the internationals exchange program arrives and Riley must mentor her . Riley immediately does n't like her because she plays a prank on her along with Noah and West , and later plays a prank on Max in Hidalgos . Amanda gets chosen for the exchange program and has to go to Sweden , but Amanda does n't want to go . Amanda wants to swap with West so West can go to Sweden but Miss Kate explains Amanda is the Alternate for the Internationals Team and will only compete if someone else from A-Troupe ca n't . Eldon is practicing 30 pirouettes in Studio A with Thalia , but is stuck on 14 . Ella and Riley walk in , and Ella offers to help , saying if he does 24 she will kiss him . Thalia does n't mind at this point , but when he does 24 pirouettes and Ella actually does kiss him , she gets very annoyed and tells Riley she is going to give Eldon more motivation . Giselle needs some help with being a good dance captain , so Michelle gathers some J - Troupers to act out scenarios , but Giselle ends up making the studio `` bankrupted 19 times , many injuries and even a deportation '' . Richelle feels bad for her , so she gives her the dance captain diary that Emily gave her . Thalia drags West into studio A and asks Eldon if he wants to see something , then kisses West twice in front of him . She tells Eldon ? to spin and he does 9 pirouettes , so she tells him he is disappointing . Riley sees Ella wrapping James ' drum kit in bubble wrap and thinks it 's funny , so joins in . At the end of the episode , Riley , Eldon and Thalia visit Michelle at her house as she is helping her mom pack . They give her muffins and say goodbye to her . Michelle says later that as hard as it is saying goodbye to her friends , she does n't know how she 'll say goodbye to her mom and may be saying goodbye to them for the last time . She feels really sad and wonders what it would be like to say bye to the next step . Part 2 80 16 `` Sweet Spot '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken September 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 11 ) James is preoccupied with his band and ca n't devote time to his duet with Riley for Internationals , so Ella helps her let loose . Meanwhile , Eldon and Thalia try to uncover the studio 's sweet spots . When Eldon puts a love letter for Thalia in a sweet spot , he gives them a telling of , saying that a 30 pirouette relationship is better than a 21 / 22 pirouette relationship . 81 17 `` Square Dance '' Jay Prychidny Elizabeth Becker September 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 11 ) As the tension from Internationals mounts , Riley and Ella help the group relax by tricking them into learning square dancing . An internationals letter arrives and Ella and Riley put a note in the envelope telling the team that they need to learn a square dance . Once the pressure builds the team gets stressed and Riley ca n't cope with the stress . She tells James thinking he will understand as he loves pranks but he gets mad . He goes to the music room saying Riley is n't the girl he fell in love with . The team end the episode by performing the square dance but James does n't turn up to be Riley 's partner so after Ella has danced with Stephanie for a bit she dances with Riley . Riley says she has more fun with Ella than she has had with James for a long time which is worrying for the future of their relationship . 82 18 `` Mixed Messages '' Jay Prychidny Rachael Shaefer September 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 18 ) Ella has Riley and James take a closer look at their relationship . Elsewhere , Thalia and Eldon devise clandestine ways of communicating . 83 19 `` Never There '' Rachael Shaefer Chloe van Keeken September 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 25 ) Michelle is struggling with her parents ' divorce , and this affects the team . Meanwhile , James and Riley try to see things from one another 's perspectives ; and Ella tries to convince Noah that A-Troupe is the right place for him . 84 20 `` Cry Me a River '' Steve Bendernjak Rachael Shaefer October 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 02 ) Michelle , Riley , Cierra , Giselle and Stephanie are doing a 2 - 7 person group dance and after it Michelle starts crying on the floor about being an alternate and how useless she looked on the throne and Stephanie goes up to her and helps her . Noah and Eldon battle after Noah 's questioning about why Eldon is the Internationals male soloist and not him . They battle for a while until Noah admits defeat because he thinks Eldon is amazing . Max , James and West are chatting about Internationals and James burps , then Max burps and West looks disgusted and James asks him if he can burp and West answers no . He tries but he fails and suddenly Ella does a massive burp and shocks the boys and she says First round Ella . Stephanie is helping Michelle and Riley comes in asking to rehearse and exclaims that Miss Kate chose her to represent The Next Step for the female solo round and Michelle cries again . The boys are trying to drink raw egg but they all ca n't do it but Ella comes up and pours all 6 into a glass and drinks them . James says ' Who is this girl ? ' . Noah and Eldon do a duet which is amazing and Eldon proclaims that he will be the soloist next year . The boys come in and challenge Ella to a sporting event , she chooses football . Stephanie is helping Michelle see the brighter side to being an alternate and Michelle becomes happier . James , Max and West are outside and Ella comes along with a football and they throw it away and replace it with a soccer ball . Max kicks the ball and misses and Ella kicks it and scores straight through the post . Ella says I have four older brothers , where do you think I learn this stuff ? James tries but fails miserably . Michelle feels so much better and her and Stephanie leave and go home . 85 21 `` Today I 'm Getting Over You '' Chloe van Keeken Malek Pacha & Bradley Vermunt October 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 09 ) A-Troupe members team up with folks from B - Troupe for duets . Meanwhile , Stephanie tries not to resort to old habits ; Cierra 's love of dance leads to trouble with Skylar ; and Richelle tries to deal with her crush on Noah . 86 22 `` It 's my Party '' Kim Derko Rachael Shaefer October 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 16 ) Giselle and West help Eldon and Thalia 's relationship . A Troupe host a surprise party for Amanda 's arrival from Sweden . Noah wants to kiss Abi . 87 23 `` Welcome to Miami '' Frank van Keeken Tricia Fish October 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 23 ) A Troupe arrive in Miami for Internationals . Everyone is buzzing and all joyful . Thalia learnt how to say hello in 55 different languages to say to the other dance teams at Internationals . Kate tells the group that they have to register tomorrow , so they get a day off . James has a day planned with Riley , but Riley meets up with Ella and Riley and Ella go to a Cuban restaurant . Ella forgets the money for the food , and she decides to run back and fetch it . Riley decides to order more food to pass the time . Ella leaves a phone call saying her team needs her and she wo n't be able to come back to the restaurant , leaving Riley alone with no money and a huge bill to pay . The staff notice Riley eating all the food and get suspicious . Riley comes clean to the manager , and he says she can either pay off the bills by working as a waitress , or the police will get involved . Riley decides to be a waitress , but it is going terribly . James gets Riley 's text to help her , but he hangs out with Eldon instead , who is looking for sweet spots for his and Thalia 's first date . James gets fed up by this , and goes to the restaurant and sees Riley and James and Eldon do n't actually help her pay the bill off , they sit at a table and orders some things . Riley gets angry by this and starts slapping both James and Eldon , until they help pay the bill . James finally gives money and the bill is paid off . Meanwhile , West shows Giselle , Amanda and Stephanie popular attractions at Miami , and they all end the tour by dancing in front of a beautiful graffiti wall . 88 24 `` Lost at Sea '' Frank van Keeken Chloe van Keeken October 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 30 ) Kate and Giselle arrive to register for Internationals , but James has still not signed his form . Unfortunately , James is stuck in the middle of alligator - filled Everglade with West and Eldon . Then the boys get stuck for two hours in the Everglades . 89 25 `` When the War is Over '' Mitchell T. Ness Rachael Shaefer November 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 06 ) On the day of the male and female solo round , Eldon struggle with the loss of his lucky coin . Thalia comforts him and he feels ok . He performs his solo , does really well , but is beaten by the Swedish dancer . Riley 's friendship with Ella is tested when they have to compete against each other . Ella goes up a few turns before Riley and then Ella performs Riley 's solo because Riley showed Ella her solo . Her biggest mistake . Giselle then performs a solo instead of Riley , but Ella still wins . 90 26 `` We are the World '' Frank van Keeken Rachael Schaefer November 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 13 ) With the small group round fast approaching . Michelle , Giselle , Riley and Cierra are angry to see that Stephanie is n't putting in as much effort as she should be into practice and consider replace her . Meanwhile , Thalia must compete with three dancers from different countries in the first official round of Internationals , and Eldon begins to suspect that her Polish team - mate cares about more than just dance . Thalia and her group get through to the next round . 91 27 `` Blind '' Mitchell T. Ness Frank van Keeken & Amy Cole November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) The Next Step progress to the second round of Internationals . However , the Internationals board declare that the next dance should be danced blindfolded giving everyone a great shock ! The group are not doing well until West brings Noah into the mix and then Noah replaces Michelle because she is the alternate . They beat France to move forward in the competition . 92 28 `` Turn , Turn , Turn '' Mitchell T. Ness Frank van Keeken November 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 27 ) Eldon competes in a turning competition against seven other dancers to determine how much time their team will have to re-work the routine to the internationals boards choice of music . Eldon turns for the longest , meaning that his team has the longest , and it means he can finally date Thalia . The Next Step are up against Jamaica . The next step performs their 5 person dance and wins , meaning that they move forward to the semi-finals . 93 29 `` She 's Not You '' Mitchell T. Ness Frank van Keeken December 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) The Next Step have advanced to the semi-finals and are up against England and because Ella betrayed Riley and her team they said they are going to make them regret it . West gets food poisoning from a kebab stand and then Michelle has to step in for him . It seemed that he would not dance in the semifinals however just before they went onto the stage he rushed and claimed that he was well enough to dance . Therefore Michelle had to make a choice wherever to dance herself or let West dance . West then went on with the team and Michelle and Amanda watched on from the wings with Kate . The Next Step beat England with their semifinals dance and The Next Step are through to the final but their chances could be wrecked . At the end they are warming up on the stage and Lucien walks on and claims that he is a judge . 94 30 `` How It Ends '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken December 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 11 ) The Next Step battles for the title of International champions against the team from Sweden ; James and Riley put everything on the line to give their team a chance at winning . Daniel reappears in an attempt to help The Next Step but Giselle brushes him off , even though he may help The Next Step greatly . Daniel sends footage of Lucien scheming to Giselle and they get Lucien taken away by security . Both The next step and Sweden perform their dance . The next step score 97 , and Sweden 92 , but because of Sweden 's 5 point advantage it is a tie . This means that both teams have to perform duets . Sweden performs a duet and so do James and Riley . The Next Step win , so they are Internationals champions defeating Sweden . Season 4 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Part 1 95 `` One More Time '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken February 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 15 ) After winning Internationals , The Next Step A troupe dances and celebrates their internationals win . James leaves to join his band permanently , Max leaves for university , Stephanie leaves to become an actress in Hollywood , Giselle is looking for other opportunities , Thalia goes to A dance studio in Poland to explore her Polish family heritage however is worried about Eldon . Amanda and Michelle are determined to get their status back on A Troupe . The remaining A Troupe is Cierra , West , Michelle , Noah , Riley , Eldon and Amanda . Later on The Next Step has an open house where dancers from all over the dance world comes . New dancers Sloane and LaTroy meet Michelle and Sloane is rude which makes a bad first impression . A new dancer Alfie comes and James ' little sister Piper is there too . James says Piper is not ready for The Next Step . 96 `` Stir It Up '' Frank van Keeken Laura Harbin February 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 19 ) A-Troupe auditions begin amidst big decisions for two key dancers . In an attempt to prevent future arguments , Skylar and Cierra make a pact . 97 `` Heads Will Roll '' Frank van Keeken Bethany Kaster February 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 26 ) In the second round of auditions , a guest choreographer challenges the auditioners with an unorthodox method of teaching . 98 `` Welcome to the Jungle '' Frank van Keeken Amy Cole March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) The new A-Troupe is uncovered . Hoping to relieve the nerves of her fellow freshman , Piper decides to form a club . When Riley is offered the opportunity of a lifetime , she must make a difficult decision . 99 5 `` Square One '' Stephen Reynolds Brad Vermunt & Malek Pacho March 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 11 ) Riley tells Kate that she has decided for Amanda to take her spot on A-Troupe . Kate disagrees with the decision wholeheartedly , but admires Riley 's decisiveness nonetheless . Riley enters Studio A to tell the dancers that she is the new studio head . 100 6 `` London Calling '' Stephen Reynolds Ian Malone March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) West receives a mysterious package from London , England , which leads to a big surprise for the bros . Noah and Amanda collaborate on a song . 101 7 `` Walk This Way '' Stephen Reynolds Tricia Fish March 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 25 ) Amanda finds herself uncharacteristically nervous around Noah . Meanwhile , Riley is wary of James going to England . 102 8 `` Runaway '' Stephen Reynolds Emma Campbell April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Riley finds out that Alfie is keeping a big secret that jeopardizes his spot on The Next Step ; James , West , and Eldon dance at a competition in London , England . 103 9 `` Dancing with Myself '' Jay Prychidny Laura Harbin April 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 08 ) Noah struggles to rehearse with his trio due to an injury ; Skylar uses this to convince Riley to give her trio the spot to compete at the qualifier instead but the original trio is kept for the competition . Meanwhile , Michelle works on her dance moves with Alfie . 104 10 `` Simple Twist of Fate '' Frank van Keeken Elizabeth Becker April 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 15 ) As A-Troupe dances at the qualifier , Amanda struggles to find the right time to share her feelings for Noah , while Noah continues to hide his back injury . Noah 's hidden back injury ruins the teams dance and TNS thus fails to qualify . TNS is beaten by a new team of brilliant but aggressive dancers called `` the Gemminis '' . 105 11 `` On the Rocks '' Jay Prychidny Amy Cole April 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 22 ) After the loss of the first qualifier , Skylar thinks that The Next Step deserves a better studio head , and so persuades the other A-troupe members to meet here in a rehearsal room ; however , Alfie is also invited but disagrees and persuades the team to not try to remove Riley , and at the end , the full troupe including Riley all have a party to `` The Music Made Me Do It '' . 106 12 `` Knowing Me , Knowing You '' Derby Crewe Ian Malone April 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 29 ) Amanda tries to figure out Noah 's true feelings for her . LaTroy and Sloane get into a fight after he receives an invitation he ca n't refuse . 107 13 `` The Game Belongs To Me '' Derby Crewe Elizabeth Becker May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) A-troupe learn that there is a second qualifier competition ( a 5 person dance ) that TNS can compete in . Riley holds auditions where the team do solos in front of the team , and the others have 5 votes : the 5 with the most votes will be competing at the second qualifier . Tension seems to build up between LaTroy and Sloane when Sloane doubts LaTroy can make the team and reveals that she did n't vote for him ! LaTroy gets angry but then reveals that he did vote for Sloane . When the results are displayed , LaTroy becomes disappointed when he does n't get on the team Alfie , Noah , Amy , Richelle and MichellE joins 5th with Piper so , Michelle and Piper have to compete for the 5th spot on the team at the qualifiers . Michelle starts to be cold to Piper and she thinks Michelle is acting weird because she thought they were friends . 108 14 `` I Ca n't Go for That '' Lamar Johnson Emma Campbell May 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 13 ) Riley gets invited to an exclusive gala , and has to decide who to invite as her date . Skylar struggles to find her place on A-Troupe . 109 15 `` I Only Have Eyes for You '' Samir Rehem Malek Pacha & Brad Vermunt May 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 20 ) After performing a duet together LaTroy and Amy plan a date to `` Java Junction '' . In response to LaTroys upcoming date with Amy , Sloane reveals , to Latroy , that she loves him . LaTroy dates Amy , as planned , and Sloane is left heart - broken . Meanwhile Eldon and West are chased across London by an angry policeman ( or , as Eldon calls him , a `` busking - busting - bobby '' ) and Piper tries to cultivate friendship between Riley and Alfie . 110 16 `` Love Will Tear Us Apart '' Samir Rehem Matt Hogue May 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 27 ) Noah deliberately misses a rehearsal so he can rest his secretly injured back . Infuriated by this Riley makes Noah prove his dancing capability . Noah successfully proves himself to Riley and Riley thus continues to assume that his back is uninjured . Sloane calls a 0 % club meeting , to help deal with her heart - break , in which she dances her feelings out with the other members . Riley and Michelle have lunch together and reminisce on their past in A-troupe ( flashback clips are shown from series 1 ) . Alfie tells Riley that he loves her and Riley confesses that she loves him too but refuses to go on a date because she prefers James . 111 17 `` Nobody 's Fault But Mine '' Samir Rehem Frank van Keeken June 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 03 ) Midway through a rehearsal `` the Gemminis '' storm into the next step dance studio and reveal to the TNS dancers that a new regionals rule allows the winner of the second qualifier to steal a dancer from any other competing team . Despite already qualifying `` the Gemminis '' want to enter the second qualifier so they can steall Alfie from TNS . To prevent this Riley pulls TNS from the qualifier . Meanwhile Eldon loses his phone , which has countless photos of him and Thalia saved on it . After a long search Eldon finds the phone and begins to come to terms with his break up with Thalia . 112 18 `` Your Time Is Gonna Come '' Laura Harbin Matthew MacFadzean June 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 10 ) After quitting the second qualifier the team begin preparation for the third qualifier , a duet competition in which only the winning dancers and their team can qualify . TNS enters Noah and alfie into the contest , as they are the best dancers as voted by the team ( in episode 13 ) . Noah finally conffeses to Riley that his back is injured and plans a trip to the hospital to have his back checked . West competes and wins three dance battles against the Razor Backs at Bangers and Mash - Ups Hip - Hop Extravaganza . 113 19 `` How Deep Is Your Love '' David Storch Amy Cole June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) Alfie surprises Riley with a plan for the qualifier duet . Noah and Amanda begin to open up to each other and LaTroy makes a heartbreaking decision since getting news from his dad . 114 20 `` Heat of the Moment '' Kim Derko Frank van Keeken June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) After Noah receives devastating news about the state of his back , auditions for the upcoming qualifier become all the more important . Part 2 115 21 `` Kiss and Tell '' Kim Derko Frank van Keeken October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) Piper has trouble keeping the secret of Riley and Alfie 's relationship to herself . 116 22 `` Rumour Has It '' Laura Harbin Bethany Kaster October 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 21 ) Piper gives Riley an ultimatum to tell James about the kiss . James is confused why Riley is not answering his phone calls . Lost and Found musician Theo tries to help Amanda take her mind off Noah 's surgery . James flies back to the studio after seeing Piper stressed out on a video call . 117 23 `` Here Comes Your Man '' Steve Bedernjak Brad Vermunt & Malek Pacha October 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 28 ) Thalia comes to visit Eldon in London during the next round of the Bangers and Mash - Ups Hip Hop Competition . Amanda 's cousin Cooper comes to visit The Next Step for a day . Noah struggles with Amanda seeing him at his weakest . James returns to the studio . 118 24 `` Tainted Love '' David Storch Emma Campbell November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) Riley tells James about the kiss and he struggles with how to handle it . West and Eldon compete in the next round of the Bangers and Mash - Ups Hip Hop Competition . Michelle helps Riley through her tough situation . Noah and Amanda have their first kiss . 119 25 `` A Fool in Love '' Patrick Sisam Amy Cole November 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) Riley tells James she needs some space to take stock of her feelings . Meanwhile , Amy assists LaTroy in dealing with being alone at the farm and Cassie tries to help Skylar overcome her trepidation when it comes to speaking to strangers . 120 26 `` Karma Police '' Patrick Sisam Laura Harbin November 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 25 ) Emily shows up to help Riley get The Next Step to Regionals . Emily tries to get to the bottom of the problem with the Qualifier duet . 121 27 `` Only You '' Trevor Tordjman Emma Campbell November 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 25 ) Sloane helps Jude from Lost & Found with his music video . Emily and Riley choose a Dance Captain . Noah struggles with being reassigned the Qualifier duet . 122 28 `` Danger Zone '' Elizabeth Becker Elizabeth Becker December 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 02 ) Riley asks James for an impossible favour for the studio . Skylar helps the zero percenters deal with their nerves . James and Alfie have a heated conversation . 123 29 `` Rivalry '' Frank van Keeken Tricia Fish December 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 09 ) James and Alfie represent The Next Step at the final Qualifier . Skylar has to step in to help when the situation is at a crossroads . 124 30 `` Nobody 's Perfect '' Mars Horodyski Tricia Fish December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Riley and Alfie have their first date and it does not go well . Noah takes a big step in his relationship with Amanda . 125 31 `` Shake it Off '' Samir Rehem Matthew MacFadzean March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) Amy helps Cassie with a history project . Riley makes a mistake with Alfie and tries to make it up to him . Skylar helps Noah get competition ready . 126 32 `` Come Together '' Samir Rehem Frank van Keeken November 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) Riley helps the team get ready for competition by doing anti-bullying exercises . Everyone learns the different types of bullying behavior and how to deal with it . 127 33 `` It Ai n't Easy '' Samir Rehem Ian Malone March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) James meets up with an old friend in London . Riley is confused by her feelings towards Alfie . LaTroy returns from time with his father and turns to Sloane to sort out his feelings . 128 34 `` Bold As Love '' Brad Hruboska Ian Malone March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) Eldon , West and James compete in the finals at the Bangers and Mashups International Hip Hip Competition . 129 35 `` Taking Care of Business '' Brad Hruboska Malek Pacha and Brad Vermunt April 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) James and Riley return to the studio , only to discover that a team member has left . West and Eldon help the small group with their choreography . 130 36 `` The Edge of Glory '' Ian Chan Amy Cole April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) The team prepares to leave for Regionals . Cassie is made the alternate dancer . Giselle drops by on a break from her tour and gives Amanda a special invitation . 131 37 `` Even Better Than the Real Thing '' Mitchell T. Ness Amy Cole April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) The team competes in the first round at Regionals . Due to a misreading of the rules , the solo round is not what they expected . The result is devastating 132 38 `` Do n't Stop Me Now '' Mitchell T. Ness Laura Harbin April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) The Next Step competes in the sudden death trio round . Michelle pushes herself before the trio dance in order to be ready . Amanda struggles with the offer from Giselle . 133 39 `` Living on a Prayer '' Mitchell T. Ness Laura Harbin and Frank Van Keeken May 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) The team compete in the duet round of Regionals . However , with Sloane disqualified and Michelle injured , the Next Step does n't have enough dancers to dance in the final -- if they make it there . 134 40 `` A Change is Gonna Come '' Mitchell T. Ness Frank Van Keeken May 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) Now that Alfie is back , the team is able to compete in the Regionals final . But when Michelle shows up ready to dance , Riley has to make a heartbreaking decision . The Next Step lose Regionals and are defeated by the Geminis , who later win Nationals and Internationals . Jump up ^ `` Come Together '' is the 32nd episode in Season 4 , but was the 26th episode to air . It aired on November 17 , 2016 , as a special episode for Family Channel 's Stand UP ! Bullying Awareness Week . Season 5 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Part 1 135 `` A New Regime '' Derby Crewe Rachael Schaefer May 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 26 ) 8 months after TNS ' Regional loss , auditions take place for the next A-Troupe in the new east studio . Michelle is surprised when a familiar face turns up and announces she is studio head . Lots of previous A-Troupers do n't make the cut . 136 `` Go West , Young Michelle '' Derby Crewe Karen McClellan June 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 02 ) Michelle makes a surprising announcement that tears the studio in two , and as Emily puts her new A-Troupe to work , dancers struggle to adapt to her new strict philosophy . 137 `` Dance , Lies and Hoverboards '' Jay Prychidny Emma Campbell June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) An unpolished new dancer , Kingston , at TNS West might not have what it takes to be part of the team . Richelle is made dance captain of TNS East and befriends Lola . Piper offers to help Amy conceal her secret from her mother , but is discovered by Emily . The two girls fallout . 138 `` Leon Me '' Jay Prychidny Ian Malone June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) Emily hires a guest choreographer to teach a hip - hop class for TNS East , but when TNS West shows up too Emily and Michelle go head to head . 139 5 `` It 's All Fun and Games ... '' Steven Reynolds Brad Vermunt and Frank Van Keeken June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) Amy 's mom discovers that she is not dancing with the original A-Troupe . Noah tries to find an excuse to back out of a duet with Richelle , and do it with Jacquie instead . 140 6 `` No Good Deed '' Stephen Reynolds Jan Caruana July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) Emily and Daniel give Amy another shot to make it into A-Troupe . Noah admits to Jacquie that Henry is the reason that is causing their relationship to be awkward . 141 7 `` Heathers '' Stephen Reynolds Karen McClellan July 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) Piper finds a new dancer for TNS West , whilst Zara has to choose between maths and dancing in TNS East . 142 8 `` 12 Hour Party People '' Stefan Scaini Rachael Schaefer July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) TNS West throw a Dance - A-Thon , where people have to dance for 12 hours without stopping , in order to find a new member for their team . 143 9 `` A Tale of Two Eldons '' Stefan Scaini Karl DiPelino July 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 28 ) TNS West get their 10th and final dancer . Former A-Troupe member , Eldon , agrees to choreograph for both TNS East and TNS West , without Emily and Michelle knowing . 144 10 `` United and Divided '' Stephen Reynolds Karen McClellan August 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) Piper struggles to cope being around her duet partner . Noah quits TNS East and joins TNS West . Henry must decide if he is ready to move on from an old break - up . Part 2 145 11 `` East Meets West '' Mitchell T Ness Rachael Schaefer October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) TNS East finally competes against TNS West for a spot to chance at Regionals , Miss Kate brings in Riley and James to judge the competition . Unfortunately , the result is heartbreaking . 146 12 `` Brave New World '' Mitchell T Ness Matt Hogue October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) Kingston and Ozzy discover the Elliot has a secret which could mean that TNS East 's win does not count . Sloane returns to give LaTroy an opportunity of a lifetime . Noah and Jacquie 's relationship becomes tense . 147 13 `` TNS : Civil War '' Melanie Orr Jan Caruana October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Miss Kate makes a shocking decision that will affect the future of TNS East and TNS West ; Noah and Jacquie take their relationship to the next level . 148 14 `` Stand Together or Fall Apart '' Melanie Orr Karen McClellan November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) 149 15 `` This Changes Everything '' Derek Ryan Rachael Schaefer November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 150 16 `` Stand and Deliver '' Derek Ryan Brad Vermunt , Ryan Spencer November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 151 17 `` Oh Brother ! Why Art Thou Here ? '' Kim Derko Emma Campbell November 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) 152 18 `` I Have a Vision '' Kim Derko Ian Malone November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) 153 19 `` Snap Decision '' Derby Crewe Rachael Schaefer December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) 154 20 `` Pointe of No Return '' Derby Crewe Karen McClellan December 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 13 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bertrand , Ginger ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` Principal photography starts on THE NEXT STEP a new tween drama from Temple Street Productions for Family Channel '' . Astral . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Next Step Renewed For Season 6 By Family Channel ! '' . Renew Cancel TV . June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mitchell Ness on Instagram : `` Aaaaand DONE ! Thank you to an amazing cast and crew for a thrilling 4 days of shooting ! '' . Instagram . August 6 , 2017 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HE NEXT STEP - TEMPORADA 6 / / SEASON 6 ( TRAILER ) '' . Instagram . June 30 , 2018 . Retrieved July 4 , 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Next_Step_episodes&oldid=855952838 '' Categories : Lists of Canadian television series episodes Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 23 : 03 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what episode does riley and james get together | [
"No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air datePart 1\n11\"Get The Party Started\"Brian K. RobertsFrank van KeekenMarch 8, 2013 (2013-03-08)\nThe A- and B-Troupe dancers audition to earn a place in A-Troupe. When the fourth group of dancers are about to start their audition, an unknown dancer named Michelle who just moved from Madison, Wisconsin comes in. By this unexpected twist, last year's Dance Captain, Emily feels threatened by Michelle. Kate talks to Michelle in her office and tells her she would be happy to audition as she was dance captain at her old studio as well as being miss national soloist.\n22\"Everybody Dance Now\"Brian K. RobertsFrank van Keeken and Chloe Van KeekenMarch 12, 2013 (2013-03-12)\nGiselle does not make it into A-Troupe. Giselle is later removed from the E-girls for not being in A-Troupe, as the rules are that all E-girls must be in A-Troupe. Emily promises to get Giselle back in A-troupe, and kick Michelle out. Chloe later becomes part of the E-Girls. Stephanie tells Michelle before their first dance rehearsal is in Studio B but, Giselle, who is on her way to B-Troupe tells her that A-Troupe is always in Studio A. Stephanie tells us in a confessional she did this so Michelle would be late, and get a bad reputation in A-Troupe. It is said by people in A-Troupe and as well in a confession done by James was that James has dated many girls before, including Beth who is now in B-Troupe,and Amanda, who was at Elite which is a rival studio which always wins regionals\n\n. He uses dancing as an \"unfair\" advantage to get girls. It is said as well that E-girls is named by Emily, whose name starts with the letter \"E\" so that's why they are called the E-Girls. Also the E-girls have over 100 rules, the main one being that you always look out for fellow E-Girls, also they have a fairly simple hand shake, creating an \"E\" with their hand, linking it with another E-girl to create an \"E\" on the top and a \"G\" on the bottom.\n33\"Dance, Dance\"Brian K. RobertsChloe Van KeekenMarch 13, 2013 (2013-03-13)\nKate and Chris give Michelle a chance to be dance captain considering her being dance captain at her last studio. Each dance captain had to split into a group of 5. But when Chris chooses the groups, Emily is split with Stephanie, her best friend, and Stephanie has to mess up the dance moves in Michelle's dance. Riley feels that Emily and Stephanie's idea shows that Emily is feeling too threatened towards Michelle. Kate yells at Michelle for deciding that their dance was ready, where Michelle argues saying that Stephanie agreed that she was ready. Emily was once again dance captain. Meanwhile, James is about to get kicked out of the studio for failing math. Chris says that he will help James and his mom gives him a second chance. West tries to befriend James by randomly putting on dance offs in public. Everyone in A-Troupe starts arguing over who should be dance captain, Kate panics and Chris throws ping pong balls for everyone to clean up. Until West starts dancing in front of James, James starts dancing in response meaning West has won his respect. Eventually everyone starts dancing together, forgetting about the dance captain situation. They realize they are here to dance, not to complain.\n44\"Rock and a Hard Place\"Brian K. RobertsRachael SchaeferMarch 14, 2013 (2013-03-14)\nA dance competition is coming up this weekend so Kate and Chris think they should decide the dance line positions. Emily persuades them to let her make the decision, which leads her to putting Michelle in the back row. After Riley finds out that Emily lied to A-Troupe about having the list reviewed by Kate and Chris, she approaches James and asks him if he thinks her being in the front over Michelle is fair, he gives her honest opinion and tells her that it is not. So she switches her front line position with Michelle in the middle of a rehearsal. Emily is outraged that her sister betrayed her, and the E-Girls vote to kick Riley out of their clique. Also, Daniel choreographs a routine for J-troupe, while Tiffany uses J-Troupe to mess with him.\n55\"Steal My Sunshine\"Mitchell T. NessChloe Van KeekenMarch 15, 2013 (2013-03-15)\nThe A-Troupe members go to the beach for a day off while the E-Girls run Dance Camp for the little kids. At the beach, Riley loses Emily's necklace and the group has to find it before they leave the beach. Meanwhile, one of the little kids at dance camp gets lost and the E-Girls have to find her before dance camp is over. At the end, Riley finds Emily's necklace and the E-girls find the little girl.\n66\"Good Girls Go Bad\"Frank van KeekenStory by : Cole Bastedo Teleplay by : Rachael SchaeferMarch 22, 2013 (2013-03-22)\nThe A-Troupe takes a visit to the Elite studio to see what they're doing for Regionals. West and Daniel stay at the studio and dance while the rest go to Elite. Riley asks James to go along to keep an eye for Michelle as he is the only one she feels she can trust to keep Emily from hurting Michelle . Michelle gets caught at Elite while filming their routine and the rest of the group leave her there, where she pretends to audition as a cover up. Elite consider recruiting her. Meanwhile, Daniel & West choreograph a duet together. The episode ends as Michelle worries in a confessional. When Kate realizes Michelle was late, she called her over to have a chat about what she overheard the dancers saying. She then tells Emily that Michelle may leave the studio because of how unhappy she was, although Michelle said that it was purely to spy.\n77\"Love Story\"Brian K. RobertsFrank van KeekenApril 19, 2013 (2013-04-19)\nMichelle is still at the Elite studio, frightened to be in front of the Elite group. She is so embarrassed to be caught in front of the whole Elite group. Michelle volunteered to film some of Elite's dancing to try to gain a friendship with Emily. Meanwhile James is worrying because Riley had asked him to make sure Michelle doesn't get caught because of Emily . Riley discovers Emily's plan to push Michelle out of the studio. Riley and James make a plan to replace Emily as dance captain with Michelle by making a new better dance to throw over Emily. Michelle has feelings for Eldon and he likes her. In rehearsals Michelle suggests that she and Eldon should do a duet together to try to gain some time to be alone and get to know him better. Kate decides that it is a good idea and they go and practice in studio B.\n88\"Just the Two of Us\"Brian K. RobertsRachael SchaeferApril 26, 2013 (2013-04-26)\nEldon realized that he has both feelings for Emily and Michelle but wants to go with Michelle because after practicing their duet he realized that Michelle is a great person.\n99\"Video Killed the Radio Star\"Brian K. RobertsIan Van Den HurkMay 3, 2013 (2013-05-03)\nBrighter Brightest is coming to make a music video with the A-Troupe dancers featured in the video. Meanwhile, Riley is such a huge fan of the band Brighter Brightest that she stammers when trying the talk to the band. Leading the band to think she's a foreign girl who doesn't know how to speak English. James and Riley are caught bickering and told they have a lot of chemistry and are going to be the center of the music video. The female and male dancers split up after arguments where the boys are making animal noises and acting childishly. Eventually they join back together creating a great dance. James admits to having feelings for Riley in an interview while Riley denies it, by the end of the episode you can see that Riley is starting to develop some feelings for James after James gets an autograph from the band as a gift for Riley.\n1010\"Road To Joy\"Mitchell NessRachael SchaeferMay 10, 2013 (2013-05-10)\nKate tells Riley to go downtown and pick up the sample costumes for Regionals and James insists on going solely to spend time with her, so he begs Riley to stop and get shawarmas. But, when they get back on the bus, James doesn't have a transfer. So when Riley presents her transfer to the bus driver, James rips her transfer in order to stay together. So now they have to take a shortcut through the park where they meet James's \"kooky\" aunt. When they finally arrive at the shop, it is closed and Riley goes off at James, resulting in her giving him advice on how to master a dance move. In the end, when they're heading back to the studio in the bus, Riley and James hold hands. And James and Riley do get the costumes in time when they impress the owners by dancing. Meanwhile, Stephanie takes photo shoots for her dream of being a \"triple threat\", which doesn't go well at first, but when she starts dancing it goes really well.\n1111\"Can You Keep A Secret?\"Brian K. RobertsRachael SchaeferMay 17, 2013 (2013-05-17)\nThe A-Troupe auditions for soloists begin. When Daniel earns the solo, he gets an injury and keeps it a secret from everyone. Michelle figures out Chloe has a job. But, when Chloe is late for soloist auditions, Michelle stands up to Emily for Chloe, giving a speech about how Emily is being a bully before walking out that gives the impression that she is going to Elite. But, when Riley and James find her in Squeezed, she announces to them that she decided that she would finally overthrow Emily's position as dance captain in order to show Emily how mean she really is.\n1212\"Get It Together\"Brian K. RobertsStory by : Cole Bastedo Teleplay by : Chloe Van KeekenMay 24, 2013 (2013-05-24)\nMichelle, Riley and James start planning their dance to overthrow Emily as dance captain. As they create a dance to overthrow her, they get West, and Daniel to join in the dance as they think Michelle would be a much better captain. When the group is late for rehearsals, Emily suspects something is up. After Emily rejects Chloe's dance move, Michelle, Riley, James, West, and Daniel show Chloe the dance, and ask her if she wants to join. Chloe immediately says no, and leaves upset at them for trying to overthrow Emily, her fellow E-Girl. During the episode, Emily and Eldon start to get closer, they talk about their families, and hold hands in the juice bar, which makes Michelle upset for an \"unknown\" reason. Also, Stephanie gets help from Tiffany on her acting capabilities, and when Kate and Stephanie get back from meeting with an agent, Stephanie gets a phone call after she auditions for an acting agent, and gets her first agent.\n1313\"Don't Go Breaking My Heart\"Samir RehemFrank van KeekenMay 31, 2013 (2013-05-31)\nEmily tries to figure out what Michelle's group is doing. Chloe also joins Michelle's group. Eldon tries to prove to the A-Troupe dancers that he and Emily are serious. His plan did not go over well and he ended up ruining all the chances he had with Emily. At the same time he even created more humiliation for himself. Emily apologizes to Eldon after she was harsh to him. Michelle's group decides to invite Eldon into their dance. While they were performing the dance for him, Stephanie finds out about Michelle's dance and tells Emily.\n1414\"Sabotage\"Samir RehemFrank van KeekenJune 7, 2013 (2013-06-07)\nIn the summer finale, the E-Girls finds out about Michelle's routine. They take Michelle's phone and send mean texts to Emily's phone to get Michelle kicked out. Riley sees them and she hides Michelle's phone. After Emily tells Kate about it, the truth about Michelle's dance routine is revealed and to settle it, Kate asks for Michelle's group to show their dance routine. Kate and Chris like their dance, and then Michelle becomes Captain after each person votes for the new dance captain. But Stephanie and Emily leave.\nPart 2\n1515\"Changes\"Samir RehemFrank van KeekenSeptember 20, 2013 (2013-09-20)\nEmily and Stephanie struggle with Michelle as the new dance captain. Michelle tries to be friends with Emily since Michelle doesn't want a bad relationship with Emily, but Emily rejects her. James gets pulled out of the studio but Michelle convinces James' mom that he focuses on his studies for two weeks to improve his grades in Math with the help from the team. Riley is upset; Riley makes a deal with James that if he gets 70% or higher on his Math exam, she would go on a date with him; James is overjoyed. The E-Girls are now broken up. Emily rejects Michelle again by not participating in any of the dance rehearsals. Riley and Emily's relationship has hit rock bottom when Emily tells her that they are no longer sisters. Riley is very upset after Emily says they are not sisters.\n1616\"Help\"Samir RehemRachael Schaefer and Frank van KeekenSeptember 27, 2013 (2013-09-27)\nMichelle's captaincy gets praised by the dancers once again. Everybody gets mad at Emily for being a drama queen and not trying at all. Emily confesses her feelings to Kate about no longer being Dance Captain. Kate says Emily will have to work hard so she can still be a part of the team. James is studying hard for math to improve his grades. Eldon is still mad at Emily for how she treated him when he made his grand gesture, but offers to help her with the moves after she confesses she doesn't know them. It is revealed by Emily that she has been a bad dance captain because her moves are the only ones that she knows. Emily is starting to have feelings for Eldon. Emily changes her heart about Michelle as dance captain, finally accepting her. Stephanie decides to act like Emily forgetting Michelle. Michelle decides to change the line positions for the routine so everyone re-auditions for their spots and Emily does really well but Michelle still puts in the back row, which angers Eldon.\n1717\"Forget You\"Samir RahemRachael Schaefer and Frank van KeekenOctober 4, 2013 (2013-10-04)\nEmily confronts Michelle for her placement in the back row, saying Michelle put her in the back row because Michelle has an enormous crush on Eldon. Michelle denies this but later admits in the confessional that she does have a \"little\" crush on him. Eldon comforts Emily and after they talk a little, they share a kiss. Eldon talks to Michelle about Emily's line placement and Michelle promises she will switch Emily and Eldon's positions. Meanwhile, Stephanie auditions for a commercial and the director likes her but says behind her back that he hated her; Stephanie overhears this and is embarrassed. Riley begins to make math cue cards for James, but states that they're just friends when confronted by Tiffany. Michelle reveals she will switch Emily and Eldon and everyone disagrees but they let her do it anyway. Then Riley runs in and tells everyone that Emily and Stephanie are leaving the studio, surprising and angering everyone just as the episode ends.\n1818\"Brand New\"Patrick SisamFrank van Keeken and Chloe van KeekenOctober 11, 2013 (2013-10-11)\nA-Troupe decides to hold auditions for two new dancers to replace Emily and Stephanie. They let B-Troupe members audition and Giselle is desperate to make it in. Emily and Stephanie go to audition for Elite. Riley goes to James' school to teach him Michelle's routine and sees he's stressed out about his upcoming math test. Riley tests him and he gets all of the answers right. When she asks for a high five to congratulate him, he pulls her in for a hug instead. She then teaches the routine and they dance together. It is later revealed that James feels like anything is possible with Riley and is happy that she sticks by him and believes in him. Eldon goes to Elite to see how Emily is doing and she promises that even if they are at different studios, they will always be together. But just as Kate and Chris are about to reveal the two new A-Troupe dancers, Stephanie comes back and asks if she can audition for A-Troupe because she did not make it to Elite but Emily did, leaving her behind, betraying her and ruining their friendship.\n1919\"First Date\"Frank van KeekenFrank van Keeken and Chloe Van KeekenOctober 18, 2013 (2013-10-18)\nStephanie is allowed to audition for A-Troupe despite how angry everyone is with her. Despite that, she is let in and cries happy tears when she makes it. Later James walks in to see Riley dancing a solo to a song called \"Where Did Everybody Go?\", and it stirs him up a little. He re-joins A-Troupe after he passes his math test with a B+, earning him his A-Troupe spot and a date with Riley. Giselle rejoins A-Troupe as well. Michelle and Stephanie agree to create a new Regionals routine as Emily might share A-Troupes ideas with the people at Elite. After choreographing it, Daniel begins to mark the routine, Kate tells him he needs to work harder or his solo will be taken away. Daniel practices alone and states that his injury is much better now. Michelle and Eldon choreograph a duet together for the Regionals routine and Michelle believes there is something between them. James and Riley go on their first date at the studio where they have food from many different countries, they eat, dance and kiss at the end.\n2020\"We Are Family\"Frank van KeekenFrank van Keeken and Chloe Van KeekenOctober 25, 2013 (2013-10-25)\nRiley tries to make her relationship with Emily as sisters work out. Emily disagrees at first but later on agrees to try to make things right between them. Meanwhile, Eldon takes Emily on a date, but Emily doesn't like the food he brings, so they decide to talk. That makes Eldon like Michelle a bit more. Emily was in the back row at Elite, but in the end, Amanda and Lucien agree she can be in the middle row after she improves. While Emily and Riley talk, Riley tells Emily she went on a date with James, and she needs advice to know if whether they're in a relationship or not. Emily tells her to be straight up with him and ask. In the end of the episode, while Eldon dances their duet with Michelle, Riley arrives and reminds him he's supposed to be at a date with Emily. After, he knows he's in love with Michelle. At the very end, Riley pulls James from the group, so she can ask him if they're in a relationship or not, she says she would like to be and then he runs and hugs her. Riley and James are officially in a relationship.\n2121\"Break Stuff\"Frank van KeekenBrian Hartigan and Frank van KeekenNovember 1, 2013 (2013-11-01)\nGiselle and Daniel want to do an overhead lift in the routine called \"The Helicopter\" but Kate says no because it is too risky. They talk to Michelle and she lets them show it to her. They do and Michelle loves it and lets them do it. Meanwhile, Stephanie gets a role on a television show, only to find out it is filming the same weekend as Regionals. Also, West runs into a member from his former dance crew, Marcel, and he doesn't want Marcel to know that he is in A-Troupe since West left the crew without telling Marcel. At practice when Daniel and Giselle do the helicopter, Daniel badly sprains his ankle and has to leave A-Troupe and will be out indefinitely, not being able to take part in Regionals. He is devastated.\n2222\"Come Back... Be Here\"Frank van KeekenFrank van KeekenNovember 8, 2013 (2013-11-08)\nMichelle tells the A-Troupe members that they need to get Emily to rejoin the studio; they disagree at first but later on agree so they go to Elite to convince her to rejoin but she refuses. Amanda and Lucien move Emily up to the front row of their routine. While leaving, Amanda says \"hi\" to James which earns him a light slap on the arm from a sad Riley. Riley admits it is hard to be dating someone who dated lots of girls in the dance community. James has the Regionals solo now that Daniel is gone and he just can't get it right, and his math grades begin to slip again. Riley warns him about it but he doesn't care about his grades. Eventually James tells Kate he can't dance the solo anymore and Kate understands so she tries to give it to West, who refuses it. Later Emily overhears Amanda and Lucien plotting to kick her out of Elite when Regionals come and she leaves. Eldon confesses to Michelle that he wants to be with her, but then Emily comes back and her and Eldon hug but Eldon still wants to be with Michelle who now thinks her and Eldon are not meant to be.\n2323\"Dancing in the Street\"Mitchell NessFrank van KeekenNovember 15, 2013 (2013-11-15)\nA-Troupe assembles a dance battle with \"Seeds\", West's dance crew. Emily and Stephanie finally make up and become friends again. When Seeds arrive at the studio, everyone finds out that West dances with Seeds and he is forced to pick a crew, and he picks A-Troupe. When Emily begins to show true captaincy to the team, Michelle thinks that Emily should be her co-captain. Michelle begins to avoid Eldon because he is dating Emily and she is back now. Ultimately, A-Troupe loses the battle against Seeds and they are very upset. Back at the studio, Emily takes a stand saying she is happy they lost because now they what they are competing against at Regionals since Seeds will be going to Regionals and she offers to buy everyone juice which they accept. Michelle tells Emily she wants Emily to be her co-captain and Emily is very shocked.\n2424\"Price Tag\"Mitchell NessFrank van Keeken and Chloe Van KeekenNovember 22, 2013 (2013-11-22)\nEmily accepts Michelle's offer to be her co-captain and they agree that they need to create a new Regionals routine. Chloe’s financial problems finally boil over when she is late for a payment again and she confesses to Kate that she has a job. Chloe decides it would be best for her to leave A-Troupe. Co-Captains Michelle and Emily decide to work together and encourage the team to help Chloe. The team goes to the restaurant Chloe works in to give her huge tips, in which she uses to pay for A-Troupe.\n2525\"Bad Moon Rising\"Derby CreweFrank van KeekenNovember 29, 2013 (2013-11-29)\nIt starts off with the troupe practicing the routine for Regionals. Emily says the energy was great so they can all go home. Chris and Kate walk in and inform them that since they all worked so hard they should have a fun night where they hang out as friends, not team mates. They all come and play a fun game called machine then play truth or dare. Riley asks West what his biggest secret is. West's answer is witnessing a robbery. Then, West dares Stephanie to order a juice with Tiffany being the hands. But when they all go, Tiffany puts lipstick on Stephanie then they all come back and Kate wants to put a movie on. But the twist is that they have to dance to pick the movie and James wins, but gives his choice to Riley. After the movie they play truth or dare. Tiffany dares James to kiss Riley then James dares Emily to do the salteen cracker challenge, then Emily gives Michelle a truth asking which guy does she like. She says West, not wanting anyone to find out about her secret crush on Eldon. Later Eldon goes up to Michelle and says he wants to break up with Emily and Michelle says if you break up with her now it will tear the team apart. Then they tell ghost stories (girls against boys) and whoever gets freaked out has to pay. First Stephanie tells a story which the guys have heard of and then West tells a story about chickens. Riley is frightened of chickens so James pops out in a chicken costume and scares Riley. Then the girls prank the guys by putting hot sauce on the pizza that they 'ordered.' Unfortunately the boys already knew this. Then a cop comes and arrests James. The girls then reveal in an interview that it was a joke. The guys were shocked that they were double pranked. The cop was actually Giselle's uncle and Kate was part of the prank.\n2626\"Can't Fight This Feeling\"Kim DerkoFrank van KeekenDecember 6, 2013 (2013-12-06)\nExcitement turns to worry when the dancers receive the wrong costumes for Regionals. They try on other costumes from studio B, where James puts a chicken costume on and scares Riley, who is scared of chickens. Riley later says that he defiantly lost brownie points on that joke. They also try on costumes Giselle picks up but they don't turn out well. Stephanie reveals that she got the part she auditioned for in Break Stuff, but that it films the same week as Regionals. Michelle finally confesses to Eldon that she has feelings for him and wants to be with him, Eldon says he has moved, upsetting Michelle very much. Stephanie ultimately decides to give up the TV show and go to the Regionals. A-Troupe is ready to go to Regionals.\n2727\"I'm So Excited\"Mitchell NessFrank van KeekenDecember 13, 2013 (2013-12-13)\nRegionals are finally here and the competition is heating up. Before A-Troupe leaves, J-Troupe play them a song on instruments to wish them good luck at Regionals. Daniel appears as well. Once they arrive, so do Elite who get the skip the register line since they won last year. Amanda attempts to break A-Troupe apart but fails. When West realizes that Seeds is missing a member from their crew, he wants to join them. Everyone in A-Troupe and Marcel, the leader of Seeds, say no. But after a bit convincing, West is allowed to perform with Seeds. Seeds end up scoring 88 out of 100 points from the judges. Just when A-Troupe are about to perform, West arrives and says he hurt his ankle dancing with\"Seeds, but he was only joking. As soon as A-Troupe go on stage to perform, the episode ends.\n2828\"Fancy Footwork\"Mitchell NessFrank van KeekenDecember 20, 2013 (2013-12-20)\nA-Troupe does their first Regionals routine and they manage to advance to the next round and the third. But in the third round, One of Riley's gloves gets caught in a feather on her bow and their performance goes awry. The Next Step ends up getting eliminated and they are all heartbroken, especially Riley who blames herself for it but everyone else tells her not to. Then James reminds them that they could be given the wild-card spot that will allow them to return, exciting everyone. When they are called back onstage later with two other dance troupes, the announcer announces that The Next Step is the wild-card group and they will return to the competition and everyone is ecstatic. ConfiDance, Annex Dance Academy, Art and Soul and more are all real dance studios in the Ontario area.\n2929\"This Is How We Do It\"Mitchell NessFrank van KeekenDecember 27, 2013 (2013-12-27)\nThe Next Step competes in the semifinals against Seeds. Elite won against Dance Inc. The Next Step's performance is flawless which gets them a score of 93/100, beating Seeds' score of 91/100. Amanda starts to make fun of Emily, who walks away with Riley, forcing Eldon to follow her since she is his girlfriend. Eldon and Emily talk it through and when Emily goes to kiss Eldon he moves away. James gets on Riley's nerves while joking around so Riley yells at him in front of the whole group. After Riley pulls James aside and apologizes for yelling at him. They learn that Riley gets stressed more and James is more calm and relaxed in situations. They both agree to try and be more respectful and supportive of the way the other person is. Emily is starting to notice more about Eldon and Michelle's feelings for each other, when Emily mention Elite will have a plane that's a prop. The Next Step votes to retaliate with Eldon and Michelle's duet in their last performance against Elite.\n3030\"Winner Takes All\"Mitchell NessFrank van KeekenJanuary 3, 2014 (2014-01-03)\nThe Next Step face off against Elite in the finals of Regionals. Eldon reveals to Michelle that he wants to be with her and he lied when he said he had moved on, he promises he will tell Emily after regionals. Just before they perform, Emily begs Eldon to tell her whats going on between him and Michelle and Eldon confesses that he wants to be with Michelle causing him and Emily break up and Emily is upset. Also, Riley and James are talking, while Riley notices Beth. James confronts her on why she's there and she tells him she still loves him. James leaves using the excuse he has to perform. When Riley asks what was said he tells her that she just came to see him perform. James states in an interview he didn't tell Riley about Beth saying she loves him because it would jinx her out and she wouldn't be focused on the routine. They perform their Regionals routine, which was Romeo and Juliet themed, with Michelle and Eldon as Romeo and Juliet. The Next Step wins against Elite Studio and are proclaimed as Regionals winners. Michelle and Emily's relationship remains unknown after Emily gives Michelle the cold stare. Riley jumps into James' arms and hugs her and he spins her around in his arms and they kiss on stage in front of everybody including Beth."
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-4246577091866499127 | 1997 AFL Grand Final | 1997 AFL Grand final - wikipedia 1997 AFL Grand final Jump to : navigation , search 1997 AFL Grand Final The Melbourne Cricket Ground , where the 1997 AFL Grand Final took place . St Kilda Adelaide 13.16 ( 94 ) 19.11 ( 125 ) STK 3.6 ( 24 ) 7.11 ( 53 ) 9.13 ( 67 ) 13.16 ( 94 ) ADE 3.8 ( 26 ) 5.10 ( 40 ) 11.11 ( 77 ) 19.11 ( 125 ) Date 27 September 1997 Stadium Melbourne Cricket Ground Attendance 99,645 Umpires Hayden Kennedy ( 7 ) , Bryan Sheehan ( 9 ) , Mark Nash ( 14 ) Ceremonies Pre-match entertainment Marina Prior National anthem Marina Prior Accolades Norm Smith Medallist Andrew McLeod ( Adelaide ) Jock McHale Medallist Malcolm Blight Broadcast in Australia Network Seven Network Commentators Bruce McAvaney , Dennis Cometti and Sandy Roberts ← 1996 AFL Grand Final 1998 → The 1997 AFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Adelaide Football Club and the St Kilda Football Club , held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne on 27 September 1997 . It was the 101st annual Grand Final of the Australian Football League ( formerly the Victorian Football League ) , staged to determine the premiers for the 1997 AFL season . The match , attended by 99,645 spectators , was won by Adelaide by a margin of 31 points , marking that club 's first premiership victory . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Match summary 3 Teams 4 Match details 5 See also 6 References Background ( edit ) Main article : 1997 AFL season The 1997 Grand Final saw the Saints playing in their first premiership decider since losing the 1971 VFL Grand Final , whilst the Crows were appearing in their first Grand Final since entering the competition in 1991 . At the conclusion of the home and away season , St Kilda had finished first on the AFL ladder with 15 wins and 7 losses , winning the McClelland Trophy . They had won their last seven matches . Adelaide , with former Woodville and North Melbourne star Malcolm Blight taking over as coach , had finished fourth ( behind Geelong and the Western Bulldogs ) with 13 wins and 9 losses . They had made the finals for only the second time in their club history , after losing in a preliminary final in 1993 to eventual premiers Essendon . Tony Modra was the club 's leading goalkicker for the fifth straight season with a total of 84 . Adelaide won their qualifying final encounter against West Coast at Football Park by 33 points , but still needed to play a semi final against Geelong which they won by 8 points , again at Football Park . They then progressed to a preliminary final against the Western Bulldogs , a match in which they came from behind to snatch victory by just two points . It was , at that time , the greatest victory in the Crows ' team history . However , in this game Adelaide lost Modra in the first quarter to an ACL injury , meaning he would not be available for the grand final . St Kilda won their qualifying final against the eighth placed Brisbane Lions by 46 points at Waverley Park before over 50,000 , sending them to a home preliminary final against seventh placed North Melbourne at the MCG , which they won by 31 points in front of crowd of 77,531 . The Saints went into the grand final as heavy favourites . St Kilda 's Robert Harvey won the Brownlow Medal earlier in the week for having been the best player in the AFL for the 1997 season . Western Bulldogs player Chris Grant polled the highest number of votes , but as he had been suspended for a one match ban - in Round 7 against Hawthorn for striking - he was deemed ineligible for the award . Match summary ( edit ) It was an exciting Grand Final , and despite St Kilda leading by 13 points at half time , Adelaide won by 5 goals , kicking 8 goals in the final quarter . Adelaide became the first team to win four consecutive finals to claim a premiership . Andrew McLeod won his first Norm Smith Medal for being judged the best player afield . Shane Ellen , typically a defensive player for the Crows , provided a cameo at full - forward in place of Modra with five goals , while Darren Jarman booted a Grand Final record of five in the last quarter , taking him to six for the match and sealing the game . Other influential Crows players included Shaun Rehn , Kane Johnson , David Pittman , Troy Bond and Ben Hart . St Kilda 's Austinn Jones kicked the goal of the match , or what could have been goal of the year . In an effort reminiscent of Phil Manassa in the replayed 1977 Grand Final , Jones ran almost the full length of the ground and kicked the goal from the boundary . Saints forward Barry Hall , who kicked three goals , would later feature in the Sydney Swans ' premiership winning team in 2005 . Adelaide went on to win its second consecutive premiership the following year , whilst St Kilda had to wait until 2009 for another shot at the premiership , but were defeated by Geelong . Teams ( edit ) Adelaide B : 44 Peter Caven 35 Rod Jameson 34 Ben Hart HB : 23 Andrew McLeod 15 David Pittman 36 Simon Goodwin C : 14 Matthew Connell 3 Darren Jarman 5 Kym Koster HF : 24 Clay Sampson 10 Matthew Robran 7 Nigel Smart F : 42 Chad Rintoul 13 Shane Ellen 18 Troy Bond Foll : 52 Shaun Rehn 28 Kane Johnson 26 Mark Bickley ( Capt ) Int : 9 Tyson Edwards 11 Brett James 20 Aaron Keating Coach : Malcolm Blight St. Kilda B : 19 Steven Sziller 31 Jamie Shanahan 1 Justin Peckett HB : 18 Jason Cripps 15 Darryl Wakelin 8 Max Hudghton C : 34 Jayson Daniels 29 Andrew Thompson 5 Austinn Jones HF : 22 Matthew Lappin 23 Stewart Loewe ( Capt ) 17 Rod Keogh F : 25 Barry Hall 24 Jason Heatley 7 Nicky Winmar Foll : 42 Brett Cook 35 Robert Harvey 3 Nathan Burke ( Capt ) Int : 2 Tony Brown 13 David Sierakowski 16 Robert Neill Coach : Stan Alves Match details ( edit ) 1997 AFL Grand Final Saturday , 27 September ( 2 : 30 pm ) St Kilda def. by Adelaide MCG ( crowd : 99,645 ) 3.6 ( 24 ) 7.11 ( 53 ) 9.13 ( 67 ) 13.16 ( 94 ) Q1 Q2 Q3 Final 3.8 ( 26 ) 5.10 ( 40 ) 11.11 ( 77 ) 19.11 ( 125 ) Umpires : Kennedy ( 7 ) , Sheehan ( 9 ) , Nash ( 14 ) Norm Smith Medal : Andrew McLeod ( Adelaide ) Television broadcast : Seven Network National anthem : Marina Prior Heatley 3 , Hall 3 , Loewe 2 , Jones , Burke , Winmar , Peckett , Harvey Goals Jarman 6 , Ellen 5 , Bond 4 , Smart , Goodwin , Rintoul , Caven Harvey , Jones , Burke , Hall , Cook , Keogh Best McLeod , Jarman , Johnson , Ellen , Goodwin , Caven See also ( edit ) 1997 AFL season References ( edit ) Jump up ^ AFL Tables - 1997 Brownlow Medal Jump up ^ http://afltables.com/afl/stats/games/1997/011519970927.html Victorian / Australian Football League Grand Finals VFL Grand Finals 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 AFL Grand Finals 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Adelaide Football Club 1997 AFL premiers Adelaide 19.11 ( 125 ) defeated St Kilda 13.16 ( 94 ) , at the Melbourne Cricket Ground 3 . Jarman 5 . Koster 7 . Smart 9 . Edwards 10 . Robran 11 . James 13 . Ellen 14 . Connell 15 . Pittman 18 . Bond 20 . Keating 23 . McLeod 24 . Sampson 26 . Bickley ( c ) 28 . Johnson 34 . Hart 35 . Jameson 36 . Goodwin 42 . Rintoul 44 . Caven 52 . Rehn Coach : Blight Adelaide Football Club History Premierships and records Players Captains Coaches Awards Malcolm Blight Medal Leading goalkickers Captain : Taylor Walker Coach : Don Pyke Nickname : Crows Stadiums Football Park ( 1991 -- 2013 ) Adelaide Oval ( 2014 -- ) AFL premierships ( 2 ) 1997 1998 AFLW premierships ( 1 ) 2017 Seasons ( 27 ) 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Related articles Showdown SANFL club St Kilda Football Club History Club honours Individual honours Players Captains Coaches Records and statistics Trevor Barker award Leading goalkickers Captain : Jarryn Geary Coach : Alan Richardson Nickname : Saints Home grounds Junction Oval ( 1897 -- 64 ) Toorak Park ( 1942 -- 43 ) Moorabbin Oval ( 1965 -- 92 ) Waverley Park ( 1993 -- 99 ) Docklands Stadium ( 2000 -- present ) Premierships ( 1 ) 1966 Seasons ( 137 ) 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Related articles Sandringham Football Club ( VFL - affiliate ) St Kilda did not field a team from 1916 -- 17 due to the First World War Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1997_AFL_Grand_Final&oldid=787584641 '' Categories : VFL / AFL Grand Finals Adelaide Football Club St Kilda Football Club 1997 Australian Football League season 1997 in Australian rules football Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Use dmy dates from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 June 2017 , at 07 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played in the 1997 afl grand final | [
"The 1997 AFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Adelaide Football Club and the St Kilda Football Club, held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne on 27 September 1997. It was the 101st annual Grand Final of the Australian Football League (formerly the Victorian Football League), staged to determine the premiers for the 1997 AFL season. The match, attended by 99,645 spectators, was won by Adelaide by a margin of 31 points, marking that club's first premiership victory."
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"Adelaide Football Club and the St Kilda Football Club"
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-4552717688531752878 | Cassie Brady | Cassie Brady - wikipedia Cassie Brady Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cassie Brady Days of Our Lives character Portrayed by Alexis Thorpe Duration 2002 -- 05 First appearance July 8 , 2002 Last appearance July 26 , 2005 Created by Peter Brash and Paula Cwikly Introduced by Ken Corday and Stephen Wyman Classification Former , recurring Profile Other names Cassie DiMera Occupation University Student Residence Chicago ( show ) Family Parents Roman Brady Kate Roberts Stepfather Stefano DiMera ( 2009 -- 12 ) André DiMera ( 2017 - 18 ) Siblings Rex Brady Carrie Brady Reed Eric Brady Sami Brady Austin Reed Billie Reed Lucas Horton Philip Kiriakis Grandparents Shawn Brady Caroline Brady Aunts and uncles Kimberly Brady Kayla Brady Bo Brady Frankie Brady ( adoptive ) Max Brady ( adoptive ) Nieces and nephews Will Horton Allie Horton Johnny DiMera Sydney DiMera Chelsea Brady Tyler Kiriakis Noah Reed First cousins Andrew Donovan Theresa Donovan Stephanie Johnson Joey Johnson Shawn - Douglas Brady Chelsea Brady Zack Brady Ciara Brady Cassie Brady is a fictional character from the NBC daytime soap opera Days of Our Lives . Cassie and her brother Rex appeared on the serial under peculiar circumstances . They first appeared in Salem during a meteor shower in July 2002 , and were originally thought to be aliens . She is the daughter of Roman Brady and Kate Roberts and twin sister to Rex Brady . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Character 's background 3 Source link 4 References Casting ( edit ) Created by Peter Brash and Paula Cwickly , the role of Cassie was cast with Alexis Thorpe , who had previously portrayed Rianna Miner on The Young and the Restless . Thorpe appeared as a contract player from July 8 , 2002 , to December 1 , 2003 , at which point the character was believed to have been murdered , reappearing on April 27 , 2004 , alive and well . Thorpe made infrequent appearances until July 31 , 2005 , without a proper exit . Character 's background ( edit ) Cassie and her twin brother Rex Brady are discovered half - naked during a meteor shower and are originally suspected to be aliens . The twins both had matching tattoos which resembled the Phoenix , which called the twins connection to Stefano and John into question . As time goes on it is believed that they are the children of Tony DiMera and Marlena Evans taken away as toddlers and genetically manipulated by Stefano 's scientific genius Dr. Wilhelm Rolf , but this turned out to be false . In reality , a sperm sample was stolen from Roman Brady during his years of captivity at the hands of Tony 's father Stefano DiMera and was combined with eggs taken from Kate Roberts who was a prostitute and associate of Stefano 's . When Cassie first arrives in town , she has a crush on her then - unknown cousin , Shawn - Douglas Brady . She actively pursues him and eventually kisses him . Then Cassie sets her sights on her then - unknown half - brother Lucas Roberts and almost sleeps with him before the revelation that he is indeed her half - brother . Cassie 's half - sister Sami reveals the twins ' parents during their grandmother Caroline Brady 's funeral . It is soon revealed that the twins knew all along who their parents were , but kept quiet with the hopes of becoming `` DiMeras . '' Cassie has little time to process this information until she was killed by the `` Salem Stalker '' ( a mind controlled Marlena ) . Cassie body was found with multiple stab wounds in a Thanksgiving pinata . Her mother Kate was found later holding the bloody knife and was arrested but , in reality , her death , as well as several other Salem residents , are staged in a plot by André DiMera ( impersonating Tony ) . Months later it is revealed that Cassie , along with the other victims , were alive and being held captive on a remote island identical to Salem named `` Melaswen '' ( New Salem spelled backwards ) . After being rescued by her cellmate Jack Deveraux , her father Roman and Marlena , Cassie comes back to Salem . Shortly after the arrival , she accompanies her twin brother Rex to Chicago . She is last mentioned on October 12 , 2017 , when her mother Kate mentions that Dr. Rolf had Cassie and Rex genetically engineered . Source link ( edit ) soapcentral.com DAYS Online Cassie at soapcentral.com Days of Our Lives Current characters Vivian Alamain Brady Black John Black Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Reed Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Andre DiMera Anna DiMera Chad DiMera Stefan DiMera Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Susan Banks Belle Black Bo Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family ( hide ) Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Vivian Alamain Brady Black John Black Tate Black Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Chad DiMera Stefan DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Hattie Adams Lawrence Alamain Susan Banks Bart Beiderbecke Belle Black Peter Blake Eugene Bradford Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux André DiMera Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Calliope Jones Bradford Alexander Kiriakis Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Anne Milbauer Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Ben Weston Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ken Corday , Albert Alarr and Greg Meng ( Executive producers ) ; Dena Higley and Ryan Quan ( Head writers ) ( January 23 , 2017 ) . Days of Our Lives . Season 52 . Episode 13008 . Days of Our Lives Transcript Monday 1 / 23 / 17 . NBC . Jump up ^ Dena Higley and Ryan Quan ( Head writers ) ; Sonia Blangiardo ( Director ) ; David Cherrill ( Script writer ) ( January 23 , 2017 ) . Days of Our Lives . Season 52 . Episode 13008 . NBC . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cassie_Brady&oldid=826441898 '' Categories : Days of Our Lives characters Fictional twins Fictional characters introduced in 2002 Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from February 2010 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 03 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays rex brady on days of our lives | [
"\n\nCassie Brady\n\n\n\n\n\nDays of Our Lives character\n\n\nPortrayed by\nAlexis Thorpe\n\n\nDuration\n2002–05\n\n\nFirst appearance\nJuly 8, 2002\n\n\nLast appearance\nJuly 26, 2005\n\n\nCreated by\nPeter Brash and Paula Cwikly\n\n\nIntroduced by\nKen Corday and Stephen Wyman\n\n\nClassification\nFormer, recurring\n\n\nProfile\n\n\nOther names\nCassie DiMera\n\n\nOccupation\nUniversity Student\n\n\nResidence\nChicago\n\n\n\n\n\n[show]Family\n\n\nParents\nRoman Brady\nKate Roberts\n\n\nStepfather\nStefano DiMera (2009–12)\nAndré DiMera (2017-18)\n\n\nSiblings\nRex Brady\nCarrie Brady Reed\nEric Brady\nSami Brady\nAustin Reed\nBillie Reed\nLucas Horton\nPhilip Kiriakis\n\n\nGrandparents\nShawn Brady\nCaroline Brady\n\n\nAunts and uncles\nKimberly Brady\nKayla Brady\nBo Brady\nFrankie Brady (adoptive)\nMax Brady (adoptive)\n\n\nNieces and nephews\nWill Horton\nAllie Horton\nJohnny DiMera\nSydney DiMera\nChelsea Brady\nTyler Kiriakis\nNoah Reed[1][2]\n\n\nFirst cousins\nAndrew Donovan\nTheresa Donovan\nStephanie Johnson\nJoey Johnson\nShawn-Douglas Brady\nChelsea Brady\nZack Brady\nCiara Brady\n\n\n\n\n"
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"Alexis Thorpe"
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